Jerusalem Folder, West Bank, and its roads, Peleg Center of the Continents, Unique Water.kmz

Jerusalem Folder, West Bank, and its roads, Peleg Center of the Continents, Unique Water

Jerusalem
Jerusalem; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2 ; Council of Jerusalem, 50AD ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Holy Apostles of the Seventy and Deacons: Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, and Parmenas, Commemorated on July 28; MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15, Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep.; Apostle Silas of the Seventy; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated August 2 ; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated August 2 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated August 28 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on September 15; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT) ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Prophet Joel, Commemorated October 19 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Saint Claudia Procula, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628 ; Hieromartyr Mίlos (or Milēs) the Wonderworker, and two disciples, Commemorated on November 10; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, Commemorated December 7 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated December 9 ; Righteous Judith, Commemorated on December 11; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated December 18 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT); Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT) ; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated December 28 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; CONFESSION OF PETER THE APOSTLE, (18 JAN NT) ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon, his wife, Mary, and their two sons, Arcadius and John, of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Paul and his sister, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT); Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Simeon, kinsman of the Lord, second Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 27; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Righteous Melchizedek, King of Salem, Commemorated on May 22; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robedof St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Abercius the son of the Apostle Alphaeus, Commemorated on May 26; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4 ; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; BARNABAS THE APOSTLE, (11 JUNE NT); Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); St Joanna the Myrrhbearer, Commemorated on June 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three HandsÂ, Commemorated on June 28; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8;

Salem, aka Jerusalem
Salem, aka Jerusalem; (Hebrew: שָׁלֵם, Shalem; Ancient Greek: Σαλήμ, Salḗm) is an ancient Middle Eastern town mentioned in the Bible. is referenced in the following biblical passages: Melchizedek king of Salem brought forth bread and wine: and he was the priest of the most high God."[1] Salem also is his tabernacle, and his dwelling place in Zion."[2] The name refers to the royal city of Melchizedek and is traditionally identified with Jerusalem.[3] It is also mentioned in Hebrews 7. a different place is mentioned in Genesis 33:18: "And Jacob came to Shalem, a city of Shechem, which is in the land of Canaan, when he came from Padanaram; and pitched his tent before the city." The town of Salim corresponds to that location. It is also mentioned in the Gospel of John 3:23: "And John also was baptizing in Aenon near to Saleím [Σαλείμ], because there was much water there: and they came, and were baptized." towns have been named after Biblical Salem. Jerusalem; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Melchizedek, King of Salem, Commemorated on May 22;

Kingdom of Judah (Judah, after Solomon, Capital Jerusalem, 930BC-587BC)
Kingdom of Judah; An abstract of Judah (Judea) and other Patriarch Locations; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hanani, Commemorated on March 27; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Judah (Kingdom of Judah, after Solomon, Capital Jerusalem)
Kingdom of Judah; An abstract of Judah (Judea) and other Patriarch Locations; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hanani, Commemorated on March 27; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Gorneye Convent, Church of the Visitation, Elin Karem
Gorneye Convent, Church of the Visitation, Elin Karem; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30;

Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins
Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Judaea (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, 6-135
Judaea (Roman province); (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, divided by Rome after Herod the Great was a Roman province which incorporated the regions of Judea, Samaria and Idumea, and extended over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea. was named after Herod Archelaus's Tetrarchy of Judaea, but the Roman province encompassed a much larger territory. The name "Judaea" was derived from the Kingdom of Judah of the 6th century BCE. the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, Judea came under direct Roman rule,[1] which time the Roman governor was given authority to punish by execution. general population also began to be taxed by Rome.[2] The province of Judea was the scene of unrest at its founding in 6 CE during the Census of Quirinius, the crucifixion of Jesus circa 30–33 CE, and several wars, known as the Jewish–Roman wars, were fought during its existence. The Second Temple of Jerusalem was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE near the end of the First Jewish–Roman War, and the Fiscus Judaicus was instituted. After the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135), the Roman Emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to Syria Palaestina and the name of the city of Jerusalem to Aelia Capitolina, which certain scholars conclude was an attempt to disconnect the Jewish people from their homeland.[3][4] MATTHEW; Zealotry; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16;

Judea (West Bank) Roman Road
Judea;

Benjamin, between Roman Roads to Jericho on West Bank
Jericho West Bank;

Samaria (West Bank) Roman Road
Samaria;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC - 586 BC, Ancient Israel
Ancient Israel; THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS, (1 NOV) ;

Jerusalem, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible, Edom
Edom, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible;

Jerusalem, 930 BC-586 BC, Kingdom of Judah, 10th-6th Century BCE
Kingdom of Judah; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province)
Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Classical Antiquity
Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Classical Antiquity; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Classical Antiquity, Greco-Roman world
Classical Antiquity, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Greco-Roman world; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 637 - 1096, Muslim Control of J., from Siege of J. to First Crusade.
Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Canaan
Canaan;

Jerusalem History Folder

Jerusalem, 2000 BC- 1000 BC, History Folder, Melchizedek, Abraham, Moses, David

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Mechizedek, both King&Priest, Son oGod's image, superior spiritual priesthood, Lord chose tCome fKings
Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Righteous Mechizedek, King oSalem, aka Jerusalem, both King&Priest, foundation Messiah's city, Canaanite, geneology not recorded, scriptures record nBirth nDeath, Priest forever, type oChrist, priesthood nReceived nPassed on, Mar Jacob oSerugh Homily, nAnimal bloodshead in Sacrifices, bSacrifices oHis Soul, offered nothing bHimself, nSpecial Robes lAaron, offered holy prayers fHeart, King oSalem, Priest oGod, KoRighteousness, Salem(Peace), KoPeace, M met Abraham returning fVictory, brought bread&wine&blessed A, enemies delivered into A's power, B&W foreshadows Liturgy, A accepted blessing&Offered aTithe oSpoils& showed reverence, M priesthood superior to A priesthood, because M blessed A, Aaron's ancestor A recognized M as a priest, so Levi's tribe offered first fruits tSon oGod's image, Nevertheless Lord chose to come forth from Kings, not Priests, M served eternal spiritual priesthood, not physical dissolved p, so he is living through his priesthood, David called him priest who would never die, David described Messiah as like Melchizedek wLiturgy without sacrificial victims, spiritual ministry incomprehensible- 2crowns, 1hidden, earthly & spiritual authority, no battles, peaceful, desired only peace&righteousness, Beginning oLent- imitate M, Priest oGod&Solitary King, image oLife oChrist among Men; Salem, aka Jerusalem; Jerusalem; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Melchizedek, King of Salem, Commemorated on May 22; Righteous Melchizedek was the King of Salem (Jerusalem). was both a king and a priest, the foundations of the city where the Messiah would appear. to Mar Jacob of Serugh, Melchizedek was a Canaanite, asserting that the very site of his kingdom bears witness to this. his genealogy is not recorded. must have been born, and he must have died, but the Scriptures deliberately conceal both events, assigning him neither beginning nor end, so that he might be called a priest forever. (who appears in the Scriptures suddenly, and then disappears) is regarded as a type of Christ (Hebrews 5:6, 10; Hebrews 6:20; Hebrews 7:2). did not receive his priesthood from any other priest, nor did he pass on his priesthood to anyone else. his homily "On Melchizedek, Priest of the Most High God," Mar Jacob of Serugh states that the priests of the past shed the blood of animals when offering sacrifices to God. contrast, Melchizedek was made a priest "by the sacrifices of his soul," and did not sacrifice animals, nor did he offer anything but himself to God. did not adorn himself with splendid robes as Aaron did; instead of offering bulls and rams, offered his holy prayers from a pure heart. The Son of God also resembles Melchizedek, there is no beginning or end to His priesthood, He offered Himself to the Father as a perfect sacrifice. Priest, Christ brought Himself to the place of sacrifice, placing His body on the altar of the Cross, and shedding His blood for us. chapter 7 of the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Righteous Melchizedek is called the King of Salem, and also a "priest of the Most High God." the interpretation of his name, he is called the King of righteousness and the King of Salem, in other words, "the King of peace" (Hebrews 7:2). met the Patriarch Abraham as he was returning from his victory over the kings (Genesis 14:18-24). brought bread and wine to Abraham and blessed him, saying: "Blessed be Abram of the Most High God, Who made heaven and earth, and blessed be the Most High God, Who delivered thine enemies into thy power." offering Abraham bread and wine, Melchizedek foreshadows the Church's Liturgy. the Righteous Melchizedek was shown to be greater than Abraham, because he blessed Abraham. Abraham, the lesser of the two, did not presume to bless one who was greater than himself (Homily of Mar Jacob, line 299). accepted the blessing and offered him a tithe of his spoils, and he also showed him reverence (Homily, line 310). priesthood of Melchizedek is superior to the priesthood of Aaron, Melchizedek blessed Abraham. giving Melchizedek a tithe, Abraham, the ancestor of Aaron, showed that he recognized him as a priest. Abraham, Levi's tribe offered first fruits to the image of the Son of God which was seen in Melchizedek. the Lord did not choose to come forth from the tribe of Levi, but from the family of Kings. did not serve "according to the priesthood that was to be dissolved, but according to that which unto the ages abides spiritually; and since his priesthood was never annulled, with respect to service; behold how he is spoken of as living, through his priesthood." (Homily, lines 361-364). Holy Prophet-King David speaks of him as a priest who would never die (Psalm 109/110:4). he thought about the Messiah, in order to compare Him to someone whom He ought to resemble, he did not think of anyone from the priesthood of Aaron. he selected Melchizedek, who provided for his liturgy without any sacrificial victims. spiritual ministry of this man, who was in the likeness of the Son, is incomprehensible. wore two crowns, one hidden, and the other manifest. He had authority in two different realms. He was an earthly King who never engaged in battles with those on his borders, because of his peacefulness (Homily, line 538). He desired nothing but peace and righteousness (Homily, line 542). Church recalls Melchizedek at the beginning of Great Lent: that Priest of God and solitary King (Hebrews 7:3), who was an image of the life of Christ in the world among men." (Thursday of the first week of Great Lent, the Great Canon of St. Andrew of Crete, Ode 3). Righteous Melchizedek is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Forefathers.

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Abraham, 100 yr old father of vast nation
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son. Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Sarah, Abraham's wife, 90 yr old mother of nations
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son. Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Lot
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9; Lot,Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son.

Jerusalem, 2000BC, Dot 5, Sarah & Abraham in Abimelech's Gerar (Plus, Isaac not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar)
Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar); Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech;

Jerusalem, 2000BC, Dot 5, Abraham & Sarah in Hebron, Judea (high point 19 miles south of Jerusalem, Trees of Mamre)
Hebron; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated close to December 26; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jerusalem, 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac, Abraham Sarah's son, Jacob's father, Patriarch in Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant
Palestine, BC 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac, Abraham Sarah's son, Jacob's father, Patriarch in Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant, Type of Christ b almost sacrificed, husband Rebecca, father of Jacob & Esau; Isaac's story with abstract locations.; of the promise -- Eldest son Ishmael banished by Abraham. Location -- Hebron Old Testament Isaac was the child of a promise from God, born when Abraham was 100 years old and Sarah was 90 (Gen. 17:17; 21:5). Isaac means "he laughs" and reflects his parents' unbelieving laughter regarding the promise (Gen. 17:17-19; 18:11- 15) as well as their joy in its fulfillment (Gen. 21:1-7). Sarah wanted Hagar and Ishmael banished. God directed Abraham to comply, saying that it would be through Isaac that his descendants would be reckoned (Gen. 21:8-13; compare Rom. 9:7). Abraham's test of faith was God's command to sacrifice Isaac (Gen. 22:1-19). Rebekah Location -- Nahor, southeast of Haran; Hebron; and Gerar Isaac married Rebekah (Gen. 24), who bore him twin sons, Esau and Jacob (Gen. 25:21-28). Isaac passed her off as a sister at Gerar (as Abraham had done). Became Quite Prosperous Location -- Beer Lahai Roi; Beersheba After Abraham’s death, God blessed his son Isaac, who then lived near Beer Lahai Roi. He became quite prosperous, later moving to Beersheba (Gen. 26). Isaac was deceived into giving Jacob his blessing and priority over Esau (Gen. 27). Isaac died at Mamre near Hebron at the age of 180 and was buried by his sons (Gen. 35:27-29). Though less significant than Abraham and Jacob, Isaac was revered as one of the Israelite patriarchs (Ex. 3:6; 1 Kings 18:36; Jer. 33:26). Amos used the name Isaac as a poetic expression for the nation of Israel (Amos 7:9,16). Testament example of faith, children of promise In the New Testament Isaac appears in the genealogies of Jesus (Matt. 1:2; Luke 3:34), as one of the three great patriarchs (Matt. 8:11; Luke 13:28; Acts 3:13), and an example of faith (Heb. 11:20). Isaac's sacrifice by Abraham (Heb. 11:17-18; Jas. 2:21), in which he was obedient to the point of death, serves as a type looking forward to Christ and as an example for Christians. Paul reminded believers that "we, brethren, as Isaac, are the children of promise" (Gal. 4:28) Righteous Isaac, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Isaac was the second of the Old Testament Patriarchs, and the son of Abraham (Genesis 17:17-22). God tested Abraham to see if he would sacrifice his son (Genesis 22:1-13), and thus Isaac was a type of Christ. He was the husband of Rebecca (Genesis 24:67), and the father of Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:19-26). Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant; (/ˈkeɪnən/; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍[1] – KNʿN; Hebrew: כְּנַעַן – Kənáʿan, in pausa כְּנָעַן – Kənāʿan; Biblical Greek: Χανααν – Khanaan;[2] Arabic: كَنْعَانُ – Kan‘ān) was a Semitic-speaking civilization and region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. had significant geopolitical importance in the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period (14th century BC) as the area where the spheres of interest of the Egyptian, Hittite, Mitanni and Assyrian Empires converged or overlapped. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from archaeological excavation in this area at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur, and Gezer. name "Canaan" appears throughout the Bible, where it corresponds to "the Levant", in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main settings of the narratives of the Bible: the Land of Israel, Philistia, and Phoenicia, among others. word Canaanites serves as an ethnic catch-all term covering various indigenous populations—both settled and nomadic-pastoral groups—throughout the regions of the southern Levant or Canaan.[3] It is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible.[4] The Book of Joshua includes Canaanites in a list of nations to exterminate,[5] scripture elsewhere portrays them as a group which the Israelites had annihilated.[6][7] scholar Mark Smith notes that archaeological data suggests "that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature."[8]: 13–14 [9][10] name "Canaanites" is attested, many centuries later, as the endonym of the people later known to the Ancient Greeks from c. 500 BC as Phoenicians,[6] and after the emigration of some Canaanite-speakers to Carthage (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the Punics (as "Chanani") of North Africa during Late Antiquity.

Jerusalem, 2000BC, Dot5, Rebecca, Isaac's wife, Jacob & Esau's mother
Righteous Rebecca, Commemorated on December 11; was the wife of the Old Testament Patriarch Isaac, and the mother of Jacob and Esau. is mentioned in Genesis 22:23; Chapters 24-28; and Chapter 49:31. Saint Paul also mentions her (Romans 9:10). Palestine, BC 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac, Abraham Sarah's son, Jacob's father, Patriarch in Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant, Type of Christ b almost sacrificed, husband Rebecca, father of Jacob & Esau; Isaac's story with abstract locations.; of the promise -- Eldest son Ishmael banished by Abraham. Location -- Hebron Old Testament Isaac was the child of a promise from God, born when Abraham was 100 years old and Sarah was 90 (Gen. 17:17; 21:5). Isaac means "he laughs" and reflects his parents' unbelieving laughter regarding the promise (Gen. 17:17-19; 18:11- 15) as well as their joy in its fulfillment (Gen. 21:1-7). Sarah wanted Hagar and Ishmael banished. God directed Abraham to comply, saying that it would be through Isaac that his descendants would be reckoned (Gen. 21:8-13; compare Rom. 9:7). Abraham's test of faith was God's command to sacrifice Isaac (Gen. 22:1-19). Rebekah Location -- Nahor, southeast of Haran; Hebron; and Gerar Isaac married Rebekah (Gen. 24), who bore him twin sons, Esau and Jacob (Gen. 25:21-28). Isaac passed her off as a sister at Gerar (as Abraham had done). Became Quite Prosperous Location -- Beer Lahai Roi; Beersheba After Abraham’s death, God blessed his son Isaac, who then lived near Beer Lahai Roi. He became quite prosperous, later moving to Beersheba (Gen. 26). Isaac was deceived into giving Jacob his blessing and priority over Esau (Gen. 27). Isaac died at Mamre near Hebron at the age of 180 and was buried by his sons (Gen. 35:27-29). Though less significant than Abraham and Jacob, Isaac was revered as one of the Israelite patriarchs (Ex. 3:6; 1 Kings 18:36; Jer. 33:26). Amos used the name Isaac as a poetic expression for the nation of Israel (Amos 7:9,16). Testament example of faith, children of promise In the New Testament Isaac appears in the genealogies of Jesus (Matt. 1:2; Luke 3:34), as one of the three great patriarchs (Matt. 8:11; Luke 13:28; Acts 3:13), and an example of faith (Heb. 11:20). Isaac's sacrifice by Abraham (Heb. 11:17-18; Jas. 2:21), in which he was obedient to the point of death, serves as a type looking forward to Christ and as an example for Christians. Paul reminded believers that "we, brethren, as Isaac, are the children of promise" (Gal. 4:28) Righteous Isaac, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Isaac was the second of the Old Testament Patriarchs, and the son of Abraham (Genesis 17:17-22). God tested Abraham to see if he would sacrifice his son (Genesis 22:1-13), and thus Isaac was a type of Christ. He was the husband of Rebecca (Genesis 24:67), and the father of Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:19-26). Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant; (/ˈkeɪnən/; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍[1] – KNʿN; Hebrew: כְּנַעַן – Kənáʿan, in pausa כְּנָעַן – Kənāʿan; Biblical Greek: Χανααν – Khanaan;[2] Arabic: كَنْعَانُ – Kan‘ān) was a Semitic-speaking civilization and region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. had significant geopolitical importance in the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period (14th century BC) as the area where the spheres of interest of the Egyptian, Hittite, Mitanni and Assyrian Empires converged or overlapped. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from archaeological excavation in this area at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur, and Gezer. name "Canaan" appears throughout the Bible, where it corresponds to "the Levant", in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main settings of the narratives of the Bible: the Land of Israel, Philistia, and Phoenicia, among others. word Canaanites serves as an ethnic catch-all term covering various indigenous populations—both settled and nomadic-pastoral groups—throughout the regions of the southern Levant or Canaan.[3] It is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible.[4] The Book of Joshua includes Canaanites in a list of nations to exterminate,[5] scripture elsewhere portrays them as a group which the Israelites had annihilated.[6][7] scholar Mark Smith notes that archaeological data suggests "that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature."[8]: 13–14 [9][10] name "Canaanites" is attested, many centuries later, as the endonym of the people later known to the Ancient Greeks from c. 500 BC as Phoenicians,[6] and after the emigration of some Canaanite-speakers to Carthage (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the Punics (as "Chanani") of North Africa during Late Antiquity.

Jerusalem, 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac's Story Outline with Abstract Locations incl Rebecca, Jacob and Easu
Isaac's Story Outline with Abstract Locations incl Rebecca, Jacob and Easu;

Jerusalem, 2000BC Dot 5, Jacob, son oIsaac, bro oEsau, gson oAbraham, Patriarch 12 sons
Jerusalem, 2000BC Dot 5, Jacob, son oIsaac, bro oEsau, gson Abraham, Patriarch 12 sons; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Righteous Jacob, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Jacob is mentioned in the book of Genesis, chapters 25-50. had a dream of a ladder (Genesis 28:12-17). Angels were ascending and descending the ladder, and the Lord was above the ladder type of the Mother of God, who united earth to Heaven when she consented to become the mother of the Messiah). Jacob wrestled with God (Genesis 32:22-30), who appeared as a man, and Jacob prevailed. the Lord gave him the name Israel and blessed him. called that place Peniel (The face of God), and said, "I have seen God face to face, and yet my life is preserved."

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Jacob, story with locations
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Jacob; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Abstract of Jacob's son's locations. ; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Righteous Jacob, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Jacob is mentioned in the book of Genesis, chapters 25-50. had a dream of a ladder (Genesis 28:12-17). Angels were ascending and descending the ladder, and the Lord was above the ladder type of the Mother of God, who united earth to Heaven when she consented to become the mother of the Messiah). Jacob wrestled with God (Genesis 32:22-30), who appeared as a man, and Jacob prevailed. the Lord gave him the name Israel and blessed him. called that place Peniel (The face of God), and said, "I have seen God face to face, and yet my life is preserved."

Jerusalem, 2000 BC Dot 5, Righteous Benjamin, youngest son of Jacob, son of Rachael, bro of Joseph
Righteous Benjamin, youngest son of Jacob, bro of Joseph, son of Rachael, tribe of Benjamin ravenous wolf, devouring P in morning, dividing S in evening; Abstract of Jacob's son's locations. ; Benjamin; Righteous Benjamin, Commemorated on December 11; youngest son of Jacob, he was called Benoni and then Benjamin (Genesis 35:16-18). his death Jacob blessed him in a seemingly backhanded way, saying that “Benjamin is a ravenous wolf, devouring his prey in the morning, and dividing the spoil in the evening” (Genesis 49:27). say this is not a reference to Benjamin himself, but to the warlike nature of the tribe of Benjamin.

Jerusalem, 1694-1574 BC Dot 6, Leader, Moses
Jerusalem, 1694-1574 BC, Leader, Moses; Moses' story with abstract locations.;

Jerusalem, 1634 BC-1544 BC Dot 6, Leader, Joshua (Jesus in tSeptuigent)
Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, 1590BC-1350BC Dot 6, Job of the Bible, Edom
Edom, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; righteous Job (whose name means “persecutedâ€), God’s faithful servant, was the perfect image of every virtue. The son of Zarah and Bossorha (Job 42), Job was a fifth-generation descendent of Abraham. He was a truthful, righteous, patient and pious man who abstained from every evil thing. Job was very rich and blessed by God in all things, as was no other son of Ausis (his country, which lay between Idoumea and Arabia). However, divine condescension permitted him to be tested. lost his children, his wealth, his glory, and every consolation all at once. His entire body became a terrible wound covered with boils. Yet he remained steadfast and patient in the face of his misfortune for seven years, always giving thanks to God. God restored his former prosperity, and he had twice as much as before. Job lived for 170 years after his misfortune, completing his earthly life in 1350 B.C. at the age of 240. Some authorities say that Job’s afflictions lasted only one year, and that afterwards he lived for 140 years, reaching the age of 210. ’s explanations are among the most poetic writings in the Old Testament book which bears his name. It is one of the most edifying portions of Holy Scripture. Job teaches us that we must endure life’s adversities patiently and with trust in God. As Saint Anthony the Great (January 17) says, without temptations, it is impossible for the faithful to be saved. Orthodox Church reads the book of Job, the first of the seven wisdom books of the Old Testament, during Holy Week, drawing a parallel between Job and Christ as righteous men who suffered through no fault of their own. God allowed Satan to afflict Job so that his faithfulness would be proven. Christ, the only sinless one, suffered voluntarily for our sins. The Septuagint text of Job 42:17 says that Job “will rise again with those whom the Lord raises up.â€ This passage is read on Great and Holy Friday, when the composite Gospel at Vespers speaks of the tombs being opened at the moment the Savior died on the Cross, and the bodies of the saints were raised, and they appeared to many after Christ’s Resurrection (Mt.27:52)

Jerusalem, 1500 BC-1400 BC Dot 6, Priest, Phinehas
Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, 1500BC Dot 6, Deborah, Judge at Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah) defeated Canaan&Sisera
Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah); Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord, now that Ehud was dead. 2 So the Lord sold them into the hands of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor. Sisera, the commander of his army, was based in Harosheth Haggoyim. 3 Because he had nine hundred chariots fitted with iron and had cruelly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years, they cried to the Lord for help. Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading[a] Israel at that time. 5 She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went up to her to have their disputes decided. 6 She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali and said to him, “The Lord, the God of Israel, commands you: ‘Go, take with you ten thousand men of Naphtali and Zebulun and lead them up to Mount Tabor. 7 I will lead Sisera, the commander of Jabin’s army, with his chariots and his troops to the Kishon River and give him into your hands.’” Barak said to her, “If you go with me, I will go; but if you don’t go with me, I won’t go.” “Certainly I will go with you,” said Deborah. “But because of the course you are taking, the honor will not be yours, for the Lord will deliver Sisera into the hands of a woman.” So Deborah went with Barak to Kedesh. 10 There Barak summoned Zebulun and Naphtali, and ten thousand men went up under his command. Deborah also went up with him. Now Heber the Kenite had left the other Kenites, the descendants of Hobab, Moses’ brother-in-law,[b] and pitched his tent by the great tree in Zaanannim near Kedesh. When they told Sisera that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor, 13 Sisera summoned from Harosheth Haggoyim to the Kishon River all his men and his nine hundred chariots fitted with iron. Then Deborah said to Barak, “Go! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands. Has not the Lord gone ahead of you?” So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with ten thousand men following him. 15 At Barak’s advance, the Lord routed Sisera and all his chariots and army by the sword, and Sisera got down from his chariot and fled on foot. Barak pursued the chariots and army as far as Harosheth Haggoyim, and all Sisera’s troops fell by the sword; not a man was left. 17 Sisera, meanwhile, fled on foot to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, because there was an alliance between Jabin king of Hazor and the family of Heber the Kenite. Jael went out to meet Sisera and said to him, “Come, my lord, come right in. Don’t be afraid.” So he entered her tent, and she covered him with a blanket. “I’m thirsty,” he said. “Please give me some water.” She opened a skin of milk, gave him a drink, and covered him up. “Stand in the doorway of the tent,” he told her. “If someone comes by and asks you, ‘Is anyone in there?’ say ‘No.’” But Jael, Heber’s wife, picked up a tent peg and a hammer and went quietly to him while he lay fast asleep, exhausted. She drove the peg through his temple into the ground, and he died. Just then Barak came by in pursuit of Sisera, and Jael went out to meet him. “Come,” she said, “I will show you the man you’re looking for.” So he went in with her, and there lay Sisera with the tent peg through his temple—dead. On that day God subdued Jabin king of Canaan before the Israelites. 24 And the hand of the Israelites pressed harder and harder against Jabin king of Canaan until they destroyed him. Song of Deborah On that day Deborah and Barak son of Abinoam sang this song: 2 “When the princes in Israel take the lead, when the people willingly offer themselves— praise the Lord! 3 “Hear this, you kings! Listen, you rulers! I, even I, will sing to[c] the Lord; I will praise the Lord, the God of Israel, in song. 4 “When you, Lord, went out from Seir, when you marched from the land of Edom, the earth shook, the heavens poured, the clouds poured down water. 5 The mountains quaked before the Lord, the One of Sinai, before the Lord, the God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were abandoned; travelers took to winding paths. 7 Villagers in Israel would not fight; they held back until I, Deborah, arose, until I arose, a mother in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders when war came to the city gates, but not a shield or spear was seen among forty thousand in Israel. 9 My heart is with Israel’s princes, with the willing volunteers among the people. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on white donkeys, sitting on your saddle blankets, and you who walk along the road, consider 11 the voice of the singers[d] at the watering places. They recite the victories of the Lord, the victories of his villagers in Israel. “Then the people of the Lord went down to the city gates. 12 ‘Wake up, wake up, Deborah! Wake up, wake up, break out in song! Arise, Barak! Take captive your captives, son of Abinoam.’ 13 “The remnant of the nobles came down; the people of the Lord came down to me against the mighty. 14 Some came from Ephraim, whose roots were in Amalek; Benjamin was with the people who followed you. From Makir captains came down, from Zebulun those who bear a commander’s[e] staff. 15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah; yes, Issachar was with Barak, sent under his command into the valley. In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 16 Why did you stay among the sheep pens[f] to hear the whistling for the flocks? In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed beyond the Jordan. And Dan, why did he linger by the ships? Asher remained on the coast and stayed in his coves. 18 The people of Zebulun risked their very lives; so did Naphtali on the terraced fields. 19 “Kings came, they fought, the kings of Canaan fought. At Taanach, by the waters of Megiddo, they took no plunder of silver. 20 From the heavens the stars fought, from their courses they fought against Sisera. 21 The river Kishon swept them away, the age-old river, the river Kishon. March on, my soul; be strong! 22 Then thundered the horses’ hooves— galloping, galloping go his mighty steeds. 23 ‘Curse Meroz,’ said the angel of the Lord. ‘Curse its people bitterly, because they did not come to help the Lord, to help the Lord against the mighty.’ 24 “Most blessed of women be Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, most blessed of tent-dwelling women. 25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for nobles she brought him curdled milk. 26 Her hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workman’s hammer. She struck Sisera, she crushed his head, she shattered and pierced his temple. 27 At her feet he sank, he fell; there he lay. At her feet he sank, he fell; where he sank, there he fell—dead. 28 “Through the window peered Sisera’s mother; behind the lattice she cried out, ‘Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why is the clatter of his chariots delayed?’ 29 The wisest of her ladies answer her; indeed, she keeps saying to herself, 30 ‘Are they not finding and dividing the spoils: a woman or two for each man, colorful garments as plunder for Sisera, colorful garments embroidered, highly embroidered garments for my neck— all this as plunder?’ 31 “So may all your enemies perish, Lord! But may all who love you be like the sun when it rises in its strength.” the land had peace forty years.

Jerusalem, 1500BC Dot 6, Hezron, Tamar&Judah's grandson, in Judea, David&Jesus' lineage
Righteous Hezron, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Hezron (Esrom, or Esron) is mentioned in the Old Testament genealogies: Genesis 46:12, Ruth 4:18, and 1 Chronicles 2:9 (LXX). was the son of Perez (Phares) and the father of Aram (or Ioram), and an ancestor of the Prophet-King David. to the New Testament genealogies (Matthew 1:3; Luke 3:33), Phares begat Esrom; and Esrom begat Aram.

Jerusalem, 1179 – 1154 BC Dot 7, Gideon of Ophrah on Road to Gilgal, Manasseh Tribe, Commanded by Jesus
Samaria, 1179-1154BC, Gideon of Ophrah on Road to Gilgal, Manasseh Tribe, Commanded by the Angel of God (Jesus) to defeat Midian, gathers army, asks for fleece tests, then led army to victory, then Judge for 40 yrs ; The Righteous Gideon, Commemorated on November 26; Righteous Gideon, whose name means “destroyer,” appears in chapters 6-8 of Judges. was the son of Joash the Abiezrite. day, as he was beating out wheat in the wine press, the Angel of the Lord appeared to him and commanded him to deliver Israel from the hand of Midian. gathered an army of men from various towns to fight the Midianites, asked God to give him a sign that he would be able to deliver Israel. he placed a fleece of wool on the floor of the threshing room. Then he said, “If there is dew on the fleece alone, and if the ground is dry, then I shall know that thou wilt deliver Israel by my hand, as thou hast said.” next morning Gideon got up early and squeezed the fleece, wringing out enough water to fill a bowl. he asked God to let the fleece remain dry and to let there be dew on the ground. When Gideon saw that this had been done, the powerful warrior of Manasseh led an army of 300 men to victory over the Midianites. people entreated him to be their ruler, and also his son and grandson, but he would not agree to this, because the Lord was their ruler. However, Gideon was a Judge for forty years, and during that time the land had rest. Righteous Gideon is referenced in Ode 9 of the second Canon for the Feast of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos: “Let us all magnify the radiant cloud, in which the Master of all descended, as dew from Heaven upon the fleece” (Judges 6:37). He is also mentioned in Hebrews 11:32 with others “who through faith conquered kingdoms.” Ophrah, Gideon's home; Was Gideon? was a young Israelite man living in Ophrah. He was the youngest son of Joash, who was of the family of Abiezer. His family line belonged to the tribe of Manasseh. ’s family was not wealthy. They lived in constant fear because neighboring groups would steal the Israelite’s grain and livestock. The Israelite people had to seek out shelter in caves to protect themselves and what little food they had. we meet Gideon in the Book of Judges, he is threshing wheat in a winepress. This was not the custom but had to be done to protect what grain they could get. Later in his life, Gideon becomes a judge of Israel and dies as an honored man in the history of God’s chosen people.

Jerusalem, 1146BC Dot 7, Israelite Judge, Samuel
Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20;

Jerusalem, 1100BC, Dot7, Ruth, Book of Ruth ends in Bethlehem, Judea (high point, south of Jerusalem 6 miles)
Righteous Ruth, Commemorated on December 11 about the Righteous Ruth, the wife of Boaz, may be found in the Old Testament book bearing her name. Bethlehem; Moab, 1100BC, Dot 7, Ruth, Book of Ruth begins on Moab Plateau, from here South to Mt Nebo, across from Jerusalem; Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.[1] book, written in Hebrew in the 6th–4th centuries BCE, tells of the Moabite woman Ruth, who accepts Yahweh, the God of the Israelites, as her God and accepts the Israelite people as her own. In Ruth 1:16–17, Ruth tells Naomi, her Israelite mother-in-law, "Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there I will be buried. May the Lord deal with me, be it ever so severely, if even death separates you and me."[2] book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews-by-choice, as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature. The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically, as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ("Weeks").[3] Hebrew text of Ruth The book is structured into four chapters:[4] Act 1: Prologue and Problem: Death and Emptiness (1:1–22) Scene 1: Setting the scene (1:1–5) Scene 2: Naomi returns home (1:6–18) Scene 3: Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem (1:19–22) Act 2: Ruth Meets Boaz, Naomi's Relative, on the Harvest Field (2:1–23) Scene 1: Ruth in the field of Boaz (2:1–17) Scene 2: Ruth reports to Naomi (2:18–23) Act 3: Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor (3:1–18) Scene 1: Naomi Reveals Her Plan (3:1–5) Scene 2: Ruth at the threshing-floor of Boaz (3:6–15) Scene 3: Ruth reports to Naomi (3:16–18) Act 4: Resolution and Epilogue: Life and Fullness (4:1–22) Scene 1: Boaz with the men at the gate (4:1–12) Scene 2: A son is born to Ruth (4:13–17) Genealogical appendix (4:18–22) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 the time of the judges, an Israelite family from Bethlehem (who are Ephrathites) – Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion – emigrated to the nearby country of Moab. Elimelech died, and the sons married two Moabite women: Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah. about ten years, the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab (1:4). Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem. She told her daughters-in-law to return to their own mothers and remarry. Orpah reluctantly left. However, Ruth said, "Do not urge me to leave you, to turn back and not follow you. For wherever you go, I will go; wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. Thus and more may the Lord do to me if anything but death parts me from you." (Ruth 1:16–17 NJPS). and Ruth returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest and, in order to support her mother-in-law and herself, Ruth went to the fields to glean. As it happened, the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz, who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother-in-law. Ruth told Naomi of Boaz's kindness, and Ruth continued to glean in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest. being a close relative of Naomi's husband's family, was therefore obliged by the levirate law to marry Ruth (Mahlon's widow) to carry on his family's inheritance. Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night where Boaz slept, telling Ruth to "uncover his feet and lie down. He will tell you what you are to do." (3:4). Ruth did so. Boaz asked her who she was, and she replied: "I am your handmaid Ruth. Spread your robe over your handmaid, for you are a redeeming kinsman" (3:9 NJPS). Acknowledging he was a close relative, Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that was required. He noted that "all the elders of my town know what a fine woman you are" (3:11 NJPS). However, Boaz told her that there was a closer male relative. Ruth remained in submission at his feet until she returned to the city in the morning. that day, Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders. (The relative is not named. Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni literally "so and so".) The unnamed relative, unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth, relinquishes his right of redemption, thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth. They transfer the property and thus redeem it, and they ratify the redemption by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz. Ruth 4:7 notes for later generations that: this was formerly done in Israel in cases of redemption or exchange: to validate any transaction, one man would take off his sandal and hand it to the other. Such was the practice in Israel. (NJPS) Boaz and Ruth were then married and had a son. The women of the city celebrated Naomi's joy, for Naomi had found a redeemer for her family name. Naomi took the child and placed it on her bosom. child was named Obed, whom the reader discovers is "the father of Jesse, the father of David" (Ruth 4:13–17), that is, the grandfather of King David. book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez, "whom Tamar bore to Judah", through to Obed, down to David.

Jerusalem, 1100BC, Dot7, Ruth, Moabite Ruth comes back wNaomi, tFloor wBoaz, gF Obed
Righteous Ruth, Commemorated on December 11 about the Righteous Ruth, the wife of Boaz, may be found in the Old Testament book bearing her name. Bethlehem; Moab, 1100BC, Dot 7, Ruth, Book of Ruth begins on Moab Plateau, from here South to Mt Nebo, across from Jerusalem; Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings (Ketuvim), of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.[1] book, written in Hebrew in the 6th–4th centuries BCE, tells of the Moabite woman Ruth, who accepts Yahweh, the God of the Israelites, as her God and accepts the Israelite people as her own. In Ruth 1:16–17, Ruth tells Naomi, her Israelite mother-in-law, "Where you go I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your people will be my people and your God my God. Where you die I will die, and there I will be buried. May the Lord deal with me, be it ever so severely, if even death separates you and me."[2] book is held in esteem by Jews who fall under the category of Jews-by-choice, as is evidenced by the considerable presence of Boaz in rabbinic literature. The Book of Ruth also functions liturgically, as it is read during the Jewish holiday of Shavuot ("Weeks").[3] Hebrew text of Ruth The book is structured into four chapters:[4] Act 1: Prologue and Problem: Death and Emptiness (1:1–22) Scene 1: Setting the scene (1:1–5) Scene 2: Naomi returns home (1:6–18) Scene 3: Arrival of Naomi and Ruth in Bethlehem (1:19–22) Act 2: Ruth Meets Boaz, Naomi's Relative, on the Harvest Field (2:1–23) Scene 1: Ruth in the field of Boaz (2:1–17) Scene 2: Ruth reports to Naomi (2:18–23) Act 3: Naomi Sends Ruth to Boaz on the Threshing Floor (3:1–18) Scene 1: Naomi Reveals Her Plan (3:1–5) Scene 2: Ruth at the threshing-floor of Boaz (3:6–15) Scene 3: Ruth reports to Naomi (3:16–18) Act 4: Resolution and Epilogue: Life and Fullness (4:1–22) Scene 1: Boaz with the men at the gate (4:1–12) Scene 2: A son is born to Ruth (4:13–17) Genealogical appendix (4:18–22) Naomi entreating Ruth and Orpah to return to the land of Moab by William Blake, 1795 the time of the judges, an Israelite family from Bethlehem (who are Ephrathites) – Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion – emigrated to the nearby country of Moab. Elimelech died, and the sons married two Moabite women: Mahlon married Ruth and Chilion married Orpah. about ten years, the two sons of Naomi also died in Moab (1:4). Naomi decided to return to Bethlehem. She told her daughters-in-law to return to their own mothers and remarry. Orpah reluctantly left. However, Ruth said, "Do not urge me to leave you, to turn back and not follow you. For wherever you go, I will go; wherever you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die, and there I will be buried. Thus and more may the Lord do to me if anything but death parts me from you." (Ruth 1:16–17 NJPS). and Ruth returned to Bethlehem at the beginning of the barley harvest and, in order to support her mother-in-law and herself, Ruth went to the fields to glean. As it happened, the field she went to belonged to a man named Boaz, who was kind to her because he had heard of her loyalty to her mother-in-law. Ruth told Naomi of Boaz's kindness, and Ruth continued to glean in his field through the remainder of barley and wheat harvest. being a close relative of Naomi's husband's family, was therefore obliged by the levirate law to marry Ruth (Mahlon's widow) to carry on his family's inheritance. Naomi sent Ruth to the threshing floor at night where Boaz slept, telling Ruth to "uncover his feet and lie down. He will tell you what you are to do." (3:4). Ruth did so. Boaz asked her who she was, and she replied: "I am your handmaid Ruth. Spread your robe over your handmaid, for you are a redeeming kinsman" (3:9 NJPS). Acknowledging he was a close relative, Boaz blessed her and agreed to do all that was required. He noted that "all the elders of my town know what a fine woman you are" (3:11 NJPS). However, Boaz told her that there was a closer male relative. Ruth remained in submission at his feet until she returned to the city in the morning. that day, Boaz went to the city gate to meet with the other male relative before the town elders. (The relative is not named. Boaz addresses him as ploni almoni literally "so and so".) The unnamed relative, unwilling to jeopardize the inheritance of his own estate by marrying Ruth, relinquishes his right of redemption, thus allowing Boaz to marry Ruth. They transfer the property and thus redeem it, and they ratify the redemption by the nearer kinsman taking off his shoe and handing it over to Boaz. Ruth 4:7 notes for later generations that: this was formerly done in Israel in cases of redemption or exchange: to validate any transaction, one man would take off his sandal and hand it to the other. Such was the practice in Israel. (NJPS) Boaz and Ruth were then married and had a son. The women of the city celebrated Naomi's joy, for Naomi had found a redeemer for her family name. Naomi took the child and placed it on her bosom. child was named Obed, whom the reader discovers is "the father of Jesse, the father of David" (Ruth 4:13–17), that is, the grandfather of King David. book concludes with an appendix which traces the Davidic genealogy all the way back from Perez, "whom Tamar bore to Judah", through to Obed, down to David.

Jerusalem, 1060 BC-1012 BC Dot 7, King, Saul
Jerusalem, 1060 BC-1012 BC, King, Saul Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20;

Jerusalem, 1010 BC-970 BC Dot 7, David, Righteous King, Jesus' forefather, k Goliath, Saul's rival, respctd authority, rSinner
Jerusalem, 1010 BC-970 BC Dot 7, David, Righteous King, Jesus' flesh forefather, Jesse's youngest son, shepherd, deep faith, killed Philistine Goliath so war hero, so Saul saw h as rival, respected authority, twice didn't kill Saul, D king Judah a Saul & 1st son, K of all Israel a 2nd son, built new capital Jerusalem, new tabernacle, but son w build Temple, failings married Bathsheba a killing husband Uriah, but repented greatly humbly w faith and bore punishment for sins, his Psalter, died great old age; Jerusalem King, 1010 BC-970 BC, David; Holy Righteous David the King, Commemorated on December 26; Holy Prophet-King David was a forefather of our Lord Jesus Christ according to the flesh. youngest son of Jesse, David shepherded a flock of sheep belonging to his father. was distinguished by his deep faith, and he zealously fulfilled the will of God. a battle with the Philistines, he vanquished the giant Goliath in single combat, which decided the outcome of the war in favor of the Israelites. endured many things from King Saul, who saw him as a favorite of the people and his rival. however, showed his own decency and magnanimity. Twice, when he had the possibility of killing Saul, he did not do so. Saul and his son perished, David was proclaimed king of the southern part of Israel, and after Saul’s second son was killed, he became king of all Israel. built a new capital, Jerusalem (“the City of Peace”), and a new tabernacle. great wish to build a Temple was not realized. It was foretold to him that his son would build the Temple. life of the Prophet David was darkened by a grievous falling: took Uriah’s wife for himself, and sent Uriah to his death in battle. was also an example of great repentance, humbly and with faith bearing the sorrows sent in punishment for his sins. David gave a model for repentance in Psalm 50/51. David died in great old age with steadfast faith in the coming of the promised Messiah, our Lord Jesus Christ. divinely-inspired Psalter is widely used in the divine services and in personal prayers. (See the Books of Kings and Chronicles). holy Prophet-King David is invoked by those facing a difficult situation, such as an interview, etc. David one of Top 10 Bible People, Those 10 and the 40 they knew are the Top 50 who recur throughout the Bible; David's Top 10 Story; outline: People Reject God Saul Chosen King David Chosen King David & Goliath Story Jonathan Independent Warrior King of Judah King of Israel Bathsheba Story Family Intrigue Messiah Promise Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 1010 BC-970 BC Dot 7, Prophet Nathan, wDavid&Solomon, received David's confession
Jerusalem, 1010 BC-970 BC Dot 7, Prophet Nathan, Kings David and Solomon's advisor, God pardoned David through Nathan over Bathsheba Uriah sin. David confessed and received pardon; Prophet Nathan, Commemorated on December 11; Prophet Nathan was an advisor to King David and King Solomon. is mentioned in the Prayer of Absolution in the Mystery of Confession: “It was God Who pardoned David through the Prophet Nathan when he had confessed his sin....” had committed adultery with Uriah's wife Bathsheba, and had him killed. Then he took Bathsheba as his wife. confessed his sin to Nathan (2 Samuel 12:13) and received pardon.

Jerusalem, 1000 BC - 586 BC, Folder, Judean Period, Judean Kings Folder

Jerusalem, 1000BC, Dot 7, Solomon, Known for Wisdom, Proverbs, Song of Songs Psalms, Wealth, and Soloman's Temple
Top 50 People and 50 Places of the Bible Top 50 Bible People; oh mahn) Personal name whose meaning is variously interpreted as "his peace," "(God) is peace," "Salem (a god)," "intact," or "his replacement." Tenth son of David and the second son of Bathsheba, Solomon became the third king of Israel and reigned forty years about 1000 B.C Testament was born to David and Bathsheba after the death of their first son (2 Sam.12:24). Although not the oldest living son of David, he was crowned king after his mother and Nathan the prophet intervened with David and secured David's decision to have Solomon succeed him (1 Kings 1-2). Solomon is remembered most for his wisdom, his building program, and his wealth generated through trade and administrative reorganization. was remembered as having three thousand proverbs and a thousand and five songs in his repertoire (1 Kings 4:32). Thus, it is not surprising that Proverbs and Song of Solomon in the Bible are attributed to Solomon. (Prov. 1:1; Song of Sol. 1:1) as are several apocryphal and pseudepigraphal books. See Apocrypha; Pseudepigrapha. His wisdom is also illustrated in the Bible by the accounts of the two harlots who claimed the single surviving child (1 Kings 3:16) and by the visit of the queen of Sheba (1 Kings 10). Program Solomon's Temple was the most famous of his building projects (1 Kings 5-8), it was by no means the only one. Solomon fortified a number of cities that helped provide protection to Jerusalem, built "store-cities" for stockpiling the materials required in his kingdom, and established military bases for contingents of charioteers (1 Kings 9:15-19). The Temple complex in Jerusalem was composed of several buildings including Solomon's palace, the "house of the forest of Lebanon," the "hall or porch of pillars," the "hall or porch of the throne," and a palace for one of his wives, the daughter of the pharaoh of Egypt (1 Kings 7). See Archaeology; Gezer; Hazor; Megiddo; Temple. Solomon divided the country into administrative districts that did not correspond to the old tribal boundaries (1 Kings 4:7-19) and had the districts provide provisions for the central government. This system, combined with control of vital north/south trade routes between the Red Sea and what was later known as Asia Minor, made it possible for Solomon to accumulate vast wealth. This wealth was supplemented both from trading in horses and chariots and from trade carried on by a fleet of ships (1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:26-29). See Eloth; Ezion-geber. The Bible clearly notes that Solomon had faults as well as elements of greatness. The "seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines" came from many of the kingdoms with which Solomon had treaties (1 Kings 11:1). He apparently allowed his wives to worship their native gods and even had altars to these gods constructed in Jerusalem (1 Kings 11:7-8). This kind of compromise indicated to the historian a weakness in Solomon not found in David. Rebellions led by the king of Edom, Rezon of Damascus, and Jeroboam, one of Solomon's own officers, indicates that Solomon's long reign was not without its turmoil. New Testament was an ancestor of Jesus (Matt. 1:6-7) and is mentioned in Jesus' teaching about anxiety (Matt. 6:29; Luke 12:27). Jesus noted that the queen of Sheba came a long way to see Solomon and that "something greater than Solomon is here" (Matt. 12:42; Luke 11:31). Jesus walked in "Solomon's porch," a part of the Temple area (John 10:23; compare Acts 3:11; 5:12). Stephen noted that though David sought to find a place for God, it was Solomon who "built a house for him" (Acts 7:47) Prophet Solomon, Commemorated on December 11; Prophet-King Solomon (ca. 972 - 932 B.C.) was the son of David and Bathsheba. succeeded his father as King and reigned for forty years. built the palace and the Temple at Jerusalem, and was renowned for his wisdom. Old Testament books of Proverbs, the Song of Songs, and the Wisdom of Solomon are attributed to him. He may have written parts of these books, but much of the material was probably transmitted orally before it was written down. the Gospels, Christ mentions Solomon by name, citing his glory and wisdom (Matthew 6:29; 12:42).

Jerusalem, 1000-960 BC, Prophet Ahijah, fShiloh, wSolomon, predicted Jeroboam&10 Tribes oIsrael away fS, then p fall oI
Samaria, 960 BC, Prophet Ahijah, fShiloh, Samaria, wSolomon, predicted Jeroboam&10 Tribes oIsrael away fSolomon, then p fall oIsrael& end J's line; Samaria, 960 BC, Prophet Ahijah, Shiloh, Samaria; the Shilonite (Aḥiyah[1] Yah is My Brother[2]) was a Levite prophet of Shiloh in the days of Solomon, as mentioned in the Hebrew Bible's First Books of Kings. Ahijah foretold to Jeroboam that he would become king (1 Kings 11:29).[3] Hebrew Bible records two of his prophecies. 1 Kings 11:31–39, he announced the separation of the Northern ten tribes from Solomon's United Kingdom of Israel, forming the Northern Kingdom. 1 Kings 14:6–16, Ahijah's prophecy, delivered to the wife of Jeroboam, foretold the death of the king's son, the destruction of the House of Jeroboam, and the fall and captivity of Israel "beyond the River", a stock expression for the land east of the Euphrates.[4] to the Second Book of Chronicles, Ahijah also authored a book, described as the "Prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite," which contained information about Solomon's reign.[5] This text, however, has not survived and is one of the non-canonical books referenced in the Bible. In 1 Kings 11:41 it is referred to as the Acts of Solomon. tradition credits Ahijah with having lived a very long life, linking his life-span with that of antediluvian patriarchs such as Methuselah and Adam.[6] Literature the prophet of Shiloh, instigated Jeroboam's secession and predicted the downfall of his kingdom. Midrash, basing itself on the fact that, according to II Chron. ix. 29, Ahijah is described as extremely aged in Jeroboam's time (I Kings, xiv. 4), and with no pedigree, identified him with Ahiah, son of Ahitub, the oracle-giving priest at Shiloh in King Saul's time (I Sam. xiv. 3). is accordingly singled out by rabbinical tradition as one of the seven long-lived saints whose successive lives extend over the whole history of mankind; each having transmitted the sacred lore from his predecessor to the one succeeding him, while shielding the generations of his time by means of his piety. saints are: (1) Adam; (2) Methuselah; (3) Shem (Tanna debe Eliyahu R. xxiv.); (4) Jacob (Gen. R. xciv.); (5) Serah, the daughter of Asher, or, as others have it, Amram, the father of Moses; (6) Ahijah of Shiloh; (7) Elijah the prophet, who lives until the coming of the Messiah (Ab. R. N. version B. xxxviii., Seder 'Olam R. i., and B. B. 121b). the underlying idea, see Ḥag. 12b, and Yoma, 38b, with reference to Prov. x. 25, Heb., "The righteous is the foundation of the world," and Prov. ix. 1, "Wisdom hath hewn seven pillars." to this tradition Ahijah lived over six hundred years, having received his "wisdom" from either Amram, the father of Moses (see Amram), or from Serah, the daughter of Asher (see Serah). from Serah, his age was considerably less, since she was supposed to have lived for more than four hundred years, until the days of David (YalḲ., Sam. § 152). reason why Ahijah was regarded as having attained so unusual an age seems to be that, according to II Chron. ix. 29, the history of Solomon's reign was written by him; and that he was supposed to be identical with Ahijah the Levite, who was placed by King David in charge of the treasures of the house of God and of the treasures of the dedicated things (I Chron. xxvi. 20; see B. B. 121b, Rashi). ben Yoḥai is reported to have said: "The world must have thirty righteous men to serve as its pillars. and my son are counted among these . . . and if Abraham would carry the past generations by his merit, I will carry the future generations until the advent of the Messiah. if Abraham would not, I would count Ahijah of Shiloh with me, and we together would carry the world by our merits" (Gen. R. xxxv.; see Suk. 45b, in which King Jotham is given in place of Abraham and Ahijah). Ahijah, though one of the pillars of righteousness, should have been sent to Jeroboam with a divine message inducing him to establish his idolatrous kingdom is explained by the rabbis in the following manner: say that he was entrapped by a ruse of Jeroboam's idolatrous friends, who circulated a document requesting Jeroboam to become king and stipulating that, if he were elected, he set up a golden calf at Dan and Beth-El. Ahijah signed this document, believing firmly that Jeroboam would not belie his trust. he was mistaken in his pupil. had shown great wisdom and learning, and appeared to Ahijah "as pure as the new garment" he wore when Ahijah saw him coming out of Jerusalem (I Kings, xi. 29). as he excelled all the rest of the pupils, he had been initiated by Ahijah into the innermost secrets of the Law (Sanh. 101b et seq.). as the words said of Isaac, "his eyes were dim, so that he could not see" (Gen. xxvii. 1), are taken to refer to spiritual blindness, because he favored his wicked son Esau, so the words, "Ahijah could not see, for his eyes were set by reason of his age" (I Kings, xiv. 4), spiritual blindness on the part of Ahijah, who favored a wicked pupil and set him up as ruler (Gen. R. lxv.). this reason Ahijah was stricken with the plague (Gen. R. lxv., Yer. Yeb. xvi. 15c and parallels). in his introduction to "Yad ha-ḤazaḲah," says: "Ahijah was a Levite, a disciple of Moses, one of those who went out of Egypt—the tribe of Levi not being included in the divine decree of death in the wilderness [see B. B. 121b], also a disciple of David [Abraham ben David of Posquières, in his notes, corrects this, and says instead, "a member of David's court of justice"]; finally he became the teacher of Elijah before his death."[7] Shiloh; Tabernacle; Prophet Ahijah, Commemorated on November 12 ; Holy Prophet Ahijah, (cf. 1/3 Kgs 11:29 ff.) was a contemporary of Solomon, and was born in the city of Shiloh. prophet predicted to Jeroboam his kingly rule over the ten Tribes of Israel, which God would grant him, snatching them away from the hands of Solomon. Ahijah predicted to Jeroboam the perishing of all his line. All the predictions of the prophet were fulfilled. The Prophet Ahijah died in old age 960 years before the birth of Christ.

Jerusalem, 970 BC-932 BC, Dot 7, King Solomon, fabulously wealthy and wise, built Temple
Jerusalem King, 970 BC-932 BC, Solomon; Solomon was, according to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament,[3] Quran, and Hadiths, a fabulously wealthy and wise king of the United Kingdom of Israel who succeeded his father, King David.[4] conventional dates of Solomon's reign are about 970 to 931 BCE, normally given in alignment with the dates of David's reign. He is described as king of the United Monarchy, which broke apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.[5] to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets.[6] In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of Dawood. Hebrew Bible identifies him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem,[4] beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel.[7] He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned. His sins included idolatry, marrying foreign women and, ultimately, turning away from Yahweh, and they led to the kingdom's being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon. the New Testament, he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom excelled by Jesus,[8] and as arrayed in glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field".[9] later years, in mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.[10] Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 970 BC, Dot 7, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time, from Kiriath-Jearim to Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ; According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tabernacle (meaning "residence" or "dwelling place"), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (also Tent of Meeting, etc.), was the portable earthly dwelling place of Yahweh (the God of Israel) used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Moses was instructed at Mount Sinai to construct and transport the tabernacle[1] with the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their subsequent conquest of the Promised Land. After 440 years, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God. The main source describing the tabernacle is the biblical Book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 25-“31 and 35-“40. Those passages describe an inner sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, created by the veil suspended by four pillars. This sanctuary contained the Ark of the Covenant, with its cherubim-covered mercy seat. An outer sanctuary (the "Holy Place") contained a gold lamp-stand or candlestick. On the north side stood a table, on which lay the showbread. On the south side was the Menorah, holding seven oil lamps to give light. On the west side, just before the veil, was the golden altar of incense.[2] It was constructed of 4 woven layers of curtains and 48 15-foot tall standing wood boards overlaid in gold and held in place by its bars and silver sockets and was richly furnished with valuable materials taken from Egypt at God's command. This description is generally identified as part of the Priestly source ("P"),[2] written in the sixth or fifth century BCE. However while the first Priestly source takes the form of instructions, the second is largely a repetition of the first in the past tense, i.e., it describes the execution of the instructions.[3] Many scholars contend that it is of a far later date than the time of Moses, and that the description reflects the structure of Solomon's Temple, while some hold that the description derives from memories of a real pre-monarchic shrine, perhaps the sanctuary at Shiloh.[2] Traditional scholars contend that it describes an actual tabernacle used in the time of Moses and thereafter.[4] According to historical criticism, an earlier, pre-exilic source, the Elohist ("E"), describes the tabernacle as a simple tent-sanctuary.[2]

Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Dot 7, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias) no go against brothers
Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias) ; Shemaiah (Samaia in the Septuagint) was a prophet in the reign of Rehoboam (1 Kings 12:22-24). He is venerated as a saint in the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 8. According to 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles, the intervention of Shemaiah prevented a war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam after the latter had led the northern tribes of Israel to separate from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[1] King Rehoboam had assembled 180,000 troops to forcefully bring back the ten rebellious tribes. Shemaiah was known as a "man of God," and he prophesied in God's words, that "this thing is from Me," and they are not to go up against their brothers, the northern tribes. Shemaiah's words were obeyed and the army stood down.[2] The Pulpit Commentary calls his intervention "a timely reminder of the unity of the race, notwithstanding the division of the kingdom".[3] 2 Chronicles further states that Shemaiah prophesied the punishment of Rehoboam by Shishak, king of Egypt.[4] Jerusalem King, 932 BC-915 BC, Rehoboam ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Dot 7, King Rehoboam, last united king, first king of Judah
Jerusalem King, 932 BC-915 BC, Rehoboam ; Rehoboam was the first king of the Kingdom of Judah. He was a son of and the successor to Solomon and a grandson of David. the account of I Kings and II Chronicles, he was initially king of the United Monarchy of Israel, but after the ten northern tribes of Israel rebelled in 932/931 BC to form the independent Northern Kingdom of Israel, under the rule of Jeroboam, Rehoboam remained as king only of the Kingdom of Judah, or southern kingdom. Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Dot 7, Prophet Shemaiah, under Soloman&Rehoboam, S ordered R not to war Northern 10 Tribes, obeyed
Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), under Soloman&Rehoboam, 10Tribes Israel Kingdom itNorth, & 2Tribes Juda itSouth, Juda David's offspring, S ordered R not to war Israel, S means God Hears, S prevented war between Rehoboam&Jeroboam, R had assembled 180K troups, R obeyed, S prophecied punishmnet oR by Shishak oEgypt; Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias) ; was a prophet in the reign of Rehoboam (1 Kings 12:22-24). is venerated as a saint in the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 8. narrative[edit] to 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles, the intervention of Shemaiah prevented a war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam after the latter had led the northern tribes of Israel to separate from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[1] Rehoboam had assembled 180,000 troops to forcefully bring back the ten rebellious tribes. was known as a "man of God," and he prophesied in God's words, that "this thing is from Me," and they are not to go up against their brothers, the northern tribes. words were obeyed and the army stood down.[2] Pulpit Commentary calls his intervention "a timely reminder of the unity of the race, notwithstanding the division of the kingdom".[3] Chronicles further states that Shemaiah prophesied the punishment of Rehoboam by Shishak, king of Egypt.[4] Jerusalem King, 932 BC-915 BC, Rehoboam ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia) lived under King Solomon and his son Rehoboam. that time, the kingdom of Israel in the north was divided from the southern kingdom of Juda. was comprised of ten loosely united tribes, and Juda of two tribes. prophet ordered Rehoboam not to make war against the ten tribes of Israel, who had separated themselves from the offspring of David (3/1 Kings 12:22, 2 Chron. 11:2). name means “God hears.” Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 930 BC, Dot 7, Prophet Joad, denounced Jereboam at Bethel, disobeyed, killed by lion
Jerusalem, 930 BC, Prophet Joad; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 915 BC-911 BC, Dot 7, King, Abijah of Judah, faiiled to bring back the ten tribes
Jerusalem King, 915 BC-911 BC, Abijah of Judah ; was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the fourth king of the House of David and the second of the Kingdom of Judah. He was the son of Rehoboam and the grandson of Solomon.[2][3][4] The Chronicler refers to him as Abijah.[a][5] of Abijah[edit] the death of Rehoboam, his son Abijah succeeded the throne as King of Judah.[12] He began his three-year reign (2 Chr. 12:16; 13:1, 2) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes of the northern Kingdom of Israel to their allegiance, [13] a path which in 2 Chronicles 11:4 his father had chosen not to follow. Abijah's ascension to the throne in the 18th year of King Jeroboam I of Israel, he marched north with the purpose of winning Israel back to the Davidic kingdom.[12] surrounded Abijah's army, engaging in the Battle of Mount Zemaraim.[12] There Abijah rallied his troops with a phrase which has since become famous: "God Himself is with us for a Captain". Abijah went on to capture the Israelite cities of Jeshanah, Ephron (et-Taiyibeh) and Bethel.[12] Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 911 BC-870 BC, Dot 7, King, Asa of Judah, for the most part a righteous king, but physicians&treaty
Jerusalem King, 911 BC-870 BC, Asa of Judah; Asa was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the third king of the Kingdom of Judah and the fifth king of the House of David. Hebrew Bible gives the period of his reign as 41 years. His reign is dated between 913-910 BC to 873-869 BC. was succeeded by Jehoshaphat, his son (by Azubah). According to Thiele's chronology,[1] when Asa became very ill, he made Jehoshaphat coregent. Asa died two years into the coregency. was zealous in maintaining the traditional worship of YHWH, and in rooting out idolatry, with its accompanying immoralities. concluding a battle with Zerah of Ethiopia in the 10th year of his reign, there was peace in Judah (2 Chronicles 14:1,9) until the 36th year of Asa's reign (2 Chronicles 16:1). his 36th year he was confronted by Baasha, king of Israel. He formed an alliance with Ben-Hadad I, king of Aram Damascus, and using a monetary bribe, convinced him to break his peace treaty with Baasha and invade the Northern Kingdom (2 Chronicles 16:2-“6). died greatly honoured by his people, and was considered for the most part a righteous king. He threw the prophet Hanani in jail and "oppressed some of the people at the same time" (2 Chronicles 16:10). is also recorded of Asa that in his old age, when afflicted with a foot disease, he "œsought not to the Lord, but to the physicians".[2] Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9;

Jerusalem, 910 BC-870 BC, Dot 7, Prophet Azariah, urged true worship, Asa's Ethiopian War story, HSpirit oAz, seek him find him
Jerusalem, 910-870 BC, Prophet Azariah, oJudea (South of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee, mountainous southern part of Israel), w King Asa, fSembatha Land, urged no false god worship, remain Lord's covenant faithful, One True God, removed Altars, pilars& groves down, told people seek God of tFathers& obey The Commandments, people removed altars&idols, commanded them fortify city w walls&towers, Asa's war wEthiopia, Asa's 300k from Judah &280K from Benjamin, against Zera's 1Million. A's fervent prayer, Lord Smote them, A perused them to E & destroyed towns&pillaged cities, A returned to J, Lord's spirit came on Az, Hear me Asa&all people, Lord with you as you with him & vise-versa. When seek him you w find him, Az died old man; Judea; Prophet Azariah, Commemorated on February 3; Holy Prophet Azariah1 was son of Oded (or Addo) lived during the reign of King Asa (910-870 B.C. See 2 Chronicles 15:1) was the son and successor of Abijah in the kingdom of Judah. came from the land of Sembatha and urged the people not to worship false “gods,” but to remain faithful to the Covenant with the Lord. worshiped the one true God, and removed the altars of foreign “gods” from his land, tearing down the pillars and cutting down their sacred groves. told the people to seek earnestly the God of their fathers, and to obey the Law and the Commandments. removing the pagan altars and idols from all the cities of Judah he commanded his people to fortify their cities with walls and towers. Asa had 300,000 warriors in Judah, and 280,000 mighty warriors in the land of Benjamin. to the narratives of 2 Chronicles chapters 14 and 15, Zerah the Ethiopian2 went out against Judah with a million men. prayed fervently to God, asking that he might prevail, even against such overwhelming odds. Lord smote the Ethiopians and Asa’s army pursued them and crushed them. He destroyed their towns and pillaged their cities, and then he returned to Jerusalem. King Asa had won the victory, the Spirit of the Lord came upon Azariah. went out to meet Asa and said, “Hear me, King Asa, and all the people of the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Lord will be with you as long as you are with Him, worshiping His name and observing His commandments. When you seek Him you will find Him; if you forsake Him, He will also forsake you.” These words ought to be esteemed by every State and by all people. Prophet Azariah reposed in peace and was buried in his field. In iconography he is depicted as an old man with curly hair. The name Azariah means “whom God helps.” 1 It is said that Azariah was actually son of Ananias (Tobit 5:12); perhaps an error for Zachariah the son of Addo (1 Esdras 6:1). 2 Zerah is a Hebrew name, and is not Ethiopian or Egyptian, as some have said.

Jerusalem, 873-865 BC, Prophet Hanani, Kingdom of Judah, Asa treaty wSyria, not pleasing to God, b trust Syria not God, So wars
Jerusalem 873-865 BC, Prophet Hanani, Kingdom of Judah (Judah, after Solomon, Capital Jerusalem, 930BC-587BC), 36th yr KoJ, fRehoboam, War Asa oJ&Baasha oIsrael, when B fortified Ramah isolating Judah, A made treaty wSyria Ben-hadad, Temple silver gold tB-H, Bribe tBreak S-I treaty, it worked, Army against I, J built Geba&Mizpah wSupplies fRamah, However Treaty w Syria not pleasing to God, because trust Syria not God, therefore Syria escapaped, you acted foolishly, therefore wars shall arise against you; Kingdom of Judah; Prophet Hanani, Commemorated on March 27; Prophet Hanani (Ananias) lived during the thirty-sixth year of the Kingdom of Judah, counting from the start of Rehoboam's reign. He is mentioned in 2 Chronicles (Paraleipomenon) 16: 7-10. was an ongoing war between King Asa of Judah and King Baasha of Israel (ninth century B.C.). King Baasha of Israel fortified Ramah, thereby isolating the territory of Judah, Asa made a treaty with the Syrian King Ben-Hadad I (ruled circa 900–860 B.C.). took all the silver and gold from the treasures of the house of the Lord and from the king's house and sent his servants to deliver it to Ben Hadad. was a bribe to make the Syrian King break his treaty with King Baasha, and ally himself with King Asa (3 Kings 15:16-21). Hadad sent an army against Israel, and the forces of Judah took the supplies from Ramah and built up Geba and Mizpah. treaty, however, was not pleasing to God (1/3 Kings 15:16–22; 2 Chronicles/Paraleipomenon 16:1–10). Prophet Hanani went before King Asa and rebuked him harshly for this, saying, you put your trust in the King of Syria, and not in the Lord your God, therefore the army of Syria has escaped out of your hand. Were not the Ethiopians and the Libyans more numerous in chariots and in horsemen, and an exceedingly great multitude? Yet, because you trusted in the Lord, did He not deliver them into your hand? For the eyes of the Lord behold all the earth, and give strength to those who with a perfect heart trust in Him. But you have acted foolishly, therefore from this time wars shall arise against you." by these words, King Asa ordered that Hanani be thrown into prison. Later, the Prophet reposed in peace. name Hanani means "God has gratified me," or "God is gracious."

Jerusalem, 874BC-849BC, Dot 7, King, Jehoshaphat, strong defense, suppressed idol worship, taught the law
Jerusalem King, 874BC-849BC, Jehoshaphat; according to 1 Kings 15:24, was the son of Asa, and the fourth king of the Kingdom of Judah, in succession to his father. His children included Jehoram, who succeeded him as king. His mother was Azubah. Historically, his name has sometimes been connected with the Valley of Josaphat.[1] of Kings Jehoshaphat and Hezekah at El Escorial, Spain Chronicles 17:1 to 2 Chronicles 21:1 is devoted to the reign of Jehoshaphat. 1 Kings 15:24 mentions him as successor to Asa, and 1 Kings 22:1-“50 summarises the events of his life. The Jerusalem Bible states that "the Chronicler sees Asa as a type of the peaceful, Jehoshaphat of the strong king".[2] to these passages, Jehoshaphat ascended the throne at the age of thirty-five and reigned for twenty-five years. "walked in the ways" of his father or ancestor, King David.[3] spent the first years of his reign fortifying his kingdom against the Kingdom of Israel. zeal in suppressing the idolatrous worship of the "high places" is commended in 2 Chronicles 17:6.[4] the third year of his reign, Jehoshaphat sent out priests and Levites over the land to instruct the people in the Law, an activity which was commanded for a Sabbatical year in Deuteronomy 31:10-“13 (taking place in Jerusalem). reforms in Judah instituted by Jehoshaphat appear to have included further religious reforms (2 Chronicles 19:3), appointment of judges throughout the cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 19:5-7) and a form of "court of appeal" in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 19:8-“11).[5] Ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions, according to 2 Chronicles 19:11, were by royal command kept distinct.[6] author of the Books of Chronicles generally praises his reign, stating that the kingdom enjoyed a great measure of peace and prosperity, the blessing of God resting on the people "in their basket and their store".[7] Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 873-850 BC approx, Dot 7, Israelite Prophet, Elijah (Elias), miracle worker, Northern Kingdom
Samaria, Israelite Prophet, 869BC-850BC approx, Elijah; was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel[10] during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC). 1 Kings 18, Elijah defended the worship of the Hebrew God over that of the Canaanite deity Baal. God also performed many miracles through Elijah, including resurrection (raising the dead), bringing fire down from the sky, and entering Heaven alive "by fire".[11] is also portrayed as leading a school of prophets known as "the sons of the prophets".[12] his ascension, Elisha, his disciple and most devoted assistant, took over his role as leader of this school. Book of Malachi prophesies Elijah's return "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the LORD",[13] making him a harbinger of the Messiah and of the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. to Elijah appear in Ecclesiasticus, the New Testament, the Mishnah and Talmud, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and BahÂ writings. Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah rite that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud. Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah,[14] but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is "the Elijah" who was promised to come in Malachi 3:1; 4:5.[15] According to accounts in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, Elijah appeared with Moses during the Transfiguration of Jesus. Islam, Elijah or Ilyas appears in the Quran as a prophet and messenger of God, where his biblical narrative of preaching against the worshipers of Baal is recounted in a concise form.[16] Due to his importance to Muslims, Catholics, and Orthodox Christians, Elijah has been venerated as the patron saint of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1752.[17] Jerusalem Prophet, 9th Century BC, Elisha; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab;

Jerusalem, 869-850 BC, Micah, Israelite Prophet, companion oElias, prophesied ruin oAhab, into prison, freed aRuin, martyred
Samaria, 869-850 BC, Micah, Israelite Prophet, companion oElias, prophesied ruin of Ahab, into prison, freed after ruin, martyred, companion oElias; Samaria, 869-850 BC, Israelite Prophet, Micah, prophesied ruin of Ahab, into prison, freed after ruin, martyred; to the Hebrew Bible, Micah was a prophet in Judaism and is the author of the Book of Micah. is considered one of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Hebrew Bible and was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos and Hosea. was from Moresheth-Gath, in southwest Judah. He prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah. messages were directed chiefly toward Jerusalem. He prophesied the future destruction of Jerusalem and Samaria, the destruction and then future restoration of the Judean state, and he rebuked the people of Judah for dishonesty and idolatry. 5:2 is interpreted by Christians as a prophecy that Bethlehem, a small village just south of Jerusalem, would be the birthplace of the Messiah. narrative[edit] was active in Judah from before the fall of Israel in 722 BC and experienced the devastation brought by Sennacherib's invasion of Judah in 701 BC. He prophesied from approximately 737 to 696 BC.[citation needed] Micah was from Moresheth, also called Moresheth-Gath, a small town in southwest Judah. Micah lived in a rural area, and often rebuked the corruption of city life in Israel and Judah.[1] The subject's father is not given and likely descended from the common people as the target of his message was towards the privileged classes.[2] prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah.[3] Jotham, the son of Uzziah, was king of Judah from 742 to 735 BC. Jotham was succeeded by his son Ahaz, who reigned over Judah from 735 to 715 BC. Ahaz's son Hezekiah ruled from 715 to 696 BC.[4] Micah was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea. Jeremiah, who prophesied about thirty years after Micah, recognized Micah as a prophet from Moresheth who prophesied during the reign of Hezekiah.[5] messages were directed mainly towards Jerusalem, and were a mixture of denunciations and prophecies. In his early prophecies, he predicted the destruction of both Samaria and Jerusalem for their respective sins. The people of Samaria were rebuked for worshipping idols which were bought with the income earned by prostitutes.[6] Micah was the first prophet to predict the downfall of Jerusalem. According to him, the city was doomed because its beautification was financed by dishonest business practices, which impoverished the city's citizens.[7] He also called to account the prophets of his day, whom he accused of accepting money for their oracles.[8] also anticipated the destruction of the Judean state and promised its restoration more glorious than before.[9] He prophesied an era of universal peace over which the Governor will rule from Jerusalem.[10] Micah also declared that when the glory of Zion and Jacob is restored that the LORD will force the Gentiles to abandon idolatry.[11] also rebuked Israel because of dishonesty in the marketplace and corruption in government. He warned the people, on behalf of God, of pending destruction if ways and hearts were not changed. He told them what the LORD requires of them: hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?  Micah 6:8 Israel's response to Micah's charges and threats consisted of three parts: an admission of guilt,[12] a warning of adversaries that Israel will rely on the LORD for deliverance and forgiveness,[13] and a prayer for forgiveness and deliverance.[14] prophecy given by Micah details the future destruction of Jerusalem and the plowing of Zion (a part of Jerusalem). This passage (Micah 3:11–12), is stated again in Jeremiah 26:18, Micah's only prophecy repeated in the Old Testament. Since then Jerusalem has been destroyed three times, the first one being the fulfillment of Micah's prophecy. The Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC, about 150 years after Micah gave this prophecy.[15][16] interpretation[edit] Engraving of the Prophet Micah by Gustave Doré. 5:2 is interpreted as a prophecy that Bethlehem, a small village just south of Jerusalem, would be the birthplace of the Messiah. thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall he come forth unto me that is to be ruler in Israel; whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting. This passage is recalled in Matthew 2:6, and the fulfillment of this prophecy in the birth of Jesus is further described in Matthew 2:1–6. thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel. Matthew 10:35–36 Jesus adapts Micah 7:6 to his own situation; I am come to set a man at variance against his father, and the daughter against her mother, and the daughter in law against her mother in law. And a man's foes shall be they of his own household. Micah was referring to the division in Judah and Samaria, the distrust that had arisen between all citizens, even within families.[16] Jesus was using the same words to describe something different. Jesus said that he did not come to bring peace, but to divide households. Men are commanded to love Jesus Christ more than their own family members, and Jesus indicated that this priority would lead to persecution from others and separation within families.[17] Micah 7:20, Micah reminded Judah of God's covenant to be merciful to Jacob and show love to Abraham and his descendants. This is repeated in Luke 1:72–73 in the prophecy Zechariah at the circumcision and naming of John the Baptist. This prophecy concerned the kingdom and salvation through the Messiah. It is a step in the fulfillment of the blessing of the descendants of Abraham.[17] When Micah restated this covenant promise, he was comforting Judah with the promise of God's faithfulness and love.[18] prophecy to King Hezekiah is mentioned in Jeremiah 26:17-19: Then certain of the elders of the land rose up and spoke to all the assembly of the people, saying: 18 “Micah of Moresheth prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah, and spoke to all the people of Judah, saying, ‘Thus says the Lord of hosts: “Zion shall be plowed like a field, Jerusalem shall become heaps of ruins, And the mountain of the temple[a] Like the bare hills of the forest.”’[b] 19 Did Hezekiah king of Judah and all Judah ever put him to death? Did he not fear the Lord and seek the Lord’s favor? And the Lord relented concerning the doom which He had pronounced against them. But we are doing great evil against ourselves.” commemoration[edit] Micah is commemorated with the other eleven minor prophets in the Calendar of Saints (Armenian Apostolic Church) on July 31. In the Eastern Orthodox Church he is commemorated twice in the year. The first feast day is January 5 (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, January 5 currently falls on January 18 of the modern Gregorian Calendar). However, since January 5 is also the eve of the Great Feast of Theophany (in the west, Epiphany) and a strict fast day (near total abstinence from food and non-religious activities), his major celebration is on August 14 (the forefeast of the Great Feast of the Dormition of the Mother of God).[19] Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Holy Prophet Micah was a companion of the holy prophet Elias. prophesied the ruin of King Ahab in a war with the Assyrians, which he was cast into prison. free after the downfall of Ahab (3 Kings 22: 8-22), holy prophet Micah died as a martyr in the ninth century B.C.

