Serbia Folder, its Danube rivers North, Balkan mountains, and Kosovo Rivers South.kmz

Serbia Folder, its Danube rivers North, Balkan mountains, and Kosovo Rivers South

Serbia (Belgrade)
Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands"on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 ; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated July 19 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia; Serbian Hierarchs; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch; St Gabriel I the Patriarch; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; St Stephen Stiljianovitch of Serbia, Commemorated October 4 ; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Siberia, Commemorated on June 10; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia)
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 1918-1992
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia
Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia; Ottoman Empire, 1299-1923; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbian History Folder

Serbia, 46 BC - 500 AD, Folder, Roman Serbia

Serbia, 000, 1st Century Folder, Adronicus and Junia, Paul's kin

Serbia, 30-68, Apostle Andronicus, bishop of Pannonia, relatives of Paul, and preached other lands
Serbia, Pannonia, 30-68, Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, bishop of Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia), relatives of Paul, and preached other lands; Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, Commemorated on May 17; Andronicus Apostle of the Seventy and Saint Junia were relatives of the holy Apostle Paul. They labored much, preaching the Gospel to pagans. Saint Paul mentions them in his Epistle to the Romans: “Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and fellow prisoners, who are of note among the Apostles, who also were in Christ, before me” (Romans 16:7). Andronicus was made Bishop of Pannonia, but his preaching also took him and Saint Junia to other lands, far from the boundaries of his diocese. the efforts of Saints Andronicus and Junia the Church of Christ was strengthened, pagans were converted to the knowledge of God, many pagan temples closed, and in their place Christian churches were built. The service in honor of these saints states that they suffered martyrdom for Christ. the fifth century, during the reign of the emperors Arcadius and Honorius, their holy relics were uncovered on the outskirts of Constantinople together with the relics of other martyrs at the gate of Eugenius (February 22). was revealed to the pious cleric Nicholas Kalligraphos that among the relics of these seventeen martyrs were the relics of the holy Apostle Andronicus. Afterwards, a magnificent church was built on this spot.

Serbia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Roman Emperor Decius from Serbia

Serbia, 249, Roman Emperor Decius (249-251) from Serbia
Roman Emperor Decius (249-251); Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27;

Serbia, 274-327, Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace 274
Rome, 294, Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace (South Morava River 5), she a christian commoner, in 294 her husband Constantius Chlorus Western Roman Caesar (Gaul and Britain) divorced her to marry a noble, father did not persecute christians, Constantine succeeded father in 306, 313 by Sign of Cross he defeated Maximian Galerius in the East and the fierce tyrant Maxentius in the West, 313 Edict of Milan made Christianity legal, 323 defeated Licinius to be sole ruler, 330 moved capital to Brizantium, B renamed Constantinople, 326 sent Helen to J to find Cross, 316 rise of Arianism, Donatism, Novatism, 325 first E council at Nicea; Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Church calls Saint Constantine (306-337) “the Equal of the Apostles,” and historians call him “the Great.” He was the son of the Caesar Constantius Chlorus (305-306), who governed the lands of Gaul and Britain. His mother was Saint Helen, a Christian of humble birth. this time the immense Roman Empire was divided into Western and Eastern halves, governed by two independent emperors and their corulers called “Caesars.” Constantius Chlorus was Caesar in the Western Roman Empire. Saint Constantine was born in 274, possibly at Nish in Serbia. In 294, Constantius divorced Helen in order to further his political ambition by marrying a woman of noble rank. After he became emperor, Constantine showed his mother great honor and respect, granting her the imperial title “Augusta.” the future ruler of all the whole Roman Empire, was raised to respect Christianity. His father did not persecute Christians in the lands he governed. This was at a time when Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire by the emperors Diocletian (284-305) and his corulers Maximian Galerius (305-311) in the East, and the emperor Maximian Hercules (284-305) in the West. the death of Constantius Chlorus in 306, Constantine was acclaimed by the army at York as emperor of Gaul and Britain. The first act of the new emperor was to grant the freedom to practice Christianity in the lands subject to him. The pagan Maximian Galerius in the East and the fierce tyrant Maxentius in the West hated Constantine and they plotted to overthrow and kill him, but Constantine bested them in a series of battles, defeating his opponents with the help of God. He prayed to God to give him a sign which would inspire his army to fight valiantly, and the Lord showed him a radiant Sign of the Cross in the heavens with the inscription “In this Sign, conquer.” Constantine became the sole ruler of the Western Roman Empire, he issued the Edict of Milan in 313 which guaranteed religious tolerance for Christians. Saint Helen, who was a Christian, may have influenced him in this decision. In 323, when he became the sole ruler of the entire Roman Empire, he extended the provisions of the Edict of Milan to the Eastern half of the Empire. After three hundred years of persecution, Christians could finally practice their faith without fear. paganism, the Emperor did not let his capital remain in ancient Rome, the former center of the pagan realm. He transferred his capital to the East, to the city of Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople, the city of Constantine (May 11). Constantine was deeply convinced that only Christianity could unify the immense Roman Empire with its diverse peoples. He supported the Church in every way. He recalled Christian confessors from banishment, he built churches, and he showed concern for the clergy. emperor deeply revered the victory-bearing Sign of the Cross of the Lord, and also wanted to find the actual Cross upon which our Lord Jesus Christ was crucified. For this purpose he sent his own mother, the holy Empress Helen, to Jerusalem, granting her both power and money. Patriarch Macarius of Jerusalem and Saint Helen began the search, and through the will of God, the Life-Creating Cross was miraculously discovered in 326. (The account of the finding of the Cross of the Lord is found under the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, September 14). The Orthodox Church commemorates the Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Holy Empress Helen on March 6. in Palestine, the holy empress did much of benefit for the Church. She ordered that all places connected with the earthly life of the Lord and His All-Pure Mother, should be freed of all traces of paganism, and she commanded that churches should be built at these places. emperor Constantine ordered a magnificent church in honor of Christ’s Resurrection to be built over His tomb. Saint Helen gave the Life-Creating Cross to the Patriarch for safe-keeping, and took part of the Cross with her for the emperor. After distributing generous alms at Jerusalem and feeding the needy (at times she even served them herself), the holy Empress Helen returned to Constantinople, where she died in the year 327. of her great services to the Church and her efforts in finding the Life-Creating Cross, the empress Helen is called “the Equal of the Apostles.” peaceful state of the Christian Church was disturbed by quarrels, dissensions and heresies which had appeared within the Church. Already at the beginning of Saint Constantine’s reign the heresies of the Donatists and the Novatians had arisen in the West. They demanded a second baptism for those who lapsed during the persecutions against Christians. These heresies, repudiated by two local Church councils, were finally condemned at the Council of Milan in 316. ruinous for the Church was the rise of the Arian heresy in the East, which denied the Divine Nature of the Son of God, and taught that Jesus Christ was a mere creature. By order of the emperor, the First Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Nicea in 325. bishops attended this Council. Among its participants were confessor-bishops from the period of the persecutions and many other luminaries of the Church, among whom was Saint Nicholas of Myra in Lycia. (The account about the Council is found under May 29). The emperor was present at the sessions of the Council. The heresy of Arius was condemned and a Symbol of Faith (Creed) composed, in which was included the term “consubstantial with the Father,” at the insistence of the Emperor, confirming the truth of the divinity of Jesus Christ, Who assumed human nature for the redemption of all the human race. the Council of Nicea, Saint Constantine continued with his active role in the welfare of the Church. He accepted holy Baptism on his deathbed, having prepared for it all his whole life. Saint Constantine died on the day of Pentecost in the year 337 and was buried in the church of the Holy Apostles, in a crypt he had prepared for himself.

Serbia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermylus&Stratonicus

Serbia, 303-305, Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop, Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19), Diocletian persecution, torture, long prison, beheaded
Serbia, 303-305, Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop, Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19), Diocletian persecution, torture, long prison, beheaded; Sirmium; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Irenaeus suffered during the persecution against Christians under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Maximian (284-305). was a presbyter, and he and his wife raised their children in Christian piety. Saint Irenaeus was greatly respected for his education and strict manner of life. was later made Bishop of Sirmium in Pannonia. Because of his fervent preaching of the Gospel he was arrested and brought before an official named Probus. Refusing to deny Christ and offer sacrifice to the pagan gods, the saint was handed over for torture. Witnessing his torments were the saint’s parents, relatives and friends, who attempted to persuade him to submit, but the martyr remained steadfast. cruel tortures, the holy confessor spent a long time in prison. Probus tried to persuade the martyr, urging him to spare his life for the sake of his sons. Saint Irenaeus replied, “My sons believe in God, Who will care for them. As for me, nothing will force me to renounce my Christ.” governor ordered the saint to be thrown into a river. They led the martyr on the bridge crossing the River Savva, where he knelt and prayed to the Lord for his flock. Then they beheaded the Hieromartyr Irenaeus, and threw his body into the river.

Serbia, 311-324, Hermylus&Stratonicus of Belgrade, Slavs, H mocked pagan gods, p Licinius' wounds, voice, 3 days suffer
Serbia, 311-324, Hermylus and Stratonicus of Belgrade, Serbia (Sava Mouth and Danube River 9), Slavs, H mocked pagan gods, predicted Licinius' wounds, voice heard, 3 days suffering, S cried, H&S drowned in net; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Holy Martyrs Hermylus and Stratonicus, Slavs by origin, lived at the beginning of the fourth century during a persecution against Christians by the emperor Licinius (311-324). Saint Hermylus served as deacon in the city of Singidunum (Belgrade). Condemned by Licinius to imprisonment, he was long and cruelly tortured for Christ, but he remained unyielding. mocked the pagan gods, calling them deaf, dumb, and blind idols. In anger Licinius ordered more severe torments for him, saying that he could avoid them if he would offer sacrifice. The holy martyr predicted that Licinius would suffer terrible wounds himself because he worshiped idols instead of the Creator. His words came true, for Licinius was killed in 324. three days Hermylus was brought before the tribunal again and asked whether he would avoid more torture by offering sacrifice. The saint replied that he would offer worship and sacrifice only to the true God. Hermylus prayed that the Lord would give him strength to endure his torments and triumph over the pagans. A voice was heard saying, “Hermylus, you will be delivered from your suffering in three days, and will receive a great reward.” The torturers fell to the ground in fear, and took the saint back to prison. Stratonicus was one of the prison guards and a secret Christian. Seeing the agonizing torments of his friend, he was unable to keep from weeping, and he revealed that he was a Christian. They also subjected him to punishment. the torture, they put both martyrs into a net and threw them into the Danube. On the third day, the bodies of the saints were found by Christians on the bank of the river and buried near Singidunum. Their venerable heads were in the Church of Hagia Sophia, where the Russian pilgrim Anthony saw them in the year 1200. Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Holy Martyrs Hermylus and Stratonicus, Slavs by origin, lived at the beginning of the fourth century during a persecution against Christians by the emperor Licinius (311-324). Saint Hermylus served as deacon in the city of Singidunum (Belgrade). Condemned by Licinius to imprisonment, he was long and cruelly tortured for Christ, but he remained unyielding. mocked the pagan gods, calling them deaf, dumb, and blind idols. In anger Licinius ordered more severe torments for him, saying that he could avoid them if he would offer sacrifice. The holy martyr predicted that Licinius would suffer terrible wounds himself because he worshiped idols instead of the Creator. His words came true, for Licinius was killed in 324. three days Hermylus was brought before the tribunal again and asked whether he would avoid more torture by offering sacrifice. The saint replied that he would offer worship and sacrifice only to the true God. Hermylus prayed that the Lord would give him strength to endure his torments and triumph over the pagans. A voice was heard saying, “Hermylus, you will be delivered from your suffering in three days, and will receive a great reward.” The torturers fell to the ground in fear, and took the saint back to prison. Stratonicus was one of the prison guards and a secret Christian. Seeing the agonizing torments of his friend, he was unable to keep from weeping, and he revealed that he was a Christian. They also subjected him to punishment. the torture, they put both martyrs into a net and threw them into the Danube. On the third day, the bodies of the saints were found by Christians on the bank of the river and buried near Singidunum. Their venerable heads were in the Church of Hagia Sophia, where the Russian pilgrim Anthony saw them in the year 1200.

Serbia, 342-372, Niketas the Goth, visible& invisible enemies, tortured by Athanaric, not burned, divine light, incorrupt relics
Serbia, 342-372, Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, probable area of Danube River in Germania, Ulfilas' Gothic Alphabet, teacher, visible and invisible enemies, tortured by Athanaric, not burned, divine light, incorrupt relics ; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth's probable area of the Danube River in Germania; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth's probable area of the Danube River in Germania; Holy Great Martyr Niketas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Niketas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Niketas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Niketas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Niketas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Niketas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Niketas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Niketas, and buried it in Cilicia. it was transferred to Constantinople. of the relics of the Great Martyr Niketas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Saint Niketas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Niketas for the preservation of children from birth defects.

Serbia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Roman Gothic and Byzantine victory over the Huns at Bassianae

Serbia, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Serbia, 500-1459, Folder, Slavic Serbia, Kingdom and Empire, Orthodox

Serbia, 800, 9th-11th Century Folder, Before Christianization

Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs
Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs; Saint Clement, Bishop of Ochrid, Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Serbia, 900, 10th C Folder, Great Ascetic Prochorus, Emperor Basil II Bulgar Slayer, Bulgarian Tsar Samuel

Serbia, 930-990, Prochorus the Abbot, Vranski Desert, Bransk wilderness, founded a monastery, great ascetic, relics miracles
Serbia, 930-990, Prochorus the Abbot, Vranski Desert, Bransk wilderness, founded a monastery, great ascetic, relics miracles, Prochorus oPshina persued asceticism iBransk wilderness aRiver Pshina, founded monastery there, renouned as one otGreat ascetics, died end 10th C, miracles fHis relics, pious King Milutin 1276-1320 built Prochorus' Church; Vranski Desert, Bransk wilderness (Pshina River 1) St. Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the River Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Prochorus of Pshina pursued asceticism in the Bransk wilderness at the River Pshina, and he founded a monastery there. is renowned as one of the great ascetics of monastic life. He died at the end of the tenth century. Miracles occurred from the saint’s relics. According to the Serbian Chronicles, the pious King Milutin (1276-1320) built a church in honor of Saint Prochorus.

Serbia, 976-1025, Byzantium Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, with Rus over First B Empire and Georgia
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (c.958 -“ 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer [note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 -“ 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963-“969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969-“976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987-“988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on November 12; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Icon of the Mother of God œthe MercifulÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Icon of the Mother of God œIveronÂ, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28;

Serbia, 997-1014, Tsar, Samuel of Bulgaria, Orthodox, constant warfare against ambitious Byzantine Basil II
Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; was the Tsar (Emperor) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 6 October 1014.[5] 977 to 997, he was a general under Roman I of Bulgaria,[6] the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority.[7] As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the Byzantine Empire, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler Basil II. his early years Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory.[8] In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of Duklja[9] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic battle of Kleidion. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.[10] was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength".[11][12] Similar comments were made even in Constantinople, where John Kyriotes penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and Halley's comet, which appeared in 989.[13][14] During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the Balkans (with the notable exception of Thrace) as far as southern Greece. He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid,[8][15] which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule,[16] and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the Western Bulgarian Empire.[17][18] Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria.[19][20] Samuel is considered also a heroic ruler in today North Macedonia[21] (see the section Nomenclature). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Serbia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, Prince John-Vladimir, married to d of Bulgarian Tsar

Serbia, 1000-1016, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav, married to d of Bulgarian Tsar
Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav; Vladimir or John Vladimir ([a] c. 990 - 22 May 1016) was the ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time,[1] from around 1000 to 1016. ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He is recognized as a martyr and saint, with his feast day being celebrated on 22 May.[b] Vladimir had a close relationship with Byzantium but this did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality around 1010 and took Vladimir prisoner. medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Tsar Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014 and death soon after. 1016, Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. was soon recognized as a martyr and saint. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Precista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. 1381, his remains were preserved in the Church of St Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. saint's remains are considered Christian relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. cross Vladimir held when he was beheaded is also regarded as a relic. Traditionally under the care of the AndroviÄ‡ family from the village of Velji MikuliÄ‡i in southeastern Montenegro, the cross is only shown to believers on the Feast of Pentecost, when it is carried in a procession to the summit of Mount Rumija. Vladimir is regarded as the first Serbian saint and the patron saint of the town of Bar in Montenegro. earliest, lost hagiography was probably written sometime between 1075 and 1089; a shortened version, written in Latin, is preserved in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. His hagiographies in Greek and Church Slavonic were first published, respectively, in 1690 and 1802. The saint is classically depicted in icons as a monarch wearing a crown and regal clothes, with a cross in his right hand and his own head in his left hand. He is fabled to have carried his severed head to his place of burial. Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Serbia, 1015-1018, Bulgarian Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, lost empire to Byzantium
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. After his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Serbia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Prince Stefan Nemanja, King Stefan Nemanjic, Hilandar Mt. Athos

Serbia, 1166-1196, Prince and Saint, S Nemanja, Empire, Church, Hilandar, Myrrh
Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Nemanja (ca 1113 - 13 February 1199) was the Grand Prince of the Serbian Grand Principality from 1166 to 1196. member of the VukanoviÄ‡ dynasty, Nemanja founded the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty, is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history, founding what would evolve into the Serbian Empire, as well as the national church. to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Nemanja is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes.[1] 1196, after three decades of warfare and negotiations which consolidated Serbia while distinguishing it from both Western and Byzantine spheres of influence, Nemanja abdicated in favor of his middle son Stefan NemanjiÄ‡, who became the first King of Serbia. ultimately went to Mount Athos, where he became a monk and took the name of Symeon, joining his youngest son (later known as Saint Sava), who had already become the first archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. with his son Sava, Nemanja restored the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos from 1198–1199, and issued the "Charter of Hilandar". The monastery later became the cradle of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Stefan Nemanja shortly after his death under the name Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming (Ð¡Ð²ÐµÑ‚Ð¸ Ð¡Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ¾Ð½ ÐœÐ¸Ñ€Ð¾Ñ‚Ð¾Ñ‡Ð¸Ð²Ð¸) after numerous miracles. Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia
Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia ; Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1189-1235, Sava I, 1st Serbian archbishop, caused Royal father mother become monastics, strengthened church&state
Serbia, 1189-1235, Sava I, 1st archbishop oSerbia, son oSerbian King S Nemanya and daughter Byzantine Emperor Romanus, fervently attended Church, special icon love, a17 i1186 met monk & left home fAthos &Panteleimon m, given tRussian monks 1169, Sava's birthdate, his father Nemanya threatened war against Greeks if not returned, even though warned always watch, Sava received monastic tonsure during evening services when drunk soldiers fell asleep, sava sent home worldly clothes, hair&letter which requested parents become monastics, they do, father wSon aVatopedi, before they founded Hilandar 1198, there Sava becomes deacon then presbyter, mother became nun named Anastasia, made archimandrite 1219 aThessalonica, same year made Archbishop, so Serbia could elect own archbishop, important because frequent wars east and west, tAthos fNicea tSay goodby all monasteries, deep remorse (regret guilt) for leaving paradise, but MOG spoke in dream, having my support why sorrow, sorrow tJoy, large icons Jesus&MOG in appearance memory, aThessalonica, His father monk Simeon's relics exuded fragrant myrrh, Sava in charge negotiations wHungarian King Vladislav, who had declared war wSerbia, brought him tOrthodoxy fCatholic, Facilitating autonomous Serbian Church, plus strengthened Serbian State by crowning brother Steven as king, then Radislav his son, then Holy Land tWorship, then Vladislav as King and betrothed him tBulgarian Prince Asan's daughter, he visited churches across Serbia, reformed monastic rules like Athos&Palestine, established many churches, appointed Asenius as his successor, then journey of no return to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land, Palestine Syria Persia Babylon Egypt Anatola, finishing at Tronovo, Bulgaria wAsan, died 1237, healings at his relics iBulgaria and Serbia at Church oMileshevo; St Savva I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14 Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. his early years he fervently attended church services had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, left his father’s house set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, this monastery received its name by imperial grant. Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite (head group monasteries) at Thessalonica. Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. made prostrations in all the churches calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage (support fPatron), why do you remain sorrowful?” words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. ------------------------------onk Simeon, the holy relics xuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, had declared war on Serbia, holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, healing on all who approached with faith. inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical treasury of Orthodoxy. Serbia, 1189-1235, Saint Sava I, Metropolitan of Zica, Son of Nemanja, Hilandar, Law, Constttn, tEnlightener, Serb Prince, Orthodox monk, autocephalous Serb church archbishop, Serb law founder, diplomat, youngest son oSteven Nemanja, Sava ruled Hum briefly 1090-93, then tAthos, became monk Sava, established Hilandar m, important Serb culture religious center, 1219 Constantinople Patriarch (exiled in Nicea) recognized him aSerb Archbishop, 1219 wrote Serb Constitution, Zakonopravilo nomocanon, which secured both religious&Political independence, founder Serbian midieval lit, important figure Serb history, patron saint Serbia, his church iBelgrade large bldg in the world, where his relics burnt bOttomans 1594; Serbian Saint, 1219-1235, Saint Sava, Metropolitan of Zica; Sava (1169 -14 January 1236), as the Enlightener, a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, founder of Serbian law, a diplomat. born as Rastko, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja of the Nemanji dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Hum briefly in 1190-“92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, Zakonopravilo nomocanon, securing full independence; both religious and political. is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[6][7][8] is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history. Sava is venerated by the Serbian Orthodox Church as its founder on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594 during an uprising in which the Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. St Savva I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14 Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. his early years he fervently attended church services had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, left his father’s house set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, this monastery received its name by imperial grant. Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite (head group monasteries) at Thessalonica. Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. made prostrations in all the churches calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage (support fPatron), why do you remain sorrowful?” words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. the Liturgy and the all-night Vigil, when the saint came to cense the grave of his father the monk Simeon, the holy relics exuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, had declared war on Serbia, holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, healing on all who approached with faith. inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical teasury of Ort.