Jerusalim, 869-800 BC, Dot 7, Israelite Prophet, Elisha, miracle worker, Northern Kingdom Israel
Samaria, Israelite Prophet, 869BC-850BC, Elisha ; was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a wonder-worker. His name is commonly transliterated into English as Elisha via Hebrew, Eliseus via Greek and Latin, or Alyasa via Arabic, and Elyesa via Turkish. mentioned in the New Testament and the Quran,[2] Elisha is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam and writings of the BahÃ¡Ê¼Ã Faith refer to him by name.[3] the biblical narrative he is a disciple and protégé of Elijah, and after Elijah was taken up in a chariot of fire, he gave Elisha a double portion of his power and he was accepted as the leader of the sons of the prophets. Elisha then went on to perform twice as many miracles as Elijah. he settled in Samaria, Elisha passed some time on Mount Carmel.[4] He became noted in Israel, and for six decades (892–832 BC) held the office of "prophet in Israel". He is called a patriot because of his help to soldiers and kings.[5] 1 Bible stories 1.1 Anointing 1.2 Elijah taken in the whirlwind 1.3 Miracles 1.4 Elisha's final days 2 Veneration 3 In Islam 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 6.1 Islamic view 7 External links stories[edit] icon of Elisha (18th century, Kizhi Monastery, Russia). story is related in the Books of Kings (Second Scroll, chapters 2-14) in the Hebrew Bible (part of the Nevi'im). According to this story, he was a prophet and a wonder-worker of the Kingdom of Israel who was active during the reign of Joram, Jehu, Jehoahaz, and Jehoash (Joash).[5] Elisha was the son of Shaphat, a wealthy land-owner of Abel-meholah; he became the attendant and disciple of Elijah.[6] name first occurs in chapter 19 of the Books of Kings in the command given to Elijah to anoint him as his successor.[7] After learning in the cave on Mount Horeb, that Elisha, the son of Shaphat, had been selected by Yahweh as his successor in the prophetic office, Elijah set out to find him. On his way from Mount Horeb to Damascus, Elijah found Elisha "one of them that was plowing with twelve yokes of oxen".[8] Elisha delayed only long enough to kill the yoke of oxen, whose flesh he boiled with the wood of his plough. Elijah went over to him, threw his mantle over Elisha's shoulders, investing him with the prophetic office.[6] After he had shared this farewell repast with his father, mother, and friends, the newly chosen prophet "went after Elijah, and ministered unto him".[9] Elisha became Elijah's close attendant until Elijah was taken up into heaven. During all these years we hear nothing of Elisha except in connection with the closing scenes of Elijah's life. taken in the whirlwind[edit] Spring" (Ain es-Sultan) in Jericho (2012). The fountain is supposed to be the waters which Elisha healed, referred to in 2 Kings 2:19–22. accompanied Elijah to Jericho, where according to 2 Kings 2:3–9, "the sons of the prophets" tell Elishat that the LORD would "will take away thy master from thy head to-day". and Elisha went to the Jordan River. Elijah rolls up his mantle and strikes the water,[10] the waters of which divided so as to permit both to pass over on dry ground. Elisha asks to "inherit a double-portion" of Elijah's spirit. Suddenly, a chariot of fire and horses of fire appear and Elijah is lifted up in a whirlwind. As Elijah is lifted up, his mantle falls to the ground and Elisha picks it up. scholars see this as indicative of the property inheritance customs of the time, where the oldest son received twice as much of the father's inheritance as each of the younger sons. In this interpretation Elisha is asking that he may be seen as the "rightful heir" and successor to Elijah.[11] Critics of this view point out that Elisha was already appointed as Elijah's successor earlier in the narrative and that Elisha is described as performing twice as many miracles as Elijah. In this interpretation the "double-portion" isn't merely an allusion to primacy in succession, but is instead a request for greater prophetic power even than Elijah.[12] means of the mantle let fall from Elijah, Elisha miraculously recrossed the Jordan, and Elisha returned to Jericho, where he won the gratitude of the people by purifying the unwholesome waters of their spring and making them drinkable.[13] bears savaging the youths at Elisha's command, while Elijah is borne in the flying chariot (1453 French manuscript). the armies of Judah, Israel and Kingdom of Edom, then allied against Mesha, the Moabite king, were being tortured by drought in the Idumean desert, Elisha consented to intervene. His double prediction regarding relief from drought and victory over the Moabites was fulfilled on the following morning.[6] When a group of boys (or youths[14]) from Bethel taunted the prophet for his baldness, Elisha cursed them in the name of Yahweh and two female bears came out of the forest and tore forty-two of the boys.[4] relieve a prophet's widow importuned by a harsh creditor, Elisha so multiplied a little oil as to enable her, not only to pay her debt but to provide for her family needs.[15] There is a Jewish tradition, or legend, that the woman's husband was Obadiah, the servant of King Ahab, who hid 100 prophets in two caves.[16] To reward the rich lady of Shunem for her hospitality, he obtained for her from Yahweh, at first the birth of a son, and subsequently the resurrection of her child who had died. To nourish the sons of the prophets pressed by famine, Elisha changed a pottage made from poisonous gourds into wholesome food.[13] He fed a hundred men with twenty loaves of new barley, leaving some leftover,[17] in a story which is comparable with the miracles of Jesus in the New Testament.[18] The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges notes that the focus of this narrative does not dwell "on the increase of the bread by a miracle, and we are left to accept the result as either brought about in that way or by the appetites of the men being satisfied with a small quantity."[19] Refusing the Gifts of Naaman, by Pieter de Grebber 1630 cured the Syrian military commander Naaman of leprosy but punished his own servant Gehazi, who took money from Naaman.[20] Naaman, at first reluctant, obeyed Elisha, and washed seven times in the River Jordan. Finding his flesh "restored like the flesh of a little child", the general was so impressed by this evidence of God's power, and by the disinterestedness of his prophet, as to express his deep conviction that "there is no other God in all the earth, but only in Israel."[21] Elisha allowed Naaman to continue in the service of the Syrian king and therefore be present in the worship of Rimmon in the Syrian temple. In the Christian tradition, Jesus referred to Naaman's healing when he said, "And there were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet: and none of them was cleansed but Naaman the Syrian."[22] actions included repeatedly saving King Jehoram of Israel from the ambushes planned by Benhadad,[4] ordering the elders to shut the door against the messenger of Israel's ungrateful king,[23] bewildering with a strange blindness the soldiers of the Syrian king,[24] making iron float to relieve from embarrassment a son of a prophet,[25] confidently predicting the sudden flight of the enemy and the consequent cessation of the famine,[26] and unmasking the treachery of Hazael.[27] Famine in Samaria (illustration by Gustave Doré from the 1866 La Sainte Bible) miracles Elisha accomplishes include the recovery of an axe fallen into the waters of the Jordan.[13] At the siege of Samaria by the king of Syria, Elisha prophesied about the terrible sufferings of the people of Samaria and their eventual relief.[28] then journeyed to Damascus and prophesied that Hazael would be king over Syria.[27] Elisha directs one of the sons of the prophets to anoint Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, as king of Israel, and commissions him to cut off the house of Ahab.[29] The death of Jehoram, pierced by an arrow from Jehu's bow, the end of Jezebel,[30] and the slaughter of Ahab's seventy sons, proved how he executed that demand.[31] After predicting to Jehoash his victory over the Syrians at Aphek, as well as three other subsequent victories, "Elisha died, and they buried him."[32] final days[edit] miracle at the grave of Elisha. (Jan Nagel, 1596) Elisha lay on his death-bed in his own house,[33] Jehoash of Israel, the grandson of Jehu, came to mourn over his approaching departure, and uttered the same words as those of Elisha when Elijah was taken away, indicating his value to him: "My father, my father! the chariot of Israel, and the horsemen thereof".[34] Jehoash assists Elisha to fire an arrow eastwards from the window of his room, predicting as it lands: arrow of the Lord’s deliverance and the arrow of deliverance from Syria; for you must strike the Syrians at Aphek till you have destroyed them.[35] Elisha predicts three successful battles over the Arameans, but no absolute victory.[36] 2 Kings 13:25 records three victories of Joash whereby cities lost to the Arameans, probably on the west bank of the Jordan, were regained.[37] to the Books of Kings the year after Elisha's death and burial (or, in the following spring) a body was placed in his grave. As soon as the body touched Elisha's remains the man "revived and stood up on his feet".[38] Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 849BC-842BC, Dot 7, King, Jehoram of Judah, killed 6 brothers, abandoned Yahweh, killed by Jehu
Jerusalem King, 849BC-842BC, Jehoram of Judah ; of Judah was the fifth king of Judah, and the son of king Jehoshaphat. Jehoram took the throne at the age of 32 and reigned for 8 years (2 Kings 8:17, 2 Chronicles 21:20), although he was ill during his last two years (2 Chronicles 21:18-“19). name Jehoram is confusing in the biblical account. The author of Kings speaks of both Jehoram of Israel and Jehoram of Judah in the same passage, and both reigned at the same time. Both Jehorams are also referred to as Joram, even in the same translation in the same breath. to 2 Kings 8:16, Jehoram became king of Judah in the fifth year of Jehoram of Israel, when his father Jehoshaphat was (still) king of Judah, indicating a co-regency. took the throne at the age of 32 and reigned for 8 years. To secure his position Jehoram killed his six brothers,[3] who were named as Azariah, Jehiel, Zechariah, Azaryahu, Michael, and Shephatiah in 2 Chronicles 21:2. father, Jehoshaphat, had formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Israel, and one of the terms of this alliance was that Jehoram married Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab. this alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. then ruled by a viceroy of the king of Judah,[4] revolted, and when Jehoram marched against this people, his army fled before the Edomites, and he was forced to acknowledge their independence.[5] town of Libnah revolted during his reign, according to 2 Chronicles 21:10, because he "had abandoned Yahweh, God of his fathers". his reign a raid by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians looted the king's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz. (2 Chronicles 21:16-“17) this time the king received a letter of warning from the prophet Elijah. After this, Jehoram suffered a painful inflammation of the abdomen, and he died two years later (2 Chronicles 21:18-“19).[5] Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 841BC-841BC, Dot 7, King, Ahaziah of Judah, one year reign, k by Jehu, then mother Athaliah reigned
Jerusalem King, 841BC-841BC, Ahaziah of Judah; of Judah was the sixth king of Judah, and the son of Jehoram and Athaliah, the daughter (or possibly sister) of king Ahab of Israel. He was also the first Judahite king to be descended from both the House of David and the House of Omri, through his mother and successor, Athaliah. to 2 Kings 8:26, Ahaziah was 22 years old when he began to reign, and reigned for one year in Jerusalem. 2 Chronicles 22:2 gives his age as 42 years when his reign began in Jerusalem. Most scholars regard the 42 years in 2 Chronicles 22:2 as a copyist's error for an original 22 years. The age of 22 is also found in some Greek and Syrian versions of 2 Chronicles 22:2. Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 842BC-836BC, Dot 7, King, Athaliah, Ahab Jezebel d, Jehoram's w, Ahaziah's m, baal w, killed claiments except Jehoash
Jerusalem King, 842BC-836BC, Athaliah; was the daughter of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel, the queen consort of Judah as the wife of King Jehoram, a descendant of King David, and later queen regnant c. 841-“835 BC. Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 836BC-797BC, Dot 7, King, Jehoash of Judah, aka Joash, righteous long reign, then deviated
Jerusalem King, 836BC-797BC, Jehoash of Judah ; also known as Joash (in King James Version), Joas (in Douay-“Rheims) was the eighth king of Judah, and the sole surviving son of Ahaziah after the massacre of the royal family ordered by his grandmother, Athaliah. His mother was Zibiah of Beersheba. Jehoash was 7 years old when his reign began, and he reigned for 40 years.[2] (2 Kings 12:1,2 Chronicles 24:1) He was succeeded by his son, Amaziah of Judah. is said to have been righteous "all the days of Jehoiada the priest" (2 Chronicles 24:2) but to have deviated from fidelity to Yahweh after Jehoiada's death (2 Chronicles 24:17-“19). Gospel of Matthew does not list Jehoash of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus, Jehoash being one of four kings of Judah so omitted, the other three being Ahaziah, Amaziah, and Jehoiakim. Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19; Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 800 BC, Dot 7, 9th Century BC, Prophet Joel, spirit on all flesh, prophesy, dreams, visions
Jerusalem, 9th Century BC, Prophet Joel; "I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions" was a prophet of ancient Israel, the second of the twelve minor prophets and according to the book itself the author of the Book of Joel. He is mentioned by name only once in the Hebrew Bible, in the introduction to that book, as the son of Pethuel (Joel 1:1). name Joel combines the covenant name of God, YHWH (or Yahweh), and El (god), and has been translated as "one to whom YHWH is God," that is, a worshiper of YHWH.[1] is believed to have lived in the 9th century BCE,[citation needed] but the dating of his book is still debated. The book's mention of Greeks[Joel 3:6] has not given scholars any help in dating the text since the Greeks were known to have had access to Judah from Mycenaean times (c. 1600-“1100 BC).[2] the book's mention of Judah's suffering [Joel 3:19] and to the standing temple[Joel 1:14] have led some scholars to place the date of the book in the post-exilic period, after the construction of the Second Temple.[citation needed] was originally from Judah/Judea, and, judging from its prominence in his prophecy, was quite possibly a prophet associated with the ritual of Solomon's or even the Second temple.[3] to a long-standing tradition, Joel was buried in Gush Halav.[4] Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19;

Jerusalem, 800 BC, 9th Century BC, Dot 7, Prophet, Elijah, miracle worker, Northern Kingdom Israel
Jerusalem, 800 BC, 9th Century BC, Prophet, Elijah; was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel[10] during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC). 1 Kings 18, Elijah defended the worship of the Hebrew God over that of the Canaanite deity Baal. God also performed many miracles through Elijah, including resurrection (raising the dead), bringing fire down from the sky, and entering Heaven alive "by fire".[11] is also portrayed as leading a school of prophets known as "the sons of the prophets".[12] his ascension, Elisha, his disciple and most devoted assistant, took over his role as leader of this school. Book of Malachi prophesies Elijah's return "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the LORD",[13] making him a harbinger of the Messiah and of the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. to Elijah appear in Ecclesiasticus, the New Testament, the Mishnah and Talmud, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and BahÂ writings. Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah rite that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud. Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah,[14] but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is "the Elijah" who was promised to come in Malachi 3:1; 4:5.[15] According to accounts in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, Elijah appeared with Moses during the Transfiguration of Jesus. Islam, Elijah or Ilyas appears in the Quran as a prophet and messenger of God, where his biblical narrative of preaching against the worshipers of Baal is recounted in a concise form.[16] Due to his importance to Muslims, Catholics, and Orthodox Christians, Elijah has been venerated as the patron saint of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1752.[17] Jerusalem Prophet, 9th Century BC, Elisha; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 796BC-792BC, Dot 7, King, Amaziah of Judah, w 100,000 m, he retook Edom, worshipped their idols
Jerusalem King, 796BC-792BC, Amaziah of Judah; of Judah was the ninth king of Judah and the son and successor of Joash. His mother was Jehoaddan (2 Kings 14:1-“4) and his son was Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:1). He took the throne at the age of 25, after the assassination of his father, and reigned for 29 years, (2 Kings 14:2, 2 Chronicles 25:1) 24 years of which were with the co-regency of his son. second Book of Kings and the second Book of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible consider him a righteous king, but with some hesitation.[2] is praised for killing the assassins of his father only and sparing their children, as dictated by the law of Moses. R. Thiele dates his reign from 797/796 to 768/767 BCE.[3] chronology has his son, Uzziah becoming co-regent with Amaziah in the fifth year of Amaziah's reign, in 792/791 BCE, when Uzziah was 16 years old. soon as his kingdom was established, Amaziah executed the murderers of his father, but he permitted their children to live [4] in obedience to the Mosaic law: shall not be put to death for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their fathers; a person shall be put to death for his own sin.[5] was the first to employ a mercenary army, 100,000 Israelite soldiers, who he engaged in an attempt to reconquer Edom, which had rebelled during the reign of Jehoram, his great-grandfather. was commanded by an unnamed prophet to send back the mercenaries, with whom he acquiesced (2 Chronicles 25:7-“10, 13), much to the annoyance of the mercenaries. obedience to this command was followed by a decisive victory over the Edomites (2 Chronicles 25:14-“16). to the Israelite mercenaries' anger at being excluded from the battle, they attacked and looted multiple towns in Judah. Amaziah began to worship some of the idols he took from the Edomites. An unnamed prophet rebuked him for this, and the king responded by threatening him that if he continued to admonish him, he would have him executed. His victory over Edom inflated his pride, and he challenged to a combat Jehoash, grandson of Jehu, king of Israel. The latter's disdain and scorn for Amaziah are embodied in the stinging parable of the thistle and the cedar (2 Kings In his resentment, Amaziah rushed into a disastrous battle at Beth-shemesh, and a humiliating defeat overtook his army and the land. king was captured, 400 cubits of the wall of Jerusalem was broken down, the city, Temple, and palace were looted, and hostages were carried to Samaria.[4] defeat was followed by a conspiracy which took his life. He, like his father, was the victim of assassins, apparently bent upon killing the one who had brought upon such dire disasters upon the land.[4] Amaziah was slain at Lachish, to which he had fled, and his body was brought to Jerusalem, where it was buried in the royal sepulcher (2 Kings 14:19-“20; 2 Chronicles 25:27-“28). the narrative in 2 Kings records the conspiracy "in fact only", the Chronicler "characteristically connects the conspiracy with Amaziah'™s apostasy", which took place "after the time that" (and by implication, because) "Amaziah turned away from following the Lord".[6] rabbis of the Talmud declared, based upon a rabbinic tradition, that Prophet Amoz was the brother of Amaziah, the king of Judah at that time (and, as a result, that Prophet Isaiah himself was a member of the royal family). Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19;

Jerusalem, 792BC-742BC, Dot 7, Uzziah, Judean King, Leprosy, prosperity, Prophet Zech, war machines, pride downfall, false offering, tzaraat l
Jerusalem King, 792BC-742BC, Uzziah, Judean King ; was the tenth king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and one of Amaziah's sons. (2 Chronicles 26:1) Uzziah was 16 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 52 years. The first 24 years of his reign were as co-regent with his father, Amaziah. F. Albright dated Uzziah's reign to 783-“ 742 BC.[2] Edwin R. Thiele's chronology has Uzziah becoming coregent with his father Amaziah in 792/791 BC,[3] and sole ruler of Judah after his father's death in 768/767 BC. Uzziah was struck with leprosy for disobeying God (2 Kings 15:5, 2 Chronicles 26:19-“21). Thiele dates Uzziah's being struck with leprosy to 751/750 BC, at which time his son Jotham took over the government, with Uzziah living on until 740/739 BC.[3] Pekah became king of Israel in the last year of Uzziah's reign. Gospel of Matthew lists Uzziah in the genealogy of Jesus. narrative: reign[edit] King Uzziah Stricken with Leprosy, by Rembrandt, 1635. took the throne at the age of 16,[4] and reigned for about 52 years. His reign was "the most prosperous excepting that of Jehoshaphat since the time of Solomon." the earlier part of his reign, under the influence of a prophet named Zechariah, he was faithful to God, and "did that which was right in the eyes of the Lord" (2 Kings 15:3; 2 Chronicles 26:4-5). Jerusalem he made machines designed by skillful men for use on the towers and on the corner defenses to shoot arrows and hurl large stones. According to 2 Chron. 26, Uzziah conquered the Philistines and the Arabians, and received tribute from the Ammonites. He refortified the country, reorganized and reequipped the army, and personally engaged in agricultural pursuits.[4] He was a vigorous and able ruler, and "his name spread abroad, even to the entrance of Egypt" (2 Chronicles 26:8-“14). his pride led to his downfall. He entered the Temple of Yahweh to burn incense on the altar of incense. the High Priest saw this as an attempt to usurp the prerogatives of the priests[4] and confronted him with a band of eighty priests, saying, "It is not for you, Uzziah, to burn incense to the Lord, but for the priests, the sons of Aaron, who are consecrated to burn incense." (2 Chronicles 26:18). the meantime a great earthquake shook the ground and a rent was made in the temple, and the bright rays of the sun shone through it, and fell upon the king's face, that the leprosy seized upon him immediately (Josephus Flavius, Antiquities IX 10:4). was suddenly struck with tzaraat (spiritual disease like leprosy) before he had offered the incense (2 Chronicles 26:19), and he was driven from the Temple and compelled to reside in "a separate house" until his death (2 Kings 15:5, 27; 2 Chronicles 26:3). government was turned over to his son Jotham (2 Kings 15:5), a coregency that lasted for the last 11 years of Uzziah's life (751/750 to 740/739 BC). Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Prophet Amos two years before the earthquake Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Jerusalem, 792BC-686BC, Dot 7, Prophet, Isaiah
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC- 7th Century BC, Isaiah; Isaiah[a] was the 8th-century BC Israelite prophet after whom the Book of Isaiah is named.[8][9] Within the text of the Book of Isaiah, Isaiah himself is referred to as "the prophet",[10] but the exact relationship between the Book of Isaiah and any such historical Isaiah is complicated. The traditional view is that all 66 chapters of the book of Isaiah were written by one man, Isaiah, possibly in two periods between 740 BC and c. 686 BC, separated by approximately 15 years, and that the book includes dramatic prophetic declarations of Cyrus the Great in the Bible, acting to restore the nation of Israel from Babylonian captivity. Another widely held view is that parts of the first half of the book (chapters 1-“39) originated with the historical prophet, interspersed with prose commentaries written in the time of King Josiah a hundred years later, and that the remainder of the book dates from immediately before and immediately after the end of the exile in Babylon, almost two centuries after the time of the historical prophet.[b] Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 760-755 BC, Dot 7, Prophet, Amos, from South he preached in Northern Kingdom, Rich v Poor
Samaria, 760-755 BC, Prophet, Amos; In the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, Amos was one of the Twelve Minor Prophets. An older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, Amos was active c. 760-“755 BCE during the rule of kings Jeroboam II and Uzziah.[1] He was from the southern Kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern Kingdom of Israel. Amos wrote at a time of relative peace and prosperity but also of neglect of God's laws. He spoke against an increased disparity between the very wealthy and the very poor. His major themes of justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy. The Book of Amos is attributed to him. Samaria, The Earthquake in Amos, 753 BC; Samaria, Israelite King, 786BC-753BC, Jeroboam II ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15, two years before the earthquake;

Jerusalem, 751 BC-736 BC, Dot 7, King, Jotham, Leprocy coregency for 11 years,
Jerusalem King, 742 BC-736 BC, Jotham; or Yotam was the eleventh king of Judah, and son of King Uzziah and Jerusha (or Jerushah), daughter of Zadok. Jotham was 25 when he began his reign, and reigned for 16 years.[2] Edwin R. Thiele concluded that his reign commenced as a coregency with his father, which lasted for 11 years. Because his father Uzziah was afflicted with tzaraath after he went into the Temple to burn incense, Jotham became governor of the palace and the land at that time, i.e. coregent, while his father lived in a separate house as a leper. F. Albright dated his reign to 742- 735 BC. Thiele dated his coregency with Uzziah starting in 751/750 BC and his sole reign from 740/39 to 736/735 BC, at which time he was deposed by the pro-Assyrian faction in favor of his son Ahaz. Thiele places his death in 732/731 BC.[3] Gospel of Matthew lists Jotham of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. The archeologist Nelson Glueck found an imprint of king Jotham near Eilat.[4] Also near Eilat there is a wadi called "Yatam wadi". inherited a strong government, well officered and administered. He is recorded as having built the High or Upper Gate of the Temple of Jerusalem, identified by Matthew Poole as the New Gate mentioned in Jeremiah 36:10.[5] "He built cities in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers."[6] Kings 15 mentions that Jotham fought wars against Rezin, king of the Arameans, and Pekah, king of Israel (15:37). He also defeated the Ammonites, who paid him an immense annual tribute. But the increasing corruption of the northern kingdom began to permeate Judah.[6] was a contemporary with the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, Amos, and Micah, from whose advice he benefited. Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14;

Jerusalem, 750 BC, 8th Century BC, Dot 7, Prophet, Elisha, double portion, twice as many miracles
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Elisha; was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a wonder-worker. mentioned in the New Testament and the Quran,[2] Elisha is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Amongst new religious movements, writings of the Bah Faith refer to him by name.[3] His name is commonly transliterated into English as Elisha via Hebrew, Eliseus via Greek and Latin, or Alyasa via Arabic, and Elyesa via Turkish. He is said to have been a disciple and protage© of Elijah, and after Elijah was taken up in a chariot of fire, he gave Elisha a double portion of his power and he was accepted as the leader of the sons of the prophets. Elisha then went on to perform twice as many miracles as Elijah. Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 737 BC-696 BC, Dot 8, Prophet, Micah, rebuked corruption of city life
Jerusalem Prophet, 737 BC-696 BC, Micah; According to the Hebrew Bible, Micah was a prophet in Judaism and is the author of the Book of Micah. He is considered one of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Hebrew Bible and was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos and Hosea. Micah was from Moresheth-Gath, in southwest Judah. He prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah. Biblical narrative[edit] Micah was active in Judah from before the fall of Israel in 722 BC and experienced the devastation brought by Sennacherib's invasion of Judah in 701 BC. He prophesied from approximately 737 to 696 BC.[citation needed] Micah was from Moresheth, also called Moresheth-Gath, a small town in southwest Judah. Micah lived in a rural area, and often rebuked the corruption of city life in Israel and Judah.[1] The subject's father is not given and likely descended from the common people as the target of his message was towards the privileged classes.[2] Micah prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah.[3] Jotham, the son of Uzziah, was king of Judah from 742 to 735 BC. Jotham was succeeded by his son Ahaz, who reigned over Judah from 735 to 715 BC. Ahaz's son Hezekiah ruled from 715 to 696 BC.[4] Micah was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea. Jeremiah, who prophesied about thirty years after Micah, recognized Micah as a prophet from Moresheth who prophesied during the reign of Hezekiah.[5] Message[edit] His messages were directed mainly towards Jerusalem, and were a mixture of denunciations and prophecies. In his early prophecies, he predicted the destruction of both Samaria and Jerusalem for their respective sins. The people of Samaria were rebuked for worshipping idols which were bought with the income earned by prostitutes.[6] Micah was the first prophet to predict the downfall of Jerusalem. According to him, the city was doomed because its beautification was financed by dishonest business practices, which impoverished the city's citizens.[7] He also called to account the prophets of his day, whom he accused of accepting money for their oracles.[8] Micah also anticipated the destruction of the Judean state and promised its restoration more glorious than before.[9] He prophesied an era of universal peace over which the Governor will rule from Jerusalem.[10] Micah also declared that when the glory of Zion and Jacob is restored that the LORD will force the Gentiles to abandon idolatry.[11] Micah also rebuked Israel because of dishonesty in the marketplace and corruption in government. He warned the people, on behalf of God, of pending destruction if ways and hearts were not changed. He told them what the LORD requires of them: He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? Micah 6:8 Israel's response to Micah's charges and threats consisted of three parts: an admission of guilt,[12] a warning of adversaries that Israel will rely on the LORD for deliverance and forgiveness,[13] and a prayer for forgiveness and deliverance.[14] Another prophecy given by Micah details the future destruction of Jerusalem and the plowing of Zion (a part of Jerusalem). This passage (Micah 3:11-“12), is stated again in Jeremiah 26:18, Micah's only prophecy repeated in the Old Testament. Since then Jerusalem has been destroyed three times, the first one being the fulfillment of Micah's prophecy. The Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC, about 150 years after Micah gave this prophecy.[15][16] Micah's messages were directed chiefly toward Jerusalem. He prophesied the future destruction of Jerusalem and Samaria, the destruction and then future restoration of the Judean state, and he rebuked the people of Judah for dishonesty and idolatry. Micah 5:2 is interpreted by Christians as a prophecy that Bethlehem, a small village just south of Jerusalem, would be the birthplace of the Messiah. Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Jerusalem, 736 BC-716 BC, Dot 8, King, Ahaz, sign, birth of child, immanuel
Jerusalem King, 736 BC-716 BC, Ahaz ; Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13-“14).[4] Ahaz (Hebrew: )[2] was the twelfth king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years. Ahaz is portrayed as an evil king in the Second Book of Kings (2 Kings 16:2). Edwin R. Thiele concluded that Ahaz was co-regent with Jotham from 736/735 BC, and that his sole reign began in 732/731 and ended in 716/715 BC.[3] William F. Albright has dated his reign to 744-“728 BC. The Gospel of Matthew lists Ahaz of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. He is also mentioned in Isaiah 14:28. Reign[edit] Ahaz's reign commenced at the age of 20, in the 17th year of the reign of Pekah of Israel. It is described in 2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7-“9; and 2 Chronicles 28. Destruction of Northern Kingdom[edit] Immediately upon his accession, Ahaz had to meet a coalition formed by northern Israel, under Pekah, and Damascus (Syria), under Rezin. These kings wished to compel him to join them in opposing the Assyrians, who were arming a force against the Northern Kingdom under Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul). Isaiah counsels Ahaz to trust in God rather than foreign allies, and tells him to ask for a sign to confirm that this is a true prophecy (verse 7:11). Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13-“14).[4] To protect himself Ahaz called in the aid of the Assyrians. Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and annexed Aram.[5] According to 2 Kings 16:9, the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. Tiglath-Pileser then attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions.[6] Through Assyria's intervention, and as a result of its invasion and subjection of the kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel, Ahaz was relieved of his troublesome neighbors; but his protector henceforth claimed and held suzerainty over his kingdom. This war of invasion lasted two years (734-732 BC), and ended in the capture and annexation of Damascus to Assyria and of the territory of Israel north of the border of Jezreel. Ahaz in the meanwhile furnished auxiliaries to Tiglath-Pileser. This appeal to Assyria met with stern opposition from the prophet Isaiah, who counseled Ahaz to rely upon the Lord and not upon outside aid. Ahaz, during his whole reign, was free from troubles with which the neighboring rulers were harassed, who from time to time revolted against Assyria. Thus it was that, in 722, Samaria was taken and northern Israel wholly incorporated into the Assyrian empire.[7] Religious observance[edit] Ahaz yielded readily to the glamour and prestige of the Assyrians in religion as well as in politics. In 732, he went to Damascus to swear homage to Tiglath-Pileser and his gods; and, taking a fancy to an altar which he saw there, he had one like it made in Jerusalem, which, with a corresponding change in ritual, he made a permanent feature of the Temple worship. Changes were also made in the arrangements and furniture of the Temple, "because of the king of Assyria" (2 Kings 16:18). Furthermore, Ahaz fitted up an astrological observatory with accompanying sacrifices, after the fashion of the ruling people. In other ways Ahaz lowered the character of the national worship. 2 Kings 16:3 records that Ahaz offered his son by fire to Moloch (or made his son pass through fire), a practice condemned by Leviticus 18:21.[7] The words may refer to a ceremony of purification or a sacrificial offering.[8] The account in 2 Chronicles 28:3 refers to sons (plural). His government is considered by the Deuteronomistic historian as having been disastrous for the religious state of the country, and a large part of the reforming work of his son Hezekiah was aimed at undoing the evil that Ahaz had done.[7] Succession[edit] He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (2 Chronicles 28:27). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days.[9] Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 730 BC, Dot 8, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Jonah, taught repentence, whale, Nineva
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Jonah; Jonah or Jonas[a] is a prophet in the Hebrew Bible of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BCE. He is the central figure of the Book of Jonah, in which he is called upon by God to travel to Nineveh and warn its residents of impending divine wrath. Instead, Jonah boards a ship to Tarshish. Caught in a storm, he orders the ship's crew to cast him overboard, whereupon he is swallowed by a giant fish. Three days later, after Jonah agrees to go to Nineveh, the fish vomits him out onto the shore. Jonah successfully convinces the entire city of Nineveh to repent, but waits outside the city in expectation of its destruction. God shields Jonah from the sun with a plant, but later sends a worm to cause it to wither. When Jonah complains of the bitter heat, God rebukes him. In Judaism, the story of Jonah represents the teaching of teshuva, which is the ability to repent and be forgiven by God. In the New Testament, Jesus calls himself "greater than Jonah" and promises the Pharisees "the sign of Jonah", which is his resurrection. Early Christian interpreters viewed Jonah as a type for Jesus. Jonah is regarded as a prophet in Islam and the biblical narrative of Jonah is repeated, with a few notable differences, in the Quran. Some mainstream Bible scholars generally regard the Book of Jonah as fictional[3] and often at least partially satirical,[4][5] but the character of Jonah may have been based on the historical prophet of the same name mentioned in 2 Kings 14:25. Although the word "whale" is often used in English versions of the Jonah story, the Hebrew text actually uses the phrase dag gadol, which means "giant fish". In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the species of the fish that swallowed Jonah was the subject of speculation for naturalists, who interpreted the story as an account of a historical incident. Some modern scholars of folklore have noted similarities between Jonah and other legendary figures, specifically Gilgamesh and the Greek hero Jason. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22;

Jerusalem, 729 BC-687 BC, Dot 8, King, Hezekiah, righteous, Jesus lineage
Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; or Ezekias,[a] was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the son of Ahaz and the 13th king of Judah.[1] is considered a very righteous king in both the Second Book of Kings and the Second Book of Chronicles.[2] He is also one of the more prominent kings of Judah mentioned in the Bible is one of the kings mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew.[3] "No king of Judah, among either his predecessors or his successors, could ... be compared to him", according to 2 Kings 18:5.[4] Thiele concluded that his reign was between c. 715 and 686 BC.[5] to the biblical narrative, Hezekiah witnessed the destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel by Sargon's Assyrians in c. 722 BC was king of Judah during the siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib in 701 BC.[6] enacted sweeping religious reforms, including a strict mandate for the sole worship of Yahweh and a prohibition on venerating other deities within the Temple of Jerusalem. Isaiah and Micah prophesied during his reign.[1] Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 700-675 BC, 7th Century BC, Dot 8, Prophet, Nahum, prophesied ends of Assyrian E, Nineva, and Israel
Galilee, 675 BC, 7th Century BC, Prophet, Nahum, prophesied ends of Assyrian E, Nineva, and Israel, fElkosh Galilee, prophesies Nineva end, Israel end, Sennacherib blasphemy, A empire crumbles 632-612BC, Nineveh fell 612, Nahum no call tRepentence&no denounce Israel infidelity, died age 45, 7th o12 minor prophets; Galilee Prophet, 7th Century BC, Nahum; was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the Tanakh, also called the Hebrew Bible and The Old Testament. book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible.[1] wrote about the end of the Assyrian Empire, and its capital city, Nineveh, in a vivid poetic style.[2] was a very nationalistic Hebrew, and lived amongst the Elkoshites in peace. called "the Elkoshite", is the seventh in order of the minor prophets. Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1; Holy Prophet Nahum, whose name means “God consoles,” was from the village of Elkosh (Galilee). lived during the seventh century B.C. Prophet Nahum prophesies the ruin of the Assyrian city of Nineveh because of its iniquity, destruction of the Israelite kingdom, the blasphemy of King Sennacherib against God. Assyrian king Ashurbanipal died in 632 B.C., and over the next two decades, his empire began to crumble. fell in 612 B.C. differs from most of the prophets in as much as he does not issue any call to repentance, nor does he denounce Israel for infidelity to God. of the prophet’s life are unknown. died at the age of forty-five, and was buried in his native region. is the seventh of the Twelve Minor Prophets. Prophet Nahum and Saint Nahum of Ochrid (December 23) are invoked for people with mental disorders.

Jerusalem, 687 BC-641 BC, Dot 8, King Manasseh of Judah, reinstituted polytheism
Jerusalem, 687 BC-641 BC, King Manasseh of Judah; [a]) was the fourteenth king of the Kingdom of Judah. He was the oldest of the sons of Hezekiah and his mother Hephzibah (2 Kings 21:1). He became king at the age of 12 and reigned for 55 years (2 Kings 21:1; 2 Chronicles 33:1). The biblical account of Manasseh is found in 2 Kings 21:1-“18 and 2 Chronicles 32:33-“33:20. He is also mentioned in Jeremiah 15:4, where the prophet Jeremiah predicts "four forms of destruction" for the people of Judah because of the evil done by Manasseh in Judah.[1] was the first king of Judah who was not contemporary with the northern kingdom of Israel, which had been destroyed by the Assyrians in c. 720 BC, with much of its population deported. He re-instituted polytheistic worship and reversed the religious changes made by his father Hezekiah, for which he is condemned by several biblical texts.[2] was married to Meshullemeth, daughter of Haruz of Jotbah, and they had a son Amon, who succeeded him as king of Judah upon his death. Hezekiah, Manasseh and Amon are mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew's gospel.[3] a reign of 55 years, the longest in the history of Judah, he died in c. 643 BC and was buried in the garden of Uzza, the "garden of his own house" (2 Kings 21:17-“18; 2 Chronicles 33:20), and not in the City of David, among his ancestors. The biblical narratives both report Manasseh's accession to the throne at the time of his father's death.[4] However, Seventh day-Adventist writer Edwin Thiele has concluded that he commenced his reign as co-regent with his father Hezekiah in 697/696 BC, with the co-regency lasting 12 years and his sole reign beginning in 687/686 BC and continuing until his death in 643/642 BC.[5] Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 650-516 BC, Dot 8, Habakkuk, during B Captivity, translated tDaniel fArabia, prophet oTemple dest,B Captivity& rtn
Jerusalem, 650 BC, Habakkuk, Prophet, during t70 Yrs B Captivity, translated wFood tDaniel fArabia, fSimeon, foresaw Temple destruction, Babylon Captivity, and return, in Arabia Angel told him to give meal intended for reapers to Daniel in Persia, died great age back in Simeon; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; Holy Prophet Habakkuk, the eighth of the Twelve Minor Prophets, was descended from the Tribe of Simeon, and he prophesied around 650 B.C. Prophet Habakkuk foresaw the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, Babylonian Captivity the later return of the captives to their native land. the war with the Babylonians the prophet withdrew to Arabia, the following miracle occurred. he was bringing dinner to the reapers, he met an angel of the Lord, instantly by the strength of his spirit he was transported to Babylon, at the time the Prophet Daniel was languishing in prison. food intended for the reapers assuaged the hunger of the exhausted Prophet Daniel (Dan. 14:33-37). the end of the war with the Babylonians, the Prophet Habakkuk returned to his homeland and died at a great old age. relics were found at the time of Emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450), together with the relics of the Prophet Micah (August 14). Fourth Ode of the Psalter (“O Lord, I have heard thy report, and was afraid...”) is based on Habakkuk 3:2-19.

Jerusalem, 640-609BC, Dot 8, Prophet Zephaniah, preached repentence, helped Josiah, fSimeon
Jerusalem, 640BC-609BC, Prophet Zephaniah, preached repentence, helped Josiah, fSimeon, 9th o12Minor Prophets, prophesied Judea &surrounding area calamities, and against Moab, Ammon&Nineva; Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Zephaniah; Zephaniah is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish Tanakh; the most prominent one being the prophet who prophesied in the days of Josiah, king of Judah (640-609 BCE) is attributed a book bearing his name among the Twelve Minor Prophets.[1] His name is commonly transliterated Sophonias in Bibles translated from the Vulgate or Septuagint. The name might mean "YHWH (YH), phonetically (IAH), has concealed", "[he whom] YH has hidden", or "YH lies in wait". Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3; Prophet Zephaniah (Sophonias) was a contemporary of the Prophet Jeremiah and the Prophetess Oldama. was from the tribe of Simeon, and was the ninth of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Old Testament. prophet lived at the royal court, where he preached repentance and helped King Josiah eliminate idol-worship. prophesied about the calamities that were to come for the people of Judea and the surrounding regions: Gaza, Ascalon, Crete, against the Moabites, the Ammonites and the Ninevites. Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 641BC-609BC, Dot 8, King Josiah, religious reforms
Jerusalem King, 641-609 BC, Josiah ; [1][2] or Yoshiyahu[a] was the sixteenth king of Judah (c. 640-“609 BCE) who, according to the Hebrew Bible, instituted major religious reforms. is credited by most biblical scholars with having established or compiled important Hebrew scriptures during the "Deuteronomic reform" which probably occurred during his rule. became king of the Kingdom of Judah at the age of eight, after the assassination of his father, King Amon. Josiah reigned for thirty-one years, from 641/640 to 610/609 BCE.[3] is known only from biblical texts; no reference to him exists in other surviving texts of the period from Egypt or Babylon, and no clear archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions bearing his name, has ever been found.[4] most scholars believe that he existed historically and that the absence of documents is due to few documents of any sort surviving from this very early period, and to Jerusalem having been occupied, conquered, and rebuilt over thousands of years.[5] Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, 626 BC-587 BC, Dot 8, Prophet Jeremiah, weeping, yoke, major prophet, scribe Baruch
Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; (probably after 650- c. 570 BC),[2] also called the "weeping prophet",[3] was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (source of the Old Testament of Christian Bibles). According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the Book of Jeremiah, the Books of Kings and the Book of Lamentations,[4] with the assistance and under the editorship of Baruch ben Neriah, his scribe and disciple. addition to proclaiming many prophecies of the God of Israel, the Book of Jeremiah goes into detail regarding the prophet's private life (e.g., the purchase of a field belonging to his uncle as a part of the right of redemption[Jeremiah 32:6-“25]) and his experiences (e.g., imprisonment[Jeremiah 37:15-“18][38:6]), which are thus better known than those of any other prophet. considers the Book of Jeremiah part of its canon, and regards Jeremiah as the second of the major prophets. Christianity and Islam also regard Jeremiah as a prophet. His words are quoted in the New Testament[Matthew 2:18][Hebrews 8:8-“12][10:16-“17] and his narrative is recounted in Islamic tradition.[5] Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 612-516 BC, Dot 8, Prophet, Habakkuk, foresaw Temple d, B Captivity, and return
Jerusalem, 612-516 BC, Prophet, Habakkuk; Habakkuk,[a] who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible.[1] He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Almost all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name,[2] with no biographical details provided other than his title, "the prophet".[3] Outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of Christian and Rabbinic tradition.[4][5] Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 612-516 BC, Dot 8, Habakkuk, Simeon, Arabia miracle, Angel OTL, his spirit strength, Transport, Babylon, to feed Daniel
Jerusalem, 612-516 BC, Habakkuk, Simeon, Arabia miracle, Angel OTL, his spirit strength, Transport, Babylon, to feed Daniel who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible.[1] He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name,[2] with no biographical details provided other than his title, "the prophet".[3] Outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of Christian and Rabbinic tradition.[4][5] Land of Simeon, around Beersheba ; An abstract of Simeon within the lands of the Patriarchs, Simeon is within Southwest Judah; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2 ; Holy Prophet Habakkuk, the eighth of the Twelve Minor Prophets, was descended from the Tribe of Simeon, and he prophesied around 650 B.C. Prophet Habakkuk foresaw the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, the Babylonian Captivity and the later return of the captives to their native land. the war with the Babylonians the prophet withdrew to Arabia, where the following miracle occurred. he was bringing dinner to the reapers, he met an angel of the Lord, and instantly by the strength of his spirit he was transported to Babylon, where at the time the Prophet Daniel was languishing in prison. The food intended for the reapers assuaged the hunger of the exhausted Prophet Daniel (Dan. 14:33-37). the end of the war with the Babylonians, the Prophet Habakkuk returned to his homeland and died at a great old age. relics were found at the time of Emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450), together with the relics of the Prophet Micah (August 14). Fourth Ode of the Psalter (“O Lord, I have heard thy report, and was afraid...”) is based on Habakkuk 3:2-19. Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Jerusalem, 609 BC-609 BC, Dot 8, King, Jehoahaz of Judah, disregarded reforms, taken to Egypt
Jerusalem King, 609 BC-609 BC, Jehoahaz of Judah; of Judah was the seventeenth king of Judah (3 months in 609 BC) and the fourth son[1] of king Josiah whom he succeeded.[2] His mother was Hamautal, daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. He was born in 633/632 BC[3] and his birth name was Shallum.1 Chronicles 3:15 Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 609 BC - 538 BC, Dot 8, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon, the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim.[1] Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to Babylonia of King Jeconiah, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's 18th year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's 23rd year. The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary.[2] These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.[3] After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah.[4][5] According to the biblical book of Ezra, construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism. Archaeological studies have revealed that, although Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile. Most of the exiled did not return to their homeland, instead travelling westward and northward. Many settled in what is now northern Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Some Iraqi, Iranian and Georgian natives today trace their ancestry back to these exiles. [6] [7] Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 608 BC-598 BC, Dot 8, King Jehoiakim, allied with Egypt, then Babylon, incest and murder
Jerusalem King, 608 BC-598 BC, Jehoiakim ; also sometimes spelled Jehoikim[b] was the eighteenth and antepenultimate king of Judah from 609 to 598 BC. He was the second son of king Josiah (1 Chronicles 3:15) and Zebidah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.[1] His birth name was Eliakim.[c] Josiah's death, Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz (also known as Shallum) was proclaimed king, but after three months Pharaoh Necho II deposed him, making Eliakim king in his place. When placed on the throne, his name was changed to "Jehoiakim".[1] reigned for eleven years, until 598 BC[2] and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah, (also known as Jehoiachin), who reigned for only three months.[3] was appointed king by Necho II, king of Egypt, in 609 BC, after Necho's return from the battle in Haran, three months after he had killed King Josiah at Megiddo.[4] deposed Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz after a reign of only three months and took him to Egypt, where he died. Jehoiakim ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians, paying a heavy tribute. raise the money he "taxed the land and exacted the silver and gold from the people of the land according to their assessments."[5] after the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem, and Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts, and handed over some of the royal family and nobility as hostages.[4] In the Book of Daniel, Daniel is described as being one of these. literature describes Jehoiakim as a godless tyrant who committed atrocious sins and crimes. He is portrayed as living in incestuous relations with his mother, daughter-in-law, and stepmother, and was in the habit of murdering men, whose wives he then violated and whose property he seized. He also had tattooed his body.[1] prophet Jeremiah criticised the king's policies, insisting on repentance and strict adherence to the law.[6] Another prophet, Uriah ben Shemaiah, proclaimed a similar message and Jehoiakim ordered his execution (Jeremiah 26:20-“23).[7] continued for three years as a vassal to the Babylonians, until the failure of an invasion of Egypt in 601 BC undermined their control of the area. switched allegiance back to the Egyptians.[4] late 598 BC, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Judah and again laid siege to Jerusalem, which lasted three months. died before the siege ended.[2] Book of Chronicles recorded that "Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon ... bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon."[8] Jeremiah prophesied that he died without proper funeral, describing the people of Judah "shall not lament for him, saying, 'Alas, master!' or 'Alas, his glory!' shall be buried with the burial of a donkey, dragged and cast out beyond the gates of Jerusalem" (Jeremiah 22:18-“19) his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night" (Jeremiah 36:30).[9] wrote that Nebuchadnezzar slew Jehoiakim along with high-ranking officers and then commanded Jehoiakim's body "to be thrown before the walls, without any burial."[10] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 602 BC-570 BC, Dot 8, Prophet, Prophet Ezekiel, p'd Jerusalem d, restoration, third Temple, 4 creatures, 4 wheels
Jerusalem Prophet, 602 BC-570 BC, Ezekiel; is the central protagonist of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Ezekiel is acknowledged as a Hebrew prophet. In Judaism and Christianity, he is also viewed as the 6th-century BCE author of the Book of Ezekiel, which reveals prophecies regarding the destruction of Jerusalem, the restoration to the land of Israel, and what some call the Millennial Temple (or Third Temple) visions. to the Bible, Ezekiel and his wife lived during the Babylonian captivity on the banks of the Chebar River, in Tel Abib,[a] with other exiles from Judah.[7] There is no mention of him having any offspring. career[edit] describes his calling to be a prophet by going into great detail about his encounter with God and four "living creatures" with four wheels that stayed beside the creatures.[8] the next five years he incessantly prophesied and acted out the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, which was met with some opposition. Ezekiel and his contemporaries like Jeremiah, another prophet who was living in Jerusalem at that time, witnessed the fulfillment of their prophecies with the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. the hypothesis that the "thirtieth year" of Ezekiel 1:1 refers to Ezekiel's age, Ezekiel was fifty years old when he had his final vision.[3] the basis of dates given in the Book of Ezekiel, his span of prophecies can be calculated to have occurred over the course of about 22 years.[9] The last recorded prophecy of Ezekiel dates to April 570 BCE.[10][11] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 600 BC-520 BC, Dot 8, Prophet Haggai, after captivity, his prophesies commanded jews to rebuild Temple
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Haggaii; was a Hebrew prophet during the building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the author of the Book of Haggai. is known for his prophecy in 520 BCE, commanding the Jews to rebuild the Temple.[1] name means "my holidays." He was the first of three post-exile prophets from the Neo-Babylonian Exile of the House of Judah (with Zechariah, his contemporary, and Malachi, who lived about one hundred years later), who belonged to the period of Jewish history which began after the return from captivity in Babylon. anything is known of his personal history. He may have been one of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. began God's prophecy about sixteen years after the return of the Jews to Judah (ca. 520 BCE). The work of rebuilding the temple had been put to a stop through the intrigues of the Samaritans. having been suspended for eighteen years, the work was resumed through the efforts of Haggai and Zechariah.[2] They exhorted the people, which roused them from their lethargy, and induced them to take advantage of a change in the policy of the Persian government under Darius I. name Haggai, with various vocalizations, is also found in the Book of Esther, as a eunuch servant of the Queen. Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Zachariah Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 600 BC -520 BC, Dot 8, Zachariah, Prophet, building Temple concern
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Zachariah; was a person in the Hebrew Bible and traditionally considered the author of the Book of Zechariah, the eleventh of the Twelve Minor Prophets. He was a prophet of the Kingdom of Judah, and, like the prophet Ezekiel, was of priestly extraction. book of Zechariah introduces the prophet as the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo (Zechariah 1:1). The book of Ezra names Zechariah as the son of Iddo (Ezra 5:1 and Ezra 6:14), but it is likely that Berechiah was Zechariah's father, and Iddo was his grandfather.[1] prophetical career probably began in the second year of Darius, king of Persia (520 BC). His greatest concern appears to have been with the building of the Second Temple.[1] was probably not the "Zechariah" mentioned by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (23:35) and the Gospel of Luke (11:51); Zechariah ben Jehoiada was more likely intended.[2] Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8; Prophet Zachariah the Sickle-Seer ............................................., in the wondrous expression of church hymnology, “a spectator of supra-worldly visions.â€ Book of the Prophet Zachariah contains inspired details about the coming of the Messiah (Zach 6:12); about the last days of the Savior’s earthly life, about the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem on a young donkey (Zach 9:9); about the betrayal of the Lord for thirty pieces of silver and the purchase of the potter’s field with them (Zach 11:12-13); about the piercing of the Savior’s side (Zach 12:10); about the scattering of the apostles from the Garden of Gethsemane (Zach 13:7); about the eclipse of the sun at the time of the Crucifixion (Zach 14:6-7). “Enlightened by dawnings all above,â€ the Prophet Zachariah, “saw the future as it were the present.â€ According to Tradition, this “most true God-proclaimerâ€ lived to old age and was buried near Jerusalem, beside his illustrious contemporary and companion, the Prophet Haggai (December 16). The title “Sickle-Seerâ€ given Zachariah comes from a vision in which he saw a sickle flying in the air, destroying thieves and perjurors (Zach 5:1-3). Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ;

Jerusalem, 600 BC-520 BC, Dot 8, Zachariah, Prophet, Levite, spectator of supra-worldly visions
Jerusalem, 600 BC-520 BC, Zachariah, Prophet, Levite, spectator of supra-worldly visions, coming Messiah, last days, Jerusalem entry, on young donkey, thirty pieces betrayal, purchase of Potter's field, piercing savior's side, elipse of sun, old age, sickle seer, s flying in air; Jerusalem; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; Prophet Zachariah the Sickle-Seer the eleventh of the twelve Minor Prophets. He was descended from the tribe of Levi, and seems to have been a priest (Nehemiah 12:4,16). He was called to prophetic service at a young age and became, in the wondrous expression of church hymnology, “a spectator of supra-worldly visions.” Book of the Prophet Zachariah contains inspired details about the coming of the Messiah (Zach 6:12); about the last days of the Savior’s earthly life, about the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem on a young donkey (Zach 9:9); about the betrayal of the Lord for thirty pieces of silver and the purchase of the potter’s field with them (Zach 11:12-13); about the piercing of the Savior’s side (Zach 12:10); about the scattering of the apostles from the Garden of Gethsemane (Zach 13:7); about the eclipse of the sun at the time of the Crucifixion (Zach 14:6-7). “Enlightened by dawnings all above,” the Prophet Zachariah, “saw the future as it were the present.” According to Tradition, this “most true God-proclaimer” lived to old age and was buried near Jerusalem, beside his illustrious contemporary and companion, the Prophet Haggai (December 16). The title “Sickle-Seer” given Zachariah comes from a vision in which he saw a sickle flying in the air, destroying thieves and perjurors (Zach 5:1-3). holy Prophet Zachariah died around 520 B.C. His tomb was discovered in 415 in a village near Eleutheropolis (Sozomen, Hist. Eccles. VI:32, IX:17). At the prophet’s feet was the body of a child dressed in royal accoutrements. His holy relics were transferred to the church of Saint James the Brother of the Lord (October 23) in Constantinople.

Jerusalem, 598 BC-597 BC, Dot 8, King, Jeconiah, next to last King, dethroned, taken to B
Jerusalem King, 598 BC-597 BC, Jeconiah ; was the nineteenth and penultimate king of Judah who was dethroned by the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II in the 6th century BCE and was taken into captivity. He was the son and successor of King Jehoiakim, and the grandson of King Josiah. Most of what is known about Jeconiah is found in the Hebrew Bible. of Jeconiah's existence have been found in Iraq, such as the Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets. These tablets were excavated near the Ishtar Gate in Babylon and have been dated to c. 592 BCE. Written in cuneiform, they mention Jeconiah and his five sons as recipients of food rations in Babylon.[4] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 597 BC-586 BC, Dot 8, King, Zedekiah, last king, Fall of J, Begin 70 yrs Captivity, no heed J
Jerusalem King, 597 BC-586 BC, Zedekiah, Fall of J, Begin 70 yrs Captivity ; also known as Tzidkiyahu originally called Mattanyahu or Mattaniah, was the twentieth and last king of Judah before the destruction of the kingdom by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. had been installed as king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, after a siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, to succeed his nephew, Jehoiachin, who was overthrown as king after a reign of only three months and ten days. F. Albright dates the start of Zedekiah's reign to 598 BC, while E. R. Thiele gives the start in 597 BC.[1] that reckoning, Zedekiah was born in c. 617 BC or 618 BC, being twenty-one on becoming king. Zedekiah's reign ended with the siege and fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar II, which has been dated to 587 or 586 BC.[2] prophet Jeremiah was his counselor, yet he did not heed the prophet and his epitaph is "he did evil in the sight of the Lord" (2 Kings 24:19-“20; Jeremiah 52:2-“3). Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 336 BC, Folder, Persian Assryian Babylonian Period

Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Dot 8, Classical Antiquity
Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Classical Antiquity; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 609 BC - 538 BC, Dot 8, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 600 BC-580BC, Dot 8, Prophet Baruch, Baruch ben Neriah, Jeremiah's scribe
Jerusalem, 600 BC-580BC, Prophet Baruch, Baruch ben Neriah; Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Dot 8, Yehud (Babylonian province, Persian Judeah 539 BC - 332 BC)
Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Dot 8, Gedaliah aka Hodoliah, Governor of Yehud
Jerusalem Governor, 586 BC - 539 BC, Gedaliah aka Hodoliah ; Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-551 BC, Dot 8 King Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs
Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Dot 8, Daniel, Prophet, During t70 Yr Babylonian Captivity, gift insight dream interpretation
Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs, Major Prophet, 4th, Babylonian Captivity 597 BC, Hansom 4 Daniel, Ananias, Azarias &Misael, King Nebuchadnezzar ordered Chaldean Language fine dress, 3yr order food kings table, but they refused his food&wine, they bread&water, they Lord's wisdom + Daniel granted insight dream interpretation, D trusted God' help, D surpassed C astrologers sorcerers wisdom so made Kings' confidant, King's strange dream, refused tell dream, ordered them executed for not knowing the dream, Daniel knew the dream & its meaning, revealed to him in vision, D elevated tRuler, &chief wise men, King's statue &order to worship it, 3 holy youths refused & thrown into furnace, flames killed Chaldeans standing near, but three unharmed singing psalms&prayer, Lord's Angel (Jesus) appeared cooled flames, Prophet Daniel identifies Angel as Jesus, emperor N converted, King Baltasar handwriting on wall interpreted by Daniel, downfall Babylonian empire, slandared D thrown tDen oHungry lions, but no touch, Mede Emperor Darius rejoices and ordered people serve D's God, D grieved fHis people, because they suffered B Captivity &Jerusalem destroyed for their sins, while Neb's dream Prophecied Kingdom oLord JC, the 70 weeks, 1st&2nd coming, connected t 70 wks; Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-516 BC, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs; is the hero of the biblical Book of Daniel.[1] A noble Jewish youth of Jerusalem, he is taken into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and serves the king and his successors with loyalty and ability until the time of the Persian conqueror Cyrus, all the while remaining true to the God of Israel.[2] The consensus of modern scholars is that Daniel never existed, and the book is a cryptic allusion to the reign of the 2nd century BCE Hellenistic king Antiochus IV Epiphanes.[3][1] cities claim the Tomb of Daniel, the most famous being that in Susa, in southern Iran, at a site known as Shush-e Daniyal.[4] He is not a prophet in Judaism,[5] but the rabbis reckoned him to be the most distinguished member of the Babylonian diaspora, unsurpassed in piety and good deeds, firm in his adherence to the Law despite being surrounded by enemies who sought his ruin, and in the first few centuries CE they wrote down the many legends that had grown up around his name.[6] The various branches of the Christian church do recognise him as a prophet, and although he is not mentioned in the Quran, Muslim sources describe him as a prophet (nabi). Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; was the son of Jehoiachin, king of Judah. (1 Chronicles, 1 Chronicles 3:17–18) Gospel of Matthew 1:12 also list Shealtiel as the son of Jeconiah (line of Solomon). Shealtiel, as well as most of the royal house and elite of the House, were exiled to Babylon by order of Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon after the first siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC. the Babylonian captivity, Shealtiel was regarded as the second Exilarch (or king-in-exile), following his father.[1] Hebrew, the name Shealtiel means, "I asked El (for this child)". The name acknowledges that the son is an answer to the parents' prayer to God (El) to help them conceive and birth a child. Many Hebrew names similarly express the importance of, difficulty of, and thankfulness for a successful pregnancy. is a significant, though controversial, member in the genealogies of the House of David and of the genealogy of Jesus. is conflicting text in the Hebrew Bible in 1 Chronicles 3:19, which lists Zerubbabel as the son of Shealtiel's brother, Pedaiah (while the Greek Septuagint lists Zerubbabel as the son of Shealtiel[2]). both genealogies of Jesus list a Zerubbabel who is the son of a Shealtiel, it is possible they may not be referring to the same pair of people. The two genealogies differ as to Shealtiel's paternity, with Matthew 1:12 agreeing with 1 Chronicles that Jeconiah was Shealtiel's father, and Luke 3:27 having Shealtiel as the son of an otherwise unknown man named Neri. Various explanations for this difference have been suggested, with one common explanation being that Luke traces Jesus's genealogy through Mary, in recognition of the virgin birth.[3] author of the Deuterocanonical apocalyptic work 2 Esdras describes himself as "I, Salathiel, who am also called Ezra" (3:1). this reason, the work is also sometimes known as Ezra Shealtiel. in the Hebrew Bible[edit] Lunette in the Sistine Chapel of Shealtiel with Josiah and Jeconiah. Hebrew Bible has conflicting texts regarding whether Zerubbabel is the son of Shealtiel or Pedaiah. Several texts (that are thought to be more-or-less contemporaneous) explicitly call "Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel" (Ezra 3:2,8;5:2, Nehemiah 12:1, Haggai 1:1,12,14). Also, the genealogy given in the Septuagint text of 1 Chronicles supports that position,[2] as does the Seder Olam Zutta. Surprisingly, the Hebrew text of 1 Chronicles 3:17–19 makes Zerubbabel a nephew of Shealtiel: King Jehoiachin is the father of Shealtiel and Pedaiah, then Pedaiah is the father of Zerubbabel. attempts have been made to show how both genealogies could be true. One explanation suggests Shealtiel died childless and therefore Pedaiah, his brother, married his widow according to a Jewish law regarding inheritance (Deuteronomy 25:5–6). If so, Zerubbabel would be the legal son of Shealtiel but the biological son of Pedaiah. other speculation suggests the title "son of Shealtiel" does not refer to being a biological son but to being a member in Shealtiel's household (Hebrew: בית, bet). The Hebrew term "father" (Hebrew: אב, av) can refer to a father of a household, similar to the Latin term paterfamilias. In this sense, a man who is the "father" of a household can therefore be referred to as the father of his own biological siblings, nephews and nieces, or anyone else who cohabitates in his household. Zerubbabel (and possibly his father Pedaiah) could be called a son if they lived in Shealtiel's household. both speculations could be true. Zerubbabel could be the legal son of Shealtiel and therefore also a member of his household. Notably, if Shealtiel had no biological children, Zerubbabel as a legal son would have inherited Shealtiel's household and become its new father with authority of over the other members of the household. speculation simply suggests that the Masoretic text of 1 Chronicles which identifies Zerubbabel as a son of Pedaiah could be a scribal error. It occurs in a part of the text where the Hebrew seems discongruent and possibly garbled (1 Chronicles 3:16–21).[4] The expected mention of Shealtiel being a father seems accidentally omitted, and thus his children became confused with Pedaiah's. In contrast, the Greek Septuagint text of 1 Chronicles actually lists Shealtiel (and not Pedaiah) as Zerubbabel's father.[2] any case, those texts that call Zerubbabel "son of Shealtiel" have a context that is overtly political and seems to emphasize Zerubbabel's potential royal claim to the throne of the Davidic Dynasty by being Shealtiel's successor. is understood as the legal successor of Shealtiel, with Zerubbabel's title paralleling the High Priest Jeshua's title, "son of Jozadak", that emphasizes Joshua's rightful claim to the dynasty of highpriests, descending from Aaron. with one descending from David and the other from Aaron, these two officials have the divine authority to rebuild the Temple. most common alternative spellings of Shealtiel are Salathiel (though this sometimes comes directly from the Bible), Saltel, Salatiel, Saltell, Saltial, Saltiel, Saltiél, Σαλτιέλ, Schaltiel, Scialtiel, Scieltiel, Sealthiel, Sealtiel, Sealtiël, Seltiel, Shaaltiel, Shalltell, Shaltiel, Shaltieli, Shealthiel, Shealtiel, Sjaltiel and Sjealtiel. Derivations include Chaaltiel, Chaltel, Challtelli, Chaltiel, Chartiel, Cheltiel, Saltelli, Saltellus, Salter (generally unconnected with the contemporary surname), Saltijeral, von Saltiel and Xaltiel. in the Gospels[edit] genealogies of Jesus mention a Shealtiel (and not Pedaiah) who is the father of a Zerubbabel. It is possible the two genealogies may not be referring to the same pair of people, as they differ regarding the name of Shealtiel's father. Matthew lists Shealtiel as the son of Jeconiah, which agrees with 1 Chronicles. In contrast, Luke lists a man named Shealtiel who is the son of an otherwise unknown man named Neri. (Matthew 1:12 and Luke 3:27–28) Multiple explanations for this difference have been suggested, with one common explanation being that Luke traces the genealogy of Jesus through Mary, in recognition of the virgin birth.[3] Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Daniel is the fourth of the major prophets. the years following 600 B.C. Jerusalem was conquered by the Babylonians, the Temple built by Solomon was destroyed, and many of the Israelite people were led away into the Babylonian Captivity. the captives were also the illustrious youths Daniel, Ananias, Azarias and Misael. Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon ordered that they be instructed in the Chaldean language and wisdom, and dressed them in finery. children of princely lineage were often chosen to serve as pages in the palace. three years, they would be fed from food from the king’s table. this they would be allowed to stand before his throne. was renamed Baltasar, was called Shadrach, was called Mishach, Azarias was known as Abednego. they, cleaving to their faith, disdained the extravagance of court, refusing to defile themselves by eating from the king’s table and drinking his wine. they lived on vegetables and water. Lord granted them wisdom, and to Saint Daniel the gift of insight and the interpretation of dreams. holy Prophet Daniel preserved his faith in the one God and trusted in His almighty help. surpassed all the Chaldean astrologers and sorcerers in his wisdom, and was made a confidant to King Nebuchadnezzar. Nebuchadnezzar had a strange dream which terrified him (Daniel 2:1-6). summoned magicians, sorcerers, and Chaldeans before him to interpret the dream. When they asked him what he had dreamt, the king refused to tell them. He said, “If you do not make known to me the dream and its interpretation, you shall be torn limb from limb, and your houses shall be laid in ruins.” Babylonian wise men protested that no magician or sorcerer could be expected to do this. Only the gods could reveal the dream and its meaning, they told him. king ordered all the wise men of Babylon to be executed. they sought Daniel and his companions to put them to death, Daniel asked that the king’s sentence not be carried out. said that he could tell the king what he dreamt, for it had been revealed to him in a vision. was brought before the king and was able to reveal not only the content of the dream, but also its prophetic significance. this, the king elevated Daniel to be ruler of the whole province of Babylon, and the chief of all the wise men. these times King Nebuchadnezzar ordered a huge statue to be made in his likeness. was decreed that when people heard the sound of trumpets and other instruments, they should fall down and worship the golden idol. they refused to do this, the three holy youths Ananias, Azarias and Misael were cast into a fiery furnace. flames shot out over the furnace forty-nine cubits, felling the Chaldeans standing about, the holy youths walked in the midst of the flames, offering prayer and psalmody to the Lord (Daniel 3:26-90). Angel of the Lord appeared in the furnace and cooled the flames, and the young men remained unharmed. “Angel of Great Counsel,” as he is called in iconography, is identified with the Son of God (Daniel 3:25, Isaiah 9:6). the first Canon for the Nativity of the Lord (Ode 5), the Church sings: “Thou hast sent us Thine Angel of Great Counsel.” emperor, upon seeing this, commanded them to come out, and was converted to the true God. King Baltasar, Saint Daniel interpreted a mysterious inscription (“Mane, Thekel, Phares”), which had appeared on the wall of the palace during a banquet (Daniel 5:1-31), the downfall of the Babylonian kingdom. Under the Persian emperor Darius, Daniel was slandered by his enemies, and was thrown into a den with hungry lions, but they did not touch him, and he was not harmed. emperor Darius then rejoiced over Daniel ordered people throughout his realm to worship the God of Daniel, “since He is the living and eternal God, and His Kingdom shall not be destroyed, and His dominion is forever” (Daniel 6:26). holy Prophet Daniel grieved deeply for his people, who then were undergoing righteous chastisement for a multitude of sins and offenses, transgressing the laws of God, resulting in the grievous Babylonian Captivity and the destruction of Jerusalem: “My God, incline Thine ear and hearken; open Thine eyes and look upon our desolation and that of Thy city, in which Thy Name is spoken; for we do not make our supplication before Thee because of our own righteousness, but because of Thy great mercy” (Dan 9:18). of Daniel’s righteous life and his prayers for the people’s iniquity, the destiny of the nation of Israel the fate of all the world was revealed to the holy prophet. interpreting the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, the holy, glorious Prophet Daniel spoke of a great and final kingdom, the Kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ (Dan 2:44). prophetic vision about the seventy weeks (Dan 9:24-27) speaks about the signs of the First and the Second Comings of the Lord Jesus Christ, and is connected with those events (Daniel 12:1-12). Daniel interceded for his people before King Cyrus, who esteemed him highly, and who decreed freedom for the Israelite people. himself and his fellows Ananias, Azarias and Misael, all survived into old age, died in captivity. to the testimony of Saint Cyril of Alexandria (June 9), Saints Ananias, Azarias and Misael were beheaded on orders of the Persian emperor Chambyses. Daniel and the three holy youths are also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers, and on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers (Sunday before the Nativity).

Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Dot 8, Ezekiel, Prophet, During the 70 Yrs
Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet Ezekiel, During the 70 Yrs Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-551 BC, Habakkuk, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-516 BC, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 551 BC-530 BC, Dot 8, Cyrus the Great, Jerusalem King, Persian Achaemenid Emperor
Jerusalem King, 551 BC-530 BC, Cyrus the Great; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 551 BC-515 BC, Dot 8, Zerubbabel, King, Came back w Nehemiah. End 70 yrs
Jerusalem King, 551 BC-515 BC, Zerubbabel, Came back w Nehemiah. End 70 yrs ; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Zerubbabel; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 539 BC-332 BC, Dot 8, Yehud Medinata, Persian Judeah, Canaan
Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; also known as Yehud Medinata[1][2][3][4][5] or Yehud Medinta[a] (lit. 'Province of Judah'), was the Aramaic-language name that was retained and used by the Achaemenid Persian Empire for one of its administrative provinces in the region of Canaan. Zerubbabel;

Jerusalem, 530 BC-522 BC, Dot 8, Cambyses II, King, Cyrus t G son, C died fighting Massagetae, Egypt conquests and N Africa, Cyrenaica
Jerusalem, 530 BC-522 BC, King, Cambyses II, Cyrus t G son, C died fighting Massagetae nomads in Turkmenistan, Cambyres became second Achaemenid King, Egypt conquests and N Africa, Cyrenaica; II was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC. was the son and successor of Cyrus the Great (r. 550 – 530 BC) and his mother was Cassandane. his accession, Cambyses had briefly served as the governor of northern Babylonia under his father from April 539 BC to December 538 BC. Afterwards, he continued to roam in the Babylonian cities of Babylon and Sippar, before being appointed by his father as co-ruler in 530 BC, who set off to mount an expedition against the Massagetae of Central Asia, where he met his end. Cambyses thus became the sole ruler of the vast Achaemenid Empire, facing no noticeable opposition. relatively brief reign was marked by his conquests in Africa, notably Egypt, which he conquered after his victory over the Egyptian pharaoh Psamtik III (r. 526–525 BC) at the battle of Pelusium in 525 BC. After having established himself in Egypt, he expanded his holdings in Africa even further, such as his conquest of Cyrenaica. In the spring of 522 BC, Cambyses hurriedly left Egypt to deal with a rebellion in Persia. en route in Syria (Eber-Nari), he received a wound to the thigh, which was soon affected by gangrene. Cambyses died three weeks later at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of Hama. He died childless, and was thus succeeded by his younger brother Bardiya, who ruled for a short period before being overthrown by Darius the Great (r. 522–486 BC), who went on to increase the power of the Achaemenids even further.

Jerusalem, 522 BC -520 BC, Dot 8, Zachariah, Prophet, building Temple concern
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Zachariah; was a person in the Hebrew Bible and traditionally considered the author of the Book of Zechariah, the eleventh of the Twelve Minor Prophets. He was a prophet of the Kingdom of Judah, and, like the prophet Ezekiel, was of priestly extraction. book of Zechariah introduces the prophet as the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo (Zechariah 1:1). The book of Ezra names Zechariah as the son of Iddo (Ezra 5:1 and Ezra 6:14), but it is likely that Berechiah was Zechariah's father, and Iddo was his grandfather.[1] prophetical career probably began in the second year of Darius, king of Persia (520 BC). His greatest concern appears to have been with the building of the Second Temple.[1] was probably not the "Zechariah" mentioned by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (23:35) and the Gospel of Luke (11:51); Zechariah ben Jehoiada was more likely intended.[2] Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8; Prophet Zachariah the Sickle-Seer ............................................., in the wondrous expression of church hymnology, “a spectator of supra-worldly visions.â€ Book of the Prophet Zachariah contains inspired details about the coming of the Messiah (Zach 6:12); about the last days of the Savior’s earthly life, about the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem on a young donkey (Zach 9:9); about the betrayal of the Lord for thirty pieces of silver and the purchase of the potter’s field with them (Zach 11:12-13); about the piercing of the Savior’s side (Zach 12:10); about the scattering of the apostles from the Garden of Gethsemane (Zach 13:7); about the eclipse of the sun at the time of the Crucifixion (Zach 14:6-7). “Enlightened by dawnings all above,â€ the Prophet Zachariah, “saw the future as it were the present.â€ According to Tradition, this “most true God-proclaimerâ€ lived to old age and was buried near Jerusalem, beside his illustrious contemporary and companion, the Prophet Haggai (December 16). The title “Sickle-Seerâ€ given Zachariah comes from a vision in which he saw a sickle flying in the air, destroying thieves and perjurors (Zach 5:1-3). Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ;

Jerusalem, 522 BC-522 BC, Dot 8, King, Bardiya, either ruled Achaemenid Empire few months or was imporsonated until toppled by Darius
Jerusalem King, 522 BC-522 BC, Bardiya ; by Ctesias, was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called Gaumāta, until he was toppled by Darius the Great.[4][5]

Jerusalem, 522BC-486 BC, Dot 8, Haggai, Judean Prophet, persuaded Jews rebuild tSecond Temple, so Messiah appear there
Jerusalem, BC 522-486 BC, Judean Prophet Haggai, command to rebuild the Temple, Levite, Prophecied aTime oDarius I Hystaspis and return oJews fMedes iPersia, persuaded second temple, proclaimed Messiah would apprear there; Jerusalem, BC 522-486 BC, Judean Prophet Haggaii; (/ˈhæɡaɪ/; Hebrew: חַגַּי‎ – Ḥaggay; Koine Greek: Ἀγγαῖος; Latin: Aggaeus) was a Hebrew prophet during the building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the author of the Book of Haggai. is known for his prophecy in 520 BCE, commanding the Jews to rebuild the Temple.[1] name means "my holidays." was the first of three post-exile prophets from the Neo-Babylonian Exile of the House of Judah Zechariah, his contemporary, and Malachi, who lived about one hundred years later), belonged to the period of Jewish history which began after the return from captivity in Babylon. Scarcely anything is known of his personal history. He may have been one of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. began God's prophecy about sixteen years after the return of the Jews to Judah (ca. 520 BCE). work of rebuilding the temple had been put to a stop through the intrigues of the Samaritans. having been suspended for eighteen years, the work was resumed through the efforts of Haggai and Zechariah.[2] exhorted the people, which roused them from their lethargy, and induced them to take advantage of a change in the policy of the Persian government under Darius I. The name Haggai, with various vocalizations, is also found in the Book of Esther, as a eunuch servant of the Queen. Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Haggai was the tenth of the Twelve Minor Prophets. was of the Tribe of Levi he prophesied during the times of the Persian emperor Darius Hystaspis (prior to 500 B.C.). the return of the Jews from the Babylonian Captivity, persuaded the people to build the Second Temple at Jerusalem, he proclaimed that the Messiah would appear in this Temple in the last times. is believed that Haggai was buried with the priests at Jerusalem, since he was descended from Aaron.

Jerusalem, 522 BC-486 BC, Dot 8, King, Darius I
Jerusalem King, 522 BC-486 BC, Darius I ; Jerusalem King, 551 BC-530 BC, Cyrus the Great; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 522BC-486BC, Dot 8, Darius I, Hystaspis (The Great), Archaemenid Emperor, lied, Marathon, Organizer
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 522BC-486 BC, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great); I , commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan.[2][3] Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing the legitimate Achaemenid monarch Bardiya, whom he later fabricated to be an imposter named Gaumata. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified.[4] Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezraâ€“Nehemiah. Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 520 BC -520 BC, Dot 8, Meshallum, Persian Judean King
Jerusalem, Persian Judean King, 520 BC -520 BC, Meshallum ;

Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Dot 8, Prophet, Malachi, 420BC for the book
Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Malachi, Prophet, Right after the 70 Yrs, last of OT prophets, the seal, coming of Jesus and Forerunner, Last Judgement; Jerusalem, 516 BC, Prophet Malachi, During the 70 Yrs; is the traditional author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, but simply means "messenger".[1] editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia implied that he prophesied after Haggai and Zechariah and speculated that he delivered his prophecies about 420 BC, after the second return of Nehemiah from Persia,[2] or possibly before his return. No allusion is made to him by Ezra, however, and he does not directly mention the restoration of the Second Temple. Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Holy Prophet Malachi lived 400 years before the Birth of Christ, at the time of the return of the Jews from the Babylonian Captivity. was the last of the Old Testament prophets, therefore the holy Fathers call him “the seal of the prophets.” himself an image of spiritual goodness and piety, he astounded the nation and was called Malachi, i.e., an angel. prophetic book is included in the Canon of the Old Testament. In it he upbraids the Jews, foretelling the coming of Jesus Christ and His Forerunner, and also the Last Judgment (Mal 3:1-5; 4:1-6).

Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Dot 8, Malach, last OT prophet, Right after t 70 Yrs, coming oJesus, Forerunner, Last Judgement
Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Malachi, Prophet, Right after the 70 Yrs, last of OT prophets, the seal, coming of Jesus and Forerunner, Last Judgement; Jerusalem, 516 BC, Prophet Malachi, During the 70 Yrs; is the traditional author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. According to the 1897 Easton's Bible Dictionary, it is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, but simply means "messenger".[1] editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia implied that he prophesied after Haggai and Zechariah and speculated that he delivered his prophecies about 420 BC, after the second return of Nehemiah from Persia,[2] or possibly before his return. No allusion is made to him by Ezra, however, and he does not directly mention the restoration of the Second Temple. Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Holy Prophet Malachi lived 400 years before the Birth of Christ, at the time of the return of the Jews from the Babylonian Captivity. was the last of the Old Testament prophets, therefore the holy Fathers call him “the seal of the prophets.” himself an image of spiritual goodness and piety, he astounded the nation and was called Malachi, i.e., an angel. prophetic book is included in the Canon of the Old Testament. In it he upbraids the Jews, foretelling the coming of Jesus Christ and His Forerunner, and also the Last Judgment (Mal 3:1-5; 4:1-6).

Jerusalem, 486 BC- 465 BC, Dot 8, Xerxes I, King
Jerusalem King, 486 BC- 465 BC, Xerxes I ;

Jerusalem, 465 BC- 424 BC, Dot 8, Artaxerxes I of Persia, King
Jerusalem King, 465 BC- 424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia;

Jerusalem, 424 BC- 424 BC, Dot 8, Xerxes II of Persia, King
Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 424 BC, Xerxes II of Persia;

Jerusalem, 424 BC- 423 BC, Dot 8, Sogdianus of Persia, King
Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 423 BC, Sogdianus of Persia ;

Jerusalem, 423 BC- 404 BC, Dot 8, Darius II, King
Jerusalem King, 423 BC- 404 BC, Darius II ;

Jerusalem King, 404 BC- 358 BC, Dot 8, Artaxerxes II of Persia
Jerusalem King, 404 BC- 358 BC, Artaxerxes II of Persia;

Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Dot 8&9, Saint Simeon the God Receiver
Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver ; Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver; Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated on February 3;

Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Dot 8, Artaxerxes III
Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III;

Jerusalem King, 338 BC- 336 BC, Dot 8,Artaxerxes IV, Arses of Persia
Jerusalem King, 338 BC- 336 BC,Artaxerxes IV, Arses of Persia;

Jerusalem, 336 BC - 63 BC, Folder, Greek Period

Jerusalem, 336 BC-323 BC, Dot 8, Alexander III, the Great, Macedonian Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 336 BC-323 BC, Alexander III, the Great;

Jerusalem, 323 BC-306 BC, Dot 8, Alexander IV of Macedon, Macedonian Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 323 BC-306 BC, Alexander IV of Macedon;

Jerusalem, 306 BC-168 BC, Dot 8, Antigonid Greek Dynasty
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek Dynasty, 306 BC-168 BC;

Jerusalem, 306 BC-168 BC, Dot 8, Seleucid Greek Empire
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Empire, 306 BC-168 BC;

Jerusalem, 306 BC-301 BC, Dot 8, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, Antigonid Greek King
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 306 BC-301 BC, Antigonus I Monophthalmus;

Jerusalem, 306 BC-281 BC, Dot 8, Seleucus I Nicator, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 306 BC-281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator;

Jerusalem, 294 BC-288 BC, Dot 8, Demetrius I of Macedon, Antigonid Greek King
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 294 BC-288 BC, Demetrius I of Macedon;

Jerusalem, 281 BC-261 BC, Dot 8, Antiochus I Soter, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 281 BC-261 BC, Antiochus I Soter

Jerusalem, 261 BC-246 BC, Dot 8, Antiochus II Theos, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 261 BC-246 BC, Antiochus II Theos;

Jerusalem, 246 BC-225 BC, Dot 9, Seleucus II Callinicus, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 246 BC-225 BC, Seleucus II Callinicus;

Jerusalem, 225 BC-223 BC, Dot 9, Seleucus III Ceraunus, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 225 BC-223 BC, Seleucus III Ceraunus;

Jerusalem, 223 BC-187 BC, Dot 9,Antiochus III the Great, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 223 BC-187 BC,Antiochus III the Great;

Jerusalem, 187 BC-175 BC, Dot 9, Seleucus IV Philopator, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 187 BC-175 BC, Seleucus IV Philopator;

Jerusalem, 175 BC-167 BC, Dot 9, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Seleucid Greek Emperor
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 175 BC-167 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes;

Jerusalem, 167 BC-166 BC, Dot 9, Mattathias Maccabeus, Priest Maccabean Householder
Jerusalem Priest Maccabean Householder, 167 BC-166 BC, Mattathias Maccabeus;

Jerusalem, 167 BC-166 BC, Dot 9, Martyr Solomonia, mother of the Holy Seven Maccabee Martyrs, wSons refused pork
Jerusalem, 167 BC-166 BC, Dot 9, Martyr Solomonia, mother of the Holy Seven Maccabee Martyrs, wSons refused pork, unflinching and stout-hearted mother watched each son speak before their torture, tongues cut off, skin removed from heads, hands feet off, frying pan, but mother encouraged them to passively resist; Woman with seven sons; woman with seven sons was a Jewish martyr described in 2 Maccabees 7 and other sources, who had seven sons that were arrested (along with her) by Antiochus IV Epiphanes, forced them to prove their respect to him by consuming pig meat. they refused, he tortured and killed the sons one by one in front of the unflinching and stout-hearted mother. story likely occurred around the beginning of the religious persecutions in 167-166 BCE. unnamed in 2 Maccabees, the mother is known variously as Hannah,[1] Miriam,[2] Solomonia,[3] and Shmouni.[4] Maccabees before the revolt of Judas Maccabeus (2 Maccabees 8), Antiochus IV Epiphanes arrested a mother and her seven sons, and tried to force them to eat pork. of the brothers said, on behalf of everyone, that even if they were all to die, they would not break the law. angry king ordered to heat up the pans and cauldrons, and he ordered the first brother to have his tongue cut off, the skin to be removed from the head and the ends of the limbs cut off – this was happening in front of the rest of the brothers and mother, who, in the meantime, encouraged each other to passively resist the tormentors' demands. the first martyr was inert and still breathing, Epiphanes ordered him to be thrown into a hot frying pan. he died, the next one was brought in and the skin was stripped from his head along with his hair. of the seven brothers endured the same torture. torment of the sons was watched by their tenacious and rather stoic mother, who had lost all her sons. narrator mentions that the mother "was the most remarkable of all, and deserves to be remembered with special honour. watched her seven sons die in the space of a single day, yet she bore it bravely because she put her trust in the Lord."[5] of the sons makes a speech as he dies, and the last one says that his brothers are "dead under God's covenant of everlasting life".[6] narrator ends by saying that the mother died, without saying whether she was executed, or died in some other way. Martyr Solomonia, mother of the Holy Seven Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Solomonia was the mother of the seven Maccabee brothers. She encouraged her sons to remain faithful to the Law of God even when threatened with death. admirable mother is honored and remembered for her great courage, for she watched all seven of her sons die in a single day. May we also be faithful to God’s commandments and the traditions of the Church.