Serbia, 1189-1235, St Sava 1, Enlightener, Prince, Orthodox monk, estab Hilandar, first Serb Archbishop, S constitution
Serbia, 1189-1236, St Sava 1, Panteleimon Monastery, Russian, Mt Athos, first archbishop, tonsured 1186, encouraged family to tonsure, estab Hilandar m, archmandrite of Thessalonica, then 1219 Archbishop of Serbia, MOG dream my patronage, why sorrowful, negotiated peace and conversion w Hungarian King, crowned b Stephen as Serbian King, then nephew Radislav, then Vladislav, died in Bulgaria, r transfered to S; Sava (1169 or 1174 – 14 January 1236), known as the Enlightener, was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat. born as Rastko Nemanjić, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (founder of the Nemanjić dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Zachlumia briefly in 1190–92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, which became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo nomocanon, thus securing full independence; both religious and political. is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[4][5][6][7][8] is widely considered one of the most important figures of Serbian history. In fact, Sava is to the Serbs what Averroes is to the Muslims and Maimonides is to the Jews. Sava is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. Many artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594,[9] during an uprising in which Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; the church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. Russian monastery of St Panteleimon ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, in the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. From his early years he fervently attended church services and had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, secretly left his father’s house and set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod and wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) and sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, and this monastery received its name by imperial grant. Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. His mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite at Thessalonica. Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. This was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. He made prostrations in all the churches and, calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage, why do you remain sorrowful?” These words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. In memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. During the Liturgy and the all-night Vigil, when the saint came to cense the grave of his father the monk Simeon, the holy relics exuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, who had declared war on Serbia, the holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, but he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, and Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. To further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, he reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, and he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, consecrating him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, desiring “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” He passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, everywhere visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. The saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, where with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, there were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, bestowing healing on all who approached with faith. The inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, which Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. He is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. From this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. It in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, and since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. Such was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical treasury of Orthodoxy.

Serbia, 1189-1235, Saint Sava I, Metropolitan of Zica, Son of Nemanja, Hilandar, Law, Constttn
Serbian Saint, 1189-1235, Saint Sava, Metropolitan of Zica; Sava (1174 -14 January 1236), known as the Enlightener, was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat. Sava, born as Rastko, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (founder of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Hum briefly in 1190–92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, which became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. In 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, and in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo nomocanon, thus securing full independence; both religious and political. Sava is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[6][7][8] is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history. Saint Sava is venerated by the Serbian Orthodox Church as its founder on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. Many artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. He is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594 during an uprising in which the Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; the church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. St Savva I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14 Savva, First Archbishop of Serbia, in the world Rostislav (Rastko), was a son of the Serbian king Stephen Nemanya and Anna, daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanus. From his early years he fervently attended church services and had a special love for icons. seventeen years of age, Rostislav met a monk from Mount Athos, secretly left his father’s house and set off for the Saint Panteleimon monastery. (By divine Providence in 1169, the year of the saint’s birth, the ancient monastery of the Great Martyr and healer Panteleimon was given to Russian monks.) that his son was on Athos, his father mobilized his retainers headed by a faithful voevod and wrote to the governor of the district which included Athos, saying that if his son were not returned to him, he would go to war against the Greeks. When they arrived at the monastery, the voevod was ordered not to take his eyes off Rostislav. During the evening services, when the soldiers had fallen asleep under the influence of wine, Rostislav received monastic tonsure (in 1186) and sent to his parents his worldly clothes, his hair and a letter. Saint Savva sought to persuade his powerful parents to accept monasticism. The monk’s father (in monasticism Simeon, commemorated on February 13) and his son pursued asceticism at the Vatopedi monastery. On Athos they established the Serbian Hilandar monastery, and this monastery received its name by imperial grant. At Hilandar monastery, Saint Savva was ordained to the diaconate and then presbyter. His mother Anna became a nun with the name Anastasia (June 21). his holy life and virtuous deeds on Mount Athos, the monk was made an archimandrite at Thessalonica. At Nicea in the year 1219 on the Feast of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Ecumenical Patriarch Germanus consecrated Archimandrite Savva as Archbishop of Serbia. The saint petitioned the Byzantine Emperor to grant permission for Serbian bishops to elect their own Archbishop in future. This was a very important consideration in a time of frequent wars between the eastern and western powers. returned to the Holy Mountain from Nicea, the saint visited all the monasteries for the last time. He made prostrations in all the churches and, calling to mind the blessed lives of the wilderness Fathers, he made his farewells to the ascetics with deep remorse, “leaving the Holy Mountain, as if from Paradise.” by his separation from the Holy Mountain, the saint went along the path from Athos just barely moving. The Most Holy Theotokos spoke to the saint in a dream, “Having My Patronage, why do you remain sorrowful?” These words roused him from despondency, changing his sorrow into joy. In memory of this appearance, the saint commissioned large icons of the Savior and of the Mother of God at Thessalonica, and put them in a church. Serbia, the activity of the Hierarch in organizing the work of his native Church was accompanied by numerous signs and miracles. During the Liturgy and the all-night Vigil, when the saint came to cense the grave of his father the monk Simeon, the holy relics exuded fragrant myrrh. in charge of negotiations with the Hungarian King Vladislav, who had declared war on Serbia, the holy bishop not only brought about the desired peace for his country, but he also brought the Hungarian monarch to Orthodoxy. Thus he facilitated the start of the historical existence of the autonomous Serbian Church. Saint Savva also contributed to strengthening the Serbian state. In order to insure the independence of the Serbian state, Archbishop Savva crowned his powerful brother Stephen as king. Upon the death of Stephen, his eldest son Radislav was crowned king, and Saint Savva set off to the Holy Land “to worship at the holy tomb of Christ and fearsome Golgotha.” he returned to his native land, the saint blessed and crowned Vladislav as king. To further strengthen the Serbian throne, he betrothed him to the daughter of the Bulgarian prince Asan. The holy hierarch visited churches all across Serbia, he reformed monastic rules on the model of Athos and Palestine, and he established and consecrated many churches, strengthening the Orthodox in their faith. Having finished his work in his native land, the saint appointed the hieromonk Arsenius as his successor, consecrating him bishop and giving his blessing to all. then set off on a journey of no return, desiring “to end his days as a wanderer in a foreign land.” He passed through Palestine, Syria and Persia, Babylon, Egypt and Anatolia, everywhere visiting the holy places, conversing with great ascetics, and collecting the holy relics of saints. The saint finished his wanderings at Trnovo in Bulgaria at the home of his kinsman Asan, where with spiritual joy he gave up his soul to the Lord (+ 1237). the time of transfer of the holy relics of Saint Savva to Serbia in 1237, there were so many healings that the Bulgarians began to complain about Asan, “because he had given up such a treasure.” In the saint’s own country, his venerable relics were placed in the Church of Mileshevo, bestowing healing on all who approached with faith. The inhabitants of Trnovo continued to receive healing from the remnants of the saint’s coffin, which Asan ordered to be gathered together and placed in a newly built sarcophagus. legacy of Saint Savva lives on in the Orthodox Church traditions of the Slavic nations. He is associated with the introduction of the Jerusalem Typikon as the basis for Slavic Monastic Rules. The Serbian Hilandar monastery on Mt. Athos lives by the Typikon of Saint Savva to this day. Editions of The Rudder (a collection of church canons) of Saint Savva, with commentary by Alexis Aristines, are the most widely disseminated in the Russian Church. In 1270 the first copy of The Rudder of Saint Savva was sent from Bulgaria to Metropolitan Cyril of Kiev. From this was copied one of the most ancient of the Russian Rudders, the Ryazan Rudder of 1284. It in turn was the source for a printed Rudder published in 1653, and since that time often reprinted by the Russian Church. Such was the legacy of Saint Savva to the canonical treasury of Orthodoxy. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Milk-Giver Icon of the Mother of God was originally located at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified near Jerusalem. Before his death, the holy founder of the Lavra foretold that a royal pilgrim having the same name as himself would visit the Lavra. Saint Savva told the brethren to give the wonderworking icon to that pilgrim as a blessing. the thirteenth century, Saint Savva of Serbia visited the Lavra. As he approached the reliquary of Saint Savva the Sanctified, the saint’s staff fell at his feet. The brethren asked the visitor his name, and he told them he was Archbishop Savva of Serbia. Obeying the instructions of their founder, the monks gave Saint Savva his staff, the “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon, and the Icon “Of the Three Handsâ€ (June 28 & July 12). holy archbishop took the icon to Hilandar on Mount Athos and put it on the right side of the iconostasis in the church of Saint Savva at the kellion of Karyes, which is attached to Hilandar. The icon was later named Typikonissa, since the Rule (Typikon) of Saint Savva was preserved there. Hilandar “Milk-Giverâ€ Icon is also commemorated on January 12.

Serbia, 1196-1228, K S Nemanjic, the First-Crowned, son and brother
Serbian King, 1196-1228, Stefan Nemanjic, the First-Crowned; Nemanjic or Stefan the First-Crowned (around 1165-24 September 1228) was Grand Prince of Serbia from 1196, and the King of Serbia from 1217 until his death in 1228. was the first Rascian king, and through his promotion of the Serbian Grand Principality into a kingdom and helping his brother Saint Sava in establishing the Serbian Church, he is regarded one of the most important of the Nemanjic dynasty. Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1196-1228, David oSerbia, Nephew of King Stefan Nemanjic, ascetical life, built monastery at Brodarova
Serbia, 1196-1228, David oSerbia, Brodarova, Serbia (Lim River 2.3), Nephew of King Stefan Nemanjic, ascetical life, built monastery at Brodarova; Brodarova, Serbia; Venerable David of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; David, a nephew of holy King Stephen, in the world had the name Demetrius. built a monastery at Brodarova, at the River Lima, there he received monastic tonsure with the name David lived an ascetical life to the end of his days.

Serbia, 1198, Founding of Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian and Bulgarian)
Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands" on Mt Athos; Icon of the Mother of God the "Milk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands"Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver"Â, Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Akathist"Â, Commemorated on March 27; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands"Â, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver"Â of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, 1198, Priestly Icon, Hilandar, heretical priest, carried this icon, fell into sea&drowned
Greece, Mt Athos, 1198, Priestly Icon, Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian, Bulgarian), at tKatholkon (main church), by column otKliros (choir section), heretical priest, declared himself orthodox, acted wEvil purpose, carried this icon during blessing otWater procession, fell into sea and drowned, since then cross procession done wThis icon and carried by aPriest; Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Priestly Icon of the Mother of God stands in the katholikon of Hilandar Monastery by a column of the left kliros. certain heretical priest, having declared himself Orthodox, acted at the Hilandar monastery with evil purpose, but he was punished. the procession for the blessing of water he took this icon but stumbled, fell into the sea and drowned. that time the cross procession is always done with this icon, invariably a priest carries it, it was called “Priestly” by the Serbs.

Serbia, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Serbian Kingdom, St Sava

Serbia, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to Serbian Kingdom and Empire
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Serbia, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185-“1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081-“1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Serbia, 1205-1479, Serbia with Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople
Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1220-1287, Simon tMyrrhgusher& his star's New Bethlehem or Simonopetra monastey, Mt Athos, many miracles
Greece, Mt Athos, 1220-1287, Simon tMyrrhgusher, Simonopetra monastery, Mt Athos, Simon's ascetic life glorified bMany miracles, founder New Bethlehem Monastery now named after him Simonopetra, One night bright star like star oBethlehem appeared near his cave, seeing motionless star several nights, first thought demonic temptation, but on night oNativity star moved over high rock & MOG voice said Here simon you must lay foundations of your monastery for salvation osouls, for the star he built New Bethlehem m, he died 1287; New Bethlehem or Simonopetra monastery; Monastery (Greek: Σιμωνόπετρα, literally: "Simon's Rock"), also Monastery of Simonos Petra (Greek: Μονή Σίμωνος Πέτρας), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. Simonopetra ranks thirteenth in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries. monastery is located in the southern coast of the Athos peninsula, between the Athonite port of Dafni and Osiou Grigoriou monastery. While the southern coast of Athos is quite rugged in general, the particular site upon which the monastery is built is exceptionally harsh. It is built on top of a single huge rock, practically hanging from a cliff 330 metres over the sea.[1] The monastery currently houses 54 monks, and the hegumen is Archimandrite Eliseus. monastery was founded during the 13th century by Simon the Athonite, who was later sanctified by the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Simon the Myrrh-bearer. holds that Simon, while dwelling in a nearby cave, saw a dream in which the Theotokos instructed him to build a monastery on top of the rock, him that she would protect and provide for him and the monastery. original monastery was called by Simon "New Bethlehem" (Greek: Νέα Βηθλεέμ) and is to this day dedicated to the Nativity of Jesus. 1364, the Serbian despot Jovan Uglješa funded the renovation and expansion of the monastery. pilgrim Isaiah wrote that, by the end of the 15th century, the monastery was Bulgarian.[2] 1581, Simonopetra was destroyed by a fire, in which a large portion of the monks died. the monastery's abbot traveled to the Danubian Principalities hoping to raise funds to rebuild the monastery. most important donor was Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, who donated large portions of land as well as money to the monastery. monastery was also burnt in 1626, the last great fire happened in 1891, after which the monastery was rebuilt to its current form. recent centuries, the monks of the monastery were traditionally from Ionia in Asia Minor. during the mid 20th century the brotherhood was greatly thinned out because of a great reduction in the influx of new monks. current brotherhood originates from the Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron in Meteora as in 1973 the Athonite community headed by Archimandrite Emilianos decided to repopulate the almost abandoned monastery. Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 28 ; Simon the Myrrh-Gusher lived an ascetical life on Mt Athos, and was glorified by many miracles. was the founder of the New Bethlehem monastery, now known as Simonopetra. night, he saw a star of such brightness that he thought it must be the Star of Bethlehem. the star remain motionless for several nights, he thought at first that it was a demonic temptation. the eve of the Lord’s Nativity the star stood over a high rock, and Saint Simon heard a voice say, “Here, O Simon, you must lay the foundations of your monastery for the salvation of souls.” built the monastery and called it New Bethlehem. reposed in the year 1287, and his holy relics exude myrrh.

Serbia, 1221-1271, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia, distinguished in monastic life ascetic practices
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201-“1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan Uros I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; Predislav Nemanjic, the son of Saint-King Stephen Prvovencani the First-Crowned (September 24) and the nephew of Saint Savva I, the first Archbishop of Serbia (January 14), Saint Savva II distinguished himself in monastic life by his ascetic practices, in imitation of his sainted uncle. succeeded Saint Arsenius (October 28) as Archbishop of Serbia in 1266. He guided the Church with great love and dedication until his repose, variously dated as 1268, 1269 and 1271. His holy relics are at Pec, the site of the ancient Serbian Patriarchate. Icon of the Mother of God œOf the Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, œOf the Three Hands: In the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. Because of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), who informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. The caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. Towards evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. The monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. After long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. Having awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. In thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name œOf Three Hands (Some iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) According to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: œAll of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace, which appears in place of the hymn œIt is Truly Meet in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. The Lavra presented the icon œOf Three Hands in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). During the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. They placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. The monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). During a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen™s place in the temple. At the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica, r by Komnenos Doukas d of Epirus, v Crusader Latin Empire of C
Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica; Empire of Thessalonica is a historiographic term used by some modern scholars[1] to refer to the short-lived Byzantine Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (sensu stricto until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of Epirus. At the time of its establishment, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204. ----------------------------------------------------------- Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured. Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly. The rulers of Thessalonica bore the imperial title from 1225/7 until 1242, when they were forced to renounce it and recognize the suzerainty of the rival Empire of Nicaea. The Komnenodoukai continued to rule as Despots of Thessalonica for four more years after that, but in 1246 the city was annexed by Nicaea. Greece, 1224-1230, Empire of Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas ; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1228-1233, King, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia, w Epirus Ruler against Crusaders' Latin Empire of C
Serbian King, 1228-1233, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia; Stefan Radoslav was the King of Serbia from 1228 to 1233. was the only known son of Stefan Nemanjic (r. 1196-“1228) by his first wife Eudokia Angelina.[1] His maternal grandparents were the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195-“1203) and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina.[2] He reportedly had two unnamed sisters, the first of whom married first the Albanian prince Dhimit Progoni and secondly the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, while the second married the sebastokrator Alexander Asen,[1] whom George Acropolites identifies as a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria (r. 1189-“96). It is uncertain if his mother was Maria or Helena, respectively the first and second wife of Ivan Asen I. Alexander was the father of Kaliman II of Bulgaria (r. 1256).[3] to the historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr., Eudokia was repudiated on grounds of adultery in c. 1200-“01. Fine summarizes a passage of Niketas Choniates to state "She left on foot with only the clothes on her back". Eudokia sought refuge with her brother-in-law Vukan Nemanjic, Prince of Zeta. Vukan provided her with hospitality for a while and then arranged for her transportation to Durras, where she boarded a Byzantine ship heading for Constantinople and returned safely to her father.[4] This indicates Stefan Radoslav was born either in the 1190s or the early 1200s (decade).[1] considers the treatment of Eudokia to be an indication of a decline in the prestige the Byzantine Empire held at the time. The senior Stefan was evidently unafraid of a military confrontation with his former father-in-law which could have occurred in retaliation for his actions. The alliance with the Empire had apparently outlived its use to the Serbian rulers. Stefan Nemanjic had ongoing border disputes with both Vukan Nemanjic and Emeric of Hungary, though outright war had not started yet. The Byzantines had failed to provide him with any military support and Stefan had apparently despaired of any help arriving from that direction. At the same time the senior Stefan was negotiating submitting himself and his subjects to the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for Pope Innocent III declaring him a King. He had reasons to distance himself from the Byzantines and the Eastern Orthodox Church associated with them.[4] father was later remarried to Anna Dandolo.[1] She was a daughter of Ranier Dandolo and granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice.[5] Stefan Radoslav had three paternal half-brothers from this marriage. They were Serbian Archbishop Saint Sava II, Stefan Vladislav and Stefan Uros I.[1] His mother would proceed to marry secondly to Alexios V Doukas and thirdly to Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nafplion. However, there were no known children by either marriage. Stefan Radoslav consequently had no maternal half-siblings.[6] of Zachlumia[edit] Visoki Deani to "The Realm of the Slavs" (1601) by Mavro Orbin, Stefan Radoslav served as ruler of Zachlumia during the reign of his father. However the sources Orbin used for his history of Zachlumia are not identified by name. They are considered lost and Orbin remains our earliest extant source for several of the events mentioned. to it Miroslav, the Great was succeeded by his son Andrew (Andrija), only ten-years-old. ----------------------------------------Missing from the text is Toljen, a son of Miroslav who was mentioned as heir apparent in other sources. With Andrew being underage, the local nobility proceeded to depose him. They offered the crown to Peter (Petar), whose relation to his predecessors is not mentioned by Orbin. Fine notes that later scholars tend to assume Peter was another son of Miroslav and brother or half-brother to Andrew. Some time later, the cause of the exiled Andrew was taken up by Stefan Nemanjic who invated Zachlumia. Peter was forced to retreat to the areas west and north of the river Neretva. The rest of Zachlumia fell into the control of Nemanjic. Fine points that the areas supposedly held by Peter would not be uncontested. They are known from other sources to have been claimed by Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia since 1198. Orbin next claims that Nemanjic divided Zachlumia between his cousin Andrew, son of Miroslav and his own son, Radolslav. Andrew was given control of Popovo and coastal Hum. The mainland was granted to Radoslav. Orbin then claims that Radoslav died and Nemanjic granted his area to Andrew. Fine points that Radoslav could not have predeceased his father. We know from other sources that he went on to succeed him. Nemanjic could have simply removed him for his position of authority for reasons lost to us. Orbin continues his account but Radoslav is not mentioned again.[7] points that the reliability of the above account is at times difficult to determine because the lack of further sources. There are some obvious inaccuracies at times but the basics of the story could be true. A succession crisis in Zachlumia with the existence of rival heirs would be quite plausible. Nemanjic would have reason to get involved. His ongoing rivalry with his brother in the late 1190s would require him to secure control over Zachlumia, in order to prevent Vukan from claiming control for himself. However his activities in the area are otherwise unrecorded. His motivation for backing Andrew against Peter is also unclear. Either of the two could serve as rulers of a puppet state. Installing Radoslav as ruler of eastern Zachlumia would be a way to secure tighter control of the region.[8] does not actually provide dates for the events of his account. Fine proceeds to estimate them, based on sources recording other events in the wider region. He estimates the death of Miroslav to 1198. Explaining why Andrew of Croatia and Dalmatia chose that year to attack. He acquired control over areas of Zachlumia northwest of the Neretva. By 1203, this Andrew was involved in conflict with his own brother, Emeric of Hungary. The ongoing conflict would allow Peter to claim the areas northwest of the Neretva for himself. He could have either taken advantage of Andrew's troops already withdrawing or using his own forces to drive them out. Either way, Andrew could probably not afford maintaining two fronts of war at the same time. Securing the area as his powerbase, Peter could then drive his brother from eastern Zachlumia. The amount of time between the time Andrew of Zachlumia went into exile and the decision of Nemanjic to intervene is left unclear in the account by Orbin. Fine suggests it could have been more than a decade. He suggests it could be as late as 1216, just a year before Nemanjic was declared a King by Pope Honorius III. Nemanjic could by then devote his forces to securing eastern Zachlumia for Andrew, his intended puppet ruler. He could then attempt to secure even tighter control by appointing Radoslav in the areas directly bordering Ra¡ka. The area could have stayed under his control for longer than Orbin indicates. Fine points that Andrew seems to have "disappeared from the scene" by 1218 when Peter is recorded to have taken over the coastal areas. There seems to be no indication of Peter extending his control to the areas supposedly ruled by Radoslav.[9] and deposition[edit] of Stefan Radoslav elsewhere mentions Radoslav acting as governor of the Principality of Zeta for part the reign of his father. In a charter variously dated to 1222 or 1228, Radoslav appears as co-founder of the monastery of Zeta with his father.[10] Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[11] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Å½iÄÂÂÂa by Archbishop Sava, his uncle.[11] The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[11] The youngest of the brothers, Sava II, was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[11] The Church and state were thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[12] According to biographer and monk Theodosius, Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but then fell under the influence of his wife, who was the daughter of the ruler of Epirus and Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas (r. 1215â€“1230).[12] Radoslav was most likely not beloved by the Serbian nobility due to this Greek influence.[13] Radoslav used his Greek name, Stephanos Doukas, on his coinage, in several Greek documents and even once in his signature.[14] Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as his father-in-law Theodore remained strong.[12][13] In 1230, however, Theodore was defeated and captured by Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in autumn 1233.[12] Theodosius said that the nobility had left the support of Radoslav and stood itself behind the younger Vladislav.[15] Radoslav fled the country between 1 September 1233 and 4 February 1234, and was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk.[12] Radoslav fled to Dubrovnik (1233) with his wife, and there are indications that Radoslav had organized some actions against Vladislav and that he thought that he would manage to return to the throne - this is evident from an dated 4 February 1234, regarding a promise to Ragusan trading privileges once he had returned to Serbia.[15] Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then had to turn to Bosnian Ban Ninoslav for help, and as the action against Vladislav was unsuccessful, Radoslav found refuge with the Epirote ruler Michael II Komnenos Doukas in Dyrrhachium.[15] According to Theodosius, Radoslav's wife Anna had left him for a commander of the fortress, a Frank.[15] However, this account has been proven to be false,[16] as there was no Frankish commander in Dyrrachium in Radoslav's time.[16] After some time, Radoslav and his wife returned together to Serbia and took monastic vows.[15][16] Radoslav and Anna are believed to have had a son during their exile, the veliki kaznac Jovan Dragoslav (fl. 1290â€“1315). His parentage has not been fully confirmed. Vladislav was crowned King upon Radoslav's flight.[15] Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II,[12] much thanks to Sava.[15] Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice Arsenije in the end of 1233.[12][15] Sava died while heading home from a Holy Land trip, while visiting the Bulgarian court in 1235, and was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo.[12][15] Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests,[12] and was then buried in the MileÅ¡eva monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234.[12][15] Sava was canonized and his relics were miraculous; his cult remained important throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.[12] Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica Monastery According to Fine both Radoslav and Anna retired into monastic life following their deposition. His monastic name was Jovan. The time and circumstances of his death are unknown.[10] The relations between Vladislav and Radoslav after he had returned and became a monk are not fully known, but he did not disturb his brother. There is a hypothesis that Radoslav even received a part of Serbian land to administrate. In any case, Radoslav continued the rest of his life in peace.[15] The EuropÃ¤ische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der EuropÃ¤ischen Staaten (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, reports Radoslav betrothed to Theodora Komnene c. 1217. She was a daughter of Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Both of his wives were members of the Melissenos family. Uncertain which of the two was her mother. Fine indicates Radoslav would instead marry her first cousin Anna Doukaina Angelina in 1219/1220. She was a daughter of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. The EuropÃ¤ische Stammtafeln reports the marriage resulting in the birth of a single child. The name is not listed and Charles Cawley, a modern genealogist, has been unable to find primary sources on the existence of the child.[17] Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilkgiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1229, Milkgiver Icon oSabbas m, Judea, before his death Sava Sanctified foretold Sava oSerbia, give him this icon
Jerusalem, 1229, Milkgiver Icon oSabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas waercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, Savva tSanctified before his death foretold royal pilgrim same name would come, give him tWonderworking icon as a blessing, Savva oSerbia came 13th C, given Savva's staff, Milk Giver Icon, and 3Hands Icon, He took Milk Giver Icon to Hilandar, MG later named Typikonissa for rule (Typikon) oSavva preserved there; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12 ; “Milk-Giver” Icon of the Mother of God was originally located at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified near Jerusalem. his death, the holy founder of the Lavra foretold a royal pilgrim having the same name as himself would visit the Lavra. Savva told the brethren to give the wonderworking icon to that pilgrim as a blessing. the thirteenth century, Saint Savva of Serbia visited the Lavra. he approached the reliquary of Saint Savva the Sanctified, the saint’s staff fell at his feet. brethren asked the visitor his name, and he told them he was Archbishop Savva of Serbia. the instructions of their founder, the monks gave Saint Savva his staff, the “Milk-Giver” Icon, and the Icon “Of the Three Hands” (June 28 and July 12). holy archbishop took the icon to Hilandar on Mount Athos and put it on the right side of the iconostasis in the church of Saint Savva at the kellion of Karyes, which is attached to Hilandar. icon was later named Typikonissa, since the Rule (Typikon) of Saint Savva was preserved there.

Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery, then at Pec
Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery; Sremac ( fl. 1219 - 1266) was the second Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1233-1263) and a disciple of Saint Sava of Serbia. life[edit] was born in the village of Dabar, near Slankamen (today Stari Slankamen), at the time part of the Kingdom of Syrmia (modern Srem, Serbia). The exact date of his birth is unknown. He took monastic vows, probably in St. Demetrius Monastery in today's Sremska Mitrovica. When he heard of St. Sava's work, he was impressed and left for the monastery of Žiča. He soon became St. Sava's disciple and his synkellos. He was appointed as the ecclesiarch of the monastery and later Archimandrite of Žiča, because of his religious life. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, St. Sava sent St. Arsenius to find a safer place in the south to establish a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Peć, where he built a monastery and a church which was at first dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord's Ascension. Archbishop Arsenije Sremac, fresco from the Church of the Holy Apostles, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. St. Sava decided to abdicate, he decided that Arsenije would succeed him. Arsenije was consecrated bishop. He was able to continue in the work of his predecessor. He built Monastery of Peć and participated in the translation of St. Sava's sacred bones from Trnovo to the monastery of Mileševa. St. Arsenije crowned King Stefan Uroš I. He helped King Stefan Uroš I and Queen St. Helene in building the monasteries Sopoćani and Gradac. suffered a stroke in 1263, after which he was succeeded by Saint Sava II, nephew of Saint Sava. St. Arsenije died on October 28, 1266. relics were buried at the Pech monastery but now rest in the Ždrebaonik monastery in Montenegro. His feast day is celebrated according to the Orthodox liturgical calendar on October 28 (Julian Calendar, i.e. November 10 of the Gregorian Calendar). Zhicha monastery; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Arsenius, Archbishop of Pec, was born in Srem. He spent a large part of his life as a monk at the Zhicha monastery under the spiritual direction of Saint Savva (January 14). Because of his strict ascetic life, Saint Savva made him the igumen of the monastery. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, Saint Savva sent Saint Arsenius to find a safer place in the south for a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Pec, where he built a monastery and a church which was dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord’s Ascension. leaving for Jerusalem, Saint Savva designated Arsenius as his successor. 1223, Saint Savva died in Trnovo on the way home, and Saint Arsenius urged King Vladislav to bring his body home for burial in Serbia. After thirty-three years of wisely guiding his flock, Saint Arsenius fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1266. His relics were buried at the Pec monastery, but now rest in the Zhrebaonik, Montenegro.

Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Pec
Serbia, 1233-1266, St Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia at Zhicha monastery; Sremac ( fl. 1219 - 1266) was the second Archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church (1233-1263) and a disciple of Saint Sava of Serbia. life[edit] was born in the village of Dabar, near Slankamen (today Stari Slankamen), at the time part of the Kingdom of Syrmia (modern Srem, Serbia). The exact date of his birth is unknown. He took monastic vows, probably in St. Demetrius Monastery in today's Sremska Mitrovica. When he heard of St. Sava's work, he was impressed and left for the monastery of Žiča. He soon became St. Sava's disciple and his synkellos. He was appointed as the ecclesiarch of the monastery and later Archimandrite of Žiča, because of his religious life. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, St. Sava sent St. Arsenius to find a safer place in the south to establish a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Peć, where he built a monastery and a church which was at first dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord's Ascension. Archbishop Arsenije Sremac, fresco from the Church of the Holy Apostles, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. St. Sava decided to abdicate, he decided that Arsenije would succeed him. Arsenije was consecrated bishop. He was able to continue in the work of his predecessor. He built Monastery of Peć and participated in the translation of St. Sava's sacred bones from Trnovo to the monastery of Mileševa. St. Arsenije crowned King Stefan Uroš I. He helped King Stefan Uroš I and Queen St. Helene in building the monasteries Sopoćani and Gradac. suffered a stroke in 1263, after which he was succeeded by Saint Sava II, nephew of Saint Sava. St. Arsenije died on October 28, 1266. relics were buried at the Pech monastery but now rest in the Ždrebaonik monastery in Montenegro. His feast day is celebrated according to the Orthodox liturgical calendar on October 28 (Julian Calendar, i.e. November 10 of the Gregorian Calendar). Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Arsenius, Archbishop of Pec, was born in Srem. He spent a large part of his life as a monk at the Zhicha monastery under the spiritual direction of Saint Savva (January 14). Because of his strict ascetic life, Saint Savva made him the igumen of the monastery. Serbia was invaded by Hungary, Saint Savva sent Saint Arsenius to find a safer place in the south for a new episcopal See. Arsenius chose Pec, where he built a monastery and a church which was dedicated to the Holy Apostles, and then to the Lord’s Ascension. leaving for Jerusalem, Saint Savva designated Arsenius as his successor. 1223, Saint Savva died in Trnovo on the way home, and Saint Arsenius urged King Vladislav to bring his body home for burial in Serbia. After thirty-three years of wisely guiding his flock, Saint Arsenius fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1266. His relics were buried at the Pec monastery, but now rest in the Zhrebaonik, Montenegro.

Serbia, 1234-1243, Stefan Vladislav, King, energetic, reliable, hot tempered, w Epiris and Bulgaria, abdicated
Serbian King, 1234-1243, Stefan Vladislav of Serbia; Vladislav (Serbian Cyrillic:1198-“ after 1264) was the King of Serbia from 1234 to 1243. He was the middle son of Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjia dynasty, who ruled Serbia from 1196 to 1228. the eldest son of Stefan the First-Crowned, was ousted by the Serbian nobility due to increasing Epirote influence through his marriage alliance to Theodore Komnenos Doukas; Vladislav was appointed as his successor. He is celebrated as Saint Vladislav by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Vladislav's reign, his uncle Archbishop Sava went on a pilgrimage and died in Bulgaria while on his way home. Vladislav obtained the remains and buried them in the Mileaeva monastery, which he had built intended to be his burial place. was politically aligned with Bulgaria at the time, since Vladislav was married to Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II. Vladislav secured Hum, a maritime province under attack by Hungarian crusaders. the death of Ivan Asen II, there was unrest in Serbia. The Mongols, led by Kadan, invaded Hungary and devastated the Balkans, at which time the Serbian nobility rose up against Vladislav. In 1243, he abdicated in favour of his younger brother, but remained the ruler of Zeta. was described as very energetic, reliable, and hot-tempered. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerates him as a saint on September 24 [O.S. October 7]. Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1237, Icon of Three Hands to Serbia for Donkey story, John of Damascus' hand, MOG leads Donkey, becomes Hilander Igumen
Syria, 717-740, Icon of Three Hands, John of Damascus' hand, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17), J slandered by Leo III, caliph cut off J's hand, MOG puts it back on, hand had written Orthodoxy defense, MOG commanded toil w o fail before healing, John to Sabbas w icon, icon to Serbia, MOG leads icon donkey to Hilandar, MOG icon becomes igumen of H; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Hands”: the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.” iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Hands” in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1237, Damascus Icon aka 3Hands, iconodule John oD slandered bIconoclast, MOG heals hand, Silver hand oHer Icon
Syria, 740 & 1237, Damascus Icon or 3Hands Icon, Syria, John oDamascus venerated icons, slandered by iconoclast Leo III Isaurian, Caliph cut off his hand, tMarketplace, asked for hand put it on joint prayed tMOG at her icon, hand had written Orthodoxy defense, saw MOG in dream promised quick healing, before this MOG bid him toil without fail with this hand, woke wHealed hand, in thankfulness put silver hand on Icon, 3hands Icon, wrote thanksgiving hymn All Creation Rejoices in You O Full oGrace, in Basil' Liturgy place It is Truly Meet, John oD monk at Sabbas, there gave icon, 1237 icon tSerbia aSava's Monastery, icon put on donkey during Turk invasion, donkey tSerbian Monastery Hilandar oAthos, MOG made Icon Hilandar Igumen by MOG; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Damascene Icon of the Mother of God, by ancient tradition, was painted by Saint John of Damascus gratitude to the Theotokos for the miraculous healing of his right hand, off through the perfidy of Emperor Leo the Isaurian. icon is also known as “Of the Three Hands” Icon of the Mother of God (June 28, and July 12). the ninth century in the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.” iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene received monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Hands” in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience.

Serbia, 1243-1276, King, Stefan Uros I, Venetian wife, nobility, trade, military, mines, lit, unity, but Dragutin
Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; UroÅ¡ I (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ I; c. 1223 – May 1, 1277), known as UroÅ¡ the Great (Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ Ð’ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸)[a] was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother Stefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history.[1] life[edit] UroÅ¡ was the youngest son of Stefan the First-Crowned and Anna, the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. UroÅ¡ inherited many personality traits from his mother and paternal grandfather Stefan Nemanja, who raised him along with his two older brothers (Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav).[1] (Note that "Stefan" is a high-ranking title, not only a name). have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen.[2] The revolting nobility had chosen UroÅ¡ as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of UroÅ¡.[3] It seems that UroÅ¡ quickly captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against UroÅ¡ was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava.[3] The hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled.[3] UroÅ¡ was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, and allowed him to use the title of "king".[3] It is not known exactly why the nobility revolted against Vladislav, nor are the details of the conflict between the two brothers.[3] 25 years of age, very young, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined.[1] Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts;[1] UroÅ¡ managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy.[4] situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favorable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way.[4] UroÅ¡ correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary in Podunavlje.[4] The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the middle Podunavlje.[4] Apart from this, UroÅ¡ also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against the Republic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state.[4] significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests.[4] He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar.[4] Å¡ was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model.[4] protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after.[4] to Helen of the French royal family, he lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work.[4] foreign policy UroÅ¡ skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from the Latin Empire.[4] But when the Latin Empire fell, and Emperor Michael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, UroÅ¡ began to coalite with his wife's cousin, Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible.[4] Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian kings, UroÅ¡ at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation with, and married his eldest son and heir, Stefan Dragutin, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V.[4] by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne.[4] UroÅ¡ retired with his loyals to Hum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.[4] development[edit] Stefan UroÅ¡ I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines.[5] The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore.[5] Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status – they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches.[5] Important mines were located at Novo Brdo, Brskovo and Rudnik. prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with the Dalmatian cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor. The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after the Venetian standard. operations[edit] with Ragusa[edit] 1252–1253, UroÅ¡ I was at war with the Republic of Ragusa, which bordered the Hum, which was held by his kinsman Radoslav AndrijiÄ‡. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations with Béla IV of Hungary. Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended. the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favored by the Serbian queen. A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of protection money that Dubrovnik was expected to supply annually to the Serbian king. The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century. with Hungary[edit] of Serbia in 1265. 1268 the Serbian king invaded the Hungarian possessions south of the Danube in MaÄva, what is now western central Serbia. In spite of some initial success, Stefan UroÅ¡ was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release. A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and Stefan UroÅ¡'s son Stefan Dragutin of Serbia was married to Catherine, the daughter of the future king Stephen V of Hungary. with Dragutin[edit] the end of his reign, Stefan UroÅ¡ apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Zahumlje, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility. In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him an appanage. The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the future Stefan Milutin, his heir. about the inheritance and his very life, Stefan Dragutin finally demanded the throne in 1276. When Stefan UroÅ¡ refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives. The allies defeated the Serbian king and Stefan UroÅ¡ was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later. His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation of SopoÄ‡ani. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou
Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou; Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1262-1285, Repose of Saint Eustathius I, Bishop of Zeta, Zeta Athos, then Archbishop of Serbia
Hungary, 1262-1285, Repose of Saint Eustathius I, Archbishop of Serbia, from Eparchy of Buda (Budim), Budapest, Hungary, strict ed from tutor,monastery in Zeta, Great ascetic, Serbia Hilandar Monaster, Mt Athos, Igumen, Bishop of Zeta, Archbishop of Serbia; Zeta MONASTERY VRANJINA FROM THE XIII CENTURY, Lake Skadar, Zeta River Mouth, Zeta Athos, 1221; Repose of Saint Eustathius I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 4; Eustathius, Archbishop of Serbia, lived in the second half of the thirteenth century, during the reign of the Serbian king Stephen Urosh (1262-1320). was born in the diocese of Budim into a pious Christian family, where he received a spiritual upbringing. by remarkable talents, Eustathius was given a tutor by his parents to train him in spiritual wisdom. studied Holy Scripture with particular diligence, perfecting himself in piety and good deeds. finished his education, the youth entered the Monastery of the Archangel Michael in the Zeta district (Montenegro) and led a strict monastic life. he became known as a great ascetic. thence he undertook a journey to Jerusalem, to venerate the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord. the return journey he visited Mount Athos and settled there in the Serbian Hilandar monastery. Eustathius gained general renown and love as a strict ascetic and good teacher, and many came to him for spiritual advice. Later, he became igumen of the monastery. several years he was consecrated as Bishop of Zeta, and the saint returned to his native land. in spiritual life and in churchly matters, he won the love of his fellow countrymen, and continued to set an example for his flock. Eustathius was chosen as Archbishop of Serbia after the death of Archbishop Joannicius. Eustathius guided the Serbian Church for seven years, and died about the year 1285. His body was buried in the Zhicha monastery, and later it was transferred to Pech and placed in the cathedral church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul.

Serbia, 1263-1270, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201–1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan UroÅ¡ I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1273-1338, Archbishop Daniel II, biography writer, Hilandar Crusaders, Serbian arbitrator
Serbia, 1273-1338, Archbishop Daniel II, biography writer, Hilandar Crusaders, Serbian arbitrator, rich parents, same age friend Milutin, monk aKonchul m, exemplary ascetic life, under Archbishop Eustathius, same cell, igumen Hilandar m Athos, Crusaders Arabs attack H, seige&hunger, peace, complete silence, iSava's cell aKaryes, reconciled Intercine war Mulitin and Dragutin, Stephen oDechani, then bishop oBanja Serbia & igumen St Steven's m, built cathedral, then back to Athos, back 1325 Archbishop oSerbia, non-covetousness, flock concern, built churches, incl Dechani Church, historical account otHomeland, gift oWonderworking&healing, died 1338; Serbia, 1324-1337, Archbishop Daniel II ; II (Serbian Cyrillic: II) was the Archbishop of Serbs 1324 to 1337, under the rule of Kings Stephen Uro III (1321-“1331) and Duan the Mighty (1331-“1355, crowned Emperor in 1345). As a Serbian monk, he was also a chronicler, active in court and Church politics, holding the office during the zenith of the Nemanji- dynasty-era; he wrote many biographies which are considered part of the most notable medieval Serbian literature. He was proclaimed Saint Danilo II ( II) of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and is celebrated on the same day as Saint Ignatius of Antioch on 2 January [O.S. 20 December]. it was time to choose the igumen for the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, Saint Daniel received the appointment. The saint was igumen at a most difficult time for the Holy Mountain. After the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, they joined with the Arabs to plunder and loot the Athonite monasteries, not sparing anything sacred. the internecine war of Kings Milutin and Dragutin and Stephen of Dechani (November 11), the ascetic was summoned to Serbia, where he reconciled the adversaries. St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Daniel of Serbia, the only son of rich and renowned parents, a close associate of the Serbian king Stephan Urosh Milutin. renounced a secular career, he received monastic tonsure from the igumen of the Saint Nicholas monastery at Konchul near the River Ibar. Daniel’s ascetic life was an example for all the brethren. Eustathius of Serbia ordained him presbyter and took him into his cell. it was time to choose the igumen for the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, Saint Daniel received the appointment. saint was igumen at a most difficult time for the Holy Mountain. the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, they joined with the Arabs to plunder and loot the Athonite monasteries, “not sparing anything sacred.” Daniel remained at the Hilandar monastery, enduring siege and hunger. peace came to the Holy Mountain, the saint resigned as igumen and withdrew into complete silence in the cell of Saint Savva of Serbia (at Karyes). the internecine war of Kings Milutin and Dragutin and Stephen of Dechani (November 11), the ascetic was summoned to Serbia, where he reconciled the adversaries. his native land Daniel was made Bishop of Banja and head of the renowned monastery of Saint Stephen, a royal treasury. completing the construction of a cathedral church at Banja in honor of the holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Daniel returned to his monastic labors on the Holy Mountain. saint was summoned from Athos again in 1325, when he was elected Archbishop of Serbia. was consecrated on the Feast of the Elevation of the Cross of the Lord. The Protos [“head”] of the Holy Mountain, Garbasios, and other Athonite Elders took part in the solemnities. Daniel was a model of piety, and a wise archpastor. tenure as archbishop was marked by complete non-covetousness, concern and toil for the needs of the Church and the flock, and the building of churches. 1335 the saint built a church at Dechani in honor of the Ascension of the Lord, one of the finest Christian monuments in Serbia. collected accounts about the Serbian past, and compiled the “Rodoslov” [Account about the homeland], writing about the lives of Serbian rulers and Serbian archpastors. during his lifetime Saint Daniel was granted the gift of wonderworking and healing. fourteen years as archbishop, Saint Daniel departed to the Lord on December 19, 1338.

Serbia, 1276-1282, King, Stefan Dragutin, rebelled father with Hungarian and noblemen support, Belgrade
Serbian King, 1276-1282, Stefan Dragutin of Serbia; Dragutin (c. 1244 -12 March 1316) was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. 1282, he ruled a separate kingdom which included northern Serbia, and (from 1284) the neighboring Hungarian banates (or border provinces), for which he was unofficially styled "King of Syrmia". He was the eldest son of King Stefan Uros¡ I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. Dragutin married Catherine of Hungary, likely after his father concluded a peace treaty with her grandfather, Bacla IV of Hungary, in 1268. By 1271, he received the title of "young king" in recognition of his right to succeed his father. He rebelled against his father, and with Hungarian assistance, forced him to abdicate in 1276. abandoned Uros I's centralizing policy and ceded large territories to his mother in appanage. After a riding accident, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Milutin, in 1282, but he retained the northern regions of Serbia along the Hungarian border. Two years later, his brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, granted him three banaesa Matva (or Sirmia ulterior), Usora and Solia him. He was the first Serbian monarch to rule Belgrade. With his brother's support, he also occupied the Banate of Branievo in 1284 or 1285. theory, Dragutin was a vassal both to his brother (for his Serbian territories), and to the Hungarian monarchs (for the four banates), but in practice he ruled his realm as an independent ruler from the 1290s. His conflicts with Milutin developed into open war in 1301, and he frequently raided the neighboring Hungarian lords from 1307. Most of the Serbian noblemen supported Dragutin, but he was forced to make peace with Milutin after Milutin's mercenaries routed him in 1311 or 1312. Before his death, he entered a monastery and died as the monk Teoktist. On the list of Serbian saints, Dragutin is venerated on 12 November or 30 October (Old Style and New Style dates). Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Milutin; Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1281-1321, King Stefan Uros II Milutin, Resisted Byzantine Roman Catholicism
Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Uros II Milutin; UroÅ¡ II Milutin (Serbian Cyrillic: Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ Ð£Ñ€Ð¾Ñˆ II ÐœÐ¸Ð»ÑƒÑ‚Ð¸Ð½; c. 1253 – 29 October 1321), known as Stefan Milutin (Ð¡Ñ‚ÐµÑ„Ð°Ð½ ÐœÐ¸Ð»ÑƒÑ‚Ð¸Ð½), was the King of Serbia between 1282–1321, a member of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty. was one of the most powerful rulers of Serbia in the Middle Ages. Milutin is credited with strongly resisting the efforts of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to impose Roman Catholicism on the Balkans after the Union of Lyons in 1274. his regin, Serbian economic power grew rapidly, mostly due to the development of mining. He founded Novo Brdo, which became an internationally important silver mining site. As most of the NemanjiÄ‡ monarchs, he was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church with a feast day on October 30.[1] Milutin appears in the Dante Alighieri's narrative poem Divine Comedy. Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Serbian Empire, Battle of Kosovo Field

Serbia, 1305-1316, Sava III, Archbishop oSerbia, important architecture development figure
Saint Sava III (Serbian: Свети Сава III / Sveti Sava III; died July 16, 1316) was the Archbishop of Serbs from 1309 to 1316. Upon completing his studies,[1] he began as a hegumen in Hilandar, then became the Bishop of Prizren. During his office as bishop, he worked on the Bogorodica Ljeviška church in Prizren. In 1309 he became the Archbishop. Sava III was an important figure of the development of architecture in Medieval Serbia. Prior to the founding of the Banjska monastery, which Sava III did not survive, King Stefan Milutin consulted with him. In his charters confirming the endowments of King Milutin, he is styled "Archbishop of All Serbian and Maritime Lands". He rebuilt the Church of Saint George in Staro Nagoričane. According to the testimonies of his successor Archbishop Nikodim I, he regularly donated to Hilandar. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerate him as Saint Sava III on July 26 (August 8, Gregorian calendar); Serbia; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26; Savva III was Archbishop of Serbia from 1305 -1316. He is also commemorated on August 30 (and August 16).

Serbia, 1322-1331, King Stefan Decanski, lived Khan's court, monk 5yrs, blinded bFather Milutin, Killed bSon Dushan, St Nic app
Serbia, 1322-1331, King, Stefan Decanski, lived in Khan's court till 1299, then Pantocrator 5yrs, d by son, blinded bFather, King Milutin, Killed bSon, King Dushan, St Nic appeared to him, said do not be afraid, shall return eyes in time, 5yrs Nic returned again healed his eyes, so he built Decani Monastery, drowned in old age by son Dushan; Serbia, 1322-1331, Serbian King, Stefan Decanski ; Uroš III (c. 1276 – 11 November 1331), the King of Serbia from 6 January 1322 to 8 September 1331. čanski was the son of King Stefan Milutin (d. 1321). He defeated two other pretenders to the Serbian throne. is known as Dečanski after the great Monastery of Visoki Dečani he built.[1][2][3][4] life[edit] Uroš III was the son of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin and his first wife Jelena, a Serbian noblewoman. He was born before his father took the throne in 1282. still a youth, he was sent by his father as a hostage with his entourage to Nogai Khan of the Golden Horde, to maintain the peace between the Serbs and Tatars. stayed at Nogai's court until the Khan's death in 1299.[5] 1309, king Milutin appointed his son Stefan (future Dečanski) as governor of Zeta, where he remained until 1314.[6][7] and return[edit] 1314, Dečanski quarreled with his father, who sent him to Constantinople to be blinded. čanski was never totally blinded and was likely not blinded at all.[8] Constantinople, Dečanski was at the court of Andronikos II Palaiologos, indicating good relations between the states.[9] čanski wrote a letter to Danilo, Bishop of Hum, asking him to intervene with his father.[10] wrote to Archbishop Nicodemus of Serbia, who spoke with Milutin and persuaded him to recall his son. 1320, Dečanski was permitted to return to Serbia and was given the appanage of Budimlje,[10] while his half-brother Stefan Konstantin, held Zeta.[11] Zvečan Fortress, where Stefan died became ill and died on 29 October 1321, leaving no formal instruction regarding his inheritance.[10] was crowned King in Zeta, but civil war broke out immediately as both Dečanski and his cousin, Stefan Vladislav II, claimed the throne.[12] čanski revealed that his eyesight was still intact, claiming a miracle, and the populace rallied behind him believing the restoration of his sight to be a sign from God.[11] 6 January 1322, the archbishop of Serbia, Nicodemus, crowned Dečanski king and his son, Stefan Dušan, the young king.[11] čanski later granted Zeta to Dušan as a fief, indicating his intention for Dušan to be his heir.[13] to one account, Dečanski offered to split the realm with Konstantin, who refused.[14] čanski then invaded Zeta, and Konstantin was defeated and killed.[13] Visoki Dečani monastery, today a World Heritage Site the meantime, Vladislav II had been released from prison upon Milutin's death and recovered the throne of Syrmia, which his father had established in northern Serbia. also claimed the throne of Serbia upon Milutin's death and mobilized local support from Rudnik, a former possession of Vladislav's father.[13] supported by Hungarians, Bulgarians, and Bosnians, Vladislav consolidated control over Syrmia and prepared for battle with Dečanski.[13] 1323, war broke out between Dečanski and Vladislav. In autumn, Vladislav still held Rudnik, but by the end of 1323, the market of Rudnik was held by officials of Dečanski, and Vladislav seems to have fled further north.[13] of Vladislav's supporters from Rudnik, led by Ragusan merchant Menčet, took refuge in the nearby Ostrovica fortress, where they resisted Dečanski's troops.[13] čanski sent envoys to Dubrovnik (Ragusa), to protest the support of Vladislav.[13] rejected Dečanski's complaint, claiming Ostrovica was held by Serbs.[13] čanski was not satisfied, and in 1324 he rounded up all the Ragusan merchants he could find, confiscated their property, and held them captive.[13] year's end, Rudnik was restored to Dečanski, who released the merchants and returned their property.[13] was defeated in battle in late 1324, and fled to Hungary,[15][12] that was holding Belgrade since 1319.[16][17] between Dubrovnik and Serbia continued: August 1325 Vojvoda Vojin plundered Dubrovnik, resulting in a brief trade ban.[13] 25 March 1326 Dečanski reaffirmed privileges previously granted to Ragusa by Milutin.[13] began again, however, when Bosnia and Dubrovnik took actions against the Branivojevići.[13] čanski generally maintained an alliance with Andronikos II, aside from occasional disruptions.[18] avoided taking a position in the Byzantine civil war between Andronikos II and Andronikos III Palaiologos. as Andronikos III gained control, he developed an alliance with Tsar Michael Asen III of Bulgaria.[19] Asen III divorced Dečanski's sister Anna and married the Byzantine princess Theodora Palaiologina instead. allies intended to join forces for a major invasion of Serbia in 1330. the most significant event of Dečanski's reign, he defeated and killed Michael Asen III in the Battle of Velbazhd (1330). Stefan Dušan also contributed to the victory.[20][21][22] of Michael's defeat, Andronikos III retreated. Dečanski's subsequent conquests pushed the Serbian border south into Byzantine Macedonia. of his courtiers, however, were discontented with his policies and conspired to dethrone him in favour of Stefan Dušan. 1331, Dušan came from Skadar to Nerodimlje to overthrow Dečanski, who fled to Petrič.[23] 21 August 1331 Dušan captured Petrič after a siege and imprisoned his father in Zvečan Fortress, where he died on 11 November 1331.[24] Stefan Dečanski with his son Stefan Dušan (lower left corner) on the icon of St. Nicholas in the Basilica di San Nicola, Bari, Italy With his first wife, whose name is not known, Dečanski had no issue.[25] By his second wife, Theodora of Bulgaria,[25] Stefan Dečanski had: Uroš IV Dušan,[25] who overthrew him and took royal title, and šica (or Dušman), who died before 1318. By his third wife, Maria Palaiologina,[25] daughter of John Palaiologos, Dečanski had: later tried to usurp imperial title from his nephew, and ruled as independent ruler in Thessaly, who married Mladen III Šubić, and who married Dejan. čanski is seen as a noble character in epic poetry, and the Serbian Orthodox Church had him canonized. his feast day is 11 November (old style), thus being 24 November (new style).[26] remains are venerated at the church of the Visoki Dečani monastery, which he built, in the region of Metohija.[27][28] Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Stephen was the son of King Milutin and the father of King Dushan. was blinded on the orders of his father. Nicholas (December 6) appeared to him in the church of Ovche Polje (Sheep Pasture) and said, “Do not be afraid. Your eyes have been given to me, and I shall return them to you at the appropriate time.” Stephen lived in Constantinople for five years at the Monastery of the Pantocrator. surpassed not only the monks, but also all the inhabitants of Constantinople, in his spiritual struggles, patience, and meekness. the end of the five years, Saint Nicholas appeared to him again. Making the Sign of the Cross over his eyes, he restored Stephen’s sight. gratitude for this miracle, Stephen built the Dečani Monastery in Serbia. his old age, Saint Stephen was drowned by his son, receiving the crown of martyrdom in 1336.

Serbia, 1325-1375, Romilus oRavenica, Bulgarian, Hesychast, sought elder, then sought solitude, but always found, great teacher
Serbia, 1325-1375, Romilus oRavenica monastery, Serbia (Srem Plain, near Danube River 8), Hesychast, Gregory oSinai's disciple, born Vidn, Bulgaria, Greek father, Bulgarian mother, disdained child games, admired fLearning, piety bFriends, teachers, parents wanted marry him tWoman but he longed for monastic life, fled tHodegetria m fForced marriage, tonsured as Romanus, from beginning known as virtuous humble monk, longed to dwell wGregory aPanoria wilderness, more remote far from worldly distractions, even knowing this Abbot reluctant, longing stronger each day, asked again, Abbot grieved but feared God's will, so blessed departure, gave provisions, tParoria wHilarion, R explained tGregory who they were and why, to become his disciples, assigned obediences, Hilarion weaker-lighter duties, R strong-heavier labors-carry wood stones fMountain, water fRiver, kitchen&bakery help, When he tended sick they seemed improve, other monks called him- Romanus tGood- for his cheerful obedience, piety, R received spiritual instruction fG, Not wanting without being subject, When G died R found another instructor, Hilarion's, all three robbed so went back to Zagora at Mogrin near Trnovo, R left the elder for remote place for some reason, Elder died, R returned wRemorse that deserted Elder, R then placed himself under his elder Hilarion, since R surpassed in virture H at first said no, then seeing humility said yes, both back to Paroria because Robbers subdued by Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Alexandar, for greater solitude, Later Romanus Great Schema Romilus, Moslem incursions, back tZagora, hut remote place, other monks there resented Romilus, so tMt Athos, monks came disturbed quietude, fleeing human glory fPlace tPlace, tMt Melana near Karyes, monks gathered, consoled instructed fTheir profit- taught wage war against passions, &deamons who seek soul destruction - taught love God & Neighbor seeking good things which eye not seen, ear not heard, - also corrected other elders and their disciples, not question elder's orders, obey like Christ obeyed Father, warned refusing authority easily led bDevil, - urged Elders be gentle, fSolitude moved North end Mt Athos t Solitude Cell, but they flocked to him as before, Moslem Turks killed Serbian Despot John Ugljela, Battle oMarica, 1371, so they attacked Mt Athos, so many monks fled, Romilus t obscure Valona, Albania, but no solitude, many monks&laymen came, afflicted wIgnorance, enslaved tPassions, no shepherd, he led many to the light oChrist, left V with his disciples t Ravenica, Serbia, settled near monastery, died 1375, grave emitted ineffable fragrance, after death he performed great miracles, casting demons, healing diseases&sufferings, likewise through his prayers may we obtain forgiveness and mercy; Ravenica monestary; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Romilus the Hesychast was the disciple of Saint Gregory of Sinai (August 8). was born in Vidin, Bulgaria of a Greek father and a Bulgarian mother. a child, he possessed a maturity beyond his years, and disdained childish games and pursuits. friends, and even his teacher, admired him for his learning and piety. parents wanted to marry him to a woman, he longed for the monastic life. he learned that they planned to force him into marriage, he fled to the Hodēgḗtria Monastery at Trnovo. abbot accepted him and tonsured him with the name Romanus. the beginning of his life as a monk, Romanus was known for his virtue and for his humility. monk Romanus, hearing of the monastery established by Saint Gregory of Sinai in the wilderness of Paroria, longed to dwell there. the abbot realized that the young man wished to live in a more remote area far from worldly distractions, he was reluctant to let him go. desire of Romanus to go to Paroria grew stronger day by day. spoke to the abbot again, and the Elder was grieved at the thought of losing the exemplary and well-loved Romanus. realized, however, that keeping Romanus there might not be according to the will of God. he blessed Romanus to depart, and gave him provisions for his journey. traveled to Paroria with another monk named Hilarion and explained to Saint Gregory who they were and that they had come to be his disciples. Gregory received them and assigned them to their obediences in the monastery. Hilarion was weaker, he was given lighter duties. who was strong, received heavier labors. would carry wood from the mountain, or sometimes stones. He also carried water from the river, and helped in the kitchen and in the bakery. even tended the sick, who seemed to improve under his care. Seeing his humility, his cheerful obedience, and his piety, the other monks called him “Romanus the Good.” received instruction in the spiritual life from Saint Gregory, who trained him to be a great ascetic. Saint Gregory fell asleep in the Lord, Romanus grieved for him day and night. did not wish to remain in that place without being subject to an Elder. found another instructor who had already accepted Romanus’s fellow-traveler Hilarion as a disciple. subjected himself to this Elder, obeying him as he had obeyed Saint Gregory. the three monks were assailed by robbers who deprived them of the necessities of life, they left Paroria and went back to Zagora. settled at a place called Mogrin, about one day’s journey from Trnovo. some reason, Romanus left the Elder to dwell in a remote place by himself. of the Elder’s death, he returned and fell upon his grave with tears, filled with regret that he had deserted his instructor. he fell at Hilarion’s feet and said, “Since I disobeyed the Elder’s order and left this place, I place myself under you from this day forward.” knowing that Romanus surpassed him in virtue, would not agree to this. insisted saying, “Unless you accept me under your authority, I shall not get up from the ground.” Seeing his great humility, Hilarion finally agreed to accept Romanus. that the robbers had been subdued by Tsar Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria, Romanus and Hilarion decided to go back to Paroria, where they could live in solitude and contemplation. Romanus was tonsured into the Great Schema with the name Romilus. incursions of the Moslems forced Romilus to return yet again to Zagora, he built a hut in a remote place. monks in the area, through envy or jealousy, resented Romilus, he traveled to Mt. Athos. many monks came to him for spiritual counsel, and they disturbed his quietude. human glory, he went from place to place until he came to Mt. Melana near Karyes. there, monks gathered around him, and he was able to console and instruct them for their profit. taught them to wage war against the passions, and against the demons who seek the destruction of the soul. also taught them to love God and their neighbor, seeking the good things which eye has not seen, nor ear heard (I Cor. 2:9). only did he correct his own disciples, but sometimes an Elder would send his disciples to Saint Romilus for correction. urged them not to question or contradict their Elder’s orders, but to obey him just as Christ obeyed the will of the Father (John 6:38). warned them that those who refuse to submit to authority are easily led astray by the Enemy. also urged the Elders to be gentle with their disciples, and to avoid harsh treatment. again, the number of monks who sought spiritual conversation with him hindered his own spiritual struggles and prayer. he moved to the northern part of Mt. Athos and built a cell where he could live in solitude. more he fled worldly glory, however, the more this glory found him. When the location of his cell became known, they flocked to him just as before. Serbian despot John Ugljela was killed by the Turks at the Battle of Marica on September 26, 1371. allowed the Moslems to attack Mt. Athos, so many of the monks (including Saint Romilus) fled to other places. Romilus went to Valona in Albania. thought that in this obscure place he would find solitude, but he was mistaken. monks and laymen came to him, afflicted with ignorance, enslaved to base passions, with no shepherd to guide them. Through his words and his example, he led many from darkness into the light of Christ. Romilus left Valona with his disciples and moved to Ravenica in Serbia, where there was a monastery dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos. settled near this place with his disciples. 1375, he surrendered his soul to God and went to the heavenly Kingdom. is said that his grave emitted an ineffable fragrance. after his death, Saint Romilus performed great miracles, casting out demons, and healing all sorts of diseases and suffering. his holy prayers, may we obtain the forgiveness of our sins and great mercy from Christ our God, to Whom is due all glory, honor and worship, together with His unoriginate Father, and the Most Holy, good, and life-giving Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. Amen.

Serbia, 1331-1355, King &Emperor Stephen Uros IV Dusan the mighty, drowned his father, first emperor, Dunstan's Code
Serbian King, 1331-1346, Stephen Uros IV Dusan of Serbia; Uros (circa 1308 -“ 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar (or Emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (or Romans) from 16 April 1346 until his death. Dusan conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. Under Dusan's rule, Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and an Eastern Orthodox multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube in the north to the Gulf of Corynth in the south, with its capital in Skopje.[1] He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as Dusan's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia. promoted the Serbian Church from an archbishopric to a patriarchate, finished the construction of the Visoki Deani monastery (now a UNESCO site), and founded the Monastery of the Holy Archangels, among others. Under his rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, economic, and cultural peak.[2] died in 1355, seen as the end of resistance against the advancing Ottoman Empire and the subsequent fall of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the region.[3] St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Serbia, 1334-1395, Prilep, Macedonia, Greece, High Point, Acquired by King Steven Dusan 1334, Serbian till 1395
Prilep, Macedonia, Greece; is the fourth-largest city in North Macedonia.[2] It has a population of 66,246 and is known as "the city under Marko's Towers" because of its proximity to the towers of Prince Marko. View of Prilep and the surrounding mountains name of Prilep appeared first as Πρίλαπος. The old fortress was attached to the rocky hilltop, and its name means “stuck” on the rocks in Old Church Slavonic. It was mentioned by John Skylitzes in relation with Samuel of Bulgaria, who died here in 1014.[3] In other languages is: Bulgarian: Прилеп, Prilep Aromanian: Pãrleap[4] Serbo-Croatian: Prilep / Прилеп Turkish: Pirlepe, or Perlepe Albanian: Përlep or Përlepi, or Prilep or Prilepi Greek: Prilapos, Πρίλαπος Latin: Prilapum is a centre for high-quality tobacco and cigarettes and the metal processing, electronics, timber, textiles, and food industries. The city also produces a large quantity of Macedonian Bianco Sivec (pure white marble). is one of Prilep's traditional cash crops and prospers in the Macedonian climate. Many of the world's largest cigarette makers, such as Marlboro, West and Camel use Prilep's tobacco in their cigarettes after it is processed in local factories such as Tutunski kombinat Prilep. A Tobacco Institute is established in the city in order to produce new types of tobacco and it was the first example of applying genetics to agriculture in the Balkans.[citation needed]. A Gentherm production plant is located in Prilep. overwhelming majority of the city population is Macedonian; the Macedonian population at the last census counted 64,527. There is also a Romani minority, counting some 4,420 inhabitants,most of them living in the neighbourhood of Trizla , also Serbs (310) and Turks (260). Kingdom of Prilep - Realm of Prince Marko A postcard of Prilep in 1915 Photo of a panoramic view of Prilep in 1930 antiquity, the region of Prilep was part of Ancient Pelagonia that was inhabited by the Pelagones, an ancient Greek tribe of Upper Macedonia, who according to Strabo,[5] were Epirote Molossians.[6] region was annexed to the Macedonian kingdom during the 4th century BC. In September 2007 archeological excavations in Bonče, revealed a tomb of what is believed to be the burial site of a Macedonian ruler dating 4th century BC.[7] Near Prilep, close to the village of Čepigovo, are the ruins of the ancient Macedonian city of Styberra (Ancient Greek: Στύβερρα), first a town in Macedonia and later incorporated into the Roman Empire.[8][9] Styberra, though razed by the Goths in 268, remained partly inhabited. town was first mentioned in Greek as Πρίλαπον (Prilapon)[10] in 1014, as the place where Bulgarian Tsar Samuil allegedly had a heart attack upon seeing thousands of his soldiers had been blinded by the Byzantines after the Battle of Kleidion. Byzantium lost it to the Second Bulgarian Empire, but later retook it. was acquired in 1334 by Serbian King Dušan and after 1365 the town belonged to King Vukašin, co-ruler of Dušan's son, Tzar Stefan Uroš V. After the death of Vukašin in 1371, Prilep was ruled by his son Marko.[11] In 1395 it was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, of which it remained a part of until 1913, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia. was a major center of the Bulgarian national revival in Western Macedonia in the 19th century.[12] One of the largest annual fairs in Macedonia was held in Prilep in the middle of the 19th century. European consulate exhibitions of 1887 estimate the population of Prilep to approximately 6.500 individuals, of which 4.000 were Bulgarians, 2.000 were Turks and the rest were Serbs with Greeks and Aromanians.[13] During the Great Eastern Crisis, the local Bulgarian movement of the day was defeated when armed Bulgarian groups were repelled by the League of Prizren, an Albanian organisation opposing Bulgarian geopolitical aims in areas like Prilep that contained an Albanian population.[14] the late 19th and early 20th century, Prilep was part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. It was occupied by Bulgaria between 17 November 1915 and 25 September 1918 during World War I. In 1918 Prilep became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and from 1929 to 1941 it was part of the Vardar Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On 8 April 1941, just two days after the start of the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, Prilep was occupied by the German Army, and on 26 April 1941 by the Bulgarian Army. Together with most of Vardar Macedonia, Prilep was annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1941 to 1944. After 9 September coup d'etat the commander of the Bulgarian garrison, refused to withdraw and remained in the city with the Yugoslav guerrillas, managing to hold it for 10 days, blocking the movement of the German troops.[15] Afterwards the German Army retook the town. Prilep was definitively taken by communist partisans on 3 November 1944. From 1944 to 1991 the town belonged to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as part of its constituent Socialist Republic of Macedonia. Since 1991 the town has been part of the Republic of Macedonia. Saint Νikόdēmos the Sanctified of Tismana, Romania, Commemorated on December 26;

Serbia, 1340-1406, Nikodemos tSanctified oTismana, Romania, from Prilep, Serbia
Saint Νikόdēmos the Sanctified of Tismana, Romania, Commemorated on December 26; most holy and venerable Father Νικόdēmos the Sanctified was from Prilep, in southern Serbia. was born in 1320, and his parents raised him in the Orthodox Faith. receiving the holy and angelic monastic Schema and the grace of the priesthood, he wandered through many places, including Mount Athos and Constantinople, acquiring virtues through his love of labor. he came to the Romanian Principalities (Țara Românească, or Valakhia), enduring many trials and spiritual struggles, praying unceasingly in the mountains. Νικόdēmos founded several monasteries; first by the water of Motru, then the Monastery of Vodiţa, which is dedicated to Saint Anthony the Great (January 17). he established the cenobitic Rule for the many Fathers and brethren, and he lived in that monastery for a long time. prompted by divine revelation, he settled in a place called Tismana. God’s will, he founded a monastery and dedicated it to the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos. Later, a great multitude of monks gathered where Saint Νικόdēmos lived with his brothers in Christ. He himself was an example of good works as he led them on the path of salvation. grace from God to perform miracles, and to have power over unclean spirits, he worked many miracles during his lifetime. cast out demons and healed all manner of sicknesses and infirmities. is said that he even walked into a fire and remained unharmed. The fire touched neither his clothing nor the hairs of his head. Νικόdēmos also performed other miracles by the power of Christ. a life of holiness, he reached an advanced age, passing from this temporal life to the heavenly and immortal life on December 26, 1406. relics and other holy objects were buried at Tismana Monastery, where he had performed the services. God had glorified his relics with the fragrance of myrrh, and the grace of working miracles, they were removed from the tomb and placed in the church, along with the relics of Saint Gregory the Decapolite (November 20) in the holy Monastery of Bistriţa. many years, a certain ruler of the country wanted to take the relics of Saint Νικόdēmos from Tismana Monastery and keep them in Bucharest. was not the Saint's will, however, that his relics should be removed from his monastery. It was a miracle that the man gave up his idea. Νικόdēmos appeared in a vision to one of the monks, commanding him to tell the Igoumen to hide his relics, and to take only a finger from his hand, and to prevent the man from carrying out his intention. Νικόdēmos also appeared in the same way to the Igoumen and told him the same things. A finger was taken from the Saint's hand and some myrrh from his relics, which were entrusted to the care of the Igoumen. finger and the holy myrrh were placed in a tin vessel, together with a cross made of lead which the Saint had worn around his neck, and they are kept in the holy monastery to this day as precious spiritual treasures. one is permitted to take any of the holy myrrh. It is permissible to kiss the vessel, however, fills everything with an indescribable spiritual fragrance. Saint's relics were hidden to prevent them from being removed from the monastery, and that place is known only to the Igoumen and one other monk. aforementioned sacred items suffice for the consolation of the monks and the other Christian inhabitants. still perform countless miracles. spirits are cast out by calling on the name of the Saint; healing of many kinds of illnesses is given to those who have recourse to the Saint with faith. world and the country are protected by the prayers of Saint Νικόdēmos; the holy Tismana Monastery, which preserves these treasures, is always defended from the attacks of visible and invisible enemies. the decision of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church, the first Service in honor of Saint Νικόdēmos took place in the Metropolitan cathedral of Oltenia in Craiova on October 28, 1955. His annual Feast Day is December 26.