Jerusalem, 167 BC-166 BC, Dot 9, Martyr Eleazar the Teacher otHoly 7 Maccabee Martyrs, scribe, at 90, virtue&courage example
Jerusalem, 167 BC-166 BC, Dot 9, Martyr Eleazar the Teacher of the Holy Seven Maccabee Martyrs, a scribe, volunteered torture at 90, virtue&courage example, king sent man to compel Jews depart from Law, Temple filled qRiot by Gentiles, Kings birthday jews made eat sacrifices and worship as Gentiles, Eleazar spit pork and came to torment, but liking him they wanted him to fake it, he willed them send him to the grave, so the young would not think he had changed religion, so they hated him, beaten by stripes in body, but in soul well content, because he feared God; Martyr Eleazar the Teacher of the Holy Seven Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Eleazar lived in the second century before Christ, was a scribe. the age of ninety he voluntarily endured torture and death rather than violate the Law of God by eating swine’s flesh. suffering death for the Law of Moses, he left young men, and the whole nation, an example of virtue and courage. story of Eleazar is found in II Maccabees, chapter 6. II Maccabees, chapter 6, Brenton Septuagint Translation; Not long after this the king sent an old man of Athens to compel the Jews to depart from the laws of their fathers, and not to live after the laws of God: and to pollute also the temple in Jerusalem, and to call it the temple of Jupiter Olympius; and that in Garizim, of Jupiter the defender of strangers, as they did desire that dwelt in the place. The coming in of this mischief was sore and grievous to the people: for the temple was filled with riot and revelling by the Gentiles, who dallied with harlots, and had to do with women within the circuit of the holy places, and besides that brought in things that were not lawful. The altar also was filled with profane things, which the law forbiddeth. Neither was it lawful for a man to keep sabbath days or ancient feasts, or to profess himself at all to be a Jew. And in the day of the king's birth every month they were brought by bitter constraint to eat of the sacrifices; and when the feast of Bacchus was kept, the Jews were compelled to go in procession to Bacchus, carrying ivy. Moreover there went out a decree to the neighbour cities of the heathen, by the suggestion of Ptolemee, against the Jews, that they should observe the same fashions, and be partakers of their sacrifices: and whoso would not conform themselves to the manners of the Gentiles should be put to death. Then might a man have seen the present misery. For there were two women brought, who had circumcised their children; whom when they had openly led round about the city, the babes hanging at their breasts, they cast them down headlong from the wall. And others, that had run together into caves near by, to keep the sabbath day secretly, being discovered to Philip, were all burnt together, because they made a conscience to help themselves for the honour of the most sacred day. Now I beseech those that read this book, that they be not discouraged for these calamities, but that they judge those punishments not to be for destruction, but for a chastening of our nation. For it is a token of his great goodness, when wicked doers are not suffered any longer time, but forthwith punished. For not as with other nations, whom the Lord patiently forbeareth to punish, till they be come to the fulness of their sins, so dealeth he with us, lest that, being come to the height of sin, afterwards he should take vengeance of us. And therefore he never withdraweth his mercy from us: and though he punish with adversity, yet doth he never forsake his people. But let this that we have spoken be for a warning unto us. And now will we come to the declaring of the matter in a few words. Eleazar, one of the principal scribes, an aged man, and of a well-favoured countenance, was constrained to open his mouth, and to eat swine's flesh. But he, choosing rather to die gloriously, than to live stained with such an abomination, spit it forth, and came of his own accord to the torment. As it behoved them to come, that are resolute to stand out against such things as are not lawful for love of life to be tasted. But they that had the charge of that wicked feast, for the old acquaintance they had with the man, taking him aside, besought him to bring flesh of his own provision, such as was lawful for him to use, and make as if he did eat of the flesh taken from the sacrifice commanded by the king; that in so doing he might be delivered from death, and for the old friendship with them find favour. But he began to consider discreetly, and as became his age, and the excellency of his ancient years, and the honour of his gray head, whereunto he was come, and his most honest education from a child, or rather the holy law made and given by God: therefore he answered accordingly, and willed them straightways to send him to the grave. For it becometh not our age, said he, in any wise to dissemble, whereby many young persons might think that Eleazar, being fourscore years old and ten, were now gone to a strange religion; and so they through mine hypocrisy, and desire to live a little time and a moment longer, should be deceived by me, and I get a stain to mine old age, and make it abominable. For though for the present time I should be delivered from the punishment of men: yet should I not escape the hand of the Almighty, neither alive, nor dead. Wherefore now, manfully changing this life, I will shew myself such an one as mine age requireth, and leave a notable example to such as be young to die willingly and courageously for the honourable and holy laws. And when he had said these words, immediately he went to the torment: they that led him changing the good will they bare him a little before into hatred, because the foresaid speeches proceeded, as they thought, from a desperate mind. But when he was ready to die with stripes, he groaned, and said, It is manifest unto the Lord, that hath the holy knowledge, that whereas I might have been delivered from death, I now endure sore pains in body by being beaten: but in soul am well content to suffer these things, because I fear him. And thus this man died, leaving his death for an example of a noble courage, and a memorial of virtue, not only unto young men, but unto all his nation.

Jerusalem, 166 BC, Dot 9, 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Antiocus IV at Antioch, Eleazar, the 7 & their mother s faithful, inspired Judas M
Jerusalem, 166 BC, 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, at Antioch, Antiocus IV Epiphanes desecrated Temple, Eleazar, the 7 & their mother stayed faithful, tongue cut out, hands feet off, caldron, frying pan, these inspired Judas Maccabeus lead revolt and purify temple; Temple in Jerusalem; ,, Commemorated on August 1; seven holy Maccabee martyrs Abim, Antonius, Gurias, Eleazar, Eusebonus, Alimus and Marcellus, their mother Solomonia and their teacher Eleazar in the year 166 before Christ under the impious Syrian king Antiochus IV Epiphanes. foolish ruler loved pagan and Hellenistic customs, and held Jewish customs in contempt. He did everything possible to turn people from the Law of Moses and from their covenant with God. desecrated the Temple of the Lord, placed a statue of the pagan god Zeus there, and forced the Jews to worship it. people abandoned the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, but there were also those who continued to believe that the Savior would come. ninety-year-old elder, the scribe and teacher Eleazar, was brought to trial for his faithfulness to the Mosaic Law. He suffered tortures and died at Jerusalem. disciples of Saint Eleazar, the seven Maccabee brothers and their mother Solomonia, also displayed great courage. were brought to trial in Antioch by King Antiochus Epiphanes. They fearlessly acknowledged themselves as followers of the True God, and refused to eat pig’s flesh, which was forbidden by the Law. eldest brother acted as spokesmen for the rest, saying that they preferred to die rather than break the Law. He was subjected to fierce tortures in sight of his brothers and their mother. tongue was cut out, he was scalped, and his hands and feet were cut off. a cauldron and a large frying pan were heated, and the first brother was thrown into the frying pan, and he died. next five brothers were tortured one after the other. seventh and youngest brother was the last one left alive. Antiochus suggested to Saint Solomonia to persuade the boy to obey him, so that her last son at least would be spared. the brave mother told him to imitate the courage of his brothers. child upbraided the king and was tortured even more cruelly than his brothers had been. all her seven children had died, Saint Solomonia, stood over their bodies, raised up her hands in prayer to God and died. martyric death of the Maccabee brothers inspired Judas Maccabeus, and he led a revolt against Antiochus Epiphanes. God’s help, he gained the victory, and then purified the Temple at Jerusalem. He also threw down the altars which the pagans had set up in the streets. All these events are related in the Second Book of Maccabees (Ch. 8-10). Fathers of the Church preached sermons on the seven Maccabees, including Saint Cyprian of Carthage, Saint Ambrose of Milan, Saint Gregory Nazianzus and Saint John Chrysostom.

Jerusalem, 166 -160 BC, Dot 9, Judas Maccabeus, Priest and Maccabean Householder
Jerusalem Priest Maccabean Householder, 166 BC-160 BC, Judas Maccabeus;

Jerusalem, 160 BC-143 BC, Dot 9, Jonathan Apphus Maccabeus, Hasmonaen King
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 160 BC-143 BC, Jonathan Apphus Maccabeus;

Jerusalem, 140 BC-37 BC, Dot 9, Hasmonaen Dynasty
Jerusalem Hasmonaen Dynasty, 140 BC-37 BC ;

Jerusalem, 142 BC-135 BC, Dot 9, Simon Thassi Maccabeus, Hasmonaen King
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 142 BC-135 BC, Simon Thassi Maccabeus;

Jerusalem, 134 BC-104 BC, Dot 9, John Hyrcanus, Maccabeean Prince Only, Hasmonaen King
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 134 BC-104 BC, John Hyrcanus, Maccabeean Prince Only;

Jerusalem, 104 BC-103 BC, Dot 9, Aristobulus I, Hasmonaen King
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 104 BC-103 BC, Aristobulus I;

Jerusalem, 103 BC-76 BC, Dot 9, Alexander Jannaeus, Jewish State, Hasmonaen King, expansion, cruel, civil war
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 103 BC-76 BC, Alexander Jannaeus; Jannaeus (also known as Alexander Jannai/Yannai, born Jonathan Alexander) was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of John Hyrcanus, he inherited the throne from his brother Aristobulus I, and married his brother's widow, Queen Salome Alexandra. his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been generalised as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict.[1] The major historical sources of Alexander's life are Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews and The Jewish War.[2] kingdom of Alexander Jannaeus was the largest and strongest known Jewish State outside of biblical sources, having conquered most of Palestine's Mediterranean coastline and regions surrounding the Jordan River. Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and interactions with his subjects, he was continuously embroiled with foreign wars and domestic turmoil.[3]

Jerusalem, 83 BC-1 BC, Dot 9, Righteous Mary, mother of Anna, MOG Mary's Grand Mother
Jerusalem, 83 BC-1 BC, Dot 9, Righteous Mary, mother of Anna, MOG Mary's Grand Mother; Righteous Mary, Commemorated on December 11; Mary is the mother of Saint Anna, and the grandmother of the Theotokos. Jerusalem Saint, 90 BC-11 BC, Anna, Mary's Mother ; Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Joachim, Mary's Father ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8;

Jerusalem, 76 BC-67 BC, Dot 9, Salome Alexandra, Hasmonaen King
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 76 BC-67 BC, Salome Alexandra

Jerusalem, 63 BC - 300 AD, Folder, Roman Period

Jerusalem, 63BC-1BC Folder, Joachim&Anna, Hasmonaen Kings, Herod tG&II, MOG Conception, James, Annunciation

Jerusalem, 63 BC - 3 BC, Dot 9, Joachim, Mary's Father, Jerusalem Saint, died at 80 2 yrs before Anna
Jerusalem Saint, 83 BC-3 BC, Joachim, Mary's Father ; Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Anna, Mary's Mother ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Joachim, the son of Barpathir, was of the tribe of Judah, and was a descendant of King David, to whom God had revealed that the Savior of the world would be born from his seed. Saint Anna was the daughter of Matthan the priest, who was of the tribe of Levi. Saint Anna’s family came from Bethlehem. couple lived at Nazareth in Galilee. They were childless into their old age and all their life they grieved over this. They had to endure derision and scorn, since at that time childlessness was considered a disgrace. They never grumbled, but fervently prayed to God, humbly trusting in Him. during a great feast, the gifts which Joachim took to Jerusalem as an offering to God were not accepted by the priest Reuben, who considered that a childless man was not worthy to offer sacrifice to God. This pained the old man very much, and he, regarding himself the most sinful of people, decided not to return home, but to settle in solitude in a desolate place. Saint Anna learned what humiliation her husband had endured, she sorrowfully entreated God with prayer and fasting to grant her a child. In his desolate solitude the righteous Joachim also asked God for this. The prayer of the saintly couple was heard. An angel told them that a daughter would be born to them, Who would be blessed above all other women. He also told them that She would remain a virgin, would be dedicated to the Lord and live in the Temple, and would give birth to the Savior. Obeying the instructions of the heavenly messenger, Saints Joachim and Anna met at the Golden Gate in Jerusalem. Then, as God promised, a daughter was born to them and they named her Mary. Joachim died a few years later at the age of 80, after his daughter went to live in the Temple. Saint Anna died at the age of 70, two years after her husband. Joachim and Anna are often invoked by couples trying to have children. The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8;

Jerusalem, 63 BC - 1 BC, Dot 9, Joachin and Anna, Grandparents of God
Jerusalem, 80 BC - 1 BC, Joachin and Anna, Grandparents of God; Holy and Righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Joachim, the son of Barpathir, was of the tribe of Judah, and was a descendant of King David, to whom God had revealed that the Savior of the world would be born from his seed. Saint Anna was the daughter of Matthan the priest, who was of the tribe of Levi. Saint Anna’s family came from Bethlehem. couple lived at Nazareth in Galilee. They were childless into their old age and all their life they grieved over this. They had to endure derision and scorn, since at that time childlessness was considered a disgrace. They never grumbled, but fervently prayed to God, humbly trusting in Him. during a great feast, the gifts which Joachim took to Jerusalem as an offering to God were not accepted by the priest Reuben, who considered that a childless man was not worthy to offer sacrifice to God. This pained the old man very much, and he, regarding himself the most sinful of people, decided not to return home, but to settle in solitude in a desolate place. Saint Anna learned what humiliation her husband had endured, she sorrowfully entreated God with prayer and fasting to grant her a child. In his desolate solitude the righteous Joachim also asked God for this. The prayer of the saintly couple was heard. An angel told them that a daughter would be born to them, Who would be blessed above all other women. He also told them that She would remain a virgin, would be dedicated to the Lord and live in the Temple, and would give birth to the Savior. Obeying the instructions of the heavenly messenger, Saints Joachim and Anna met at the Golden Gate in Jerusalem. Then, as God promised, a daughter was born to them and they named her Mary. Joachim died a few years later at the age of 80, after his daughter went to live in the Temple. Saint Anna died at the age of 70, two years after her husband. Saints Joachim and Anna are often invoked by couples trying to have children. Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Jerusalem, 60 BC-1 BC, Dot 9, Anna, Mary's Mother, Jerusalem Saint, died at 79 right before Annunciation
Jerusalem Saint, 90 BC-11 BC, Anna, Mary's Mother ; Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Joachim, Mary's Father ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8;

Jerusalem, 47BC-33AD, Joseph, tBetrothed, 7kids before chosen MOG's guardian, Angel told him Incarntn, sent him Egypt, 100yrOld
Galilee, 47BC-33AD, Joseph, the Betrothed, Jesus' step father, Nazareth, Galilee, J of King David's line, 4 sons 3 daughters from previous marriage, strict temperance as widower, chosen guardian oTheotokos, a virgin, Angel told him oIncarnation through her, present at Jesus' birth wAngels&Shepherds, Angel ordered him flee tEgypt, carpenter there till Herod's death, died at age 100; Nazareth; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 26 ; Joseph the Betrothed was of the lineage of King David. had four sons from his previous marriage: James, Judah, Joses, and Simon (or Symeon), three daughters: Esther, Martha, and Salome, who was the mother of Saint John the Theologian. he became a widower, Saint Joseph led a life of strict temperance. was chosen to be the husband and guardian of the Most Holy Theotokos, who had taken a vow of virginity. angel told him of the Incarnation of the Son of God through her. Joseph was present when the shepherds and the Magi worshiped the new-born divine Infant. the orders of the angel, he fled into Egypt with the Mother of God and the Infant Jesus, saving them from the wrath of King Herod. lived in Egypt with the Virgin Mary and the divine Child, working as a carpenter. Joseph reputedly died at the age of one hundred. Joseph is commemorated on the Sunday after the Nativity. If there is no Sunday between December 25 and January 1, his Feast is moved to December 26. Righteous Joseph is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Forefathers.

Jerusalem, 47 BC-40 BC, Dot 9, Hyrcanus II, Hasmonaen King, long time high priest, short time king, coup by b A & Parthians
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 67 BC-40 BC, Hyrcanus II ; Hyrcanus II (died 30 BCE), a member of the Hasmonean dynasty, was for a long time the Jewish High Priest in the 1st century BCE. He was also briefly King of Judea 67–66 BCE and then the ethnarch (ruler) of Judea, probably over the period 47–40 BCE.[1] was the eldest son of Alexander Jannaeus, King and High Priest, and Alexandra Salome. After the death of Alexander in 76 BCE, his widow succeeded to the rule of Judea and installed her elder son Hyrcanus as High Priest. Alexander had numerous conflicts with the Pharisees.[2] However Hyrcanus was supported by the Pharisees, especially later in his tenure.[3] Salome died in 67 BCE, she named Hyrcanus as her successor as ruler of Judea as well,[4] but soon he and his younger brother, Aristobulus II, dissented over the right to the throne. had scarcely reigned three months when Aristobulus II rose in rebellion. Hyrcanus advanced against him at the head of his mercenaries and his followers. The brothers met in a battle near Jericho with many of Hyrcanus' soldiers going over to Aristobulus II, and thereby gave the latter the victory.[4][5] took refuge in the citadel of Jerusalem; but the capture of the Temple by Aristobulus II compelled Hyrcanus to surrender. A peace was then concluded in which Hyrcanus was to renounce the throne and the office of high priest, but was to enjoy the revenues of the latter office.[6] with the Nabataeans[edit] agreement did not last. Hyrcanus feared that Aristobulus was planning his death. Such fears were furthered by Hyrcanus' adviser, Antipater the Idumean. According to Josephus, Antipater sought to control Judea by putting the weak Hyrcanus back onto the throne.[4] Hyrcanus took refuge with Aretas III, King of the Nabataeans, who had been bribed by Antipater into supporting Hyrcanus' cause through the promise of returning Arabian towns taken by the Hasmoneans. Nabataeans advanced toward Jerusalem with an army of 50,000, took the city and besieged the Temple where Aristobulus had taken refuge for several months. During the siege, Josephus states that the adherents of Hyrcanus stoned the pious Onias, who had refused to pray for the demise of their opponents, and further angered the priests who were fighting along with Aristobulus by selling them cattle for the paschal sacrifice for the enormous price of one thousand drachmae and then refused to deliver the promised animals for the sacrifice.(Antiquities of the Jews Book 14, 2:2)[7] intervention[edit] Judea under Hyrcanus II the Roman civil war, the Roman general Pompey defeated armies of the kingdoms of Pontus and the Seleucids. He sent his deputy Marcus Aemilius Scaurus to take possession of Seleucid Syria. the Hasmoneans were allies of the Romans, both brothers appealed to Scaurus, each endeavouring through gifts and promises to win him over to his side. Scaurus, moved by a gift of 400 talents, decided in favour of Aristobulus and ordered Aretas to withdraw his army. During his retreat, the Nabateans suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Aristobulus. Scaurus returned to Damascus.[8] Pompey arrived in Syria in 63 BCE, both brothers and a third party that desired the removal of the entire dynasty (according to some sources, these may have been the representatives of the Pharisees), sent their delegates to Pompey, who delayed making a decision. He favoured Hyrcanus over Aristobulus, deeming the elder, weaker brother a more reliable ally of the Roman Empire. suspicious of Pompey's intentions, entrenched himself in the fortress of Alexandrium, but when the Roman army approached Judea, he surrendered and undertook to deliver Jerusalem over to them. However, since many of his followers were unwilling to open the gates, the Romans besieged and captured the city by force, badly damaging city and the temple. Aristobulus was taken to Rome a prisoner and Hyrcanus restored as high priest in Jerusalem.[9] around 63 BCE, Hyrcanus had been restored to his position as High Priest but not to the Kingship. Political authority rested with the Romans whose interests were represented by Antipater, who primarily promoted the interests of his own house. In 47 BCE, Julius Caesar restored some political authority to Hyrcanus by appointing him ethnarch. This however had little practical effect, since Hyrcanus yielded to Antipater in everything.[8] also: Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC 40 BCE, Aristobulus' son Antigonus Mattathias allied himself with the Parthians and was proclaimed King and High Priest.[8] Hyrcanus was seized and his ears mutilated (according to Josephus, Antigonus bit his uncle's ears off) to make him permanently ineligible for the priesthood. Hyrcanus was taken by the Parthians into captivity in Babylonia,[10] where he lived for four years amid the Babylonian Jews, who paid him every mark of respect. to Jerusalem and death[edit] 36 BCE, Herod I, who had vanquished Antigonus with Roman help and feared that Hyrcanus might persuade the Parthians to help him regain the throne, invited the former High Priest to return to Jerusalem. Hyrcanus accepted and Herod received him with every mark of respect, assigning to him the first place at his table and the presidency of the state council. in 30 BCE Herod charged Hyrcanus with plotting with the Nabateans and put him to death. Josephus states that Hyrcanus was 80 years old at the time of his death. scholar Gregory Doudna proposed in 2013 that Hyrcanus II was the figure known as the Teacher of Righteousness in the Qumran Scrolls.[11][12] According to Doudna, Hyrcanus II’s sectarian orientation is now generally understood to have been Sadducee.

Jerusalem, 40 BC-37 BC, Dot 9, Antigonus II, Hasmonaen King, H brother, coup, Parthian support, k by Roman Herod
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 40 BC-37 BC, Antigonus II Mattathias; II Mattathias, also known as Antigonus the Hasmonean (died 37 BCE) was the last Hasmonean king of Judea. A puppet king installed by the Parthians,[1] he was the son of King Aristobulus II of Judea. In 37 BCE Herod handed him over to the Romans for execution, after Antigonus's three-year reign during which he led the Jews' fierce struggle for independence against the Romans. was the second son of Aristobulus II, and together with his father, were carried off as a prisoner to Rome by Pompey in 63 BCE. Antigonus eventually escaped and returned to Judaea in 57 BCE. Despite an unsuccessful attempt to oppose the Roman forces there, the senate released him, yet he refused to surrender his dynastic rights. After the death of his older brother Alexander, Antigonus claimed that his uncle Hyrcanus was a puppet of the Idumaean Antipater and attempted to overthrow him with the help and consent of the Romans. He visited Julius Caesar, who was in Syria in 47 BCE, and complained of the usurpation of Antipater and Hyrcanus. In 42 BCE, he attempted to seize the government of Judaea by force with the assistance of his brother-in-law, Ptolemy (son of Mennaeus), but was defeated by Herod.[2] support[edit] excessive taxation wrung from the people to pay for the extravagances of Antony and Cleopatra had awakened a deep hatred against Rome. Antigonus gained the adherence of both the aristocratic class in Jerusalem and the leaders of the Pharisees. The Parthians, who invaded Syria in 40 BCE, preferred to see an anti-Roman ruler on the throne of Judaea. When Antigonus promised them large sums of gold as well as five hundred female slaves, the Parthians put five hundred warriors at his disposal. After Antigonus, with Parthian help, conquered Jerusalem, Hyrcanus was sent to Babylon after having his ears mutilated, which rendered him unfit for the office of high priest. Herod fled from Jerusalem. In 40 BCE Antigonus was officially proclaimed king and high priest by the Parthians.[2] of Antigonus[edit] the conquest of Jerusalem by the Parthians, Herod fled quickly from Masada to Rome, where he was nominated in 40 BCE as the new king of Judea by the Senate on the recommendation of the triumvir Mark Antony.[3] On Herod's return to Judaea from Rome in 39 BCE he opened a campaign against Antigonus and laid siege to Jerusalem. In the spring of 38 BCE, Herod wrested control of the province of Galilee and eventually all of Judea other than Jerusalem. Due to the approach of winter, Herod postponed his siege of Jerusalem, where Antigonus and the remnants of his army took refuge, until spring. Herod and a supporting Roman army were kept out of Jerusalem for 3–5 months but the Romans did eventually capture the city. However, the supporters of Antigonus fought until the Romans reached the inner courtyard of the Temple.[4] Antigonus was taken to Antioch and executed,[5] ending Hasmonean rule.[2] states that Mark Antony beheaded Antigonus (Antiquities, XV 1:2 (8–9). Roman historian Cassius Dio says that he was crucified and records in his Roman History: "These people [the Jews] Antony entrusted to a certain Herod to govern; but Antigonus he bound to a cross and scourged, a punishment no other king had suffered at the hands of the Romans, and so slew him."[6] In his Life of Antony, Plutarch claims that Antony had Antigonus beheaded, "the first example of that punishment being inflicted on a king."[7] tomb in Jerusalem[edit] 1971, bulldozers removing earth in East Jerusalem for a construction project uncovered a tomb with an inscription that, according to some opinions, indicated that this was the tomb of King Antigonus, the last Hasmonean king.[8] However, according to anthropologist Joe Zias, former Curator of Archaeology and Anthropology for the Israel Antiquities Authority, this theory is just little more than an urban myth, since the only beheaded skeleton found in 1971 and at the later re-examination of the previously untouched tomb, belonged to an elderly woman. In his view, no other set of remains found there could be associated with King Antigonus II and it is only due to the efforts of the owner of the building located on top of the tomb that the myth is still being promoted (as seen here:[9]).[10][11] Scrolls connection[edit] scholar Gregory Doudna proposed in 2013 that Antigonus II Mattathias was the figure known as the Wicked Priest in the Qumran Scrolls.[12][13] According to Doudna, Antigonus was the figure underlying the 'Wicked Priest' of Pesher Habakkuk, and the doomed ruler of Pesher Nahum, the documents found at Qumran. Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25;

Jerusalem, 37 BC-4 AD, Dot 9, Herod T Great, Judean C King, c building p, o Innocents Massacre, Romans divided K after d
Jerusalem Judean King, 37 BC-4 AD, Herod The Great ; I (c. 72 - 4 or 1 BCE), also known as Herod the Great, was a Roman client king of Judea,[3][4][5] referred to as the Herodian kingdom. is known for his colossal building projects throughout Judea, including his renovation of the Second Temple in Jerusalem and the expansion of the Temple Mount towards its north,[6] the enclosure around the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima, the fortress at Masada, and Herodium. Vital details of his life are recorded in the works of the 1st century CE Roman–Jewish historian Josephus.[7] also appears in the Christian Gospel of Matthew as the ruler of Judea who orders the Massacre of the Innocents at the time of the birth of Jesus, although most Herod biographers do not believe this event to have occurred.[8] Despite his successes, including singlehandedly forging a new aristocracy from practically nothing,[9] he has still garnered criticism from various historians. His reign polarizes opinion amongst scholars and historians, some viewing his legacy as evidence of success, and some as a reminder of his tyrannical rule.[7] Herod's death, the Romans divided his kingdom among three of his sons and his sister: Archelaus became ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea; Herod Antipas became tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea; Philip became tetrarch of territories north and east of the Jordan; and Salome I was given a toparchy including the cities of Jabneh, Ashdod, and Phasaelis. Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29;

Jerusalem, 16 BC, The Conception oMOG aJerusalem, took 20 yrs much prayer & Angel announcement, daughter tBless human race
Jerusalem, 16 BC, The Conception oMOG aJerusalem, Anna fBethlehem, Judea (south of Jerusalem 6 miles), Joachim fGalilee, C took 20 yrs, after much prayer A&J, Anna priests daughter Nathan, Levite, Joachim probably oIssachar, Angel announced daughter tA&J, blessing human race, Orthodox teaching MOG like everyone else, not exempt fAncestral sin consequences, death corruption sin etc, but she committed no personal sins, otherwise not truly himan &Christ's nature same &our salvation in doubt, conception tramples serpent, J&A in prayer eyes up tMOG standing iAir, serpent orb under foot, because s strives conquer universe, also other icons A holding MOG left arm, face oReverence, large ancient icon iRussia, Dubensk, Volhynia, painted oCanvas, Russian Pregnant Women venerate this feast; Bethlehem; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Anna, the mother of the Virgin Mary, was the youngest daughter of the priest Nathan from Bethlehem, descended from the tribe of Levi. married Saint Joachim (September 9), who was a native of Galilee. a long time Saint Anna was childless, after twenty years, through the fervent prayer of both spouses, angel of the Lord announced to them that they would be the parents of a daughter, would bring blessings to the whole human race. Orthodox Church does not accept the teaching that the Mother of God was exempted from the consequences of ancestral sin (death, corruption, sin, etc.) at the moment of her conception by virtue of the future merits of Her Son. Christ was born perfectly holy and sinless, as Saint Ambrose of Milan teaches in Chapter Two of his Commentary on Luke. Holy Virgin was like everyone else in Her mortality, and in being subject to temptation, although She committed no personal sins. was not a deified creature removed from the rest of humanity. If this were the case, She would not have been truly human, and the nature that Christ took from Her would not have been truly human either. Christ does not truly share our human nature, then the possibility of our salvation is in doubt. Conception of the Virgin Mary by Saint Anna took place at Jerusalem. many icons depicting the Conception by Saint Anna show the Most Holy Theotokos trampling the serpent underfoot. “In the icon Saints Joachim and Anna are usually depicted with hands folded in prayer; their eyes are also directed upward and they contemplate the Mother of God, Who stands in the air with outstretched hands; under Her feet is an orb encircled by a serpent (symbolizing the devil), which strives to conquer all the universe by its power.” are also icons in which Saint Anna holds the Most Holy Virgin on her left arm as an infant. Saint Anna’s face is a look of reverence. large ancient icon, painted on canvas, is located in the village of Minkovetsa in the Dubensk district of Volhynia diocese. ancient times this Feast was especially venerated by pregnant women in Russia.

Jerusalem, 15BC-63, Dot 9, Apostle James, Lord's step, Nazarene, 1st Bishop of J, c many Jews, so thrown down f Temple top
If Joseph was 70 at Jesus' birth, then James was probably around 50, so he would have been 20 in 30BC. Jerusalem, 30BC-63AD, Apostle James, brother of the Lord, a Nazarene, became apostle in 30-33, 1st Bishop of J, council J in 51, converted many Jews, so thrown down from top of Temple; Jerusalem; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; Apostle James, the Brother of God (Adelphotheos) the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 26). his early years James was a Nazarene, a man especially dedicated to God. The Nazarenes vowed to preserve their virginity, to abstain from wine, to refrain from eating meat, and not to cut their hair. vow of the Nazarenes symbolized a life of holiness and purity, commanded formerly by the Lord for all Israel. the Savior began to teach the nation about the Kingdom of God, Saint James believed in Christ and became His apostle. was chosen as the first Bishop of Jerusalem. James presided over the Council of Jerusalem and his word was decisive (Acts 15). his thirty years as bishop, Saint James converted many of the Jews to Christianity. by this, the Pharisees and the Scribes plotted together to kill Saint James. They led the saint up on the pinnacle of the Jerusalem Temple and asked what he thought of Jesus. holy Apostle began to bear witness that Christ is the Messiah, was not the response the Pharisees were expecting. angered, the Jewish teachers threw him off the roof. saint did not die immediately, but gathering his final strength, he prayed to the Lord for his enemies while they were stoning him. James’ martyrdom occurred about 63 A.D. holy Apostle James composed a Divine Liturgy, which formed the basis of the Liturgies of Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom. Church has preserved an Epistle of Saint James, one of the books of the New Testament. 1853, Patriarch Hierotheus of Alexandria sent to Moscow a portion of the relics of Saint James. Church distinguishes between the holy Apostle James the Brother of God, and Saint James the son of Zebedee (April 30) and Saint James the son of Alphaeus (October 9).

Jerusalem, 15BC-63, James Brother otLord, Nazareth, Galilee, approx 20yrs older than MOG, first bishop oJerusalem
Galilee, 15BC-40, James Brother otLord, Nazareth, Galilee (Kishon River drainage), approx 20yrs older than MOG, Solomonia's Son, flight to Egypt, probably to Bethlem Nativity also, thrown from roof of Temple Nazareth; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 26; Holy Apostle James, Brother of the Lord, was the eldest son of Joseph the Betrothed from his first marriage with Solomonia. Apostle James is remembered after the Feast of the Nativity of Christ together with his father Joseph and the Prophet-King David, since he accompanied his family on the Flight into Egypt and lived there with the Infant Jesus, the Mother of God and Joseph. Later, he returned to Israel with them. the Ascension of the Lord, Saint James was the first Bishop of Jerusalem, gaining the great esteem not only of Christians, but also of Jews. He was thrown from the roof of the Jerusalem Temple because he had publicly preached to the people about the God-Manhood of the Lord Jesus Christ. The Holy Apostle James is also commemorated on October 23.

Jerusalem, 12 BC, Dot 9, Forefeast Theotokos Jerusalem Tempel Entry, 3 Temple Readings, Tabernacle, T Dedication, East Gate
Jerusalem, , Forefeast Theotokos entry to the Temple - Jerusalem, 3 Temple Readings, Tabernacle, T Dedication, East Gate; Temple in Jerusalem; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; Feast of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple has only one day of prefeast. The hymns for today praise Saint Anna for bringing her daughter, the living temple of God, to the Temple in Jerusalem. three Old Testament readings at Great Vespers refer to the Temple. first lesson (Exodus 40:1-5, 9-10, 16, 34-35) refers to the arrangement of the tabernacle of the tent of the congregation (a portable sanctuary which was carried by the Israelites in their wanderings). second lesson (III Kings/I Kings 7:51; 8:1, 3-7, 9-11) describes the dedication of Solomon’s Temple. third lesson (Ezekiel 43:27-44:4) speaks of the gate of the sanctuary which faces east. God enters through this gate, which is shut so that no one else can enter by it. The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21;

Jerusalem, 15BC-107, Simeon, Lord's older Cousin, James' age, Joseph's brother Cleopas' son, otSeventy, age 120+, Bishop oJ
Jerusalem, 15BC-107, Simeon, Lord's older Cousin, James' age, Joseph's brother Cleopas' son, witnessed Jesus' miracles, believed, otSeventy, Suceeded James as Bishop oJ, executed as decentent of David at more than age 120, endured several days torture; Jerusalem; Hieromartyr Simeon, kinsman of the Lord, second Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 27; Holy Apostle and Hieromartyr Simeon, a kinsman of the Lord, the son of Cleopas, who was the younger brother of Saint Joseph the Betrothed. Thus, Saint Simeon is Joseph's nephew, and a cousin of the Lord. an adult, he witnessed the miracles of the Lord Jesus Christ, believed in Him, and became one of the 70 Apostles. Simeon proclaimed the teachings of Christ, was instructed in the truths of the holy Faith, and denounced idol worship. the murder of the Holy Apostle James (October 23), the first Bishop of Jerusalem, Christians chose the Apostle Simeon to succeed him. Emperors Vespasian and Domitian had ordered that all descendants of King David be put to death. Emperor Trajan (98-117) renewed that decree, and certain heretics and some others denounced Saint Simeon as a descendant of King David, as well as a Christian. pagans arrested Saint Simeon, who at that time was more than one hundred and twenty years old. He astonished the judge and his attendants by enduring several days of torture, and then he was crucified in the year 107, during Trajan's reign, when Atticus was consul. Parisian Codices contain a Service in honor of Saint Simeon, the poem of the hymnographer Theophanēs. (Some Synaxaristes also commemorate him on September 18).

Jerusalem, 12 BC, Dot 9, Theotokos Temple entry, age 3, virgin excort, 15 Steps, ran up s, High Priest led into Holy of Holies
Jerusalem, 12 BC, Theotokos entry to the Temple - Jerusalem, dedicated, age 3, virgin excort, High Priest, 15 Steps, psalms of ascent, strengthened by power of God, ran up steps, High Priest then led her into Holy of Holies, astonishment, remained in virgin quarters; Temple in Jerusalem; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21; to Holy Tradition, the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple took place in the following manner. The parents of the Virgin Mary, Saints Joachim and Anna, praying for an end to their childlessness, vowed that if a child were born to them, they would dedicate it to the service of God. the Most Holy Virgin reached the age of three, the holy parents decided to fulfill their vow. gathered together their relatives and acquaintances, and dressed the All-Pure Virgin in Her finest clothes. Singing sacred songs and with lighted candles in their hands, virgins escorted Her to the Temple (Ps. 44/45:14-15). the High Priest and several priests met the handmaiden of God. In the Temple, fifteen high steps led to the sanctuary, which only the priests and High Priest could enter. (Because they recited a Psalm on each step, Psalms 119/120-133/134 are called “Psalms of Ascent.”) child Mary, so it seemed, could not make it up this stairway. But just as they placed Her on the first step, strengthened by the power of God, She quickly went up the remaining steps and ascended to the highest one. the High Priest, through inspiration from above, led the Most Holy Virgin into the Holy of Holies, where only the High Priest entered once a year to offer a purifying sacrifice of blood. Therefore, all those present in the Temple were astonished at this most unusual occurrence. entrusting their child to the Heavenly Father, Joachim and Anna returned home. All-Holy Virgin remained in the quarters for virgins near the Temple. to the testimony of Holy Scripture (Exodus 38; 1 Kings 1: 28; Luke 2: 37), and also the historian Josephus Flavius, there were many living quarters around the Temple, in which those who were dedicated to the service of God dwelt. earthly life of the Most Holy Theotokos from Her infancy until She was taken up to Heaven is shrouded in deep mystery. life at the Jerusalem Temple was also a secret. “If anyone were to ask me,” said Saint Jerome, “how the Most Holy Virgin spent the time of Her youth, I would answer that that is known to God Himself and the Archangel Gabriel, Her constant guardian.” there are accounts in Church Tradition, that during the All-Pure Virgin’s stay at the Temple, She grew up in a community of pious virgins, diligently read the Holy Scripture, occupied Herself with handicrafts, prayed constantly, and grew in love for God. From ancient times, the Church has celebrated the Feast of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple. Indications that the Feast was observed in the first centuries of Christianity are found in the traditions of Palestinian Christians, which say that the holy Empress Helen (May 21) built a church in honor of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple. Gregory of Nyssa, in the fourth century, also mentions this Feast. In the eighth century Saints Germanus and Tarasius, Patriarchs of Constantinople, delivered sermons on the Feast of the Entry. Feast of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple foretells God’s blessing for the human race, the preaching of salvation, the promise of the coming of Christ.

Jerusalem, 7 BC-34 AD, Dot 9, heir, Herod II, H oldest son, first husband of Herodius
Jerusalem heir, 27BC-34AD, Herod II ; II (ca. 27 BC – 33/34 AD)[1][2] was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne II, the daughter of Simon Boethus the High Priest. For a brief period he was his father's heir. Some writers call him Herod Philip I (not to be confused with Philip the Tetrarch, whom some writers call Herod Philip II). was the first husband of Herodias, and because the Gospel of Mark 6:17 states that Herodias was married to Philip, some scholars have argued that his name was actually Herod Philip. Because he was the grandson of the high priest Simon Boethus he is sometimes described as Herod Boethus, but there is no evidence he was actually called this.[3] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Jerusalem, 4 BC-6 AD, Dot 9, Ethnarch, Herod Archelaus, (Samaria, Judea, Edom) Killed the Innocents
Jerusalem Ethnarch, 4BC-6AD, Herod Archelaus, (Samaria, Judea, Edom); Archelaus (Ancient Greek: ; 23 BC -AD 18) was ethnarch[1][2] of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea (biblical Edom), including the cities Caesarea and Jaffa, for a period of nine years[3] (c. 4 BC to AD 6). Archelaus was removed by Roman Emperor Augustus when Judaea province was formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of the Census of Quirinius. He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace the Samaritan, and was the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his father Herod the Great in 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. A map depicting the domain of Herod Archelaus as was given to him by Augustus after the death of King Herod the Great. Josephus writes that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was in Jericho at the time of his death.[4] Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over the Temple entrance which was perceived as blasphemous.[5] The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act and immolated. Herod defended his works and offered an attack on his predecessors, the dynastic Hasmoneans. Herod killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. The Pharisees had long attacked the Hasmoneans as well, as having parentage from Greeks while under bondage. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule of Alexander Jannaeus and Queen Salome.[6] With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign before Passover of 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne and appeared to be kind to the populace in Jerusalem in order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of the High Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity".[7] Josephus does not tell who would be "of greater piety and purity". To this request, however, Archelaus acceded, although he was becoming angry at the presumptions of the crowds. Archelaus asked for moderation and told the crowds that all would be well if they would put aside their animosities and wait until he was confirmed as King by Caesar Augustus. Archelaus then left to feast with his friends. It was evening and as the darkness settled, a mourning and wailing begin over the city. Archelaus began to worry as people begin streaming into the Temple area and those who wailed for loss of the teachers continued their very loud mourning. The people were escalating in their threatening behavior. Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction".[8] Josephus does not tell us who these "promoters of the mourning", who recruit from within a body inside the Temple, could be. Archelaus then sent a general, some other people and finally a "tribune in Command of a Cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists", to stop their "innovations" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome and Caesar. Those who came from Archelaus were stoned, with many killed. After the stoning, those who stoned the soldiers returned to their sacrifices, as if nothing had happened. Josephus does not tell who performed the sacrifices in the Temple. It was after midnight, and Archelaus suddenly ordered the entire army into the city to the Temple. Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover. Archelaus quickly sailed to Caesar and faced a group of enemies – his own family. Antipas, the younger brother of Archelaus who was deposed from Herod's will days earlier, argued that Archelaus merely feigned grief for his father, crying during the day and involved with great "merriment" during the nights. The threats carried out by Archelaus ending in the death of 3000 in the Temple were not just threats to the worshipers in Jerusalem at Passover, but also amounted to a threat to Caesar himself, since Archelaus acted in every manner a King, before such title had been given by Caesar. At this point, Nicolaus of Damascus argued to Caesar that Archelaus acted appropriately and that Herod's will, supposedly written a few weeks prior (yielding the kingship to Archelaus and against Antipater), should be seen as valid. The change of this will in favor of Archelaus is given as Herod's true choice and, it is argued, occurred with Herod being in his right mind since he left the final decision to Caesar. The change of the will appears as one of Herod's last acts and it is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal. Nicholaus of Damascus had been Herod's confidant for years. He was loyal to Rome. Ptolemy was Nicholaus of Damascus' brother. Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father".[9] Caesar gave Archelaus the title of Ethnarch and divided the kingdom. Rome would consolidate its power later. Thus, Archelaus received the Tetrarchy of Judea through the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Caesar Augustus in Rome. In Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty, based on the murder of 3000; but in 4 BC Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) with the title of ethnarch (a ruler of an ethnic group).[10][11] The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne,[12] perhaps Mariamne III, daughter of Aristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marry Glaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband, Juba, king of Mauretania, was alive. This violation of the Mosaic law, along with Archelaus' continued cruelty, roused the ire of the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign as ethnarch, being banished to Vienna (today Vienne) in Gaul.[13][10] Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became the Roman province of Iudaea.[14] Biblical references[edit] Herod Archelaus from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (16th century depiction) Archelaus is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (chapter 2 verse 13–23). An angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus and flee to Egypt to avoid the Massacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in a dream to return to the land of Israel (presumably to Bethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (Matthew 2:22), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of" Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea but grew up in Nazareth. The beginning and conclusion of Jesus' parable of the minas in the Gospel of Luke, chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels. A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (Luke 19:12, 19:14, 19:27) Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Jerusalem, 1 BC, Dot 9, Dormition of Anna, Her incorrupt relics in many places like Deutera, mother of MOG, Priest's d, d 79 before A
Jerusalem, 1 BC, Dormition of Anna, Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople) St Anne, mother of Theotokos, Priest's daughter, died at 79 before Annunciation, incorrupt r at Athos, Stavronikita, Anna's Skete, Koutloumousiou; Anna's monastery Lygaria, Lamia, Sourota, Crusaders saints relics, Church St Paul outside Rome; Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople); Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ; Anna was the daughter of the priest Matthan and his wife Mary. She was of the tribe of Levi and the lineage of Aaron. According to Tradition, she died peacefully in Jerusalem at age 79, before the Annunciation to the Most Holy Theotokos. the reign of Saint Justinian the Emperor (527-565), a church was built in her honor at Deutera. Emperor Justinian II (685-695; 705-711) restored her church, since Saint Anna had appeared to his pregnant wife. It was at this time that her body and maphorion (veil) were transferred to Constantinople. of Saint Anna’s holy relics may be found on Mount Athos: Stavronikita Monastery (part of her left hand), Saint Anna’s Skete (part of her incorrupt left foot), Koutloumousiou Monastery (part of her incorrupt right foot). Fragments of her relics may also be found in her Monastery at Lygaria, Lamia, and in the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian at Sourota. Part of the saint’s incorrupt flesh is in the collection of Saints’ relics of the International Catholic Crusaders. The church of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome has one of the saint’s wrists. Anna is also commemorated on September 9.

Jerusalem, 1 BC, Dot 9, Angel Gabriel, announced both John and Jesus
Jerusalem, 1 BC, Angel Gabriel, announced both John and Jesus; the Abrahamic religions, Gabriel is an archangel, first described in the Hebrew Bible. of Gabriel by Jan van Eyck, 1434. the Hebrew Bible, Gabriel appears to the prophet Daniel to explain his visions (Daniel 8:15–26, 9:21–27). The archangel also appears in the Book of Enoch and other ancient Jewish writings. Alongside archangel Michael, Gabriel is described as the guardian angel of Israel, defending its people against the angels of the other nations.[6] Gospel of Luke relates the stories of the Annunciation, in which the angel Gabriel appears to Zechariah and the Virgin Mary, foretelling the births of John the Baptist and Jesus, respectively (Luke 1:11–38). Many Christian traditions—including Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Roman Catholicism—revere Gabriel as a saint.[1][7] regards Gabriel (Jibril) as an archangel sent by God to various prophets, including Muhammad.[8] The first five verses of the Al-Alaq, the 96th chapter of the Quran, is believed by Muslims to have been the first verses revealed by Jibreel to Muhammad.[citation needed] Statue of Archangel Gabriel (15th century), adorning the top of the northwest corner pillar of the Palazzo Ducale in Venice. Latter Day Saints hold that the angel Gabriel is the same individual as the prophet Noah in his mortal ministry.[9][10] consider Gabriel one of the Seven Mysteries, the heptad to which God entrusted the world and sometimes identified with Melek Taus.[11] to the ancient Gnostic manuscript, the Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit, Gabriel is a divine being and inhabitant of the Pleroma who existed prior to the Demiurge.[12] Jerusalem Saint, 1 BC-29 AD, John the Baptist, John the Forerunner; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; of the Holy Archangel Gabriel: The Archangel Gabriel was chosen by the Lord to announce to the Virgin Mary about the Incarnation of the Son of God from Her, to the great rejoicing of all mankind. Therefore, on the day after the Feast of the Annunciation, the day on which the All-Pure Virgin is glorified, we give thanks to the Lord and we venerate His messenger Gabriel, who contributed to the mystery of our salvation. the holy Archistrategos (Leader of the Heavenly Hosts), is a faithful servant of the Almighty God. He announced the future Incarnation of the Son of God to those of the Old Testament; he inspired the Prophet Moses to write the Pentateuch (first five books of the Old Testament), he announced the coming tribulations of the Chosen People to the Prophet Daniel (Dan. 8:16, 9:21-24); he appeared to Saint Anna (July 25) with the news that she would give birth to the Virgin Mary. holy Archangel Gabriel remained with the Holy Virgin Mary when She was a child in the Temple of Jerusalem, and watched over Her throughout Her earthly life. He appeared to the Priest Zachariah, foretelling the birth of the Forerunner of the Lord, Saint John the Baptist. Lord sent him to Saint Joseph the Betrothed in a dream, to reveal to him the mystery of the Incarnation of the Son of God from the All-Pure Virgin Mary, and warned him of the wicked intentions of Herod, ordering him to flee into Egypt with the divine Infant and His Mother. the Lord prayed in the Garden of Gethsemane before His Passion, the Archangel Gabriel, whose very name signifies “Man of Godâ€ (Luke. 22:43), was sent from Heaven to strengthen Him. Myrrh-Bearing Women heard from the Archangel the joyous news of Christ’s Resurrection (Mt.28:1-7, Mark 16:1-8). of the manifold appearances of the holy Archangel Gabriel and of his zealous fulfilling of God’s will, and confessing his intercession for Christians before the Lord, the Orthodox Church calls upon its children to pray to the great Archangel with faith and love. Synaxis of the Holy Archangel Gabriel is also celebrated on July 13. All the angels are commemorated on November 8. THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT), Commemorated June 24; begins his Gospel by describing an aged, devout, childless couple, the priest Zechariah and his wife Elizabeth. As Zechariah is serving in the Temple, he sees the angel Gabriel, who tells him that he and his wife will have a son who will be a great prophet, and will go before the Lord "like Elijah." (The Jewish tradition had been that Elijah would herald the coming of the Messiah = Christ = Anointed = Chosen of God.) Zechariah went home, and his wife conceived. About six months later, Gabriel appeared to the Virgin Mary, a kinswoman of Elizabeth, and told her that she was about to bear a son who would be called Son of the Most High, a king whose kingdom would never end. Thus Elizabeth gave birth to John, and Mary gave birth six months later to Jesus.

Jerusalem, 000, 1st C Folder, Apostles, MOG, JtBaptist, Lord Jesus, 3Shepherds, Magi, Anna&Simeon, MOG Dominion, Temple dest+

Jerusalem, 0000, FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY
Jerusalem, 0000, FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) at Jerusalem Temple, 40 days after Christmas, end of Mary's seclusion, buy back Jesus as first born male, met by 360 yr old Simeon, I will search Jerusalem with candels, Candlemas; Temple in Jerusalem; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; events commemorated today are recorded in Luke 2:22-39. The Presentation of Christ in the Temple forward from December 25 as Day One, we find that Day Forty is February 2. Jewish woman is in semi-seclusion for 40 days after giving birth to a son, accordingly it is on February 2 that we celebrate the coming of Mary and Joseph with the infant Jesus to the Temple at Jerusalem to offer sacrifice on behalf of Mary to mark the end of her seclusion (see Le 12:1-8), (2) to ransom or redeem (buy back) Jesus as a first-born male (see Ex 13:11-13; 22:29; Nu 18:15-16; Dt 15:19). they did so, they were greeted by the aged Simeon. a Sunday-School pageant, I once saw, the narrator said, now Simeon bursts into a spontaneous song of praise, assisted by the Temple Choir." song, called the Nunc Dimittis, has always had a prominent role in Christian worship. It has often been rendered in verse. append one example. Lord God, thou now hast set thy servant free, G-GGAGceddc-- to part in peace according to thy word. eefgGcBAAG-- Mine eyes have seen the Saviour, Christ the Lord ddef--cccfed-- prepared by thee for all the worlds to see; dpdBGceddc-- to shine on nations lost in darkest night, cfgaadggrg-- the glory of thy people, and their light. Gcdedfeddc-- The Presentation, by Fra Angelico(The versification is by Rae E Whitney, found in the Episcopal Hymnal 1982. The melody shown at the right is SONG 1 by Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625). Note that: We denote two octaves of white keys by CDEFGABcdefgab. We denote black keys (beginning with c sharp) by pqrst. We use a dash to continue the previous note for another beat.) an old reading for this festival contains the line (Zephaniah 1:12), will search Jerusalem with candles," day is also known as Candlemas, and sometimes observed with a candle-lit procession. the other hand, Groundhog Day ("If the groundhog (or woodchuck, a kind of marmot, which burrows and hibernates) sees his shadow on 2 February, there will be six more weeks of winter.") is strictly a secular holiday, brought to the United States and Canada by German immigrants. The Presentation, by Le BrunFIRST READING: Malachi 3:1-4 ("Behold, I send my messenger to prepare the way before me, and the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to his temple.") PSALM 84:1-6 ("O how amiable are thy dwellings, thou LORD of hosts!") EPISTLE: Hebrew 2:14-18 ("Since therefore the children share in flesh and blood, he himself likewise partook of the same nature, that through death he might destroy the power of death.") THE HOLY GOSPEL: Luke 2:22-40 ("And when the time came for their purification according to the law of Moses, they brought him up to Jerusalem to present him to the Lord.") by James Kiefer

Jerusaslem, 0000, Meeting of our Lord and Savior in Jerusalem Temple, described in Luke 2, 40 days after His birth
Jerusaslem, 0000, Meeting of our Lord and Savior in Jerusalem Temple, described in Luke 2, 40 days after His birth, presented to the Lord, after MOG's purification, she offering young lamb, 2Turtledoves to the Lord, out of humility, requirements otLaw, same time divinely inspired 360 yr old Simeon came from Jerusalem, could not die till he received Messiah, he Septuagent writer, Lord not let me depart in peace, Virgin behold this child will fall and rise again, with many, for a sign, sword will pierce him and your own heart also, 84 yr old Anna also there, prophetess, daughter of saint Phanuel, this child has established heaven and earth, Righteous have awaited his coming by faith, Righteous S&A last OT righteous deemed worthy to meet him itTemple, this feast celebrated from the beginning, but really celebrated after Antioch earthquake 528, then plague 541, feast adorned with hymns icons MOG pierced wSwords from Simeon's prophecy ; Temple in Jerusalem; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Meeting of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ is described in the third Gospel (Luke 2:22-40). days after His birth the Divine Child was brought to the Temple at Jerusalem to be presented to the Lord. to the Law of Moses (Lev. 12:2-8), a woman who gave birth to a male child was forbidden to enter the Temple for forty days. the end of the time of her purification, the mother went to the Temple with the child, to offer a young lamb, two turtledoves, or pigeons to the Lord as a sacrifice. Most Holy Virgin had no need of purification, since she had given birth to the Source of purity and sanctity. of humility, however, she fulfilled the requirements of the Law. this time the righteous Elder Simeon (February 3) was living in Jerusalem. had been revealed to him that he would not die until he beheld the promised Messiah. divine inspiration, Saint Simeon went to the Temple at the very moment when the Most Holy Theotokos and Saint Joseph had brought the Child Jesus to fulfill the Law. Simeon received the divine Child in his arms,1 giving thanks to God, he spoke the words repeated by the Church each evening at Vespers: “Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, according to Thy word, mine eyes have seen Thy salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face of all people, a light to enlighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Thy people Israel” (Luke 2:29-32). Simeon said to the Most Holy Virgin: “Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel, and for a sign which shall be spoken against. Yea, a sword shall pierce through your own soul also, that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed” (Luke 2:34-35). the Temple was an 84-year-old widow, Saint Anna the Prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel (February 3), “who did not leave the temple, but served God with fasting and prayers night and day." arrived just when Saint Simeon met the Divine Child. also gave thanks to the Lord and spoke of Him to all those who were looking for redemption of Jerusalem” (Luke 2:38). the icon of the Feast she holds a scroll which reads: “This Child has established Heaven and earth.” Christ was born, the righteous men and women lived by faith in the promised Messiah, and awaited His coming. Righteous Simeon and the Prophetess Anna, the last righteous persons of the Old Testament, were deemed worthy to meet Him in the Temple. Feast of the Meeting of the Lord is among the most ancient feasts of the Christian Church. have sermons by the holy bishops Methodios of Patara (+ 312), Cyril of Jerusalem (+ 360), Gregory the Theologian (+ 389), Amphilokhios of Iconium (+ 394), Gregory of Nyssa (+ 400), and John Chrysostom (+ 407). its early origin, this Feast was not celebrated so splendidly until the VI century. 528, during the reign of Justinian, an earthquake killed many people in Antioch. misfortunes followed this one. In 541 a terrible plague broke out in Constantinople, carrying off several thousand people each day. this time of widespread suffering, a solemn prayer service (Litia) for deliverence from evils was celebrated on the Feast of the Meeting of the Lord, the plague ceased. thanks to God, the Church established a more solemn celebration of this Feast. hymnographers have adorned this Feast with their hymns: Andrew of Crete in the VII century; Cosmas Bishop of Maium, Saint John of Damascus, and Saint Germanus Patriarch of Constantinople in the VIII century; Saint Joseph, Archbishop of Thessaloniki in the IX century. we also commemorate the Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos known as “the Softening of Evil Hearts” or “Simeon’s Prophecy. ” The Mother of God is depicted without her Child, and seven swords piercing her breast: three from the left side, three from the right, and one from below. similar Icon, “Of the Seven Swords” (August 13) shows three swords on the left side and four from the right. "Softening of Evil Hearts” Is also commemorated on August 13. Icon “Simeon’s Prophecy” symbolizes the fulfillment of the prophecy of the righteous Elder Simeon: “a sword shall pierce through your own soul” (Luke 2:35). Constantinople, the Emperors would celebrate the Feast Day at the Blakhernae church during the All-Night Vigil. custom continued until the Fall of the Byzantine Empire. 1 For this reason, he is known as the God-Receiver (Θεοδόχος).

Jerusalem, 1-67, Mary, Mother of God (Most Holy Theotokos, MOG)
Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Ephesus, 30-100, St John the Theologian, of Patmos and Ephesus; the Dormition of the Mother of God the Apostle John went to Ephesus and other cities of Asia Minor to preach the Gospel, taking with him his own disciple Prochorus. They boarded a ship, which floundered during a terrible tempest. All the travellers were cast up upon dry ground, and only the Apostle John remained in the depths of the sea. Prochorus wept bitterly, bereft of his spiritual father and guide, and he went on towards Ephesus alone. the fourteenth day of his journey he stood at the shore of the sea and saw that the waves had cast a man ashore. Going up to him, he recognized the Apostle John, whom the Lord had preserved alive for fourteen days in the sea. Teacher and disciple went to Ephesus, where the Apostle John preached incessantly to the pagans about Christ. His preaching was accompanied by such numerous and great miracles, that the number of believers increased with each day. this time there had begun a persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero (56-68). They took the Apostle John for trial at Rome. Saint John was sentenced to death for his confession of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, but the Lord preserved His chosen one. The apostle drank a cup of deadly poison, but he remained alive. Later, he emerged unharmed from a cauldron of boiling oil into which he had been thrown on orders from the torturer. this, they sent the Apostle John off to imprisonment to the island of Patmos, where he spent many years. Proceeding along on his way to the place of exile, Saint John worked many miracles. On the island of Patmos, his preaching and miracles attracted to him all the inhabitants of the island, and he enlightened them with the light of the Gospel. He cast out many devils from the pagan temples, and he healed a great multitude of the sick. with demonic powers showed great hostility to the preaching of the holy apostle. He especially frightened the chief sorcerer of them all, named Kinops, who boasted that they would destroy the apostle. But the great John, by the grace of God acting through him, destroyed all the demonic artifices to which Kinops resorted, and the haughty sorcerer perished in the depths of the sea. Apostle John withdrew with his disciple Prochorus to a desolate height, where he imposed upon himself a three-day fast. As Saint John prayed the earth quaked and thunder rumbled. Prochorus fell to the ground in fright. The Apostle John lifted him up and told him to write down what he was about to say. “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, saith the Lord, Who is and Who was and Who is to come, the Almighty” (Rev 1:8), proclaimed the Spirit of God through the Apostle John. Thus in about the year 67 the Book of Revelation was written, known also as the “Apocalypse,” of the holy Apostle John the Theologian. In this Book were predictions of the tribulations of the Church and of the end of the world. his prolonged exile, the Apostle John received his freedom and returned to Ephesus, where he continued with his activity, instructing Christians to guard against false teachers and their erroneous teachings. In the year 95, the Apostle John wrote his Gospel at Ephesus. He called for all Christians to love the Lord and one another, and by this to fulfill the commands of Christ. The Church calls Saint John the “Apostle of Love”, since he constantly taught that without love man cannot come near to God. Martyr Hermione, daughter of Saint Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Holy, Glorious All-laudable Apostle and Evangelist, Virgin, and Beloved Friend of Christ, John the Theologian was the son of Zebedee and Salome, a daughter of Saint Joseph the Betrothed. He was called by our Lord Jesus Christ to be one of His Apostles at the same time as his elder brother James. This took place at Lake Gennesareth (i.e. the Sea of Galilee). Leaving behind their father, both brothers followed the Lord. Apostle John was especially loved by the Savior for his sacrificial love and his virginal purity. After his calling, the Apostle John did not part from the Lord, and he was one of the three apostles who were particularly close to Him. Saint John the Theologian was present when the Lord restored the daughter of Jairus to life, and he was a witness to the Transfiguration of the Lord on Mount Tabor. the Last Supper, he reclined next to the Lord, and laid his head upon His breast. He also asked the name of the Savior’s betrayer. The Apostle John followed after the Lord when they led Him bound from the Garden of Gethsemane to the court of the iniquitous High Priests Annas and Caiphas. He was there in the courtyard of the High Priest during the interrogations of his Teacher and he resolutely followed after him on the way to Golgotha, grieving with all his heart. the foot of the Cross he stood with the Mother of God and heard the words of the Crucified Lord addressed to Her from the Cross: “Woman, behold Thy son.” Then the Lord said to him, “Behold thy Mother” (John 19:26-27). From that moment the Apostle John, like a loving son, concerned himself over the Most Holy Virgin Mary, and he served Her until Her Dormition. the Dormition of the Mother of God the Apostle John went to Ephesus and other cities of Asia Minor to preach the Gospel, taking with him his own disciple Prochorus. They boarded a ship, which floundered during a terrible tempest. All the travellers were cast up upon dry ground, and only the Apostle John remained in the depths of the sea. Prochorus wept bitterly, bereft of his spiritual father and guide, and he went on towards Ephesus alone. the fourteenth day of his journey he stood at the shore of the sea and saw that the waves had cast a man ashore. Going up to him, he recognized the Apostle John, whom the Lord had preserved alive for fourteen days in the sea. Teacher and disciple went to Ephesus, where the Apostle John preached incessantly to the pagans about Christ. His preaching was accompanied by such numerous and great miracles, that the number of believers increased with each day. this time there had begun a persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero (56-68). They took the Apostle John for trial at Rome. Saint John was sentenced to death for his confession of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, but the Lord preserved His chosen one. The apostle drank a cup of deadly poison, but he remained alive. Later, he emerged unharmed from a cauldron of boiling oil into which he had been thrown on orders from the torturer. this, they sent the Apostle John off to imprisonment to the island of Patmos, where he spent many years. Proceeding along on his way to the place of exile, Saint John worked many miracles. On the island of Patmos, his preaching and miracles attracted to him all the inhabitants of the island, and he enlightened them with the light of the Gospel. He cast out many devils from the pagan temples, and he healed a great multitude of the sick. with demonic powers showed great hostility to the preaching of the holy apostle. He especially frightened the chief sorcerer of them all, named Kinops, who boasted that they would destroy the apostle. But the great John, by the grace of God acting through him, destroyed all the demonic artifices to which Kinops resorted, and the haughty sorcerer perished in the depths of the sea. Apostle John withdrew with his disciple Prochorus to a desolate height, where he imposed upon himself a three-day fast. As Saint John prayed the earth quaked and thunder rumbled. Prochorus fell to the ground in fright. The Apostle John lifted him up and told him to write down what he was about to say. “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, saith the Lord, Who is and Who was and Who is to come, the Almighty” (Rev 1:8), proclaimed the Spirit of God through the Apostle John. Thus in about the year 67 the Book of Revelation was written, known also as the “Apocalypse,” of the holy Apostle John the Theologian. In this Book were predictions of the tribulations of the Church and of the end of the world. his prolonged exile, the Apostle John received his freedom and returned to Ephesus, where he continued with his activity, instructing Christians to guard against false teachers and their erroneous teachings. In the year 95, the Apostle John wrote his Gospel at Ephesus. He called for all Christians to love the Lord and one another, and by this to fulfill the commands of Christ. The Church calls Saint John the “Apostle of Love”, since he constantly taught that without love man cannot come near to God. his three Epistles, Saint John speaks of the significance of love for God and for neighbor. Already in his old age, he learned of a youth who had strayed from the true path to follow the leader of a band of robbers, so Saint John went out into the wilderness to seek him. Seeing the holy Elder, the guilty one tried to hide himself, but the Apostle John ran after him and besought him to stop. He promised to take the sins of the youth upon himself, if only he would repent and not bring ruin upon his soul. Shaken by the intense love of the holy Elder, the youth actually did repent and turn his life around. John reposed when he was more than a hundred years old. He far outlived the other eyewitnesses of the Lord, and for a long time he remained the only remaining eyewitness of the earthly life of the Savior. it was time for the departure of the Apostle John, he went out beyond the city limits of Ephesus with the families of his disciples. He bade them prepare for him a cross-shaped grave, in which he lay, telling his disciples that they should cover him over with the soil. The disciples tearfully kissed their beloved teacher, but not wanting to be disobedient, they fulfilled his bidding. They covered the face of the saint with a cloth and filled in the grave. Learning of this, other disciples of Saint John came to the place of his burial. When they opened the grave, they found it empty. year from the grave of the holy Apostle John on May 8 came forth a fine dust, which believers gathered up and were healed of sicknesses by it. Therefore, the Church also celebrates the memory of the holy Apostle John the Theologian on May 8. The Lord bestowed on His beloved disciple John and John’s brother James the name “Sons of Thunder” an awesome messenger accompanied by the cleansing power of heavenly fire. And precisely by this the Savior pointed out the flaming, fiery, sacrificial character of Christian love, the preacher of which was the Apostle John the Theologian. The eagle, symbol of the lofty heights of his theological thought, is the iconographic symbol of the Evangelist John the Theologian. The appellation “Theologian” is bestown by Holy Church only to Saint John among the immediate disciples and Apostles of Christ, as being the seer of the mysterious Judgments of God. Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on May 8; Church commemorates Saint John on this day because of the annual pilgrimage to his grave. Saint John was more than one hundred years old, he took seven of his disciples and went to a spot outside the city of Ephesus. There he told them to dig a grave in the form of a cross. Then he climbed into the grave and told his disciples to cover him with earth. Later, the grave was opened and the saint’s body was not there. year on May 8 a red dust would arise from the grave which the faithful collected in order to be healed of their illnesses. John’s main Feast is on September 26.

Jerusalem, 1-31, John tBaptist, tForerunner, he baptized Christ, called greatest prophet bJesus, bright morning star
Jerusalem, 1-31, Saint, John the Baptist, John the Forerunner, he baptized Christ, called greatest prophet bJesus, born 6mos bc, prepared in desert, fasting, prayer, sympathy fGod' people, preaching repentence a30, bright morning star, announcing dawn day oGrace, killed bHerod fSalome, body buried Sebaste, right hand given to Luke, which baptized Jesus, hand tAntioch wLuke, hand tChalcedon wMoslems seize A, tConstan 956 Theophany, 1200 Dobrynya or Anthony oNovgorod saw hand imperial palace there, 1263 Crusader capture oC one bone tCistercian Abby iFrance, 1453 locked up by Turks iImperial Treasury, 1484 given to Kinghts oRhodes bSultan's son, t their HQ aMalta, Napoleonic Threat 1799 transferred tRussia, Gatchina then Winter Palace, Forerunner celebrated on 6days; Jerusalem Saint, 1-31, John the Baptist, John the Forerunner; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; the Orthodox Church it is customary, on the day following the Great Feasts of the Lord and the Mother of God, to remember those saints who participated directly in the sacred event. on the day following the Theophany of the Lord, the Church honors the one who participated directly in the Baptism of Christ, placing his own hand upon the head of the Savior. John, the holy Forerunner and Baptist of the Lord, the Lord called the greatest of the prophets, the history of the Old Testament opens the era of the New Testament. holy Prophet John bore witness to the Only-Begotten Son of God, incarnate in the flesh. John was accounted worthy to baptize Him in the waters of the Jordan, he was a witness of the Theophany of the Most Holy Trinity on the day of the Savior’s Baptism. holy Prophet John, the son of the Priest Zachariah and Righteous Elizabeth, was related to the Lord on His mother’s side. holy Forerunner, John, was born six months before Christ. Archangel Gabriel announced his birth in the Temple at Jerusalem, revealing to Zachariah that a son was to be born to him. the prayers offered beforehand, the child was filled with the Holy Spirit. John prepared himself in the wilds of the desert for his great service by a strict life, by fasting, prayer and sympathy for the fate of God’s people. the age of thirty, he came forth preaching repentance. appeared on the banks of the Jordan, to prepare the people by his preaching to accept the Savior of the world. church hymnology, Saint John is called a “bright morning star,” whose gleaming outshone the brilliance of all the other stars, announcing the coming dawn of the day of grace, illumined with the light of the spiritual Sun, our Lord Jesus Christ. baptized the sinless Lamb of God, Saint John soon died a martyr’s death, beheaded by the sword on orders of King Herod at the request of his daughter Salome. (On Saint John the Baptist, see Mt.3:1-16, 11:1-19, 14:1-12; Mark 1:2-8, 6:14-29; Luke 1:5-25, 39-80, 3:1-20, 7:18-35, 9:7-9; John 1:19-34, 3:22-26). Transfer of the Right Hand of the holy Forerunner from Antioch to Constantinople (956) and the Miracle of Saint John the Forerunner against the Hagarenes (Moslems) at Chios: body of Saint John the Baptist was buried in the Samaritan city of Sebaste. holy Evangelist Luke, who went preaching Christ in various cities and towns, came to Sebaste, where they gave him the right hand of the holy Prophet John, the very hand with which he had baptized the Savior. The Evangelist Luke took it with him to his native city of Antioch. the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later, a deacon named Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. the year 1200, the Russian pilgrim Dobrynya, who later became Saint Anthony, Archbishop of Novgorod (February 10), saw the right hand of the Forerunner in the imperial palace. the Lives of the Saints we learn that in the year 1263, during the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, the emperor Baldwin gave one bone from the wrist of Saint John the Baptist to Ottonus de Cichon, who then gave it to a Cistercian abbey in France. right hand continued to be kept in Constantinople. And at the end of the fourteenth to the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, the holy relic was seen at Constantinople in the Peribleptos monastery by the Russian pilgrims Stephen of Novgorod, the deacon Ignatius, the cantor Alexander and the deacon Zosimus. When Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, sacred objects were gathered up at the the conqueror’s orders and kept under lock in the imperial treasury. the Lives of the Saints is clear testimony that in the year 1484 the right hand of the holy Forerunner was given away by the son of the Moslem sultan Bayazet to the knights of Rhodes gain their good will, since a dangerous rival for Bayazet, his own brother, had allied himself with them. contemporary participant, the vice-chancellor of Rhodes, Wilhelm Gaorsan Gallo, also speaks of this event. knights of Rhodes, having established their base on the island of Malta (in the Mediterranean Sea), then transferred the sacred relic they had received to Malta. the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. special service was composed for this Feast. the Synaxis of the honorable, glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates his memory on the following days: 23, his Conception; 24, his Nativity; 29, his Beheading; 24, the First and Second Finding of his Head; 25, the Third Finding of his Head; 12, the Transfer of his Right Hand from Malta to Gatchina (1799).

Jerusalem, 1-33, Lord Jesus Christ
Jerusalem, 1AD-33 AD, Lord Jesus Christ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Jerusalem, 1AD, Circumcision oJesus&Naming, remind NewCovenant, OT Law sign Old C, Gabriel gave MOG tName, means Savior
Jerusalem, 1AD, Circumcision oJesus, Bethlehem, Judea (high point, south of Jerusalem 6 miles), 8th day, Old Testament Law, sign God's covenant wAbraham's descendants, given name Jesus (Savior) per Archangel Gabriel told Theotokos aAnnunciation, Lord's (creator otLaw) example how faithfully follow divine ordanances, also so no one doubt his human flesh, which heratics taught as illusion, in New Testament circumcision replaced by Baptism, C prefigured B, Cannon Circumcision Feast written by Steven oSavva, Name Jesus indicated his work oSalvation otWorld, C &Naming remind New Covenant wGod; Bethlehem; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; the eighth day after His Nativity, our Lord Jesus Christ was circumcised in accordance with the Old Testament Law. male infants underwent circumcision as a sign of God’s Covenant with the holy Forefather Abraham and his descendants [Genesis 17:10-14, Leviticus 12:3]. this ritual, the Divine Infant was given the name Jesus, the Archangel Gabriel declared on the day of the Annunciation to the Most Holy Theotokos [Luke 1:31-33, 2:21]. Fathers of the Church explain that the Lord, the Creator of the Law, underwent circumcision in order to give people an example of how faithfully the divine ordinances ought to be fulfilled. Lord was circumcised so that later no one would doubt that He had truly assumed human flesh, that His Incarnation was not merely an illusion, as certain heretics had taught. the New Testament, the ritual of circumcision gave way to the Mystery of Baptism, which it prefigured [Colossians 2:11-12]. of the Feast of the Circumcision of the Lord continue in the Eastern Church right up through the fourth century. Canon of the Feast was written by Saint Stephen of the Saint Savva Monastery. addition to circumcision, which the Lord accepted as a sign of God’s Covenant with mankind, also received the Name Jesus [Savior] on the eighth day after His Nativity an indication of His service, the work of the salvation of the world [Matthew 1:21; Mark 9:38-39, 16:17; Luke 10:17; Acts 3:6, 16; Philippians 2:9-10]. two events -- the Lord’s Circumcision and Naming -- Christians that they have entered into a New Covenant with God “are circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, putting off the body of the sins of the flesh the circumcision of Christ” [Colossians 2:11]. very name “Christian” is a sign of mankind’s entrance into a New Covenant with God. THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; January 1st, we celebrate the Circumcision of Christ. we are more squeamish than our ancestors, modern calendars often list it as the feast of the Holy Name of Jesus, the other emphasis is the older. Jewish boy was circumcised (and formally named) on the eighth day of his life, so, one week after Christmas, we celebrate the occasion when Our Lord first shed His blood for us. is a fit close for a week of martyrs, and reminds us that to suffer for Christ is to suffer with Him. FOR ALL YEARS FIRST READING: Exodus 34:1-8 (When the Israelites had broken the Law, God proclaimed His Name before Moses and renewed the Law.) PSALM 8 (O LORD, how excellent is thy name in all the earth! Thou hast crowned [the son of man] with glory, and put all things under his feet.) EPISTLE: Romans 1:1-7 (Jesus was Son of David by the rules of flesh, but was the Son of God by the power of the Spirit.) ALTERNATE EPISTLE (YEAR A ONLY): Philippians 2:9-13 ("at the name of Jesus every knee shall bow") THE HOLY GOSPEL: Luke 2:15-21 (The visit of the shepherds to the manger; the circumcision) by James Kiefer

Jerusalem, 1 AD, Three Shepherds, Bethlehem, Judea, Angel Gabriel, great joy to all people, they first to offer worship
Rome, 1 AD, Three Shepherds, Bethlehem, Judea, Angel Gabriel, great joy to all people, they first to offer worship; Bethlehem; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind. The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Lord Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, was born of the Most Holy Virgin Mary in the city of Bethlehem during the reign of the emperor Augustus (Octavian). Caesar Augustus decreed that a universal census be made throughout his Empire, which then also included Palestinian Israel. The Jews were accustomed to be counted in the city from where their family came. The Most Holy Virgin and the Righteous Joseph, since they were descended from the house and lineage of King David, had to go to Bethlehem to be counted and taxed. Bethlehem they found no room at any of the city’s inns. Thus, the God-Man, the Savior of the world, was born in a cave that was used as a stable. “I behold a strange and most glorious mystery,” the Church sings with awe, “Heaven, a Cave; the Virgin the Throne of the Cherubim; the Manger a room, in which Christ, the God Whom nothing can contain is laid.” (Irmos of the 9th Ode of the Nativity Canon). given birth to the divine Infant without travail, the Most Holy Virgin “wrapped Him in swaddling clothes, and laid Him in a manger” (Luke 2:7). In the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). The humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind. Besides the glad tidings to the Bethlehem shepherds, the Nativity of Christ was revealed to the Magi by a wondrous star. Saint John Chrysostom and Saint Theophylactus, commenting on Saint Matthew’s Gospel, say that this was no ordinary star. Rather, it was “a divine and angelic power that appeared in the form of a star.” Saint Demetrius of Rostov says it was a “manifestation of divine energy” (Narrative of the Adoration of the Magi). Entering the house where the Infant lay, the Magi “fell down, and worshipped Him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented Him gifts: gold, and frankincense, and myrrh” (Mt. 2:11). present Feast, commemorating the Nativity in the flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, was established by the Church. Its origin goes back to the time of the Apostles. In the Apostolic Constitutions (Section 3, 13) it says, “Brethren, observe the feastdays; and first of all the Birth of Christ, which you are to celebrate on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month.” In another place it also says, “Celebrate the day of the Nativity of Christ, on which unseen grace is given man by the birth of the Word of God from the Virgin Mary for the salvation of the world.” the second century Saint Clement of Alexandria also indicates that the day of the Nativity of Christ is December 25. In the third century Saint Hippolytus of Rome mentions the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, and appoints the Gospel readings for this day from the opening chapters of Saint Matthew. 302, during the persecution of Christians by Maximian, 20,000 Christians of Nicomedia (December 28) were burned in church on the very Feast of the Nativity of Christ. In that same century, after the persecution when the Church had received freedom of religion and had become the official religion in the Roman Empire, we find the Feast of the Nativity of Christ observed throughout the entire Church. There is evidence of this in the works of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory the Theologian, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Ambrose of Milan, Saint John Chrysostom and other Fathers of the Church of the fourth century. John Chrysostom, in a sermon which he gave in the year 385, points out that the Feast of the Nativity of Christ is ancient, and indeed very ancient. In this same century, at the Cave of Bethlehem, made famous by the Birth of Jesus Christ, the empress Saint Helen built a church, which her mighty son Constantine adorned after her death. In the Codex of the emperor Theodosius from 438, and of the emperor Justinian in 535, the universal celebration of the day of the Nativity of Christ was decreed by law. Thus, Nikēphóros Callistus, a writer of the fourteenth century, says in his History that in the sixth century, the emperor Justinian established the celebration of the Nativity of Christ throughout all the world. Anatolius of Constantinople in the fifth century, Sophronius and Andrew of Jerusalem in the seventh, Saints John of Damascus, Cosmas of Maium and Patriarch Germanus of Constantinople in the eighth, the Nun Cassiane in the ninth, and others whose names are unknown, wrote many sacred hymns for the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, which are still sung by the Church on this radiant festival. the first three centuries, in the Churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Cyprus, the Nativity of Christ was combined together with the Feast of His Baptism on January 6, and called “Theophany” (“Manifestation of God”). This was because of a belief that Christ was baptized on anniversary of His birth, which may be inferred from Saint John Chrysostom’s sermon on the Nativity of Christ: “it is not the day on which Christ was born which is called Theophany, but rather that day on which He was baptized.” support of such a view, it is possible to cite the words of the Evangelist Luke who says that “Jesus began to be about thirty years of age” (Luke 3:23) when He was baptized. The joint celebration of the Nativity of Christ and His Theophany continued to the end of the fourth century in certain Eastern Churches, and until the fifth or sixth century in others. present order of services preserves the memory of the ancient joint celebration of the Feasts of the Nativity of Christ and Theophany. On the eve of both Feasts, there is a similar tradition that one should fast until the stars appear. The order of divine services on the eve of both feastdays and the feastdays themselves is the same. Nativity of Christ has long been counted as one of the Twelve Great Feasts. It is one of the greatest, most joyful and wondrous events in the history of the world. “The angel said to the shepherds, ‘Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you: you shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.’ Then suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly hosts, glorifying God and saying: ‘Glory to God in the Highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.’ Those who heard these things were astonished at what the shepherds told them concerning the Child. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen” (Luke 2:10-20). the Nativity of Christ, a most profound and extraordinary event, was accompanied by the wondrous tidings proclaimed to the shepherds and to the Magi. This is a cause of universal rejoicing for all mankind, “for the Savior is Born!” with the witness of the Gospel, the Fathers of the Church, in their God-inspired writings, describe the Feast of the Nativity of Christ as most profound, and joyous, serving as the basis and foundation for all the other Feasts. is Born! Glorify Him! also: Discourse on the Nativity of Christ by Saint Gregory Thaumatourgos, Bishop of Neocaesarea.

Jerusalem, 1 AD, The Nativity, Judea, Agustus' census, born today, Lords' Nativity revealed to Magi by wonderous star
Jerusalem, 1 AD, The Nativity, Bethlehem, Judea, Agustus' census, King David's house in Bethlehem, cave used as a stable, birth without travail, swaddling clothes, Manger, midnight, Gabriel announced to shepherds, great joy, all people, born today, Savior, the Lord, Nativity revealed to Magi by wonderous star; Bethlehem; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Lord Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, was born of the Most Holy Virgin Mary in the city of Bethlehem during the reign of the emperor Augustus (Octavian). Caesar Augustus decreed that a universal census be made throughout his Empire, which then also included Palestinian Israel. Jews were accustomed to be counted in the city from where their family came. The Most Holy Virgin and the Righteous Joseph, since they were descended from the house and lineage of King David, had to go to Bethlehem to be counted and taxed. Bethlehem they found no room at any of the city’s inns. Thus, the God-Man, the Savior of the world, was born in a cave that was used as a stable. “I behold a strange and most glorious mystery,” the Church sings with awe, “Heaven, a Cave; the Virgin the Throne of the Cherubim; the Manger a room, in which Christ, the God Whom nothing can contain is laid.” (Irmos of the 9th Ode of the Nativity Canon). given birth to the divine Infant without travail, the Most Holy Virgin “wrapped Him in swaddling clothes, and laid Him in a manger” (Luke 2:7). the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind. Besides the glad tidings to the Bethlehem shepherds, Nativity of Christ was revealed to the Magi by a wondrous star. Saint John Chrysostom and Saint Theophylactus, commenting on Saint Matthew’s Gospel, say that this was no ordinary star. Rather, it was “a divine and angelic power that appeared in the form of a star.” Saint Demetrius of Rostov says it was a “manifestation of divine energy” (Narrative of the Adoration of the Magi). Entering the house where the Infant lay, the Magi “fell down, and worshipped Him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented Him gifts: gold, and frankincense, and myrrh” (Mt. 2:11). present Feast, commemorating the Nativity in the flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, was established by the Church. Its origin goes back to the time of the Apostles. In the Apostolic Constitutions (Section 3, 13) it says, “Brethren, observe the feastdays; and first of all the Birth of Christ, which you are to celebrate on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month.” In another place it also says, “Celebrate the day of the Nativity of Christ, on which unseen grace is given man by the birth of the Word of God from the Virgin Mary for the salvation of the world.” the second century Saint Clement of Alexandria also indicates that the day of the Nativity of Christ is December 25. In the third century Saint Hippolytus of Rome mentions the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, and appoints the Gospel readings for this day from the opening chapters of Saint Matthew. 302, during the persecution of Christians by Maximian, 20,000 Christians of Nicomedia (December 28) were burned in church on the very Feast of the Nativity of Christ. In that same century, after the persecution when the Church had received freedom of religion and had become the official religion in the Roman Empire, we find the Feast of the Nativity of Christ observed throughout the entire Church. There is evidence of this in the works of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory the Theologian, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Ambrose of Milan, Saint John Chrysostom and other Fathers of the Church of the fourth century. John Chrysostom, in a sermon which he gave in the year 385, points out that the Feast of the Nativity of Christ is ancient, and indeed very ancient. In this same century, at the Cave of Bethlehem, made famous by the Birth of Jesus Christ, the empress Saint Helen built a church, which her mighty son Constantine adorned after her death. In the Codex of the emperor Theodosius from 438, and of the emperor Justinian in 535, the universal celebration of the day of the Nativity of Christ was decreed by law. Thus, Nikēphóros Callistus, a writer of the fourteenth century, says in his History that in the sixth century, the emperor Justinian established the celebration of the Nativity of Christ throughout all the world. Anatolius of Constantinople in the fifth century, Sophronius and Andrew of Jerusalem in the seventh, Saints John of Damascus, Cosmas of Maium and Patriarch Germanus of Constantinople in the eighth, the Nun Cassiane in the ninth, and others whose names are unknown, wrote many sacred hymns for the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, which are still sung by the Church on this radiant festival. the first three centuries, in the Churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Cyprus, the Nativity of Christ was combined together with the Feast of His Baptism on January 6, and called “Theophany” (“Manifestation of God”). This was because of a belief that Christ was baptized on anniversary of His birth, which may be inferred from Saint John Chrysostom’s sermon on the Nativity of Christ: “it is not the day on which Christ was born which is called Theophany, but rather that day on which He was baptized.” support of such a view, it is possible to cite the words of the Evangelist Luke who says that “Jesus began to be about thirty years of age” (Luke 3:23) when He was baptized. The joint celebration of the Nativity of Christ and His Theophany continued to the end of the fourth century in certain Eastern Churches, and until the fifth or sixth century in others. present order of services preserves the memory of the ancient joint celebration of the Feasts of the Nativity of Christ and Theophany. On the eve of both Feasts, there is a similar tradition that one should fast until the stars appear. The order of divine services on the eve of both feastdays and the feastdays themselves is the same. Nativity of Christ has long been counted as one of the Twelve Great Feasts. It is one of the greatest, most joyful and wondrous events in the history of the world. “The angel said to the shepherds, ‘Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you: you shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.’ Then suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly hosts, glorifying God and saying: ‘Glory to God in the Highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.’ Those who heard these things were astonished at what the shepherds told them concerning the Child. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen” (Luke 2:10-20). the Nativity of Christ, a most profound and extraordinary event, was accompanied by the wondrous tidings proclaimed to the shepherds and to the Magi. This is a cause of universal rejoicing for all mankind, “for the Savior is Born!” with the witness of the Gospel, the Fathers of the Church, in their God-inspired writings, describe the Feast of the Nativity of Christ as most profound, and joyous, serving as the basis and foundation for all the other Feasts. is Born! Glorify Him! also: Discourse on the Nativity of Christ by Saint Gregory Thaumatourgos, Bishop of Neocaesarea. Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind.

Jerusalem, 1 AD, The Magi, from Persia to Jerusalem and Bethlehem, because Savior, Lord, Nativity revealed by wonderous star
Jerusalem, 1 AD, The Nativity, Bethlehem, Judea, Agustus' census, King David's house in Bethlehem, cave used as a stable, birth without travail, swaddling clothes, Manger, midnight, Gabriel announced to shepherds, great joy, all people, born today, Savior, the Lord, Nativity revealed to Magi by wonderous star; Bethlehem; The Adoration of the Magi: Melchior, Caspar, and Balthasar, Commemorated on December 25; Nativity of Christ was revealed to the Magi by a wondrous star. Saint John Chrysostom and Saint Theophylactus, commenting on Saint Matthew’s Gospel, say that this was no ordinary star. Rather, it was “a divine and angelic power that appeared in the form of a star.” Saint Demetrius of Rostov says it was a “manifestation of divine energy” (Narrative of the Adoration of the Magi). Entering the house where the Infant lay, the Magi “fell down, and worshipped Him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented Him gifts: gold, and frankincense, and myrrh” (Mt. 2:11). names of the three Wise Men (Magi) do not appear in the Gospels. The tradition that there were three visitors from the east is very ancient, but their names are only mentioned in the Middle Ages. reputed to be the relics of the three kings have been in the cathedral at Cologne, Germany since 1164. The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Lord Jesus Christ, the Savior of the world, was born of the Most Holy Virgin Mary in the city of Bethlehem during the reign of the emperor Augustus (Octavian). Caesar Augustus decreed that a universal census be made throughout his Empire, which then also included Palestinian Israel. Jews were accustomed to be counted in the city from where their family came. The Most Holy Virgin and the Righteous Joseph, since they were descended from the house and lineage of King David, had to go to Bethlehem to be counted and taxed. Bethlehem they found no room at any of the city’s inns. Thus, the God-Man, the Savior of the world, was born in a cave that was used as a stable. “I behold a strange and most glorious mystery,” the Church sings with awe, “Heaven, a Cave; the Virgin the Throne of the Cherubim; the Manger a room, in which Christ, the God Whom nothing can contain is laid.” (Irmos of the 9th Ode of the Nativity Canon). given birth to the divine Infant without travail, the Most Holy Virgin “wrapped Him in swaddling clothes, and laid Him in a manger” (Luke 2:7). the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind. Besides the glad tidings to the Bethlehem shepherds, Nativity of Christ was revealed to the Magi by a wondrous star. Saint John Chrysostom and Saint Theophylactus, commenting on Saint Matthew’s Gospel, say that this was no ordinary star. Rather, it was “a divine and angelic power that appeared in the form of a star.” Saint Demetrius of Rostov says it was a “manifestation of divine energy” (Narrative of the Adoration of the Magi). Entering the house where the Infant lay, the Magi “fell down, and worshipped Him: and when they had opened their treasures, they presented Him gifts: gold, and frankincense, and myrrh” (Mt. 2:11). present Feast, commemorating the Nativity in the flesh of our Lord Jesus Christ, was established by the Church. Its origin goes back to the time of the Apostles. In the Apostolic Constitutions (Section 3, 13) it says, “Brethren, observe the feastdays; and first of all the Birth of Christ, which you are to celebrate on the twenty-fifth day of the ninth month.” In another place it also says, “Celebrate the day of the Nativity of Christ, on which unseen grace is given man by the birth of the Word of God from the Virgin Mary for the salvation of the world.” the second century Saint Clement of Alexandria also indicates that the day of the Nativity of Christ is December 25. In the third century Saint Hippolytus of Rome mentions the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, and appoints the Gospel readings for this day from the opening chapters of Saint Matthew. 302, during the persecution of Christians by Maximian, 20,000 Christians of Nicomedia (December 28) were burned in church on the very Feast of the Nativity of Christ. In that same century, after the persecution when the Church had received freedom of religion and had become the official religion in the Roman Empire, we find the Feast of the Nativity of Christ observed throughout the entire Church. There is evidence of this in the works of Saint Ephraim the Syrian, Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory the Theologian, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Ambrose of Milan, Saint John Chrysostom and other Fathers of the Church of the fourth century. John Chrysostom, in a sermon which he gave in the year 385, points out that the Feast of the Nativity of Christ is ancient, and indeed very ancient. In this same century, at the Cave of Bethlehem, made famous by the Birth of Jesus Christ, the empress Saint Helen built a church, which her mighty son Constantine adorned after her death. In the Codex of the emperor Theodosius from 438, and of the emperor Justinian in 535, the universal celebration of the day of the Nativity of Christ was decreed by law. Thus, Nikēphóros Callistus, a writer of the fourteenth century, says in his History that in the sixth century, the emperor Justinian established the celebration of the Nativity of Christ throughout all the world. Anatolius of Constantinople in the fifth century, Sophronius and Andrew of Jerusalem in the seventh, Saints John of Damascus, Cosmas of Maium and Patriarch Germanus of Constantinople in the eighth, the Nun Cassiane in the ninth, and others whose names are unknown, wrote many sacred hymns for the Feast of the Nativity of Christ, which are still sung by the Church on this radiant festival. the first three centuries, in the Churches of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Cyprus, the Nativity of Christ was combined together with the Feast of His Baptism on January 6, and called “Theophany” (“Manifestation of God”). This was because of a belief that Christ was baptized on anniversary of His birth, which may be inferred from Saint John Chrysostom’s sermon on the Nativity of Christ: “it is not the day on which Christ was born which is called Theophany, but rather that day on which He was baptized.” support of such a view, it is possible to cite the words of the Evangelist Luke who says that “Jesus began to be about thirty years of age” (Luke 3:23) when He was baptized. The joint celebration of the Nativity of Christ and His Theophany continued to the end of the fourth century in certain Eastern Churches, and until the fifth or sixth century in others. present order of services preserves the memory of the ancient joint celebration of the Feasts of the Nativity of Christ and Theophany. On the eve of both Feasts, there is a similar tradition that one should fast until the stars appear. The order of divine services on the eve of both feastdays and the feastdays themselves is the same. Nativity of Christ has long been counted as one of the Twelve Great Feasts. It is one of the greatest, most joyful and wondrous events in the history of the world. “The angel said to the shepherds, ‘Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord. And this shall be a sign unto you: you shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.’ Then suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly hosts, glorifying God and saying: ‘Glory to God in the Highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.’ Those who heard these things were astonished at what the shepherds told them concerning the Child. And the shepherds returned, glorifying and praising God for all the things that they had heard and seen” (Luke 2:10-20). the Nativity of Christ, a most profound and extraordinary event, was accompanied by the wondrous tidings proclaimed to the shepherds and to the Magi. This is a cause of universal rejoicing for all mankind, “for the Savior is Born!” with the witness of the Gospel, the Fathers of the Church, in their God-inspired writings, describe the Feast of the Nativity of Christ as most profound, and joyous, serving as the basis and foundation for all the other Feasts. is Born! Glorify Him! also: Discourse on the Nativity of Christ by Saint Gregory Thaumatourgos, Bishop of Neocaesarea. Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; the stillness of midnight (Wisdom of Solomon 18:14-15), the proclamation of the birth of the Savior of the world was heard by three shepherds watching their flocks by night. angel of the Lord (Saint Cyprian says this was Gabriel) came before them and said: “Fear not: for behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day in the city of David a Savior, Who is Christ the Lord” (Luke 2:10-11). humble shepherds were the first to offer worship to Him Who condescended to assume the form of a humble servant for the salvation of mankind.

Jerusalem, 1 AD (360BC-1AD), Simeon the God Receiver, Septuagint translator 360 BC, promised to see the Messiah before death
Jerusalem, 1 AD (360BC-1AD), Simeon the God Receiver, Sanhedrin wise man, Septuagint translator 360 BC, promised he would see the Messiah before death, a virgin will conceive; Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver ; Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver; Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; Simeon the God-Receiver was, according to the testimony of the holy Evangelist Luke, a just and devout man waiting for the consolation of Israel, and the Holy Spirit was upon him (Luke 2:25). promised him that he would not die until the promised Messiah, Christ the Lord, came into the world. historians tell us that the Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-247 B.C.) wished to include texts of Holy Scripture in the famous Library at Alexandria. He invited scholars from Jerusalem, and the Sanhedrin sent their wise men. The Righteous Simeon was one of the seventy scholars who came to Alexandria to translate the Holy Scriptures into Greek. The completed work was called “The Septuagint,” and is the version of the Old Testament used by the Orthodox Church. Simeon was translating a book of the Prophet Isaiah, and read the words: “Behold, a virgin shall conceive in the womb, and shall bring forth a Son” (Is 7:14). He thought that “virgin” was inaccurate, and he wanted to correct the text to read “woman.” At that moment an angel appeared to him and held back his hand saying, “You shall see these words fulfilled. You shall not die until you behold Christ the Lord born of a pure and spotless Virgin.” this day, Saint Simeon lived in expectation of the Promised Messiah. One day, the righteous Elder received a revelation from the Holy Spirit, and came to the Temple. It was on the very day (the fortieth after the Birth of Christ) when the All-Pure Virgin Mary and Saint Joseph had come to the Temple in order to perform the ritual prescribed by Jewish Law. Saint Simeon beheld their arrival, the Holy Spirit revealed to him that the divine Child held by the All-Pure Virgin Mary was the Promised Messiah, the Savior of the world. The Elder took the Child in his arms and said, “Lord, now lettest Thou Thy servant depart in peace, according to Thy word, for mine eyes have seen Thy salvation, which Thou hast prepared before the face of all people, a light to enlighten the Gentiles, and the glory of Thy people Israel” (Luke 2:29-32). is a Christian epigram (Number 46) in “The Greek Anthology” which is addressed to Saint Simeon. It tells the righteous Elder to receive the Child Who was born before Adam, and Who will deliver Simeon from this life and bring him to eternal life. A similar idea is expressed in the Aposticha (Slavic use) for the Forefeast of the Nativity of the Lord (December 24). There the Mother of God refers to her Son as “older than ancient Adam.” blessed the All-Pure Virgin and Saint Joseph, and turning to the Mother of God he said, “Behold, this child is set for the fall and rising again of many in Israel, and for a sign which shall be spoken against. Yea, a sword shall pierce through your own soul also, that the thoughts of many hearts may be revealed” (Luke 2:34-35). holy Evangelist continues: “And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel of the tribe of Aser. She was of a great age, and had lived with a husband for seven years from her virginity; and she was a widow of about eighty-four years, who did not leave the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. And coming at that very hour, also gave thanks to the Lord, and spoke of Him to all those who looked for redemption at Jerusalem” (Luke 2:36-38). holy righteous Simeon the God-Receiver died at a great age (Tradition says he was 360). His holy relics were transferred to Constantinople in the sixth century. His grave was seen by the Russian pilgrim Saint Anthony, the future Archbishop of Novgorod (October 8) in 1200. Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated on February 3;

Jerusalem, 1 AD, Anna the Prophetess, Jerusalem Temple, widow 84 yrs in the Temple, at the presentation she prophesied of Jesus
Jerusalem, 1 AD, Anna the Prophetess, Jerusalem Temple, widow 84 yrs in the Temple, coming at the presentation gave thanks and prophesied of Jesus to those who looked for redemption; Temple in Jerusalem; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; to Saint Luke’s Gospel, “And there was one Anna, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel of the tribe of Aser. was of a great age, and had lived with a husband for seven years from her virginity; and she was a widow of about eighty-four years, who did not leave the temple, but served God with fastings and prayers night and day. And coming at that very hour, also gave thanks to the Lord, and spoke of Him to all those who looked for redemption at Jerusalem” (Luke 2:36-38).

Jerusalem, 1AD, Nativity oOur Lord Forefeast, begins Dec 20, Hymns concern Savior's birth, modified versions Holy Week H
Jerusalem, 000, Nativity oOur Lord Forefeast, Bethlehem, Judea (south of Jerusalem 6 miles), begins Dec 20, Liturgical Hymns concern Savior's birth, many slightly modified versions Holy Week Hymns, 20-23 Troparion Tone 4 “Prepare, O Bethlehem, for Eden has been opened to all. Adorn yourself, O Ephratha, for the Tree of Life blossoms forth from the Virgin in the cave. Her womb is a spiritual paradise planted with the Divine Fruit; if we eat of it we shall live forever and not die like Adam. Christ comes to restore the image which He made in the beginning.”, Kontakion tone 3 “Today the Virgin comes to the cave to give birth ineffably to the pre-eternal Word. Hearing this, rejoice, O inhabited earth! With the angels and the shepherds glorify the pre-eternal God, Whose will it was to appear as a young child!; Bethlehem; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Lord begins on December 20. From now on, most of the liturgical hymns will be concerned with the birth of the Savior. Many of the Church’s hymns of this period are slightly modified versions of the hymns of Holy Week. December 20-23 we sing the Troparion (Tone 4) “Prepare, O Bethlehem, for Eden has been opened to all. Adorn yourself, O Ephratha, for the Tree of Life blossoms forth from the Virgin in the cave. Her womb is a spiritual paradise planted with the Divine Fruit; if we eat of it we shall live forever and not die like Adam. Christ comes to restore the image which He made in the beginning.” also sing the Kontakion (Tone 3) “Today the Virgin comes to the cave to give birth ineffably to the pre-eternal Word. Hearing this, rejoice, O inhabited earth! With the angels and the shepherds glorify the pre-eternal God, Whose will it was to appear as a young child!

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Jerusalem Saint and Teacher of the Law, Gamaliel
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Jerusalem Saint and Teacher of the Law, Gamaliel; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Righteous Nicodemus
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Righteous Nicodemus; Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

Jerusalem, 2, The 14K Holy Innocents, Bethlehem, when Magi did not return, Herod ordered all male children 2 and younger killed
Jerusalem, 2, The 14K Holy Innocents, Bethlehem, when Magi did not return, Herod ordered all male children 2 and younger killed, at Incarnation Magi from Parthia Persia came tJerusalem &Bethlehem following an expected star that foretold the birth of a Judean King, they brought gifts for that king, all part of their religion, which included Astrology, the star took them tJerusalem, and Herod, he asked them to come back his way, then the star took them to Bethlehem, they worshiped Jesus, gave him his gifts, but did not return to Herod, but went home to Parthia, being warned by God in a dream, Herod realized his scheme to kill Jesus failed, so he ordered all male children 2yrs&younger near Bethlehem be killed, Jesus' parents sent tEgypd by God, those murdered infants first Martyrs fChrist, Herod gets horid disease eaten by worms, so Rage oHeod, killed Simeon God-receiver, and Zach who would not expose his son John tBaptist, killed chief priests&scribes, k his brother, sister, her husband, his own wife, his 3Sons, 70 wise men oSanhedrin, all so no one would rejoice at his death, relics otInnocents in Constantinople, Jerusalem, Mt Athos; Jerusalem, 002, THE HOLY INNOCENTS, Bethlehem, Judea, when Magi did not return to him, Herod ordered all Bethlehem male children 2 and younger killed; Bethlehem; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; Holy Infants were killed by King Herod in Bethlehem. the time came for the Incarnation of the Son of God and His Birth of the Most Holy Virgin Mary, Magi in the East beheld a new star in the heavens, foretelling the Nativity of the King of the Jews. journeyed immediately to Jerusalem to worship the Child, and the star showed them the way. worshipped the divine Infant, they did not return to Jerusalem to Herod, as he had ordered them, being warned by God in a dream, they went back to their country by another way. finally realized that his scheme to find the Child would not be successful, and he ordered that all the male children two years old and younger at Bethlehem and its surroundings be killed. thought that the divine Infant, Whom he considered a rival, would be among the dead children. murdered infants thus became the first martyrs for Christ. rage of Herod fell also on Simeon the God-Receiver (February 3), who declared before everyone in the Temple that the Messiah had been born. the holy Elder died, Herod would not give permission for him to be properly buried. the orders of King Herod, the holy prophet and priest Zachariah was also killed. was murdered in Jerusalem between the Temple and the altar (Mt. 23:35) because he would not tell the whereabouts of his son John, the future Baptist of the Lord Jesus Christ. wrath of God soon fell upon Herod himself: horrid condition struck him down and he died, eaten by worms while still alive. his death, the impious king murdered the chief priests and scribes of the Jews, also his brother, his sister and her husband, also his own wife Mariam, three of his sons, seventy men of wisdom who were members of the Sanhedrin. initiated this bloodbath so that the day of his death would not be one of rejoicing, but one of mourning. Christian Church very rightly proclaimed these murdered children as Saints, because they died at an innocent age, and were, in some way, the first martyrs of Christianity. may not have been baptized in water, but they were baptized in the blessed blood of their martyrdom. but not least, the relics (or perhaps some) of the Holy Infants are found in Constantinople, the Church of Saint James the Brother of the Lord, which was built by Emperor Justin. of their Holy Relics are at the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. of their Holy Relics are also to be found in the Pantokrator Monastery on Mount Athos. THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; read in Matthew 2 that when Jesus was born in Bethlehem, King Herod, fearing for his throne, ordered that all the male infants of Bethlehem be killed. These children are regarded as martyrs for the Gospel -- "martyrs in fact though not in will." Augustine called them "buds, killed by the frost of persecution the moment they showed themselves." a discussion of the historical background of the episode, consult the Web page (NOTE: Ignore what the file says about the Assumption of Moses.) by James Kiefer Slaughter of the Innocents, by Fra Angelico

Jerusalem, 2, THE HOLY INNOCENTS, Bethlehem, when Magi did not return, Herod ordered all male children 2 and younger killed
Jerusalem, 002, THE HOLY INNOCENTS, Bethlehem, Judea, when Magi did not return to him, Herod ordered all Bethlehem male children 2 and younger killed; Bethlehem; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; Holy Infants were killed by King Herod in Bethlehem. the time came for the Incarnation of the Son of God and His Birth of the Most Holy Virgin Mary, Magi in the East beheld a new star in the heavens, foretelling the Nativity of the King of the Jews. They journeyed immediately to Jerusalem to worship the Child, and the star showed them the way. worshipped the divine Infant, they did not return to Jerusalem to Herod, as he had ordered them, but being warned by God in a dream, they went back to their country by another way. finally realized that his scheme to find the Child would not be successful, and he ordered that all the male children two years old and younger at Bethlehem and its surroundings be killed. He thought that the divine Infant, Whom he considered a rival, would be among the dead children. murdered infants thus became the first martyrs for Christ. The rage of Herod fell also on Simeon the God-Receiver (February 3), who declared before everyone in the Temple that the Messiah had been born. When the holy Elder died, Herod would not give permission for him to be properly buried. On the orders of King Herod, the holy prophet and priest Zachariah was also killed. He was murdered in Jerusalem between the Temple and the altar (Mt. 23:35) because he would not tell the whereabouts of his son John, the future Baptist of the Lord Jesus Christ. wrath of God soon fell upon Herod himself: a horrid condition struck him down and he died, eaten by worms while still alive. Before his death, the impious king murdered the chief priests and scribes of the Jews, and also his brother, and his sister and her husband, and also his own wife Mariam, and three of his sons, and seventy men of wisdom who were members of the Sanhedrin. He initiated this bloodbath so that the day of his death would not be one of rejoicing, but one of mourning. Christian Church very rightly proclaimed these murdered children as Saints, because they died at an innocent age, and were, in some way, the first martyrs of Christianity. They may not have been baptized in water, but they were baptized in the blessed blood of their martyrdom. but not least, the relics (or perhaps some) of the Holy Infants are found in Constantinople, in the Church of Saint James the Brother of the Lord, which was built by Emperor Justin. Most of their Holy Relics are at the Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Portions of their Holy Relics are also to be found in the Pantokrator Monastery on Mount Athos. THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; read in Matthew 2 that when Jesus was born in Bethlehem, King Herod, fearing for his throne, ordered that all the male infants of Bethlehem be killed. These children are regarded as martyrs for the Gospel -- "martyrs in fact though not in will." Augustine called them "buds, killed by the frost of persecution the moment they showed themselves." a discussion of the historical background of the episode, consult the Web page (NOTE: Ignore what the file says about the Assumption of Moses.) by James Kiefer Slaughter of the Innocents, by Fra Angelico

Jerusalem, 6-39, King (Galilee and Perea), Herod Antipas, divorced first wife for brother's wife Herodias
Jerusalem King (Galilee), 6-39, Herod Antipas; Antipater (born before 20 BC – died after 39 AD), known by the nickname Antipas, was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea, who bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch"[1] and "King Herod"[2] in the New Testament, although he never held the title of king.[3] He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth.[4] (Matthew 14:1–12) being recognized by Augustus upon the death of his father, Herod the Great (4 BC/), and subsequently by his brother, the ethnarch Herod Archelaus, Antipas officially ruled Galilee and Perea as a client state of the Roman Empire.[5][6] He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha, and for the construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. Named in honour of his patron, the emperor Tiberius, the city later became a centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars (66-135 CE). divorced his first wife Phasaelis, the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea, in favour of Herodias, who had formerly been married to his half-brother Herod II. (Antipas was Herod the Great's son by Malthace, while Herod II was his son by Mariamne II.)[7][8] According to the New Testament Gospels, it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death in Machaerus. Besides provoking his conflict with John the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on the border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius, but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37 AD. In 39 AD Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against the Roman emperor Caligula, who sent him into exile in Spain, according to Josephus. Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date.[9] Gospel of Luke states that Jesus was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea, which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested. Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court. (Hérode), by French painter and Bible illustrator James Tissot, in the Brooklyn Museum life[edit] was a son of Herod the Great, who had become king of Judea, and Malthace, who was from Samaria.[10] His date of birth is unknown but was before 20 BC.[11] Antipas, his full brother Archelaus and his half-brother Philip, were educated in Rome.[12] was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honour fell to Aristobulus and Alexander, Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne. It was only after they were executed (c. 7 BC), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 BC), that the now elderly Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir.[13] During his illness in 4 BC, Herod had yet another change of heart about the succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was now to become king of Judea, Idumea and Samaria, while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch. Philip was to receive Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Batanaea (southern Syria), Trachonitis and Auranitis (Hauran).[14] of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom, Herod's plans for the succession had to be ratified by Augustus. The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honoured. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome, who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother, Augustus largely confirmed the division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus had, however, to be content with the title of ethnarch rather than king.[15] 4 BC to c. 39 AD[edit] given to Herod Antipas, as Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, by Augustus in 4 BC the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC, Augustus confirmed the testament of the dead king by making Antipas tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, a region he would rule for the next forty-two years.[16] The two territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis, with Galilee to the north and Perea to the south (see map). Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents led by Judas, son of Hezekiah, had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money as well as weapons which they used to terrorize the area.[17] In a counterattack ordered by Quinctilius Varus, Roman governor of Syria, Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves.[18] Perea, meanwhile, bordered on the kingdom of Nabatea, which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews.[19] of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea.[20] The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife Livia, and later Julias after his daughter.[21] However, the tetrarch's most noted construction was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Tiberias, so named to honour his patron Tiberius, who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in 14 AD.[22] Residents could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus, and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace and a sanctuary for prayer.[23] It gave its name to the sea and later became a centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars.[24] However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity. Antipas had to colonize it with a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants, poor people, and freed slaves.[25] other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry.[26] When Pontius Pilate, governor of Judea from 26 AD to 36 AD, caused offence by placing votive shields in the Antonia palace at Jerusalem, Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal.[27] the Baptist and Jesus[edit] before Herod Antipas, Albrecht Dürer, 1509 to Herodias[edit] in his reign, Antipas had married the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. However, on a visit to Rome he stayed with his half-brother Herod II and there he fell in love with his wife, Herodias, granddaughter of Herod the Great and Mariamne I, and the two agreed to marry after Herod Antipas had divorced his wife.[28] Aretas' daughter learned of the plan and asked permission to travel to the frontier fortress of Machaerus, whence Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. With his daughter safe in his custody, Aretas now could declare war on Herod.[29] is generally agreed that the war, in which Herod was defeated, occurred in 36 AD, a year before the death of the emperor Tiberius. A point of contention today is how long before this date Herod's marriage to Herodias took place. Some surmise that the marriage of Antipas and Herodias took place shortly before the war in about 34 AD, after the death of Philip,[30] but others have pointed to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 4) comment that Herodias "divorced herself from her husband while he was alive" to argue that it took place before Herod II's death, in about 27 AD, thus making it possible for Jesus to have been born in the reign of Herod the Great (as indicated by the Gospel of Matthew) and to have died in his early 30s (as indicated by the Gospel of Luke).[31] ministry and execution[edit] faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy after John the Baptist, in 28/29 AD according to the Gospel of Luke[32] (or 27 AD, if the co-regency of Augustus and Tiberius is included in Luke's reckoning of time, for which there is some evidence), began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River, which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The Gospels state that John attacked the tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law (it was incestuous, as Herodias was also Antipas' niece, but also John criticized the fact that she was his brother's wife (Mark 6:18), (lending credence to the belief that Antipas and Herodias married while Herod II was still alive), while Josephus says that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion.[33] John was imprisoned in Machaerus and executed.[34] According to Matthew and Mark, Herod was reluctant to order John's death but was compelled by Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but named by Josephus as Salome), to whom he had promised any reward, up to half his kingdom, she chose as a result of her dancing for guests at his birthday banquet.[35] ministry and trial[edit] those baptized by John was Jesus of Nazareth, who began his own ministry in Galilee, causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that John had been raised from the dead.[36] Luke alone among the Gospels states that a group of Pharisees warned Jesus that Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounced the tetrarch as a "fox" and declared that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot because "it cannot be that a prophet should perish away from Jerusalem".[37] Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle, but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke says that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity.[38] aspects[edit] reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argued that the normal legal procedure of the early Roman empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces.[39] A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases.[40] If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making a show of courtesy to the tetrarch[41] and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself.[42] When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence,[43] thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' crucifixion.[44] of Gospel narrative[edit] to the lack of historical evidence, it has been suggested that Jesus' trial by Herod Antipas is unhistorical.[45] For example, Robin Lane Fox, an English historian, alleges that the story was invented based on Psalm 2, in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's "anointed", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus.[46] reign[edit] 34 and 36 AD[47][48] the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea, caused by Antipas' divorce from Aretas' daughter and the rulers' disagreement over territory, developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered a devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius, governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed.[49] Vitellius obediently mobilized two legions, sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending a festival at Jerusalem. While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March 37 AD), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops.[50] implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus III of Parthia, and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated the governor in sending a report to Tiberius.[51] However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula,[52] leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius.[53] and death[edit] fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew Agrippa, brother of Herodias. When Agrippa fell into debt during the reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula finally became emperor in 37 AD, he not only released his friend but granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with the title of king.[54] relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with Sejanus (executed in 31 AD) and was now plotting against Caligula with Artabanus. As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had a stockpile of weapons sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to believe the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of 39 AD, Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while Antipas was exiled.[55] Spain was the place of his exile, as recorded by Josephus in Antiquities.[56] Caligula offered to allow Herodias, as Agrippa's sister, to retain her property. However, she chose instead to join her husband in exile.[57] died in exile.[58] The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians.[59] Antipas as portrayed in the Nuremberg Chronicle the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna, the wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen, a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek σύντροφος). It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court.[60] In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus. The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter went further, stating that it was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Judaic theme, it pointedly remarked that Herod and "the Jews", unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death.[61] has appeared in a large number of representations of the passion of Jesus – most notably portrayed by Frank Thring in King of Kings (1961), José Ferrer in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), and Christopher Plummer in Jesus of Nazareth (1977). Often, as in the films Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) and The Passion of the Christ (2004), Antipas is portrayed as effeminate (Antipas was played in those films by Joshua Mostel and Luca De Dominicis respectively); the origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek.[62] In Salome (1953), he is portrayed by Charles Laughton, opposite Dame Judith Anderson as Herodias and Rita Hayworth in the title role. He features in Salomé (1923) by Mitchell Lewis. He also features in The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow. In Longfellow's view, he was not effeminate so much as rash, ineffective, and when backed into a corner by his furious ex-father-in-law, willing to do anything to save himself. Gustave Flaubert's "Herodias" (1877), Herodias uses her long-concealed daughter, Salome, to manipulate Herod sexually for her own political purposes. This conceit (original with Flaubert) inspired Oscar Wilde's play "Salome" (1891), the first version of the legend to show Salome with a will of her own, opposing her mother and lusting after John the Baptist herself. Naive and puzzled by her stepfather's lascivious attentions, the young girl arouses Herod in order to avenge herself on the prophet who has refused her advances. Flaubert's novella was turned into an opera by Jules Massenet (1881) in which Salome, ignorant of her royal parentage, becomes a disciple of the Baptist, who is then executed by the lustful and jealous Herod (a baritone). In Richard Strauss's operatic setting of Wilde's play (1905), Herod, one of the most difficult tenor roles in the repertory, is depicted as befuddled by both drink and lust, and in bitter conflict with his wife (as in Flaubert). At the end of the opera (as in Wilde's play), disgusted with Salome's behavior with the head of John, he orders her execution. novella was also, very roughly, the basis of the 1953 film "Salome," a Rita Hayworth vehicle directed by William Dieterle, in which the girl is implausibly unaware that her dancing will be used by her mother (Judith Anderson) to secure Herod's (Charles Laughton) consent to the execution of John the Baptist (Alan Badel). MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; St Joanna the Myrrhbearer, Commemorated on June 27, wife of Chusa, who worked for King Herod (the King Herod who killed John the baptist), who lived in Tiberias;,

Jerusalem, 20-100, JOHN, t theologian, Jesus' nephew, son of Jesus's step sister, Jesus' friend, MOG care 34yrs, much more
Galilee, 20-100, JOHN, the theologian, Jesus' nephew, son of Jesus's step sister, virgin, friend of Christ, Jairus' daughter restored to life, Transfiguration, last supper, Gethsemane, Court, Golgotha, behold thy son, took care of MOG 34 yrs, then Ephesus w Prochorus, shopwreck and 14 days in sea, conversions in E, to Rome Nero trial, sentenced to death, preserved by poison drink, caldron of boiling oil, sent back to Patmos near E, many years, Revelation; Galilee, 20-100, JOHN, the theologian, Jesus' nephew, son of Jesus's step sister, virgin, friend of Christ, Jairus' daughter restored to life, Transfiguration, last supper, Gethsemane, Court, Golgotha, behold thy son, took care of MOG 34 yrs, then Ephesus w Prochorus, shopwreck and 14 days in sea, conversions in E, to Rome Nero trial, sentenced to death, preserved by poison drink, caldron of boiling oil, sent back to Patmos near E, many years, Revelation; the Evangelist is the name traditionally given to the author of the Gospel of John. Christians have traditionally identified him with John the Apostle, John of Patmos, or John the Presbyter,[2] although this has been disputed by most modern scholars.[3] Mount Tabor; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Holy, Glorious All-laudable Apostle and Evangelist, Virgin, and Beloved Friend of Christ, John the Theologian was the son of Zebedee and Salome, a daughter of Saint Joseph the Betrothed. was called by our Lord Jesus Christ to be one of His Apostles at the same time as his elder brother James. This took place at Lake Gennesareth (i.e. the Sea of Galilee). Leaving behind their father, both brothers followed the Lord. Apostle John was especially loved by the Savior for his sacrificial love and his virginal purity. After his calling, the Apostle John did not part from the Lord, and he was one of the three apostles who were particularly close to Him. Saint John the Theologian was present when the Lord restored the daughter of Jairus to life, and he was a witness to the Transfiguration of the Lord on Mount Tabor. the Last Supper, he reclined next to the Lord, and laid his head upon His breast. He also asked the name of the Savior’s betrayer. The Apostle John followed after the Lord when they led Him bound from the Garden of Gethsemane to the court of the iniquitous High Priests Annas and Caiphas. He was there in the courtyard of the High Priest during the interrogations of his Teacher and he resolutely followed after him on the way to Golgotha, grieving with all his heart. the foot of the Cross he stood with the Mother of God and heard the words of the Crucified Lord addressed to Her from the Cross: “Woman, behold Thy son.” Then the Lord said to him, “Behold thy Mother” (John 19:26-27). From that moment the Apostle John, like a loving son, concerned himself over the Most Holy Virgin Mary, and he served Her until Her Dormition. the Dormition of the Mother of God the Apostle John went to Ephesus and other cities of Asia Minor to preach the Gospel, taking with him his own disciple Prochorus. boarded a ship, which floundered during a terrible tempest. All the travellers were cast up upon dry ground, and only the Apostle John remained in the depths of the sea. Prochorus wept bitterly, bereft of his spiritual father and guide, and he went on towards Ephesus alone. the fourteenth day of his journey he stood at the shore of the sea and saw that the waves had cast a man ashore. Going up to him, he recognized the Apostle John, whom the Lord had preserved alive for fourteen days in the sea. and disciple went to Ephesus, where the Apostle John preached incessantly to the pagans about Christ. His preaching was accompanied by such numerous and great miracles, that the number of believers increased with each day. this time there had begun a persecution of Christians under the emperor Nero (56-68). They took the Apostle John for trial at Rome. Saint John was sentenced to death for his confession of faith in the Lord Jesus Christ, but the Lord preserved His chosen one. The apostle drank a cup of deadly poison, but he remained alive. Later, he emerged unharmed from a cauldron of boiling oil into which he had been thrown on orders from the torturer. this, they sent the Apostle John off to imprisonment to the island of Patmos, where he spent many years. Proceeding along on his way to the place of exile, Saint John worked many miracles. On the island of Patmos, his preaching and miracles attracted to him all the inhabitants of the island, and he enlightened them with the light of the Gospel. He cast out many devils from the pagan temples, and he healed a great multitude of the sick. with demonic powers showed great hostility to the preaching of the holy apostle. He especially frightened the chief sorcerer of them all, named Kinops, who boasted that they would destroy the apostle. But the great John, by the grace of God acting through him, destroyed all the demonic artifices to which Kinops resorted, and the haughty sorcerer perished in the depths of the sea. Apostle John withdrew with his disciple Prochorus to a desolate height, where he imposed upon himself a three-day fast. As Saint John prayed the earth quaked and thunder rumbled. Prochorus fell to the ground in fright. The Apostle John lifted him up and told him to write down what he was about to say. “I am the Alpha and the Omega, the beginning and the end, saith the Lord, Who is and Who was and Who is to come, the Almighty” (Rev 1:8), proclaimed the Spirit of God through the Apostle John. Thus in about the year 67 the Book of Revelation was written, known also as the “Apocalypse,” of the holy Apostle John the Theologian. In this Book were predictions of the tribulations of the Church and of the end of the world. his prolonged exile, the Apostle John received his freedom and returned to Ephesus, where he continued with his activity, instructing Christians to guard against false teachers and their erroneous teachings. In the year 95, the Apostle John wrote his Gospel at Ephesus. He called for all Christians to love the Lord and one another, and by this to fulfill the commands of Christ. The Church calls Saint John the “Apostle of Love”, since he constantly taught that without love man cannot come near to God. his three Epistles, Saint John speaks of the significance of love for God and for neighbor. Already in his old age, he learned of a youth who had strayed from the true path to follow the leader of a band of robbers, so Saint John went out into the wilderness to seek him. Seeing the holy Elder, the guilty one tried to hide himself, but the Apostle John ran after him and besought him to stop. He promised to take the sins of the youth upon himself, if only he would repent and not bring ruin upon his soul. Shaken by the intense love of the holy Elder, the youth actually did repent and turn his life around. John reposed when he was more than a hundred years old. He far outlived the other eyewitnesses of the Lord, and for a long time he remained the only remaining eyewitness of the earthly life of the Savior. it was time for the departure of the Apostle John, he went out beyond the city limits of Ephesus with the families of his disciples. He bade them prepare for him a cross-shaped grave, in which he lay, telling his disciples that they should cover him over with the soil. The disciples tearfully kissed their beloved teacher, but not wanting to be disobedient, they fulfilled his bidding. They covered the face of the saint with a cloth and filled in the grave. Learning of this, other disciples of Saint John came to the place of his burial. When they opened the grave, they found it empty. year from the grave of the holy Apostle John on May 8 came forth a fine dust, which believers gathered up and were healed of sicknesses by it. Therefore, the Church also celebrates the memory of the holy Apostle John the Theologian on May 8. Lord bestowed on His beloved disciple John and John’s brother James the name “Sons of Thunder” an awesome messenger accompanied by the cleansing power of heavenly fire. And precisely by this the Savior pointed out the flaming, fiery, sacrificial character of Christian love, the preacher of which was the Apostle John the Theologian. The eagle, symbol of the lofty heights of his theological thought, is the iconographic symbol of the Evangelist John the Theologian. The appellation “Theologian” is bestown by Holy Church only to Saint John among the immediate disciples and Apostles of Christ, as being the seer of the mysterious Judgments of God. JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ;

Jerusalem, 26-36 AD, Judean Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate
Jerusalem, 26-36 AD, Judean Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate; Pilate[b] was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from the year 26/27 to 36/37 AD. is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and later ordered his crucifixion. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as a martyr and saint, a belief historically shared by the Coptic Church.[7] Pilate is the best-attested governor of Judaea, few sources on his rule have survived. He appears to have belonged to the well-attested Pontii family of Samnite origin, but nothing is known for certain about his life before he became governor of Judaea, nor of the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship.[8] single inscription from Pilate's governorship has survived, the so-called Pilate stone, as have coins that he minted. Jewish historian Josephus, philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Many of these involve Pilate acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus later also recorded this information. to Josephus, Pilate's removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this before Tiberius, though the emperor died before Pilate arrived. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this. the basis of a mention in the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal.[9] historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler; while some believe he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others argue that his long time in office means he must have been reasonably competent. to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate was motivated by antisemitism in his treatment of the Jews, but this theory has been mostly abandoned.[10] Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels. In many of these, particularly the earlier texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. In some, he became a Christian martyr. later, particularly Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. Pilate was also the focus of numerous medieval legends, which invented a complete biography for him and portrayed him as villainous and cowardly. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe. has frequently been a subject of artistic representation. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. the art of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Pilate is often depicted as a Jew. nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. He plays an important role in medieval passion plays, where he is often a more prominent character than Jesus. His characterization in these plays varies greatly, from weak-willed and coerced into crucifying Jesus to being an evil person who demands Jesus's crucifixion. authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. Pilate has also frequently been portrayed in film. THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ;

Jerusalem, 26-46 AD, Claudia Procula, Pontius Pilate's wife, Christian, prophetic dream
Rome, 26-46 AD, Claudia Procula, Pontius Pilate's wife, Christian Martyr and Saint, prophetic dream; Saint Claudia Procula, Commemorated on October 27; Matthew is the only Evangelist to mention Pilate’s wife, who told him “Have nothing to do with that just man, because I have suffered many things in a dream today because of him” (Matthew 27:19). is not identified by name, but the author of the apocryphal Acts of Paul says that she received Baptism from the Apostle of the Gentiles. the apocryphal Gospel of Νikόdēmos she is called Procla, or Procula. in the late fourth, or early fifth century, she is known as Claudia Procula. Pilate would not free Christ, because he was afraid of the Jews, her husband’s death, Claudia Procula is said to have embraced Christianity. living her life in the utmost goodness and piety, she surrendered her soul in peace. There are other accounts, however, which say that she was a martyr. Jerusalem, 26-36 AD, Judean Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate; Pilate[b] was the fifth governor of the Roman province of Judaea, serving under Emperor Tiberius from the year 26/27 to 36/37 AD. is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and later ordered his crucifixion. Pilate's importance in modern Christianity is underscored by his prominent place in both the Apostles' and Nicene Creeds. to the Gospels' portrayal of Pilate as reluctant to execute Jesus, the Ethiopian Church believes that Pilate became a Christian and venerates him as a martyr and saint, a belief historically shared by the Coptic Church.[7] Pilate is the best-attested governor of Judaea, few sources on his rule have survived. He appears to have belonged to the well-attested Pontii family of Samnite origin, but nothing is known for certain about his life before he became governor of Judaea, nor of the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship.[8] single inscription from Pilate's governorship has survived, the so-called Pilate stone, as have coins that he minted. Jewish historian Josephus, philosopher Philo of Alexandria and the Gospel of Luke all mention incidents of tension and violence between the Jewish population and Pilate's administration. Many of these involve Pilate acting in ways that offended the religious sensibilities of the Jews. Christian Gospels record that Pilate ordered the crucifixion of Jesus at some point during his time in office; Josephus and the Roman historian Tacitus later also recorded this information. to Josephus, Pilate's removal from office occurred because he violently suppressed an armed Samaritan movement at Mount Gerizim. He was sent back to Rome by the legate of Syria to answer for this before Tiberius, though the emperor died before Pilate arrived. Nothing is known about what happened to him after this. the basis of a mention in the second-century pagan philosopher Celsus and Christian apologist Origen, most modern historians believe that Pilate simply retired after his dismissal.[9] historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler; while some believe he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others argue that his long time in office means he must have been reasonably competent. to one prominent post-war theory, Pilate was motivated by antisemitism in his treatment of the Jews, but this theory has been mostly abandoned.[10] Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Pilate became the focus of a large group of New Testament apocrypha expanding on his role in the Gospels. In many of these, particularly the earlier texts from the Eastern Roman Empire, Pilate was portrayed as a positive figure. In some, he became a Christian martyr. later, particularly Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. Pilate was also the focus of numerous medieval legends, which invented a complete biography for him and portrayed him as villainous and cowardly. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe. has frequently been a subject of artistic representation. Medieval art frequently portrayed scenes of Pilate and Jesus, often in the scene where he washes his hands of guilt for Jesus's death. the art of the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Pilate is often depicted as a Jew. nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. He plays an important role in medieval passion plays, where he is often a more prominent character than Jesus. His characterization in these plays varies greatly, from weak-willed and coerced into crucifying Jesus to being an evil person who demands Jesus's crucifixion. authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. Pilate has also frequently been portrayed in film.

Jerusalem, 30, Theophany aka EPIPHANY, Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan, Kings Highway 13)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); (Arabic: meaning "baptism" or "immersion") is the traditional site of the Baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist and venerated as such since at least the Byzantine period.[1] place has also been referred to as Bethany (Beyond the Jordan) and Bethabara. The name is currently used primarily for the eastern side of the site, officially known as Baptism Site "Bethany Beyond the Jordan", an archaeological World Heritage site in Jordan, on the east bank of the Jordan River. western side of the ancient site is currently known as Qasr el-Yahud. This article deals primarily with the eastern section, located in Jordan. includes two principal archaeological areas: the remnants of a monastery on a mound known as Jabal Mar-Elias (Elijah's Hill) and an area close to the river with remains of churches, baptism ponds and pilgrim and hermit dwellings.[3] The two areas are connected by a stream called Wadi Kharrar.[4][5] strategic location between Jerusalem and the King's Highway is already evident from the Book of Joshua report about the Israelites crossing the Jordan there. Mar-Elias is traditionally identified as the site of the ascension of the prophet Elijah to heaven.[6] complete area was abandoned after the 1967 Six-Day War, when both banks of the Jordan became part of the frontline. The area was heavily mined then.[7] the signing of the Israel–Jordan peace treaty in 1994, de-mining of area soon took place after an initiative of Jordanian royalty, namely Prince Ghazi.[8] site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits, and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.[9] In 2015, the site was designated as a World Heritage site by UNESCO, excluding the western side of the river. Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American, and Arab tourists.[10] Thousands flock to the site on January 6 to mark Epiphany.[9] Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; first day of the Forefeast of Theophany falls on January 2. Like the hymns for the Nativity, many of the Church’s hymns of this period are slightly modified versions of the hymns of Holy Week. One of the hymns at Matins today says that the coming Feast of Theophany will be “even more radiant” than the Feast of the Nativity. Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ Troparion — Tone 4 Prepare, O Zebulon, / and adorn yourself, O Naphtali; / river Jordan, cease flowing / and receive with joy the Master coming to be baptized. / Adam, rejoice with our First Mother / and do not hide yourself as you did of old in Paradise; / for having seen you naked, / He has appeared to clothe you with the first garment. / Christ has appeared to renew all creation. Kontakion — Tone 4 Today the Lord enters the Jordan and cries out to John: / “Do not be afraid to baptize me. / For I have come to save Adam, the first-formed man.” Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; is the Feast which reveals the Most Holy Trinity to the world through the Baptism of the Lord (Mt.3:13-17; Mark 1:9-11; Luke 3:21-22). the Father spoke from Heaven about the Son, the Son was baptized by Saint John the Forerunner, and the Holy Spirit descended upon the Son in the form of a dove. ancient times this Feast was called the Day of Illumination and the Feast of Lights, since God is Light and has appeared to illumine “those who sat in darkness,” and “in the region of the shadow of death” (Mt.4:16), and to save the fallen race of mankind by grace. the ancient Church it was the custom to baptize catechumens at the Vespers of Theophany, so that Baptism also is revealed as the spiritual illumination of mankind. origin of the Feast of Theophany goes back to Apostolic times, and it is mentioned in The Apostolic Constitutions (Book V:13). From the second century we have the testimony of Saint Clement of Alexandria concerning the celebration of the Baptism of the Lord, and the night vigil before this Feast. is a third century dialogue about the services for Theophany between the holy martyr Hippolytus and Saint Gregory the Wonderworker. In the following centuries, from the fourth to ninth century, all the great Fathers of the Church: Gregory the Theologian, John Chrysostom, Ambrose of Milan, John of Damascus, commented on the Feast of Theophany. monks Joseph the Studite, Theophanes and Byzantios composed much liturgical music for this Feast, which is sung at Orthodox services even today. Saint John of Damascus said that the Lord was baptized, not because He Himself had need for cleansing, but “to bury human sin by water,” to fulfill the Law, to reveal the mystery of the Holy Trinity, and finally, to sanctify “the nature of water” and to offer us the form and example of Baptism. the Feast of the Baptism of Christ, the Holy Church proclaims our faith in the most sublime mystery, incomprehensible to human intellect, of one God in three Persons. It teaches us to confess and glorify the Holy Trinity, one in Essence and Undivided. It exposes and overthrows the errors of ancient teachings which attempted to explain the Creator of the world by reason, and in human terms. Church shows the necessity of Baptism for believers in Christ, and it inspires us with a sense of deep gratitude for the illumination and purification of our sinful nature. The Church teaches that our salvation and cleansing from sin is possible only by the power of the grace of the Holy Spirit, therefore it is necessary to preserve worthily these gifts of the grace of holy Baptism, keeping clean this priceless garb, for “As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ” (Gal 3:27). the day of Theophany, all foods are permitted, even if the Feast falls on a Wednesday or Friday. THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January), Commemorated January 6; ON THE READINGS: The readings from Isaiah and the Psalms, as given above, speak of kings bringing tribute. It is perhaps worth noting, that Matthew does not say that they were kings, or even that they were Gentiles, and, contrary to his usual practice in his Infancy Narrative, does not refer to these passages from the Jewish Scriptures. ON THE FEAST: "Epiphany" is a word of Greek origin, related to such English words as "theophany," "phenotype," and "phenomenon." It means an appearance, a displaying, a showing forth, a making clear or public or obvious. On this day, Christians have traditionally celebrated the making known of Jesus Christ to the world. The Visit of the Three Kings, by Roger van der Weyden events have been thought of as special instances of the making known of Our Lord, such as: His birth; the coming of the Magi; His Baptism; His first miracle at Cana. Current majority usage, at least in the West, celebrates His birth on 25 December, the coming of the Magi on 6 January, and His Baptism on the next Sunday. On the following Sundays up to the beginning of Lent, we remember Our Lord's public preaching of the kingdom, particularly the earlier stages of that preaching when opposition had not yet crystallized. On the Last Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday before Lent), we commemorate the Transfiguration, the climax of this first phase of our Lord's public ministry. then, we commemorate the visit of the Magi, a token of the day when all the peoples of the earth will acknowledge Jesus Christ as Lord, God, and Savior. The visit of the Magi is recorded in the second chapter of Matthew. Magi (magoi), the Latin (Greek) plural of magus (magos), referred originally to the priests of Parsiism, the monotheistic religion preached in Persia by Zoroaster in about the sixth century BC. In later years it came to mean magicians, priests, physicians, scribes, scholars, or learned men. From it we derive our word "magic." The KJV Bible translates the word as "wise men." Matthew tells us how they came to Jerusalem and then to Bethlehem, and gave gifts to the infant Jesus. (For a discussion of whether this is a historical event, look for the document of that name on the Web page See also parts 2,3, and 4. Ignore the references to the Assumption of Moses. These are based on what turned out to be a bad translation.) In poem and picture, the wise men came to be thought of as three kings, and in many countries (particularly Spanish-speaking ones), children receive gifts, not on 25 December, but on 6 January in memory of the gifts that the wise men brought to the Holy Child. Christian writers have interpreted the gold as a sign that Jesus is King, the Frankincense as a sign that He is God, and the myrrh (used in embalming) as a sign that He is by His death and Resurrection the Savior of the world. This imagery is found in the song, "We Three Kings of Orient Are." The three gifts are also understood a a sign of three responses that we ought to make to Christ. See the following hymn: THE BLESSED BIRTH The Epiphany, by Hieronymous BoschThat so thy Blessed Birth, O Christ, might through the world be spread about, the star appeared in the East, whereby the Gentiles found thee out; and offered thee Myrrh, Incense, Gold, thy three-fold office to unfold. Tears that from true repentance drop, instead of Myrrh present will we: for Incense we will offer up our prayers and praises unto thee; and bring for Gold each pious deed, which doth from saving faith proceed. And as those wise men never went to visit Herod any more, so, finding thee, we will repent our courses followed heretofore; and that we homeward may retire the way by thee we will enquire. George Wither (1588-1667) in his HYMNES AND SONGS OF THE CHURCH, 1623 There is a musical setting by H. Walford Davies (1869-1941) FOR THE EPIPHANY SEASON Songs of thankfulness and praise, Jesus, Lord, to thee we raise, manifested by the star to the sages from afar; Branch of royal David's stem in thy birth at Bethlehem; anthems be to thee addrest, God in man made manifest. Manifest at Jordan's stream, Prophet, Priest, and King supreme; and at Cana, wedding guest, in thy Godhead manifest; manifest in power divine, changing water into wine; anthems be to thee addrest, God in man made manifest. Manifest in making whole palsied limbs and fainting soul; manifest in valiant fight, quelling all the devil's might; manifest in gracious will, ever bringing good from ill; anthems be to thee addrest, God in man made manifest. Manifest on mountain height, shining in resplendent light, where disciples filled with awe thy transfigured glory saw. When from thence thou leddest them steadfast to Jerusalem, cross and Easter day attest God in man made manifest. Grant us grace to see thee, Lord, mirrored in thy holy word; may we imitate thee now, and be pure, as pure art thou; that we like to thee may be at thy great epiphany; and may praise thee, ever blest, God in man made manifest. Christopher Wordsworth (1807-1885) Stanza Four by F. Bland Tucker (1895-1984) by James Kiefer Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; the Orthodox Church it is customary, on the day following the Great Feasts of the Lord and the Mother of God, to remember those saints who participated directly in the sacred event. So, on the day following the Theophany of the Lord, the Church honors the one who participated directly in the Baptism of Christ, placing his own hand upon the head of the Savior. John, the holy Forerunner and Baptist of the Lord, whom the Lord called the greatest of the prophets, concludes the history of the Old Testament and opens the era of the New Testament. The holy Prophet John bore witness to the Only-Begotten Son of God, incarnate in the flesh. Saint John was accounted worthy to baptize Him in the waters of the Jordan, and he was a witness of the Theophany of the Most Holy Trinity on the day of the Savior’s Baptism. holy Prophet John, the son of the Priest Zachariah and Righteous Elizabeth, was related to the Lord on His mother’s side. The holy Forerunner, John, was born six months before Christ. The Archangel Gabriel announced his birth in the Temple at Jerusalem, revealing to Zachariah that a son was to be born to him. the prayers offered beforehand, the child was filled with the Holy Spirit. Saint John prepared himself in the wilds of the desert for his great service by a strict life, by fasting, prayer and sympathy for the fate of God’s people. the age of thirty, he came forth preaching repentance. He appeared on the banks of the Jordan, to prepare the people by his preaching to accept the Savior of the world. In church hymnology, Saint John is called a “bright morning star,” whose gleaming outshone the brilliance of all the other stars, announcing the coming dawn of the day of grace, illumined with the light of the spiritual Sun, our Lord Jesus Christ. baptized the sinless Lamb of God, Saint John soon died a martyr’s death, beheaded by the sword on orders of King Herod at the request of his daughter Salome. (On Saint John the Baptist, see Mt.3:1-16, 11:1-19, 14:1-12; Mark 1:2-8, 6:14-29; Luke 1:5-25, 39-80, 3:1-20, 7:18-35, 9:7-9; John 1:19-34, 3:22-26). Transfer of the Right Hand of the holy Forerunner from Antioch to Constantinople (956) and the Miracle of Saint John the Forerunner against the Hagarenes (Moslems) at Chios: body of Saint John the Baptist was buried in the Samaritan city of Sebaste. The holy Evangelist Luke, who went preaching Christ in various cities and towns, came to Sebaste, where they gave him the right hand of the holy Prophet John, the very hand with which he had baptized the Savior. The Evangelist Luke took it with him to his native city of Antioch. the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later, a deacon named Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. From there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. the year 1200, the Russian pilgrim Dobrynya, who later became Saint Anthony, Archbishop of Novgorod (February 10), saw the right hand of the Forerunner in the imperial palace. From the Lives of the Saints we learn that in the year 1263, during the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, the emperor Baldwin gave one bone from the wrist of Saint John the Baptist to Ottonus de Cichon, who then gave it to a Cistercian abbey in France. right hand continued to be kept in Constantinople. And at the end of the fourteenth to the beginning of the fifteenth centuries, the holy relic was seen at Constantinople in the Peribleptos monastery by the Russian pilgrims Stephen of Novgorod, the deacon Ignatius, the cantor Alexander and the deacon Zosimus. When Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, sacred objects were gathered up at the the conqueror’s orders and kept under lock in the imperial treasury. the Lives of the Saints is clear testimony that in the year 1484 the right hand of the holy Forerunner was given away by the son of the Moslem sultan Bayazet to the knights of Rhodes to gain their good will, since a dangerous rival for Bayazet, his own brother, had allied himself with them. A contemporary participant, the vice-chancellor of Rhodes, Wilhelm Gaorsan Gallo, also speaks of this event. The knights of Rhodes, having established their base on the island of Malta (in the Mediterranean Sea), then transferred the sacred relic they had received to Malta. the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, the right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) were transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). In the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. A special service was composed for this Feast. the Synaxis of the honorable, glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates his memory on the following days: September 23, his Conception; June 24, his Nativity; August 29, his Beheading; February 24, the First and Second Finding of his Head; May 25, the Third Finding of his Head; October 12, the Transfer of his Right Hand from Malta to Gatchina (1799). Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; sixth day of the Afterfeast of Theophany falls on January 12. Divine grace shines forth so that we might be freed from the power of the devil, and cleansed of our sins in Baptism. “He who once assumed the appearance of a malignant serpent and implanted death in the creation, is now cast into darkness by Christ’s coming in the flesh....” (Ode 3, second Canon at Matins). “Through the Spirit and by the grace that comes through water, He grants a new birth to all who acknowledge His divinity, delivering them from their faults” (Ode 6, first Canon at Matins). Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ;

Jerusalem, 30, Synaxis ot70 Apostles, they established churches&Bishops throughout 100% otWorlds Population based Navigation&Trade
Rome, 30, Synaxis ot70 Apostles, they established churches&Bishops throughout 100% of the Worlds Population (We know this because trade is required for population, trade needs roads and navagatible rivers, we know the Worlds navigatible rivers or drainages flowing into Oceans and Seas, for example China only has three of unnavigatable rivers and they were covered, Brazil only has one un-navitable and little trade, Same for Mexico, US and Canada, little trade), this Synaxis established to honor each equally, they sent two by two before Christ tCities he would visit, Descent otHoly Spirit they preached in various lands, some accompanied t12, many martyred, 100% otWorld, see below for their commemoration dates during the year; Rome; Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on January 4; Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles was established by the Orthodox Church to indicate the equal honor of each of the Seventy. were sent two by two by the Lord Jesus Christ to go before Him into the cities He would visit (Luke 10:1). the celebration of the Synaxis of the Holy Disciples, the Church celebrates the memory of each of them during the course of the year: Saint James the Brother of the Lord (October 23); Mark the Evangelist (April 25); Luke the Evangelist (October 18); Cleopas (October 30), brother of Saint Joseph the Betrothed, and Simeon his son (April 27); Barnabas (June 11); Joses, or Joseph, named Barsabas or Justus (October 30); Thaddeus (August 21); Ananias (October 1); Protomartyr Stephen the Archdeacon (December 27); Philip the Deacon (October 11); Prochorus the Deacon (July 28); Nicanor the Deacon (July 28 and December 28); Timon the Deacon (July 28 and December 30); Parmenas the Deacon (July 28); Timothy (January 22); Titus (August 25); Philemon (November 22 and February 19); Onesimus (February 15); Epaphras and Archippus (November 22 and February 19); Silas, Silvanus, Crescens or Criscus (July 30); Crispus and Epaenetos (July 30); Andronicus (May 17 and July 30); Stachys, Amplias, Urban, Narcissus, Apelles (October 31); Aristobulus (October 31 and March 16); Herodion or Rodion (April 8 and November 10); Agabus, Rufus, Asyncritus, Phlegon (April 8 ); Hermas (November 5, November 30 and May 31); Patrobas (November 5); Hermes (April 8); Linus, Gaius, Philologus (November 5); Lucius (September 10); Jason (April 28); Sosipater (April 28 and November 10); Olympas or Olympanus (November 10 ); Tertius (October 30 and November 10 ); Erastos (November 30), Quartus (November 10 ); Euodius (September 7); Onesiphorus (September 7 and December 8); Clement (November 25); Sosthenes (December 8); Apollos (March 30 and December 8); Tychicus, Epaphroditus (December 8); Carpus (May 26); Quadratus (September 21); Mark (September 27), called John, Zeno (September 27); Aristarchus (April 15 and September 27); Pudens and Trophimus (April 15); Mark nephew of Barnabas, Artemas (October 30); Aquila (July 14); Fortunatus (June 15) and Achaicus (January 4). the Descent of the Holy Spirit the Seventy Apostles preached in various lands. accompanied the Twelve Apostles, like the holy Evangelists Mark and Luke, or Saint Paul’s companion Timothy, or Prochorus, the disciple of the holy Evangelist John the Theologian, and others. of them were thrown into prison for Christ, and many received the crown of martyrdom. are two more Apostles of the Seventy: Saint Cephas, to whom the Lord appeared after the Resurrection (1 Cor. 15:5-6), and Simeon, called Niger (Acts 13:1). They also were glorified by apostolic preaching. are discrepancies and errors in some lists of the Seventy Apostles. In a list attributed to Saint Dorotheus of Tyre (June 5) some names are repeated (Rodion, or Herodion, Apollos, Tychicus, Aristarchus), while others are omitted (Timothy, Titus, Epaphras, Archippus, Aquila, Olympas). Saint Demetrius of Rostov consulted the Holy Scripture, the traditions passed down by the Fathers, and the accounts of trustworthy historians when he attempted to correct the mistakes and uncertainties in the list in compiling his collection of Lives of the Saints. Church in particular venerates and praises the Seventy Apostles because they taught us to honor the Trinity One in Essence and Undivided. the ninth century Saint Joseph the Hymnographer composed the Canon for the Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles of Christ.

Jerusalem, 30-, Jerusalem Apostles Folder

Jerusalem, 30BC-63AD, Apostle James, Lord's step, Nazarene, 1st Bishop of J, c many Jews, so thrown down f Temple top
If Joseph was 70 at Jesus' birth, then James was probably around 50, so he would have been 20 in 30BC. Jerusalem, 30BC-63AD, Apostle James, brother of the Lord, a Nazarene, became apostle in 30-33, 1st Bishop of J, council J in 51, converted many Jews, so thrown down from top of Temple; Jerusalem; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; Apostle James, the Brother of God (Adelphotheos) the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 26). his early years James was a Nazarene, a man especially dedicated to God. The Nazarenes vowed to preserve their virginity, to abstain from wine, to refrain from eating meat, and not to cut their hair. vow of the Nazarenes symbolized a life of holiness and purity, commanded formerly by the Lord for all Israel. the Savior began to teach the nation about the Kingdom of God, Saint James believed in Christ and became His apostle. was chosen as the first Bishop of Jerusalem. James presided over the Council of Jerusalem and his word was decisive (Acts 15). his thirty years as bishop, Saint James converted many of the Jews to Christianity. by this, the Pharisees and the Scribes plotted together to kill Saint James. They led the saint up on the pinnacle of the Jerusalem Temple and asked what he thought of Jesus. holy Apostle began to bear witness that Christ is the Messiah, was not the response the Pharisees were expecting. angered, the Jewish teachers threw him off the roof. saint did not die immediately, but gathering his final strength, he prayed to the Lord for his enemies while they were stoning him. James’ martyrdom occurred about 63 A.D. holy Apostle James composed a Divine Liturgy, which formed the basis of the Liturgies of Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom. Church has preserved an Epistle of Saint James, one of the books of the New Testament. 1853, Patriarch Hierotheus of Alexandria sent to Moscow a portion of the relics of Saint James. Church distinguishes between the holy Apostle James the Brother of God, and Saint James the son of Zebedee (April 30) and Saint James the son of Alphaeus (October 9).

Jerusalem, 30-34, STEVEN, people chose 7 spirit filled deacons incl S, Sanhedrin speach, stoned, forgive them
Jerusalem, 30-34, STEVEN, apostles can't both preach and administer, people chose 7 deacons incl S, spirit filled, sound judgement, hands laid, S eloquent fiery speaker, against temple service or defeated Jewish teachers of the Law in debate, fiery speach before Sanhedrin , stoned to d, forgive them, Paul there; Jerusalem; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT) ; that we know about Stephen the Protomartyr (that is, the first martyr of the Christian Church) is found in chapters 6 and 7 of the Book of Acts. early Christian congregations, like the Jewish synagogues, had a program of assistance for needy widows, and some of the Greek-speaking Jews in the Jerusalem congregation complained that their widows were being neglected. apostles replied: "We cannot both preach and administer financial matters. Choose seven men from among yourselves, respected, Spirit-filled, and of sound judgement, and let them be in charge of the accounts, and we will devote ourselves to prayer and the ministry of the word." The people accordingly chose seven men, including Stephen, and the apostles laid their hands on them. are traditionally considered to be the first deacons, although the Scriptures do not use the word to describe them. Scriptures do refer to officials called deacons in the local congregations, without being very specific about their duties; and a century or more later, we find the organized charities of each local congregation in the hands of its deacons.) was an eloquent and fiery speaker, and a provocative one. readers have speculated that some of his fellow Christians wanted to put him in charge of alms in the hope that he would administer more and talk less.) blunt declarations that the Temple service was no longer the means by which penitent sinners should seek reconciliation with God enraged the Temple leaders, who caused him to be stoned to death. he died, he said, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them." One of those who saw the stoning and approved of it was Saul (or Paul) of Tarsus, who took an active part in the general persecution of Christians that followed the death of Stephen, but who was later led to become a Christian himself. remember Stephen on December 26, the day after Christmas. Hence the song Good King Wenceslas looked out On the feast of Stephen, an action of the king on the day after Christmas Day. The tune used with this song is older than the words and was previously used with a hymn often sung on the feasts of Stephen and other martyrs. It begins: Christian friends, your voices raise. Wake the day with gladness. God himself to joy and praise turns our human sadness: Joy that martyrs won their crown, opened heaven's bright portal, when they laid the mortal down for the life immortal. by James Kiefer Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen was the eldest of the seven deacons, appointed by the Apostles themselves, and therefore he is called “archdeacon.” was the first Christian martyr, and he suffered for Christ when he was about thirty. In the words of Asterias, he was “the starting point of the martyrs, the instructor of suffering for Christ, the foundation of righteous confession, since Stephen was the first to shed his blood for the Gospel.” with the Holy Spirit, Saint Stephen preached Christianity and defeated Jewish teachers of the Law in debate. The Jews maligned Saint Stephen, saying that he had uttered blasphemy against God and against Moses. Saint Stephen came before the Sanhedrin and the High Priest to answer these charges. He gave a fiery speech, in which he recounted the history of the Jewish nation, and denounced the Jews for persecuting the prophets, and also for executing the promised Messiah, Jesus Christ (Acts ch. 7). his speech, Saint Stephen suddenly saw the heavens opened and Jesus Christ standing at the right hand of God. The Jews shouted and covered their ears, and rushed at him. They dragged him out of the city and stoned him, but the holy martyr prayed for his murderers. Far off on the heights stood the Mother of God with the holy Apostle John the Theologian, and She prayed fervently for the martyr. Before his death Saint Stephen said, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. O Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.” Then he joyfully gave up his pure soul to Christ. body of the holy Protomartyr Stephen, left to be eaten by beasts, was secretly taken up by the Jewish teacher Gamaliel and his son Habib, who buried Stephen on his estate. They both believed in Christ, and later received holy Baptism. Saint Stephen is also commemorated on August 2 (Translation of his relics) and on September 15 (Uncovering of his relics in the year 415).

Jerusalem, 30-34, Steven, 1st Martyr&Archdeacon because oldest ot7, tInstructor fSuffering fChrist & righteous confession
Jerusalem, 30-34, Steven, 1st Martyr &Archdeacon because oldest ot7deacons chosen, age 30 when martyred, tInstructor fSuffering fChrist, tFoundation oRighteous Confession, preached Christianity defeating Jews in debate, they charged him wBlasphemy against God, fiery speach before Sanhedrin&High Priest, history Jews persecuting prophets & executing Messiah, sudden vision Jesus iHeaven right hand oGod, they stoned him, but he prayed fThem, on a hill John &MOG prayed fStephen, he joyfully gave his pure soul tChrist, his body taken bGamaliel&Son, buried on his estate, relics uncovered wG&Son in 415; Jerusalem, 30-34, STEVEN, apostles can't both preach and administer, people chose 7 deacons incl S, spirit filled, sound judgement, hands laid, S eloquent fiery speaker, against temple service or defeated Jewish teachers of the Law in debate, fiery speach before Sanhedrin , stoned to d, forgive them, Paul there; Jerusalem; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT) ; that we know about Stephen the Protomartyr (that is, the first martyr of the Christian Church) is found in chapters 6 and 7 of the Book of Acts. early Christian congregations, like the Jewish synagogues, had a program of assistance for needy widows, and some of the Greek-speaking Jews in the Jerusalem congregation complained that their widows were being neglected. apostles replied: "We cannot both preach and administer financial matters. Choose seven men from among yourselves, respected, Spirit-filled, and of sound judgement, and let them be in charge of the accounts, and we will devote ourselves to prayer and the ministry of the word." The people accordingly chose seven men, including Stephen, and the apostles laid their hands on them. are traditionally considered to be the first deacons, although the Scriptures do not use the word to describe them. Scriptures do refer to officials called deacons in the local congregations, without being very specific about their duties; and a century or more later, we find the organized charities of each local congregation in the hands of its deacons.) was an eloquent and fiery speaker, and a provocative one. readers have speculated that some of his fellow Christians wanted to put him in charge of alms in the hope that he would administer more and talk less.) blunt declarations that the Temple service was no longer the means by which penitent sinners should seek reconciliation with God enraged the Temple leaders, who caused him to be stoned to death. he died, he said, "Lord, do not hold this sin against them." One of those who saw the stoning and approved of it was Saul (or Paul) of Tarsus, who took an active part in the general persecution of Christians that followed the death of Stephen, but who was later led to become a Christian himself. remember Stephen on December 26, the day after Christmas. Hence the song Good King Wenceslas looked out On the feast of Stephen, an action of the king on the day after Christmas Day. The tune used with this song is older than the words and was previously used with a hymn often sung on the feasts of Stephen and other martyrs. It begins: Christian friends, your voices raise. Wake the day with gladness. God himself to joy and praise turns our human sadness: Joy that martyrs won their crown, opened heaven's bright portal, when they laid the mortal down for the life immortal. by James Kiefer Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen was the eldest of the seven deacons, appointed by the Apostles themselves, and therefore he is called “archdeacon.” was the first Christian martyr, and he suffered for Christ when he was about thirty. In the words of Asterias, he was “the starting point of the martyrs, the instructor of suffering for Christ, the foundation of righteous confession, since Stephen was the first to shed his blood for the Gospel.” with the Holy Spirit, Saint Stephen preached Christianity and defeated Jewish teachers of the Law in debate. Jews maligned Saint Stephen, saying that he had uttered blasphemy against God and against Moses. Stephen came before the Sanhedrin and the High Priest to answer these charges. gave a fiery speech, in which he recounted the history of the Jewish nation, and denounced the Jews for persecuting the prophets, and also for executing the promised Messiah, Jesus Christ (Acts ch. 7). his speech, Saint Stephen suddenly saw the heavens opened and Jesus Christ standing at the right hand of God. Jews shouted and covered their ears, and rushed at him. They dragged him out of the city and stoned him, the holy martyr prayed for his murderers. off on the heights stood the Mother of God with the holy Apostle John the Theologian, She prayed fervently for the martyr. his death Saint Stephen said, “Lord Jesus, receive my spirit. O Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.” Then he joyfully gave up his pure soul to Christ. body of the holy Protomartyr Stephen, left to be eaten by beasts, was secretly taken up by the Jewish teacher Gamaliel and his son Habib, who buried Stephen on his estate. They both believed in Christ, and later received holy Baptism. Saint Stephen is also commemorated on August 2 (Translation of his relics) and on September 15 (Uncovering of his relics in the year 415).

Jerusalem, 30-34, Nicanor, people chose 7 spirit filled deacons incl N, who died by stoning with Stephen
Jerusalem, 30-34, Nicanor, people chose 7 spirit filled deacons incl N, who died by stoning with Stephen; Jerusalem; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 28; Nicanor, Apostle of the Seventy was among the first deacons in the Church of Christ. the Acts of the Holy Apostles (6: 1-6) it is said that the twelve Apostles chose seven men: Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicholas, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom, and established them to serve as deacons. Holy Church celebrates their memory together on July 28, although they died at various times and in various places. Nicanor suffered on that day when the holy Protomartyr Stephen and many other Christians were killed by stoning.