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ; Serbian Empire is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan Dusan, known as "the Mighty", who significantly expanded the state. Dusan's rule Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and a multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, with its capital in Skopje.[1] also promoted the Serbian Archbishopric to the Serbian Patriarchate. son and successor, Uros the Weak, lost most of the territory conquered by Dusan, hence his epithet. The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of Uros V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state. Some successors of Stefan V claimed the title of Emperor in parts of Serbia until 1402, but the territory in Greece was never recovered.

Serbia, 1351-1430, Joanikije of Devic in Kosovo, wonderworker, solitude silence fasting unceasing prayer
Serbia, 1351-1430, Joanikije of Devic in Kosovo, f Zeta, tChrna Reka (Black River), nIbar River, solitude silence fasting unceasing prayer, people gathered, fled to Drnica & forest of Devic, healed prince's daughter, money for Monastery, miracles after death; Venerable Joannicius of Devic, Commemorated on December 2; Ioannikios (Janićije) was a Serb from Zeta, near the Adriatic Sea. was the son of pious and God-fearing parents, and he lived during the reign of the last medieval Serbian ruler, Prince George Branković (1427-1458). his youth, Saint Ioannikios loved solitude, as an adolescent he left his parents and made his way to eastern Serbia, where he settled in a wooded area called Chrna Reka (Black River), a few miles from the Ibar River. found a narrow cave where, according to Tradition, Saint Peter of Koriša (June 5) had struggled during the XIII century. Ioannikios built a cell and lived there for many years in solitude, fasting, and unceasing prayer. time, people began coming to him from all over Serbia in order to hear his words, and to receive his blessing. Others were drawn to him because they wanted him to guide them in the monastic life. community grew around him, and they built a church near his cell. when people heard about the holiness of his life, he fled to Drnica and hid himself in the thick forest of Devič. again, the Saint lived in solitude, weeping, fasting, struggling with demons, and devoting himself to the unceasing Prayer of the Heart. day Prince George brought his terminally ill daughter to him, and the Saint healed her. Prince wanted to know what he could do to express his gratitude. Ioannikios asked him to built a monastery at Devič and dedicate it to the Entrance of the a Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple (November 21). a holy and God-pleasing life, Saint Ioannikios reposed on December 2, 1430, when he was almost one hundred years old. His grace-filled and wonderworking relics are kept at the monastery. After his death, many miracles have taken place there, and those who entreat him with faith are healed of their sicknesses and afflictions. this monastery there once lived a renowned and godly nun, Sister Euphemia, who is better known in the Kossovo region as Blessed Stoina. She built an Ispostnica (House of Silence) in honor of St. Ioannikios. She fell asleep in the Lord in the year 1895. Ioannikios still performs miracles, just as he did in his lifetime, five hundred years ago. A certain man from Hercegovina, whose name was Miloš wanted to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to venerate the holy places. Just as he was about to embark on his journey, Saint Ioannikios appeared to him in a dream and told him not to go to Jerusalem. "It would be better," the Saint explained, "if you went to Devič and cleaned my church, and put it in order, instead of going to Jerusalem." š followed the Saint's advice and went to the neglected Devič monastery, cleaned it up, restored it, and gave it new life. He became a monk and remained there until the end of his life. the First World War and the Austrian occupation, a Hungarian officer arrived at Devič with some soldiers. He made Igoumen Damaskene take him to the tomb of Saint Ioannikios, and asked him what was under the slab. "It is a holy place," the Igoumen replied. sort of holy place?" the officer asked. "You have some valuables hidden under there, don't you?" officer ordered the soldiers to break the slab with pick axes. As they were completing their task, the officer was stricken with pain in the middle of his body. He lay down on a bed and died before that evening. The terrified soldiers abandoned their work and fled from the monastery. Ioannikios is also commemorated on April 26, the uncovering of his holy relics. Devic Monastery in Kosovo; Devič Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Девич, romanized: Manastir Devič; Albanian: Manastiri i Deviçit) is a Serbian Orthodox abbey in Kosovo[a]. It was built in 1434 and is dedicated to St Joanikije of Devič. Devič was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia.

Serbia, 1355-1371, Emperor, Stefan Uros V, The Weak, rejected external attacks, then, lost empire to new rich nobles like Lazar
Serbia, 1355-1371, Serbian Emperor, Stefan Uros V; the death of his father (+ 1355), Saint Stephen Urosh became the independent and actual ruler of Serbia. was faithful to the Lord; like a father he provided for widows and orphans, he pacified quarrels and maintained peace, he was charitable to the poor, and he defended the downtrodden. the interests of peace in Serbia and indeed for the preservation of his own life, Saint Stephen was obliged to flee to his kinsman, Prince Lazar. Stephen'™s uncle, Vulkashin, immediately seized the throne, but his fear of rivals gave him no peace. Through his sister, Saint Stephen'™s mother, he invited his nephew to come to the city of Skopje, on the pretext of a reconciliation. Greeting him with honor, as Tsar, he invited him to go hunting. When Saint Stephen, weary from the hunt, went off with his horse to a well and bent over to take a sip of water, Vulkashin struck him a mortal blow on the head with a mace. Stefan Uros V (1336 -“ 2/4 December 1371), known in historiography and folk tradition as Uros the Weak, was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355-“1371), and before that he was Serbian King and co-ruler (since 1346) with his father, Emperor Stefan Dusan.[1] St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Serbia, 1355-1371, Saint Stefan Uros V, Emperor, faithful, charitable orphans widows poor, Killed by uncle Lazar wHunting
Serbia, 1355-1371, Saint Stefan Uros V, Emperor, Dushan's son, born 1377, King 1346, marriage to French king's daughter rejected by Pope, married Orthodox Romanian king Vladislav 1's daughter, king in 1355, faithful tLord, fWidows orphans, charitable tPoor, fled tMoravian Serbia, mother's brother uncle Vilkashin seized throne, invited S to Skopje, killed him while hunting; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, son of King Dushan Nemany, was born in the year 1337. 1346 he was crowned king. sought the daughter of the French king for his son, but the Roman Pope insisted that the princess not change from the Latin confession. did not want to see a Catholic in his family, because of this Saint Stephen Urosh entered into marriage with the daughter of Vlad, Prince of Walachia. the death of his father (+ 1355), Saint Stephen Urosh became the independent and actual ruler of Serbia. was faithful to the Lord; a father he provided for widows and orphans, pacified quarrels and maintained peace, was charitable to the poor, he defended the downtrodden. the interests of peace in Serbia and indeed for the preservation of his own life, Saint Stephen was obliged to flee to his kinsman, Prince Lazar. Stephen’s uncle, Vulkashin, immediately seized the throne, but his fear of rivals gave him no peace. his sister, Saint Stephen’s mother, he invited his nephew to come to the city of Skopje, on the pretext of a reconciliation. him with honor, as Tsar, he invited him to go hunting. Saint Stephen, weary from the hunt, went off with his horse to a well and bent over to take a sip of water, Vulkashin struck him a mortal blow on the head with a mace.

Serbia, 1371-1403, Moravian Serbia or Serbian Despotate, Great Morava River, not Czech M, Orthodox
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Serbia or Realm of Prince Lazar is the name used in historiography for the largest and most powerful Serbian principality to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire (1371).[1] Serbia is named after Morava, the main river of the region.[2] principality in the region of Morava was established in 1371, and attained its largest extent in 1379 through the military and political activities of its first ruler, prince Lazar Hrebeljanov. 1402 it was raised to the Serbian Despotate, which would exist until 1459 (de jure until the 1560s). adjective Moravian does not imply that the state (Moravian Serbia) is affiliated in any way with the region of Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic. The term Moravian Serbia refers to the fact that the state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers in present-day central Serbia. information: History of Serbia Hrebeljanovic was born in around 1329 in the fortress of Prilepac, near the town of Novo Brdo in the region of Kosovo, Kingdom of Serbia. was a courtier at the court of Serbian Tsar Stefan Uros Dusan, and at the court of Dusan's successor, Tsar Stefan Uros V (r. 1356-“1371).[3] Uros's reign was characterized by the weakening of the central authority and the gradual disintegration of the Serbian Empire. Powerful Serbian nobles became practically independent in the regions they controlled.[4] Lazar left the court Tsar Uros in 1363 or 1365, and became a regional lord. He held the title of prince since at least 1371.[4] territory initially developed in the shadow of stronger regional lords. The strongest were the Mrnjavcevic brothers, Vukasin and Jovan Uglijesa. were defeated and killed by the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, after which Lazar took a part of their territory. Lazar and Tvrtko I, the Ban of Bosnia, jointly defeated in 1373 another strong noble, Nikola Altomanovic. Most of Altomanovic's territory was acquired by Lazar. that time, Lazar accepted the suzerainty of King Louis I of Hungary,[5] who granted him the region of Macva, or at least a part of it. all these territorial gains, Lazar emerged as the most powerful Serbian lord.[6] The state he then created is known in historiography as Moravian Serbia.[7] Moravian Serbia attained its full extent in 1379, when Lazar took Branicevo and Kucevo, ousting the Hungarian vassal Radic Brankovic Rastislalic from these regions.[8] state was larger than the domains of the other lords on the territory of the former Serbian Empire. It also had a better organized government and army. The state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava Rivers, extending from the source of South Morava northward to the Danube and Sava Rivers. Its north-western border ran along the Drina River. the capital Krusevac, the state included important towns of Nis and Uzice, as well as Novo Brdo and Rudnik, two richest mining centres of medieval Serbia. all the Serbian lands, Lazar's state lay furthest from Ottoman centres, and was least exposed to the ravages of Turkish raiding parties. circumstance attracted immigrants from Turkish-threatened areas, who built new villages and hamlets in previously poorly inhabited and uncultivated areas of Moravian Serbia. There were also spiritual persons among the immigrants, which stimulated the revival of old ecclesiastical centres and the foundation of new ones in Lazar's state.[6][7] A Turkish raiding party, passing unobstructed through territories of Ottoman vassals, broke into Moravian Serbia in 1381. It was routed by Lazar's nobles Crep Vukoslavic and Vitomir in the Battle of Dubravica, fought near the town of Paracin.[7] 1386, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I himself led much larger forces that took Nic from Lazar. It is unclear whether the encounter between the armies of Lazar and Murad at Plocnik, a site southwest of Nic, happened shortly before or after the capture of Nic. rebuffed Murad at Plocnik.[9] the death of King Louis in 1382, a civil war broke out in the Kingdom of Hungary. Lazar briefly participated in the war as one of the opponents of Prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, and he sent some troops to fight in the regions of Belgrade and Syrmia. These fights ended with no territorial gains for Lazar, who made peace with Sigismund in 1387.[10] In the Battle of Kosovo fought on 15 June 1389, Lazar led the army which confronted a massive invading army of the Ottoman Empire commanded by Sultan Murad I. Prince Lazar and Sultan Murad lost their lives in the battle. Although the battle was tactically a draw, the mutual heavy losses were devastating only for the Lazar was succeeded by his eldest son Stefan Lazarevic. he was still a minor, Moravian Serbia was administered by Lazar's widow, Milica. was attacked from north, five months after the battle, by troops of the Hungarian King Sigismund. When Turkish forces, moving toward Hungary, reached the borders of Moravian Serbia in the summer of 1390, Milica accepted Ottoman suzerainty.[11] Lazarevic participated as an Ottoman vassal in the Battle of Karanovasa in 1394, the Battle of Rovine in 1395, the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, and in the Battle of Angora in 1402. Angora, he visited Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, where he was given the title of Despot, and since then his state became known as the Serbian Despotate in 1402.[12] Commons has media related to Principality of Serbia (late medieval). Lazar Hrebeljanovic “1389) Stefan Lazarevic (1389-“1402) Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Holy Prince Lazar of Serbia lived during the fourteenth century at a time when the Turks, having conquered neighboring lands, were preparing to invade Serbia. Lazar was raised at the court of the holy King Dushan, and was appointed governor of one of the Serbian districts. In the year 1371 he was chosen King of all Serbia and he toiled much at strengthening the condition of the country. He pacified neighboring princes, who had wronged or plundered Serbian settlements. He was concerned also for the Christian enlightenment of the nation, he built churches, supported the monasteries and charitable establishments. In 1380 the saint established the monastery at Rovanetz. Saint Lazar petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople to remove the anathema from the people of Serbia. During the course of the ten years of his rule, Serbia was at peace. there began war with the Turks. At the time of the Battle of Kosovo, the wounded king was taken prisoner. On the orders of Sultan Bayazet, he was beheaded with a sword on June 15, 1389. The body of the holy King Lazar was buried at a nearby church. In 1391 his incorrupt relics were transferred to the Ravanica monastery. The monastery was destroyed by the Turks in 1683, and the relics of King Lazar were transferred to the monastery of New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh. He was the founder of the Monastery of Saint Panteleimon on the Holy Mountain, as well as numerous other monasteries and churches. St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1373-1389, Prince, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Moravian Serbia
Serbian Prince, 1373-1389, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Serbian Empire in Kosovo; Lazar Hrebeljanovic (ca. 1329-15 June 1389) was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire. state, referred to by historians as Moravian Serbia, comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers. ruled Moravian Serbia from 1373 until his death in 1389. sought to resurrect the Serbian Empire and place himself at its helm, claiming to be the direct successor of the Nemanjic dynasty, which went extinct in 1371 after ruling over Serbia for two centuries. programme had the full support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, but the Serbian nobility did not recognize him as their supreme ruler. He is often referred to as Tsar Lazar Hrebeljanovc, however, he only held the title of prince. was killed at the Battle of Kosovo in June 1389 while leading a pan-Christian army assembled to confront the invading Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad I. battle ended without a clear victor, though both sides endured heavy losses, which were more devastating for the less numerous Serbs and their Christian allies. widow, Milica, who ruled as regent for their adolescent son Stefan Lazarevic, Lazar's successor, accepted Ottoman suzerainty in the summer of 1390. is venerated in the Orthodox Christian Church as a martyr and saint, and is highly regarded in Serbian history, culture and tradition. In Serbian epic poetry, he is referred to as Tsar Lazar. Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Holy Prince Lazar of Serbia lived during the fourteenth century at a time when the Turks, having conquered neighboring lands, were preparing to invade Serbia. Lazar was raised at the court of the holy King Dushan, and was appointed governor of one of the Serbian districts. In the year 1371 he was chosen King of all Serbia and he toiled much at strengthening the condition of the country. He pacified neighboring princes, who had wronged or plundered Serbian settlements. He was concerned also for the Christian enlightenment of the nation, he built churches, supported the monasteries and charitable establishments. In 1380 the saint established the monastery at Rovanetz. Saint Lazar petitioned the Patriarch of Constantinople to remove the anathema from the people of Serbia. During the course of the ten years of his rule, Serbia was at peace. there began war with the Turks. At the time of the Battle of Kosovo, the wounded king was taken prisoner. On the orders of Sultan Bayazet, he was beheaded with a sword on June 15, 1389. The body of the holy King Lazar was buried at a nearby church. In 1391 his incorrupt relics were transferred to the Ravanica monastery. The monastery was destroyed by the Turks in 1683, and the relics of King Lazar were transferred to the monastery of New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh. He was the founder of the Monastery of Saint Panteleimon on the Holy Mountain, as well as numerous other monasteries and churches. St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1373-1403, Moravian Serbia (Great Morava River Serbia, Danube 10, not Czech Moravia)
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1374-1405, Gregory, founder Serbian Grigoriou monastery, Mt Athos, fSerbia, his relics taken back to Serbia
Serbia, 1374-1405, Gregory, founder Serbian Grigoriou monastery, Mt Athos, fSerbia, his relics taken back to Serbia ; Grigoriou monastery; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7; Gregory of Mount Athos was born in Serbia, and pursued asceticism on Mt Athos. built and dedicated the monastery of Saint Nicholas, which was later renamed Grigoriou in his honor. the records of Mt Athos the saint’s signature dating from 1405 was discovered. to Tradition, the relics of Saint Gregory were taken from Athos by Serbian monks.

Serbia, 1382-1388, Patriarch, St Spyridon the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1382-1388, St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389, Serb Orthodox v. Sunni Muslim Turks, fall of Serb Empire
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389[A] between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hudavendigar. battle was fought on the Kosovo field in the territory ruled by Serbian nobleman Vuk Brankovic, in what is today Kosovo,[a] about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northwest of the modern city of Pristina. army under Prince Lazar consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by Brankovic, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko Vukovic.[11] Lazar was the ruler of Moravian Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while Brankovic ruled the District of Brankovic and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord. historical accounts of the battle are scarce.[12] The bulk of both armies were wiped out, and Lazar, Murad and Brankovic were killed. Although the Ottomans managed to annihilate the Serbian army, they also suffered huge casualties that delayed their progress. The Serbs were left with too few men to effectively defend their lands, while the Turks had many more troops in the east. Consequently, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals became so consecutively in the following years. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1389-1427, Serbian Prince, Stefan Lazarevic, the tall, fine knight and leader, Battle of Nicopolis d
Serbian Prince, 1389-1427, Stefan Lazarevic ; Lazarevic (c. 1377 - 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall, was the ruler of Serbia as prince (1389--“1402) and despot (1402-“1427). son of Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a Nemanjic), until he reached adulthood in 1393. led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. an Hungarian ally in 1403-“04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew Durad Brankovic, which ended in 1412. also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. he was childless, he designated his nephew Durad as heir in 1426, a year before his death. the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo -“ the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1400-1459, 15th Century Folder, Turks take over Serbia

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate of Hungary, cultural and political renaissance before Ottomans in 57
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; The Serbian Despotate was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 60 years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. Before its conquest the Despotate nominally had a suzerain status to the Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.[1] After being fully subjugated to the Ottoman Empire in 1459, it continued to exist in exile in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the mid-16th century. Pavle Bakia was the last Despot of Serbia to be recognized by both the Ottoman and the Habsburg Monarchy. Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1405, Despot Stephen Tower, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; The Despot Stefan Tower is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan Lazarevic. May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society Ruder Boskovic and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks
Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks; Despot Stephen Tower; Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1457, Icon of Three Hands to Serbia and Donkey story, John of Damascus' hand, MOG leads Donkey, becomes Hilander Igumen
Syria, 717-740, Icon of Three Hands, John of Damascus' hand, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17), J slandered by Leo III, caliph cut off J's hand, MOG puts it back on, hand had written Orthodoxy defense, MOG commanded toil w o fail before healing, John to Sabbas w icon, icon to Serbia, MOG leads icon donkey to Hilandar, MOG icon becomes igumen of H; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, “Of the Three Hands”: the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name “Of Three Hands.” iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon “Of Three Hands” in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Serbia, 1457-1496, Maximus tNew, Stephen B's son, monk aManasija, 1457 Serbia seized by Turks, fled tRomania, became Met
Serbia, 1457-1496, Maximus tNew, son oKing Stephen Brancovich, monk aManasija monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1), 1457 Serbia seized by Turks, he fled to Romania where became Met oWallachia; Manasija monastery; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; Maximus the New was the son of King Stephen of Serbia (December 10). became a monk at Manasija, had to flee into a mountainous region of Romania because of the Moslems. was consecrated as Metropolitan of Wallachia. a life of great spiritual endeavors, he fell asleep in the Lord on January 18, 1516 in a monastery he had founded.

Serbia, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich, Despot, went to Jedriene 1457 blinded, ruled, exiled, incorrupt relics
Serbia, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich (the Blind), Despot Prince, went to Ottomans at Jedriene 1457 blinded, ruled 1458, fled to Albania, married Angelina, 2 sons, fled to Italy, Turks invaded Albania, incorrupt relics ; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Stephen Brancovich was the son of the Despot George and Queen Irene, and lived in the fifteenth century. and his sister Mara lived in the court of Sultan Murat II. Saint Stephen and his brother Gregory were blinded at Jedrene by the Turkish Sultan for some perceived offense. Since he was innocent, he bore his affliction with courage. became ruler of Serbia in 1458, but was soon forced to flee to Albania. Saint Stephen was not only Prince George Skenderbeg’s guest, but he was also treated as a member of his family. There he met Saint Angelina (July 1 & 30 and December 10), the daughter of Prince George . Not surprisingly, Stephen and Angelina eventually fell in love. With her parents’ blessing, they were married in church. After a few years, they were blessed with two sons: George and John. the boys were grown, Saint Stephen and his family were forced to flee to Italy for their safety, because the Turks invaded Albania and began to slaughter men, women, and even children. died as an exile in Italy in 1468. He was buried in Serbia in the monastery of Krushedol in Frushka Gora, which was founded by his son the monk Maximus. After eight years, Saint Steven’s relics were uncovered and were found incorrupt and fragrant. Many miracles took place at his tomb. Stephen is also commemorated on December 10 with Saint Angelina and Saint John. was married, but had no sons. He died in 1503 at a young age, and many miracles took place before his holy relics. Angelina survived her husband and both of her sons. Mindful of her soul’s salvation, she entered a women’s monastery. She departed to the Lord in peace, and her body was buried in the same tomb as her sons in the monastery of Krushedol. Angelina is also commemorated on December 10 with her husband Saint Stephen and her son Saint John. Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; life of the Serbian ruler Stephen Brankovich and his family was filled with instability and misfortune. After Serbia was seized in 1457 by the Turks, the then Serbian ruler’s middle son, Stephen (October 9), distinguished by a meek disposition and fine knowledge of Holy Scripture, went to the capital of Turkey after his sister had been given to Sultan Murat in marriage. Learning that the Turks had burned the Mileshevsk monastery with fanatic cruelty, Saint Stephen rose up to defend Serbia from oppression. he married Angelina (July 30), the daughter of the Prince of Albania, the Turks threatened Saint Stephen and his family with punishment. With his wife and three children he was forced to hide first in Albania, and then in Italy, where he died. Angelina transferred the incorrupt relics of her spouse to Kupinovo. At the end of the fifteenth century a son of the Righteous Stephen and Angelina, Saint John, became ruler of Serbia. The incorrupt relics of Saint John and his parents were afterwards glorified by many miracles. St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia and Albania, Steven's wife, two sons Despots Georg&John Bronkovic
Serbian Saint, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Folder, Ottoman Serbia

Serbia, 1459-1499, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia in Bosnia, Kingdom of Hungary in the North

Serbia, 1461-1463, P, Stephen Tomasevic, Bosnia, R Catholic, lost Bosnia, Serbia to Mehemed, killed by M
Serbian Prince, 1461-1463, Stephen Tomasevic of Bosnia ; Tomasevic or Stephen II ( died on 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromani dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463. Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe. Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire. 1 Family 2 Marriage 3 Despotism 4 Kingship 4.1 Accession and coronation 4.2 Ottoman invasion 4.3 Capture and death 5 Assessment and legacy 6 Family tree 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one"Â, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1485-1502, John, King Serbia (Despot, 1493-1502) J Brancovich, like father incorrupt relics, built supported monasteries
Serbia, 1485-1502, John, King Serbia (Despot, 1493-1502) Kupinovo (Srem Plain, Sava River 19, capitol Moravian Serbia and Serbian Despotate), 1457 Father Stephen tTurks aC afer sister married Sultan Murat, Turks burned Mileshevsk m, marries Angelins oAlbania, threatened bTurks, tAlbania then dies iItaly, A transfers S's incorrupt r tKupinovo, 1493 John becomes ruler, John's relics incorrupt, many miracles, J built Krusedol m near Syrmia, donated tHilandar m; Kupinovo; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; life of the Serbian ruler Stephen Brankovich and his family was filled with instability and misfortune. Serbia was seized in 1457 by the Turks, the then Serbian ruler’s middle son, Stephen (October 9), distinguished by a meek disposition and fine knowledge of Holy Scripture, went to the capital of Turkey after his sister had been given to Sultan Murat in marriage. that the Turks had burned the Mileshevsk monastery with fanatic cruelty, Saint Stephen rose up to defend Serbia from oppression. he married Angelina (July 30), the daughter of the Prince of Albania, the Turks threatened Saint Stephen and his family with punishment. his wife and three children he was forced to hide first in Albania, and then in Italy, where he died. Angelina transferred the incorrupt relics of her spouse to Kupinovo. the end of the fifteenth century a son of the Righteous Stephen and Angelina, Saint John, became ruler of Serbia. incorrupt relics of Saint John and his parents were afterwards glorified by many miracles. John the King of Serbia; Branković (c. 1465 – 10 December 1502) the titular Despot of Serbia from 1493 until his death in 1502. title of despot was given to him by Hungarian king Vladislas II of Hungary. 1493 to 1497 he held the title together with his elder brother Đorđe Branković, who was despot from 1486. 1497, Đorđe relinquished the title, and Jovan remained the sole Despot of Serbia, until his death in 1502. was the last Serbian Despot of the Branković dynasty. his brother he built the Krušedol monastery, made various donations to Hilandar and other Eastern Orthodox monasteries. was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] was the younger son of Stefan Branković, exiled Despot of Serbia (1458–1459), and Princess Angelina Arianites. He was born c. 1465, while his parents were residing in the Castle Belgrado, in the region of Friuli. His father, Despot Stefan, died in 1476 while family was still living in Belgrado. In 1479, Emperor Friedrich III granted them Castle Weitensfeld in Carinthia, and Jovan moved there with the rest of family.[3] cousin Vuk Branković, titular Despot of Serbia, died in 1485, without direct heirs. His title and estates in the Kingdom of Hungary were left vacant, prompting Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus to find a suitable heir. He opted for the only remaining male members of Branković family (Đorđe and Jovan), inviting them to come to Hungary.[4][5] 1486, they arrived in Hungary, and Jovan's elder brother Đorđe received the title of Despot of Serbia from King Matthias, who granted them possessions in Kupinik, Slankamen, and Berkasovo in the region of Syrmia. 1493 forwards, the brothers ruled jointly, since Jovan was also granted the title Despot of Serbia, as it was customary in the Kingdom of Hungary that various senior posts be held jointly by two incumbents. 1497, Đorđe decided to relinquish all of his titles and possessions to Jovan. At that time, Đorđe took monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim (Serbian Cyrillic: Максим). The brothers later built the Krušedol monastery in the region of Syrmia.[6] had different goals to those of his brother Đorđe. did not seek to create a heavenly realm, sought to defeat the Turks and drive them out of his lands, and as such to be entitled the ranks of his ancestors. successfully fought the Ottoman Empire during several operations in Bosnia, especially around Zvornik. also planned to free the Serbs from Ottoman rule with the help of the Republic of Venice, this was prevented by his death in 1502. his death, the hope of restoring Serbia under the advancing Ottoman Empire became weaker. married a Serbian noblewoman Jelena Jakšić, with whom he had several children, but no surviving male heir. his death in 1502, Hungarian king Vladislaus II (d. 1516) instructed Jovan's widow Jelena to remarry (1504) to a prominent nobleman, Ivaniš Berislavić (d. 1514) from Požega County. Berislavić was granted the title Despot of Serbia and control over Branković family estates.[7][8] is mentioned in the "Dell'Imperadori Constantinopolitani", or Massarelli manuscript, found in the papers of Angelo Massarelli (1510–1566).[9] Saint Jovan Branković Свети Јован Бранковић Saint Born c. 1465 Died 10 December 1502 Krušedol Monastery, modern Serbia Venerated in Eastern Orthodox Church Canonized 16th century, in Syrmia by the Serbian Orthodox Church Major shrine Krušedol Monastery Feast December 10 O.S. December 23 N.S. of the Branković dynasty were known for their devotion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity,[10][11] and Jovan Branković also represented that family tradition. cult began in the first half of the 16th century. was buried at the Krušedol monastery, and laid together with the rest of his family members, in coffins at the altar.[12] the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), a Turkish army invaded Syrmia in 1716, captured Krušedol monastery and burned the holy relics, shortly after the Battle of Petrovaradin. Only some minor parts of the relics were preserved.[13] married Serbian noblewoman Jelena Jakšić, who is mentioned as "Helena, Serbiæ despotissa" in a charted dated to 1502. They had 4 children, all of whom were daughters: Marija, married to Ferdinand Frankopan, of the House of Frankopan Jelena, married to Peter IV Rareş, Prince of Moldavia Ana, married to Fiodor Sanguszko, Marshal of Volhynia[14] Marija Magdalena, married to Iwan Wiśniowiecki, a noble from Volhynia[14] researchers have suggested, after taking into account the dates of Jelena's both marriages (first with Jovan Branković, and second with Ivaniš Berislavić), that some of her daughters who are usually considered to be from her first marriage, might in fact be from her second marriage.[15] genealogies also indicate that another daughter, Milica Despina, married Neagoe Basarab, Prince of Wallachia (1512–21).[16] believe Milica was too old to be his daughter, but she was born cca. 1486–1488.[17] Milica Despina might have been an illegitimate daughter of his or other close relative or even the daughter of Jovan's brother Đorđe with whom she went to Wallachia in 1503.

Serbia, 1486-1496, Despot, George Brancovich, aka Maximus tNew, relinquished, monk, krusedol monastery, Romanian envoy
Serbian Prince, 1486-1496, George Brancovich ; as George; also known as Saint Maksim; b. 1461 “ d. 1516) was the last male member of the Brankovic dynasty, and titular Despot of Serbia from 1486 to 1497. The title was granted to him by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. From 1493, he shared the title with his brother Jovan. In 1497, he relinquished all titles and possessions to his brother, and decided to take monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim. built the Kruskedol monastery, and served as diplomatic envoy for prince Radu IV the Great of Wallachia (1507). 1513, he became Metropolitan of Belgrade. After his death (1516), he was venerated as saint, and canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1496-1502, Despot, John Brancovich, received d from b Maximus, Hilandar and Krusedol
Serbian Prince, 1496-1502, John Brancovich ; Brankovich, born c. 1465 - died 10 December 1502) was the titular Despot of Serbia from 1493 until his death in 1502. of despot was given to him by Hungarian king Vladislas II of Hungary. From 1493 to 1497 he held the title together with his elder brother George, who was despot since 1486. In 1497, George relinquished the title, and Jovan remained the sole Despot of Serbia, until his death in 1502. Jovan was the last Serbian Despot of the Brankovich dynasty. built the Kruckedol monastery, and made various donations to Hilandar and other Eastern Orthodox monasteries. He was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Light from grave attracts Turks, St Macarius the Patriarch

Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks
Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks; Stephen Stiljianovich of Serbia was born into a pious Christian family in the Serbian city of Zhupa (south of Zakholmya). During this time Serbia was often subjected to invasions by the Turks, who devastated the land. Saint Stephen defended his native land, did military service in the army of the Serbian ruler. When famine began in the country, the kindly Saint Stephen distributed his own bread to the hungry. patriotic activity of the saintly soldier was indissolubly bound up with his truly Christian life. “In virtue, he lived as an ascetic with charity, purity, prayer, the Orthodox Faith and unhypocritical love of neighbor.â€ saint fell asleep in the Lord on October 4, 1515. After a time, the Turks saw a light shining over his grave. Thinking that they had found a hidden treasure, they opened the grave and found the incorrupt body of Saint Stephen. Serbian monks ransomed the relics from the Turkish Pasha and transferred them to the Shishatovets monastery on Mount Phrushtsk. Serbian Church prays to him as a glorious righteous defender of his native land, “Glory in the struggles, warrior Stephen Stiljianovich, great healer of those who pray to you in faith.â€

Serbia, 1515-1546, Elena, wife o S Stiljianovitch,, fled tGermany, back after grave light, became monastic, built monastery
Serbia, 1515-1546, Princess Elena, wife of Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, whose Light from his grave attracts Turks, fled to Germany, came back after grave light incorrupption discovered, became monastic, founded monastery; Saint Elena of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4; Elena was the wife of the Despot Stephen Štiljanović who is also venerated as a Saint. After his death around 1515, she fled to Germany in order to escape from the Turks. a light appeared at his grave by night, which led to the discovery of his holy relics. Saint's body was kept for a long time in the monastery of Šišatovacnto at Fruška Gora. she learned that her husband's incorrupt relics had been uncovered, Saint Elena went to the monastery to venerate them. witnessing the miracles which took place at his grave, she decided to remain there with the monastic name Jelisaveta. to Tradition, she founded the Monastery of Petkovica in 1522. a life of asceticism, Saint Elena reposed in 1546. is reason to believe that she was buried at the Convent of the Most Holy Theotokos in Sremski Karlovci. Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks; Stephen Stiljianovich of Serbia was born into a pious Christian family in the Serbian city of Zhupa (south of Zakholmya). During this time Serbia was often subjected to invasions by the Turks, who devastated the land. Saint Stephen defended his native land, did military service in the army of the Serbian ruler. When famine began in the country, the kindly Saint Stephen distributed his own bread to the hungry. patriotic activity of the saintly soldier was indissolubly bound up with his truly Christian life. œIn virtue, he lived as an ascetic with charity, purity, prayer, the Orthodox Faith and unhypocritical love of neighbor. saint fell asleep in the Lord on October 4, 1515. After a time, the Turks saw a light shining over his grave. Thinking that they had found a hidden treasure, they opened the grave and found the incorrupt body of Saint Stephen. Serbian monks ransomed the relics from the Turkish Pasha and transferred them to the Shishatovets monastery on Mount Phrushtsk. Serbian Church prays to him as a glorious righteous defender of his native land, œGlory in the struggles, warrior Stephen Stiljianovich, great healer of those who pray to you in faith.

Serbia, 1557-1574, Serbian Patriarch, St Macarius the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1557-1574, St Macarius the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1595, Burning oSava's Relics, Mileshevsk monastery, incorrupt, Serb flag icon, r burnt during revolt, inspired Serbia
Bulgaria, 1595, Burning oSava's Relics, Mileshevo Monastery& Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3), Buried 1235, incorrupt 1237, transferred 1237 tSerbia, 1253 Saint, Turk Rule 1389, his icon on Serb flag, 1595 Serb revolt, R crushed and Relics burnt, Serbs inspired, annual rememberance burning, 1895 church over burning spot, 1989 Cathedral there; Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; The Burning of Saint Sava's relics, Commemorated on April 27; his death in Trnovo, Bulgaria on January 14, 1235 Saint Savva was buried in the Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs. May 6, 1237 his relics were carried in procession from Trnovo to Mileshevo Monastery in Serbia. the casket was opened, the relics were found to be incorrupt, and produced an ineffable fragrance. In 1253, the Serbian Orthodox Church glorified the holy hierarch Savva as a Saint. the Battle of Kosovo on June 25, 1389, the Serbian nation fell under the Turkish Yoke. this period the Serbs continued to visit the tomb of Saint Savva, asking him to give them the strength to endure the oppressive persecution they suffered at the hands of the Turks. icon was placed on their flags, and the faithful turned to the Saint for encouragement, consolation, and healing. Serbs revolted in 1595, led by Patriarch John Kantul and others. Pasha, the Turkish military leader in Belgrade, sent soldiers to crush the rebellion. Mohammed II ordered that the relics of Saint Savva be burnt. Great and Holy Friday, the Turks removed the Saint's relics from Mileshevo Monastery. The next day, April 27, they climbed Savinac Hill in the Vrachar district and set fire to the holy relics. of becoming despondent, the Serbs were inspired to even greater love for Christ, for Holy Orthodoxy, and for Saint Savva. Although the Saint's relics had been destroyed, the people continued to venerate him, and to remember the burning of his relics every year. national independence in 1879, there was a proposal to build a memorial church in honor of Saint Savva. In 1895, the three hundredth anniversary of the burning of Saint Savva's relics, plans were made to build a church on the site where his relics were burnt. A temporary chapel was constructed the following year, but it was not possible to build a large cathedral until after World War I. In 1927, Patriarch Barnabas announced a competition for architects to submit designs for the cathedral. In 1935, architects were chosen and construction began. World War II, work was halted when the Communists seized power. Only in 1984 did Patriarch German receive government approval to resume construction. On June 25, 1989, Patriarch German served the first Divine Liturgy in Saint Savva's Memorial Cathedral, which towers over the city of Belgrade. is a famous Serbian saying: "Sinan Pasha lit the flames, Savva's body burned, but Savva's memory and his glory did not burn."

Serbia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1610-1614, Juliana oLazarevo&Murom, orphaned, laughed at, patience , giving, visitations, Myrrh relics
Juliana oLazarevo&Murom, Lazarevo, Banat, Transylvania, or Serbia (Tisza River 14) &Murom oMordovia oRyazan, (Tyosha River Mouth, Oka River 13), nobleman's daugter, devout, kept fasts, much prayer, orphaned early age, relatives laughed, she bore wPatience, nursed sick clothed poor, village owner married her, ran his parents household, found time fPrayer, feed orphans clothed poor, went hungry during famine, gave last morsel, 6Sons1Daughter, 2Sons died, wanted monastery but husband persuaded raise children, then more demanding oSelf, intensified prayer slept 2hrs head on board, husband died, distributed her portion, living extreme poverty wVivacious, cordial, thankful attitude, visited by St Nic & MOG, Guided by MOG in Church, buried by husband & daughter aChurch oSt Lazarus, 1614 uncoverd Myrrh bearing incorrupt relics ; Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Juliana of Lazarevo and Murom presents an astonishing example of a self-denying Russian Christian woman. was the daughter of the nobleman Justin Nediurev. her early years she lived devoutly, kept the fasts strictly and set aside much time for prayer. been orphaned at an early age, she was given over into the care of relatives, who did not take to her and laughed at her. bore everything with patience and without complaint. love for people was expressed by nursing the sick and sewing clothing for the poor. pious and virtuous life of the maiden attracted the attention of the Lazarevo village owner, Yurii Osoryin, who soon married her. husband’s parents loved their gentle daughter-in-law and left the running of the household in her hands. concerns did not disrupt the spiritual efforts of Juliana. always found time for prayer she was always prepared to feed the orphaned and clothe the poor. a harsh famine, she herself remained without food, having given away her last morsel to someone begging. an epidemic started after the famine, Juliana devoted herself completely to the nursing of the sick. Juliana had six sons and a daughter. the death of two of her sons she decided to withdraw to a monastery, her husband persuaded her to remain in the world, and to continue to raise their children. the testimony of Juliana’s son, Kallistrat Osoryin, who wrote her Life, at this time she became all the more demanding towards herself: intensified her fasting and prayer, slept not more than two hours at night, and then laying her head upon a board. the death of her husband, Juliana distributed to the poor her portion of the inheritance. in extreme poverty, she was none the less vivacious, cordial, and in everything she thanked the Lord. saint was vouchsafed a visitation by Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker guidance by the Mother of God in church. Righteous Juliana fell asleep in the Lord, she was then buried beside her husband at the church of Saint Lazarus. also her daughter, the schemanun Theodosia was buried. 1614 the relics of Righteous Juliana were uncovered, exuding a fragrant myrrh, from which many received healing.

Serbia, 1657, Serbian Patriarch, Gabriel II of Constantinople
Serbian Patriarch, 1657, Gabriel II of Constantinople; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War
Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Serbia, 1700, 18th Century Folder, temporary Hapsburg Serbian Kingdom then back to Ottoman in 39

Serbia, 1771, Damascene tNew, fBulgaria tHilandar, igumen business trips, Martyred b false t, God killed evil-doers
Greece, Mt Athos, 1771, Hieromartyr Damascene tNew, fGabrovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1) near Trnovo, tHilandar as young man, deacon, priest, later igumen, often journeyed monastery business, Martyred at Svishtov iSerbian Bulgaria collecting rent, to avoid moslems set him up, accused him impropriety wMoslem woman, Judge did not believe but since moslems gave false testimony he was hanged, he was sorry they did not understand why he accepted death versus moslem faith, God killed evil-doers in storm over Danube; Gabrovo, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Hieromartyr Damascene the New was born in the village of Gabrovo of the Trnovo diocese in Bulgaria. left his home as a young man and went to the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos. time, he was ordained deacon and priest, fulfilling various obediences in the monastery. he was chosen as the igumen. Damascene often journeyed to various places on monastery business. day Father Damascene was sent to Svishtov [Svištov, in Serbian], Bulgaria collect rent from a Moslem on some property owned by the monastery. avoid paying the debt, the man sent a Moslem woman to the room where the saint was staying. he and others broke in and accused Father Damascene of impropriety. he was found guilty, he could be put to death. kadi (judge) did not believe that Father Damascene was guilty of the charges, since the other Moslems had given false testimony against him, judge had to find him guilty. taking him to be executed, he was given the choice of being put to death, or of saving his life by converting to Islam. saint replied, “I was born a Christian, and I shall die a Christian; for to deny Christ is to forfeit eternal life. would be madness if I agreed to preserve this temporary life in exchange for eternal perdition. am sorry for you if you do not understand this.” that nothing would induce the saint to deny Christ and accept their religion, the Moslems brought him to the place of execution. Damascene asked for some time to pray, and his request was granted. After completing his prayers he made the Sign of the Cross and told them that he was ready. holy New Martyr Damascene was hanged at Svishtov on January 16, 1771, and received an incorruptible crown of glory from Christ. wrath of God was not slow in overtaking the evil-doers, however. they put the saint to death they got into a boat to cross the Danube River, and the boat capsized in a storm, drowning them.