Jerusalem, 30-62, Apostle Matthew, Capernaum, tax c, Gospel early in 50 at Jersalem, then b James k, many lands to Eth
Rome, 30-62, Apostle Matthew, Capernaum, tax c, Gospel early in 50 at Jersalem, then before James killed, many lands, Ethiopia, Fulvian-Matthew story; the Apostle,[a] also known as Saint Matthew and possibly as Levi, was, according to the New Testament, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. to Christian traditions, he was also one of the four Evangelists as author of the Gospel of Matthew, and thus is also known as Matthew the Evangelist, a claim rejected by the majority of modern biblical scholars, though the "traditional authorship still has its defenders."[3] New Testament records that as a disciple, he followed Jesus, and was one of the witnesses of the Ascension of Jesus. Later Church fathers such as Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria claim that Matthew preached the Gospel to the Jewish community in Judea, before going to other countries. Capernaum; MATTHEW, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (21 SEP NT); day Jesus was walking and saw a tax collector named Matthew sitting at a tax collection post, and said to him, "Follow me." And Matthew stood up and followed Him, and became one of His twelve apostles. (See M 9:9-13 = P 2:13-17 = L 5:27-32) Tax collectors in those days were social outcasts. Devout Jews avoided them because they were usually dishonest (the job carried no salary, and they were expected to make their profits by cheating the people from whom they collected taxes). Patriotic and nationalistic Jews hated them because they were agents of the Roman government, the conquerors, and hated them with a double hatred if (like Matthew) they were Jews, because they had gone over to the enemy, had betrayed their own people for money. Thus, throughout the Gospels, we find tax collectors (publicans) mentioned as a standard type of sinful and despised outcast. Matthew brought many of his former associates to meet Jesus, and social outcasts in general were shown that the love of Jesus extended even to them. (Jesus numbered among his disciples persons of widely different backgrounds. They included not only Matthew, a former agent of the Roman government, but Simon the Zealot (not to be confused with Simon Peter). Josephus tells us that the Zealots were fanatical nationalists, determined to drive out the Romans by guerrilla tactics, ambushes, assassinations, terrorist methods, or whatever worked. Their motto was, "No king but Messiah, no tax but the Temple, no friend but the Zealot." It is not clear that Simon was, or had been, a member of the group that Josephus describes, but it seems clear that he would have regarded himself as at the opposite end of the political spectrum from Matthew.) The name "Matthew" means "gift of the LORD." Mark and Luke, in the story of his calling, name him "Levi." Perhaps this was his original name, and he received a new name from Jesus when he became a disciple. (It has also been suggested that he was simply a member of the tribe of Levi.) Of Matthew's life after Pentecost the Scriptures tell us nothing. Later accounts of his life vary, some reporting that he was martyred, others that he died a natural death. The Christian community since early times has commemorated him as a martyr. the Apostle Matthew is also the Evangelist Matthew -- that is, whether the Apostle Matthew wrote the Gospel that bears his name -- is disputed. The Gospel itself does not say who wrote it, but the designation "according to Matthew" is very old. In favor of his authorship it may be noted that (1) while Mark and Luke give the fourth pair of Apostles as "Matthew and Thomas," the Gospel of Matthew gives them as "Thomas and Matthew"; and (2) while Luke 5:29 explicitly states, and Mark 2:15 suggests, that Matthew gave a banquet for Jesus, Matthew 9:10 in describing the same banquet does not indicate who the host was. Both of these variations would be routine touches of modesty if Matthew was the author. On the other hand, the gospel (1) does not have the manner of an eyewitness, and (2) is thought by many scholars to contain material borrowed from Mark, whereas one would not expect someone who had been an eyewitness to borrow from someone who had not. (NOTE: The view that Mark is an older Gospel than Matthew is widespread and not long ago many scholars regarded the matter as settled. However, there is respectable opinion holding that Matthew is the earliest Gospel after all. See, for example, the comments in the Matthew volume of The Anchor Bible.) the Gospel was written by some early Christian, not an apostle, whose name was Matthew, and about whom nothing else is known. Early Christian readers, hearing the Gospel ascribed to "Matthew," would naturally associate it with the Apostle of that name, and so the ascribing of the work to the Apostle Matthew becomes common at an early date, by a perfectly natural misunderstanding. of Hierapolis, writing in the late first or early second century, says that Matthew compiled the sayings (Logia) of Jesus in Hebrew. Now the material common to Matthew and Luke, but not to Mark, includes sayings of Jesus but almost no narrative. It has therefore been conjectured that there was once a document (usually called Q), now lost, that is basically a collection of speeches by Jesus, and that Matthew (the evangelist) and Luke, had access to it while Mark did not. It has been suggested that Matthew (the apostle) is the author of this document Q, which may well have been first written in Hebrew (or Aramaic). Scripture readings associated with the day bear the themes of Matthew as a Gospel-writer (hence readings that speak of the Scriptures), Matthew as an Apostle, and Matthew as a sinner called by God's grace. by James Kiefer Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, was also named Levi (Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27); he was one of the Twelve Apostles (Mark 3:18; Luke 6:45; Acts 1:13), and was brother of the Apostle James Alphaeus (Mark 2:14). was a publican, or tax-collector for Rome, in a time when the Jews were under the rule of the Roman Empire. lived in the Galilean city of Capernaum. Matthew heard the voice of Jesus Christ: “Come, follow Me” (Mt. 9:9), left everything and followed the Savior. and His disciples did not refuse Matthew’s invitation and they visited his house, where they shared table with the publican’s friends and acquaintances. Like the host, they were also publicans and known sinners. event disturbed the pharisees and scribes a great deal. who collected taxes from their countrymen did this with great profit for themselves. Usually greedy and cruel people, the Jews considered them pernicious betrayers of their country and religion. The word “publican” for the Jews had the connotation of “public sinner” and “idol-worshipper.” To even speak with a tax-collector was considered a sin, and to associate with one was defilement. the Jewish teachers were not able to comprehend that the Lord had “come to call not the righteous, but sinners to repentance” (Mt. 9:13). acknowledging his sinfulness, repaid fourfold anyone he had cheated, and he distributed his remaining possessions to the poor, and he followed after Christ with the other apostles. Matthew was attentive to the instructions of the Divine Teacher, he beheld His innumerable miracles, he went together with the Twelve Apostles preaching to “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Mt. 10:6). was a witness to the suffering, death, and Resurrection of the Savior, and of His glorious Ascension into Heaven. received the grace of the Holy Spirit, which descended upon the Apostles on the day of Pentecost, Saint Matthew preached in Palestine for several years. the request of the Jewish converts at Jerusalem, the holy Apostle Matthew wrote his Gospel describing the earthly life of the Savior, before leaving to preach the Gospel in faraway lands. the order of the books of the New Testament, the Gospel of Matthew comes first. Palestine is said to be the place where the Gospel was written. Saint Matthew wrote in Aramaic, and then it was translated into Greek. The Aramaic text has not survived, but many of the linguistic and cultural-historical peculiarities of the Greek translation give indications of it. Apostle Matthew preached among people who were awaiting the Messiah. His Gospel manifests itself as a vivid proof that Jesus Christ is the Messiah foretold by the prophets, and that there would not be another (Mt. 11:3). preaching and deeds of the Savior are presented by the evangelist in three divisions, constituting three aspects of the service of the as Prophet and Law-Giver (Ch. 5-7), over the world both visible and invisible (Ch. 8-25), finally as High Priest offered as Sacrifice for the sins of all mankind (Ch. 26-27). theological content of the Gospel, besides the Christological themes, includes also the teaching about the Kingdom of God and about the Church, which the Lord sets forth in parables about the inner preparation for entering into the Kingdom (Ch. 5-7), about the worthiness of servers of the Church in the world (Ch. 10-11), about the signs of the Kingdom and its growth in the souls of mankind (Ch. 13), about the humility and simplicity of the inheritors of the Kingdom (Mt. 18:1-35; 19 13-30; 20:1-16; 25-27; 23:1-28), and about the eschatological revelations of the Kingdom in the Second Coming of Christ within the daily spiritual life of the Church (Ch. 24-25). Kingdom of Heaven and the Church are closely interconnected in the spiritual experience of Christianity: the Church is the historical embodiment of the Kingdom of Heaven in the world, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the Church of Christ in its eschatological perfection (Mt. 16:18-19; 28:18-20). holy Apostle brought the Gospel of Christ to Syria, Media, Persia, Parthia, finishing his preaching in Ethiopia with a martyr’s death. land was inhabited by tribes of cannibals with primitive customs and beliefs. The holy Apostle Matthew converted some of the idol-worshippers to faith in Christ. He founded the Church and built a temple in the city of Mirmena, establishing there his companion Platon as bishop. the holy apostle was fervently entreating God for the conversion of the Ethiopians the Lord Himself appeared to him in the form of a youth. He gave him a staff, and commanded him to plant it at the doors of the church. The Lord said that a tree would grow from this staff and it would bear fruit, and from its roots would flow a stream of water. the Ethiopians washed themselves in the water and ate the fruit, they lost their wild ways and became gentle and good. the holy apostle carried the staff towards the church, he was met by the wife and son of the ruler of the land, Fulvian, who were afflicted by unclean spirits. In the Name of Christ the holy apostle healed them. This miracle converted a number of the pagans to the Lord. But the ruler did not want his subjects to become Christians and cease worshiping the pagan gods. He accused the apostle of sorcery and gave orders to execute him. put Saint Matthew head downwards, piled up brushwood and ignited it. When the fire flared up, everyone then saw that the fire did not harm Saint Matthew. Then Fulvian gave orders to add more wood to the fire, and frenzied with boldness, he commanded to set up twelve idols around the fire. But the flames melted the idols and flared up toward Fulvian. The frightened Ethiopian turned to the saint with an entreaty for mercy, and by the prayer of the martyr the flame went out. The body of the holy apostle remained unharmed, and he departed to the Lord. ruler Fulvian deeply repented of his deed, but still he had doubts. his command, they put the body of Saint Matthew into an iron coffin and threw it into the sea. In doing this Fulvian said that if the God of Matthew would preserve the body of the apostle in the water as He preserved him in the fire, then this would be proper reason to worship this One True God. night the Apostle Matthew appeared to Bishop Platon in a dream, and commanded him to go with clergy to the shore of the sea and to find his body there. righteous Fulvian and his retinue went with the bishop to the shore of the sea. The coffin carried by the waves was taken to the church built by the apostle. Then Fulvian begged forgiveness of the holy Apostle Matthew, after which Bishop Platon baptized him, giving him the name Matthew in obedience to a command of God. Saint Fulvian-Matthew abdicated his rule and became a presbyter. Upon the death of Bishop Platon, the Apostle Matthew appeared to him and exhorted him to head the Ethiopian Church. Having become a bishop, Saint Fulvian-Matthew toiled at preaching the Word of God, continuing the work of his heavenly patron.

Jerusalem, 30-62, Apostle Matthew, city of Mirmena, staff tree fruit, Fulvian story
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; holy Apostle brought the Gospel of Christ to Syria, Media, Persia, Parthia, and finishing his preaching in Ethiopia with a martyr’s death. This land was inhabited by tribes of cannibals with primitive customs and beliefs. The holy Apostle Matthew converted some of the idol-worshippers to faith in Christ. He founded the Church and built a temple in the city of Mirmena, establishing there his companion Platon as bishop. the holy apostle was fervently entreating God for the conversion of the Ethiopians the Lord Himself appeared to him in the form of a youth. He gave him a staff, and commanded him to plant it at the doors of the church. The Lord said that a tree would grow from this staff and it would bear fruit, and from its roots would flow a stream of water. When the Ethiopians washed themselves in the water and ate the fruit, they lost their wild ways and became gentle and good. the holy apostle carried the staff towards the church, he was met by the wife and son of the ruler of the land, Fulvian, who were afflicted by unclean spirits. In the Name of Christ the holy apostle healed them. This miracle converted a number of the pagans to the Lord. But the ruler did not want his subjects to become Christians and cease worshiping the pagan gods. He accused the apostle of sorcery and gave orders to execute him. put Saint Matthew head downwards, piled up brushwood and ignited it. When the fire flared up, everyone then saw that the fire did not harm Saint Matthew. Then Fulvian gave orders to add more wood to the fire, and frenzied with boldness, he commanded to set up twelve idols around the fire. But the flames melted the idols and flared up toward Fulvian. The frightened Ethiopian turned to the saint with an entreaty for mercy, and by the prayer of the martyr the flame went out. The body of the holy apostle remained unharmed, and he departed to the Lord. ruler Fulvian deeply repented of his deed, but still he had doubts. By his command, they put the body of Saint Matthew into an iron coffin and threw it into the sea. In doing this Fulvian said that if the God of Matthew would preserve the body of the apostle in the water as He preserved him in the fire, then this would be proper reason to worship this One True God. night the Apostle Matthew appeared to Bishop Platon in a dream, and commanded him to go with clergy to the shore of the sea and to find his body there. The righteous Fulvian and his retinue went with the bishop to the shore of the sea. The coffin carried by the waves was taken to the church built by the apostle. Then Fulvian begged forgiveness of the holy Apostle Matthew, after which Bishop Platon baptized him, giving him the name Matthew in obedience to a command of God. Saint Fulvian-Matthew abdicated his rule and became a presbyter. Upon the death of Bishop Platon, the Apostle Matthew appeared to him and exhorted him to head the Ethiopian Church. Having become a bishop, Saint Fulvian-Matthew toiled at preaching the Word of God, continuing the work of his heavenly patron. Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, was also named Levi (Mark 2:14; Luke 5:27); he was one of the Twelve Apostles (Mark 3:18; Luke 6:45; Acts 1:13), and was brother of the Apostle James Alphaeus (Mark 2:14). was a publican, or tax-collector for Rome, in a time when the Jews were under the rule of the Roman Empire. lived in the Galilean city of Capernaum. When Matthew heard the voice of Jesus Christ: “Come, follow Me” (Mt. 9:9), left everything and followed the Savior. Christ and His disciples did not refuse Matthew’s invitation and they visited his house, where they shared table with the publican’s friends and acquaintances. Like the host, they were also publicans and known sinners. This event disturbed the pharisees and scribes a great deal. who collected taxes from their countrymen did this with great profit for themselves. Usually greedy and cruel people, the Jews considered them pernicious betrayers of their country and religion. The word “publican” for the Jews had the connotation of “public sinner” and “idol-worshipper.” To even speak with a tax-collector was considered a sin, and to associate with one was defilement. But the Jewish teachers were not able to comprehend that the Lord had “come to call not the righteous, but sinners to repentance” (Mt. 9:13). acknowledging his sinfulness, repaid fourfold anyone he had cheated, and he distributed his remaining possessions to the poor, and he followed after Christ with the other apostles. Matthew was attentive to the instructions of the Divine Teacher, he beheld His innumerable miracles, he went together with the Twelve Apostles preaching to “the lost sheep of the house of Israel” (Mt. 10:6). He was a witness to the suffering, death, and Resurrection of the Savior, and of His glorious Ascension into Heaven. received the grace of the Holy Spirit, which descended upon the Apostles on the day of Pentecost, Saint Matthew preached in Palestine for several years. At the request of the Jewish converts at Jerusalem, the holy Apostle Matthew wrote his Gospel describing the earthly life of the Savior, before leaving to preach the Gospel in faraway lands. the order of the books of the New Testament, the Gospel of Matthew comes first. Palestine is said to be the place where the Gospel was written. Saint Matthew wrote in Aramaic, and then it was translated into Greek. The Aramaic text has not survived, but many of the linguistic and cultural-historical peculiarities of the Greek translation give indications of it. Apostle Matthew preached among people who were awaiting the Messiah. His Gospel manifests itself as a vivid proof that Jesus Christ is the Messiah foretold by the prophets, and that there would not be another (Mt. 11:3). preaching and deeds of the Savior are presented by the evangelist in three divisions, constituting three aspects of the service of the Messiah: as Prophet and Law-Giver (Ch. 5-7), Lord over the world both visible and invisible (Ch. 8-25), and finally as High Priest offered as Sacrifice for the sins of all mankind (Ch. 26-27). theological content of the Gospel, besides the Christological themes, includes also the teaching about the Kingdom of God and about the Church, which the Lord sets forth in parables about the inner preparation for entering into the Kingdom (Ch. 5-7), about the worthiness of servers of the Church in the world (Ch. 10-11), about the signs of the Kingdom and its growth in the souls of mankind (Ch. 13), about the humility and simplicity of the inheritors of the Kingdom (Mt. 18:1-35; 19 13-30; 20:1-16; 25-27; 23:1-28), and about the eschatological revelations of the Kingdom in the Second Coming of Christ within the daily spiritual life of the Church (Ch. 24-25). Kingdom of Heaven and the Church are closely interconnected in the spiritual experience of Christianity: the Church is the historical embodiment of the Kingdom of Heaven in the world, and the Kingdom of Heaven is the Church of Christ in its eschatological perfection (Mt. 16:18-19; 28:18-20). holy Apostle brought the Gospel of Christ to Syria, Media, Persia, Parthia, and finishing his preaching in Ethiopia with a martyr’s death. This land was inhabited by tribes of cannibals with primitive customs and beliefs. The holy Apostle Matthew converted some of the idol-worshippers to faith in Christ. He founded the Church and built a temple in the city of Mirmena, establishing there his companion Platon as bishop. the holy apostle was fervently entreating God for the conversion of the Ethiopians the Lord Himself appeared to him in the form of a youth. He gave him a staff, and commanded him to plant it at the doors of the church. The Lord said that a tree would grow from this staff and it would bear fruit, and from its roots would flow a stream of water. When the Ethiopians washed themselves in the water and ate the fruit, they lost their wild ways and became gentle and good. the holy apostle carried the staff towards the church, he was met by the wife and son of the ruler of the land, Fulvian, who were afflicted by unclean spirits. In the Name of Christ the holy apostle healed them. This miracle converted a number of the pagans to the Lord. But the ruler did not want his subjects to become Christians and cease worshiping the pagan gods. He accused the apostle of sorcery and gave orders to execute him. put Saint Matthew head downwards, piled up brushwood and ignited it. When the fire flared up, everyone then saw that the fire did not harm Saint Matthew. Then Fulvian gave orders to add more wood to the fire, and frenzied with boldness, he commanded to set up twelve idols around the fire. But the flames melted the idols and flared up toward Fulvian. The frightened Ethiopian turned to the saint with an entreaty for mercy, and by the prayer of the martyr the flame went out. The body of the holy apostle remained unharmed, and he departed to the Lord. ruler Fulvian deeply repented of his deed, but still he had doubts. By his command, they put the body of Saint Matthew into an iron coffin and threw it into the sea. In doing this Fulvian said that if the God of Matthew would preserve the body of the apostle in the water as He preserved him in the fire, then this would be proper reason to worship this One True God. night the Apostle Matthew appeared to Bishop Platon in a dream, and commanded him to go with clergy to the shore of the sea and to find his body there. The righteous Fulvian and his retinue went with the bishop to the shore of the sea. The coffin carried by the waves was taken to the church built by the apostle. Then Fulvian begged forgiveness of the holy Apostle Matthew, after which Bishop Platon baptized him, giving him the name Matthew in obedience to a command of God. Saint Fulvian-Matthew abdicated his rule and became a presbyter. Upon the death of Bishop Platon, the Apostle Matthew appeared to him and exhorted him to head the Ethiopian Church. Having become a bishop, Saint Fulvian-Matthew toiled at preaching the Word of God, continuing the work of his heavenly patron.

Jerusalem, 30-62, Apostle James, Son of Alphaeus, crucified in Egypt, with Andrew in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, and Eleutheroolis
Egypt, 30-62, Apostle James, Son of Alphaeus, crucified at Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt, with Andrew in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, and Eleutheroolis, proclaiming Gospel, healing, converting; Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle James the son of Alphaeus one of the Twelve Apostles, the brother of the holy Evangelist Matthew. heard the Lord’s words and witnessed His miracles. the Descent of the Holy Spirit, Apostle James Alphaeus and the Apostle Andrew the First-Called (November 30), missionary journeys preaching in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, Eleutheropolis, the Gospel, healing all sorts of sickness and disease, and converting many to the path of salvation. James finished his apostolic work In the Egyptian city of Ostrachina, where he was crucified by the pagans.

Jerusalem, 30-63, Apostle James, Lord's brother, Nazarene, f bishop, Council p, conversions, off roof, stoning, litergy, book
Jerusalem, 30-63, Apostle James, brother of the Lord ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; Apostle James, the Brother of God (Adelphotheos) was the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 26). his early years James was a Nazarene, a man especially dedicated to God. The Nazarenes vowed to preserve their virginity, to abstain from wine, to refrain from eating meat, and not to cut their hair. The vow of the Nazarenes symbolized a life of holiness and purity, commanded formerly by the Lord for all Israel. the Savior began to teach the nation about the Kingdom of God, Saint James believed in Christ and became His apostle. He was chosen as the first Bishop of Jerusalem. James presided over the Council of Jerusalem and his word was decisive (Acts 15). his thirty years as bishop, Saint James converted many of the Jews to Christianity. Annoyed by this, the Pharisees and the Scribes plotted together to kill Saint James. They led the saint up on the pinnacle of the Jerusalem Temple and asked what he thought of Jesus. The holy Apostle began to bear witness that Christ is the Messiah, which was not the response the Pharisees were expecting. Greatly angered, the Jewish teachers threw him off the roof. saint did not die immediately, but gathering his final strength, he prayed to the Lord for his enemies while they were stoning him. Saint James’ martyrdom occurred about 63 A.D. holy Apostle James composed a Divine Liturgy, which formed the basis of the Liturgies of Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom. The Church has preserved an Epistle of Saint James, one of the books of the New Testament. 1853, Patriarch Hierotheus of Alexandria sent to Moscow a portion of the relics of Saint James. The Church distinguishes between the holy Apostle James the Brother of God, and Saint James the son of Zebedee (April 30) and Saint James the son of Alphaeus (October 9).

Jerusalem, 30-68, Apostle Justus, replaced Judas, Jesus step b, Bishop & martyred at Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads)
Jerusalem, 30-68, Apostle Justus martyred at Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads); Eleutheropolis (a crossroads); Eleutheropolis (Greek, "City of the Free") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis. Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Justus, called Barsaba, a son of Saint Joseph the Betrothed, was chosen with Matthias to replace Judas. He was a bishop and died a martyr’s death at Eleutheropolis. Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; info and now deleted

Jerusalem, 30-70, Saint Mary Magdalene, first to proclaim his resurrection
Galilee, 30-70, Saint Mary Magdalene, Magdala, Galilee (Magdalan or Magadan); Holy Myrrh-Bearer Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene. On the banks of Lake Genesareth (Galilee), between the cities of Capharnum and Tiberias, was the small city of Magdala, the remains of which have survived to our day. Now only the small village of Mejhdel stands on the site. woman whose name has entered forever into the Gospel account was born and grew up in Magdala. The Gospel tells us nothing of Mary’s younger years, but Tradition informs us that Mary of Magdala was young and pretty, and led a sinful life. It says in the Gospels that the Lord expelled seven devils from Mary (Luke. 8:2). From the moment of her healing Mary led a new life, and became a true disciple of the Savior. Gospel relates that Mary followed after the Lord, when He went with the Apostles through the cities and villages of Judea and Galilee preaching about the Kingdom of God. Together with the pious women Joanna, wife of Choza (steward of Herod), Susanna and others, she served Him from her own possessions (Luke 8:1-3) and undoubtedly shared with the Apostles the evangelic tasks in common with the other women. The Evangelist Luke, evidently, has her in view together with the other women, stating that at the moment of the Procession of Christ onto Golgotha, when after the Scourging He took on Himself the heavy Cross, collapsing under its weight, the women followed after Him weeping and wailing, but He consoled them. The Gospel relates that Mary Magdalene was present on Golgotha at the moment of the Lord’s Crucifixion. While all the disciples of the Savior ran away, she remained fearlessly at the Cross together with the Mother of God and the Apostle John. Evangelists also list among those standing at the Cross the mother of the Apostle James, and Salome, and other women followers of the Lord from Galilee, but all mention Mary Magdalene first. Saint John, in addition to the Mother of God, names only her and Mary Cleopas. This indicates how much she stood out from all the women who gathered around the Lord. was faithful to Him not only in the days of His Glory, but also at the moment of His extreme humiliation and insult. As the Evangelist Matthew relates, she was present at the Burial of the Lord. Before her eyes Joseph and Νikόdēmos went out to the tomb with His lifeless Body. She watched as they covered over the entrance to the cave with a large stone, entombing the Source of Life. to the Law in which she was raised, Mary together with the other women spent the following day at rest, because it was the great day of the Sabbath, coinciding with the Feast of Passover. But all the rest of the peaceful day the women gathered spices to go to the Grave of the Lord at dawn on Sunday and anoint His Body according to the custom of the Jews. is necessary to mention that, having agreed to go on the first day of the week to the Tomb early in the morning, the holy women had no possibility of meeting with one another on Saturday. They went separately on Friday evening to their own homes. They went out only at dawn the following day to go to the Sepulchre, not all together, but each from her own house. Evangelist Matthew writes that the women came to the grave at dawn, or as the Evangelist Mark expresses, extremely early before the rising of the sun. The Evangelist John, elaborating upon these, says that Mary came to the grave so early that it was still dark. Obviously, she waited impatiently for the end of night, but it was not yet daybreak. She ran to the place where the Lord’s Body lay. went to the tomb alone. Seeing the stone pushed away from the cave, she ran away in fear to tell the close Apostles of Christ, Peter and John. Hearing the strange message that the Lord was gone from the tomb, both Apostles ran to the tomb and, seeing the shroud and winding cloths, they were amazed. They went and said nothing to anyone, but Mary returned to the tomb and stood about the entrance to the tomb and wept. Here in this dark tomb so recently lay her lifeless Lord. proof that the tomb really was empty, she went down to it and saw a strange sight. She saw two angels in white garments, one sitting at the head, the other at the foot, where the Body of Jesus had been placed. They asked her, “Woman, why weepest thou?” She answered them with the words which she had said to the Apostles, “They have taken my Lord, and I do not know where they have laid Him.” At that moment, she turned around and saw the Risen Jesus standing near the grave, but she did not recognize Him. asked Mary, “Woman, why weepest thou? Whom dost thou seek?” She answered thinking that she was seeing the gardener, “Sir, if thou hast taken him, tell where thou hast put Him, and I will take Him away.” she recognized the Lord’s voice. This was the voice she heard in those days and years, when she followed the Lord through all the cities and places where He preached. He spoke her name, and she gave a joyful shout, “Rabbi” (Teacher). and love, fondness and deep veneration, a feeling of thankfulness and recognition at His Splendor as great Teacher, all came together in this single outcry. She was able to say nothing more and she threw herself down at the feet of her Teacher to wash them with tears of joy. But the Lord said to her: “Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to My Father; but go to My brethren and tell them: ‘I ascend to My Father, and your Father; to My God and to your God.’” came to herself and again ran to the Apostles, to do the will of Him sending her to preach. Again she ran into the house, where the Apostles still remained in dismay, and proclaimed to them the joyous message, “I have seen the Lord!” This was the first preaching in the world about the Resurrection. Apostles proclaimed the Glad Tidings to the world, but she proclaimed it to the Apostles themselves. Scripture does not tell us about the life of Mary Magdalene after the Resurrection of Christ, but it is impossible to doubt, that if in the terrifying minutes of Christ’s Crucifixion she was at the foot of His Cross with His All-Pure Mother and Saint John, she must have stayed with them during the happier time after the Resurrection and Ascension of Christ. Thus in the Acts of the Apostles Saint Luke writes that all the Apostles with one mind stayed in prayer and supplication, with certain women and Mary the Mother of Jesus and His brethren. Tradition testifies that when the Apostles departed from Jerusalem to preach to all the ends of the earth, then Mary Magdalene also went with them. A daring woman, whose heart was full of reminiscence of the Resurrection, she went beyond her native borders and went to preach in pagan Rome. Everywhere she proclaimed to people about Christ and His teaching. When many did not believe that Christ is risen, she repeated to them what she had said to the Apostles on the radiant morning of the Resurrection: “I have seen the Lord!” With this message she went all over Italy. relates that in Italy Mary Magdalene visited Emperor Tiberias (14-37 A.D.) and proclaimed to him Christ’s Resurrection. According to Tradition, she brought him a red egg as a symbol of the Resurrection, a symbol of new life with the words: “Christ is Risen!” Then she told the emperor that in his Province of Judea the unjustly condemned Jesus the Galilean, a holy man, a miracleworker, powerful before God and all mankind, had been executed at the instigation of the Jewish High Priests, and the sentence confirmed by the procurator appointed by Tiberias, Pontius Pilate. repeated the words of the Apostles, that we are redeemed from the vanity of life not with perishable silver or gold, but rather by the precious Blood of Christ. to Mary Magdalene the custom to give each other paschal eggs on the day of the Radiant Resurrection of Christ spread among Christians over all the world. In one ancient Greek manuscript, written on parchment, kept in the monastery library of Saint Athanasius near Thessalonica, is a prayer read on the day of Holy Pascha for the blessing of eggs and cheese. In it is indicated that the igumen in passing out the blessed eggs says to the brethren: “Thus have we received from the holy Fathers, who preserved this custom from the very time of the holy Apostles, therefore the holy Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene first showed believers the example of this joyful offering.” Magdalene continued her preaching in Italy and in the city of Rome itself. Evidently, the Apostle Paul has her in mind in his Epistle to the Romans (16: 6), where together with other ascetics of evangelic preaching he mentions Mary (Mariam), who as he expresses “has bestowed much labor on us.” Evidently, she extensively served the Church in its means of subsistence and its difficulties, being exposed to dangers, and sharing with the Apostles the labors of preaching. to Church Tradition, she remained in Rome until the arrival of the Apostle Paul, and for two more years following his departure from Rome after the first court judgment upon him. From Rome, Saint Mary Magdalene, already bent with age, moved to Ephesus where the holy Apostle John unceasingly labored. There the saint finished her earthly life and was buried. holy relics were transferred in the ninth century to Constantinople, and placed in the monastery Church of Saint Lazarus. In the era of the Crusader campaigns they were transferred to Italy and placed at Rome under the altar of the Lateran Cathedral. Part of the relics of Mary Magdalene are said to be in Provage, France near Marseilles, where over them at the foot of a steep mountain a splendid church is built in her honor. Orthodox Church honors the holy memory of Saint Mary Magdalene, the woman called by the Lord Himself from darkness to light, and from the power of Satan to God. immersed in sin and having received healing, she sincerely and irrevocably began a new life and never wavered from that path. Mary loved the Lord Who called her to a new life. She was faithful to Him not only when He was surrounded by enthusiastic crowds and winning recognition as a miracle-worker, but also when all the disciples deserted Him in fear and He, humiliated and crucified, hung in torment upon the Cross. This is why the Lord, knowing her faithfulness, appeared to her first, and esteemed her worthy to be first to proclaim His Resurrection. Magdala, Galilee (Magdalan or Magadan, between Capharnum and Tiberias); Matthew 15:29-39, Jesus Cures Many People, and Feeding the Four Thousand They returned to Magadan.; The Holy Myrrh-Bearer Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene. On the banks of Lake Genesareth (Galilee), between the cities of Capharnum and Tiberias, was the small city of Magdala, the remains of which have survived to our day. Now only the small village of Mejhdel stands on the site. Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT);

Jerusalem, 30-70, Apostle Zacchaeus, Jericho, Benjamin, rich tax collector, Short, climbed Sycamore tree to see Jesus
Jerusalem, 30-70, Apostle Zacchaeus, Jericho, Benjamin (near Jerusalem), rich tax collector, Short, climbed Sycamore tree to see Jesus, Accompanied Peter, Caesarea Palestine Bishop Jericho; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; holy Apostle Zacchaeus was a rich publican at Jericho. Since he was short of stature, he climbed a sycamore tree in order to see the Savior passing by. After the Ascension of the Lord, Saint Zacchaeus accompanied Saint Peter on his travels. Tradition says he became the Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, where he died in peace. Gospel (Luke 19:1-10) describing Zacchaeus’ encounter with Christ is read on the Sunday before the Triodion begins.

Jerusalem, 30-84, Luke t Evangelist&Apostle, f Antioch, salvation preaching f Christ, Luke&Acts, icons h Grace&MOG mercy
Syria, 30-84, Luke the Evangelist and Apostle, Antioch, Syria (Orontes River 7), hearing about Christ accepted salvation preaching from Christ, Luke and Acts, Paul's companion, physician, iconographer, MOG said his icons have Jesus' grace and MOG mercy, chronologica order L and A, council of Jerusalem in 51, Acts focus on Holy Spirit ; Antioch (Orontes River 7); Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated October 18 ; as Below Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke, was a native of Syrian Antioch, companion of the holy Apostle Paul (Phil.1:24, 2 Tim. 4:10-11), a physician enlightened in the Greek medical arts. about Christ, Luke arrived in Palestine and fervently accepted the preaching of salvation from the Lord Himself. one of the Seventy Apostles, Saint Luke was sent by the Lord with the others to preach the Kingdom of Heaven during the Savior’s earthly life (Luke 10:1-3). the Resurrection, the Lord Jesus Christ appeared to Saints Luke and Cleopas on the road to Emmaus. accompanied Saint Paul on his second missionary journey, and from that time they were inseparable. When Paul’s coworkers had forsaken him, only Luke remained to assist him in his ministry (2 Tim. 4:10-11). After the martyric death of the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, Saint Luke left Rome to preach in Achaia, Libya, Egypt and the Thebaid. He ended his life by suffering martyrdom in the city of Thebes. credits Saint Luke with painting the first icons of the Mother of God. “Let the grace of Him Who was born of Me and My mercy be with these Icons,” said the All-Pure Virgin after seeing the icons. Saint Luke also painted icons of the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul. Saint Luke’s Gospel was written in the years 62-63 at Rome, under the guidance of the Apostle Paul. In the preliminary verses (1:1-3), Saint Luke precisely sets forth the purpose of his work. He proposes to record, in chronological order, everything known by Christians about Jesus Christ and His teachings. By doing this, he provided a firmer historical basis for Christian teaching (1:4). He carefully investigated the facts, and made generous use of the oral tradition of the Church and of what the All-Pure Virgin Mary Herself had told him (2:19, 51). Saint Luke’s Gospel, the message of the salvation made possible by the Lord Jesus Christ, and the preaching of the Gospel, are of primary importance. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Holy Apostles at Rome around 62-63 A.D. The Book of Acts, which is a continuation of the four Gospels, speaks about the works and the fruits of the holy Apostles after the Ascension of the Savior. At the center of the narrative is the Council of the holy Apostles at Jerusalem in the year 51, a Church event of great significance, which resulted in the separation of Christianity from Judaism and its independent dissemination into the world (Acts 15:6-29). The theological focus of the Book of Acts is the coming of the Holy Spirit, Who will guide the Church “into all truth” (John 16:13) until the Second Coming of Christ. holy relics of Saint Luke were taken from Constantinople and brought to Padua, Italy at some point in history. Perhaps this was during the infamous Crusade of 1204. In 1992, Metropolitan Hieronymus (Jerome) of Thebes requested the Roman Catholic bishop in Thebes to obtain a portion of Saint Luke’s relics for the saint’s empty sepulchre in the Orthodox cathedral in Thebes. Roman Catholic bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua, noting that Orthodox pilgrims came to Padua to venerate the relics while many Catholics did not even know that the relics were there, appointed a committee to investigate the relics in Padua, and the skull of Saint Luke in the Catholic Cathedral of Saint Vico in Prague. skeleton was determined to be that of an elderly man of strong build. In 2001, a tooth found in the coffin was judged to be consistent with the DNA of Syrians living near the area of Antioch dating from 72-416 A.D. The skull in Prague perfectly fit the neck bone of the skelton. The tooth found in the coffin in Padua was also found to fit the jawbone of the skull. Mattiazzo sent a rib from the relics to Metropolitan Hieronymus to be venerated in Saint Luke’s original tomb in the Orthodox cathedral at Thebes. Luke is also commemorated on April 22. Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 22; as Below Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke, was a native of Syrian Antioch, companion of the holy Apostle Paul (Phil.1:24, 2 Tim. 4:10-11), a physician enlightened in the Greek medical arts. about Christ, Luke arrived in Palestine and fervently accepted the preaching of salvation from the Lord Himself. one of the Seventy Apostles, Saint Luke was sent by the Lord with the others to preach the Kingdom of Heaven during the Savior’s earthly life (Luke 10:1-3). After the Resurrection, the Lord Jesus Christ appeared to Saints Luke and Cleopas on the road to Emmaus. accompanied Saint Paul on his second missionary journey, and from that time they were inseparable. When Paul’s coworkers had forsaken him, only Luke remained to assist him in his ministry (2 Tim. 4:10-11). After the martyric death of the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, Saint Luke left Rome to preach in Achaia, Libya, Egypt and the Thebaid. He ended his life by suffering martyrdom in the city of Thebes. credits Saint Luke with painting the first icons of the Mother of God. “Let the grace of Him Who was born of Me and My mercy be with these Icons,” said the All-Pure Virgin after seeing the icons. Saint Luke also painted icons of the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul. Saint Luke’s Gospel was written in the years 62-63 at Rome, under the guidance of the Apostle Paul. In the preliminary verses (1:1-3), Saint Luke precisely sets forth the purpose of his work. He proposes to record, in chronological order, everything known by Christians about Jesus Christ and His teachings. By doing this, he provided a firmer historical basis for Christian teaching (1:4). He carefully investigated the facts, and made generous use of the oral tradition of the Church and of what the All-Pure Virgin Mary Herself had told him (2:19, 51). Saint Luke’s Gospel, the message of the salvation made possible by the Lord Jesus Christ, and the preaching of the Gospel, are of primary importance. Luke also wrote the Acts of the Holy Apostles at Rome around 62-63 A.D. The Book of Acts, which is a continuation of the four Gospels, speaks about the works and the fruits of the holy Apostles after the Ascension of the Savior. At the center of the narrative is the Council of the holy Apostles at Jerusalem in the year 51, a Church event of great significance, which resulted in the separation of Christianity from Judaism and its independent dissemination into the world (Acts 15:6-29). The theological focus of the Book of Acts is the coming of the Holy Spirit, Who will guide the Church “into all truth” (John 16:13) until the Second Coming of Christ. holy relics of Saint Luke were taken from Constantinople and brought to Padua, Italy at some point in history. Perhaps this was during the infamous Crusade of 1204. In 1992, Metropolitan Hieronymus (Jerome) of Thebes requested the Roman Catholic bishop in Thebes to obtain a portion of Saint Luke’s relics for the saint’s empty sepulchre in the Orthodox cathedral in Thebes. Roman Catholic bishop Antonio Mattiazzo of Padua, noting that Orthodox pilgrims came to Padua to venerate the relics while many Catholics did not even know that the relics were there, appointed a committee to investigate the relics in Padua, and the skull of Saint Luke in the Catholic Cathedral of Saint Vico in Prague. skeleton was determined to be that of an elderly man of strong build. In 2001, a tooth found in the coffin was judged to be consistent with the DNA of Syrians living near the area of Antioch dating from 72-416 A.D. The skull in Prague perfectly fit the neck bone of the skelton. The tooth found in the coffin in Padua was also found to fit the jawbone of the skull. Mattiazzo sent a rib from the relics to Metropolitan Hieronymus to be venerated in Saint Luke’s original tomb in the Orthodox cathedral at Thebes. Saint Luke is also commemorated on October 18. LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; all that we know about Luke comes from the New Testament. was a physician (Col 4:14), a companion of Paul on some of his missionary journeys (Acts 16:10ff; 20:5ff; 27-28). found in his Gospel and not elsewhere includes much of the account of Our Lord's birth and infancy and boyhood, some of the most moving parables, such as that of the Good Samaritan and that of the Prodigal Son, and three of the sayings of Christ on the Cross: "Father, forgive them," "Thou shalt be with me in Paradise," and "Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit." Luke's account of the Gospel, we find an emphasis on the human love of Christ, on His compassion for sinners and for suffering and unhappy persons, for outcasts such as the Samaritans, tax collectors, lepers, shepherds (not a respected profession), and for the poor. role of women in Christ's ministry is more emphasized in Luke than in the other Gospel writings. the book of Acts, we find the early Christian community poised from the start to carry out its commission, confident and aware of Divine guidance. see how the early Christians at first preached only to Jews, then to Samaritans (a borderline case), then to outright Gentiles like Cornelius, and finally explicitly recognized that Gentiles and Jews are called on equal terms to the service and fellowship of Christ. St. Luke, from an old Book of Common Prayer makes many casual references throughout his writings (especially in Acts) to local customs and practices, often with demonstrable and noteworthy precision. mention just one example, he refers to two centurions by name, Cornelius in Acts 10 and Julius in Acts 27, and he calls them both by nomen only, rather than by nomen and cognomen (Sergius Paulus in Acts 13;7) or cognomen only (Gallio in Acts 18:12), as he does when speaking of civilian officials. is a distinction that would have been routine at the time that Luke is writing about, but one that had largely died out by, say, 70 AD. preserving it shows either that (1) he wrote fairly close to the events he described, or (2) he was describing persons and events on which he had good information, or (3) he was an expert historical novelist, with an ear for the authentic-sounding detail. is commonly thought to be the only non-Jewish New Testament writer. writings place the life of Christ and the development of the early Church in the larger context of the Roman Empire and society. the other hand, his writings are focused on Jerusalem and on the Temple. Gospel begins and ends in the Temple, and chapters nine through nineteen portray Jesus as journeying from Galilee to Jerusalem. the Book of Acts describes the Church in Jerusalem (and worshipping in the Temple) and then describes the missionary journeys of Paul as excursions from and returns to Jerusalem. ***** ***** ***** ***** writer wrote more pages of the New Testament than anyone else? If you say Paul, try again. In my pocket Bible, Acts and the Gospel of Luke occupy a total of sixty pages, while all the letters traditionally attributed to Paul (not counting Hebrews) total fifty-six. writer of the Third Gospel and the Book of Acts does not give his name in his writings. (Except for Nehemiah, no Biblical writer of a narrative book does.) does claim to be a traveling companion of Paul, and his interests and vocabulary suggest that he is a physician. Since Paul tells us that he had a companion named Luke who was a physician, the conclusion that Luke is the writer we are looking for is reasonable. the two-volume work Luke-Acts in fact written by a companion of Paul? Scholars are not agreed on the answer. and large, most German writers favor a negative answer. reasons are that (1) the chronology of Paul's life found in the Book of Acts presents certain apparent conflicts with that found in Paul's letter to the Galatians, and that (2) the writer seems unfamiliar with the geography of Israel. the other hand, most English scholars favor an affirmative answer. reasons are that the "We" sections in Acts (the sections in which the author explicitly claims to have been present at the events he describes) contain a wealth of circumstantial detail that make invention extremely unlikely. (Thus, for example, Mr. James Smith of Jordan Hill, FRS, having sailed a vessel over the same route described in Acts 27-28, argues in his book, The Voyage and Shipwreck of Saint Paul, that the account must have been written by someone who had sailed that route. It used to be a popular theory that the writer had somehow gotten his hands on a travel diary of the real "Luke" and incorporated it into his work. However, a detailed analysis of the writing style of various sections of the work shows none of the differences that would be expected on this theory. on the affirmative side generally answer the negative objections mentioned above by supposing that (1) the conferences mentioned in Acts 15 and Galatians 2 are not the same conference, and that (2) Luke uses the word "Judea" sometimes to mean the southern portion of the land of Israel, and sometimes to mean the whole land. some comments on the historical reliability of the opening chapters of the Gospel of Luke, go to the following URLs: by James Kiefer

Jerusalem, 30-1st Century, Erastus of Corinth, of the Seventy, steward at Jerusalem, Paneas and C
Erastus of Corinth; of Corinth, also known as Erastus of Paneas, held the political office of steward, in Corinth, according to the Epistle to the Romans 16:23 of the New Testament. office is defined as "the manager of household or of household affairs" or, in this context, "treasurer".[1] King James Version uses the translation "chamberlain", while the New International Version uses "director of public works". person named Erastus mentioned in 2 Timothy 4:20 and Acts 19:22 is often taken to be the same person. However, whereas the Erastus mentioned in the second letter to Timothy may be the same person, it is unlikely that the Erastus referred to in the Book of Acts is the same Erastus. This Erastus was a travelling companion of the apostle Paul and accompanied him on his third missionary journey. It was on this third expedition that Paul penned the letter to the Roman believers in which he sent greetings from Erastus, the city treasurer. He could not have been the person in Paul's entourage. The apostle Paul wrote his letter to the church in Rome while he was in Corinth (Romans 14:25-26, 27). to the tradition of the Orthodox Church, Erastus is numbered among the Seventy Disciples. He served as a deacon and steward of the Church at Jerusalem and later of Paneas in Palestine. The Church remembers St. Erastus on January 4 among the Seventy, and on November 10. Corinth;

Jerusalem, 33, Transfiguration, Jesus transfigured for Peter, James, John, with Moses and Elijah
Mount Tabor; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; FEAST OF THE TRANSFIGURATION, (6 AUGUST NT); The Holy Transfiguration of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ (the Second œFeast of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 6; where the Evangelists seem to contradict one another, they actually point out to us something great and mysterious. In actual fact, why did the one say “after six days,” but the other, in ignoring the seventh day, have in mind the eighth day? It is because the great vision of the Light of the Transfiguration of the Lord is the mystery of the Eighth Day, i.e., of the future age, coming to be revealed after the passing away of the world created in six days. on the Holy Transfiguration of Our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ of Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica an explanation of the present Feast and understanding of its truth, it is necessary for us to turn to the very start of today’s reading from the Gospel: “Now after six days Jesus took Peter, James and John his brother, and led them up onto a high mountain by themselves” (Mt.17:1). of all we must ask, from whence does the Evangelist Matthew begin to reckon with six days? From what sort of day is it? What does the preceding turn of speech indicate, where the Savior, in teaching His disciples, said to them: “For the Son of Man shall come with his angels in the glory of His Father,” and further: “Amen I say to you, there are some standing here who shall not taste death, until they have seen the Son of Man coming in His Kingdom” (Mt.16:27-28)? That is to say, it is the Light of His own forthcoming Transfiguration which He terms the Glory of His Father and of His Kingdom. Evangelist Luke points this out and reveals this more clearly saying: “Now it came to pass about eight days after these words, that He took Peter and John and James, and went up the mountain to pray. And as He prayed, His countenance was altered, and His raiment became a radiant white” (Luke 9:28-29). But how can the two be reconciled, when one of them speaks definitively about the interval of time as being eight days between the sayings and the manifestation, whereas the other (says): “after six days?” were eight on the mountain, but only six were visible. Three, Peter, James and John, had come up with Jesus, and they saw Moses and Elias standing there and conversing with Him, so altogether there were six of them. However, the Father and the Holy Spirit were invisibly with the Lord: the Father, with His Voice testifying that this was His Beloved Son, and the Holy Spirit shining forth with Him in the radiant cloud. Thus, the six are actually eight, and there is no contradiction regarding the eight. Similarly, there is no contradiction with the Evangelists when one says “after six days,” and the other says “eight days after these words.” these twofold sayings as it were present is a certain format set in mystery, and together with it that of those actually present upon the Mount. It stands to reason, and everyone rationally studying in accordance with Scripture knows that the Evangelists are in agreement one with another. Luke spoke of eight days without contradicting Matthew, who declared “after six days.” There is not another day added on to represent the day on which these sayings were uttered, nor is the day on which the Lord was transfigured added on (which a rational person might reasonably imagine to be added to the days of Matthew). Evangelist Luke does not say “after eight days” (like the Evangelist Matthew says “after six days”), but rather “it came to pass eight days after these words.” But where the Evangelists seem to contradict one another, they actually point out to us something great and mysterious. In actual fact, why did the one say “after six days,” but the other, in ignoring the seventh day, have in mind the eighth day? It is because the great vision of the Light of the Transfiguration of the Lord is the mystery of the Eighth Day, i.e., of the future age, coming to be revealed after the passing away of the world created in six days. the power of the Divine Spirit, through Whom the Kingdom of God is to be revealed, the Lord predicted: “There are some standing here who shall not taste death, until they have seen the Son of Man coming in His Kingdom” (Mt.16:28). Everywhere and in every way the King will be present, and everywhere will be His Kingdom, since the advent of His Kingdom does not signify the passing over from one place to another, but rather the revelation of its power of the Divine Spirit. That is why it is said: “come in power.” And this power is not manifest to simply ordinary people, but to those standing with the Lord, that is to say, those who have affirmed their faith in Him like Peter, James and John, and especially those who are free of our natural abasement. Therefore, and precisely because of this, God manifests Himself upon the Mount, on the one hand coming down from His heights, and on the other, raising us up from the depths of abasement, since the Transcendent One takes on mortal nature. Certainly, such a manifest appearance by far transcends the utmost limits of the mind’s grasp, as effectualized by the power of the Divine Spirit. the Light of the Transfiguration of the Lord is not something that comes to be and then vanishes, nor is it subject to the sensory faculties, although it was contemplated by corporeal eyes for a short while upon an inconsequential mountaintop. But the initiates of the Mystery, (the disciples) of the Lord at this time passed beyond mere flesh into spirit through a transformation of their senses, effectualized within them by the Spirit, and in such a way that they beheld what, and to what extent, the Divine Spirit had wrought blessedness in them to behold the Ineffable Light. not grasping this point have conjectured that the chosen from among the Apostles beheld the Light of the Transfiguration of the Lord by a sensual and creaturely faculty, and through this they attempt to reduce to a creaturely level (i.e., as something “created”) not only this Light, the Kingdom and the Glory of God, but also the Power of the Divine Spirit, through Whom it is meet for Divine Mysteries to be revealed. In all likelihood, such persons have not heeded the words of the Apostle Paul: “Eye has not seen, nor ear heard, nor has it entered into the heart of man, what things God has prepared for those who love Him. But to us God has revealed them through His Spirit. For the Spirit searches all things, even the deep things of God” (1 Cor.2:9-10). with the onset of the Eighth Day, the Lord, taking Peter, James and John, went up on the Mount to pray. He always prayed alone, withdrawing from everyone, even from the Apostles themselves, as for example when with five loaves and two fish He fed the five thousand men, besides women and children (Mt.14:19-23). Or, taking with Him those who excelled others, as at the approach of His Saving Passion, when He said to the other disciples: “Sit here while I go over there and pray” (Mt.26:36). Then He took with Him Peter, James and John. But in our instance right here and now, having taken only these same three, the Lord led them up onto a high mountain by themselves and was transfigured before them, that is to say, before their very eyes. “What does it mean to say: He was transfigured?” asks the Golden-Mouthed Theologian (Chrysostom). He answers this by saying: “It revealed something of His Divinity to them, as much and insofar as they were able to apprehend it, and it showed the indwelling of God within Him.” The Evangelist Luke says: “And as He prayed, His countenance was altered” (Luke 9:29); and from the Evangelist Matthew we read: “And His face shone as the sun” (Mt.17:2). But the Evangelist said this, not in the context that this Light be thought of as subsistent for the senses (let us put aside the blindness of mind of those who can conceive of nothing higher than what is known through the senses). Rather, it is to show that Christ God, for those living and contemplating by the Spirit, is the same as the sun is for those living in the flesh and contemplating by the senses. Therefore, some other Light for the knowing the Divinity is not necessary for those who are enriched by Divine gifts. same Inscrutable Light shone and was mysteriously manifest to the Apostles and the foremost of the Prophets at that moment, when (the Lord) was praying. This shows that what brought forth this blessed sight was prayer, and that the radiance occured and was manifest by uniting the mind with God, and that it is granted to all who, with constant exercise in efforts of virtue and prayer, strive with their mind towards God. True beauty, essentially, can be contemplated only with a purified mind. To gaze upon its luminance assumes a sort of participation in it, as though some bright ray etches itself upon the face. the face of Moses was illumined by his association with God. Do you not know that Moses was transfigured when he went up the mountain, and there beheld the Glory of God? But he (Moses) did not effect this, but rather he underwent a transfiguration. However, our Lord Jesus Christ possessed that Light Himself. In this regard, actually, He did not need prayer for His flesh to radiate with the Divine Light; it was but to show from whence that Light descends upon the saints of God, and how to contemplate it. For it is written that even the saints “will shine forth like the sun” (Mt.13:43), which is to say, entirely permeated by Divine Light as they gaze upon Christ, divinely and inexpressibly shining forth His Radiance, issuing from His Divine Nature. On Mount Tabor it was manifest also in His Flesh, by reason of the Hypostatic Union (i.e., the union of the two perfect natures, divine and human, within the divine Person [Hypostasis] of Christ, the Second Person of the Most Holy Trinity). The Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon defined this Hypostatic union of Christ’s two natures, divine and human, as “without mingling, without change, without division, without separation.” believe that at the Transfiguration He manifested not some other sort of light, but only that which was concealed beneath His fleshly exterior. This Light was the Light of the Divine Nature, and as such, it was Uncreated and Divine. So also, in the teachings of the Fathers, Jesus Christ was transfigured on the Mount, not taking upon Himself something new nor being changed into something new, nor something which formerly He did not possess. Rather, it was to show His disciples that which He already was, opening their eyes and bringing them from blindness to sight. For do you not see that eyes that can perceive natural things would be blind to this Light? this Light is not a light of the senses, and those contemplating it do not simply see with sensual eyes, but rather they are changed by the power of the Divine Spirit. They were transformed, and only in this way did they see the transformation taking place amidst the very assumption of our perishability, with the deification through union with the Word of God in place of this. also she who miraculously conceived and gave birth recognized that the One born of her is God Incarnate. So it was also for Simeon, who only received this Infant into his arms, and the aged Anna, coming out [from the Jerusalem Temple] for the Meeting, since the Divine Power illumined, as through a glass windowpane, giving light for those having pure eyes of heart. why did the Lord, before the beginning of the Transfiguration, choose the foremost of the Apostles and lead them up onto the Mount with Him? Certainly, it was to show them something great and mysterious. What is particularly great or mysterious in showing a sensory light, which not only the foremost, but all the other Apostles already abundantly possessed? Why would they need a transforming of their eyes by the power of the Holy Spirit for a contemplation of this Light, if it were merely sensory and created? How could the Glory and the Kingdom of the Father and the Holy Spirit project forth in some sort of sensory light? Indeed, in what sort of Glory and Kingdom would Christ the Lord come at the end of the ages, when there would not be necessary anything in the air, nor in expanse, nor anything similar, but when, in the words of the Apostle, “God will be all in all” (1 Cor.15: 28)? That is to say, will He alter everything for all? If so, then it follows that light is included. it is clear that the Light of Tabor was a Divine Light. And the Evangelist John, inspired by Divine Revelation, says clearly that the future eternal and enduring city “has no need of the sun or moon to shine upon it. For the Glory of God lights it up, and the Lamb will be its lamp” (Rev 21:23). Is it not clear, that he points out here that this [Lamb] is Jesus, Who is divinely transfigured now upon Tabor, and the flesh of Whom shines, is the lamp manifesting the Glory of divinity for those ascending the mountain with Him? the Theologian also says about the inhabitants of this city: “they will not need light from lamps, nor the light of the sun, for the Lord God will shed light upon them, and night shall be no more” (Rev 22:5). But how, we might ask, is there this other light, in which “there is no change, nor shadow of alteration” (Jas 1:17)? What light is there that is constant and unsetting, unless it be the Light of God? Moreover, could Moses and Elias (and particularly the former, who clearly was present only in spirit, and not in flesh [Elias having ascended bodily to Heaven on the fiery chariot]) be shining with any sort of sensory light, and be seen and known? Especially since it was written of them: “they appeared in glory, and spoke of his death, which he was about to fulfill at Jerusalem” (Luke 9:30-31). And how otherwise could the Apostles recognize those whom they had never seen before, unless through the mysterious power of the Divine Light, opening their mental eyes? let us not tire our attention with the furthermost interpretations of the words of the Gospel. We shall believe thus, as those same ones have taught us, who themselves were enlightened by the Lord Himself, insofar as they alone know this well: the Mysteries of God, in the words of a prophet, are known to God alone and His perpetual proximity. Let us, considering the Mystery of the Transfiguration of the Lord in accord with their teaching, strive to be illumined by this Light ourselves and encourage in ourselves love and striving towards the Unfading Glory and Beauty, purifying our spiritual eyes of worldly thoughts and refraining from perishable and quickly passing delights and beauty which darken the garb of the soul and lead to the fire of Gehenna and everlasting darkness. Let us be freed from these by the illumination and knowledge of the incorporeal and ever-existing Light of our Savior transfigured on Tabor, in His Glory, and of His Father from all eternity, and His Life-Creating Spirit, Whom are One Radiance, One Godhead, and Glory, and Kingdom, and Power now and ever and unto ages of ages. Amen. Afterfeast of the Transfiguration of our Lord; Afterfeast of the Transfiguration of our Lord ; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated November 22 ; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30;

Jerusalem, 33-50, Loginius, Centurion at Cross & Sepulchre & then Cappadocia, his head story
Cappadocia, 033-050, Loginius the Centurion at the Cross and then Cappadocia ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ; Holy Martyr Longinus the Centurion, a Roman soldier, served in Judea under the command of the Governor, Pontius Pilate. our Savior Jesus Christ was crucified, it was the detachment of soldiers under the command of Longinus which stood watch on Golgotha, at the very foot of the holy Cross. and his soldiers were eyewitnesses of the final moments of the earthly life of the Lord, and of the great and awesome portents that appeared at His death. events shook the centurion’s soul. Longinus believed in Christ and confessed before everyone, “Truly this was the Son of God” (Mt. 27:54). to Church Tradition, Longinus was the soldier who pierced the side of the Crucified Savior with a spear, and received healing from an eye affliction when blood and water poured forth from the wound. the Crucifixion and Burial of the Savior, Longinus stood watch with his company at the Sepulchre of the Lord. soldiers were present at the All-Radiant Resurrection of Christ. The Jews bribed them to lie and say that His disciples had stolen away the Body of Christ, but Longinus and two of his comrades refused to be seduced by the Jewish gold. They also refused to remain silent about the miracle of the Resurrection. come to believe in the Savior, the soldiers received Baptism from the apostles and decided to leave military service. Longinus left Judea to preach about Jesus Christ the Son of God in his native land (Cappadocia), and his two comrades followed him. fiery words of those who had actually participated in the great events in Judea swayed the hearts and minds of the Cappadocians; Christianity began quickly to spread throughout the city and the surrounding villages. they learned of this, the Jewish elders persuaded Pilate to send a company of soldiers to Cappadocia to kill Longinus and his comrades. When the soldiers arrived at Longinus’s village, the former centurion himself came out to meet the soldiers and took them to his home. After a meal, the soldiers revealed the purpose of their visit, not knowing that the master of the house was the very man whom they were seeking. Then Longinus and his friends identified themselves and told the startled soldiers to carry out their duty. soldiers wanted to let the saints go and advised them to flee, but they refused to do this, showing their firm intention to suffer for Christ. holy martyrs were beheaded, and their bodies were buried at the place where the saints were martyred. The head of Saint Longinus, however, was sent to Pilate. gave orders to cast the martyr’s head on a trash-heap outside the city walls. After a while a certain blind widow from Cappadocia arrived in Jerusalem with her son to pray at the holy places, and to ask that her sight be restored. After becoming blind, she had sought the help of physicians to cure her, but all their efforts were in vain. woman’s son became ill shortly after reaching Jerusalem, and he died a few days later. The widow grieved for the loss of her son, who had served as her guide. Longinus appeared to her in a dream and comforted her. He told her that she would see her son in heavenly glory, and also receive her sight. He told her to go outside the city walls and there she would find his head in a great pile of refuse. led the blind woman to the rubbish heap, and she began to dig with her hands. As soon as she touched the martyr’s head, the woman received her sight, and she glorified God and Saint Longinus. up the head, she brought it to the place she was staying and washed it. next night, Saint Longinus appeared to her again, this time with her son. They were surrounded by a bright light, and Saint Longinus said, “Woman, behold the son for whom you grieve. See what glory and honor are his now, and be consoled. God has numbered him with those in His heavenly Kingdom. Now take my head and your son’s body, and bury them in the same casket. Do not weep for your son, for he will rejoice forever in great glory and happiness.” woman carried out the saint’s instructions and returned to her home in Cappadocia. There she buried her son and the head of Saint Longinus. Once, she had been overcome by grief for her son, but her weeping was transformed into joy when she saw him with Saint Longinus. She had sought healing for her eyes, and also received healing of her soul.

Jerusalem, 33-117, Holy Apostles ot70&first Deacons: Prochorus,Nicanor,Timon,& Parmenas, full HS&Wiscom, various times&places
Bithynia, 33-117, Holy Apostles of the Seventy and Deacons: Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, and Parmenas, first Deacons otChurch, full Holy Spirit & Wiscom, various times&places, Prochorus wPeter&Bishop Nicomedia, after Dormition wJohn tPatmos, wrote down Book Revelation, returned Nicomedia, then Antioch pagans conversion & martyrdom, Nicanor martyred same day wStephen, Timon tBostra Arabia, into furnace bJews&pagans unharmed, crucified, Parmenas iMacedonia to 117 ; Jerusalem; Holy Apostles of the Seventy and Deacons: Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, and Parmenas, Commemorated on July 28; Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon and Parmenas, Apostles of the Seventy were among the first deacons in the Church of Christ. the Acts of the Holy Apostles (6:1-6) it is said that the twelve Apostles chose seven men: Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas and Nicholas, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom, and appointed them to serve as deacons. are commemorated together on July 28, although they died at various times and in various places. first, Saint Prochorus accompanied the holy Apostle Peter, who made him bishop in the city of Nicomedia. After the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos, Prochorus was a companion and coworker of the holy Apostle John the Theologian and was banished with him to the island of Patmos. There he wrote down the Book of Revelation concerning the final fate of the world. Upon returning to Nicomedia, Saint Prochorus converted pagans to Christ in the city of Antioch, where he suffered martyrdom. Saint Nicanor suffered on the same day that the holy Protomartyr Stephen (December 27) and many other Christians were killed by stoning, he is also commemorated on December 28. Timon was later appointed by the Apostles as bishop of the city of Bostra in Arabia and suffered from the Jews and pagans for preaching the Gospel. He was thrown into a furnace, but by the power of God he came out of it unharmed. The tradition of the Roman Church says that Saint Timon died by crucifixion. Saint Timon is also commemorated on December 30. Parmenas zealously preached Christ in Macedonia. He died after being afflicted with an illness. Some say that Saint Parmenas suffered martyrdom under Trajan (98-117) in the final year of his reign.

Jerusalem, 34-63,Matthias,replaced Judas,studied u Simeon,many places,Survived poison, invisible, enemies engulfed, crucified
Jerusalem, 34-63, Matthias, Apostle, from Bethlehem, Judea, replaced Judas, studied under Simeon, preached in Jerusalem, Antioch, Tianum, Sinope, Amasea, Edessa, Sebaste, Pontine Ethiopia Georgia, Macedonia, Survived poison, left prison invisible, enemies engulfed by earth, crucified; Bethlehem; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Holy Apostle Matthias was born at Bethlehem of the Tribe of Judah. From his early childhood he studied the Law of God under the guidance of Saint Simeon the God-Receiver (February 3). the Lord Jesus Christ revealed Himself to the world, Saint Matthias believed in Him as the Messiah, followed constantly after Him and was numbered among the Seventy Apostles, whom the Lord “sent them two by two before His face” (Luke 10:1). the Ascension of the Savior, Saint Matthias was chosen by lot to replace Judas Iscariot as one of the Twelve Apostles (Acts 1:15-26). After the Descent of the Holy Spirit, the Apostle Matthias preached the Gospel at Jerusalem and in Judea together with the other Apostles (Acts 6:2, 8:14). From Jerusalem he went with the Apostles Peter and Andrew to Syrian Antioch, and was in the Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope. Here the Apostle Matthias was locked into prison, from which he was miraculously freed by Saint Andrew the First-Called. Apostle Matthias journeyed after this to Amasea, a city on the shore of the sea. During a three year journey of the Apostle Andrew, Saint Matthias was with him at Edessa and Sebaste. According to Church Tradition, he was preaching at Pontine Ethiopia (presently Western Georgia) and Macedonia. He was frequently subjected to deadly peril, but the Lord preserved him to preach the Gospel. pagans forced the saint to drink a poison potion. He drank it, and not only did he himself remain unharmed, but he also healed other prisoners who had been blinded by the potion. Saint Matthias left the prison, the pagans searched for him in vain, for he had become invisible to them. time, when the pagans had become enraged intending to kill the Apostle, the earth opened up and engulfed them. Apostle Matthias returned to Judea and did not cease to enlighten his countrymen with the light of Christ’s teachings. He worked great miracles in the Name of the Lord Jesus and he converted a great many to faith in Christ. Jewish High Priest Ananias hated Christ and earlier had commanded the Apostle James, Brother of the Lord, to be flung down from the heights of the Temple, and now he ordered that the Apostle Matthias be arrested and brought for judgment before the Sanhedrin at Jerusalem. impious Ananias uttered a speech in which he blasphemously slandered the Lord. the prophecies of the Old Testament, the Apostle Matthias demonstrated that Jesus Christ is the True God, the promised Messiah, the Son of God, Consubstantial and Coeternal with God the Father. these words the Apostle Matthias was sentenced to death by the Sanhedrin and stoned. Saint Matthias was already dead, the Jews, to hide their malefaction, cut off his head as an enemy of Caesar. (According to several historians, the Apostle Matthias was crucified, and indicate that he instead died at Colchis.) The Apostle Matthias received the martyr’s crown of glory in the year 63.

Jerusalem, 41-44, Israel King, Herod Agrippa, Caligula's buddy, killed James, silver garment, eaten by worms
Jerusalem, Israel King, 41-44, Herod Agrippa ; Agrippa, also known as Herod II or Agrippa I (11 BC - AD 44), was a King of Judea from AD 41 to 44 and of Philip's tetrarchy from 39. He was the last ruler with the royal title reigning over Judea and the father of Herod Agrippa II, the last king from the Herodian dynasty. The grandson of Herod the Great and son of Aristobulus IV and Berenice,[1] he is the king named Herod in the Acts of the Apostles 12:1: "Herod (Agrippa)" (á¼©Ïá¿´Î´Î·Ï‚ á¼ˆÎ³ÏÎ¯Ï€Ï€Î±Ï‚.). territory comprised most of Palestine, including Judea, Galilee, Batanaea, and Perea.[citation needed] From Galilee his territory extended east to Trachonitis. minted by Herod Agrippa was born Marcus Julius Agrippa, so named in honour of Roman statesman Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa. Josephus informs us that, after the execution of his father, young Agrippa was sent by his grandfather, Herod the Great, to the imperial court in Rome. There, Tiberius conceived a great affection for him and had him educated alongside his son Drusus, who also befriended him, and future emperor Claudius.[1] On the death of Drusus, Agrippa, who had been recklessly extravagant and was deeply in debt, was obliged to leave Rome, fleeing to the fortress of Malatha in Idumaea. There, it was said, he contemplated suicide.[2] a brief seclusion, through the mediation of his wife Cypros and his sister Herodias, Agrippa was given a sum of money by his brother-in-law and uncle, Herodias' husband, Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, and was allowed to take up residence in Tiberias, and received the rank of aedile in that city, with a small yearly income. But after quarrelling with Antipas, he fled to Lucius Pomponius Flaccus, governor of Syria. Soon afterwards he was convicted, through information provided by his brother Aristobulus, of having received a bribe from the Damascenes, who wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul, and was again compelled to flee. As he was about to sail for Italy, he was arrested in connection with a debt which he owed to the treasury of Caesar, but made his escape, and reached Alexandria, where his wife succeeded in procuring a sum of money from Alexander the Alabarch. He then set sail, and landed at Puteoli. He was favourably received by Tiberius, who entrusted him with the education of his grandson Tiberius Gemellus. He also became friends with Caligula, then a popular favourite. However, one day he was overheard by his freedman Eutyches expressing a wish for Tiberius's death and the advancement of Caligula, and for this he was cast into prison.[1] and Claudius[edit] of Herod Agrippa I as given to him by Caligula Tiberius' death and the ascension of Agrippa's friend Caligula in AD 37, Agrippa was set free and made king of the territories of Gaulanitis (the Golan Heights), Auranitis, Batanaea, and Trachonitis, which his uncle Philip the Tetrarch had held, with the addition of Abila. Agrippa was also awarded the ornamenta praetoria and could use the title amicus Caesaris ("friend of Caesar"). Caligula also presented him with a gold chain equal in weight to the iron one he had worn in prison, which Agrippa dedicated to the Temple of Jerusalem on his return to his ancestral homeland. In AD 39, Agrippa returned to Rome, and arranged for the banishment of his uncle, Herod Antipas. He was then granted his uncle's tetrarchy, consisting of Galilee and Peraea. This created a Jewish kingdom, however one which did not include Judea at its centre.[3][4] the assassination of Caligula in AD 41, Agrippa was involved in the struggle over the accession between Claudius, the Praetorian Guard, and the Senate. How big a part Agrippa played is uncertain; the various sources differ. Cassius Dio simply writes that Agrippa cooperated with Claudius in his seeking to rule. Flavius Josephus gives us two versions. In The Jewish War, Agrippa is presented as only a messenger to a confident and energetic Claudius. But in The Antiquities of the Jews, Agrippa's role is central and crucial: he convinces Claudius to stand up to the Senate and convinces the Senate to avoid attacking Claudius.[3] After becoming Emperor, Claudius gave Agrippa dominion over Judea and Samaria and granted him the ornamenta consularia, and, at his request, gave the kingdom of Chalcis in Lebanon to Agrippa's brother Herod of Chalcis. Thus Agrippa became one of the most powerful kings of the east. His domain more or less equalled that which had been held by his grandfather Herod the Great.[5] the city of Berytus, Agrippa built a theatre and amphitheatre, baths and porticoes. He was equally generous in Sebaste, Heliopolis and Caesarea. Agrippa began the building of the third and outer wall of Jerusalem, but Claudius was not thrilled with the prospect of a strongly fortified Jerusalem, and he prevented him from completing the fortifications.[6] Agrippa's friendship was courted by many of the neighbouring kings and rulers,[1] some of whom he housed in Tiberias, which also caused Claudius some displeasure.[4] and death[edit] I prutah of Herod Agrippa's realm at its peak of Herod of Chalcis, showing Herod of Chalcis with brother Agrippa I crowning Roman Emperor Claudius I governed Judea to the satisfaction of the Jews. His zeal, private and public, for Judaism is recorded by Josephus, Philo of Alexandria, and the rabbis.[5] Perhaps because of this, his passage through Alexandria in AD 38[7] instigated anti-Jewish riots.[4] At the risk of his own life, or at least of his liberty, he interceded with Caligula on behalf of the Jews, when that emperor was attempting to set up his statue in the Temple at Jerusalem shortly before his death in AD 41. Agrippa's efforts bore fruit and he persuaded Caligula to temporarily rescind his order, thus preventing the Temple's desecration.[8] However, Philo of Alexandria recounts that Caligula issued a second order to have his statue erected in the Temple,[9] which was only prevented by Caligula's death. Acts of the Apostles, chapter 12 (Acts 12:1–23), where Herod Agrippa is called "King Herod",[10] reports that he persecuted the Jerusalem church, having James son of Zebedee killed and imprisoning Peter around the time of a Passover. Blastus is mentioned in Acts as Herod's chamberlain (Acts 12:20). Passover in AD 44, Agrippa went to Caesarea, where he had games performed in honour of Claudius. In the midst of his speech to the public a cry went out that he was a god, and Agrippa did not publicly react. At this time he saw an owl perched over his head. During his imprisonment by Tiberius a similar omen had been interpreted as portending his speedy release and future kingship, with the warning that should he behold the same sight again, he would die.[5] He was immediately smitten with violent pains, scolded his friends for flattering him and accepted his imminent death. He experienced heart pains and a pain in his abdomen, and died after five days.[11] Josephus then relates how Agrippa's brother, Herod of Chalcis, and Helcias sent Aristo to kill Silas.[12] Josephus, Antiquities 19.8.2 343-361: "Now when Agrippa had reigned three years over all Judea he came to the city Caesarea, which was formerly called Strato's Tower; and there he exhibited spectacles in honor of Caesar, for whose well-being he'd been informed that a certain festival was being celebrated. At this festival a great number were gathered together of the principal persons of dignity of his province. On the second day of the spectacles he put on a garment made wholly of silver, of a truly wonderful texture, and came into the theater early in the morning. There the silver of his garment, being illuminated by the fresh reflection of the sun's rays, shone out in a wonderful manner, and was so resplendent as to spread awe over those that looked intently upon him. Presently his flatterers cried out, one from one place, and another from another, (though not for his good) that he was a god; and they added, "Be thou merciful to us; for although we have hitherto reverenced thee only as a man, yet shall we henceforth own thee as superior to mortal nature." Upon this the king neither rebuked them nor rejected their impious flattery. But he shortly afterward looked up and saw an owl sitting on a certain rope over his head, and immediately understood that this bird was the messenger of ill tidings, just as it had once been the messenger of good tidings to him; and fell into the deepest sorrow. A severe pain arose in his belly, striking with a most violent intensity. He therefore looked upon his friends, and said, "I, whom you call a god, am commanded presently to depart this life; while Providence thus reproves the lying words you just now said to me; and I, who was by you called immortal, am immediately to be hurried away by death. But I am bound to accept what Providence allots, as it pleases God; for we have by no means lived ill, but in a splendid and happy manner." When he had said this, his pain became violent. Accordingly he was carried into the palace, and the rumor went abroad everywhere that he would certainly die soon. The multitude sat in sackcloth, men, women and children, after the law of their country, and besought God for the king's recovery. All places were also full of mourning and lamentation. Now the king rested in a high chamber, and as he saw them below lying prostrate on the ground he could not keep himself from weeping. And when he had been quite worn out by the pain in his belly for five days, he departed this life, being in the fifty-fourth year of his age and in the seventh year of his reign. He ruled four years under Caius Caesar, three of them were over Philip's tetrarchy only, and on the fourth that of Herod was added to it; and he reigned, besides those, three years under Claudius Caesar, during which time he had Judea added to his lands, as well as Samaria and Cesarea. The revenues that he received out of them were very great, no less than twelve millions of drachmae. But he borrowed great sums from others, for he was so very liberal that his expenses exceeded his incomes, and his generosity was boundless." 12 gives a similar account of Agrippa's death, adding that "an angel of the Lord struck him down, and he was eaten by worms": Now Herod was angry with the people of Tyre and Sidon. So they came to him in a body; and after winning over Blastus, the king’s chamberlain, they asked for a reconciliation, because their country depended on the king’s country for food. 21 On an appointed day Herod put on his royal robes, took his seat on the platform, and delivered a public address to them. 22 The people kept shouting, “The voice of a god, and not of a mortal!â€ 23 And immediately, because he had not given the glory to God, an angel of the Lord struck him down, and he was eaten by worms and died. — Acts 12:20-23 The Jewish Encyclopedia speculated that Agrippa's "sudden death at the games in Cæsarea, 44, must be considered as a stroke of Roman politics."[13 of Absalom (western facade), showing the entrance to the Cave of Jehoshapat (left) behind it the Great's tomb reconstruction at Herodium gave Agrippa a positive legacy and related that he was known in his time as "Agrippa the Great".[14] The Talmud also has a positive view of his reign: The Mishnah explained how the Jews of the Second Temple era interpreted the requirement of Deuteronomy 31:10–13 that the king read the Torah to the people. At the conclusion of the first day of Sukkot immediately after the conclusion of the seventh year in the cycle, they erected a wooden dais in the Temple court, upon which the king sat. The synagogue attendant took a Torah scroll and handed it to the synagogue president, who handed it to the High Priest's deputy, who handed it to the High Priest, who handed it to the king. The king stood and received it, and then read sitting. King Agrippa stood and received it and read standing, and the sages praised him for doing so. When Agrippa reached the commandment of Deuteronomy 17:15 that “you may not put a foreigner over youâ€ as king, his eyes ran with tears, but they said to him, “Don’t fear, Agrippa, you are our brother, you are our brother!â€[15] The king would read from Deuteronomy 1:1 up through the shema (Deuteronomy 6:4–9), and then Deuteronomy 11:13–21, the portion regarding tithes (Deuteronomy 14:22–29), the portion of the king (Deuteronomy 17:14–20), and the blessings and curses (Deuteronomy 27–28). The king would recite the same blessings as the High Priest, except that the king would substitute a blessing for the festivals instead of one for the forgiveness of sin. (Mishnah Sotah 7:8; Babylonian Talmud Sotah 41a.) In a 2013 conference, Professor Gabriel Barkay suggested that the so-called Tomb of Absalom (of the 1st century C.E.) is in fact that it could be the tomb of Herod Agrippa, the grandson of Herod the Great, based in part on the similarity to Herod's newly discovered tomb at Herodium. The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16;

Jerusalem, 42&439, Peter's Precious Prison Chains Veneration Jan 16 iRome&Constantinople, Kept 300 for Jerusalem healings
Jerusalem, 42 & 439, Peter's Precious Prison Chains Veneration, opened by Angel otLord, saved by christians, precious keepsakes, kept iJerusalem 300yrs, where they healed when approached in faith, 439 presented tEudokia by Patriarch Juvenal who transfered them tConstantinople, E send one chain tDaughter Eudoxia, Valerian's wife, in Rome, V built church on Esquiline hill, chain placed there with other of Peter's Roman chains, all Peter's chains venerated January 16; Jerusalem; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Veneration of the Honorable Chains of the Holy and All-Praised Apostle Peter: about the year 42, on the orders of Herod Agrippa, the Apostle Peter was thrown into prison for preaching about Christ the Savior. prison he was held secure by two iron chains. the night before his trial, an angel of the Lord removed these chains from the Apostle Peter led him out from the prison (Acts 12:1-11). who learned of the miracle took the chains and kept them as precious keepsakes. three centuries the chains were kept in Jerusalem, and those who were afflicted with illness and approached them with faith received healing. Juvenal (July 2) presented the chains to Eudokia, wife of the emperor Theodosius the Younger, she in turn transferred them from Jerusalem to Constantinople in either the year 437 or 439. sent one chain to Rome to her daughter Eudoxia (the wife of Valentinian), built a church on the Esquiline hill dedicated to the Apostle Peter and placed the chain in it. were other chains in Rome, with which the Apostle Peter was shackled before his martyrdom under the emperor Nero. were also placed in the church. January 16, the chains of Saint Peter are brought out for public veneration.

Jerusalem, 44-100, Idumean King, Herod Agrippa II, Agrippa II
Jerusalem Idumean King, 44-100, Herod Agrippa II, Agrippa II; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24;

Jerusalem, 45-67, Apostle Ananias, went to Eleutheropolis in 45 after healing Paul's eyes, stoned in E & prayed f stoners
Syria, 30-67, Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, bishop of Damascus, Syria (Barada River foothills, Kings Highway 17, Way of the Sea 17), restored Paul's eyes & baptized him, went to Eleutheropolis, healed many, tortured, stoned, prayed for stoners; Damascus (Barada River foothills); Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Holy Apostle Ananias of the Seventy (October 1), the first Bishop of Damascus. Lord ordered him to restore the sight of Saul, the former persecutor of Christians, then baptize him (Acts 9:10-19, 22:12). became the great preacher and Apostle Paul. Ananias boldly and openly confessed Christianity before the Jews and the pagans, despite the danger. Damascus he went to preach at Eleutheropolis, he healed many of their infirmities. the prefect of the city, tried to persuade the holy one to offer sacrifice to idols. Because of Ananias’ staunch and solid confession of Christ, Lucian ordered that he be tortured. Harsh torments did not sway the witness of Truth. the torturers led him out beyond the city, where they stoned him. The saint prayed for those who put him to death. His relics were later transferred to Constantinople.

Jerusalem, 46-52, High Priest, Ananias, presided Paul's trial, violent, haughty, gluttonous, rapacious, admired by Jews
Jerusalem High Priest, 46-52, Ananias son of Nedebaios; son of Nebedeus (or Nedebeus) was a high priest who, according to the Acts of the Apostles, presided during the trials of the apostle Paul at Jerusalem (Acts 23:2) and Caesarea (Acts 24:1). Antiquities xx. 5. 2, called him "Ananias ben Nebedeus". He officiated as high priest from about AD 47 to 52. A. C. Hervey described him as "a violent, haughty, gluttonous, and rapacious man, and yet looked up to by the Jews".[1] Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Jerusalem, 48, Luke's Jerusalem Icon, MOG, Gethsemane, transferred 463, 988, 1571, 1812, Dormition cathedral
Jerusalem, 48, Luke's Jerusalem Icon, MOG, at Gethsemane; Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 12; Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God, by tradition, was painted by the holy Evangelist Luke fifteen years after the Ascension of the Lord at Gethsemane. the year 463, the icon was transferred to Constantinople. Byzantine army carried the Jerusalem Icon into battle when they turned back an invasion of the Scythians. 988 the icon was transferred to Korsun and given to the holy Prince Vladimir. the people of Novgorod accepted Christianity, Saint Vladimir sent them this icon. 1571, Ivan the Terrible transferred the icon to the Moscow Dormition cathedral. the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, the original was stolen by the French and brought to Paris. An authenticated copy was placed in the Dormition cathedral. Jerusalem Icon is also commemorated on November 13, and on the Fifth Saturday of Great Lent.

Jerusalem, 51, Council of Jerusalem, rules for Gentile converts
Jerusalem, 51, Council of Jerusalem, At the center of the narrative (Book of Acts) is the Council of the holy Apostles at Jerusalem in the year 51, a Church event of great significance, which resulted in the separation of Christianity from Judaism and its independent dissemination into the world (Acts 15:6-29).; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Jerusalem, 61, Epistle of St James, Brother of the Lord
Rome, 61, Epistle of St James, Brother of the Lord; Epistle of James, the Letter of James, or simply James (Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος, romanized: Iakōbos), is a General epistle and one of the 21 epistles (didactic letters) in the New Testament. author identifies himself as "James, a servant of God and of the Lord Jesus Christ" who is writing to "the twelve tribes scattered abroad" (James 1:1). The epistle is traditionally attributed to James the brother of Jesus (James the Just),[1][2] and the audience is generally considered to be Jewish Christians, who were dispersed outside Israel.[3][4] his letter within an overall theme of patient perseverance during trials and temptations, James writes in order to encourage his readers to live consistently with what they have learned in Christ. He condemns various sins, including pride, hypocrisy, favouritism, and slander. He encourages and implores believers to humbly live by godly, rather than worldly wisdom and to pray in all situations. the most part, until the late 20th century, the epistle of James was relegated to benign disregard – though it was shunned by many early theologians and scholars due to its advocacy of Torah observance and good works.[5] Famously, Luther at one time considered the epistle to be among the disputed books, and sidelined it to an appendix,[6] although in his Large Catechism he treated it as the authoritative word of God.[7] epistle aims to reach a wide Jewish audience.[8] During the last decades, the epistle of James has attracted increasing scholarly interest due to a surge in the quest for the historical James,[9] his role within the Jesus movement, his beliefs, and his relationships and views. This James revival is also associated with an increasing level of awareness of the Jewish grounding of both the epistle and the early Jesus movement.[10] James, Brother of the Lord; the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord, was "a brother of Jesus", according to the New Testament. He was an early leader of the Jerusalem Church of the Apostolic Age. He died as a martyr in AD 62 or 69 after being stoned to death by order of High Priest Ananus ben Ananus. and Eastern Orthodox Christians, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans, teach that James, along with others named in the New Testament as "brothers"[note 2] of Jesus, were not the biological children of Mary, but were possibly cousins of Jesus,[6] or step-brothers from a previous marriage of Joseph (as related in the Gospel of James).[7][note 3] The Catholic tradition holds that this James is to be identified with James, son of Alphaeus, and James the Less.[11] It is agreed by most that he should not be confused with James, son of Zebedee also known as James the Great.[1] Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; Apostle James, the Brother of God (Adelphotheos) was the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed of the Most Holy Theotokos (December 26). his early years James was a Nazarene, a man especially dedicated to God. The Nazarenes vowed to preserve their virginity, to abstain from wine, to refrain from eating meat, and not to cut their hair. The vow of the Nazarenes symbolized a life of holiness and purity, commanded formerly by the Lord for all Israel. the Savior began to teach the nation about the Kingdom of God, Saint James believed in Christ and became His apostle. He was chosen as the first Bishop of Jerusalem. James presided over the Council of Jerusalem and his word was decisive (Acts 15). his thirty years as bishop, Saint James converted many of the Jews to Christianity. Annoyed by this, the Pharisees and the Scribes plotted together to kill Saint James. They led the saint up on the pinnacle of the Jerusalem Temple and asked what he thought of Jesus. The holy Apostle began to bear witness that Christ is the Messiah, which was not the response the Pharisees were expecting. Greatly angered, the Jewish teachers threw him off the roof. saint did not die immediately, but gathering his final strength, he prayed to the Lord for his enemies while they were stoning him. Saint James’ martyrdom occurred about 63 A.D. holy Apostle James composed a Divine Liturgy, which formed the basis of the Liturgies of Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom. The Church has preserved an Epistle of Saint James, one of the books of the New Testament. 1853, Patriarch Hierotheus of Alexandria sent to Moscow a portion of the relics of Saint James. The Church distinguishes between the holy Apostle James the Brother of God, and Saint James the son of Zebedee (April 30) and Saint James the son of Alphaeus (October 9).

Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 67, Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane
Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane; the time of Her blessed Falling Asleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary was again at Jerusalem. Her fame as the Mother of God had already spread throughout the land and had aroused many of the envious and the spiteful against Her. They wanted to make attempts on Her life; but God preserved Her from enemies. and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose. Most Holy Virgin prayed also that the Lord would have the Apostle John come to Her. The Holy Spirit transported him from Ephesus, setting him in that very place where the Mother of God lay. After the prayer, the Most Holy Virgin offered incense, and John heard a voice from Heaven, closing Her prayer with the word “Amen.” The Mother of God took it that the voice meant the speedy arrival of the Apostles and the Disciples and the holy Bodiless Powers. faithful, whose number by then was impossible to count, gathered together, says Saint John of Damascus, like clouds and eagles, to listen to the Mother of God. Seeing one another, the Disciples rejoiced, but in their confusion they asked each other why the Lord had gathered them together in one place. Saint John the Theologian, greeting them with tears of joy, said that the time of the Virgin’s repose was at hand. in to the Mother of God, they beheld Her lying upon the bed, and filled with spiritual joy. The Disciples greeted Her, and then they told her how they had been carried miraculously from their places of preaching. The Most Holy Virgin Mary glorified God, because He had heard Her prayer and fulfilled Her heart’s desire, and She began speaking about Her imminent end. this conversation the Apostle Paul also appeared in a miraculous manner together with his disciples Dionysius the Areopagite, Saint Hierotheus, Saint Timothy and others of the Seventy Apostles. The Holy Spirit had gathered them all together so that they might be granted the blessing of the All-Pure Virgin Mary, and more fittingly to see to the burial of the Mother of the Lord. She called each of them to Herself by name, She blessed them and extolled them for their faith and the hardships they endured in preaching the Gospel of Christ. To each She wished eternal bliss, and prayed with them for the peace and welfare of the whole world. came the third hour (9 A.M.), when the Dormition of the Mother of God was to occur. A number of candles were burning. The holy Disciples surrounded her beautifully adorned bed, offering praise to God. She prayed in anticipation of Her demise and of the arrival of Her longed-for Son and Lord. Suddenly, the inexpressible Light of Divine Glory shone forth, before which the blazing candles paled in comparison. All who saw it took fright. Descending from Heaven was Christ, the King of Glory, surrounded by hosts of Angels and Archangels and other Heavenly Powers, together with the souls of the Forefathers and the Prophets, who had prophesied in ages past concerning the Most Holy Virgin Mary. Her Son, the Mother of God exclaimed: “My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God My Savior, for He hath regarded the low estate of His Handmaiden” (Luke 1:46-48) and, rising from Her bed to meet the Lord, She bowed down to Him, and the Lord bid Her enter into Life Eternal. Without any bodily suffering, as though in a happy sleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary gave Her soul into the hands of Her Son and God. began a joyous angelic song. Accompanying the pure soul of the God-betrothed and with reverent awe for the Queen of Heaven, the angels exclaimed: “Hail, Full of Grace, the Lord is with Thee, blessed art Thou among women! For lo, the Queen, God’s Maiden comes, lift up the gates, and with the Ever-Existing One, take up the Mother of Light; for through Her salvation has come to all the human race. It is impossible to gaze upon Her, and it is impossible to render Her due honor” (Stikherion on “Lord, I Have Cried”). The Heavenly gates were raised, and meeting the soul of the Most Holy Mother of God, the Cherubim and the Seraphim glorified Her with joy. The face of the Mother of God was radiant with the glory of Divine virginity, and from Her body there came a sweet fragrance. Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; the Crucifixion and Death of the Savior he made bold to go to Pilate and ask him for the Body of the Lord, to Which he gave burial with the help of Righteous Νikόdēmos, who was also a secret disciple of the Lord. took down the Body of the Savior from the Cross, wrapped it in a winding-cloth, and placed it in a new tomb, in which no one had ever been buried, in the Garden of Gethsemane, in the presence of the Mother of God and the holy Myrrh-Bearing Women (St Joseph had prepared this tomb for himself). Having rolled a heavy stone before the entrance of the tomb, they departed (John. 19: 37-42; Mt. 27: 57-61; Mark 15: 43-47; Luke. 24: 50-56) The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose.

Jerusalem, 70 AD, Temple Destruction, Seige of Jerusalem, by the Romans
Jerusalem, 70 AD, Jerusalem Temple Destruction; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ;

Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins
Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Jerusalem, 100, 2nd C Folder, Hadrian destroys Holy Places, Jews Christians out

Jerusalem, 132-135, Bar Kokhba revolt, third revolt, Jupiter Temple, Christians&Jews barred f Jerusalem, rabinnic Judism
Jerusalem, 135, Sack of Jerusalem in 135, Bar Kokhba revolt; Bar Kokhba revolt, known by Romans as the 'Jewish Expedition'[6], was a rebellion by the Jews of the Roman province of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire. circa 132–136 CE,[7] it was the last of three major Jewish–Roman wars, so it is also known as The Third Jewish–Roman War or, The Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt[8] of Judea, not counting the Kitos War (115–117 CE), which had only marginally been fought in Judea. revolt erupted as a result of religious and political tensions in Judea following on the failed First Revolt in 66–73 CE. tensions were related to the establishment of a large Roman military presence in Judea, changes in administrative life and the economy, together with the outbreak and suppression of Jewish revolts from Mesopotamia to Libya and Cyrenaica.[9] The proximate reasons seem to be the construction of a new city, Aelia Capitolina, over the ruins of Jerusalem and the erection of a temple to Jupiter on the Temple Mount.[10] The Church Fathers and rabbinic literature emphasize the role of Rufus, governor of Judea, in provoking the revolt.[11] 132, the revolt led by Bar Kokhba quickly spread from central Judea across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem).[12] Quintus Tineius Rufus, the provincial governor at the time of the erupting uprising, was attributed with the failure to subdue its early phase. Rufus is last recorded in 132, the first year of the rebellion; whether he died or was replaced is uncertain. Despite arrival of significant Roman reinforcements from Syria, Egypt, and Arabia, initial rebel victories over the Romans established an independent state over most parts of Judea Province for over three years, as Simon bar Kokhba took the title of Nasi ("head of state"). As well as leading the revolt, he was regarded by many Jews as the Messiah, who would restore their national independence.[13] setback, however, caused Emperor Hadrian to assemble a large-scale Roman force from across the Empire, which invaded Judea in 134 under the command of General Sextus Julius Severus. The Roman army was made up of six full legions with auxiliaries and elements from up to six additional legions, which finally managed to crush the revolt.[14] Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in the extensive depopulation of Judean communities, more so than during the First Jewish–Roman War of 70 CE.[15] According to Cassius Dio, 580,000 Jews perished in the war and many more died of hunger and disease, 50 fortresses and 985 villages were destroyed.[3] In addition, many Judean war captives were sold into slavery.[16] Some modern historians assert that Dio's numbers were somewhat exaggerated,[17] but other researchers support Dio's claim of massive depopulation.[18] The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a genocide.[15][19] However, the Jewish population remained strong in other parts of Palestine, thriving in Galilee, Golan, Bet Shean Valley, and the eastern, southern, and western edges of Judea.[20] Roman casualties were also considered heavy – XXII Deiotariana was disbanded after serious losses.[21][22] In addition, some historians argue that Legio IX Hispana's disbandment in the mid-2nd century could have been a result of this war.[1] In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or Ancient Israel, Emperor Hadrian wiped the name off the map and replaced it with Syria Palaestina.[23][24][25] However, there is only circumstantial evidence linking Hadrian with the name change and the precise date is not certain.[26] The common view is that the name change was intended to "sever the connection of the Jews to their historical homeland"; a few scholars dispute this.[27] Bar Kokhba revolt greatly influenced the course of Jewish history and the philosophy of the Jewish religion. Despite easing the persecution of Jews following Hadrian's death in 138 CE, the Romans barred Jews from Jerusalem, except for attendance in Tisha B'Av. Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba", a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a false Messiah. It was also among the key events to differentiate Christianity as a religion distinct from Judaism.[28] Although Jewish Christians regarded Jesus as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,[29] they were barred from Jerusalem along with the other Jews.[30] JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Jerusalem, 135, Roman Emperor Hadrian destroys Holy Places in Jerusalem
Roman Emperor, 117-138, Hadrian ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14;

Jerusalem, 179-216, Narcissus, Patriarch, 80 in 179, Aelia Capitolina, Easter on Sunday, m miracles, water into oil
Jerusalem, 179-216, Patriarch, Narcissus of Jerusalem, 80 in 179, Aelia Capitolina, Easter on Sunday, many miracles, water into oil, false acusations, seclusion several years, coadjutor Alex ; Narcissus of Jerusalem (c. 99 (reputedly) – c. 216) was an early patriarch of Jerusalem. He is venerated as a saint by both the Western and Eastern Churches. In the Roman Catholic Church, his feast day is celebrated on October 29, while in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is celebrated on August 7. Life[edit] is inferred that the average reign of the bishops of Jerusalem was short, as evidenced by the episcopal reigns of those who followed Saint Simeon, the second bishop of Jerusalem, who was martyred in the year 117 by the Emperor Trajan.[1][2] Greek origin, tradition holds that Narcissus was born in the year 99 and was at least 80 when he was made the 30th bishop of Jerusalem.[1] than a century had then elapsed since the city was destroyed by the Romans, and it had since been rebuilt as Aelia Capitolina by the Emperor Hadrian. the year 195, St Narcissus, together with Theophitus or Theoctistus, bishop of Caesarea in Palestine, presided over a council held by the bishops of Palestine in Caesarea, and it was decreed that Easter was to be always kept on a Sunday, and not with the Jewish Passover. to Eusebius, the bishop performed many miracles. One miracle of note, as Eusebius testified, had occurred during the Easter Vigil when Narcissus changed water into oil to supply all the lamps of the church.[3][4] was the subject of several serious allegations made by members of the Christian community, but these proved to be false. He forgave his accusers, but left Jerusalem and lived in seclusion for several years.[5][6] bishops governed the See of Jerusalem in succession during his absence. Upon his return to Jerusalem, the people unanimously sought him out and asked him to resume his episcopal duties. This he did, but owing to his extreme age and the weight of his duties, he made Saint Alexander his coadjutor bishop.[3] St Narcissus continued to serve his flock and other churches outside his jurisdiction by his constant prayer and his exhortations to the faithful for unity and peace.[7] St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16;

Jerusalem, 200, 3rd C Folder, Bishop Alexander, Patriarch Juneval, Cheriton oSouka Pharan Jericho, George's bones

Jerusalem, 212-251, Alexander of Jerusalem, Bishop, first C Library at J, beasts refused to eat him, died in prison
Jerusalem Patriarch, 212-251, Alexander of Jerusalem; of Jerusalem (died 251 AD) was a third century bishop who is venerated as a martyr and saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. He died during the persecution of Emperor Decius.[1] Hieromartyr Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 12 ; Hieromartyr Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, was a disciple of the great teacher and writer of the Church, Clement of Alexandria. At the beginning of the third century he was chosen bishop of Flavia, Cappadocia. He was arrested during the reign of the emperor Septimus Severus (193-211) and spent three years in prison. his release from prison he went to Jerusalem to venerate the holy places, and was told to remain there through a divine revelation. In 212 he was chosen as coadministrator with the elderly Patriarch Narcissus, an unusually rare occurrence in the ancient Church. Following the death of Saint Narcissus (August 7), Saint Alexander succeeded him and governed the Church of Jerusalem for thirty-eight years, working for the enlightenment of Christians. He also established the first library of Christian theological works at Jerusalem. Alexander was arrested during the persecution of the Church under the emperor Decius (249-251). The holy martyr was sent to Cappadocia, where he suffered many tortures. He was condemned to be eaten by wild beasts, but they did not harm him. Saint Alexander was cast into prison, where he surrendered his soul to God. hieromartyr Alexander is also commemorated on May 16. St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16; story as above--------The Hieromartyr Alexander, Bishop of Jerusalem, was a disciple of the great teacher and writer of the Church, Clement of Alexandria. the beginning of the third century he was chosen bishop of Flavia, Cappadocia. He was arrested during the reign of the emperor Septimus Severus (193-211) and spent three years in prison. his release from prison he went to Jerusalem to venerate the holy places, and was told to remain there through a divine revelation. 212 he was chosen as coadministrator with the elderly Patriarch Narcissus, an unusually rare occurrence in the ancient Church. the death of Saint Narcissus (August 7), Saint Alexander succeeded him and governed the Church of Jerusalem for thirty-eight years, working for the enlightenment of Christians. He also established the first library of Christian theological works at Jerusalem. Alexander was arrested during the persecution of the Church under the emperor Decius (249-251). The holy martyr was sent to Cappadocia, where he suffered many tortures. He was condemned to be eaten by wild beasts, but they did not harm him. Saint Alexander was cast into prison, where he surrendered his soul to God in the year 251. The hieromartyr Alexander is also commemorated on December 12.

Jerusalem, 280-305, Patriarch, Juneval of Jerusalem, Aelia Capitolina had been Caesarea See
Jerusalem Patriarch, 280-305 or 422-458, Juneval of Jerusalem ; Juvenal was a bishop of Jerusalem from about 422. In 451, on the See of Jerusalem being recognised as a Patriarchate by the Council of Chalcedon, he became the first Patriarch of Jerusalem, an office he occupied until his death in 458. the Siege of Jerusalem in AD 70 the city had been left in ruins, and after Hadrian's visit to the site in 135, a new Roman city was built, called Aelia Capitolina (Ælius was Hadrian's family nomen). Ælia was a town of little importance in the empire; the governor of the province resided at Caesarea. Caesarea became the metropolitan see; the Bishop of Ælia (Jerusalem) was merely one of its suffragans.[1] wanted to make Jerusalem into a patriarchate, but Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria and Pope Leo I opposed the separation of Jerusalem from Cæsarea and Antioch.[2] 429, Patriarch Juvenal consecrated the Laura of Euthymius, located on the road between Jerusalem and Jericho, and supplied it with presbyters and deacons.[3] 431, Juvenal sided with Cyril against Nestorius at the First Council of Ephesus.[4] 449, Juvenal was one of the leaders of the Second Council of Ephesus, being the first to sign it. This led to his name being removed from the diptychs of the churches that rejected the council. However he changed his stance at the Council of Chalcedon convened later, condemning the previous council.[5] 451, the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in the city of Chalcedon. It condemned the Monophysite heresy, which taught that the human nature in Christ was totally absorbed by the divine nature. Juvenal was among those who condemned the heresy and affirmed the doctrine of the union of two natures in Jesus Christ, the divine and the human, without separation and without mixture.[4] When Dioscorus of Alexandria was tried for violation of canonical law, Juvenal voted for his condemnation.[citation needed] The attenders of the council consented to the establishment of the patriarchate of Jerusalem, but when Juvenal returned to his throne, Monophysites drove him from it and installed Theodosius as the patriarch. Theodosius reportedly filled Jerusalem with blood, then raised a military company to punish other rivals in the region like Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, whom he brutally executed in 452 or 453 AD.[6] Imperial troops restored Juvenal in 453, and he served in peace until his death in 458.[2][7] St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Jerusalem, 275, Saint Cheriton of Souka, Pharan, and Jericho Monasteries
Jerusalem, 275, Saint Cheriton of Souka, Pharan, and Jericho Monasteries; Souka Monastery of St Cheriton; The Judean Desert "the Land of Monasteries". You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; The Judean Desert " the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28;

Jerusalem, 280-303, St George, his bones are in Lod, his mother's home
Jerusalem Saint, 280-303, St George ; George (died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda, was a Christian who is venerated as a saint in Christianity. to tradition he was a soldier in the Roman army. His parents were Christians of Greek origin. His father, Gerontius, was a Cappadocian serving in the Roman army. His mother, Polychronia, was a Christian from the city of Lod in Palestine. George was a soldier of Cappadocian Greek and Palestinian origins, member of the Praetorian Guard for Roman emperor Diocletian, who was sentenced to death for refusing to recant his Christian faith. He became one of the most venerated saints and megalomartyrs in Christianity, and he has been especially venerated as a military saint since the Crusades. hagiography, as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and one of the most prominent military saints, he is immortalized in the legend of Saint George and the Dragon. memorial, Saint George's Day, is traditionally celebrated on 23 April. England, Ethiopia, Georgia, Catalonia and Aragon in Spain, Moscow in Russia, and several other states, regions, cities, universities, professions and organizations claim George as their patron. bones of Saint George are buried in the Church of Saint George, Lod, Israel.[citation needed] St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Jerusalem, 300 - 1453, Folder, Byzantine Period

Jerusalem, 300, 4th C Folder, Finding tCross&Forerunner's head, Ressurection Church, Vision otCross, Earthquake, Wilderness Sts

Jerusalem, 313-323, Patriarch, Macarius I, searched for the cross w Helen
Jerusalem Patriarch, 313-323, Macarius I ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 311-371, Saint Hilarion the Great, founder of Gaza and Judean Wilderness monasticism
Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion ; the Great (291-“371) was an anchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of Anthony the Great (c.251-“356). St Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the Egyptian desert, St Hilarion is considered by some to be the founder of Palestinian monasticism[1] and venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Jerusalem, 316-361, Armenian Saint, Nino, George&Juvenal's Kin, wanted kiss tRobe in Georgia, but MOG sent her tConvert Georgia
Armenia, 316-361, Armenian Saint, Nino, George's Kin, to Georgia for the Robe, virgin, fCappadocia, then Jerusalem a12, J Patriarch Junival's neice, father mother became monastics, raised by old woman who told her about Christ's robe ending up in Pagan Georgia, so Nino prayed MOG blessing travel tG tKiss Robe she had woven, MOG appeared in dream, Go that country assigned me by lot, Preach Gospel, he will send his grace, I will protect you, But Nino overwhelmed bResponsibility, How can I do it, How can I believe this vision, MOG gave her grapevine cross, receive this cross as a shield visible invisible enemies, Nino woke holding cross, rejoiced, told uncle J, he prayed for her to get to go preach Resurrection, guided by Lord, refuge, spiritual Father, Enlighten her like Apostles, with wisdom tProclaim glad tidings, Lord sent Nino tRome, she met&baptized princess Rhipsimia&hNurse, christian persecuter emperor Diocletian wanted marry R, but Nino, Rhipsima, nurse Gaiana & 50 other virgins escaped to Armenia, D sent soldiers after and warned A King Tridates, T found them and like D wanted marry R, But R refused so T had her tortured tDeath wG&50 other virgins, Nino, however, greater task, escaped hiding rose bushes, tGeorgia, greeted by Mtskhetan shepherds Lake Paravani, she received blessing preach Lake P Pagans, tUrbnisi, 1Month, tMtskheta wGeorgians going there tKiss pagan Idol, sad that people trembled before idol, she prayed Lord send mercy this nation that all nations glorify thee alone, suddenly violent wind&hail shattered pagan statues, worshipers fled across city, Nino made home beneath bramble bush Kings garden, wChildless Royal Gardener's family, through Nino's prayers God granted child, couple rejoice converted, followed Nino, many converted bNino's preaching, even terminally ill Queen Nana healed after her conversion, King Mirian not pleased, decided kill all Christians including wife, but while hunting it became very dark, greatly afraid prayed to Pagan gods, unanswered, lost hope, miraculously turned to Christ, illume this night, guide my footsteps, and I will declare your Name, erect a cross, and kiss it, and construct a temple, I vow obedient to Nino and faith Roman People, Suddenly sun shone radiantly and King Mirian thanked Creator, he returned city immediately told Nino his decision, So by equal tApostles Nino's labors Georgia established solidly as Christian nation, N reposed in Bodbe, eastern Georgia, Mirian erected church there; Armenian Saint, 316-340, Nino; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; virgin Nino of Cappadocia a relative of Great-martyr George the only daughter of a widely respected and honorable couple. father was a Roman army chief by the name of Zabulon, her mother, Sosana, the sister of Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem. Nino reached the age of twelve, her parents sold all their possessions and moved to Jerusalem. after, Nino’s father was tonsured a monk. He bid farewell to his family and went to labor in the wilderness of the Jordan. Sosana had been separated from her husband, Juvenal ordained her a deaconess. left her daughter Nino in the care of an old woman, Sara Niaphor, raised her in the Christian Faith and related to her the stories of Christ’s life and His suffering on earth. was from Sara that Nino learned how Christ’s Robe had arrived in Georgia, a country of pagans. Nino began to pray fervently to the Theotokos, asking for her blessing to travel to Georgia be made worthy to venerate the Sacred Robe that she had woven for her beloved Son. Most Holy Virgin heard her prayers and appeared to Nino in a dream, saying, “Go to the country that was assigned to me by lot preach the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ. will send down His grace upon you and I will be your protector.” the blessed Nino was overwhelmed at the thought of such a great responsibility answered, “How can I, a fragile woman, perform such a momentous task, how can I believe that this vision is real?” response, the Most Holy Theotokos presented her with a cross of grapevines proclaimed, “Receive this cross as a shield against visible and invisible enemies!” she awoke, Nino was holding the cross in her hands. dampened it with tears of rejoicing and tied it securely with strands of her own hair. (According to another source, the Theotokos bound the grapevine cross with strands of her own hair.) related the vision to her uncle, Patriarch Juvenal, revealed to him her desire to preach the Gospel in Georgia. led her in front of the Royal Doors, laid his hands on her, and prayed, “O Lord, God of Eternity, I beseech Thee on behalf of my orphaned niece: Grant that, according to Thy will, she may go to preach and proclaim Thy Holy Resurrection. Christ God, be Thou to her a guide, a refuge, and a spiritual father. as Thou didst enlighten the Apostles and all those who feared Thy name, do Thou also enlighten her with the wisdom to proclaim Thy glad tidings.” Nino arrived in Rome, she met and baptized the princess Rhipsimia and her nurse, Gaiana. At that time the Roman emperor was Diocletian, a ruler infamous for persecuting Christians. Diocletian (284-305) fell in love with Rhipsimia and resolved to marry her, but Saint Nino, Rhipsimia, Gaiana, and fifty other virgins escaped to Armenia. The furious Diocletian ordered his soldiers to follow them and sent a messenger to Tiridates, the Armenian king (286-344), to put him on guard. Tiridates located the women and, following Diocletian’s example, was charmed by Rhipsimia’s beauty and resolved to marry her. But Saint Rhipsimia would not consent to wed him, and in his rage the king had her tortured to death with Gaiana and the fifty other virgins. Saint Nino, however, was being prepared for a different, greater task, and she succeeded in escaping King Tiridates’ persecutions by hiding among some rose bushes. she finally arrived in Georgia, Saint Nino was greeted by a group of Mtskhetan shepherds near Lake Paravani, she received a blessing from God to preach to the pagans of this region. the help of her acquaintances Saint Nino soon reached the city of Urbnisi. remained there a month, traveled to Mtskheta with a group of Georgians who were making a pilgrimage to venerate the pagan idol Armazi. she watched with great sadness as the Georgian people trembled before the idols. was exceedingly sorrowful and prayed to the Lord, “O Lord, send down Thy mercy upon this nation...that all nations may glorify Thee alone, the One True God, through Thy Son, Jesus Christ.” a violent wind began to blow and hail fell from the sky, shattering the pagan statues. terrified worshipers fled, scattering across the city. Nino made her home beneath a bramble bush in the garden of the king, the family of the royal gardener. gardener and his wife were childless, through Saint Nino’s prayers God granted them a child. couple rejoiced exceedingly, declared Christ to be the True God, became disciples of Saint Nino. Saint Nino went, those who heard her preach converted to the Christian Faith in great numbers. Nino even healed the terminally ill Queen Nana she declared Christ to be the True God. Mirian, a pagan, was not at all pleased with the great impression Saint Nino’s preaching had made on the Georgian nation. day while he was out hunting, he resolved to kill all those who followed Christ. to his wicked scheme, even his wife, Queen Nana, would face death for failing to renounce the Christian Faith. in the midst of the hunt, it suddenly became very dark. alone, King Mirian became greatly afraid and prayed in vain for the help of the pagan gods. his prayers went unanswered, he finally lost hope miraculously, he turned to Christ: “God of Nino, illumine this night for me and guide my footsteps, I will declare Thy Holy Name. will erect a cross venerate it and I will construct for Thee a temple. vow to be obedient to Nino and to the Faith of the Roman people!” the night was transfigured, the sun shone radiantly, King Mirian gave great thanks to the Creator. he returned to the city, he immediately informed Saint Nino of his decision. a result of the unceasing labors of Equal-to-the-Apostles Nino, was established as a nation solidly rooted in the Christian Faith. Nino reposed in the village of Bodbe in eastern Georgia according to her will, she was buried in the place where she took her last breath. Mirian later erected a church in honor of Saint George over her grave.

Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Cross, Saint Helen andHieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Precious Cross and Nails, Saint Helen; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28; Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 326-363, Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch, Uncovered the Cross with Saint Helen, a Jew till discovery miracle
Jerusalem, 326-363, Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch, Uncovered the Cross with Saint Helen; Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Precious Cross and Nails, Saint Helen; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28; Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Patriarch of Jerusalem, was a Jew who pointed out to the holy Empress Helen the place where the Life-Creating Cross of Christ lay buried (September 14). present at the discovery of the Cross, Cyriacus (before Baptism he was named Jude) sincerely came to believe in Christ the true God, and he became a Christian. because of his pure and virtuous life, was later chosen to be Patriarch of Jerusalem. He suffered martyrdom under the emperor Julian. the cruel persecution under Julian the Apostate, in the year 363, Saint Cyriacus accepted suffering for the Faith. He was killed after prolonged tortures. Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Holy Empress Helen uncovered the Precious Cross and Nails of the Lord at Jerusalem in 326. the beginning of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337), the first Roman emperor to recognize Christianity, he and his pious mother Saint Helen decided to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. They also planned to build a church on the site of the Lord’s suffering and Resurrection, in order to reconsecrate and purify the places connected with the Savior’s death and Resurrection from the foul taint of paganism. empress Helen journeyed to Jerusalem with a large quantity of gold. Saint Constantine wrote a letter to Patriarch Macarius I (313-323), requesting him to assist her in every possible way with her task of the restoring the Christian holy places. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress Helen began to destroy all the pagan temples and reconsecrate the places which had been defiled by the pagans. her quest for the Life-Creating Cross, she questioned several Christians and Jews, but for a long time her search remained unsuccessful. Finally, an elderly Hebrew named Jude told her that the Cross was buried beneath the temple of Venus. Saint Helen ordered that the pagan temple be demolished, and for the site to be excavated. Soon they found Golgotha and the Lord’s Sepulchre. Not far from the spot were three crosses, a board with the inscription written by Pilate (John 19:19), and four nails which had pierced the Lord’s Body. the task was to determine on which of the three crosses the Savior had been crucified. Patriarch Macarius saw a dead person being carried to his grave, then he ordered that the dead man be placed upon each cross in turn. When the corpse was placed on the Cross of Christ, he was immediately restored to life. After seeing the raising of the dead man, everyone was convinced that the Life-Creating Cross had been found. With great joy the empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius lifted the Life-Creating Cross and displayed it to all the people standing about.

Jerusalem, 330&452, 1st&2nd finding Forerunner's Head, 1st 330 Mt Olives F told f monks, 2nd cave near Emesa 452 F showed c monk
Jerusalem, 330 & 452, First and second finding Forerunner's Head, Joanna wife of steward Chuza, Innocents Mt Olives Church and Cell, found head diggng foundation, signs of grace, hid it again same place, 330 Constantine time Forerunner appeared twice monks Jerusalem pilgrimage, way home potter carrying bag, Forerunner appeared ordering potter to flee from careless monks, gave it to sister in jug, heretic Eustathius buried it in cave near Emesa, monks settled in the cave and monastery arose, in 452 Forerunner appeared to Marcellus archmandrite and exposed head, second finding, to Emesa, to Constantinople ; Mount of Olives; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; the Beheading of the Holy Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John (August 29), his body was buried by disciples in the Samarian city of Sebaste, and his venerable head was hidden by Herodias in an unclean place. Joanna (June 27), the wife of King Herod’s steward Chuza (Luke 8:3), secretly took the holy head and placed it into a vessel and buried it on the Mount of Olives in one of Herod’s properties. many years, this property passed into the possession of a government official who became a monk with the name of Innocent. He built a church and a cell there. they started to dig the foundation, the vessel with the venerable head of John the Baptist was uncovered. Innocent recognized its great holiness from the signs of grace emanating from it. Thus occurred the First Finding of the Head. Innocent preserved it with great piety, fearful that the holy relic might be abused by unbelievers, before his own death he again hid it in that same place, where it was found. Upon his death the church fell into ruin and was destroyed. the days of Saint Constantine the Great (May 21), when Christianity began to flourish, the holy Forerunner appeared twice to two monks journeying to Jerusalem on pilgrimage to the holy places, and he revealed the location of his venerable head. monks uncovered the holy relic and, placing it into a sack of camel-hair, they proceeded homewards. Along the way they encountered an unnamed potter and gave him the precious burden to carry. knowing what he was carrying, the potter continued on his way. the holy Forerunner appeared to him and ordered him to flee from the careless and lazy monks, with what he held in his hands. potter concealed himself from the monks and at home he preserved the venerable head with reverence. Before his death he placed it in a water jug and gave it to his sister. that time the venerable head was successively preserved by devout Christians, the priest Eustathius (infected with the Arian heresy) came into possession of it. He beguiled a multitude of the infirm who had been healed by the holy head, ascribing their cures to the fact that it was in the possession of an Arian. When his blasphemy was uncovered, he was compelled to flee. After he buried the holy relic in a cave, near Emesa, the heretic intended to return later and use it for disseminating falsehood. however, did not permit this. Pious monks settled in the cave, and then a monastery arose at this place. the year 452 Saint John the Baptist appeared to Archimandrite Marcellus of this monastery, and indicated where his head was hidden. This became celebrated as the Second Finding. The holy relic was transferred to Emesa, and later to Constantinople.

Jerusalem, 335, Resurrection Church Founded, after rebuilding Jerusalem, a Aelia Capitolinna, C of Tyre attends
Jerusalem, 335, Commemoration Resurrection Church Founding; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ at Jerusalem celebrates the dedication of the Church of the Resurrection, built by Saint Constantine the Great and his mother, the empress Helen. the voluntary Passion and Death on the Cross of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the holy place of His suffering was long trampled on by pagans. When the Roman emperor Titus conquered Jerusalem in the year 70, he razed the city and destroyed the Temple of Solomon on Mount Moriah, leaving there not a stone upon a stone, as even the Savior foretold (Mt.13:1-2). on the zealous pagan emperor Hadrian (117-138) built on the site of the Jerusalem destroyed by Titus a new city named Aelia Capitolina for him (Hadrian Aelius). It was forbidden to call the city by its former name. gave orders to cover the Holy Tomb of the Lord with earth and stones, and on that spot to set up an idol. On Golgotha, where the Savior was crucified, he constructed a pagan temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in 119. Before the statues they offered sacrifice to demons and performed pagan rites, accompanied by wanton acts. Bethlehem, at the place the Savior was born of the All-Pure Virgin, the impious emperor set up an idol of Adonis. He did all this intentionally, so that people would forget completely about Christ the Savior and that they would no loner remember the places where He lived, taught, suffered and arose in glory. the beinning of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337), the first of the Roman emperors to recognize the Christian religion, he and his pious mother the empress Helen decided to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. They also planned to build a church on the site of the Lord’s suffering and Resurrection, in order to reconsecrate and purify the places connected with memory of the Savior from the taint of foul pagan cults. empress Helen journeyed to Jerusalem with a large quantity of gold, and Saint Constantine the Great wrote a letter to Patriarch Macarius I (313-323), requesting him to assist her in every possible way with her task of the renewing the Christian holy places. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress Helen destroyed all the pagan temples and reconsecrated the places desecrated by the pagans. She was zealous to find the Cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, and she ordered the excavation of the place where the temple of Venus stood. There they discovered the Sepulchre of the Lord and Golgotha, and they also found three crosses and some nails. order to determine upon which of the three crosses the Savior was crucified, Patriarch Macarius gave orders to place a dead person, who was being carried to a place of burial, upon each cross in turn. When the dead person was placed on the Cross of Christ, he immediately came alive. With the greatest of joy the empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius raised up the Life-Creating Cross and displayed it to all the people standing about. holy empress quickly began the construction of a large church which enclosed within its walls Golgotha, the place of the Crucifixion of the Savior, and the Sepulchre of the Lord, located near each other. The holy Apostle and Evangelist John wrote about this: "Now in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb, in which no one had yet been laid. Therefore they laid Jesus there because of the Jewish preparation day, for the tomb was nearby" (John 19:41-42). The Church of the Resurrection was ten years in building, and the holy empress Helen did not survive to see its completion. She returned to Constantinople, and reposed in the year 327. After her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress built churches in Bethlehem, on the Mount of Olives, at Gethsemane and in many other places connected with the life of the Savior and events in the New Testament. construction of the church of the Resurrection, called "Martyrion" in memory of the sufferings of the Savior, was completed in the same year as the Council of Tyre, and in the thirtieth year of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great. Therefore, at the assembly of September 13, 335, the consecration of the temple was particularly solemn. Hierarchs of Christian Churches in many lands: Bythnia, Thrace, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt, participated in the consecration of the church. The bishops who participated in the Council of Tyre, and many others, went to the consecration in Jerusalem. On this day all the city of Jerusalem was consecrated. The Fathers of the Church established September 13 as the commemoration of this remarkable event.

Jerusalem, 335, Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, using dead man location discovered by Helen in 326
Jerusalem, 335, Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, built by Constantine and Helen, 70 Titus c Jerusalem, razed city, destroyed Temple, foretold by JC, 129 Hadrian built Aelia Capitolina there, 119 Venus Temple, using dead man Helen found cross in 326, 335 Council of Tyre bishops attend; Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335; Church of the Resurrection; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ at Jerusalem celebrates the dedication of the Church of the Resurrection, built by Saint Constantine the Great and his mother, the empress Helen. the voluntary Passion and Death on the Cross of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, the holy place of His suffering was long trampled on by pagans. the Roman emperor Titus conquered Jerusalem in the year 70, he razed the city and destroyed the Temple of Solomon on Mount Moriah, leaving there not a stone upon a stone, as even the Savior foretold (Mt.13:1-2). on the zealous pagan emperor Hadrian (117-138) built on the site of the Jerusalem destroyed by Titus a new city named Aelia Capitolina for him (Hadrian Aelius). was forbidden to call the city by its former name. gave orders to cover the Holy Tomb of the Lord with earth and stones, and on that spot to set up an idol. On Golgotha, where the Savior was crucified, constructed a pagan temple dedicated to the goddess Venus in 119. the statues they offered sacrifice to demons and performed pagan rites, accompanied by wanton acts. Bethlehem, at the place the Savior was born of the All-Pure Virgin, the impious emperor set up an idol of Adonis. did all this intentionally, so that people would forget completely about Christ the Savior and that they would no loner remember the places where He lived, taught, suffered and arose in glory. the beinning of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (306-337), the first of the Roman emperors to recognize the Christian religion, and his pious mother the empress Helen decided to rebuild the city of Jerusalem. also planned to build a church on the site of the Lord’s suffering and Resurrection, in order to reconsecrate and purify the places connected with memory of the Savior from the taint of foul pagan cults. empress Helen journeyed to Jerusalem with a large quantity of gold, Saint Constantine the Great wrote a letter to Patriarch Macarius I (313-323), requesting him to assist her in every possible way with her task of the renewing the Christian holy places. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress Helen destroyed all the pagan temples reconsecrated the places desecrated by the pagans. was zealous to find the Cross of our Lord Jesus Christ, and she ordered the excavation of the place where the temple of Venus stood. they discovered the Sepulchre of the Lord and Golgotha, and they also found three crosses and some nails. order to determine upon which of the three crosses the Savior was crucified, Patriarch Macarius gave orders to place a dead person, who was being carried to a place of burial, upon each cross in turn. the dead person was placed on the Cross of Christ, he immediately came alive. With the greatest of joy the empress Helen and Patriarch Macarius raised up the Life-Creating Cross and displayed it to all the people standing about. holy empress quickly began the construction of a large church which enclosed within its walls Golgotha, the place of the Crucifixion of the Savior, and the Sepulchre of the Lord, located near each other. holy Apostle and Evangelist John wrote about this: in the place where He was crucified, there was a garden, and in the garden a new tomb, in which no one had yet been laid. they laid Jesus there because of the Jewish preparation day, for the tomb was nearby" (John 19:41-42). Church of the Resurrection was ten years in building, and the holy empress Helen did not survive to see its completion. She returned to Constantinople, and reposed in the year 327. her arrival in Jerusalem, the holy empress built churches in Bethlehem, on the Mount of Olives, at Gethsemane and in many other places connected with the life of the Savior and events in the New Testament. construction of the church of the Resurrection, called "Martyrion" in memory of the sufferings of the Savior, was completed in the same year as the Council of Tyre, and in the thirtieth year of the reign of Saint Constantine the Great. at the assembly of September 13, 335, the consecration of the temple was particularly solemn. of Christian Churches in many lands: Bythnia, Thrace, Cilicia, Cappadocia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt, participated in the consecration of the church. bishops who participated in the Council of Tyre, and many others, went to the consecration in Jerusalem. this day all the city of Jerusalem was consecrated. The Fathers of the Church established September 13 as the commemoration of this remarkable event.

Jerusalem, 335-386, Patriarch, St Cyrl of Jerusalem, exiled several times, Catechumen instructions, Litergy order
Jerusalem Patriarch, 335-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; of Jerusalem was a theologian of the early Church (c. 313-“ 386 AD). the end of 350 AD he succeeded Maximus as Bishop of Jerusalem, but was exiled on more than one occasion due to the enmity of Acacius of Caesarea, and the policies of various emperors. Cyril left important writings documenting the instruction of catechumens and the order of the Liturgy in his day. is venerated as a saint within the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. In 1883, Cyril was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII. He is highly respected in the Palestinian Christian Community. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386) , Commemorated 18 March; of Jerusalem, from "Pictorial Lives of the Saints"Cyril was born in Jerusalem around 315, and became bishop of that city in about 349. The years between the Council of Nicea (325) and the Council of Constantinople (381) were troubled years, in which the Church, having committed itself at Nicea, over the strenuous protests of the Arians, to the proposition that the Son is "one in being" (homo-ousios) with the Father, began to backtrack and consider whether there was some other formula that would adequately express the Lordship of Christ but not be "divisive." Experience with other ways of stating what Christians believed about the Son and his relation to the Father finally led the Church to conclude that the Nicene formulation was the only way of safeguarding the doctrine that Thomas spoke truly (John 20:28) when he said to Jesus, "My Lord and My God!" But this was not obvious from the beginning, and Cyril was among those who looked for a way of expressing the doctrine that would be acceptable to all parties. As a result, he was exiled from his bishopric three times, for a total of sixteen years, once by the Athanasians and twice by the Arians. He eventually came to the conclusion, as did most other Christians of the time, that there was no alternative to the Nicene formula, and in 381 he attended the Council of Constantinople and voted for that position. Cyril is author of the Catecheses, or Catechatical Lectures on the Christian Faith. These consist of an introductory lecture, then eighteen lectures on the Christian Faith to be delivered during Lent to those about to be baptized at Easter, and then five lectures on the Sacraments to be delivered after Easter to the newly baptized. These have been translated into English (F L Cross, 1951), and are the oldest such lectures surviving. (It is thought that they were used over and over by Cyril and his successors, and that they may have undergone some revision in the process.) Every year, thousands of Christian pilgrims came to Jerusalem, especially for Holy Week. It is probably Cyril who instituted the liturgical forms for that week as they were observed in Jerusalem at the pilgrimage sites, were spread to other churches by returning pilgrims, and have come down to us today, with the procession with palms on Palm Sunday, and the services for the following days, culminating in the celebration of the Resurrection on Easter Sunday. We have a detailed account of Holy Week observances in Jerusalem in the fourth century, thanks to a a Spanish nun named Egeria who made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and kept a journal which is a historian's delight. by James Kiefer

Jerusalem, 341, Hieromartyr Milus, Bishop oTelepolis oSuza, fGeneral, devout ascetic so prophecy healing gifts
Persia, 341, Hieromartyr Milus, Bishop oTelepolis oSuza, Iran (Persian Gulf, Isfahan Crossroads North South), former General, devout ascetic so prophecy healing gifts, ordained bBo Geddegoupolis, pagans expelled M from Susa, tJerusalem, tAlexandria, met Anthony tG, 2yrs, back tPersia, arrested, death bSword, disciples bWooden clubs&stones; Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf) ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Persian Martyr Mίlos was once a General. he was chosen as the Bishop of Telepolis (Susa, or Shushan in Syriac), where the Prophet Daniel saw visions.1 of his devout ascetical life, Saint Mίlos received from God the gifts of prophecy and healing. was ordained by Bishop Bēthlapát of Geddēgoupólis. the pagans expelled him from the city of Susa, his episcopal See, he fled to Jerusalem. there, he went to Alexandria, where he met Saint Anthony the Great (January 17). two years the Hierarch returned to Persia, where he and his disciples were arrested by the ruler Basiliskos. Mίlos was put to death by the sword. disciples2 Ebórēs, Papas, and the Deacon Senóei (or Sebórēs), were killed with wooden clubs and stones. they all received the immortal crown of martyrdom in the year 341. Daniel 8:2 (LXX). Some sources say there were two disciples: Abrosim and Sinon. Others list three disciples: Ebórēs, Papas, and the Deacon Senóei (or Sebórēs). The difference in the names might be explained by alternate transcriptions of the Persian names into other languages. Papas may be a proper name, or it may be that Ebórēs was a priest. If that is the case, however, one would expect to see the title πρεσβύτερος.

Jerusalem, 350, Martyr Zosimas the Hermit, calmly amiably conversing w beasts, prayer told huge lion to come
Galilee, 350, Martyr Zosimas the Hermit; Martyr Zosimas the Desert Dweller lived during the fourth century. Once, while hunting, Dometian, the governor of Sicily, saw the Elder calmly and amiably conversing with the beasts around him. the hunters, the beasts fled. They then interrogated the Elder, asking who he was and why he lived in the wilderness. The Elder answered that he was a Christian called Zosimas, and that he could not live in the city with the enemies of the Lord Jesus Christ. Therefore, he lived alone among the wild animals. Dometian said threateningly: “If you worship the Nazarene, I shall subject you to fierce tortures at Nazareth, and you will renounce Christ.” asked what kind of magic he used to tame wild beasts, Saint Zosimas replied, “I am a Christian.” At Nazareth the tortures began. They tied the Elder head downwards, with a large stone around his neck, and they began to lacerate his body with iron hooks. torturers taunted the sufferer: “If the beasts do listen to you, tell one of them to come here, and then we will believe in your God.” The holy martyr turned to God in prayer, and suddenly a huge lion came forth. fled in terror, and the lion went up to the Elder, and began to lift the stone around the martyr’s neck with its paw in order to ease the suffering of the saint. The governor implored the martyr to keep the lion calm, and he gave orders to untie the saint, and to bring him to the emperor, but Saint Zosimas was already dead, having given up his pure soul to God. Nazareth; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; FEAST OF THE TRANSFIGURATION, (6 AUGUST NT); THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Church New Year, Commemorated on September 1; to Holy Tradition, Christ entered the synagogue on September 1 to announce His mission to mankind (Luke 4:16-22). Quoting Isaiah 61:1-2, the Savior proclaimed, “The spirit of the Lord is upon Me; because He has anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor; He has sent Me to proclaim release to captives, and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed, to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord...” This scene is depicted in a Vatican manuscript (Vatican, Biblioteca. Cod. Gr. 1613, p.1). The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Zosimas the Hermit of Cilicia, Commemorated on September 19 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 26 Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT); The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Jerusalem, 351, Vision of the Cross, brighter than sun, 51/2mi wide and tall, Golgotha to Mt Olives, whole week, not Arian
Jerusalem, 351, Vision of the Cross, Miraculous Portent, brighter than sun, 51/2mi wide and tall, Golgotha to Mt Olives, whole week, not Arian ; Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ; Precious Cross appeared in the sky over Jerusalem on the morning of May 7, 351 during the reign of the emperor Constantius, the son of Saint Constantine (May 21). that time the heresy of Arianism, which taught that Christ was merely a creature and not God, was causing great turmoil and division throughout the Empire. Even after the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in 325, many people were drawn to this false teaching, and the Orthodox found themselves in the minority in many places. the ruler of the eastern part of the Empire, was a fervent supporter of Arianism. His brothers Constantine II and Constans, who were pious Orthodox Christians, ruled in the west. They were both killed in separate battles around 350, leaving Constantius as sole ruler. Also in 350, Saint Cyril (March 18) became Patriarch of Jerusalem and began his zealous struggle against Arianism. May of 351 a luminous Cross appeared over Jerusalem, stretching from Golgotha to the Mount of Olives, a distance of about five and a half miles. The Cross was wide as it was long, and shone more brightly than the sun. Many people left their homes and workplaces to gather in the church and glorify Christ. The historian Sozomen says that this wondrous sign led to the conversion of multitudes of pagans and Jews to Christianity. letter from Saint Cyril to the emperor describing this phenomenon, and admonishing him to become Orthodox, has been preserved. The apparition of the Cross remained over the city for a whole week. vision of the Cross over Jerusalem strengthened the Orthodox faithful and contributed to the return of many Arians to the Church. It is also a reminder of the awesome Second Coming of Christ, when œthe sign of the Son of man shall appear in heaven (Matthew 24:30).

Jerusalem, 361, Earthquake, Final Destruction of Solomon's Temple
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Jerusalem, 380-405, Saint John Cassian, from Dobrogea, Romania, The Roman, in Bethlehem
Jerusalem, 380-405, Saint John Cassian, from Dobrogea, Romania, The Roman; Saint Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Jerusalem, 387-417, Patriarch, John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, wrote five Mystagogical Catecheses
Jerusalem, 387-417, Patriarch, John II, Bishop of Jerusalem; II (c. 356 – 10 January 417) was bishop of Jerusalem from AD 387 to AD 417. John II succeeded to the episcopal throne of Jerusalem on the death of Cyril in 386 (or 387). He was the author, according to an increasing number of modern scholars,[1] of the five Mystagogical Catecheses traditionally ascribed to his predecessor Cyril. is revered as a saint by the Orthodox Church and his feast day is held on March 30.[2][3][4] He is also honored as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, which commemorates him on 10 January (Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, p. 92). Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 395-475, Saint, Gerasimus of the Jordan, Coutila Gorge
Jerusalem Saint, d. 475, Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Jerusalem, 397-451, Saint, Theoctistus of Palestine, Kidron R down from Theran HP
Jerusalem, 397-451, Saint, Theoctistus of Palestine; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Jerusalem, 397-473, Euthymius tG, wanted stillness but God said no, taught Monks, they followed his acceptance o ECouncils
Jerusalem, 397-473, Saint, Euthymius the Great, Tharan High Point, from Melitene Armenia, from barren parents, father died, given to priest uncle Eudoxius,responsible for monasteries but desired stillness, to Jerusalem desert cell Theran lava, wTheoctistus, desert of Coutila, steep gorge, cave on cliff, people came, monastic community, taught young monks, work, alms, meal silence, fasting same as others, avoid attention, E converted Arab leaders by healing sickness, people came for E's miracles, left tRouba Desert Mt Marda, Dead Sea, Wilderness of Ziph David's cave, monastery church, wanted solitude but Lord commanded him to not drive away, Lavra consecrated 429, 400 Armenians came, miraculous filling of stores to feed them, for 3mos, Auxentius insubordination, you will be rewarded, demon throw, healing, forgiveness asked and granted, obedience not sacrifice, it not the place but faith for sucess, transplanted tree not bear fruit, 431 3rd ECouncil Nestorian, 451 4th ECouncil Monophysite, E accepted these decisions and many monks followed, angels celebrated HE wHim, Clarivoyance discerning monks' hearts before Holy Mysteries, at 82 received Sava, time of death revealed at 90 Jan 473, wDomitian; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great came from the city of Melitene in Armenia, near the River Euphrates. parents, Paul and Dionysia, were pious Christians of noble birth. many years of marriage they remained childless, and in their sorrow they entreated God to give them offspring. Finally, they had a vision and heard a voice saying, “Be of good cheer! God will grant you a son, who will bring joy to the churches.” child was named Euthymius (“good cheer”). Euthymius’ father died soon after this, and his mother, fulfilling her vow to dedicate her son to God, gave him to her brother, the priest Eudoxius, to be educated. He presented the child to Bishop Eutroius of Melitene, who accepted him with love. Seeing his good conduct, the bishop soon made him a Reader. Euthymius later became a monk and was ordained to the holy priesthood. the same time, he was entrusted with the supervision of all the city monasteries. Saint Euthymius often visited the monastery of Saint Polyeuctus, and during Great Lent he withdrew into the wilderness. responsibility for the monasteries weighed heavily upon the ascetic, and conflicted with his desire for stillness, so he secretly left the city and headed to Jerusalem. After venerating the holy shrines, he visited the Fathers in the desert. there was a solitary cell in the Tharan lavra, he settled into it, earning his living by weaving baskets. his neighbor Saint Theoctistus (September 3) also lived in asceticism. They shared the same zeal for God and for spiritual struggles, and each strove to attain what the other desired. They had such love for one another that they seemed to share one soul and one will. year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. seeking spiritual benefit began to visit the hermits and brought them food. a monastic community grew up around them. Several monks came from the Tharan monastery, among them Marinus and Luke. Euthymius entrusted the supervision of the growing monastery to his friend Theoctistus. Euthymius exhorted the brethren to guard their thoughts. “Whoever desires to lead the monastic life should not follow his own will. He should be obedient and humble, and be mindful of the hour of death. He should fear the judgment and eternal fire, and seek the heavenly Kingdom.” saint taught young monks to fix their thoughts on God while engaging in physical labor. “If laymen work in order to feed themselves and their families, and to give alms and offer sacrifice to God, then are not we as monks obliged to work to sustain ourselves and to avoid idleness? We should not depend on strangers.” saint demanded that the monks keep silence in church during services and at meals. When he saw young monks fasting more than others, he told them to cut off their own will, and to follow the appointed rule and times for fasting. He urged them not to attract attention to their fasting, but to eat in moderation. these years Saint Euthymius converted and baptized many Arabs. Among them were the Saracen leaders Aspebet and his son Terebon, both of whom Saint Euthymius healed of sickness. Aspebet received the name Peter in Baptism and afterwards he was a bishop among the Arabs. of the miracles performed by Saint Euthymius spread quickly. People came from everywhere to be healed of their ailments, and he cured them. to bear human fame and glory, the monk secretly left the monastery, taking only his closest disciple Dometian with him. He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. his quest for solitude, the saint explored the wilderness of Ziph and settled in the cave where David once hid from King Saul. Euthymius founded a monastery beside David’s cave, and built a church. this time Saint Euthymius converted many monks from the Manichean heresy, he also healed the sick and cast out devils. disturbed the tranquillity of the wilderness. Since he loved silence, the saint decided to return to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. the way they found a quiet level place on a hill, and he remained there. This would become the site of Saint Euthymius’ lavra, and a little cave served as his cell, and then as his grave. Theoctistus went with his brethren to Saint Euthymius and requested him to return to the monastery, but the monk did not agree to this. However, he did promise to attend Sunday services at the monastery. Euthymius did not wish to have anyone nearby, nor to organize a cenobium or a lavra. Lord commanded him in a vision not to drive away those who came to him for the salvation of their souls. After some time brethren again gathered around him, and he organized a lavra, on the pattern of the Tharan Lavra. the year 429, when Saint Euthymius was fifty-two years old, Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem consecrated the lavra church and supplied it with presbyters and deacons. lavra was poor at first, but the saint believed that God would provide for His servants. about 400 Armenians on their way to the Jordan came to the lavra. Seeing this, Saint Euthymius called the steward and ordered him to feed the pilgrims. steward said that there was not enough food in the monastery. Euthymius, however, insisted. Going to the storeroom where the bread was kept, the steward found a large quantity of bread, and the wine casks and oil jars were also filled. pilgrims ate their fill, and for three months afterwards the door of the storeroom could not be shut because of the abundace of bread. food remained undiminished, just like the widow of Zarephath’s barrel of meal and cruse of oil (1/3 Kings 17:8-16). the monk Auxentius refused to carry out his assigned obedience. Despite the fact that Saint Euthymius summoned him and urged him to comply, he remained obstinate. saint then shouted loudly, “You will be rewarded for your insubordination.” demon seized Auxentius and threw him to the ground. The brethren asked Abba Euthymius to help him, and then the saint healed the unfortunate one, who came to himself, asked forgiveness and promised to correct himself. “Obedience,” said Saint Euthymius, “is a great virtue. The Lord loves obedience more than sacrifice, but disobedience leads to death.” of the brethren became overwhelmed by the austere life in the monastery of Saint Euthymius, and they resolved to flee. Euthymius saw in a vision that they would be ensnared by the devil. He summoned them and admonished them to abandon their destructive intention. said, “We must never admit evil thoughts that fill us with sorrow and hatred for the place in which we live, and suggest that we go somewhere else. someone tries to do something good in the place where he lives but fails to complete it, he should not think that he will accomplish it elsewhere. is not the place that produces success, but faith and a firm will. tree which is often transplanted does not bear fruit.” the year 431, the Third Ecumenical Council was convened in Ephesus to combat the Nestorian heresy. Saint Euthymius rejoiced over the affirmation of Orthodoxy, but was grieved about Archbishop John of Antioch who defended Nestorius. the year 451 the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in Chalcedon to condemn the heresy of Dioscorus who, in contrast to Nestorius, asserted that in the Lord Jesus Christ there is only one nature, the divine (thus the heresy was called Monophysite). He taught that in the Incarnation, Christ’s human nature is swallowed up by the divine nature. Euthymius accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and he acknowledged it as Orthodox. News of this spread quickly among the monks and hermits. Many of them, who had previously believed wrongly, accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon because of the example of Saint Euthymius. of his ascetic life and firm confession of the Orthodox Faith, Saint Euthymius is called “the Great.” by contact with the world, the holy abba went for a time into the inner desert. After his return to the lavra some of the brethren saw that when he celebrated the Divine Liturgy, fire descended from Heaven and encircled the saint. Euthymius himself revealed to several of the monks that often he saw an angel celebrating the Holy Liturgy with him. saint had the gift of clairvoyance, and he could discern a person’s thoughts and spiritual state from his outward appearance. When the monks received the Holy Mysteries, the saint knew who approached worthily, and who received unworthily. Saint Euthymius was 82 years old, the young Savva (the future Saint Savva the Sanctified, December 5), came to his lavra. Elder received him with love and sent him to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. He foretold that Saint Savva would outshine all his other disciples in virtue. the saint was ninety years of age, his companion and fellow monk Theoctistus became grievously ill. Saint Euthymius went to visit his friend and remained at the monastery for several days. He took leave of him and was present at his end. After burying his body in a grave, he returned to the lavra. revealed to Saint Euthymius the time of his death. On the eve of the Feast of Saint Anthony the Great (January 17) Saint Euthymius gave the blessing to serve the all-night Vigil. When the service ended, he took the priests aside and told them that he would never serve another Vigil with them, because the Lord was calling him from this earthly life. were filled with great sadness, but the saint asked the brethren to meet him in church in the morning. He began to instruct them, “If you love me, keep my commandments (John 14:15). Love is the highest virtue, and the bond of perfectness (Col. 3:14). Every virtue is made secure by love and humility. The Lord humbled Himself because of His Love for us and became man. Therefore, we ought to praise Him unceasingly, especially since we monks have escaped worldly distractions and concerns.” “Look to yourselves, and preserve your souls and bodies in purity. Do not fail to attend the church services, and keep the traditions and rules of our community. If one of the brethren struggles with unclean thoughts, correct, console, and instruct him, so that he does not fall into the devil’s snares. Never refuse hospitality to visitors. Offer a bed to every stranger. Give whatever you can to help the poor in their misfortune.” having given instructions for the guidance of the brethren, the saint promised always to remain in spirit with them and with those who followed them in his monastery. Euthymius then dismissed everyone but his disciple Dometian. He remained in the altar for three days, then died on January 20, 473 at the age of ninety-seven. multitude of monks from all the monasteries and from the desert came to the lavra for the holy abba’s burial, among whom was Saint Gerasimus. Patriarch Anastasius also came with his clergy, as well as the Nitrian monks Martyrius and Elias, who later became Patriarchs of Jerusalem, as Saint Euthymius had foretold. remained by the grave of his Elder for six days. On the seventh day, he saw the holy abba in glory, beckoning to his disciple. “Come, my child, the Lord Jesus Christ wants you to be with me.” telling the brethren about the vision, Dometian went to church and joyfully surrendered his soul to God. He was buried beside Saint Euthymius. The relics of Saint Euthymius remained at his monastery in Palestine, and the Russian pilgrim Igumen Daniel saw them in the twelfth century.

Jerusalem, 397-473, Euthymius tGreat, Tharan High Point, f Melitene Armenia, Great influence 3rd&4th EC Councils
Jerusalem, 397-473, Euthymius tGreat, Tharan High Point, f Melitene Armenia, noble birth, parents childless dedicated him, vision&voice good cheer tChurches, so named Euthymius, given uncle Eudoxius fEd, tMetilene Bishop Eutroius, soon made Reader, later monk&priest, supervised all M monasteries, especially Polyeuctus m, tWilderness during Lent, but desired stillness, tJerusalem, kissed shrines then visited Desert Fathers, solitary cell Tharan Lavra, weaving baskets, near Theoctistus, shared soul, same zeal, each year tCoutila near Jerico, together found cave steep cliff, settled there, by Shepherds Lord revealed many came, monk community, E made T Igumen, E taught obedience, humility, mindful oDeath, fear judgement eternal fire, seek heavenly kingdom, physical labor while God thoughts, alms, sacrifice tGod, no depend oStrangers, silence iChurch&Meals, cut off own will, fast appointed time, no attract attention, these years many Arabs baptized, Saracen leaders Aspebet &Son Terebon, healed, people came fEverywhere, he cured them, but to avoid fame took Dometian tRouba desert Mt Marda Dead Sea, explored wilderness oZiph, settled David's cave, fonded m beside D's cave, built church, converted many Manichean heresy monks, healed&Delivered, for silence returned T's m, on the way found quiet level place on a hill, remained there, future site E's Lavra, cave cell &grave, T wanted him at T's monastery, but only agreed Sunday services, wanted seclustion but Lord's vision commanded accept those who came, organized Lavra like Tharan L, poor at first but Jerusalem Patriarch Juvenal supplied presbyters (priests) & Deacons, E believed God wProvide, 400 Armenians came on way to Jordan, E ordered steward feed them, s said not enough food, E insisted, plenty food & remained undimished 3 months, obstinate monk Auxentius refused his obedience, E shouted he be rewarded for his insubordination, Deamon siezed A, threw him to ground, brothers asked E to help, he delivered him, he asked forgiveness promised to correct, E said Obedience is a great virtue, Lord loves it more than sacrifice, disobedience leads to death, two brothers resolved to flee, E had vision they ensnared bDevil, told them never admit thoughts hating place, suggesting other place, its not place but faith and firm will for success, many transplanted tree will not bear fruit, 431 3rd EC iEphesus, for Nestorian heresy, E rejoiced Orthodoxy affirmed but grieved Antioch Archbishop defended Nestorius, 451 4th EC iChalcedon, for Dioscorus heresy, asserted Jesus only one nature, the divine, monophysite, that at incarnaton his human nature swollowed up by his divine nature, when E accepted 4th C decisions as Orthodox news spread quickly following E, so called E the Great, E went to Inner Desert for awhile, after return fire descended fHeaven &encircled him Divine Litergy, plus E said he often saw an Angel celebrating with him, E's clairvoyance gift, discern thoughts spiritual state from outward appearance, during divine litergy, at 82 Savva came, foretold Savva would outshine his other disciples, when E 90 Theoctistus became ill, with him aDeath, God told E Time oDeath, told his priests, because Lord calling him from earthly life, next day began instructing them, if you love me keep my commandments, love is hightest virtue and bond oPerfectness, every virtue made secure by love&humility, Lord humbled himself became man, so we ought praise him unceasingly, expecially since monks escape worldly distractions, preserve souls in purity, correct console instruct brethern, so not fall to devil's snares, never refuse hospitality, offer a bed, give whatever you can, Then he promised always to be with them in spirit, and those who followed them, Then he dismissed all but Dometian, remained at altar 3days, died Jan 20 473; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great came from the city of Melitene in Armenia, near the River Euphrates. parents, Paul and Dionysia, were pious Christians of noble birth. many years of marriage they remained childless, and in their sorrow they entreated God to give them offspring. they had a vision and heard a voice saying, “Be of good cheer! God will grant you a son, who will bring joy to the churches.” child was named Euthymius (“good cheer”). Euthymius’ father died soon after this, and his mother, fulfilling her vow to dedicate her son to God, gave him to her brother, the priest Eudoxius, to be educated. presented the child to Bishop Eutroius of Melitene, who accepted him with love. his good conduct, the bishop soon made him a Reader. Euthymius later became a monk and was ordained to the holy priesthood. the same time, he was entrusted with the supervision of all the city monasteries. Euthymius often visited the monastery of Saint Polyeuctus, during Great Lent he withdrew into the wilderness. responsibility for the monasteries weighed heavily upon the ascetic, and conflicted with his desire for stillness, he secretly left the city and headed to Jerusalem. venerating the holy shrines, he visited the Fathers in the desert. there was a solitary cell in the Tharan lavra, he settled into it, earning his living by weaving baskets. his neighbor Saint Theoctistus (September 3) also lived in asceticism. shared the same zeal for God and for spiritual struggles, and each strove to attain what the other desired. had such love for one another that they seemed to share one soul and one will. year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. seeking spiritual benefit began to visit the hermits and brought them food. a monastic community grew up around them. monks came from the Tharan monastery, among them Marinus and Luke. Euthymius entrusted the supervision of the growing monastery to his friend Theoctistus. Euthymius exhorted the brethren to guard their thoughts. “Whoever desires to lead the monastic life should not follow his own will. He should be obedient and humble, and be mindful of the hour of death. He should fear the judgment and eternal fire, and seek the heavenly Kingdom.” saint taught young monks to fix their thoughts on God while engaging in physical labor. “If laymen work in order to feed themselves and their families, and to give alms and offer sacrifice to God, are not we as monks obliged to work to sustain ourselves and to avoid idleness? should not depend on strangers.” saint demanded that the monks keep silence in church during services and at meals. he saw young monks fasting more than others, he told them to cut off their own will, and to follow the appointed rule and times for fasting. urged them not to attract attention to their fasting, but to eat in moderation. these years Saint Euthymius converted and baptized many Arabs. them were the Saracen leaders Aspebet and his son Terebon, of whom Saint Euthymius healed of sickness. received the name Peter in Baptism and afterwards he was a bishop among the Arabs. of the miracles performed by Saint Euthymius spread quickly. People came from everywhere to be healed of their ailments, and he cured them. to bear human fame and glory, the monk secretly left the monastery, taking only his closest disciple Dometian with him. He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. his quest for solitude, the saint explored the wilderness of Ziph and settled in the cave where David once hid from King Saul. Euthymius founded a monastery beside David’s cave, and built a church. During this time Saint Euthymius converted many monks from the Manichean heresy, he also healed the sick and cast out devils. disturbed the tranquillity of the wilderness. he loved silence, the saint decided to return to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. the way they found a quiet level place on a hill, and he remained there. would become the site of Saint Euthymius’ lavra, and a little cave served as his cell, and then as his grave. Theoctistus went with his brethren to Saint Euthymius and requested him to return to the monastery, the monk did not agree to this. he did promise to attend Sunday services at the monastery. Euthymius did not wish to have anyone nearby, nor to organize a cenobium or a lavra. Lord commanded him in a vision not to drive away those who came to him for the salvation of their souls. some time brethren again gathered around him, and he organized a lavra, on the pattern of the Tharan Lavra. the year 429, when Saint Euthymius was fifty-two years old, Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem consecrated the lavra church supplied it with presbyters and deacons. lavra was poor at first, the saint believed that God would provide for His servants. about 400 Armenians on their way to the Jordan came to the lavra. this, Saint Euthymius called the steward and ordered him to feed the pilgrims. steward said that there was not enough food in the monastery. Euthymius, however, insisted. to the storeroom where the bread was kept, the steward found a large quantity of bread, and the wine casks and oil jars were also filled. pilgrims ate their fill, and for three months afterwards the door of the storeroom could not be shut because of the abundace of bread. food remained undiminished, just like the widow of Zarephath’s barrel of meal and cruse of oil (1/3 Kings 17:8-16). the monk Auxentius refused to carry out his assigned obedience. Despite the fact that Saint Euthymius summoned him and urged him to comply, he remained obstinate. saint then shouted loudly, “You will be rewarded for your insubordination.” demon seized Auxentius and threw him to the ground. brethren asked Abba Euthymius to help him, and then the saint healed the unfortunate one, who came to himself, asked forgiveness and promised to correct himself. “Obedience,” said Saint Euthymius, “is a great virtue. The Lord loves obedience more than sacrifice, but disobedience leads to death.” of the brethren became overwhelmed by the austere life in the monastery of Saint Euthymius, and they resolved to flee. Euthymius saw in a vision that they would be ensnared by the devil. summoned them and admonished them to abandon their destructive intention. said, “We must never admit evil thoughts that fill us with sorrow and hatred for the place in which we live, and suggest that we go somewhere else. someone tries to do something good in the place where he lives but fails to complete it, he should not think that he will accomplish it elsewhere. is not the place that produces success, but faith and a firm will. A tree which is often transplanted does not bear fruit.” the year 431, the Third Ecumenical Council was convened in Ephesus to combat the Nestorian heresy. Euthymius rejoiced over the affirmation of Orthodoxy, was grieved about Archbishop John of Antioch who defended Nestorius. the year 451 the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in Chalcedon to condemn the heresy of Dioscorus in contrast to Nestorius, asserted that in the Lord Jesus Christ there is only one nature, divine (thus the heresy was called Monophysite). taught that in the Incarnation, Christ’s human nature is swallowed up by the divine nature. Euthymius accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and he acknowledged it as Orthodox. of this spread quickly among the monks and hermits. Many of them, who had previously believed wrongly, accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon because of the example of Saint Euthymius. of his ascetic life and firm confession of the Orthodox Faith, Saint Euthymius is called “the Great.” by contact with the world, the holy abba went for a time into the inner desert. his return to the lavra some of the brethren saw that when he celebrated the Divine Liturgy, fire descended from Heaven and encircled the saint. Euthymius himself revealed to several of the monks that often he saw an angel celebrating the Holy Liturgy with him. saint had the gift of clairvoyance, and he could discern a person’s thoughts and spiritual state from his outward appearance. the monks received the Holy Mysteries, the saint knew who approached worthily, and who received unworthily. Saint Euthymius was 82 years old, the young Savva (the future Saint Savva the Sanctified, December 5), came to his lavra. Elder received him with love and sent him to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. foretold that Saint Savva would outshine all his other disciples in virtue. the saint was ninety years of age, his companion and fellow monk Theoctistus became grievously ill. Euthymius went to visit his friend and remained at the monastery for several days. took leave of him and was present at his end. burying his body in a grave, he returned to the lavra. revealed to Saint Euthymius the time of his death. the eve of the Feast of Saint Anthony the Great (January 17) Saint Euthymius gave the blessing to serve the all-night Vigil. the service ended, he took the priests aside and told them that he would never serve another Vigil with them, because the Lord was calling him from this earthly life. were filled with great sadness, the saint asked the brethren to meet him in church in the morning. He began to instruct them, “If you love me, keep my commandments (John 14:15). is the highest virtue, and the bond of perfectness (Col. 3:14). virtue is made secure by love and humility. Lord humbled Himself because of His Love for us and became man. we ought to praise Him unceasingly, especially since we monks have escaped worldly distractions and concerns.” “Look to yourselves, and preserve your souls and bodies in purity. Do not fail to attend the church services, and keep the traditions and rules of our community. one of the brethren struggles with unclean thoughts, correct, console, and instruct him, so that he does not fall into the devil’s snares. refuse hospitality to visitors. Offer a bed to every stranger. Give whatever you can to help the poor in their misfortune.” having given instructions for the guidance of the brethren, the saint promised always to remain in spirit with them and with those who followed them in his monastery. Euthymius then dismissed everyone but his disciple Dometian. He remained in the altar for three days, then died on January 20, 473 at the age of ninety-seven. multitude of monks from all the monasteries and from the desert came to the lavra for the holy abba’s burial, whom was Saint Gerasimus. Patriarch Anastasius also came with his clergy, well as the Nitrian monks Martyrius and Elias, who later became Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Saint Euthymius had foretold. remained by the grave of his Elder for six days. the seventh day, he saw the holy abba in glory, beckoning to his disciple. “Come, my child, the Lord Jesus Christ wants you to be with me.” telling the brethren about the vision, Dometian went to church and joyfully surrendered his soul to God. was buried beside Saint Euthymius. relics of Saint Euthymius remained at his monastery in Palestine, the Russian pilgrim Igumen Daniel saw them in the twelfth century.

Jerusalem, 397-473, Euthymius the Great, Wilderness of Judea, Clairvoyant, Fire from Heaven, Angels helping Divine Litergy, healings, deliverance
Jerusalem, 397-473, Euthymius tGreat, Tharan High Point, f Melitene Armenia, noble birth, parents childless dedicated him, vision&voice good cheer tChurches, so named Euthymius, given uncle Eudoxius fEd, tMetilene Bishop Eutroius, soon made Reader, later monk&priest, supervised all M monasteries, especially Polyeuctus m, tWilderness during Lent, but desired stillness, tJerusalem, kissed shrines then visited Desert Fathers, solitary cell Tharan Lavra, weaving baskets, near Theoctistus, shared soul, same zeal, each year tCoutila near Jerico, together found cave steep cliff, settled there, by Shepherds Lord revealed many came, monk community, E made T Igumen, E taught obedience, humility, mindful oDeath, fear judgement eternal fire, seek heavenly kingdom, physical labor while God thoughts, alms, sacrifice tGod, no depend oStrangers, silence iChurch&Meals, cut off own will, fast appointed time, no attract attention, these years many Arabs baptized, Saracen leaders Aspebet &Son Terebon, healed, people came fEverywhere, he cured them, but to avoid fame took Dometian tRouba desert Mt Marda Dead Sea, explored wilderness oZiph, settled David's cave, fonded m beside D's cave, built church, converted many Manichean heresy monks, healed&Delivered, for silence returned T's m, on the way found quiet level place on a hill, remained there, future site E's Lavra, cave cell &grave, T wanted him at T's monastery, but only agreed Sunday services, wanted seclustion but Lord's vision commanded accept those who came, organized Lavra like Tharan L, poor at first but Jerusalem Patriarch Juvenal supplied presbyters (priests) & Deacons, E believed God wProvide, 400 Armenians came on way to Jordan, E ordered steward feed them, s said not enough food, E insisted, plenty food & remained undimished 3 months, obstinate monk Auxentius refused his obedience, E shouted he be rewarded for his insubordination, Deamon siezed A, threw him to ground, brothers asked E to help, he delivered him, he asked forgiveness promised to correct, E said Obedience is a great virtue, Lord loves it more than sacrifice, disobedience leads to death, two brothers resolved to flee, E had vision they ensnared bDevil, told them never admit thoughts hating place, suggesting other place, its not place but faith and firm will for success, many transplanted tree will not bear fruit, 431 3rd EC iEphesus, for Nestorian heresy, E rejoiced Orthodoxy affirmed but grieved Antioch Archbishop defended Nestorius, 451 4th EC iChalcedon, for Dioscorus heresy, asserted Jesus only one nature, the divine, monophysite, that at incarnaton his human nature swollowed up by his divine nature, when E accepted 4th C decisions as Orthodox news spread quickly following E, so called E the Great, E went to Inner Desert for awhile, after return fire descended fHeaven &encircled him Divine Litergy, plus E said he often saw an Angel celebrating with him, E's clairvoyance gift, discern thoughts spiritual state from outward appearance, during divine litergy, at 82 Savva came, foretold Savva would outshine his other disciples, when E 90 Theoctistus became ill, with him aDeath, God told E Time oDeath, told his priests, because Lord calling him from earthly life, next day began instructing them, if you love me keep my commandments, love is hightest virtue and bond oPerfectness, every virtue made secure by love&humility, Lord humbled himself became man, so we ought praise him unceasingly, expecially since monks escape worldly distractions, preserve souls in purity, correct console instruct brethern, so not fall to devil's snares, never refuse hospitality, offer a bed, give whatever you can, Then he promised always to be with them in spirit, and those who followed them, Then he dismissed all but Dometian, remained at altar 3days, died Jan 20 473; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great came from the city of Melitene in Armenia, near the River Euphrates. parents, Paul and Dionysia, were pious Christians of noble birth. many years of marriage they remained childless, and in their sorrow they entreated God to give them offspring. they had a vision and heard a voice saying, “Be of good cheer! God will grant you a son, who will bring joy to the churches.” child was named Euthymius (“good cheer”). Euthymius’ father died soon after this, and his mother, fulfilling her vow to dedicate her son to God, gave him to her brother, the priest Eudoxius, to be educated. presented the child to Bishop Eutroius of Melitene, who accepted him with love. his good conduct, the bishop soon made him a Reader. Euthymius later became a monk and was ordained to the holy priesthood. the same time, he was entrusted with the supervision of all the city monasteries. Euthymius often visited the monastery of Saint Polyeuctus, during Great Lent he withdrew into the wilderness. responsibility for the monasteries weighed heavily upon the ascetic, and conflicted with his desire for stillness, he secretly left the city and headed to Jerusalem. venerating the holy shrines, he visited the Fathers in the desert. there was a solitary cell in the Tharan lavra, he settled into it, earning his living by weaving baskets. his neighbor Saint Theoctistus (September 3) also lived in asceticism. shared the same zeal for God and for spiritual struggles, and each strove to attain what the other desired. had such love for one another that they seemed to share one soul and one will. year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. seeking spiritual benefit began to visit the hermits and brought them food. a monastic community grew up around them. monks came from the Tharan monastery, among them Marinus and Luke. Euthymius entrusted the supervision of the growing monastery to his friend Theoctistus. Euthymius exhorted the brethren to guard their thoughts. “Whoever desires to lead the monastic life should not follow his own will. He should be obedient and humble, and be mindful of the hour of death. He should fear the judgment and eternal fire, and seek the heavenly Kingdom.” saint taught young monks to fix their thoughts on God while engaging in physical labor. “If laymen work in order to feed themselves and their families, and to give alms and offer sacrifice to God, are not we as monks obliged to work to sustain ourselves and to avoid idleness? should not depend on strangers.” saint demanded that the monks keep silence in church during services and at meals. he saw young monks fasting more than others, he told them to cut off their own will, and to follow the appointed rule and times for fasting. urged them not to attract attention to their fasting, but to eat in moderation. these years Saint Euthymius converted and baptized many Arabs. them were the Saracen leaders Aspebet and his son Terebon, of whom Saint Euthymius healed of sickness. received the name Peter in Baptism and afterwards he was a bishop among the Arabs. of the miracles performed by Saint Euthymius spread quickly. People came from everywhere to be healed of their ailments, and he cured them. to bear human fame and glory, the monk secretly left the monastery, taking only his closest disciple Dometian with him. He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. his quest for solitude, the saint explored the wilderness of Ziph and settled in the cave where David once hid from King Saul. Euthymius founded a monastery beside David’s cave, and built a church. During this time Saint Euthymius converted many monks from the Manichean heresy, he also healed the sick and cast out devils. disturbed the tranquillity of the wilderness. he loved silence, the saint decided to return to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. the way they found a quiet level place on a hill, and he remained there. would become the site of Saint Euthymius’ lavra, and a little cave served as his cell, and then as his grave. Theoctistus went with his brethren to Saint Euthymius and requested him to return to the monastery, the monk did not agree to this. he did promise to attend Sunday services at the monastery. Euthymius did not wish to have anyone nearby, nor to organize a cenobium or a lavra. Lord commanded him in a vision not to drive away those who came to him for the salvation of their souls. some time brethren again gathered around him, and he organized a lavra, on the pattern of the Tharan Lavra. the year 429, when Saint Euthymius was fifty-two years old, Patriarch Juvenal of Jerusalem consecrated the lavra church supplied it with presbyters and deacons. lavra was poor at first, the saint believed that God would provide for His servants. about 400 Armenians on their way to the Jordan came to the lavra. this, Saint Euthymius called the steward and ordered him to feed the pilgrims. steward said that there was not enough food in the monastery. Euthymius, however, insisted. to the storeroom where the bread was kept, the steward found a large quantity of bread, and the wine casks and oil jars were also filled. pilgrims ate their fill, and for three months afterwards the door of the storeroom could not be shut because of the abundace of bread. food remained undiminished, just like the widow of Zarephath’s barrel of meal and cruse of oil (1/3 Kings 17:8-16). the monk Auxentius refused to carry out his assigned obedience. Despite the fact that Saint Euthymius summoned him and urged him to comply, he remained obstinate. saint then shouted loudly, “You will be rewarded for your insubordination.” demon seized Auxentius and threw him to the ground. brethren asked Abba Euthymius to help him, and then the saint healed the unfortunate one, who came to himself, asked forgiveness and promised to correct himself. “Obedience,” said Saint Euthymius, “is a great virtue. The Lord loves obedience more than sacrifice, but disobedience leads to death.” of the brethren became overwhelmed by the austere life in the monastery of Saint Euthymius, and they resolved to flee. Euthymius saw in a vision that they would be ensnared by the devil. summoned them and admonished them to abandon their destructive intention. said, “We must never admit evil thoughts that fill us with sorrow and hatred for the place in which we live, and suggest that we go somewhere else. someone tries to do something good in the place where he lives but fails to complete it, he should not think that he will accomplish it elsewhere. is not the place that produces success, but faith and a firm will. A tree which is often transplanted does not bear fruit.” the year 431, the Third Ecumenical Council was convened in Ephesus to combat the Nestorian heresy. Euthymius rejoiced over the affirmation of Orthodoxy, was grieved about Archbishop John of Antioch who defended Nestorius. the year 451 the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in Chalcedon to condemn the heresy of Dioscorus in contrast to Nestorius, asserted that in the Lord Jesus Christ there is only one nature, divine (thus the heresy was called Monophysite). taught that in the Incarnation, Christ’s human nature is swallowed up by the divine nature. Euthymius accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon and he acknowledged it as Orthodox. of this spread quickly among the monks and hermits. Many of them, who had previously believed wrongly, accepted the decisions of the Council of Chalcedon because of the example of Saint Euthymius. of his ascetic life and firm confession of the Orthodox Faith, Saint Euthymius is called “the Great.” by contact with the world, the holy abba went for a time into the inner desert. his return to the lavra some of the brethren saw that when he celebrated the Divine Liturgy, fire descended from Heaven and encircled the saint. Euthymius himself revealed to several of the monks that often he saw an angel celebrating the Holy Liturgy with him. saint had the gift of clairvoyance, and he could discern a person’s thoughts and spiritual state from his outward appearance. the monks received the Holy Mysteries, the saint knew who approached worthily, and who received unworthily. Saint Euthymius was 82 years old, the young Savva (the future Saint Savva the Sanctified, December 5), came to his lavra. Elder received him with love and sent him to the monastery of Saint Theoctistus. foretold that Saint Savva would outshine all his other disciples in virtue. the saint was ninety years of age, his companion and fellow monk Theoctistus became grievously ill. Euthymius went to visit his friend and remained at the monastery for several days. took leave of him and was present at his end. burying his body in a grave, he returned to the lavra. revealed to Saint Euthymius the time of his death. the eve of the Feast of Saint Anthony the Great (January 17) Saint Euthymius gave the blessing to serve the all-night Vigil. the service ended, he took the priests aside and told them that he would never serve another Vigil with them, because the Lord was calling him from this earthly life. were filled with great sadness, the saint asked the brethren to meet him in church in the morning. He began to instruct them, “If you love me, keep my commandments (John 14:15). is the highest virtue, and the bond of perfectness (Col. 3:14). virtue is made secure by love and humility. Lord humbled Himself because of His Love for us and became man. we ought to praise Him unceasingly, especially since we monks have escaped worldly distractions and concerns.” “Look to yourselves, and preserve your souls and bodies in purity. Do not fail to attend the church services, and keep the traditions and rules of our community. one of the brethren struggles with unclean thoughts, correct, console, and instruct him, so that he does not fall into the devil’s snares. refuse hospitality to visitors. Offer a bed to every stranger. Give whatever you can to help the poor in their misfortune.” having given instructions for the guidance of the brethren, the saint promised always to remain in spirit with them and with those who followed them in his monastery. Euthymius then dismissed everyone but his disciple Dometian. He remained in the altar for three days, then died on January 20, 473 at the age of ninety-seven. multitude of monks from all the monasteries and from the desert came to the lavra for the holy abba’s burial, whom was Saint Gerasimus. Patriarch Anastasius also came with his clergy, well as the Nitrian monks Martyrius and Elias, who later became Patriarchs of Jerusalem, Saint Euthymius had foretold. remained by the grave of his Elder for six days. the seventh day, he saw the holy abba in glory, beckoning to his disciple. “Come, my child, the Lord Jesus Christ wants you to be with me.” telling the brethren about the vision, Dometian went to church and joyfully surrendered his soul to God. was buried beside Saint Euthymius. relics of Saint Euthymius remained at his monastery in Palestine, the Russian pilgrim Igumen Daniel saw them in the twelfth century.