Serbia, 1800-Present, Folder, Uprising, Russia Turkish War

Serbia, 1800, 19th Century Folder, First Serbian Uprising, Karageorgea's Revolt, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising (against the Turks)
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1804-1813, Karageorgea's town, Topola, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge's revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1811-1813, President, Karadorde, Black George, Orthodox, with Ottomans, then against, Jihad, k by rival
Serbia, President, 1811-1813, Karadorde; Karadorde (16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768 - 26 July [O.S. 14 July] 1817), was a Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for his country's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804-“1813. Born into an impoverished family in the Sumadija region of Ottoman Serbia, Karadorde distinguished himself during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788-“1791 as a member of the Serbian Free Corps, a militia of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs, armed and trained by the Austrians. Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and his family fled to the Austrian Empire, where they lived until 1794, when a general amnesty was declared. Karadorde subsequently returned to Sumadija and became a livestock merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, Osman PazvantogŸlu, invaded the Pashalik of Belgrade, and Karadorde fought alongside the Ottomans to quash the incursion. In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known as Dahis, the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. Karadorde was unanimously elected to lead the uprising against the Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by Karadordee's forces, and by 1805, the final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. Karadorde and his followers demanded far-reaching autonomy, which Sultan Selim interpreted as but the first step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihad against the rebels and ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the hands of Karadorde's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all the major towns in the Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo, and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened by the demands of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806-“1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive autonomy, but Karadorde refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid the rebels should they continue fighting. Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened the rebels, and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. Karadorde was forced to flee Serbia in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close. He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained. Despite Ottoman requests for his extradition, the Austrians handed Karadorde over to the Russians, who offered him refuge in Bessarabia. There, he joined the Greek secret society known as Filiki Eteria, which planned to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. Karadorde returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter by agents of Milos Obrenovic, a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that Karadorde's reappearance would cause the Ottomans to renege on the concessions that they had agreed to following the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. Karadorde is considered the founder of the Karadorde dynasty, which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of Obrenovic, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1813-1814, Paisus, Igumen oAnnunciation, Trnava, Hadj-Prodan revolt, carried stake, impaled, exclaimed Glory tGod
Serbia, 1813-1814, Paisus, oAnnunciation monastery in Trnava, one of the 30 Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Igumen, collapse Karageorg's revolt 1813, Turks reign oTerror began, disease fBodies unburied, another revolt under Hadj-Prodan, Trnava monks involved, r crushed bTurks, many people captured executed, Pasius Avakum other prisoners tBelgrade Suleman Pasha, Avakum sang Pasius prayed, few converted to islam, P forced carry Stake fPrison, impaled exclaimed Glory tGod, 48 people killed wSwords, bodies raised on posts, died 1814; Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ; holy New Martyr Paisius was igumen of the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, Serbia. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, the monks of Trnava became involved in it. rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Paisius was taken from prison and forced to carry a stake to the place of execution. was impaled, and the stake was set into the ground. The holy martyr exclaimed, “Glory to God.” the vizier clapped his hands to signal his soldiers to draw their swords and begin killing some of the other prisoners. people were killed, and their bodies were raised up on posts. After suffering for some time, Saint Paisius surrendered his soul to God, thereby obtaining the crown of martyrdom on December 17, 1814.

Serbia, 1814, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; Gligorijevic, known simply as Hadj-Prodan (1760 -1825) was a Serbian voivode (military commander) in the First Serbian Uprising of the Serbian Revolution, then the Greek War of Independence, against the Ottoman Empire. He led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1814, dubbedHadj-Prodan's Revolt. Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region, two failed revolts, to be impaled, sooner I die the fewer sins
Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region (Sarajvo, Bosna River, Flows North), two failed revolts, spiritual father and mother accepted Islam and urged him to, sentenced to be impaled on a stake, the sooner I die the fewer sins I will have; Bosnia Region ; Bosnia lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging to the southern borders of the Pannonian plain, with the rivers Sava and Drina marking its northern and eastern borders ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; holy New Martyr Avakum (Habakkuk) was born in Bosnia in 1794, and was named Lepoje by his parents. ’s father died when he was still a young boy, so his mother took him to the Mostanica monastery, where his uncle was the spiritual Father. He grew up in the monastery, and later became a monk with the name Avakum. When he was eighteen, he was ordained a deacon by Metropolitan Joseph (Sakabenta). 1809, the monks took part in an unsuccessful revolt against the Turks, and had to flee for their lives. They settled in the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, where the igumen was Saint Paisius. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. The rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. The holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Turks tried to pressure Avakum to save himself by embracing their religion, but he refused even to consider it. former spiritual Father, Gennadius, accepted the offer of the Turks and urged Avakum to follow his example. The courageous deacon declared that he was a warrior of Christ, and preferred to die rather than deny Christ. Avakum was sentenced to be impaled on a stake, which he was forced to carry to the place of execution. own mother urged him to embrace Islam, then to seek forgiveness later because he had been forced into it. The saint thanked her for giving him life, but not for her advice. the place of execution, the Turks asked him one more time to consider his youth and not to die before his time. Avakum laughed and asked, “Don’t even Turks eventually die?” replied, “Of course they do.” “Well then,” he said, “the sooner I die, the fewer sins I will have.” of his courage and steadfastness in his faith, the Turks decided not to impale him. They killed him quickly by stabbing him in the heart with a sword on January 27, 1815. Avakum the deacon is commemorated on December 17 with Saint Paisius. St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; holy New Martyr Paisius was igumen of the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, Serbia. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Paisius was taken from prison and forced to carry a stake to the place of execution. was impaled, and the stake was set into the ground. The holy martyr exclaimed, “Glory to God.” Then the vizier clapped his hands to signal his soldiers to draw their swords and begin killing some of the other prisoners. people were killed, and their bodies were raised up on posts. After suffering for some time, Saint Paisius surrendered his soul to God, thereby obtaining the crown of martyrdom on December 17, 1814.

Serbia, 1814-1815, Paisius, Bosnia Region, two failed revolts, impaled, Igumen Trnava monastery
Serbia, 1814-1815, Avakum, Bosnia Region (Sarajvo, Bosna River, Flows North), two failed revolts, spiritual father and mother accepted Islam and urged him to, sentenced to be impaled on a stake, the sooner I die the fewer sins I will have; Bosnia Region ; Bosnia lies mainly in the Dinaric Alps, ranging to the southern borders of the Pannonian plain, with the rivers Sava and Drina marking its northern and eastern borders ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; holy New Martyr Paisius was igumen of the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, Serbia. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Paisius was taken from prison and forced to carry a stake to the place of execution. was impaled, and the stake was set into the ground. The holy martyr exclaimed, “Glory to God.” Then the vizier clapped his hands to signal his soldiers to draw their swords and begin killing some of the other prisoners. people were killed, and their bodies were raised up on posts. After suffering for some time, Saint Paisius surrendered his soul to God, thereby obtaining the crown of martyrdom on December 17, 1814. Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; holy New Martyr Avakum (Habakkuk) was born in Bosnia in 1794, and was named Lepoje by his parents. ’s father died when he was still a young boy, so his mother took him to the Mostanica monastery, where his uncle was the spiritual Father. He grew up in the monastery, and later became a monk with the name Avakum. When he was eighteen, he was ordained a deacon by Metropolitan Joseph (Sakabenta). 1809, the monks took part in an unsuccessful revolt against the Turks, and had to flee for their lives. They settled in the Annunciation monastery in Trnava near Cacak, where the igumen was Saint Paisius. the collapse of Karageorge’s revolt in 1813, the Turks began a reign of terror against the Serbs. also swept the area because of the many bodies left unburied. people attempted another revolt under Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic, and the monks of Trnava became involved in it. The rebellion took place on the Feast of the Cross (September 14), but it was crushed by the Turks. Many people were captured, and some were executed on the spot as a warning to others. of the prisoners were sent to Suleiman Pasha in Belgrade, among whom were Saints Paisius and Avakum. The holy deacon Avakum sang “God is with us” (from Compline) in the prison cell, while Saint Paisius prayed. The Turks offered to free anyone who would convert to Islam. Some of the prisoners agreed to this, but the majority refused to deny Christ, and so they were put to death. Turks tried to pressure Avakum to save himself by embracing their religion, but he refused even to consider it. former spiritual Father, Gennadius, accepted the offer of the Turks and urged Avakum to follow his example. The courageous deacon declared that he was a warrior of Christ, and preferred to die rather than deny Christ. Avakum was sentenced to be impaled on a stake, which he was forced to carry to the place of execution. own mother urged him to embrace Islam, then to seek forgiveness later because he had been forced into it. The saint thanked her for giving him life, but not for her advice. the place of execution, the Turks asked him one more time to consider his youth and not to die before his time. Avakum laughed and asked, “Don’t even Turks eventually die?” replied, “Of course they do.” “Well then,” he said, “the sooner I die, the fewer sins I will have.” of his courage and steadfastness in his faith, the Turks decided not to impale him. They killed him quickly by stabbing him in the heart with a sword on January 27, 1815. Avakum the deacon is commemorated on December 17 with Saint Paisius.

Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date
Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Congress of Berlin, 1878;

Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878
Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Communist Leader Tito, St Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid

Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica
Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1916-1966, John oSan Francisco, tBelgrade&ROCOR, tShanghai bCathedral, 5k exodus tPhillipines, DC lobbying, Paris, San F
Russia, Kiev, 1916-1966, St John oSan Francisco, fKharkov, Ukraine (High Point, Three Rivers source of the Seversky Donets, Vorskla River), born to pious aristocrats, sickly youth, poor appetite, intense religious interest, military school ed, Kharkiv U, law degree 1918, theological ed Belgrade 1925, Bishop Russian Church Outside Russia ROCOR, fled Bolsheviks, emigrated tYugoslavia, tonsured monk by ROCOR primate, taught iSerbian High School, hieromonk 1926, served iGreek, Bishop i1934, tShanghai, 1946 China Archbishop, ONationalities unity, built large cathedral w large Bell tower& lParish house, Churches, hospitals, orphanages, intensely active, barefoot Fool, end WWII exodus fCommunists 1949, 5,000 refuges Tubabao, Philippines, Wash DC lobbing tEnter US, parish in DC, 1951 Western Europe Archdiocese from Paris, restored Gaullican liturgy, consecrated ordained Bishops, 1962 Diocese San Francisco after friend Tikhon, sorrowful disunity days there, but peace there & new cathedral; Kharkov; Saint John [Maximovitch], Archbishop of Shanghai and San Francisco, Commemorated on July 2; Father among the Saints John (Maximovitch), Archbishop of Shanghai and San Francisco (1896-1966), a diocesan bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR) served widely from China to France to the United States. John departed this life on June 19 (O.S.) / July 2 (N.S.), 1966, was officially glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad on July 2, 1994. glorification was later recognized for universal veneration by the Patriarchate of Moscow on July 2, 2008. future Saint John was born on June 4, 1896, in the village of Adamovka in Kharkiv province pious aristocrats, Boris and Glafira Maximovitch. was given the baptismal name of Michael, after the Holy Archangel Michael. In his youth, Michael was sickly and had a poor appetite, but he displayed an intense religious interest. was educated at the Poltava Military School (1907-14); Kharkiv Imperial University, from which he received a law degree (in 1918); and the University of Belgrade (where he completed his theological education in 1925). and his family fled their country as the Bolshevik revolutionaries descended on the country, emigrating to Yugoslavia. he enrolled in the Department of Theology of the University of Belgrade. was tonsured a monk in 1926 by Metropolitan Anthony (Khrapovitsky) of Kharkov the first primate of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia). Anthony later in 1926 ordained him hierodeacon. Gabriel of Chelyabinsk ordained him hieromonk on November 21, 1926. to his ordination he began an active life of teaching in a Serbian high school serving, at the request of local Greeks and Macedonians, in the Greek language. the growth of his popularity, the bishops of the Russian Church Aboard resolved to elevate him to the episcopate. John was consecrated bishop on May 28, 1934, with Metropolitan Anthony serving as principal consecrator, which he was assigned to the Diocese of Shanghai. years later he was named Archbishop of China. his arrival in Shanghai, Bishop John began working to restore unity among the various Orthodox nationalities. time, he worked to build a large cathedral church that was dedicated to Surety of Sinners Icon to the Mother of God, with a bell tower and large parish house. he inspired many activities: building of churches, hospitals, and orphanages among the Orthodox and Russians of Shanghai. was intensely active, constantly praying and serving the daily cycle of services, while also visiting the sick with the Holy Gifts. often would walk barefooted even in the coldest days. Yet to avoid the appearance of secular glory, he would pretend to act the fool. the end of World War II and the coming to power of the communists in China, Bishop John led the exodus of his community from Shanghai in 1949. Initially, he helped some 5,000 refugees to a camp on the island of Tubabao in the Philippines, he travelled successfully to Washington, D.C., to lobby to amend the law to allow these refugees to enter the United States. was while on this trip that Bishop John took time to establish a parish in Washington dedicated to Saint John the Forerunner. 1951, Archbishop John was assigned to the Archdiocese of Western Europe with his cathedra in Paris. his time there, he also served as archpastor of the Orthodox Church of France, restored Gallican liturgy he studied and then celebrated. was the principal consecrator of the Orthodox Church of France's first modern bishop, Jean-Nectaire (Kovalevsky) of Saint-Denis, ordained to the priesthood the man who would become its second bishop, Germain (Bertrand-Hardy) of Saint-Denis. 1962, Archbishop John was assigned to the Diocese of San Francisco, his long time friend Archbishop Tikhon. John's days in San Francisco were to prove sorrowful as he attempted to heal the great disunity in his community. was able to bring peace such that the new cathedral, dedicated to the Joy of all Who Sorrow Icon of the Mother of God, was completed. revering Saint John of Kronstadt, Archbishop John played an active role in preparation of his canonization. reposed during a visit to Seattle on July 2, 1966, accompanying a tour of the Kursk-Root Icon of the Mother of God. was laid to rest in a crypt chapel under the main altar of the new cathedral. CREDIT: www.monasteryofstjohn.org/?p=about_st_john

Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz
Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, Kosovo Folder, Rivers flow South

Serbia, Kosovo, Eastern Kosovo Folder, Kosovo Field

Kosovo, Serbia
Kosovo; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Battle of Kosovo, Serbia, 1389
Battle of Kosovo; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389
Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo Pole (Blackbird Field)
Kosovo Pole St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated August 30 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Devic Monastery in Kosovo, 1434 for St Joanikije of Devic
Devic Monastery in Kosovo; Devič Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Девич, romanized: Manastir Devič; Albanian: Manastiri i Deviçit) is a Serbian Orthodox abbey in Kosovo[a]. It was built in 1434 and is dedicated to St Joanikije of Devič. Devič was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia.

Kosovo Sink Hole - Smaller View

Kosovo Sink Hole - Larger View

Goljak Mountains
Goljak Mountains;

Skopje, Serbia (top of the K Triangle), Serbian Empire Capital, Moravian Despotate
Skopje, Macedonia; Saint Elena of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Serbia, Kosovo, Unjimir River Folder, Central Kosovo

Unjimir River
Unjimir River between Kosovo and Pec;

Unjimir River Source (on the divide)

Unjimir River 1 (Unjimir, Kosovo)

Unjimir, Kosovo (Unjimir River 1)
Unjimir (between Kosovo and Pec); St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Saint Peter was born in 1211 in the village of Unjimir between the city of Pech and the Field of Kosovo.

Unjimir River Mouth ( Pec River 4)

Serbia, Kosovo, Pec River Folder, Western Kosovo

Pec River

Pec River Source (on the divide)

Pec River 1 (Rugova Canyon and Caves)

Rugova Canyon monastic caves, 1985
Rugova Canyon monastic caves; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Pec River 2 (Pech)

Pech (Pec), Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 2), Archdiocese of Serbia
Pech; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Pec Rive 3 (Dechani)

Dechani, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 3)
Dechani, Serbia; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Vysokie Dechani Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Dechani (Vysokie) Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327
Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327; Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Saint Macarius, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Pec River 4 (Unjimir River)

Pec River 5 (Prizren, Korisha)

Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Prizren; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated September 3 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Eparchy of Raska and Prizren
Eparchy of Raska and Prizren; of Raska and Prizren[a] is one of the oldest eparchies of the Serbian Orthodox Church, featuring the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Patriarchal Monastery of Peć, as well as Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Visoki Dečani, which together are part of the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Serbia. than 100 of the Eparchy's churches and monasteries were targeted for vandalism and destruction by Albanian nationalists after the Kosovo War and during the 2004 unrest in Kosovo.[1] of the Eparchy is reflected in its name: it has diocesan jurisdiction over Eastern Orthodox Christians in historical regions of Raska (Serbia) and Kosovo and Metohija. The official see of the Eparchy is in Prizren, Kosovo.[a] the jurisdiction of Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima Within the territory of the present-day Eparchy of Raska and Prizren several older eparchies existed throughout history. of them was the ancient Bishopric of Ulpiana also known as Iustiniana Secunda situated near the modern town of Lipljan, where the remains of episcopal Basilica dating from the first half of 6th century have been found and excavated. the episcopal see of Ulpiana was under the supreme jurisdiction of the Archbishopric of Thessaloniki, and in 535 it was transferred to newly created Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima. Byzantine rule in that region collapsed at the beginning of the 7th century and the church life was later renewed after a more pronounced Christianization of Serbs.[2] sees in Serbian lands The Bishopric of Ras was named after the old Serbian fortress of Ras that was situated near modern-day Novi Pazar. From the name of Ras the name of entire region was also derived (ser. Рашка (Raška), lat. Rascia).[3] The Bishopric of Ras emerged sometime during the 9th century, in the time that was marked by great missionary work of saints Cyril and Methodius and their disciples among Slavs, from Great Moravia in the north to Bulgaria in the east. During the rule of the prince Mutimir of Serbia and Byzantine emperor Basil I (867–886) process of Christianization of Serbs was finalized. One of Mutimirs sons was baptized as Stefan (Stefan Mutimirović) and other members of the ruling Serbian dynasty also received Christian names like princes Petar Gojniković, Pavle Branović and Zaharija Pribislavljević.[4] bishopric of Ras was founded in the time of major ecclesiastical events that took place around the Council of Constantinople in 869–870 and the Council of Constantinople in 879–880.[5] Two land-marking decisions have been made in that time. First, the decision of the Patriarchate of Constantinople to create autonomous Archbishopric for Bulgaria after the Conversion of Bulgarians to Christianity and second, the decision of 870 that confirmed the attachment of Bulgarian Church to Eastern Orthodoxy.[6] By 878, episcopal sees in nearby cities of Belgrade and Braničevo have already been firmly established. It can be concluded that the Bishopric of Ras was also founded by that time. Close ties between Serbia and Byzantine Empire secured the communion of Serbian Church with the Eastern Orthodoxy and its main center in Constantinople, with one important distinction: Serbs adopted the use of Old Church Slavonic liturgy instead of Greek. the time of emperor John I Tzimiskes (969–976), Byzantine rule was restored in the region and protospatharios John was appointed as governor (catepan) of Ras.[7][8] the jurisdiction of Archbishopric of Ohrid Map depicting the Archbishopric of Ohrid in ca. 1020. After the victorious Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria in 1018, by order of emperor Basil II an autonomous Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid was established in 1019, by lowering the rank of the autocephalous Bulgarian Patriarchate due to its subjugation to Constantinople, placing it under the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Imperial charters of 1019 and 1020 mention three bishoprics on the territory of present-day Eparchy of Raška and Prizren with episcopal seats in the cities of Ras, Prizren and Lipljan. All three were designated as distinct dioceses of the autonomous Archbishopric of Ohrid. Until the beginning of the 13th century, archbishops of Ochrid were regarded as Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima and all Bulgaria.[9] the jurisdiction of Serbian Orthodox Church The autocephaly of Serbian Orthodox Church was established in 1219 by Saint Sava, who was consecrated as first Serbian archbishop by the Byzantine patriarch residing at that time in Nicaea. Since then, all of the three old bishoprics of Raška, Prizren[10] and Lipljan were under the constant jurisdiction of Archbishop of Serbia. New Bishopric of Hvosno was also created in northern parts of the region of Metohija.[11] The see of Serbian archbishop was soon transferred from Monastery of Žiča to Peć in Metohija.[12] 1346, Serbian Archbishopric was raised to the rank of Patriarchate with its see remaining in Peć. At the same time the bishoprics of Prizren and Lipljan were raised by title to the rank of metropolitanates. Bishops of Lipljan kept under their jurisdiction the region of central Kosovo with Gračanica and Novo Brdo. Period from the beginning of 13 century to the end of 14 century was the golden age for Orthodox Church in the regions of Raška, Kosovo and Metohija with many monasteries and churches built by Serbian rulers and local Serbian nobility. of the Holy Archangels near Prizren the time of Turkish conquests, in the middle of the 15th century, Serbian Orthodox Church suffered great devastation. Regions of Raska, Kosovo and Metohija finally fell under Turkish rule around 1455. Serbian Patriarchate was renewed in 1557 by patriarch Makarije Sokolović.[13] In that time (16th–17th century) on the territory of modern Eparchy there were: Patriarchal see in Pec and five eparchies: Raska, Prizren, Lipljan, Vučitrn and Hvosno. All of the regional sees in Raska, Kosovo and Metohija remained under constant jurisdiction of Serbian Patriarchate until its abolition in 1766.[14] that time, two major events tragically impacted Orthodox Church in the region. the time of Austro-Turkish war (1683–1699) relations between Muslims and Christians in European provinces of Ottoman Empire were radicalized. a result of Turkish oppression, destruction of Churches and Monasteries and violence against non-Muslim civilian population, Serbian Christians and their church leaders headed by Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III sided with Austrians in 1689 and again in 1737 under Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV.[15] In the following punitive campaigns, Turkish forces conducted systematic atrocities against Christian population in Serbian regions, mainly in Metohija, Kosovo and Raska, resulting in Great Migrations of the Serbs.[16] of the consequences of devastation and depopulation in the regions of Kosovo and Metohija during Austro-Turkish wars was the reorganization of local Serbian eparchies. The old Eparchy of Lipljan (with Gračanica and Novo Brdo) was merged with the Eparchy of Prizren and they remained united to the present day. history of the Patriarchate of Pec in the 16th and 17th century 1766, Serbian Patriarchate of Pec and all of its eparchies that were on territories under Ottoman rule were placed under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. That included both eparchies of Raska and Prizren. During the transfer of jurisdictions, Serbian patriarchal archeparchy of Peć was abolished, and its territory was added to the Eparchy of Prizren. In 1789, that eparchy was placed under administration of metropolitan Joanikije of Raška. In 1808, the eparchies of Raška and Prizren were officially merged into the current Eparchy of Raška and Prizren. In 1894, the region of Pljevlja was also added to this eparchy.[17] Turkish rule ended in 1912, and territory of eparchy was divided between Kingdom of Serbia and Kingdom of Montenegro. Prizren became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and Peja became part of the Kingdom of Montenegro. Political division was followed by reorganization of church administration. In the Montenegrin part, a separated Eparchy of Peć was created. During the First World War (1914-1918) territories of both eparchies were occupied by the army of Austria-Hungary. After the re-annexation in 1918, new Kingdom of Yugoslavia was created, and included all territories of Serbia and Montenegro.[18] After the Serbian Patriarchate was renewed in 1920, Eparchy of Raška and Prizren was returned to the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church. In 1931, Eparchy of Peć was reincorporated into the Eparchy of Raška and Prizren. In 1941, Yugoslavia was attacked and occupied by Nazi Germany and its allies.[19] The territory of the Eparchy of Raška and Prizren was occupied by Germans (northern part), Italians (central part) and Bulgarians (eastern part). The Italian occupation zone was annexed to the Italian protectorate of Albania. That marked the beginning of mass persecution of ethnic Serbs in the annexed regions of Metohija and central Kosovo. Many Serbian churches of the Eparchy of Raška and Prizren were looted and destroyed. Reign of terror was enforced by Albanian fascist organization Balli Kombëtar and by Albanian SS Division "Skanderbeg", created by Heinrich Himmler.[20] By the time of the re-annexation in 1944, the Serbian population, of which most were colonizers after the 1st Balkan War, were expelled from Kosovo. buildings Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Seat of the Bishopric of Ras and the oldest known medieval church building of Serbia Our Lady of Ljeviš Patriarchal Monastery of Peć Visoki Dečani Gračanica Monastery Sopoćani Church of Saint Apostles Peter and Paul in Ras article: Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras The Church of Peter and Paul in Ras is one of the most important Serbian Christian monuments from the Middle Age period of Serbia. The church was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1979, and it is protected by Serbia. The church served as a seat of the Bishopric of Ras, named after near by medieval capital of Serbia. The present church (9th–10th century) has been built on several earlier churches of which remains have been well preserved. The foundation of the church, the massive columns, ground-plan and the octagonal tower which conceals an inner cupola are examples of the circular mausolean architectural type used after Emperor Constantine (306–312). Saint Sava (1175–1235), a Serbian prince, brother of the Serbian king Stefan Prvovenčani and the founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church was baptized in the church. Stefan Nemanja held the council that outlawed the Bogumils at the church. The remains of frescoes date from the 10th to the 13th century; some of them were repainted in the mid-13th century.[21] Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Suva Reka Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Suva Reka Main article: List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries English Serbian Cyrillic Founded In Kosovo Saint Archangels Monastery Манастир Свети Арханђели 1343 Banjska Monastery Бањска 1312 Binač (Buzovik) Monastery Бинач/Бузовик 14th century Our Lady of Ljeviš Богородица Љевишка 1307 Budisavci Monastery Будисавци 14th century Devič Monastery Девич 1434 Dobra Voda Monastery Добра вода 14th century Dolac Monastery Долац 14th century Draganac Monastery Драганац 1381 Duboki Potok Monastery 14th century Globarica Monastery Глобарица 16th century Gorioč Monastery Гориоч early 14th century Grabovac Monastery Грабовац 14th century Gračanica monastery Грачаница 1310 Kmetovce Monastery Кметовце early 14th century Mušutište Monastery Мушутиште early 14th century Patriarchal Monastery of Peć Манастир Пећка патријаршија early 13th century Saint Barbara Monastery Saint Marko Koriški Свети Марко Коришки 1467 Saint Uroš Monastery Свети Урош >1371 Sokolica Monastery Соколица 14th century Studenica Hvostanska Студеница Хвостанска early 13th century Tamnica Monastery Тамница 14th century Ubožac Monastery Убожац late 13th century Visoki Dečani Monastery Високи Дечани 1327 Vračevo Monastery Zočište Monastery Зочиште before 1327 and Metropolitans Serbian Patriarch Arsenije III, leader of the First Great Serb migration in 1690 Serbian Patriarch Arsenije IV, leader of the Second Great Serb migration in 1737 Early bishops of Ras: Leontius (fl. 1123–1126) Cyril (fl. 1141–1143) Euthemius (fl. 1170) Callinicus (fl. 1196) Early bishops of Prizren: Ioannis (12th century) Avramios (fl. 1204) Nicephoros (fl. 1216) Under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople 1766–1920 Metropolitans of Prizren, 1766–1808: Gavrilo (1766–1774) Sofronije (around 1780) Jevsevije (died 1789) Joanikije of Raška, administrator of Prizren (1789–1808) Metropolitans of Raška and Prizren, since the unification of the two eparchies in 1808: Joanikije (1789–1818) Zaharija (1819–1830) Ananije (1830–1836) German (1836–1838) Sinesije (1838–1840) Ignjatije (1840–1849) Partenije (1849–1854) Melentije Spandonidis (1854–1895) Dionisije Petrović (1896–1900) Nićifor Perić (1901–1911) Gavrilo Dožić (1912–1920) Since the restoration of the Serbian Patriarchate in 1920: Mihajlo Šiljak (1920–1928) Serafim Jovanović (1928–1945) Vladimir Rajić (1947–1956) admin. (1945–1947) Pavle Stojčević (1957–1990) Artemije Radosavljević (1991–2010) Atanasije Jevtić (2010) (admin.) Amfilohije Radović (2010) (admin.) Teodosije Šibalić (2010–) a. ^ The political status of Kosovo is disputed. Having unilaterally declared independence from Serbia in 2008, Kosovo is formally recognised as an independent state by 101 out of 193 (52.3%) UN member states (with another 13 recognising it at some point but then withdrawing their recognition), while Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own territory. Serbian: Епархија рашко-призренска / Eparhija raško-prizrenska, Albanian: Eparkia Rashkë - Prizren. Also known as the Eparchy of Raška-Prizren and Kosovo-Metohija (Serbian: Епархија рашко-призренска и косовско-метохијска / Eparhija raško-prizrenska i kosovsko-metohijska; Albanian: Eparkia Rashkë - Prizren). See more Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo References Rakitić, Dušan (2014). "Envisaging a Legal Framework for Ensuring Sustainable Preservation of Holy Places with Regard to the Case of Kosovo and Metohia". In Ferrari, Silvio; Benzo, Andrea (eds.). Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-47242-601-7. Curta 2001, p. 125, 130. Ćirković 2004, p. 29-33. Ćirković 2004, p. 16-17. Vlasto 1970, p. 67-68, 208–209. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian State during the Middle Ages, vol. 1, ch. 2, Sofia, 1971, p. 159 Stephenson 2003, p. 42. Stephenson 2003a, p. 122. Bulić 2013, p. 221-222. Јањић 2013, p. 157-170. Јањић 2009, p. 183-194. Ćirković 2004, p. 40-43. Ćirković 2004, p. 135-137. Ćirković 2004, p. 177. Ćirković 2004, p. 144, 244. Pavlowitch 2002, p. 19-20. Ракочевић 1983, p. 279. Ćirković 2004, p. 252-253. Ćirković 2004, p. 268-269. Tomasevich 2001, p. 154. Ćirković 2004, p. 17, 21, 30. Sources Базић, Миљојко М. (2007). Идентитет и културно наслеђе Срба. Београд: Научна КМД. ISBN 9788684153823. Bulić, Dejan (2013). "The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation". The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD). Istorijski institut SANU. pp. 137–234. ISBN 9788677431044. Čanak-Medić, Milka; Todić, Branislav (2017). The Monastery of the Patriarchate of Peć. Novi Sad: Platoneum, Beseda. Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915. Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139428880. Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Đorđević, Života; Pejić, Svetlana, eds. (1999). Cultural Heritage of Kosovo and Metohija. Belgrade: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments of the Republic of Serbia. ISBN 9788680879161. Ђурић, Војислав Ј.; Ћирковић, Сима; Кораћ, Војислав (1990). Пећка патријаршија. Београд-Приштина: Југословенска ревија, Јединство. ISBN 9788674130575. Ferrari, Silvio; Benzo, Andrea (2014). Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781317175032. Fotić, Aleksandar (2008). "Serbian Orthodox Church". Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 519–520. ISBN 9781438110257. Грујић, Радослав (1993). Азбучник Српске православне цркве. Београд: БИГЗ, Музеј СПЦ. ISBN 9788613006886. Јанковић, Марија (1985). Епископије и митрополије Српске цркве у средњем веку (Bishoprics and Metropolitanates of Serbian Church in Middle Ages). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ. Јањић, Драгана (2009). "Подаци за историју Хвостанске епархије (The Data for the History of Hvostan's Eparchy)" (PDF). Баштина (26): 183–194. Јањић, Драгана (2013). "Призренска епископија: Историјско-канонски аспекти (Prizren's diocese: Historical-canonical aspects)" (PDF). Баштина (34): 157–170. Kalić, Jovanka (1995). "Rascia – The Nucleus of the Medieval Serbian State". Faculty of Geography. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2016. Kia, Mehrdad (2011). Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313064029. Коматина, Ивана (2016). Црква и држава у српским земљама од XI до XIII века. Београд: Историјски институт. ISBN 9788677431136. Krstić, Branislav (2003). Saving the Cultural Heritage of Serbia and Europe in Kosovo and Metohia. Belgrade: Coordination Center of the Federal Government and the Government of the Republic of Serbia for Kosovo and Metohia. ISBN 9788675560173. Ljubinković, Radivoje (1975). The Church of the Apostles in the Patriarchate of Peć. Belgrade: Jugoslavija. McAllester, Matthew (2001). Beyond the Mountains of the Damned: The War Inside Kosovo. New York-London: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814756614. Мијовић, Павле (1960). Пећка Патријаршија. Београд: Туристичка штампа. Милеуснић, Слободан (2007). Водич кроз манастире у Србији. Београд: МСТ Гајић, Завод за унапређивање образовања и васпитања. ISBN 9788682021162. Pavlovich, Paul (1989). The History of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Serbian Heritage Books. ISBN 9780969133124. Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654773. Petković, Sreten (1982). The Patriarchate of Peć. Belgrade: Serbian Patriarchate. Popović, Svetlana (2002). "The Serbian Episcopal sees in the thirteenth century (Српска епископска седишта у XIII веку)". Старинар (51: 2001): 171–184. Ракочевић, Новица (1983). "Политичке и друштвене прилике". Историја српског народа. Vol. књ. 6, св. 1. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга. pp. 263–290. Слијепчевић, Ђоко М. (1962). Историја Српске православне цркве (History of the Serbian Orthodox Church). Vol. књ. 1. Минхен: Искра. Stephenson, Paul (2000). Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521770170. Stephenson, Paul (2003). The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-slayer. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521815307. Stephenson, Paul (2003a). "The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000". Byzantium in the year 1000. BRILL. pp. 109–134. ISBN 9004120971. Subotić, Gojko (1998). Art of Kosovo: The Sacred Land. New York: The Monacelli Press. ISBN 9781580930062. Todić, Branislav (1999). Serbian Medieval Painting: The Age of King Milutin. Belgrade: Draganić. ISBN 9788644102717. Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Vol. 2. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804779241. Vlasto, Alexis P. (1970). The entry of the Slavs into Christendom. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521074599. Вуковић, Сава (1996). Српски јерарси од деветог до двадесетог века (Serbian Hierarchs from the 9th to the 20th Century). Евро, Унирекс, Каленић. Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2010). Kosovo (2nd ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623313. Зиројевић, Олга (1984). Цркве и манастири на подручју Пећке патријаршије до 1683. године. Београд: Историјски институт, Народна књига. Živković, Tibor; Bojanin, Stanoje; Petrović, Vladeta, eds. (2000). Selected Charters of Serbian Rulers (XII-XV Century): Relating to the Territory of Kosovo and Metohia. Athens: Center for Studies of Byzantine Civilisation. Живковић, Тибор (2000). Словени и Ромеји: Славизација на простору Србије од VII до XI века (The Slavs and the Romans). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430221. Живковић, Тибор (2002). Јужни Словени под византијском влашћу 600-1025 (South Slavs under the Byzantine Rule 600-1025). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430276. Живковић, Тибор (2004). Црквена организација у српским земљама: Рани средњи век (Organization of the Church in Serbian Lands: Early Middle Ages). Београд: Историјски институт САНУ, Службени гласник. ISBN 9788677430443. Živković, Tibor (2008). Forging unity: The South Slavs between East and West 550-1150. Belgrade: The Institute of History, Čigoja štampa. ISBN 9788675585732. See Corridors Prizren; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated September 3 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Bogorodica Ljeviska Church
Bogorodica Ljeviska Church; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26;

Korisha, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Korisha; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia
Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, Danube Rivers Folder, Rivers flow North

Danube River in Serbia

Danube River 9 (Belgrade, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava River Folder

Sava River

Sava River Source (Julian Alps, Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 1 (Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 2 (Slovenia)

Sava River 3 (Slovenia)

Sava River 4 (Slovenka, Slovenia)

Sora River Mouth (Sava River 4)

Sava River 5 (Slovenia)

Sava River 9 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Sava River 10 (Zagreb, Croatia)

Sava River 11 (Croatia)

Sava River 12 (Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 13 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 14 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 15 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 16 (border Slavonia (Croatia) and Bosnia)

Sava River 17 (Vrsani, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 18 (Drina River, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina River Folder

Drina River

Drina River Source (Maglic Mountain)
Maglic Mountain;

Drina River 1

Drina River 2

Drina River 3 (Overview)

Drina River 4

Drina River 5 (Lim River)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River Folder

Lim River

Lim River Source (Lake Plav, Northeast Montenegro

Lim River 1 (Budimlje, Serbia, aka Berane, Montenegro)

Budimlje, Serbia aka Berane, Montenegro (Lim River 1)
Budimlje aka Berane (; Repose of Saint Stephen of Delani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11

Lim River 2 (Montenegro-Serbia Border, Brodarevo)

Brodarova, Serbia (Lim River 2.3)
Brodarova, Serbia; Venerable David of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24;

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River 2, Milesevka River Folder

Milesevka River

Milesevka River Source (Mount Jadovnik)

Milesevka River 1

Milesevka River 2

Milesevka River 3

Milesevka River Mouth (Lim River 2)

Mileshevsk monastery, Serbia (Mileshevsk River, Lim River 2) 1236
Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; The Burning of Saint Sava's relics, Commemorated on April 27;

Sava's Mileshevsk monastery, Serbia (Mileshevsk River, Lim River 2) 1236
Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; The Burning of Saint Sava's relics, Commemorated on April 27;

Lim River 3 (Milesevka River and Monestary)

Banja Monastery (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂœÃÂ°ÃÂ½ÃÂ°ÑÂÑ‚ÃÂ¸Ñ€ ÃÂ‘ÃÂ°ÑšÃÂ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄÂanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Banja district (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂœÃÂ°ÃÂ½ÃÂ°ÑÂÑ‚ÃÂ¸Ñ€ ÃÂ‘ÃÂ°ÑšÃÂ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄÂanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Lim River 4 (Pribo)

Lim River 5 (Rudo)

Lim River Mouth (Drina River 5)

Laze, Serbia (Drina River 6)
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Chelije Monastery, Serbia, 1280's
Chelije Monastery; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Lelich, Serbia (Drina River 9.5, 3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery)
Lelich, Serbia (3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery); Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Drina River 12 (Pech Monastery)

Tavna monastery, Serbia (Drina River 12) 1316
Tavna monastery Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ;

Drina River Mouth (Sirmium, Pannonia, Sava River 18)

Sava River 19 (Srem Plain, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 19, Srem Plain Region Folder, Pannonia

Srem Plain Region (divided Croatia west and Serbia east, between Sava and Danube Rs.)
Srem Region, between Drava, Sava and Danube, divided between Croatia in the West and Serbia in the east ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Petkovica Monastery, founded by Elena 1522, Hi Place on Mt Fruska Gora
Monastery of Petkovica founded by Elena; Saint Elena of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4;

Sisaatovac Monastery, 1515, Stephen Stiljanovic's miraculous relics
Sisaatovac Monastery; Šišatovac Monastery (Serbian: Манастир Шишатовац, romanized: Manastir Šišatovac) is a Serb Orthodox monastery situated on the Fruška Gora mountain in the northern Serbia, in the province of Vojvodina. foundation of the monastery is ascribed to the refugee monks from the Serbian monastery of Žiča. first reliable facts illustrating the life of the monastery date back to the mid 16th century. great benefactor of Šišatovac Monastery was Sekula Vitković (1687-1754) who in 1731 was appointed regimental commander of the Danube Serbian Militia. building dates from the 16th century. It was through a donation by Vikentije Popović-Hadžilovac, the Bishop of Vršac, that the new, extant church building was constructed in 1778. iconostasis is the work of the famed Baroque painter Grigorije Davidović-Obšić. World War II, the monastery and its church suffered heavy damages. Šišatovac Monastery was declared Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1990, and it is protected by Republic of Serbia.[1] Saint Elena of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4;

Convent at Sremski Karlovci, Vojvodina
Sremski Karlovci, Vojvodina; Saint Elena of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4;

Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509
Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509; Ravenica monestary, 1377; Frushka Gora Mountain; St Stephen of Serbia, "the blind one", Commemorated October 9 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Ravenica monastery, Serbia (Srem Plain, near Danube River 8) 1377
Ravenica monestary; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain); Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19)
Sirmium; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Serbia, Roman Province, 296-476
Pannonia Secunda ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, Commemorated on May 17;

Pannonia (left side Sava River Drainage)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Kupinovo, Serbia (Srem Plain, Sava River 19, capitol Moravian Serbia and Serbian Despotate)
Kupinovo; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Dechani, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia;

Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade, Serbia (Srem Plain), 1600 17th Century
Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia (south of Belgrade, Sava Mouth, Danube 9)
Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2;

Sava River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Belgrade, Serbia (Sava Mouth and Danube River 9, Roman Road Via Militaris 1)
Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God Three Hands on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Saint John [Maximovitch], Archbishop of Shanghai and San Francisco, Commemorated on July 2; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver"Â of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Despot Stephen Tower, 1405, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; Despot Stefan Tower is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan Lazarevic. May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society Ruder Boskovic and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Sava's Seminary and Church, Belgrade, 1895
Saint Sava Seminary and Church, 1895; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh, Srem Plain, Serbia
New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Lazarevo, Serbia, Transylvania or Hungary (Tisza River 14, Danube River 9)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Danube River 10 (Great Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Folder

Great Morava River (final section of the Morava Rivers of Serbia)
Great Morava River;

Serbia, Moravian Serbia, Despotate (Great Morava River Serbia, Danube 10, not Czech Moravia), 1373-1403
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava River Folder

West Morava River

West Morava River Source

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Children's River Folder

Childrens (Detinja) River

Childrens (Detinja) River Source (Mt Zlatibor)
Mt Zlatibor;

Mount Zlatibor
Mt Zlatibor;

Childrens River 1

Childrens River 2

Childrens River 3

Childrens (Detinja) River Mouth (West Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Golija River Folder

Golija Morava River

Golija Morava River Source (Mt Golija)
Golija Mountain;

Golija Mountain
Golija Mountain;

Golija Morava River 1

Golija Morava River 2

Golija Morava River 3

Sveti Arhanteli Monestary
Sveti Arhanteli Monestary is at the north end of the Ivanjica depression.

Golija Morava River Mouth (West Morava River)

West Morava River 1

West Morava River 2 (Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monasteries)

Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries (30)
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

Annunciation monastery in Trnava, one of the 30 Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 3

Cacak, Serbia (West Morava River 3)
Cacak, West Central Serbia (West Morava River 3); Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 4

West Morava River 5 (Ibar River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava 5, Ibar River Folder

Ibar River

Ibar River Source (Hajla Mountain, Prokletije Range, Dinaric Alps)
Hajla Mountain;

Ibar River 1

Ibar River 2 (Crna Reka)

Crna Reka (Black River, Ibar River 2)
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Crna Reka Monastery
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Ibar River 3

Ibar River 4

Banjska Monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 4.5)
Banjska Monastery; Saint Savva III of Serbia, Commemorated on July 26;

Zhicha, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5), Earlier Archdiocese
Zhicha, Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Zhicha monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Konchul monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes, Ibar River, West Morava River 5)
cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Ras, home of Serbian Kings (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Tracts or Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170
Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24;

Ibar River 8 (Studenica Monastery)

Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Saint Stephen's (Nemanja) Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Ibar River Mouth (West Morava River 5)

Konchul, Serbia (near Ibar River Mouth, West Morava River 5)
The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

West Morava River 6 (Ljubostinja monestary)

Ljubostinja monastery, Serbia (West Morava 6) 1388
Ljubostinja monastery; St. Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

West Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River Source)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Source, South Morava River Folder

South Morava River

Black Mountain of Skopje
Black Mountain of Skopje: Skopska Crna Gora;

South Morava River Source (Black Mt of Skopje)

South Morava River 1
South Morava River 1: Gnjilane Valley

South Morava River 2

South Morava 2 tributary

South Morava River 3
South Morava River 3: Vranje Valley

Pcinja District, Southeast Serbia (South Morava River 3)
Pcinja District; Venerable Prochorus of Pcinja;

South Morava River 4: Leskovac Valley

village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia
village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13;

South Morava River 5 (Nish, Serbia)
South Morava River 5: Nis Valley

Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace (South Morava River 5)
Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5)
Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5) Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

South Morava River 6: Aleksinac Valley

South Morava River 7: Stalac Gorge

South Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River)

Great Morava River Source (West and South Morava Rivers)

Great Morava River 1 (Ravenica Monastery)

Ravanica Monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1375
Ravanica Monastery; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Great Morava River 2 (Manasija Monastery)

Manasija monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1406
Manasija monastery; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ;

Great Morava River 3

Banja, Serbia (Arandelovac Springs)
Banja (Arandelovac Springs); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Topola, Serbia, Karageorgea'™s town, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge'™s revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ;

Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Great Morava River 4

monastery of St Stephen or Koporin, Serbia (Great Morava River 4)
monastery of St Stephen or Koporin Monestary; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Great Morava (Velika) River Mouth (Danube River 10)

Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), Serbia, on Via Militarius, Theodocius I in Illiricum
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Danube River 11

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Serbia, Roman Roads Folder

Serbia, Roman Roads, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius

Roman Road, Via Militaris 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Hemus Pass
Saturninus and Traianus blocked the Goths near the passes of the Haemus, building a line of fortifications that repulsed the Gothic attacks. The two generals hoped to force the Goths to suffer through the cold winter and the scarcity of food in order to force them into submission; alternatively, the two generals planned to call back the sentinels, luring the Goths of Fritigern into an open-field battle in the plains between the Haemus and the Danube, where they were confident of winning.[2] Fritigern did not accept battle, but enlisted Hunnic and Alan reinforcements. Saturninus realised that he could no longer fight the enemy with his troops, lifted the block on the mountain passes, and retired.[3] magister militum per Thracias, Emperor Theodosius I, who had succeeded Valens after his death in the Battle of Adrianople, entrusted Saturninus to negotiate peace with the Goths: in October 382 he signed a treaty according to which the Goths were to live in the Low Danube as foederati. successful negotiation guaranteed Saturninus the imperial favour, and he was appointed consul for the year 383. Themistius dedicated to him a panegyric. 400 Saturninus was serving under the Eastern Emperor Arcadius, when the magister militum Gainas deposed and exiled him.

Roman Road, Via Militaris 5, Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 6, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind oneÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;