Jerusalem, 400, 5th C Folder, Simeon Stylites, Gamaliel appears tFind relics, Theodosius tG, Sabbas, Jerusalem Icon war hero

Jerusalem, 400-459, Saint, Simeon Stylites the Elder (Queig (Aleppo) River 2)
Syria, 400-459, Saint, Simeon Stylites the Elder (Queig (Aleppo) River 2); St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1 ; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia; Venerable Shio Mgvime;

Jerusalem, 415, Gamaliel appeared to priest Lucian, Steven, Gamaliel and Nicodemos' relics
Byzantium, 415, Gamaliel appeared to priest Lucian, St Paul's instructor, Steven, Gamaliel and Nicodemos' relics Gamaliel's Home in Yavne, Way of the Sea 6, Palestine; Jamnia, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 5, Ch 10, Ch 15; Finding of the relics of Saint Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Gamaliel was a Pharisee, a doctor of the Law (Acts 5:34), and the teacher of Saint Paul (Acts 22:3). the year 415, Saint Gamaliel appeared to a priest named Lucian. He was a tall, venerable man with a long white beard. He was dressed in white clothing which was edged with gold and marked with crosses, and held a gold wand in his hand. called Father Lucian by name three times, then told him to go to Jerusalem and inform Bishop John to open the tomb where his relics and those of other saints were resting. The priest asked the stranger who he was. “I am Gamaliel, who instructed the apostle Paul in the Law,” he replied. Then he told the priest where to find the relics of Saint Stephen. He also revealed that he had taken Saint Stephen’s body and laid it in his own tomb after it had been lying exposed for a day and a night. Gamaliel also mentioned that Saint Νikόdēmos was buried at the same spot. “I received him into my house in the country,” he said, “and maintained him there until the end of his life. After his death, I buried him honorably near Stephen.” Gamaliel informed the priest that he and his twenty-year-old son Abibas were also buried there. Father Lucian was afraid to believe this vision right away, lest it be a temptation from the Evil One. However, when Saint Gamaliel appeared again and commanded him to obey his instructions, he did so. monk named Migetius also had a vision of Saint Gamaliel and told Father Lucian to search for the relics in a place called Debatalia. When the relics were uncovered, an ineffable fragrance was noticed. relics of Saints Stephen, Gamaliel, Abibas, and Νikόdēmos were transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople in 428 and placed in the church of the holy deacon Laurence (August 10).

Jerusalem, 415, Uncovering Stephen's relics, S appeared 3 times, great earthquake fragrance w area angel voices, m made clear
Jerusalem, 415, Uncovering relics of Holy Protomartyr Stephen, Jerusalem, he appeared 3 times before 338 tLukianos who informed patriarch John of Jerusalem, 415 J went to the spot, great earthquake beautiful fragrance whole area, angelic voices from Heaven, made clear martyrdom for God's glory, then miracles of healing, subsequently transferred to Constantinople, hand to Trinity Sergius Lavra ; Jerusalem; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on September 15; the reign of Saint Constantine the Great (May 21), Saint Stephen appeared three times to a pious old priest named Lukianos revealed to him the place where his relics had been hidden. informed Patriarch John of Jerusalem, who went to the designated spot and found the sacred relics of the Holy Protomartyr Stephen. the Saint’s relics were discovered, there was a great earthquake and those who were present noticed a beautiful fragrance suffusing the whole area. is said that angelic voices were heard from Heaven saying: “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace among men of good will” (Luke 2:14). is to say, “Glory be to God in the highest places of Heaven, and here on this earth troubled by sin, may divine peace reign; for God has demonstrated His good will toward mankind, by the Incarnation of His Son.” the angels made it clear that the Protomartyr Stephen had endured martyrdom for the love and glory of God. 415, the relics of Saints Stephen, Gamaliel, and Νikόdēmos were miraculously discovered and solemnly transferred to Jerusalem by Archbishop John, with Bishops Eutonius of Sebaste and Eleutherius of Jericho. that time on, the relics began to work miracles of healing. in the reign of the holy Emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450), the relics of the holy Protomartyr Stephen were transferred from Jerusalem to Constantinople placed in the church dedicated to the holy Deacon Laurence (August 10), and were transferred there on August 2, until a church could be built in honor of Saint Stephen. Stephen’s right hand is kept in the Serapion Chamber of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

Jerusalem, 420-458, Patriarch, Juvenal, defended Orthodoxy against heresies, 451 Council
Jerusalem Patriarch, 420-458, Juvenal; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, occupied the throne of the Holy City during the years 420-458. During this period great luminaries of the Church enlightened the world: Saints Euthymius the Great (January 20), Simeon the Stylite (September 1), Gerasimus of Jordan (March 4), and many others. Juvenal was a friend and converser with Saint Euthymius the Great. During Saint Juvenal’s archpastoral service, the Eastern Church was troubled by dangerous false teachings, which he opposed with a pastoral zeal, safeguarding the flock of Christ. Third Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Ephesus in 431. It condemned the heresy of Nestorius, which was opposed to the Orthodox teaching of the divine nature of Jesus Christ. Saint Cyril of Alexandria (June 9) presided at this Council, and among his colleagues was Patriarch Juvenal. 451, the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in the city of Chalcedon. It condemned the Eutchian [Monophysite] heresy, which taught that the human nature in Christ was totally swallowed up and absorbed by the divine nature. The holy Fathers, among them Saint Juvenal, condemned the heresy of Eutychius and affirmed the Orthodox doctrine of the union of two natures in the Lord Jesus Christ, the divine and the human, without separation and without mixture. The heretics, however, continued to confuse the minds of Christians. the head of the heretics stood Theodosius, who lived at Jerusalem, and who had won over to his side Eudokia, the widow of the emperor Theodosius the Younger (+ 450), who lived at Jerusalem. He demanded that Patriarch Juvenal repudiate the Council of Chalcedon, that is, that he should renounce the Orthodox dogma of the two natures in Christ. Juvenal would not agree to embrace falsehood, and bravely confessed the Chalcedon doctrine before the heretics. Theodosius and his adherents then deposed Patriarch Juvenal from the patriarchal throne. The saint withdrew to Constantinople, to Patriarch Anatolius (July 3) and the emperor Marcian. The heretic Theodosius, under the patronage of Eudokia, occupied the patriarchal throne in Palestine, but only for twenty months. Emperor Marcian, holding Saint Juvenal in high esteem, placed him on the patriarchal throne once more, and so the holy confessor returned to Jerusalem. saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years. Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Jerusalem, 420, Saint Passarion, founded a Jerusalem monastery, vicar-bishop oPalestine, converser wEuthymius tGreat
Saint Passarion, Commemorated on August 11; Passarion pursued asceticism in the first half of the fifth century. founded a monastery in Jerusalem. was “chorepiskopos” [vicar-bishop] of Palestine, a converser with Saint Euthymius the Great (January 20).

Jerusalem, 420-457, Patriarch, Theodosius of Jerusalem, head of the heretics
Jerusalem, 420-457, Patriarch, Theodosius of Jerusalem, head of the heretics; (died 457) was one of the leading Christian monks of Palestine opposed to the Council of Chalcedon (451). He was installed as bishop of Jerusalem in opposition Juvenal in 451 or 452, but was forced into exile by the emperor Marcian in 453.[1][2] about his life comes mainly from the works of John Rufus. These include a biography of Peter the Iberian and a narration of Theodosius' exile and death, the Narratio de obitu Theodosii Hierosolymitani. The latter is a short text known only from the Syriac version in two manuscripts.[3] Rufus describes Theodosius as a confessor and martyr.[4] A complementary anti-Chalcedonian Syriac account is found in Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor.[5] A Chalcedonian version of events is given in Cyril of Scythopolis' biography of Euthymius the Great.[2] Juvenal returned to Jerusalem from Chalcedon in 451, many monks and clergy tried to persuade him to recant his acceptance of the council's canons. When he refused, they elected Theodosius as bishop in opposition and Juvenal fled.[5] Theodosius consecrated many anti-Chalcedonian bishops, including Peter the Iberian in the diocese of Maiuma.[2] When Juvenal returned with imperial troops in August 453, there were briefly two active bishops in the city.[6] Theodosius, however, accepted a sentence of exile and did not fight.[2] The bishops he consecrated, except for Peter, were deposed.[7] first went to Egypt or perhaps Sinai.[4] He then went to Antioch, perhaps to secure the support of Symeon Stylites, but was arrested at the city gates. On the orders of Marcian, he was brought to Constantinople. When he refused Marcian's entreaties to accept Chalcedon, he was imprisoned in the monastery of Saint Dios. When the abbot of that house was unable to win him over, he moved him to a narrow unheated cell for the winter. Theodosius fell seriously ill. When Leo I succeeded Marcian, he turned Theodosius over to the custody of the anti-Chalcedonian monks of Sykai. The deposed bishop died only a few days later.[8] His body was taken to Cyprus to prevent the Chalcedonians from stealing it to claim he had changed his mind. It was buried in an anti-Chalcedonian monastery.[4] The Narratio records that Theodosius' companion, Abban Romanus, was recalled to Palestine after his death.[3] the Coptic Orthodox Church, Theodosius was remembered as a champion of orthodoxy against Chalcedonism. Two works are attributed to him, but both are late Coptic forgeries. The first, In Honor of Victor, is a biography of the martyr Victor Stratelates. It is a poorly written text describing the virtues of Victor and the miracles he performed at Jerusalem. It is preserved in a codex from the White Monastery. The second, The Miracles of Saint George, is a homily on the miracles of Saint George, mostly surrounding the construction of his shrine in Jaffa.[2] Jerusalem Patriarch, 420-458, Juvenal; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, occupied the throne of the Holy City during the years 420-458. During this period great luminaries of the Church enlightened the world: Saints Euthymius the Great (January 20), Simeon the Stylite (September 1), Gerasimus of Jordan (March 4), and many others. Juvenal was a friend and converser with Saint Euthymius the Great. During Saint Juvenal’s archpastoral service, the Eastern Church was troubled by dangerous false teachings, which he opposed with a pastoral zeal, safeguarding the flock of Christ. Third Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Ephesus in 431. It condemned the heresy of Nestorius, which was opposed to the Orthodox teaching of the divine nature of Jesus Christ. Saint Cyril of Alexandria (June 9) presided at this Council, and among his colleagues was Patriarch Juvenal. 451, the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in the city of Chalcedon. It condemned the Eutchian [Monophysite] heresy, which taught that the human nature in Christ was totally swallowed up and absorbed by the divine nature. The holy Fathers, among them Saint Juvenal, condemned the heresy of Eutychius and affirmed the Orthodox doctrine of the union of two natures in the Lord Jesus Christ, the divine and the human, without separation and without mixture. The heretics, however, continued to confuse the minds of Christians. the head of the heretics stood Theodosius, who lived at Jerusalem, and who had won over to his side Eudokia, the widow of the emperor Theodosius the Younger (+ 450), who lived at Jerusalem. He demanded that Patriarch Juvenal repudiate the Council of Chalcedon, that is, that he should renounce the Orthodox dogma of the two natures in Christ. Juvenal would not agree to embrace falsehood, and bravely confessed the Chalcedon doctrine before the heretics. Theodosius and his adherents then deposed Patriarch Juvenal from the patriarchal throne. The saint withdrew to Constantinople, to Patriarch Anatolius (July 3) and the emperor Marcian. The heretic Theodosius, under the patronage of Eudokia, occupied the patriarchal throne in Palestine, but only for twenty months. Emperor Marcian, holding Saint Juvenal in high esteem, placed him on the patriarchal throne once more, and so the holy confessor returned to Jerusalem. saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years.

Jerusalem, 420-460, Empress, Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius Younger, heretic then redemed saint, hellenic writer
Jerusalem, 420-460, Empress, Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius Younger, heretic then redemed saint; Eudocia Augusta (/ËˆiËliÉ™ juËËˆdoÊŠÊƒÉ™ É”ËËˆÉ¡ÊŒstÉ™/; Greek: Î•á½Î´Î¿ÎºÎ¯Î±; c. 401 – 460 AD), also called Saint Eudocia, was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to Emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450). lived in a world where Greek paganism and Christianity existed side by side, with both pagans and non-orthodox Christians being persecuted.[1] 1 Early life 2 Life as an empress 2.1 Marriage 2.1.1 Blending Christianity with classical culture 2.2 Children 2.3 Pilgrimage to Jerusalem (438–439) 2.4 Banishment 2.5 In Jerusalem (443–460) 3 Literary work 3.1 Martyrdom of St. Cyprian 3.2 The Hamat Gader poem 3.3 Homeric centos 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Citations 6.2 Sources 7 External links life Eudocia was born circa 400 in Athens into a family of Greek descent.[2][3][4][5][6] Her father, a Greek philosopher named Leontius,[5][6][7] taught rhetoric at the Academy of Athens, where people from all over the Mediterranean came to either teach or learn. Eudocia's given name was Athenais, chosen by her parents in honour of the city's protector, the pagan goddess Pallas Athena.[8] Her father was rich and had a magnificent house on the Acropolis with a large courtyard in which young Athenais frequently played as a child.[8] Athenais was 12 years old, her mother died and she became her father's comfort, taking on the responsibilities of household chores, raising her siblings and tending to her father. She had two brothers, Gessius and Valerius, who would later receive honours at court from their sister and brother-in-law. In return for her household activities, her father spent time giving her a thorough training in rhetoric, literature and philosophy. He taught her the Socratic virtue of knowledge of moderation, and predicted that she would have a great destiny.[9] She had a gift for memorisation, and easily learned the poetry of Homer and Pindar, which her father would recite to her. Both as a teacher and a role model, he had a great impact on her, prepared her for her destiny and influenced the literary work she created after she became Empress. he died in 420, she was devastated. In his will, he left all his property to her brothers, with only 100 coins reserved for her, saying that sufficient for her is her destiny, which will be the greatest of any woman.[9] Athenais had been her father's confidante and had expected more than this meager 100-coin inheritance. She begged her brothers to be fair and give her an equal share of their father's property, but they refused. after her father's death, at the age of 20, Athenais went to live with her aunt, who advised her to go to Constantinople and "ask for justice from the Emperor", confident she would receive her fair share of her father's wealth.[10] as an empress coin depicting a portrait of Aelia Eudocia, 425–429 AD. has it that when Theodosius (b. 401) was 20 years old, he wanted to get married. He talked to his sister Pulcheria, who began to search for a maiden fit for her brother, that was of either "patrician or imperial blood."[11] His longtime childhood friend, Paulinus, also helped Theodosius in his search.[11] Emperor's search had begun fortuitously at the same time that Athenais had arrived in Constantinople. Pulcheria had heard about this young woman, who had only 100 coins to her name, and when she met her, she was "astonished at her beauty and at the intelligence and sophistication with which she presented her grievance."[11] Upon reporting back to her brother, she told him she had "found a young girl, a Greek maid, very beautiful, pure and dainty, eloquent as well, the daughter of a philosopher", and young Theodosius, who was full of desire, fell in love instantly.[11] had been raised pagan, and upon her marriage to Theodosius II converted to Christianity and was renamed Eudocia.[12] They were married on 7 June 421, and there were "reports that Theodosius celebrated his wedding with chariot races in the hippodrome".[13] Her brothers, who had rejected her after their father's death, fled since they were fearful of the punishment they thought they were going to receive when they learned that she became empress.[14] instead called them to Constantinople, and Theodosius rewarded them.[14] The emperor made Gessius praetorian prefect of Illyricum and made Valerius magister officiorum.[14] Both Gessius and Valerius were rewarded because Eudocia believed that their mistreatment of her was part of her destiny.[14] Theodosius also honoured his best friend, Paulinus, with the title of magister officiorum, for he had helped find his wife.[14] rags-to-riches story, though it claims to be authentic and is accepted among historians, leads one to believe that the tale may have been twisted due to the detail of how the romance was portrayed. The earliest version of this story appeared more than a century after Eudocia's death in the "World Chronicle" of John Malalas, "an author who did not always distinguish between authentic history and a popular memory of events infused with folk-tale motifs".[15] facts are that she was the daughter of Leontius and she did originally have the name Athenais, according to the contemporary historians Socrates of Constantinople, and Priscus of Panion; however, they leave out any mention of Pulcheria's role in playing match-maker for her brother.[13] The historians Sozomen and Theodoret did not include Eudocia in their respective historical works, perhaps because they wrote after 443 when Eudocia had fallen into disgrace.[15] Christianity with classical culture on her pilgrimage to Jerusalem in spring of 438, Eudocia stopped in Antioch, and during her stay she addressed the senate of that city in Hellenic style (i.e., an encomium cast in Homeric hexameters) and distributed funds for the repair of its buildings.[6][16] was very conscious of her Greek heritage, as demonstrated in her famous address to the citizens of Antioch where she quoted a famous line by Homer: (Of your proud line and blood I claim to be).[6][16][17][18] last words of Eudocia's oration brought loud acclaim from the listeners, which resulted in the citizens of Antioch celebrating the Empress Eudocia's Christian Hellenism and commemorating her by erecting a golden statue of her in the curia and a bronze statue in the museum.[17][18][19] On her return, her position was undermined by the jealousy of Pulcheria and the groundless suspicion of an intrigue with her protege, Paulinus, the master of the offices.[20] historical study Theodosian Empresses: Women and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity (1982) by Kenneth Holum, further introduced the suggestion that her father, Leontius, was a native of Antioch rather than Athens, drawing from the "traditional link" between the two cities and their philosophers. argument is considered doubtful as the building activity of Eudocia in the 420s focused on Athens rather than Antioch.[21] Holum suggests that Eudocia may have been named after the great city of Athens, but she would have been born in Antioch. She even convinced her husband to "extend the walls of Antioch to take in a large suburb".[22] she also influenced state policy towards pagans and Jews under her husband's reign, and used the powerful influence she had to protect them from persecution.[22] also advocated for "reorganization and expansion" of education in Constantinople.[23] Eudocia had been raised and educated in traditional and classical sophist education from Athens, but her goal was to blend classical pagan education with Christianity. This was her way of using her power as empress to honour teachers and education, something that was very important to her in her life. also built the original Church of St. Polyeuctus in Constantinople, which her great-granddaughter Anicia Juliana greatly expanded and furnished in the 6th century. had three children with Theodosius II.[24][25] Licinia Eudoxia, born in 422, was the oldest. Licinia Eudoxia had been betrothed to her cousin, the Western Roman emperor Valentinian III since her birth, whom she married on 29 October 437.[26] The second child, Flaccilla, died in 431.[24] Arcadius was the only son and died in infancy. Only a year after she gave birth to her first child, Eudocia was proclaimed Augusta by her husband on 2 January 423.[27] to Jerusalem (438–439) mosaic depicting Eudocia in the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria. being named Augusta, she succeeded her sister-in-law, Pulcheria, who had been Augusta since 414. The relationship between the two women consisted of rivalry over power. Eudocia was jealous over the amount of power Pulcheria had within the court, while Pulcheria was jealous of the power Eudocia could claim from her. Their relationship created a "pious atmosphere" in the imperial court, and probably explains why Eudocia travelled to the Holy Land in 438.[28] went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem in 438, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith.[24] Her relationship with her husband had deteriorated, and with much pleading from Melania, a wealthy widow from Palestine and good friend of Eudocia, Theodosius allowed her to go.[29] 443, Eudocia left the palace for reasons that cannot be fully ascertained. One rumor has it that Eudocia was banished from the court towards the latter part of her life for adultery. Theodosius suspected that she was having an affair with his long-time childhood friend and court advisor, Paulinus.[24] According to Malalas's account of this story, Theodosius II had given Eudocia a very large Phrygian apple as a gift. One day Paulinus had shown the emperor the same apple, not knowing that the emperor had given it to Eudocia as a gift. Theodosius recognized the apple and confronted Eudocia who had sworn she had eaten it. Eudocia's denials made the emperor believe that she had fallen in love with Paulinus and was having an affair, and had given his best friend the same apple he had given to her as a symbol of his love. Theodosius had Paulinus executed and Eudocia, embarrassed, decided to leave the court in 443.[16] the other hand, Marcellinus' version suggests intrigues of Theodosius and Eudocia against each other: on Theodosius' orders, comes domesticorum Saturninus killed two allies of the empress, and in revenge, she went on to have Saturninus assassinated.[contradictory] Theodosius subsequently deprived Eudocia of her royal attendants, prompting her to leave the palace.[30] Whatever the cause of her departure may be, she still retained her wealth and the title Augusta. Jerusalem (443–460) returned to Jerusalem in circa 443, where she lived for the last part of her life. In Jerusalem she focused on her writing. Here she was accused of the murder of an officer sent to kill two of her followers,[contradictory] for which she suffered the loss of her imperial staff;[12] she nevertheless retained great influence. involved in the revolt of the Syriac Monophysites (453), she was ultimately reconciled to Pulcheria and readmitted into the Orthodox Church. died an Orthodox Christian in Jerusalem on 20 October 460,[2] having devoted her last years to literature.[20] She was buried in Jerusalem in the Church of Saint Stephen,[31] one of the churches she had herself built in Jerusalem[32] (modern St. Stephen's Basilica now stands at the site). The empress never returned to the imperial court in Constantinople, but "she maintained her imperial dignity and engaged in substantial euergetistic programs."[33] work Eudocia. Colored stone inlay on marble from church of Lips monastery (Fenari Isa Mosque), Fatih, Istanbul. Archeological Museum. after her accession as an empress, Eudocia wrote a hexameter poem eulogizing the Roman performance in the Persian wars of 421–22. The work is now lost. While Eudocia could have written a lot of literature after leaving the court, only some of her work survived. Eudocia "wrote in hexameters, which is the verse of epic poetry, on Christian themes".[24] She wrote a poem entitled The Martyrdom of St. Cyprian in three books, of which 900 lines survived, and an inscription of a poem on the baths at Hamat Gader.[24] Her most studied piece of literature is her Homeric cento, which has been analyzed recently by a few modern scholars, such as Mark Usher and Brian Sowers. Eudocia is an understudied poet and has been neglected due to "lack of complete and authoritative text".[34] of St. Cyprian are three books (or volumes) to this epic poem, which tells the story of how "Justa, the Christian virgin, defeated the magician Cyprian through her faith in God. Cyprian had been hired by Aglaidas to force Justa to love him. It ends with the conversion of Cyprian, his swift rise to the rank of Bishop, and Justa becoming a deaconess, with the new name, Justina."[35] She later became known as Justina of Antioch. This story is all fiction, although the parallels between Eudocia's character Justa and Eudocia herself are interesting, as both of them converted to Christianity and changed their names upon succeeding to power. Although some of the text has been lost, most of it has been paraphrased by Photius. The poem is very long despite not all of it surviving the centuries, and can be found in Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome (2004) edited by Michael Ian Plant. The Hamat Gader poem poem inscribed on the baths at Hamat Gader was very short, and can be included here, as evidence of her hexameter writing style. The poem was inscribed so visitors could read it as they went into the pool. inscription of the poem I have seen many wonders in my life, countless, But who, noble Clibanus, however many his mouths, could proclaim Your might, when born a worthless mortal? But rather It is right for you to be called a new fiery ocean, Paean and parent, provider of sweet streams. From you the thousandfold swell is born, one here, one there, On this side boiling-hot, on that side in turn icy-cold and tepid. Into fountains four-fold four you pour out your beauty. Indian and Matrona, Repentius, holy Elijah, Antoninus the Good, Dewy Galatia, and Hygieia herself, warm baths both large and small, Pearl, ancient Clibanus, Indian and other Matrona, Strong, Nun, and the Patriarch's. For those in pain your powerful might is always everlasting. But I will sing of a god, renowned for wisdom For the benefit of speaking mortals. — [36] line "Of the Empress Eudocia" flanked by two crosses is set above the poem. This title line was added after the carving of the main inscription, making room for some doubt whether the poem was indeed authored by Eudocia. Clibanus is the name given to the source of the hot water. After praising his qualities and those of his many springs ("the thousandfold swell"), the poem enumerates "four-fold four", thus sixteen different parts of the bath complex, fourteen of which bear a name; these names include Hygieia (the pagan goddess of health), a whole range of pagan personal names, "holy Elijah" referring to the prophet, and two refer to Christians – a nun and a patriarch.[37] centos Homeric centos that Eudocia composed are her most popular poems, as well as those most analyzed by modern scholars, because Homer was a popular choice on which to write a cento. Eudocia's centos are the longest Homeric centos, and consist of 2,344 lines.[35] These centos are a clear representation of who Eudocia was, and what she believed in—an epic poem combining her Athenian classical educational background, but adding stories from the book of Genesis and the New Testament stories of the life of Jesus Christ. Usher analyzed this poem as a way to understand why Eudocia chose to use Homeric themes as a means to express her biblical interpretations. According to Usher, Eudocia needed to convey human experience relating to the Bible. She used themes from the Iliad and Odyssey because "they contained all Eudocia needed to tell the Gospel story. Whenever and wherever Eudocia needed to express greatness, pain, truthfulness, deceit, beauty, suffering, mourning, recognition, understanding, fear, or astonishment, there was an apt Homeric line or passage ready in her memory to be recalled."[38] Eudocia's Homeric poetry is essential to understanding her as a Christian woman in the Eastern Roman Empire, and understanding her role as empress. Her classical educational background is clearly seen in her poetry, which captures her literary talent. She made a point to connect her background love for studying classical Greek literature to her Christian beliefs. is regarded as saint in non-Protestant Christianity. Her feast day is 13 August. plot of Antonio Vivaldi's opera Atenaide is based on the courtship and marriage of Eudocia and Theodosius. is a featured figure on Judy Chicago's installation piece The Dinner Party, being represented as one of the 999 names on the Heritage Floor.[39][40] Jerusalem, 420-457, Patriarch, Theodosius of Jerusalem, head of the heretics; (died 457) was one of the leading Christian monks of Palestine opposed to the Council of Chalcedon (451). He was installed as bishop of Jerusalem in opposition Juvenal in 451 or 452, but was forced into exile by the emperor Marcian in 453.[1][2] about his life comes mainly from the works of John Rufus. These include a biography of Peter the Iberian and a narration of Theodosius' exile and death, the Narratio de obitu Theodosii Hierosolymitani. The latter is a short text known only from the Syriac version in two manuscripts.[3] Rufus describes Theodosius as a confessor and martyr.[4] A complementary anti-Chalcedonian Syriac account is found in Pseudo-Zacharias Rhetor.[5] A Chalcedonian version of events is given in Cyril of Scythopolis' biography of Euthymius the Great.[2] Juvenal returned to Jerusalem from Chalcedon in 451, many monks and clergy tried to persuade him to recant his acceptance of the council's canons. When he refused, they elected Theodosius as bishop in opposition and Juvenal fled.[5] Theodosius consecrated many anti-Chalcedonian bishops, including Peter the Iberian in the diocese of Maiuma.[2] When Juvenal returned with imperial troops in August 453, there were briefly two active bishops in the city.[6] Theodosius, however, accepted a sentence of exile and did not fight.[2] The bishops he consecrated, except for Peter, were deposed.[7] first went to Egypt or perhaps Sinai.[4] He then went to Antioch, perhaps to secure the support of Symeon Stylites, but was arrested at the city gates. On the orders of Marcian, he was brought to Constantinople. When he refused Marcian's entreaties to accept Chalcedon, he was imprisoned in the monastery of Saint Dios. When the abbot of that house was unable to win him over, he moved him to a narrow unheated cell for the winter. Theodosius fell seriously ill. When Leo I succeeded Marcian, he turned Theodosius over to the custody of the anti-Chalcedonian monks of Sykai. The deposed bishop died only a few days later.[8] His body was taken to Cyprus to prevent the Chalcedonians from stealing it to claim he had changed his mind. It was buried in an anti-Chalcedonian monastery.[4] The Narratio records that Theodosius' companion, Abban Romanus, was recalled to Palestine after his death.[3] the Coptic Orthodox Church, Theodosius was remembered as a champion of orthodoxy against Chalcedonism. Two works are attributed to him, but both are late Coptic forgeries. The first, In Honor of Victor, is a biography of the martyr Victor Stratelates. It is a poorly written text describing the virtues of Victor and the miracles he performed at Jerusalem. It is preserved in a codex from the White Monastery. The second, The Miracles of Saint George, is a homily on the miracles of Saint George, mostly surrounding the construction of his shrine in Jaffa.[2] Jerusalem Patriarch, 420-458, Juvenal; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; Repentence) The saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years. Juvenal, Patriarch of Jerusalem, occupied the throne of the Holy City during the years 420-458. During this period great luminaries of the Church enlightened the world: Saints Euthymius the Great (January 20), Simeon the Stylite (September 1), Gerasimus of Jordan (March 4), and many others. Juvenal was a friend and converser with Saint Euthymius the Great. During Saint Juvenal’s archpastoral service, the Eastern Church was troubled by dangerous false teachings, which he opposed with a pastoral zeal, safeguarding the flock of Christ. Third Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Ephesus in 431. It condemned the heresy of Nestorius, which was opposed to the Orthodox teaching of the divine nature of Jesus Christ. Saint Cyril of Alexandria (June 9) presided at this Council, and among his colleagues was Patriarch Juvenal. 451, the Fourth Ecumenical Council met in the city of Chalcedon. It condemned the Eutchian [Monophysite] heresy, which taught that the human nature in Christ was totally swallowed up and absorbed by the divine nature. The holy Fathers, among them Saint Juvenal, condemned the heresy of Eutychius and affirmed the Orthodox doctrine of the union of two natures in the Lord Jesus Christ, the divine and the human, without separation and without mixture. The heretics, however, continued to confuse the minds of Christians. the head of the heretics stood Theodosius, who lived at Jerusalem, and who had won over to his side Eudokia, the widow of the emperor Theodosius the Younger (+ 450), who lived at Jerusalem. He demanded that Patriarch Juvenal repudiate the Council of Chalcedon, that is, that he should renounce the Orthodox dogma of the two natures in Christ. Juvenal would not agree to embrace falsehood, and bravely confessed the Chalcedon doctrine before the heretics. Theodosius and his adherents then deposed Patriarch Juvenal from the patriarchal throne. The saint withdrew to Constantinople, to Patriarch Anatolius (July 3) and the emperor Marcian. The heretic Theodosius, under the patronage of Eudokia, occupied the patriarchal throne in Palestine, but only for twenty months. Emperor Marcian, holding Saint Juvenal in high esteem, placed him on the patriarchal throne once more, and so the holy confessor returned to Jerusalem. saint made many efforts to restore Church peace. At the suggestion of Saint Simeon the Stylite, the empress Eudokia repented before Saint Juvenal and returned to communion with the Orthodox. A large part of the Jerusalem flock, who had been led astray by the heretics, followed her. Having defeated the pernicious heresies, and having established oneness of mind and propriety, Patriarch Juvenal died peacefully among his faithful flock, after serving as a bishop for thirty-eight years.

Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea down from Bethlehem, 1st Cenobiarch
Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30;

Jerusalem, 443-529, Theodosius tGreat, 1st Cenobiarch, fArmenia, settled Magi's cave, defended ECs against heresy
Jerusalem, 443-529, Theodosius the Great, Judea, Cenobiarch, fCappadocia Armenia, splendid voice, church singing reading, early days tJerusalem Holy Land, met Simeon tStylite, wPredicted his service, settled Magi's cave 30 yrs, people came, cave too small, walked wCenser cold charcoal till it lit itself, there place for cenobitic Larva, poor aid, wanderer shelteer, famine relief woNeeding bread, miracle repeated, built home fStrangers, separate infirmaries monks laymen, dying shelter, services 3 languages, all gathered Greek service, Eutychius' heresy during Emperor Anastasius, no sacraments or Clergy, Emperor accepted, orthodox persecution, T's letter tEmperor, E slowed then renewed, T tChurch iJerusalem, whoever does not honor EC's be anathema, tPrison till E's death, during life many miracles healings, prayer destroyed locusts, soldiers sailors saved, predicted Antioch earthquake, foretold time oDeath, died a105; Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Theodosius the Great lived during the fifth-sixth centuries, was the founder of cenobitic monasticism. was born in Cappadocia of pious parents. with a splendid voice, he zealously toiled at church reading and singing. Theodosius prayed fervently that the Lord would guide him on the way to salvation. his early years he visited the Holy Land and met with Saint Simeon the Stylite (September 1), who blessed him and predicted future pastoral service for him. for the solitary life, Saint Theodosius settled in Palestine into a desolate cave, in which, according to Tradition, the three Magi had spent the night, having come to worship the Savior after His Nativity. lived there for thirty years in great abstinence and unceasing prayer. flocked to the ascetic, wishing to live under his guidance. the cave could no longer hold all the monks, Saint Theodosius prayed that the Lord Himself would indicate a place for the monks. a censer with cold charcoal and incense, the monk started walking into the desert. a certain spot the charcoal ignited by itself and the incense smoke began to rise. the monk established the first cenobitic monastery, or Lavra (meaning “broad” or “populous”). the Lavra of Saint Theodosius became renowned, and up to 700 monks gathered at it. to the final testament of Saint Theodosius, the Lavra rendered service to neighbor, giving aid to the poor and providing shelter for wanderers. Theodosius was extremely compassionate. when there was a famine in Palestine and a multitude of people gathered at the monastery, the monk gave orders to allow everyone into the monastery enclosure. disciples were annoyed, knowing that the monastery did not have the means to feed all those who had come. when they went into the bakery, they saw that through the prayers of the abba, it was filled with bread. miracle was repeated every time Saint Theodosius wanted to help the destitute. the monastery, Saint Theodosius built home for taking in strangers, infirmaries for monks and laymen, also a shelter for the dying. that people from various lands gathered at the Lavra, the saint arranged for services in the various languages: Greek, Georgian and Armenian. gathered to receive the Holy Mysteries in the large church, where divine services were chanted in Greek. the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius (491-518) there arose the heresy of Eutychius and Severus, recognized neither the sacraments nor the clergy. emperor accepted the false teaching, and the Orthodox began to suffer persecution. Theodosius stood firmly in defense of Orthodoxy and wrote a letter to the emperor on behalf of the monks, in which they denounced him and refuted the heresy with the teachings of the Ecumenical Councils. affirmed moreover, that the desert-dwellers and monks would firmly support the Orthodox teaching. emperor showed restraint for a short while, but then he renewed his persecution of the Orthodox. holy Elder then showed great zeal for the truth. Leaving the monastery, came to Jerusalem and in the church, he stood at the high place and cried out for all to hear: “Whoever does not honor the four Ecumenical Councils, let him be anathema!” this bold deed the monk was sent to prison, but soon returned after the death of the emperor. Theodosius accomplished many healings and other miracles during his life, coming to the aid of the needy. his prayers he once destroyed the locusts devastating the fields in Palestine. by his intercession, soldiers were saved from death, he also saved those perishing in shipwrecks and those lost in the desert. the saint gave orders to strike the semandron (a piece of wood hit with a mallet), so that the brethren would gather at prayer. told them, “The wrath of God draws near the East.” several days it became known that a strong earthquake had destroyed the city of Antioch at the very hour when the saint had summoned the brethren to prayer. his death, Saint Theodosius summoned to him three beloved bishops and revealed to them that he would soon depart to the Lord. three days, he died at the age of 105. saint’s body was buried with reverence in the cave in which he lived at the beginning of his ascetic deeds.

Jerusalem, 450, 5th C, Xenohon&Family oConstantinople, Sons lost and separated at Sea, reunited aJerusalem as monks, wonderwrkng
Jerusalem, 450, 5th C, Xenohon, wife Mary, sons Arcadius&John, rich noted citizens oConstantinople, simple souls good hearts, sent sons tBeiruit fEd, shipwreck, sons different places, became monks separated, presumed dead but Xenophon maintained firm hope, after several years pilgrimage holy places, found boys iJerusalem monasteries, reunited, Xenophon Maria tSeparate monasteries, Boys tWilderness, long toil, glorified bGifts wonderworking, discernment, Parents silence, strict fasting, gift oWonderworking; a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem">Jerusalem; Venerable Xenophon, his wife, Mary, and their two sons, Arcadius and John, of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Xenophon, his wife Maria, and their sons Arcadius and John, noted citizens of Constantinople lived in the fifth century. their riches and position, they distinguished themselves by their simplicity of soul and goodness of heart. to give their sons John and Arcadius a more complete education, they sent them off to the Phoenician city of Beirut. divine Providence the ship on which both brothers sailed was wrecked. waves tossed the brothers ashore at different places. at being separated, the brothers dedicated themselves to God and became monks. a long time the parents had no news of their children and presumed them to be dead. however, already quite old, maintained a firm hope in the Lord and consoled his wife Maria, telling her not to be sad, but to believe that the Lord watched over their children. several years the couple made a pilgrimage to the holy places, at Jerusalem they met their sons, in asceticsm at different monasteries. joyful parents gave thanks to the Lord for reuniting the family. Xenophon and Maria went to separate monasteries and dedicated themselves to God. monks Arcadius and John, having taken leave of their parents, went out into the wilderness, after long ascetic toil they were glorified by gifts of wonderworking and discernment. Xenophon and Maria, laboring in silence and strict fasting, also received from God the gift of wonderworking.

Jerusalem, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified, watercourse from Beth and Theo
Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 459-532, Sabbas tChild-Elder, he who loves God disdains corruptible things, many monasteries
Armenia, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified, born in Cappadocia, Armenia, Christian Parents, father military commander, 5yr old S left wUncle iCappadocia, Flavian's m at 8, gifted child wHoly Scriptures, not want marriage, monk a17& miracles gift, tJerusalem a27, Euthymios' m, Theoktistos' m 3yrs t30, secluded in cave til Saturday after T's death, then full seclusion 5yrs, E led S tRouba Wilderness Jan 14-Palm Sunday, E called S Child-Elder, 473 tCave near Gerasimos otJordan, disciples gather, pillar oFire guides S to large cave, Cave looks like church, S founded several more monasteries, many miracles, spring welled, during draught abundant rain, deliverance, wrote first monk rule oChurch Services, Jerusalem Typikon, died 532, Savva's scroll, he who loves God disdains corruptible things, prefers knowledge of Him; Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Savva the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Savva the Sanctified was born in the fifth century Cappadocia of pious Christian parents, John and Sophia, his father was a military commander. to Alexandria on military matters, John and Sophia left their five-year-old son Savva in the care of an uncle. the boy was eight years old, he entered the nearby Monastery of Saint Flavian. gifted child quickly learned to read and became an expert on the Holy Scriptures. parents urged Saint Savva to return to the world and enter into marriage, but all in vain. he was seventeen years old he was tonsured as a monk, and attained such perfection in fasting and prayer that God found him worthy of the gift of working miracles. spending ten years at the Monastery of Saint Flavian, he went to Jerusalem, from there to the Monastery of Saint Euthymios the Great (January 20). Euthymios, however, sent the young man to Abba Theoktistos, the head of a nearby monastery with a strict cenobitic Rule. Savva lived in obedience at this monastery until the age of thirty. the death of Elder Theoktistos, his successor blessed Savva to seclude himself in a cave. on Saturdays, he left his hermitage and came to the Monastery, where he took part in the Divine Services and ate with the brethren. a certain time, Saint Savva received permission not to leave his hermitage at all, and he struggled in the cave for five years. Euthymios directed the young monk's life, and seeing his spiritual maturity, he began to take him to the Rouba wilderness with him. left on January 14, and remained there until Palm Sunday. Euthymios called Saint Savva a Child-Elder, and encouraged him to grow in the monastic virtues. Saint Euthymios fell asleep in the Lord (+ 473), Savva withdrew from the Lavra and moved to a cave near the monastery of Saint Gerasimos of Jordan (March 4). several years, disciples began to gather around Saint Savva. the number of monks increased, a Lavra sprang up. by a pillar of fire which appeared before him as he was walking, Saint Savva found a spacious cave in the form of a church. holy Elder founded several more monasteries. miracles took place through his prayers: at the Lavra, a spring of water welled up, during a time of drought there was abundant rain, and the sick and those possessed by demons were also healed. Savva composed the first monastic Rule of Church Services, the “Jerusalem Typikon," followed by all the Palestinian monasteries. Saint surrendered his soul to God in the year 532. Savva is depicted holding a scroll which reads: "He who loves God disdains corruptible things, and prefers the knowledge of Him."

Jerusalem, 463, Luke's Jerusalem Icon, war hero Constantnpl 469 over huns, 988 Korsun and Novgorod, 1571 Moscow, 1812 France
Jerusalem, 463, Luke's Jerusalem Icon, war hero Constantnpl 469 over huns, 988 Korsun and Novgorod, 1571 Moscow, 1812 stolen by France, but copy ; Jerusalem; Icon of the Mother of God Jerusale, Commemorated on October 12 ; Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God, by tradition, was painted by the holy Evangelist Luke fifteen years after the Ascension of the Lord at Gethsemane. the year 463, the icon was transferred to Constantinople. Byzantine army carried the Jerusalem Icon into battle when they turned back an invasion of the Scythians. 988 the icon was transferred to Korsun and given to the holy Prince Vladimir. the people of Novgorod accepted Christianity, Saint Vladimir sent them this icon. 1571, Ivan the Terrible transferred the icon to the Moscow Dormition cathedral. the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, the original was stolen by the French and brought to Paris. An authenticated copy was placed in the Dormition cathedral. Jerusalem Icon is also commemorated on November 13, and on the Fifth Saturday of Great Lent.

Jerusalem, 474-558, Saint John the Silent, John the Hesychast
Jerusalem, 474-558, Saint John the Silent, John the Hesychast; Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 474-558, John tSilent, built church, Bishop a28, but bright star tSabbas, hides rank, silent sentence, Lion story
Jerusalem, 474-558, John tSilent oSabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, born 454 Nicopolis, Armenia, wealthy, loved solitude&prayer, built church wInheritance, monk a18, at that church, Bishop oColonia a28 in 1482, influenced family fgood, but sister married bad Armenia Governor Pazinkos in 1492, P interferred Church spiritual ecclesiastical matters, John tConstantinople&Emperor Zeno unsuccessfully, overwhelmed worldly matters, tJerusalem, prayed, Bright Star leads John tSabbas, hiding Bishop rank accepted as Novice, under Savva, toiled obediently 4yrs, served guesthouse and monastery builders, when Savva saw his humility&labor he wanted to make him presbyter, so John had to reveal his rank tJerusalem Patriarch Elias, sentenced to live in silence, 4yrs in cell no visitors or church, then desiring solitude abstinence withdrew tDesert f9yrs, eating plants&grass, survived Saracens incursion Lord sent Lion, many miracles in desert, back tMonastery, 524 Savva died, not with him so grieved, Savva appeared foretold Origen heresy struggle, 66yrs at Sabbas, Holy Spirit grace acqiured, many miracles, clairvoyance, deliverance, invoking his name, even while alive, saved from destruction, beautiful shade fig tree story, seeds on barren rock, lived t104; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Venerable John the Silent of Saint Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; John the Silent was born around 454 in the city of Nicopolis, Armenia the family of a military commander named Enkratius and his wife Euphemia. boy began to study Holy Scripture, and he loved solitude and prayer with all his heart. the inheritance his parents left him, John built a church dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos. eighteen years of age, John became a monk, living an ascetic life of fasting, prayer, and temperance with ten other monks at the church he had founded. the request of the citizens of Colonia, the Metropolitan of Sebaste consecrated the twenty-eight-year-old John as Bishop of Colonia. assumed the episcopal throne, the saint did not alter his strict ascetic manner of life. the influence of the saint his relatives, his brother Pergamios (an associate of the emperors Zeno and Anastasius) and his nephew Theodore (an associate of the emperor Justinian), also lived in a Christian manner. John’s tenth year as bishop, the governorship of Armenia was assumed by Pazinikos, the husband of the saint’s sister, Maria. new governor began to interfere in spiritual and ecclesiastical matters, and there was unrest in the Church. Saint John then went to Constantinople, and through Archbishop Euthymius, he entreated the emperor Zeno to defend the Armenian Church from the evil Governor. by worldly quarrels, John secretly left his diocese and sailed to Jerusalem. tears he besought God to show him a place where he might live and find salvation. bright star appeared, which led Saint John to the Lavra of Saint Savva. concealing his episcopal rank, was accepted in the community as a simple novice. the guidance of the igumen Saint Savva(December 5), John toiled obediently for more than four years at every task he was assigned. a guesthouse was built at the Lavra, Saint John served the workers, serving their food and assisting in the construction of the building. a cenobitic monastery for novices was being built, John was once again assigned to help the workers. Saint John’s humility and love of labor, Saint Savva deemed him worthy of ordination to presbyter. John was forced to reveal his rank to Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem (494-517), who told Saint Savva that John could not be ordained. he said that John was to live in silence, and that no one should trouble him. the Lord also revealed Saint John’s secret to Saint Savva. John spent four years in his cell, receiving no one and not going out even for church. ever greater solitude and increased abstinence, Saint John quit the Lavra and withdrew into the desert, where he spent more than nine years, plants and grass. survived a devastating incursion of the Saracens and did not perish, only because the Lord sent him a defender: a ferocious lion. When the enemy tried to harm the saint, the lion attacked them and they scattered in fright. speaks of many miracles Saint John performed during this time in the desert. Saint Savva returned after an extended stay in Scythopolis, he persuaded Saint John to forsake the wilderness and to live at the monastery. this, the Lord, in a miraculous way, revealed to everyone at the Lavra that the monk John was actually a bishop. Saint John reached age seventy, his holy and God-bearing spiritual Father Saint Savva died. saint grieved deeply over this, since he was not present at the time. Savva appeared to him in a vision, and having consoled him, he foretold that there would be much toil ahead in the struggle against heresy. John even had to leave his solitude to strengthen the brethren in the struggle with the Origenists. John the Silent spent sixty-six years at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified. his constant ascetic efforts, by his untiring prayer and humble wisdom, Saint John acquired the grace of the Holy Spirit. his prayers, many miracles took place, and he was able to discern the secret thoughts of people. He healed the sick and those possessed by demons. during his lifetime he saved those who invoked his name from certain destruction. he scattered fig seeds on barren rock, and a beautiful and fruitful tree sprang up. In time, the tree grew so much that it overshadowed the saint’s cell. John the Silent departed to the Lord in peace at the age of 104.

Jerusalem, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Jerusalem, 494-517, Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 494-517, Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem; St. John the Silent of St. Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3;

Jerusalem, 500, 6th C Folder, Christopher oPalestine, Dorotheus oGaza, Patriarch Marcarius, Sophronius oJerusalem

Jerusalem, 501-580, St Christopher of Palestine, Roman, Monastery of St. Theodosius, prayed and prostrated each night
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Christopher, a Roman, lived during the sixth century. He was tonsured into monasticism at the monastery of Saint Theodosius (January 11) in Palestine, near Jerusalem. The accounts of Abba Theodulus about Saint Christopher are contained in chapters 105 and 234 of the book The Spiritual Meadow (Limonarion) Saint Christopher went to Jerusalem to worship at the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord and at the Life-Creating Cross. At the gateway of the church he beheld a monk not moving from the spot. Two ravens flew before his face. Saint Christopher discerned that these were demons, which held the monk back from entering the church. asked the brother: “Why do you stand at the gate and not enter?” The brother answered: “Pardon me, Father, but within me struggle two thoughts. One says: go and venerate the Venerable Cross. The other says: don’t go in, make some excuse, and come to venerate the Cross another time.” Then Saint Christopher took the brother by the hand and led him into the church. The ravens immediately disappeared, and the brother venerated the Cross and the Holy Sepulchre. Saint Christopher told this story to someone who was distracted by his duties and neglected his prayers. day Saint Christopher fulfilled his monastic obedience, and by night he retired to a cave, where at an earlier time Saint Theodosius and other Fathers had prayed. At each of the 18 steps leading into the cave, he made 100 prostrations, and spent the greater part of the night in prayer, before the semantron was sounded for Orthros. spent eleven years doing this. time, descending into the cave, he beheld a multitude of lamps in it. Two radiant youths were tending them. “Why have you put the lamps here so that I cannot enter in and pray?” asked the monk. “These are the lamps of the Fathers,” they replied. “Tell me, does my lamp burn or not?” They said, “Pray, and we will light it.” “Pray?” he said, “What have I been doing up to now?” Then the saint said to himself: “Christopher, if you wish to be saved, greater effort is needed!” dawn he went from the monastery to Mount Sinai, taking nothing with him. The monk toiled there for fifty years at great exploits. Finally, he heard a voice saying, “Christopher! Go to the monastery where you struggled earlier, so that you might rest there with your Fathers.” Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24;

Jerusalem, 505-620, Saint, Dorotheus of Gaza
Jerusalem Saint, 505-620, Dorotheus of Gaza; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5;

Jerusalem, 550, 6th C, Pardus tCamel Teamster Hermit, Jericho, boy killed, becomes monk, guilt, pokes lion, forgiveness
Jerusalem, 550, 6th C, Pardus tTeamster Hermit, Jericho, Benjamin (near Jerusalem), a Camel Teamster, boy killed bHis Camels, becomes monk Mt Arion, thinking guilty murder, enters lion den, pokes lion, ignored, takes off clothes, lies lion's path, jumped over, realizes forgiveness, returned mt fasting prayer; Jericho; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Pardus the Hermit, a Roman, involved in his youth with the teamster’s craft. when he traveled to Jericho, a boy accidentally fell under the legs of his camels. The camels trampled the boy to death. Shaken by this occurrence, Pardus became a monk and withdrew to Mount Arion. himself as a murderer, and deserving of death, Saint Pardus entered the den of a lion. poked the wild beast and prodded it with a spear so that the lion would tear him apart, but the creature would not touch the hermit. Pardus then took off his clothes and lay down upon the path that the lion would take for water. But even here, the lion merely leaped over the hermit. the Elder then understood that he had been forgiven by the Lord. to his mountain, Saint Pardus dwelt there in fasting and prayer until the end of his days. He died in the sixth century.

Jerusalem, 557-634, Modestus, Archbishop, his story important to tie history of Cross, Persian, Byzantine, & Arab control oJ
Armenia, 557-634, Modestus, Archbishop oJerusalem, fSebaste, Armenia (Iris River Source, Kizilirmak River 1), his story important for history, tonsured Mt Sinai, Superior Theodosios tG m Judea, Locum tenens Gov Jerusalem Church 614, because Persians devastated Jerusalem, took The Cross, 90,000 C's killed, Patriarch Zacharias captured, M restored C shrines, incl Lord's tomb, buried Sava's monks, Z returned wCross 630, M permanent partiarch aZ, M dies a97yr old; Sebaste, Armenia ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Modestos (Módestos) was born into a Christian family at Sebásteia in Cappadocia (Asia Minor). toward a strict monastic life from his youth, the Saint was tonsured on Mount Sinai. he became the Superior of the Monastery of Saint Theodosios the Great in Palestine. the year 614, Syria and Palestine were attacked by the the army of the Persian king Chosroes. Christians were killed, and many Christian churches were destroyed. Zachariah of Jerusalem and a multitude of Christians were taken into captivity, with the Cross of the Lord. Modestos was appointed to govern the Jerusalem Church temporarily as locum tenens of the patriarchal kathedra. the help of Patriarch John the Merciful of Alexandria (November 12), Saint Modestos restored the devastated Christian shrines, which was the Lord's Tomb. also buried the murdered monks from the Monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified. fourteen years, Patriarch Zacharias returned from captivity with the Lord's Cross, after his death, Saint Modestos became the Patriarch of Jerusalem. Modestos reposed at the age of 97 in the year 634. head of Saint Modestós is located in the Athonite Monastery of Simonopetra.

Jerusalem, 563-574, Patriarch Macarius
Jerusalem, 563-574, Patriarch Macarius St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Jerusalem, 580-638, Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 580-638, Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem; Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St. Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Jerusalem, 600, 7th C Folder, Byzantine-Persian War, Persians Control J, carried Cross tPersia, 637 Rasidun Seige oJ, ctl t1096

Jerusalem, 601-650, George tChozebite, Abbot, fCyprus, fasting, vigil, physical efforts example, angel on earth, died iPeace
Jerusalem, 601-650, George tChozebite Abbot oChozeba Wilderness monastery, Benjamin (Near Jericho), fCyprus, tPalestine, fasting, vigil, physical efforts example, angel on earth, died iPeace; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; George the Chozebite was born on the island of Cyprus toward the end of the sixth century. the death of his parents, he went to Palestine to worship at the holy places. he entered into the monastic community of Chozeba between the River Jordan and Jerusalem, he later became head of this monastery. George presented the monks example in fasting, vigil and physical efforts. lived as an angel upon the earth, he died in peace.

Jerusalem, 601-650, George the Chozebite, his incorrupt relics here at his St George's Monastery
Jerusalem, 601-650, George tChozebite Abbot oChozeba Wilderness monastery, Benjamin (Near Jericho), fCyprus, tPalestine, fasting, vigil, physical efforts example, angel on earth, died iPeace; John of Thebes, John the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); Monastery of Saint George of Choziba (Arabic: دير القديس جورج, Greek: Μονή Αγίου Γεωργίου του Χοζεβίτου), known as Monastery of Choziba (or Hoziba) or Mar Jaris,[1] is a monastery located in Wadi Qelt in Area C of the eastern West Bank, in the Jericho Governorate of the State of Palestine. cliff-hanging complex, which emerged from a lavra established in the 420s and reorganised as a monastery around AD 500,[1] its ancient chapel and irrigated gardens, is active and inhabited by Greek Orthodox monks. houses the relics of Saint George of Choziba, after whom the monastery is named, well as the relics of Saint John of Choziba[2] (420/450-520/530) those of Saint John of Choziba the Romanian [ro] (1913-1960) monastery is reached by a pedestrian bridge across Wadi Qelt, many believe to be Psalm 23's "valley of the shadow of death".[3] valley parallels the old Roman road to Jericho, backdrop for the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:29–37). The monastery is open to pilgrims and visitors.[4] during the Byzantine period near Jericho, was destroyed by the Persians in AD 614, in the 12th century during the Crusader period, after their defeat, rebuilt again by Greek monks starting at the end of the 19th century. location of the monastery has been associated with the lives of Elijah that of the parents of the Virgin Mary. allied with the Eastern Orthodox saints whose relics are kept in the monastery, both make it a site of intense pilgrimage. Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; George the Chozebite was born on the island of Cyprus toward the end of the sixth century. the death of his parents, he went to Palestine to worship at the holy places. he entered into the monastic community of Chozeba between the River Jordan and Jerusalem, he later became head of this monastery. George presented the monks example in fasting, vigil and physical efforts. lived as an angel upon the earth, he died in peace.

Jerusalem, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628
Jerusalem, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628 ; Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Jerusalem, 609-632, Patriarch Zacharias of Jerusalem, Sasanian prisoner 614-628, author Plague Cross Prayer
Saint Zacharias, Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 21; Zacharias, Patriarch of Jerusalem, lived from the end of the sixth to the early seventh centuries. became Patriarch of Jerusalem in 609. the year 614 the Persian emperor Chosroes fell upon Jerusalem, looted it, and led many Christians into captivity, including Saint Zacharias. also captured the Life-Creating Cross of Christ. the invasion, as many as 90,000 Christians perished. Chosroes was compelled to sue for peace with the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius (610-641). Cross of the Lord was returned to Jerusalem. Christian captives who remained alive also were returned, among them Patriarch Zacharias, who died peacefully in the year 633. Saint Zacharias, Patriarch of Jerusalem; of Jerusalem was the Patriarch of Jerusalem of the Church of Jerusalem from 609 to 632. spent most of his patriarchate as a prisoner of the Sasanian Emperor Khosrow II following the Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem.[1] is commemorated by the Orthodox Church on February 21.[2][3] is also venerated in the Catholic Church, where he is known mostly for the sacramental called the "Plague Cross of Saint Zacharias of Jerusalem".[4] early life of Zacharias is unknown. was elected patriarch in 609. the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, the Sasanians invaded Byzantine Syria, taking Jerusalem in 614. to Sebeos, they seized True Cross in addition to taking tens of thousands of Christian prisoners, including Zacharias. 627, after rebuilding his army, Heraclius counter-attacked into Persia. Winning a decisive victory at Nineveh, Heraclius compelled the Persians to return the True Cross and the surviving captives, including Patriarch Zacharias. Zacharias spent his remaining days in peace until his death in 632. Modestus, who had acted as locum tenens during Patriarch Zacharias's captivity succeeded him on the patriarchal throne. Western Christianity[edit] Plague Cross sacramental, worn as a cross necklace to offer protection during plagues Council of Trent (1545–1563) approved a "Plague Cross of Saint Zacharias of Jerusalem" (also referred to as a plague cross), which contains an acrostic for a prayer against plagues.[4][5] The prayer, attributed to St Zacharias, is said to have been useful against pestilence in the time of the saint, and the inscribed cross is said to have saved from a plague the participants at the Council of Trent.[6] The cross, sometimes made of wood or inscribed on paper, cloth, or drawn with blessed chalk, and its associated blessing, are a sacramental used by Western Christians, and have seen a resurgence of use during times of plagues and pestilence, such as the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic in 2020-22. Plague crosses often take the form of a cross necklace (which is worn by believers) or a wall cross (which is hung on the walls of homes, hospitals, offices and churches).[4]

Jerusalem, 614-628, Persian Control of Jerusalem
Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12;

Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Jerusalem, 630, The Cross returned by Heraclius through East Gate after Angel miracle
Golden Gate in Jerusalem; Heraclius returned the Cross through Golden Gate or East Gate, but not before an Angel of the Lord made him get rid of the Pomp ; Heraclius was trying to return the true cross to Jerusalem, but an angel told him he had to do this first. 615 a Persian king captured Jerusalem and carried off the relic of the true cross of Jesus Christ that had been discovered by St. Helena. stayed with the Persians for roughly 14 years, until Byzantine Emperor Heraclius came and defeated their armies. found the relic of Jesus’ cross still preserved and resolved to return it to Jerusalem. he neared the gates of Jerusalem he intended to take the cross through the same gate Jesus used on his way to the crucifixion. Heraclius wanted to do it with great royal pageantry while riding on his horse. something miraculous happened that prevented Heraclius from going through the gate. The Golden Legend records what happened next. suddenly the stones of the gateway fell down and locked together, forming an unbroken wall. the amazement of everyone, an angel of the Lord, carrying a cross in his hands, appeared above the wall and said: “When the King of heaven passed through this gate to suffer death, there was no royal pomp. He rode a lowly ass, to leave an example of humility to his worshipers.” those words the angel vanished. was stunned and began to weep. He dismounted his horse and took off every article of royal clothing, expect for his simple undergarment. Then he took the relic of the true cross and walked slowly toward the gate. It instantly returned to its former position and allowed Heraclius to enter Jerusalem. caused him to burst out in prayer and exclaim to God, “O cross, more splendid than all the heavenly bodies, renowned throughout the world, deserving of all men’s love, holier than all things else! O cross, you were worthy to carry the ransom of the world! O sweet wood, sweet nails, sweet sword, sweet lance, you were the bearer of sweet burdens! Save the host gathered today in praise of you and signed with your banner!” the relic was returned to the basilica the miracles resumed, and according to tradition, “dead men were raised to life, four paralytics were cured, ten lepers were made clean, fifteen blind people received their sight, demons were driven out, and great numbers were delivered of various infirmities.” legendary in character, the stories highlight the power of the cross and its connection to humility, not royal pomp or outward show. Denial and self-sacrifice are required to carry the cross of Jesus Christ. If we wish to enter the heavenly Jerusalem, this is the only gate that is open to us.

Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem, Rashidun Caliphate
Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Jerusalem, 680, Patriarch, Theodore

Jerusalem, 700, 8th C Folder,3 Hands Icon, Arab Civil War in Palestine

Jerusalem, 717, Icon of the Mother of God Of the Three Hands, John of Damascus, Sabbas, hand cut off, MOG back on, to Sabbas
Jerusalem, 717, Icon of the Mother of God Of the Three Hands, John of Damascus, Sabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Judea, near Jerusalem, iconodule writer, slandered by Leo III to caliph, hand cut off, MOG back on, to Sabbas, to Serbia, donkey to Hilandar ; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Holy Lavra of St. Savas; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three Hands on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God Of the Three Hands: The wonderworking icon, which Saint John of Damascus (December 4) received healing of his amputated hand, given by him to the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified. the thirteenth century the icon was in Serbia, afterwards it was miraculously transported to Athos to the Hilandar monastery. more detailed account about the icon is located under June 28. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28, where a more detailed account is to be found. Icon of the Mother of God Of the Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God, Of the Three Hands: the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclasts, Saint John of Damascus (December 4) was zealous in his veneration of holy icons. of this, he was slandered by the emperor and iconoclast Leo III the Isaurian (717-740), who informed the Damascus caliph that Saint John was committing treasonous acts against him. caliph gave orders to cut off the hand of the monk and take it to the marketplace. evening Saint John, having asked the caliph for the cut-off hand, put it to its joint and fell to the ground before the icon of the Mother of God. monk begged Our Lady to heal the hand, which had written in defense of Orthodoxy. long prayer he fell asleep and saw in a dream that the All-Pure Mother of God had turned to him promising him quick healing. this the Mother of God bid him toil without fail with this hand. awakened from sleep, Saint John saw that his hand was unharmed. thankfulness for this healing Saint John placed on the icon a hand fashioned of silver, from which the icon received its name Of Three Hands. iconographers, in their ignorance, have mistakenly depicted the Most Holy Theotokos with three arms and three hands.) to Tradition, Saint John wrote a hymn of thanksgiving to the Mother of God: “All of creation rejoices in You, O Full of Grace,” which appears in place of the hymn “It is Truly Meet” in the Liturgy of Saint Basil the Great. John Damascene accepted monasticism at the monastery of Saint Savva the Sanctified and there bestowed his wonderworking icon. Lavra presented the icon Of Three Hands in blessing to Saint Savva, Archbishop of Serbia (+ 1237, January 12). the time of an invasion of Serbia by the Turks, some Christians who wanted to protect the icon, entrusted it to the safekeeping of the Mother of God Herself. placed it upon a donkey, which without a driver proceeded to Athos and stopped in front of the Hilandar monastery. monks put the icon in the monastery’s cathedral church (katholikon). a time of discord over the choice of igumen, the Mother of God deigned to head the monastery Herself, and from that time Her holy icon has occupied the igumen’s place in the temple. the Hilandar monastery there is chosen only a vicar, and from the holy icon the monks take a blessing for every obedience. Greek usage, this Icon is commemorated on June 28; but on July 12 in Slavic usage.

Jerusalem, 717-741, Stephen oKhenolakkos, distinguished by paternal admin moral influence, angelic escort tHeaven
Bithynia, 717-741, Stephen Wonderworker oKhenolakkos Monastery near Chalcedon, Triglia, Bithynia (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye), greatly impressed by holy ascetic's lives, visited many Palestine monasteries, Euthymios' m, Sabbas, Theodosios' m, then 714-741 Constantinople where Patriarch Germanos aided him building m iBithynia, for a monastic rule from his lessons many years experience, Monastery by the Goose Pond northeast Triglia, S distinguished by paternal admin& moral influence, foresaw his death, angelic escort tHeaven; Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of Khenolakkos Monastery, near Chalcedon, Commemorated on January 14; Stephen lived during the eighth century, was born into a family in Cappadocia, who raised him in great piety. he reached maturity, he was greatly impressed by reading the lives of the holy ascetics, and so he visited many monasteries in Palestine in order to observe their way of life. In the wilderness he visited the monasteries of Saints Euthymios the Great (January 20), the Sanctified (December 5) Theodosios the Great (January 11), studying the Rule (Typikon) of each monastery. during the reign of the iconoclast Emperor Leo the Isaurian (717-741), he visited Constantinople. holy Patriarch Germanos (May 12) had a high regard for Stephen, aided him in building a monastery in Bithynia in which he could establish a monastic Rule based on the great lessons that he had learned in the course of his many years of experience. Stephen founded the Monastery of Khenolakkos [“by the goose-pond”], was northeast of Triglia (near Moudania in Asia Minor). monks were drawn there by reports of his virtue. Stephen was distinguished for his paternal administration of the monastery, for his moral influence on the monks. many years as the Superior of the monastery, the holy ascetic foresaw his own death. he fell asleep in the Lord, some of the brethren were found worthy to behold the glorious departure of his soul into Heaven, by angels. Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Triglia, Commemorated on March 28; Stephen the Confessor, of Triglia Monastery, under the iconoclast emperor Leo the Armenian (813-820). a young age, the holy ascetic dedicated his life to God and received monastic tonsure. He later became head of the Triglia monastery near Constantinople. persecution again began against holy icons, the saintly igumen was summoned for questioning, and they tried to force him to sign a document rejecting the veneration of icons. Saint Stephen steadfastly refused to betray Orthodoxy and he boldly denounced the emperor for his impiety. They subjected the saint to cruel torments, after which they sent him to prison in the year 815. Weakened and sick, the holy Confessor Stephen soon died in prison from his sufferings.

Jerusalem, 793-796, Civil War in Palestine (Arabs)
Civil War in Palestine (793-“796) ; 792-“793 and 796 a Qays-Yaman war (also referred to as the War of the Watermelon[1][2]) took place in Palestine and Transjordan between the northern Arab tribal federation of Mudhar, also called Nizar or Qays, and the southern tribal confederation of Yaman and the latter's Abbasid allies. The conflict may have begun as early as 787/88, though specific outbreaks of the war are largely dated to 793 and 796. Some violence by Bedouin raiders in the Judean Desert also erupted in 797, though it is not clear if this was directly related to the Qaysi-Yamani conflict.

Jerusalem, 800, 9th C Folder, Abbasid Caliph Al-MaMum Byz War, Michael tBlack-Robed oSabbas, Theodore oEdessa&Sabbas

Jerusalem, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun, educated, algebra, Mutazilism, r persecution, Byz war
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Harun al-Rashid (14 September 786 - 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun, was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his half-brother al-Amin after a civil war, during which the cohesion of the Abbasid Caliphate was weakened by rebellions and the rise of local strongmen; of his domestic reign was consumed in pacification campaigns. educated and with a considerable interest in scholarship, al-Ma'mun promoted the Translation Movement, the flowering of learning and the sciences in Baghdad, and the publishing of al-Khwarizmi's book now known as "Algebra". is also known for supporting the doctrine of Mutazilism and for imprisoning Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the rise of religious persecution (mihna), and for the resumption of large-scale warfare with the Byzantine Empire. 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Jerusalem, 813-833, Michael tBlack-Robed, oSabbas, Queen Seida, King al-Mamun, no adultry, poison fails, Relics Plllar oFire
Jerusalem, 813-833, Michael tBlack-Robed, oSabbas, Lavra of St Sav, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, From Edessa, distributed inheritance, tJerusalem under Moslem Rule, tSabbas, kin Theodore, reed baskets, tJMarketplace, Queen Seida wants him, King al-Mamun, M rejects adultery, accused insulting Queen&enemy oIslam, debate wKing, Mohammad neither apostle of Jesus nor prophet, he a deceiver&antichrist forerunner, send me to my monastery, be baptized&reign forever, or send me to Christ tMartyrdom, sign oCross, deadly poison failed tHarm, decapitated, Theodore notified bLord, fight over relics, King decided go to Sabbas, Pillar oFire wRelics to Lavra, buried wMartyrs, many miracles, 12th century Daniel tTraveler sees relics; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Holy Lavra of St. Savas; Martyr Michael the Black-Robed of Saint Savva Monastery, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Michael lived in the ninth century, and was from the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia, the son of Christian parents. After their death he distributed his inheritance to the poor, then went to Jerusalem to venerate the Holy Places. The Holy Land at that time was under Moslem rule. remained in Palestine and settled in the Lavra of Saint Savva, he became the disciple of his relative, Saint Theodore of Edessa (July 9), who spent his time both in the monastery and living as an anchorite in the Judean desert. Theodore accepted him and tonsured him right away. The two made baskets of reeds together in order to support themselves. Saint Michael would take the baskets to the marketplace in Jerusalem in order to sell them. day while at the marketplace, the eunuch of the Muslim Queen Seida, seeing that the baskets were both fine and well-made, took him along to the Queen, who was visiting the city with her husband King al-Ma’mun (813-833). handsome monk aroused the desire of the Queen, who tried to lead him into the sin of adultery, but he did not accept her suggestions. enraged Seida told her husband to have the monk beaten with rods because he had insulted her, and accused him of being an enemy of Islam. was a debate about which faith is the true one, Christianity or Islam, and the king said, “Do as I tell you, and confess that Mohammed is a prophet and an apostle of Christ, then I will adopt you as my son.” Michael said, “Mohammad is neither an apostle nor a prophet, but a deceiver and the forerunner of the antichrist. send me back to my Elder at the monastery, or be baptized into our Christian faith and reign forever in the heavens, or send me to Christ through martyrdom.” king gave the Saint a cup with deadly poison to drink. Michael made the Sign of the Cross over the cup, and he drank it, but he remained unharmed, according to the promise of the Lord (Mark16:18). this the king ordered that he be decapitated. monks of the Lavra of Saint Savva wanted to take the Saint’s relics to their Lavra, but the Christians of Jerusalem would not permit this. They said that since he was martyred in Jerusalem, his relics ought to remain monks of the Lavra disagreed with them, saying that he was nurtured in the Lavra and so he should be buried there. There was such a heated argument that the king decided that the relics would go to the Lavra. the same day that Saint Michael was put to death, the Lord revealed this to Saint Theodore. informing the brethren, he sent some monks to bring the relics to the Lavra. the relics were carried to the Lavra, there was a pillar of fire from Heaven accompanying the relics, and it remained until they reached the Lavra. Theodore and the monks came out to meet the procession with lit candles, and singing hymns. holy relics were buried with the other holy Fathers who had endured martyrdom. miracles took place before the relics of Saint Michael, as a sign that he had found favor with God. the beginning of the twelfth century the relics of Saint Michael were seen by Daniel, the Igoumen of the Kiev Caves Monastery, while on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. Michael is commemorated twice during the year: on May 23 (his repose) and July 29 (the transfer of his relics).

Jerusalem, 813-840, Theodore tBranded, fJeruslem then Sabbas wBro Theophanes, won debate wLeo, iconodule, tortured&exiled 3times
Jerusalem, 813-840, Theodore Graptus, the Branded, fJeruslem then Sabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, Chrisstian parents, shunned ammusements, attended church, sent wYounger bro Theophanes to Sabbas &Pious Priest fEducation, became monk&priest, Iconoclast emperor Leo V expelled Michael I, brothers sent tConstantinople by Jerusalem Patriarch tDefend icons, theo won debate wLeo, Leo ordered bros beaten&exiled, forbidding help, returned from exile bIconoclast Michael II & Iconodule Theolophilius, , returned, faces branded because would not communion wIconoclasts & exiled again tApamea, Bithynia, Theodore died there 840, bro became bishop Nicea&Author defending Orthodoxy, many healings Theodore's relics in Constantinople; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Theodore the Confessor, and his brother Theophanes (October 11) born in Jerusalem of Christian parents. early childhood Theodore shunned childish amusements and loved to attend church services. his younger brother Theophanes (October 11), he was sent to the Lavra of Saint Savva to be educated by a pious priest. brothers became monks, and Saint Theodore was ordained to the holy priesthood. iconoclast emperor Leo V the Armenian (813-820) expelled and replaced the pious ruler Michael I Rhangabe (811-813). the beginning, Leo concealed his heretical views, but later declared himself an iconoclast. Patriarch of Jerusalem sent the two brothers to Constantinople to defend the holy icons. refuted Leo’s arguments, proving the falseness of his beliefs. ordered that both brothers be beaten mercilessly, and then had them sent into exile, forbidding anyone to help them in any way. the subsequent emperors, Michael II (820-829), and particularly under the iconoclast Theophilus (829-842), both brothers returned from exile. they were urged to accept iconoclasm, but they bravely endured all the tortures. They were sent into exile once more, but later returned. time they were subjected to fierce torture, finally, their faces were branded with the verses of a poem which mocked the holy confessors. Therefore, the brothers were called “the Branded.” city prefect asked Saint Theodore to take communion with the iconoclasts just once, promising him freedom if he did. the holy martyr replied, “Your proposal is the same as saying: ‘Let me cut off your head once, and then you may go wherever you wish.’” torture the holy brothers were banished to Apamea in Bithynia, where Saint Theodore died around the year 840. Theophanes survived until the end of the iconoclast heresy, and died as Bishop of Nicea. Theophanes was author of many writings in defense of Orthodoxy. relics of Saint Theodore were transferred to Chalcedon, where they worked many healings.

Jerusalem, 836-848, Theodore, Bishop oEdessa, tSabbas, 36yrs solitude, dove miracle, 12yr bishop, converts Bagdad calif
Armenia, 836-848, Theodore, Bishop oEdessa, Armenia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3), tSabbas a12, 36yrs solitude, bishop 12yrs, Consecration dove miracle, clairvoyant Stylite Theodosis his elder, tBagdad, converts calif Mavi, after healing him wDirt from Lord's grave, Mavi killed, fortells T's death, through 2 dreams tT and T tStylite, writings, read by 16-17th Century Rus; Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Theodore, Bishop of Edessa, was born in the Syrian city of Edessa. his life the holy saint was a bright witness of the great deeds of God, glorified in His Saints. twelve years of age, after he lost his parents and gave away his inheritance to the poor, he went to Jerusalem, he was tonsured at the Lavra of the Saint Savva the Sanctified. twelve years of fervent monastic obedience and then another twenty-four years of full seclusion and great abstinence, the Lord called the valiant ascetic to be a bishop, so that he might enlighten the world. the death of the Bishop of Edessa, no worthier successor was found than Theodore, and with the mutual consent of the Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem, and of the clergy and laity, this fine man was chosen bishop. was not easy for Saint Theodore to forsake his solitude, but he submitted himself to the will of God and undertook his pastoral guidance of the Edessa Church. occurred during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Michael and his mother Theodora (842-855). the time of Saint Theodore’s episcopal consecration, there occurred a great miracle. The people beheld a dove, white as snow, flying about beneath the cupola of the church, which then alit upon the head of the newly-made bishop. Theodore devoted all his abilities to the governance of his flock. He was a model for the faithful in word, in life, in love. By the good example of his holy ascetic life, he guided the flock entrusted to him by God, onto the path of salvation. Theodore exerted much effort in the struggle with heretics, and with a firm hand he guarded the Church from temptations and false teachings. his consolation and support for Saint Theodore, the clairvoyant Elder Theodosius the Stylite also served the spiritual community while laboring in asceticism not far from the city, near the monastery of the holy Great Martyr George. the blessing of the Elder, Saint Theodore journeyed to Baghdad to the caliph Mavi to complain about unjust measures against the Orthodox. come to Mavi, the saint found him seriously ill. Calling on the help of the Lord, the holy bishop threw a bit of earth from the Sepulchre of the Lord into a vessel of water and gave it to the caliph to drink, and the sick one was healed. grateful Mavi, favorably disposed towards the saint, happily heard his teachings. Finally, together with three close associates, he accepted holy Baptism with the name John. afterwards for his open confession of faith in Christ before the Moslems, the caliph John was killed with his three associates. appeared in a dream simultaneously to Saint Theodore and to Theodosius the Stylite, he said that he had been granted to suffer for Christ, and was numbered among the ranks of the Martyrs. He promised that soon he would meet them in the Kingdom of Heaven. was an indication to the saint of God that his own end was approaching. 848, again in solitude at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified, he peacefully departed to the Lord. Theodore has left Christians his edifying writings. Life of Saint Theodore of Edessa was popular reading in Rus during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and was preserved in many manuscripts. Saint Theodore of Edessa, Mesopotamia, Commemorated on July 19; Saint’s father was named Symeon, and his mother’s name was Maria. He received a good education and was distinguished for his philosophical knowledge, as well as for rhetoric. the age of ten he was left as an orphan and gave half of his parents’ wealth to his sister, and kept the other half himself. Sharing this with the poor, he departed for Jerusalem. There he venerated the holy places and, when he was nineteen years old, he became a monk in the Lavra of Saint Savva. Theodore remained there for twenty-four years, leading an ascetic and virtuous life, and became a renowned ascetic. of his great virtues, the Patriarch of Jerusalem made him Bishop of Edessa in 836. was an excellent Archpastor, with his vast theological knowledge, his many virtues, and above all, his great love, which he bestowed abundantly upon his flock. that time Edessa was plagued with many heresies: Arian, Nestorian, Eutychian, etc. holy hierarch instructed his flock in the Orthodox Faith in order to combat these errors. Theodore also went to see the Persian king in Babylon, asking him to protect the Orthodox Christians of Edessa from the malevolence of the heretics. King was very sick, but the Saint healed him and spoke to him about Christ. many days the King was baptized with the name John. returning to Edessa, Saint Theodore was informed in a vision that King John and his three bodyguards, who had been baptized with him, proclaimed their faith openly and received the unfading crown of martyrdom. the approach of death, Saint Theodore retired to the Lavra of Saint Savva. calling the clergy and laity of Edessa together and blessing them, he surrendered his holy soul to the Heavenly Father in the year 848. Basil of Emessa wrote the Saint’s life in Greek, which is preserved at the Ivḗron Monastery on Mount Athos.

Jerusalem, 843-859, Patriarch Sergius of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 843-859, Patriarch Sergius of Jerusalem (Sergius is on the list in Wikipedia, but not described) St. Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Jerusalem, 900, 10th C Folder, Daniel the Confessor fSpain

Jerusalem, 950, 10th C, Daniel tConfessor, oNiverta Is, b monk, iRome, tJerusalem, great Schema, martyred bSaracens
Spain and Portugal, 950, 10th C, Daniel tConfessor, Perfect oNiverta Islands, disdained worldly glory, became monk, iRome, tJerusalem holy places, great Schema aStephen, martyred bSaracens ; Since these are the only Islands off the Spanish mainland, Niverta Island must be one of these Balearic Islands. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; Daniel the Confessor, (in the schema Stephen) lived in the tenth century. was a Spanish dignitary, and prefect of the island of Niverta. worldly glory, he became a monk in Rome and went on pilgrimage to the holy places at Constantinople and Jerusalem, he received the Great Schema and the name Stephen. received the crown of martyrdom after he refused the Saracens’ demand that he renounce Christ and become a Moslem.

Jerusalem, 1000, 11th C Folder, Hakim despoiler otHoly Places, Knights otOrder oSt John, Knights Hospitaller

Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Fatmid Period Egypt
Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Hakim, Fatmid Period Egypt; Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Hakim, Fatmid Period Egypt The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Jerusalem, 1099-1291, Knights of the Catholic Order of Saint John, Knights Hospitaller
Knights of the Catholic Order of Saint John of Jerusalem; Translation from Malta to Gatchina: of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross, the Filersk Icon of the Mother of God, and the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

Jerusalem, 1200, 13th C Folder, Luke oHoly Cross Georgian Monastery, beheaded, severed head thanked God

Jerusalem, 1223-1261, Leontius, Patriarch of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 1223-1261, Leontius, Patriarch of Jerusalem; Leontius was Patriarch of Jerusalem from 1223-1261, according to Saint Gregory Palamas (Nov. 14) and Theodore, a monk of Constantinople Life was translated from Greek into the Russian language in an abridged form. It was translated a second time more fully by Saint Νikόdēmos of the Holy Mountain (July 14), who says the death of the Patriarch actually occurred in 1175.

Jerusalem, 1229, Milkgiver Icon, Savva tSanctified before his death i532, pilgrim named Savva would come, give him my icon
Jerusalem, 1229, Milkgiver Icon oSabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas waercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, Savva tSanctified before his death foretold royal pilgrim same name would come, give him tWonderworking icon as a blessing, Savva oSerbia came 13th C, given Savva's staff, Milk Giver Icon, and 3Hands Icon, He took Milk Giver Icon to Hilandar, MG later named Typikonissa for rule (Typikon) oSavva preserved there; Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12 ; “Milk-Giver” Icon of the Mother of God was originally located at the Lavra of Saint Savva the Sanctified near Jerusalem. his death, the holy founder of the Lavra foretold a royal pilgrim having the same name as himself would visit the Lavra. Savva told the brethren to give the wonderworking icon to that pilgrim as a blessing. the thirteenth century, Saint Savva of Serbia visited the Lavra. he approached the reliquary of Saint Savva the Sanctified, the saint’s staff fell at his feet. brethren asked the visitor his name, and he told them he was Archbishop Savva of Serbia. the instructions of their founder, the monks gave Saint Savva his staff, the “Milk-Giver” Icon, and the Icon “Of the Three Hands” (June 28 and July 12). holy archbishop took the icon to Hilandar on Mount Athos and put it on the right side of the iconostasis in the church of Saint Savva at the kellion of Karyes, which is attached to Hilandar. icon was later named Typikonissa, since the Rule (Typikon) of Saint Savva was preserved there.

Jerusalem, 1277, Luke, Holy Cross Georgian Monastery, Jerusalem, L followed mother to Jerusalem, severed head thanked God
Jerusalem, 1277, Luke & Fathers of Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem, 3 trees of the Cross, Luke followed his mother to Jerusalem, became monk there, became abbot, monks ousted, Luke confronted, beheaded, then severed head turned East and thanked God ; Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; Fathers & Luke Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; holy martyr Luka of Jerusalem lived in the 13th century. He was born to an honorable, pious Georgian family by the name of Mukhaisdze. After the repose of Luka’s father, his mother left her children and went to labor at a monastery in Jerusalem. Luka reached the age of twenty, he traveled to Jerusalem to visit his mother and venerate the holy places. After spending some time there he decided to remain and be tonsured a monk. was later ordained a deacon and became fluent in Arabic. Soon the brothers of the monastery recognized his wisdom and asked him to guide them as abbot. For three years Luka directed the monastery in an exemplary manner. the devil was envious of the holy father and provoked a certain Shekh-Khidar, an influential Persian at the court of Sultan Penducht, (Probably Sultan Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar of Egypt (1260-1277)) to take up arms against Saint Luka. Penducht then transferred possession of theHoly CrossMonastery to Shekh-Khidar, who “treated the Georgian monks in a beastly manner and finally ousted them from the monastery altogether.” his God-given duty, the blessed Luka insisted on personally confronting Shekh-Khidar in defense of his brotherhood. ’s Christian brothers and sisters warned him, saying, “Shekh-Khidar is threatening you.... Flee and hide fromhim!” But Luka paid no heed to their admonitions, certain that it was more fitting to die for Christ than to live for the world. As he had insisted, he himself approached and asked for the release of the imprisoned fathers. told him that he was prepared to accept any demands. The wicked Persian leader demanded nothing from Luka except that he convert to Islam, promising to make him emir if he consented. When he refused, the furious Shekh-Khidar ordered Saint Luka’s beheading. the terrible deed had been performed, Saint Luka’s severed head turned toward the east and gave thanks to God with an expression of pure peace. Soon after, his precious body was set on fire at the command of the bewildered Shekh-Khidar. This occurred in 1277. Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; story as above

Jerusalem, 1300, 14th C Folder, Nicolas Dvali Klarjeti Wilderness Holy Cross Monastery trained in Martyrdom, Unburnt Bush Icon

Jerusalem, 1314, Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Klarjeti W, H Cross M, Forerunner, Spiritual f, MOG, Damascus, h f 500 L, head 7 times
Jerusalem, 1314, Martyr Nicholas Dvali Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Nikoloz Dvali the Martyr was born at the end of the 13th century to a God-fearing couple who directed his path toward the spiritual life. the age of twelve Nikoloz traveled to the Klarjeti Wilderness and was tonsured a monk. From there he made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and remained in the holy city, settling at the Holy Cross Monastery. Burning with desire for the apostolic life, Monk Nikoloz was determined to die a martyr’s death. Jerusalem a group of godless men arrested and tormented Saint Nikoloz for publicly confessing the Christian Faith, but a group of Christians succeeded in rescuing him from prison. in accordance with his abbot’s counsel, Saint Nikoloz relocated to a Georgian monastery on Cyprus. There the pious monk beseeched the Lord to make him worthy of the crown of martyrdom. One day, while he was praying before the icon of Saint John the Baptist, he heard a voice saying, “Nikoloz! Arise and go to Jerusalem. There you will find a Georgian monk who will teach you the way of righteousness and encourage you on the path of martyrdom. He has been appointed to guide you.” Saint Nikoloz returned to Jerusalem, met the monk whom God had appointed, and informed him of what had been revealed. Most Holy Theotokos and Saint John the Baptist appeared to Saint Nikoloz’s spiritual father, who had been praying intensely for guidance, and told him that it was the Lord’s will for Nikoloz to journey to Damascus. in Damascus, the holy father entered a mosque and openly confessed Christ to be the Savior, reproving those present for their folly. The angry Muslims seized Saint Nikoloz, beat him, and cast him into prison. a great struggle, the metropolitan and local Christians succeeded in recovering him from captivity, but he immediately returned to the Muslims and began again to denounce their ungodly ways. Again they beat him mercilessly, lashed him five hundred times, and cast him in prison for a second time. the holy martyr’s wounds were healed through the miraculous intercession of Saint John the Baptist, and after two months he was released from prison. chance the emir of the city caught a glimpse of Saint Nikoloz as he was preparing to return to Jerusalem. The emir recognized him and sent him to Dengiz, the emir of emirs. Dengiz flattered him and offered to convert him to Islam, but Saint Nikoloz bravely defended his faith in Christ. In response, Dengiz ordered his execution. the hour appointed by Dengiz, the blessed martyr turned to the east, joyfully bowed his neck to the sword, and prayed, “Glory to Thee, O Christ God, Who hast accounted me worthy to die for Thy name’s sake.” The sword pierced his neck, but the severed head glorified God seven times, crying out, “Glory to Thee, O Christ our God!” Persians burned the saint’s body, and for three days a pillar of light shone at the place where it lay. Saint Nikoloz’s spiritual father heard about his martyrdom, he prayed to God to reveal to him whether Nikoloz would be numbered among the saints. Then one day while he was reading, he saw a vision of a host of saints standing atop a mountain, illumined and surrounded by a cloud of incense. Among them the Great-martyr George shone especially brightly, and he called Saint Nikoloz, saying, “Nikoloz! Come and see the monk, your spiritual father. He has shed many tears for you.” greeted his spiritual father, saying, “Behold me and the place where I am, and from this day cease your sorrowing for me.” Nikoloz Dvali was tortured to death on Tuesday, October 19, in the year 1314. The Georgian Church continues to commemorate him on that date. Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Jerusalem, 1390, Unburnt Bush Icon, Mt Horeb in Median, signifies MOG conception by Holy Spirit, to Russia 1390
Median, 1390, Unburnt Bush Icon, Mt Horeb / Sinai in Median, Land of the Arabs, Unburning Bush, signifies MOG conception by Holy Spirit and not consumed, to Russia 1390 from Palestine, 1812 riza return story, 1822 arson fires story; Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; of the Old Testament prototypes pointing to the Mother of God is the Unburnt Bush - the Bush which Moses saw on Mount Horeb. was on fire, but was not consumed (Exodus 3:2). Bush signifies the Mother of God's sinless conception of Christ when the Holy Spirit came upon her and she was overshadowed by the power of the Most High (Luke 1:35). the Angel "revealed the Holy Trinity by naming the Holy Spirit, the Power which is the Son (I Corinthians 1:24), and the Most High which is the Father" (Saint Theophylact, Commentary on the Holy Gospel According to St. Luke, chapter 1). Theotokos was born into a fallen world, yet she was absolutely pure, and did not commit any personal sin. remained a Virgin before, during, and after giving birth. the Bush burned and was not consumed, so the Virgin gave birth to Thee yet remained a Virgin" (Octoechos, Dogmatikon Tone 2, "The shadow of the Law"). ancient Unburnt Bush Icon shows a bush engulfed in flames. Virgin, with her Child in her arms, is seen above the Bush. image is rare. Icons depict an octagonal star with the Mother of God in the center with a circle of Cherubim around her. She is shown holding Jacob's Ladder, for she calls us to ascend from earth to Heaven. the gate and the rod are depicted as symbols of the Savior, Who in Church hymns is called "a rod from the root of Jesse." star is made up of two quadrangles. One is painted red, like a flame; the other is green, the color of the mysterious Bush seen by Moses. the red points of the star there are four symbols of the Evangelists: a man (Matthew), a lion (Mark), an ox (Luke), and an eagle (John). the rays are eight Angels: An Angel shows burning fire, for the earth will be destroyed by fire. The Spirit of wisdom and of the knowledge of God - spring, summer, autumn, and winter. He created all things for man's benefit. The Angel of Thunder shows Christ's second coming, for He shall come in thunder and lightning. The Angel of the spirit of piety. The cutting off of those who proclaim things contrary to the Faith. He holds the cup of the bitterness of God's wrath. The Spirit of the Lord for warmth amid winter, snow, frost, and ice. The Spirit of purification which sends forth dew and mist and rain. The Angel of Thunder and of the fear of God, revealing Christ's second coming, for He shall judge His servants at the end of the world. The Angel of lightning and scorching, i.e. He shall be the righteous Judge, for the lightning shall find all. the four corners of the Icon are the Prophets who prefigure the Virgin: and the Unburnt Bush (Exodus chapter 3); with the Seraphim touching his lips with a live coal (Isaiah 6:6); vision of the gate by which no one could enter except the Lord (Ezekiel 44:1), Jacob's vision of the Ladder (Genesis 28:12-17). to popular belief, this Icon protects the homes of the faithful from fire. a man happened to witness a great fire which engulfed many buildings. Among them was a wooden house which did not burn. A woman stood there motionless, holding an icon of the Unburnt Bush in her hands. Tears ran down her cheeks, but her face expressed complete calm and unshakable faith. She did not seem to be worried about her home, but she wept for the misfortune of others. The fire was intense, but the woman would not move. The man left, marveling at her faith, but he expected her house to be reduced to ashes by the flames. The next day he returned to the spot. the devastation of the fire only the woman's house remained standing, guarded by the power of the Icon. of the oldest icons of the Unburnt Bush is located in Moscow's Annunciation Cathedral. was brought to Russia by Palestinian foreigners in 1390 and, according to tradition, it was painted on a piece of the rock where Moses beheld the mysterious Bush. the Moscow church of the Unburnt Bush at Khamovniki, there is an Icon which was once in the Palace. The ancient writing is beautiful. The size of the Icon measures 1 arshin 12 vershkov long, and 1 arshin 7 vershkov wide. Icon is commemorated twice: on September 4, the Feast Day of the Prophet Moses, and on the sixth Sunday after Pascha (the Sunday of the Blind Man), because according to tradition, the Icon was transferred from the Kremlin to the newly-consecrated Khamovniki church on that day. was a wondrous event connected with the riza of this Icon, when Russia was attacked by Napoleon in 1812. leaving Moscow, a Polish soldier came to Father Alexei Vvedensky, the priest of the Novodevichii Monastery, and gave him the riza from the Unburnt Bush Icon, begging him to return it to the church from which it was taken. soldier confessed that ever since he took the riza, he had been unable to find peace, and he was tormented by an unbearable melancholia. the same church there is an Icon of the Unburnt Bush (which was donated in 1835) and a smaller, especially revered Icon dating from 1837. depicts someone praying before the Mother of God. In the church there is a special manuscript Service to the Icon with the note: "This Service is chanted on Holy Mount Sinai, whenever someone requests it, or whenever there is terrible lightning." 1822, in the city of Slavyansk, Kharkov gubernia, fires caused by arson became more frequent. residents were at a loss about what to do. it was revealed in a dream to a pious old woman named Belnitskaya that if they painted an Icon of the Unburnt Bush, and served a Moleben before it, the fires would stop. told the Archpriest about her dream, and the Icon was painted right away. After the Liturgy, a Moleben was served before it. that very day, there was another fire, and the arsonist was caught. crafty young woman named Maura had set all the fires. the fires ceased, and the grateful residents had a kiot made for the Icon with the inscription: "In remembrance of the city's deliverance from fire in 1822." The Icon is in the church of the Holy Trinity. is also a revered icon of the Unburnt Bush in the village of Kubenskoye, Vologda Province.

Jerusalem, 1453 - 1922, Folder, Ottoman Period

Jerusalem, 1453, Fall of Constantinople, end of Byzantine Empire
Constantinople, Fall of Constantinople (1453); Ottoman Empire; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 1526-1579, Gerasimus, Patriarch, Patron saint of Kefalonia, G monastery, for poor
Jerusalem Patriarch, 1526-1579, Gerasimus of Kefalonia ; Saint Gerasimos of Kefalonia is the patron saint of the island of Kefalonia in Greece. (1506–1579) came from the aristocratic and wealthy Notaras family. He was ordained a Monk at Mount Athos, went to Jerusalem for 12 years, spent some time in Crete and Zakynthos and in 1555 arrived on Kefalonia. He spent his first 5 years in a cave in the area known as Lassi. He subsequently cultivated the area where the monastery of Saint Gerasimos now exists near Valsamata. The monastery which he established cared for the poor and became a center for charity. Gerasimos is believed by natives of Kefalonia to protect them and to also heal them of illness. Many natives of the island name their children after Saint Gerasimos as a tribute to the saint who protects them. body of Saint Gerasimos is at the monastery, made available for veneration as it has never decomposed. After his death, his body was buried twice and exhumed intact, thus leading the church to ordain him as a saint. Kefalonians throughout the world still revere and pray to him. 1953, immediately after a powerful earthquake on the island of Kefalonia destroyed 90% of the island, there were many claimed sightings of Saint Gerasimos throughout the island who is believed to have comforted and tended to the injured trapped inside homes and buildings. the feasts of Saint Gerasimos – August 16th[note 1] and 20 October (translation of relics) – his body is passed over ill and sick persons for the purpose of healing them. His body is also displayed by the church during liturgy at the monastery on many occasions. church named after Saint Gerasimos was established in New York City by Kefalonians who emigrated to New York in the early 20th century. Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20; Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia was born in the village of Trikkala in the Peloponessos. a young adult, he became a monk on the island of Zakynthos. the Holy Mountain he became a schemamonk and studied with the ascetics of Mt Athos. a blessing from the Elders, the monk went to Jerusalem to worship at the Life-bearing Tomb of the Savior. visiting many holy places in Jerusalem, Mount Sinai, Antioch, Damascus, Alexandria and Egypt, he returned to Jerusalem where he became a lamp-lighter at the Sepulchre of the Lord. monk was ordained a deacon and then a priest by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Germanus (1534-1579). Gerasimus maintained the discipline of an ascetic. For soltitude he withdrew to the Jordan, where he spent forty days without respite. received the Patriarch’s blessing for a life of silence, Saint Gerasimus withdrew to Zakynthos in solitude, eating only vegetation. five years he was inspired to go the the island of Cephalonia, where he lived in a cave. restored a church at Omala, and he founded a women’s monastery where he lived in constant toil and vigil for thirty years. prayed on bent knees stretched out on the ground. For his exalted life he was granted a miraculous gift: the ability to heal the sick and cast out unclean spirits. 71 years of age, the venerable Gerasimus knew that he would soon die. He gave his blessing to the nuns and peacefully fell asleep in the Lord on August 15, 1579. years later, his grave was opened and his holy relics were found fragrant and incorrupt with a healing power. the Feast of the Dormition falls on August 15, Saint Gerasimus is commemorated on August 16th. Today’s Feast celebrates the uncovering of his holy relics in 1581.

Jerusalem, 1534-1579, Gerasimus the New, Sepulchre Lamplighter, o by Gerasimus, silence, deliverance, myhrr, incorrupt r
Jerusalem Patriarch, 1534-1579, Gerasimus of Kefalonia ; Saint Gerasimos of Kefalonia is the patron saint of the island of Kefalonia in Greece. (1506–1579) came from the aristocratic and wealthy Notaras family. He was ordained a Monk at Mount Athos, went to Jerusalem for 12 years, spent some time in Crete and Zakynthos and in 1555 arrived on Kefalonia. He spent his first 5 years in a cave in the area known as Lassi. He subsequently cultivated the area where the monastery of Saint Gerasimos now exists near Valsamata. The monastery which he established cared for the poor and became a center for charity. Gerasimos is believed by natives of Kefalonia to protect them and to also heal them of illness. Many natives of the island name their children after Saint Gerasimos as a tribute to the saint who protects them. body of Saint Gerasimos is at the monastery, made available for veneration as it has never decomposed. After his death, his body was buried twice and exhumed intact, thus leading the church to ordain him as a saint. Kefalonians throughout the world still revere and pray to him. 1953, immediately after a powerful earthquake on the island of Kefalonia destroyed 90% of the island, there were many claimed sightings of Saint Gerasimos throughout the island who is believed to have comforted and tended to the injured trapped inside homes and buildings. the feasts of Saint Gerasimos – August 16th[note 1] and 20 October (translation of relics) – his body is passed over ill and sick persons for the purpose of healing them. His body is also displayed by the church during liturgy at the monastery on many occasions. church named after Saint Gerasimos was established in New York City by Kefalonians who emigrated to New York in the early 20th century. Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20; Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia was born in the village of Trikkala in the Peloponessos. a young adult, he became a monk on the island of Zakynthos. the Holy Mountain he became a schemamonk and studied with the ascetics of Mt Athos. a blessing from the Elders, the monk went to Jerusalem to worship at the Life-bearing Tomb of the Savior. visiting many holy places in Jerusalem, Mount Sinai, Antioch, Damascus, Alexandria and Egypt, he returned to Jerusalem where he became a lamp-lighter at the Sepulchre of the Lord. monk was ordained a deacon and then a priest by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Germanus (1534-1579). Gerasimus maintained the discipline of an ascetic. For soltitude he withdrew to the Jordan, where he spent forty days without respite. received the Patriarch’s blessing for a life of silence, Saint Gerasimus withdrew to Zakynthos in solituide, eating only vegetation. five years he was inspired to go the the island of Cephalonia, where he lived in a cave. restored a church at Omala, and he founded a women’s monastery where he lived in constant toil and vigil for thirty years. prayed on bent knees stretched out on the ground. For his exalted life he was granted a miraculous gift: the ability to heal the sick and cast out unclean spirits. 71 years of age, the venerable Gerasimus knew that he would soon die. He gave his blessing to the nuns and peacefully fell asleep in the Lord on August 15, 1579. years later, his grave was opened and his holy relics were found fragrant and incorrupt with a healing power. the Feast of the Dormition falls on August 15, Saint Gerasimus is commemorated on August 16th. Today’s Feast celebrates the uncovering of his holy relics in 1581.

Jerusalem, 1669-1707, Patriarch, Dositheos II of Jerusalem
Jerusalem Patriarch, 1669-1707, Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Jerusalem, 1707-1727, Icon oBethlehem, Judea, iBasillica Christ's Nativity, luxurious fabrics, Empress Catherine
Jerusalem, 1707-1727, Icon oBethlehem, Judea, iBasillica Christ's Nativity, luxurious fabrics, Empress Catherine, infinite affection emanates from eyes of icon, & her serene gaze, sweetens and exalts hearts of faithful, also all Catherine's jewels on icon, forcing empresses not wear Jewels any more; “Bethlehem” Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on December 26; the magnificent Basilica of Christ’s Nativity in Bethlehem, the wonderworking icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, known as Bethlehemitissa, stands out. is located in a prominent proskynitarion on the right side of the southern entrance of the Holy Cave of the Nativity. infinite affection which emanates from the eyes of the Panagia’s icon, and her serene gaze, sweetens and exalts the hearts of the faithful. clothing on the Icon of the Theotokos is covered with luxurious fabrics and precious gems, and makes a distinct impression. is no clear historical data concerning the origin of the icon. is speculation that it came from Russia, and pious tradition particularly links it to the Russian Empress Catherine, who visited the Holy Land and Bethlehem after a miracle performed by the Virgin. donated her imperial garments in order to clothe the “Mistress of the World” with them. to tradition, she also gave her jewelry to be placed on the sacred icon, empresses not to wear rubies (or diamonds, according to others) any longer, for this was the exclusive privilege of the “Queen of the Angels.” the Bethlehem Icon has a special place in the hearts of all the Orthodox. Virgin Mary, the Lady of the Holy Land, is the tender mother who obeyed God’s command and brought our Savior and Redeemer into the world; at the same time she is the mother of us all and an intercessor before her Son in all our appeals. is our guardian angel. our moments of difficulty, we turn spontaneously to face her icon and her grace, always invoking her as “our fervent protector and helper.” Bethlehem;

Jerusalem, 1857-1907 , Righteous Georgians, John, Stephen and Isaiah, Sepulchre guardians, Ottoman Period
Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; the multitude of saints we remember those Christians who dedicated their earthly lives to glorifying God and serving others. In a single lifetime they performed all the spiritual feats of the venerable and devout fathers, confessors, and martyrs. the saints canonized by the Georgian Church, only four have been called “Righteous.” They are Saint Ilia Chavchavadze, well known as the “father” and “uncrowned king” of the Georgian nation, and Saints John, Steven, and Isaiah the Georgians. is believed that Holy John, Steven, and Isaiah lived in Jerusalem and guarded the Tomb of our Lord. It is probable that the Georgian Orthodox Church proclaimed them deserving of exceptional honor in recognition of their dedicated service at the Tomb of the Savior. several centuries the Georgian Church has glorified the Righteous John, Steven, and Isaiah and asked for their intercessions before the Lord.

Jerusalem, 1922-1948, Folder, British Period

Jerusalem, 1948-Present, Folder, Israel Period

Jerusalem, Judah, 1948-Present, State of Israel

Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War
Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War; January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1974, Disengagement of Forces Agreement Yom Kippor War
Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1974, Disengagement of Forces Agreement Yom Kippor War; January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date;

Jerusalem, Judah, 1974, January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date
Jerusalem, Judah, 1974, January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date ; Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War;

Jerusalem, Patriarch Locations Abstract folder, including Judah and Benjamin
Patriarch Locations Abstract Folder, including Judah and Benjamin;

Jerusalem, Benjamin Folder (Jericho, Bethel and Gibeon)

Benjamin, Land of Benjamin (Bethel, Gibeon, Jericho and Jerusalem)
Benjamin; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; Prophet Azariah, Commemorated on February 3; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Jerudalem, Benjamin History Folder

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 2000 BC Dot 5, Sarah, Lot &Abraham between Bethel & Ai
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son. Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac, Abraham Sarah's son, Jacob's father, Patriarch in Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant
Palestine, BC 2000BC, Dot5, Isaac, Abraham Sarah's son, Jacob's father, Patriarch in Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant, Type of Christ b almost sacrificed, husband Rebecca, father of Jacob & Esau; Isaac's story with abstract locations.; Righteous Isaac, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Isaac was the second of the Old Testament Patriarchs, and the son of Abraham (Genesis 17:17-22). God tested Abraham to see if he would sacrifice his son (Genesis 22:1-13), and thus Isaac was a type of Christ. He was the husband of Rebecca (Genesis 24:67), and the father of Jacob and Esau (Genesis 25:19-26). Caanan, The Holy Lands, The Levant; (/ˈkeɪnən/; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍[1] – KNʿN; Hebrew: כְּנַעַן – Kənáʿan, in pausa כְּנָעַן – Kənāʿan; Biblical Greek: Χανααν – Khanaan;[2] Arabic: كَنْعَانُ – Kan‘ān) was a Semitic-speaking civilization and region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC. had significant geopolitical importance in the Late Bronze Age Amarna Period (14th century BC) as the area where the spheres of interest of the Egyptian, Hittite, Mitanni and Assyrian Empires converged or overlapped. Much of present-day knowledge about Canaan stems from archaeological excavation in this area at sites such as Tel Hazor, Tel Megiddo, En Esur, and Gezer. name "Canaan" appears throughout the Bible, where it corresponds to "the Levant", in particular to the areas of the Southern Levant that provide the main settings of the narratives of the Bible: the Land of Israel, Philistia, and Phoenicia, among others. word Canaanites serves as an ethnic catch-all term covering various indigenous populations—both settled and nomadic-pastoral groups—throughout the regions of the southern Levant or Canaan.[3] It is by far the most frequently used ethnic term in the Bible.[4] The Book of Joshua includes Canaanites in a list of nations to exterminate,[5] scripture elsewhere portrays them as a group which the Israelites had annihilated.[6][7] scholar Mark Smith notes that archaeological data suggests "that the Israelite culture largely overlapped with and derived from Canaanite culture... In short, Israelite culture was largely Canaanite in nature."[8]: 13–14 [9][10] name "Canaanites" is attested, many centuries later, as the endonym of the people later known to the Ancient Greeks from c. 500 BC as Phoenicians,[6] and after the emigration of some Canaanite-speakers to Carthage (founded in the 9th century BC), was also used as a self-designation by the Punics (as "Chanani") of North Africa during Late Antiquity.

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 2000BC Dot 5, Jacob, son oIsaac, bro oEsau, gson oAbraham, Patriarch 12 sons
Jerusalem, 2000BC Dot 5, Jacob, son oIsaac, bro oEsau, gson Abraham, Patriarch 12 sons; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Righteous Jacob, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Jacob is mentioned in the book of Genesis, chapters 25-50. had a dream of a ladder (Genesis 28:12-17). Angels were ascending and descending the ladder, and the Lord was above the ladder type of the Mother of God, who united earth to Heaven when she consented to become the mother of the Messiah). Jacob wrestled with God (Genesis 32:22-30), who appeared as a man, and Jacob prevailed. the Lord gave him the name Israel and blessed him. called that place Peniel (The face of God), and said, "I have seen God face to face, and yet my life is preserved."

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 2000 BC Dot 5, Righteous Benjamin, Jacob's youngest son, Rachael's, bro of Joseph
Righteous Benjamin, youngest son of Jacob, bro of Joseph, son of Rachael, tribe of Benjamin ravenous wolf, devouring P in morning, dividing S in evening; Abstract of Jacob's son's locations. ; Benjamin; Righteous Benjamin, Commemorated on December 11; youngest son of Jacob, he was called Benoni and then Benjamin (Genesis 35:16-18). his death Jacob blessed him in a seemingly backhanded way, saying that “Benjamin is a ravenous wolf, devouring his prey in the morning, and dividing the spoil in the evening” (Genesis 49:27). say this is not a reference to Benjamin himself, but to the warlike nature of the tribe of Benjamin.

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Leader, Joshua
Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1500BC Dot 6, Deborah, Judge at Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah) defeated Canaan&Sisera
Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah); Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord, now that Ehud was dead. 2 So the Lord sold them into the hands of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor. Sisera, the commander of his army, was based in Harosheth Haggoyim. 3 Because he had nine hundred chariots fitted with iron and had cruelly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years, they cried to the Lord for help. Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading[a] Israel at that time. 5 She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went up to her to have their disputes decided. 6 She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali and said to him, “The Lord, the God of Israel, commands you: ‘Go, take with you ten thousand men of Naphtali and Zebulun and lead them up to Mount Tabor. 7 I will lead Sisera, the commander of Jabin’s army, with his chariots and his troops to the Kishon River and give him into your hands.’” Barak said to her, “If you go with me, I will go; but if you don’t go with me, I won’t go.” “Certainly I will go with you,” said Deborah. “But because of the course you are taking, the honor will not be yours, for the Lord will deliver Sisera into the hands of a woman.” So Deborah went with Barak to Kedesh. 10 There Barak summoned Zebulun and Naphtali, and ten thousand men went up under his command. Deborah also went up with him. Now Heber the Kenite had left the other Kenites, the descendants of Hobab, Moses’ brother-in-law,[b] and pitched his tent by the great tree in Zaanannim near Kedesh. When they told Sisera that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor, 13 Sisera summoned from Harosheth Haggoyim to the Kishon River all his men and his nine hundred chariots fitted with iron. Then Deborah said to Barak, “Go! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands. Has not the Lord gone ahead of you?” So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with ten thousand men following him. 15 At Barak’s advance, the Lord routed Sisera and all his chariots and army by the sword, and Sisera got down from his chariot and fled on foot. Barak pursued the chariots and army as far as Harosheth Haggoyim, and all Sisera’s troops fell by the sword; not a man was left. 17 Sisera, meanwhile, fled on foot to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, because there was an alliance between Jabin king of Hazor and the family of Heber the Kenite. Jael went out to meet Sisera and said to him, “Come, my lord, come right in. Don’t be afraid.” So he entered her tent, and she covered him with a blanket. “I’m thirsty,” he said. “Please give me some water.” She opened a skin of milk, gave him a drink, and covered him up. “Stand in the doorway of the tent,” he told her. “If someone comes by and asks you, ‘Is anyone in there?’ say ‘No.’” But Jael, Heber’s wife, picked up a tent peg and a hammer and went quietly to him while he lay fast asleep, exhausted. She drove the peg through his temple into the ground, and he died. Just then Barak came by in pursuit of Sisera, and Jael went out to meet him. “Come,” she said, “I will show you the man you’re looking for.” So he went in with her, and there lay Sisera with the tent peg through his temple—dead. On that day God subdued Jabin king of Canaan before the Israelites. 24 And the hand of the Israelites pressed harder and harder against Jabin king of Canaan until they destroyed him. Song of Deborah On that day Deborah and Barak son of Abinoam sang this song: 2 “When the princes in Israel take the lead, when the people willingly offer themselves— praise the Lord! 3 “Hear this, you kings! Listen, you rulers! I, even I, will sing to[c] the Lord; I will praise the Lord, the God of Israel, in song. 4 “When you, Lord, went out from Seir, when you marched from the land of Edom, the earth shook, the heavens poured, the clouds poured down water. 5 The mountains quaked before the Lord, the One of Sinai, before the Lord, the God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were abandoned; travelers took to winding paths. 7 Villagers in Israel would not fight; they held back until I, Deborah, arose, until I arose, a mother in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders when war came to the city gates, but not a shield or spear was seen among forty thousand in Israel. 9 My heart is with Israel’s princes, with the willing volunteers among the people. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on white donkeys, sitting on your saddle blankets, and you who walk along the road, consider 11 the voice of the singers[d] at the watering places. They recite the victories of the Lord, the victories of his villagers in Israel. “Then the people of the Lord went down to the city gates. 12 ‘Wake up, wake up, Deborah! Wake up, wake up, break out in song! Arise, Barak! Take captive your captives, son of Abinoam.’ 13 “The remnant of the nobles came down; the people of the Lord came down to me against the mighty. 14 Some came from Ephraim, whose roots were in Amalek; Benjamin was with the people who followed you. From Makir captains came down, from Zebulun those who bear a commander’s[e] staff. 15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah; yes, Issachar was with Barak, sent under his command into the valley. In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 16 Why did you stay among the sheep pens[f] to hear the whistling for the flocks? In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed beyond the Jordan. And Dan, why did he linger by the ships? Asher remained on the coast and stayed in his coves. 18 The people of Zebulun risked their very lives; so did Naphtali on the terraced fields. 19 “Kings came, they fought, the kings of Canaan fought. At Taanach, by the waters of Megiddo, they took no plunder of silver. 20 From the heavens the stars fought, from their courses they fought against Sisera. 21 The river Kishon swept them away, the age-old river, the river Kishon. March on, my soul; be strong! 22 Then thundered the horses’ hooves— galloping, galloping go his mighty steeds. 23 ‘Curse Meroz,’ said the angel of the Lord. ‘Curse its people bitterly, because they did not come to help the Lord, to help the Lord against the mighty.’ 24 “Most blessed of women be Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, most blessed of tent-dwelling women. 25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for nobles she brought him curdled milk. 26 Her hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workman’s hammer. She struck Sisera, she crushed his head, she shattered and pierced his temple. 27 At her feet he sank, he fell; there he lay. At her feet he sank, he fell; where he sank, there he fell—dead. 28 “Through the window peered Sisera’s mother; behind the lattice she cried out, ‘Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why is the clatter of his chariots delayed?’ 29 The wisest of her ladies answer her; indeed, she keeps saying to herself, 30 ‘Are they not finding and dividing the spoils: a woman or two for each man, colorful garments as plunder for Sisera, colorful garments embroidered, highly embroidered garments for my neck— all this as plunder?’ 31 “So may all your enemies perish, Lord! But may all who love you be like the sun when it rises in its strength.” the land had peace forty years.

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 1000 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 460-530, John of Thebes, John the Chozebite
John of Thebes, John the Chozebite; John of Choziba, originally known as John of Thebes, was a monk who was born in Egypt around the year 440–450 CE. He abandoned monophysitism around 480 and moved to Wadi Qelt, a wadi in the Judaean Desert, where he reorganized the existing lavra into a monastery known as the monastery of Choziba.[1] In 516, he became Bishop of Caesarea, but soon resigned and returned to the monastery of Choziba, where he died between 520 and 530.[2] He has been canonised as Saint John of Choziba.[3] St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; John the Chozebite, the son of Maxim and Catherine Jacob, was born July 23, 1913 in the Horodistea district of Moldavia. was named for the holy prophet Elias (July 20). In 1914, his father died in the war, and his mother succumbed to a disease, leaving Elias as an orphan. grandmother Maria raised him until he was eleven. She was a nun, so she was able to educate him in spiritual matters. died in 1924, so young Elias went to live with other relatives. He had a great love for Christ and His Church, and longed for the monastic life. entered Neamts Monastery on August 15, 1933 when he was twenty years old. his soul was nourished by the beauty of the services, the experienced spiritual instructors, and the silence of the mountains. young monk loved prayer, vigils, spiritual reading, and solitude, soon he surpassed many experienced monks in obedience, humility, and patience. his great love for spiritual books, the igumen made him the monastery’s librarian. gave comfort to many of the brethren by recommending specific books for each one to read. he would advise them to read the book carefully, make their confession, and not miss the services if they wanted to find peace. spiritual efforts attracted the notice of Archimandrite Valerie Moglan, recommended that Elias be permitted to receive monastic tonsure. He was tonsured on April 8, 1936 and received the name John. that time, the young monk intensified his spiritual efforts, conquering the temptations of the demons, and progressing on the path of salvation. John made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with two other monks in 1936, and they decided to remain there. The monk Damascene fell ill, however, and had to be taken back to Romania by the monk Claudius after eight months. first, Saint John lived in Bethlehem near Saint Savva’s Monastery. Romanian monks had lived at Saint Savva’s since the sixteenth century, and John struggled there for almost ten years. He was made librarian of the monastery, and he fulfilled this obedience for about seven years. 1945 Saint John longed for the peace and solitude of the desert, and so he went to live as a hermit. was ordained as a priest in 1947, and became igumen of the Romanian Skete of Saint John the Baptist by the Jordan. Pilgrims often came to him for Confession, Communion, and consolation. In his free time he composed religious poems and hymns. five years, he and his disciple went into the desert of Chozeba near Jericho. Here they lived in asceticism for eight years in the cave where, according to Tradition, Saint Anna had prayed. John Jacob died on August 5, 1960 at the age of forty-seven and was buried in his cave. August 8, 1980 his relics were found incorrupt and fragrant. They now rest in the Saint George the Chozebite Monastery. 1968 and 1970, Saint John’s book Spiritual Nourishment was published in two volumes, with the blessing of Patriarch Benedict of Jerusalem. John Jacob was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 601-650, George the Chozebite, his incorrupt relics here at his St George's Monastery
Jerusalem, 601-650, George tChozebite Abbot oChozeba Wilderness monastery, Benjamin (Near Jericho), fCyprus, tPalestine, fasting, vigil, physical efforts example, angel on earth, died iPeace; John of Thebes, John the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); Monastery of Saint George of Choziba (Arabic: دير القديس جورج, Greek: Μονή Αγίου Γεωργίου του Χοζεβίτου), known as Monastery of Choziba (or Hoziba) or Mar Jaris,[1] is a monastery located in Wadi Qelt in Area C of the eastern West Bank, in the Jericho Governorate of the State of Palestine. cliff-hanging complex, which emerged from a lavra established in the 420s and reorganised as a monastery around AD 500,[1] its ancient chapel and irrigated gardens, is active and inhabited by Greek Orthodox monks. houses the relics of Saint George of Choziba, after whom the monastery is named, well as the relics of Saint John of Choziba[2] (420/450-520/530) those of Saint John of Choziba the Romanian [ro] (1913-1960) monastery is reached by a pedestrian bridge across Wadi Qelt, many believe to be Psalm 23's "valley of the shadow of death".[3] valley parallels the old Roman road to Jericho, backdrop for the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 10:29–37). The monastery is open to pilgrims and visitors.[4] during the Byzantine period near Jericho, was destroyed by the Persians in AD 614, in the 12th century during the Crusader period, after their defeat, rebuilt again by Greek monks starting at the end of the 19th century. location of the monastery has been associated with the lives of Elijah that of the parents of the Virgin Mary. allied with the Eastern Orthodox saints whose relics are kept in the monastery, both make it a site of intense pilgrimage. Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; George the Chozebite was born on the island of Cyprus toward the end of the sixth century. the death of his parents, he went to Palestine to worship at the holy places. he entered into the monastic community of Chozeba between the River Jordan and Jerusalem, he later became head of this monastery. George presented the monks example in fasting, vigil and physical efforts. lived as an angel upon the earth, he died in peace.

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 601-650, George tChozebite, Abbot, fCyprus, fasting, vigil, physicalefforts example, angel on earth
Jerusalem, 601-650, George tChozebite Abbot oChozeba Wilderness monastery, Benjamin (Near Jericho), fCyprus, tPalestine, fasting, vigil, physical efforts example, angel on earth, died iPeace; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; George the Chozebite was born on the island of Cyprus toward the end of the sixth century. the death of his parents, he went to Palestine to worship at the holy places. he entered into the monastic community of Chozeba between the River Jordan and Jerusalem, he later became head of this monastery. George presented the monks example in fasting, vigil and physical efforts. lived as an angel upon the earth, he died in peace.

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1933-1960, John Jacob tChozebite, fMoldavia&Neamts, Sabbas, Skete btJordan, Desert oChozeba, incrpt relics
Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1933-1960, John Jacob the Chozebite, fMoldavia, Romania, orphan, raised bNun grandmother, Neamts a20, beauty oServices, experienced instructors, mountain silence, loved prayer vigils s reading solitude, surpassed obedience humility patience, monasteries' librarian, recommended books, read carefully, make confession, not miss services, tonsured monk 1936, John, Pilgrimage tHoly Land 1936, Sabbas 10yrs, desert hermit, priest 1947, igumen Skete St John tB by tJordan 5yrs, composed poems&Hymns, 1952 Desert oChozeba cave 8yrs where Anna had prayed, died 1980, books published 1968-70, 1980 relics found incorrupt; St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; John the Chozebite, the son of Maxim and Catherine Jacob, was born July 23, 1913 in the Horodistea district of Moldavia. was named for the holy prophet Elias (July 20). In 1914, his father died in the war, and his mother succumbed to a disease, leaving Elias as an orphan. grandmother Maria raised him until he was eleven. She was a nun, so she was able to educate him in spiritual matters. died in 1924, so young Elias went to live with other relatives. He had a great love for Christ and His Church, and longed for the monastic life. entered Neamts Monastery on August 15, 1933 when he was twenty years old. his soul was nourished by the beauty of the services, the experienced spiritual instructors, and the silence of the mountains. young monk loved prayer, vigils, spiritual reading, and solitude, soon he surpassed many experienced monks in obedience, humility, and patience. his great love for spiritual books, the igumen made him the monastery’s librarian. gave comfort to many of the brethren by recommending specific books for each one to read. he would advise them to read the book carefully, make their confession, and not miss the services if they wanted to find peace. spiritual efforts attracted the notice of Archimandrite Valerie Moglan, recommended that Elias be permitted to receive monastic tonsure. He was tonsured on April 8, 1936 and received the name John. that time, the young monk intensified his spiritual efforts, conquering the temptations of the demons, and progressing on the path of salvation. John made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with two other monks in 1936, and they decided to remain there. The monk Damascene fell ill, however, and had to be taken back to Romania by the monk Claudius after eight months. first, Saint John lived in Bethlehem near Saint Savva’s Monastery. Romanian monks had lived at Saint Savva’s since the sixteenth century, and John struggled there for almost ten years. He was made librarian of the monastery, and he fulfilled this obedience for about seven years. 1945 Saint John longed for the peace and solitude of the desert, and so he went to live as a hermit. was ordained as a priest in 1947, and became igumen of the Romanian Skete of Saint John the Baptist by the Jordan. Pilgrims often came to him for Confession, Communion, and consolation. In his free time he composed religious poems and hymns. five years, he and his disciple went into the desert of Chozeba near Jericho. Here they lived in asceticism for eight years in the cave where, according to Tradition, Saint Anna had prayed. John Jacob died on August 5, 1960 at the age of forty-seven and was buried in his cave. August 8, 1980 his relics were found incorrupt and fragrant. They now rest in the Saint George the Chozebite Monastery. 1968 and 1970, Saint John’s book Spiritual Nourishment was published in two volumes, with the blessing of Patriarch Benedict of Jerusalem. John Jacob was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

John's Jericho Watercourse, down from north side of Chozeba High Point to Baptismal Site
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Jericho, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Jericho; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated September 1 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Euthymius the Great; Sunday of Zacchaeus; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho)
Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Gilgal Watercourse from Migdon outpost, past Gilgal, to Bethany Promised Land entry point

Zaretan, beside City of Adam
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

City of Adam, beside Zaretan
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)
Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point); Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1;

Baptismal Site Bethany, Benjamin (Beyond the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba Hign Point to Jordan River
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, midway on Gerasimus' watercourse, the Caves, 455, Theoctistus'
Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, 455; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho) St Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba HP
Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4;

Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan, Coutila Gorge
Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things)
Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things); Joshua 7

Jordanian Wilderness, Benjamin, Jericho area, Jordan Monastery, watercourses go thru Jericho flats to Jordan R
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan Monastery, Jericho area, Jordanian Wilderness, 285
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jericho Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Jordan Monastery, 285, Temptation high point
Jericho Monastery; The Judean Desert "the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28;

St Cheriton's Jericho Monastery Watercourse (to Gilgal) from Migdon outpost

Chozeba High Point, Benjamin (Near Jericho)
Chozeba (Near Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Chozeba wilderness, Benjamin (high point between Jerusalem and Jericho)
Chozeba wilderness (between Jerusalem and Jericho); St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

St John and George's Choziba Monastery, Benjamin (C high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 480
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Pharan Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); The Judean Desert " the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Tharan Monastery, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Bethel, Benjamin (High Point) El-Bireh
Bethel; (Hebrew: בֵּית אֵל, romanized: Bēṯ 'Ēl, "House of El" or "House of God",[1] also transliterated Beth El, Beth-El, Beit El; Greek: Βαιθήλ; Latin: Bethel) was an ancient Israelite sanctuary[2] frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. is first referred to in the bible as being near where Abram pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location where Jacob dreams of a ladder leading to heaven, and which he therefore named Bethel, "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and that of the tribe of Ephraim, which first belonged to the Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the 4th century CE, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome described Bethel as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem, to the right or east of the road leading to Neapolis.[3] scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of Beitin,[4] located in the West Bank, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of Ramallah; few scholars prefer El-Bireh.[citation needed] In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the Israeli settlement of Beit El, founded nearby. In several countries—particularly in the United States—the name has been given to various locations (see Bethel (disambiguation)). Edward Robinson identified the Arab village of Beitin in the West Bank with ancient Bethel in Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52. He based this assessment on its fitting the location described in earlier texts, and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name, arguing that the replacement of the Hebrew el with the Arabic in was not unusual.[5] Most academics continue to identify Bethel with Beitin.[4] Beitin in 1894, from the book Holy Land photographed by Daniel B. Shepp David Palmer Livingston contradicts this view, based on the lack of positive identification by means of inscriptions and relying on the distance from Jerusalem according to Eusebius and Jerome.[citation needed] He identifies Bethel with El-Bireh, suggesting that Beitin might be biblical Ophrah;[citation needed] however, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of Taybeh. the Hebrew Bible of Genesis Bethel is mentioned several times in Genesis. It is first mentioned in Genesis 12 and 13,[6] as a place near where Abram stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to the Ai and just to the west of it. More famously it is mentioned again in Genesis 28,[7] when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother Esau, falls asleep on a stone and dreams of a ladder stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with angels; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of Canaan; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone (baetylus) with oil and names the place Bethel. Another account, from Genesis 35[8] repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place (as El-Bethel), and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that the original name of the place was Luz, a Canaanite name. of Jacob's dream at Bethel, by José de Ribera. of Joshua Bethel is mentioned again in the book of Joshua 7:2, 8:9 as being close to Ai and on the west side of it; in this episode Joshua sent men from Jericho to capture Ai. At 16:1 it is again said to be next to Luz, near Jericho, and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is Manasseh and Ephraim, cf. Joshua 16:4). of Judges In the book of Judges 1:22 the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At Judges 4:5 the prophetess Deborah is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to Genesis 35:8, where another Deborah, the nurse of Jacob's mother Rebecca, is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel is said in Judges 4:5 to be in Mt. Ephraim. Judges 20:18, where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the King James Version as the 'House of God,' the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit (Judges 20:26) after losing the battle. Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the Ark of the Covenant was kept there, under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron (Judges 20:27 f). At Judges 21:19, Bethel is said to be south of Shiloh. of Samuel At the next mention of the Ark, in 1 Samuel 4:3, it is said to be kept at Shiloh. the book 1 Samuel 7:16, it is said that the prophet Samuel, who resided at Ramah, used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel, Gilgal and Mizpah to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells Saul to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel is mentioned again in 1 Samuel 13:2 and 2 Samuel 30:27. Book of Kings After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King Solomon (c.931 BC), Jeroboam, the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel, made two golden calves (1 Kings 12:28 ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in Dan in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at 1 Kings 13:1 ff of how a man from Judah visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by Josiah. Book of Kings According to 2 Kings 2:1ff, the prophets Elijah and Elisha visited Bethel on a journey from Gilgal to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven alive (2 Kings 2:11). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles)[citation needed] as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears (2 Kings 2:23 ff). is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel, Jehu (c. 842-815 BC). Despite his killing of the prophets of Baal and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan (2 Kings 10:29). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King Josiah of Judah (c. 640-609 BC). of Ezra and Nehemiah Bethel is mentioned in Ezra 2:28 and Nehemiah 7:32 as being resettled at the time of the return of the exiles from Babylon. of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by the prophet Amos (c. 750): not seek Bethel, do not go to Gilgal, do not journey to Beersheba. For Gilgal will surely go into exile, and Bethel will be reduced to nothing. — Amos, 5:5 Don’t prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king’s sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom. — Amos, 7:13 A few years later, the prophet Hosea (8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of the "wickedness" of Bethel (Hosea 10:15) and Jeremiah (6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel (Jeremiah 48:13). Hosea 13:1–3 describes how the Israelites are abandoning Adonai for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal.[9] Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Bethel in Benjamin (High Point) Beitin
Bethel in Benjamin; (Hebrew: בֵּית אֵל, romanized: Bēṯ 'Ēl, "House of El" or "House of God",[1] also transliterated Beth El, Beth-El, Beit El; Greek: Βαιθήλ; Latin: Bethel) was an ancient Israelite sanctuary[2] frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. is first referred to in the bible as being near where Abram pitched his tent. Later, Bethel is mentioned as the location where Jacob dreams of a ladder leading to heaven, and which he therefore named Bethel, "House of God". The name is further used for a border city located between the territory of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin and that of the tribe of Ephraim, which first belonged to the Benjaminites and was later conquered by the Ephraimites. In the 4th century CE, Eusebius of Caesarea and Jerome described Bethel as a small village that lay 12 Roman miles north of Jerusalem, to the right or east of the road leading to Neapolis.[3] scholars identify Bethel with the modern-day village of Beitin,[4] located in the West Bank, 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northeast of Ramallah; few scholars prefer El-Bireh.[citation needed] In 1977, the biblical name was applied to the Israeli settlement of Beit El, founded nearby. In several countries—particularly in the United States—the name has been given to various locations (see Bethel (disambiguation)). Edward Robinson identified the Arab village of Beitin in the West Bank with ancient Bethel in Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52. He based this assessment on its fitting the location described in earlier texts, and on the philological similarities between the modern and ancient name, arguing that the replacement of the Hebrew el with the Arabic in was not unusual.[5] Most academics continue to identify Bethel with Beitin.[4] Beitin in 1894, from the book Holy Land photographed by Daniel B. Shepp David Palmer Livingston contradicts this view, based on the lack of positive identification by means of inscriptions and relying on the distance from Jerusalem according to Eusebius and Jerome.[citation needed] He identifies Bethel with El-Bireh, suggesting that Beitin might be biblical Ophrah;[citation needed] however, Ophrah is commonly identified with the nearby village of Taybeh. the Hebrew Bible of Genesis Bethel is mentioned several times in Genesis. It is first mentioned in Genesis 12 and 13,[6] as a place near where Abram stayed and built an altar on his way to Egypt and on his return. It is said to be close to the Ai and just to the west of it. More famously it is mentioned again in Genesis 28,[7] when Jacob, fleeing from the wrath of his brother Esau, falls asleep on a stone and dreams of a ladder stretching between Heaven and Earth and thronged with angels; God stands at the top of the ladder, and promises Jacob the land of Canaan; when Jacob awakes he anoints the stone (baetylus) with oil and names the place Bethel. Another account, from Genesis 35[8] repeats the covenant with God and the naming of the place (as El-Bethel), and makes this the site of Jacob's own change of name to Israel. Both versions state that the original name of the place was Luz, a Canaanite name. of Jacob's dream at Bethel, by José de Ribera. of Joshua Bethel is mentioned again in the book of Joshua 7:2, 8:9 as being close to Ai and on the west side of it; in this episode Joshua sent men from Jericho to capture Ai. At 16:1 it is again said to be next to Luz, near Jericho, and part of the territory of the descendants of Joseph (that is Manasseh and Ephraim, cf. Joshua 16:4). of Judges In the book of Judges 1:22 the descendants of Joseph capture the city of Bethel, which again is said to have previously been called Luz. At Judges 4:5 the prophetess Deborah is said to dwell at Bethel under the palm-tree of Deborah (presumably a reference to Genesis 35:8, where another Deborah, the nurse of Jacob's mother Rebecca, is said to have been buried under a tree at Bethel). Bethel is said in Judges 4:5 to be in Mt. Ephraim. Judges 20:18, where the Hebrew Beth-El is translated in the King James Version as the 'House of God,' the people of Israel go to Bethel to ask counsel of God when they are planning to attack the Benjaminites at the battle of Gibeah. They make a second visit (Judges 20:26) after losing the battle. Bethel was evidently already an important religious centre at this time; it was so important, in fact, that the Ark of the Covenant was kept there, under the care of Phinehas the grandson of Aaron (Judges 20:27 f). At Judges 21:19, Bethel is said to be south of Shiloh. of Samuel At the next mention of the Ark, in 1 Samuel 4:3, it is said to be kept at Shiloh. the book 1 Samuel 7:16, it is said that the prophet Samuel, who resided at Ramah, used to make a yearly circuit of Bethel, Gilgal and Mizpah to judge Israel. At I Samuel 10:3, Samuel tells Saul to go to Bethel to visit the 'Hill of God,' where he will meet a group of prophets coming down from the high place with a 'psaltery, and a tabret, and a pipe, and a harp.' It appears that there was a Philistine garrison there at that time. Bethel is mentioned again in 1 Samuel 13:2 and 2 Samuel 30:27. Book of Kings After the kingdom of Israel was split into two kingdoms on the death of King Solomon (c.931 BC), Jeroboam, the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel, made two golden calves (1 Kings 12:28 ff) and set one up in Bethel, and the other in Dan in the far north of his kingdom. This was apparently to make it unnecessary for the people of Israel to have to go to Jerusalem to worship in the temple there. It seems that this action provoked the hostility of the Judaeans. A story is told at 1 Kings 13:1 ff of how a man from Judah visited the shrine at Bethel and prophesied that it would eventually be destroyed by Josiah. Book of Kings According to 2 Kings 2:1ff, the prophets Elijah and Elisha visited Bethel on a journey from Gilgal to Jericho shortly before Elijah was taken up to heaven alive (2 Kings 2:11). Later, when Elisha returned alone to Bethel, he was taunted by some young men (not 'young boys' as it is translated in some English Bibles)[citation needed] as he climbed up to the shrine, and cursed them; whereupon 42 of the young men were mauled by bears (2 Kings 2:23 ff). is next mentioned in connection with the tenth king of Israel, Jehu (c. 842-815 BC). Despite his killing of the prophets of Baal and destruction of their temple, it is said that Jehu continued to tolerate the presence of the golden calves in Bethel and Dan (2 Kings 10:29). The shrine at Bethel apparently avoided destruction in the Assyrian invasions of the Kingdom of Israel in c. 740 and 722, but was finally completely destroyed by King Josiah of Judah (c. 640-609 BC). of Ezra and Nehemiah Bethel is mentioned in Ezra 2:28 and Nehemiah 7:32 as being resettled at the time of the return of the exiles from Babylon. of Amos, Hosea and Jeremiah The shrine is mentioned with disapproval by the prophet Amos (c. 750): not seek Bethel, do not go to Gilgal, do not journey to Beersheba. For Gilgal will surely go into exile, and Bethel will be reduced to nothing. — Amos, 5:5 Don’t prophesy anymore at Bethel, because this is the king’s sanctuary and the temple of the kingdom. — Amos, 7:13 A few years later, the prophet Hosea (8th century BC) speaks (at least according to modern translations) of the "wickedness" of Bethel (Hosea 10:15) and Jeremiah (6th century BC) speaks of the "shame" which it brought on Israel (Jeremiah 48:13). Hosea 13:1–3 describes how the Israelites are abandoning Adonai for the worship of Baal, and accuses them of making or using images for 'idol' worship. Chief among these, it appears, was the image of the bull at Bethel, which by the time of Hosea was being worshipped as an image of Baal.[9]

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Luz (Bethel, Jacob's Ladder, where God speaks to Jacob)
Luz, where God speaks to Jacob, and Jacob's Ladder; Genesis 47:27-48:7, The Last Days of Jacob, Jacob blesses Joseph's sons; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Ai (Bible)
Ai (Bible, Joshua 7 and 8) ; Joshua 7 The Sin of Achan and Its Punishment ; Joshua 8 Ai Captured [[by a Stratagem]] and Destroyed;

Migron, an outpost
Migron, an outpost north of Michmash and east of Bethel,

Michmash
Michmash, East of Bethen and South of Migron, on the road to Jerusalem, 1 Maccabees Ch 9

Israel (at Bethel, Benjamin)
Israel (the other 10 tribes) worshipped at Bethel, Benjamin. Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Geba (in the land of Benjamin)
Geba; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Gilgal (11k north of and up from Bethel)
Gilgal (11k north of Bethel), 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Ephratha (from Bethel)
Ephratha (Ephratha from Bethel); Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah)
Palm of Deborah (between Bethel and Ramah); Again the Israelites did evil in the eyes of the Lord, now that Ehud was dead. 2 So the Lord sold them into the hands of Jabin king of Canaan, who reigned in Hazor. Sisera, the commander of his army, was based in Harosheth Haggoyim. 3 Because he had nine hundred chariots fitted with iron and had cruelly oppressed the Israelites for twenty years, they cried to the Lord for help. Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading[a] Israel at that time. 5 She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites went up to her to have their disputes decided. 6 She sent for Barak son of Abinoam from Kedesh in Naphtali and said to him, “The Lord, the God of Israel, commands you: ‘Go, take with you ten thousand men of Naphtali and Zebulun and lead them up to Mount Tabor. 7 I will lead Sisera, the commander of Jabin’s army, with his chariots and his troops to the Kishon River and give him into your hands.’” Barak said to her, “If you go with me, I will go; but if you don’t go with me, I won’t go.” “Certainly I will go with you,” said Deborah. “But because of the course you are taking, the honor will not be yours, for the Lord will deliver Sisera into the hands of a woman.” So Deborah went with Barak to Kedesh. 10 There Barak summoned Zebulun and Naphtali, and ten thousand men went up under his command. Deborah also went up with him. Now Heber the Kenite had left the other Kenites, the descendants of Hobab, Moses’ brother-in-law,[b] and pitched his tent by the great tree in Zaanannim near Kedesh. When they told Sisera that Barak son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor, 13 Sisera summoned from Harosheth Haggoyim to the Kishon River all his men and his nine hundred chariots fitted with iron. Then Deborah said to Barak, “Go! This is the day the Lord has given Sisera into your hands. Has not the Lord gone ahead of you?” So Barak went down Mount Tabor, with ten thousand men following him. 15 At Barak’s advance, the Lord routed Sisera and all his chariots and army by the sword, and Sisera got down from his chariot and fled on foot. Barak pursued the chariots and army as far as Harosheth Haggoyim, and all Sisera’s troops fell by the sword; not a man was left. 17 Sisera, meanwhile, fled on foot to the tent of Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, because there was an alliance between Jabin king of Hazor and the family of Heber the Kenite. Jael went out to meet Sisera and said to him, “Come, my lord, come right in. Don’t be afraid.” So he entered her tent, and she covered him with a blanket. “I’m thirsty,” he said. “Please give me some water.” She opened a skin of milk, gave him a drink, and covered him up. “Stand in the doorway of the tent,” he told her. “If someone comes by and asks you, ‘Is anyone in there?’ say ‘No.’” But Jael, Heber’s wife, picked up a tent peg and a hammer and went quietly to him while he lay fast asleep, exhausted. She drove the peg through his temple into the ground, and he died. Just then Barak came by in pursuit of Sisera, and Jael went out to meet him. “Come,” she said, “I will show you the man you’re looking for.” So he went in with her, and there lay Sisera with the tent peg through his temple—dead. On that day God subdued Jabin king of Canaan before the Israelites. 24 And the hand of the Israelites pressed harder and harder against Jabin king of Canaan until they destroyed him. Song of Deborah On that day Deborah and Barak son of Abinoam sang this song: 2 “When the princes in Israel take the lead, when the people willingly offer themselves— praise the Lord! 3 “Hear this, you kings! Listen, you rulers! I, even I, will sing to[c] the Lord; I will praise the Lord, the God of Israel, in song. 4 “When you, Lord, went out from Seir, when you marched from the land of Edom, the earth shook, the heavens poured, the clouds poured down water. 5 The mountains quaked before the Lord, the One of Sinai, before the Lord, the God of Israel. 6 “In the days of Shamgar son of Anath, in the days of Jael, the highways were abandoned; travelers took to winding paths. 7 Villagers in Israel would not fight; they held back until I, Deborah, arose, until I arose, a mother in Israel. 8 God chose new leaders when war came to the city gates, but not a shield or spear was seen among forty thousand in Israel. 9 My heart is with Israel’s princes, with the willing volunteers among the people. Praise the Lord! 10 “You who ride on white donkeys, sitting on your saddle blankets, and you who walk along the road, consider 11 the voice of the singers[d] at the watering places. They recite the victories of the Lord, the victories of his villagers in Israel. “Then the people of the Lord went down to the city gates. 12 ‘Wake up, wake up, Deborah! Wake up, wake up, break out in song! Arise, Barak! Take captive your captives, son of Abinoam.’ 13 “The remnant of the nobles came down; the people of the Lord came down to me against the mighty. 14 Some came from Ephraim, whose roots were in Amalek; Benjamin was with the people who followed you. From Makir captains came down, from Zebulun those who bear a commander’s[e] staff. 15 The princes of Issachar were with Deborah; yes, Issachar was with Barak, sent under his command into the valley. In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 16 Why did you stay among the sheep pens[f] to hear the whistling for the flocks? In the districts of Reuben there was much searching of heart. 17 Gilead stayed beyond the Jordan. And Dan, why did he linger by the ships? Asher remained on the coast and stayed in his coves. 18 The people of Zebulun risked their very lives; so did Naphtali on the terraced fields. 19 “Kings came, they fought, the kings of Canaan fought. At Taanach, by the waters of Megiddo, they took no plunder of silver. 20 From the heavens the stars fought, from their courses they fought against Sisera. 21 The river Kishon swept them away, the age-old river, the river Kishon. March on, my soul; be strong! 22 Then thundered the horses’ hooves— galloping, galloping go his mighty steeds. 23 ‘Curse Meroz,’ said the angel of the Lord. ‘Curse its people bitterly, because they did not come to help the Lord, to help the Lord against the mighty.’ 24 “Most blessed of women be Jael, the wife of Heber the Kenite, most blessed of tent-dwelling women. 25 He asked for water, and she gave him milk; in a bowl fit for nobles she brought him curdled milk. 26 Her hand reached for the tent peg, her right hand for the workman’s hammer. She struck Sisera, she crushed his head, she shattered and pierced his temple. 27 At her feet he sank, he fell; there he lay. At her feet he sank, he fell; where he sank, there he fell—dead. 28 “Through the window peered Sisera’s mother; behind the lattice she cried out, ‘Why is his chariot so long in coming? Why is the clatter of his chariots delayed?’ 29 The wisest of her ladies answer her; indeed, she keeps saying to herself, 30 ‘Are they not finding and dividing the spoils: a woman or two for each man, colorful garments as plunder for Sisera, colorful garments embroidered, highly embroidered garments for my neck— all this as plunder?’ 31 “So may all your enemies perish, Lord! But may all who love you be like the sun when it rises in its strength.” the land had peace forty years. Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem)
Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem) ; 1 Maccabees 3: The Early Victories of Judas, The Policy of Antiochus, Preparations for Battle; 1 Samuel 10:17-27, Saul Proclaimed King;

Gibeon
Gibeon, 1 Maccabees Ch 3; Joshua 9:3-21, We have come from a far country; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ;

Ramathaim-Zophim, Benjamin (Ramah in Benjamin)
Ramathaim-Zophim ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated August 20; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ;

Ebenezer, Benjamin (Beit Iksa)
Ebenezer; 1 Samuel 4:1-11, The Arc of God Captured;

Ebenezer (Dayr Aban)
Ebenezer (Dayr Aban); 1 Samuel 4:1-11 The Arc of God Captured;

Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord
Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord; 1 Samuel 6:1-16, The Ark Returned to Israel

Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal
Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27;

Arimathea, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Arimathea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Ramah in Benjamin (High Point)
Ramah in Benjamin; (from Hebrew: "height"[1]) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a city in ancient Israel in the land allocated to the tribe of Benjamin. It was located near Gibeon and Mizpah to the West, Gibeah to the South, and Geba to the East. has been identified with modern Er-Ram, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) north of Jerusalem.[2][3][4] accounts city is first mentioned in Joshua 18:25, near Gibeah of Benjamin. In the Book of Judges, a Levite came traveling to Gibeah, with Ramah just ahead (Judges 19:11–15). needed] is the town that was home to Samuel's mother Hannah and his father Elkanah, from which they journeyed to the sanctuary at Shiloh, where Hannah prayed to God to end her barrenness and give her a child (1 Samuel 1:1). Ramah is mentioned in 1 Samuel 8:4 in reference to a meeting place during Samuel's rule. was later fortified by Baasha, king of the northern kingdom, in order to control access to Jerusalem (1 Kings 15:17–22; 2 Chronicles 16:1–6). Asa, king of the southern kingdom of Judah, employed Ben-Hadad I, the Syrian king, successfully to attack Baasha at home and draw his forces away from this city (1 Kings 15:18). The biblical account states that the fortifications were later dismantled by decree of King Asa and the materials used to fortify Judah's defenses at nearby Geba and Mizpah (1 Kings 15:22; 2 Chronicles 16:6). Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians, those taken captive were assembled in Ramah before being moved to Babylon (Jeremiah 40:1). said: voice is heard in Ramah, mourning and great weeping, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more (Jeremiah 31:15 NIV).[5] – the ancestress of the three tribes, Ephraim, Manasseh, and Benjamin [6] – had so desired children that she considered herself dead without them (Genesis 30:1). Jeremiah said that she was figuratively weeping because of the loss of the people killed or taken in captivity.[7] And since she was the mother of Benjamin, it would fit because those in Ramah were Benjamites. the New Testament, Ramah is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (2:18), where it is stated that Jeremiah's prophecy about Rachel received "a second accomplishment" [8] in the slaughter of boy children carried out when Herod was king: what was said through the prophet Jeremiah was fulfilled: A voice is heard in Ramah, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children and refusing to be comforted, because they are no more.[9] Prophet Hanani, Commemorated on March 27;

Adasa
Adasa, 1 Maccabees Ch 7;

Temple - Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Nob - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Beth Horan
Beth Horan, HWY 443, 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Ch 7; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Kings against Gibeon, The Sun Stands Still;

Emmaus in the plain, near Jerusalem, in Benjamin, Road to Emmaus from Jerusalem
Emmaus 7 miles NW of present day Jerusalem.; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated October 18 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 22;

Modein
Modein (1 Maccabees Ch 2), Ch 9;

Ajalon
Ajalon; Beth-Horan in 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Beth-Horan is on the Gebeon-Ajalon Road

Beth-dagon
Beth-dagon, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Emmaus Nicopolis, Road to Emmaus from Jerusalem
Emmaus Nicopolis; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 22;

Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa)
Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah'™s Inspection of the Walls;

Timnath
Timnath, 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Gazara
Gazara, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 15;

Ekron
Ekron, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon
Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities against Joshua for Gibeon, the Sun Stands Still, Hailstones of the Lord;

Colonia, Palestine, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Colonia, Palestine; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Anathoth, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Anathoth; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, Kidron Valley Folder

Kidron Valley 1 (Mt Zion)

Kidron Valley 1 Zion to Theodosios Monastery

Kidron Valley 1, Zion to Theodosius 2

Kidron Valley 2 (between Mt of Olives and Jerusalem Temple)

Kidron Valley 2 and 3, Between Mt Olives and Jerusalem, Zion River to Theodosius 3

Kidron Valley 3 (Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 3 (down to Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 4 (Road to Jericho)

Kidron Valley 4, Kidron River

Monastery of St. Theoctistus, Kidron Valley 4 (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og)
The Monastery of St. Theoctistus (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og); Deir Muqallik or Wadi Og; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Kidron Valley 5 (Kidron Valley near Kedron)
Kidron Valley (Valley of Jehoshaphat);

Kedron (Kedar, above Kidron Valley 5)
Kedar, 1 Maccabees Ch 15; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Kidron Valley 6 (Tharan Lavra, Euthymius' Monastery)

Watercourse South from Euthymius' Tharan high point to Kedron River
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Euthymius' Monastery, Benjamin (high point, Kidron Valley 6) 428
Laura of Euthymius; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Laura of Euthymius, 428 (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Laura of Euthymius: Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ;

Tharan lavra, high point 6 miles east of Jerusalem (Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Watercourse East and North from Theran to Jericho flats (like a sink that overflows)

Pharan Lavra, 1 of 3 of St Chariton (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Jerusalem, Judea Folder (Bethlehem and Hebron)

Judea (South of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee, mountainous southern part of Israel)
Judea; of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee, mountainous southern part of Israel, part of West Bank Patriarch Locations in the abstract; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Prophet Azariah, Commemorated on February 3; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethlehem, Judea (high point, south of Jerusalem 6 miles)
Bethlehem; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite; Prophet Micah; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 21 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 29 ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem
Church of the Nativity, Bethlehem; “Bethlehem” Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on December 26;

Hebron, Judea (high point 19 miles south of Jerusalem, Trees of Mamre)
Hebron; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated close to December 26; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Gath, Philistia (couple miles South of Hebron) Goliath from Gad
Hebron; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated close to December 26; Holy Righteous David the King, Commemorated on December 26; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem
Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem; Saints Martinian, Zoe, and Photina of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13;

Judean Wilderness, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Judean Wilderness is West and Northwest of the Dead Sea; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ;

Souka Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, 280, southern watercourse from Tekoa
Souka Monastery of St Cheriton; The Judean Desert the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; The Judean Desert “ the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Souka Cheriton Watercourse from Souka down to Dead Sea

Judah (Kingdom of Judah, after Solomon)
Kingdom of Judah; An abstract of Judah (Judea) and other Patriarch Locations; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hanani, Commemorated on March 27; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Judaea (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, 6-135
Judaea (Roman province); (Roman province) incorporated Judea, Samaria, and Idumea, divided by Rome after Herod the Great MATTHEW; Zealotry; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16;

Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah)
Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah), 1 Maccabees ch 5, largest city in West Bank; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethelhem Ephratha
Bethlehem Ephratha ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ;

Bethlehem to Theodosius Watercourse, down from Bethlehem high point

Wadi Eshcol
Wadi Eshcol, Numbers 13; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Beth-zur
Beth-zur, 1 Maccabees ch 6, King Antiochus' town, Ch 11;

Beth-zechariah
Beth-zechariah, 1 Maccabees ch 6;

Judean Hills
Judean Hills (turn up the gain to tools options 3 to better see these hills); Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23;

St. George's Monastery, near Bethlehem (Al-Khader)
St. George's Monastery (Al-Khader); Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem, 327 and 1027, 3 trees of the Cross
Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Jerusalem Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Georgian Monastery of the Cross, Jerusalem, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Wilderness of Judea, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Wilderness of Judea, The wilderness of Judea mentioned in this verse is generally taken to refer to the region of Judea sloping down from the highlands to the Dead Sea. This was an arid area not well suited to habitation. ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT) ;

Monastery of St Theodosius the Great, Judea, 476, watercourse from Bethlehem
monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476 (watercourse between Sabbas and Bethlehem)
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24;

Magi's Cave on Monastery of St. Theodosius grounds, 1st night aGifts aAngel ordered return not tHerod
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; of the Magi[edit] cave on the monastery grounds is, according to tradition, the place where the three Magi took shelter during the first night after delivering their gifts to the newborn Baby Jesus, an angel had appeared to them and ordered them to return home without reporting Jesus' location to King Herod. Cave of the Magi is called Metopa in Greek.[10]

Cenobitic monasticism - Theodosius' Home of Cenobitic monasticism
Cenobitic monasticism ; monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Sabbas Watercourse from Theodosius to Dead Sea

Sabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, 483
Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Holy Lavra of St. Savas; Icon of the Mother of God “Of the Three Handsâ€, Commemorated on June 28; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three Hands on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Saint Theodore of Edessa, Mesopotamia, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Michael the Black-Robed of Saint Savva Monastery, Commemorated on July 29; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; St Jonah the Presbyter, father of St Theophanes the Hymnographer and Theodore Graptus, Commemorated September 22 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Stephen the Hymnographer of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable John the Silent of Saint Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Michael œthe Black-RobedÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, just the order, established at Sabbas and Studion
Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, established at Sabbas and Studion; It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. The Typikon (Greek: ÃÂÂÂ„ÃÂÂÂ…ÃÂÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÃÂÂÂŒÎ½/typikon, pl. ÃÂÂÂ„ÃÂÂÂ…ÃÂÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÎ¬/typika, lit. "following the order"; Slavonic: Ñ¹ÑÂÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂÂ°ÃÂÂÂ²ÑŠ/ustav) is a book of directives and rubrics that establishes in the Orthodox Christian Church the order of divine services for each day of the year. It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. In monastic usage, the typikon of the monastery includes both the rule of life of the community and the rule of prayer. There are a number of major typikon traditions, but there are also many local variations, often codified into an official typikon. Saint Gennadius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Hyrcania Fortress (the high point)
Hyrcania Fortress; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress high point to the south and Sabbas Watercourse

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress to the sink

Wilderness of Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel
Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel, 1 Maccabees Ch 2;

Qumran, Judea (living in the wilderness)
Qumran; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Qumran Watercourse

wilderness of Tekoa
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Tekoa, high point
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19;

Tekoa to Souka Chariton Watercourse, down from Tekoa high point

Old Lavra of Saint Chariton, Tekoa, Judea
Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the œOldÂ or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Ancient Caves Lavra, Tekoa, Judea, 8th Century
Ancient Caves Lavra or Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa. Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the "œOld"Â or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Rimmon south of Jerusalem
Rimmon south of Jerusalem (13 miles SW of Hebron); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Beersheba, Judah (Isaac's Well Sheba)
Beersheba, Numbers 13 ; Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar)
Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar); Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech;

Simeon, Land of Simeon (around Beersheba, within Southwest Judah)
Land of Simeon, around Beersheba ; An abstract of Simeon within the lands of the Patriarchs, -Simeon is around Beersheba, within Southwest Judah; is around Beersheba, within Southwest Judah; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Carmel (Judean home of Nabal and Abigail)
Carmel, Judea; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 13 ;

Ziklag (East of Maon)
Carmel, Judea; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 13 ;

wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, David's Cave monastery (high point south of Hebron, Euthymius')
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Maon (High Point 10mi south of Hebron, 5mi south of Ziph High Point)
Maon (10mi south of Hebron)

Succoh (on road east of Maon)

Atad (Abel-mizraim)
Atad; Abel-mizraim; Beyond the Jordon is west of the Jordan. Atad is near Hebron. This is the easiest road to Hebron. This is the first view of Hebron. Genesis 50: 7-14 7 So Joseph went up to bury his father. With him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his household, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, 8as well as all the household of Joseph, his brothers, and his fatherÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s household. Only their children, their flocks, and their herds were left in the land of Goshen. 9Both chariots and charioteers went up with him. It was a very great company. 10When they came to the threshing-floor of Atad, which is beyond the Jordan, they held there a very great and sorrowful lamentation; and he observed a time of mourning for his father for seven days. 11When the Canaanite inhabitants of the land saw the mourning on the threshing-floor of Atad, they said, ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â˜This is a grievous mourning on the part of the Egyptians.ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™ Therefore the place was named Abel-mizraim;* it is beyond the Jordan. 12Thus his sons did for him as he had instructed them. 13They carried him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave of the field at Machpelah, the field near Mamre, which Abraham bought as a burial site from Ephron the Hittite. 14After he had buried his father, Joseph returned to Egypt with his brothers and all who had gone up with him to bury his father.

Adora
Adora, 1 Maccabees Ch 13;

Lachish, Judea (a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachish (a fortress protecting Wadis leading up to Jerusalem); Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Lachis, Judea (Lachish, a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachis (Lachish, a fortress protecting wadis leading up to Jerusalem) ; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Eglon, Judah, The Five Amorite Kings, The Sun Stands Still
Eglon, Judah; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still;

Mizpah (Judah)
Mizpah (Judah), 1 Maccabees Ch 3;

Shephlah, Judea (Moresheth is in this region)
Shephlah; Moresheth; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14;

Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads)
Eleutheropolis (a crossroads); Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Eleutheropolis (Greek, "City of the Free") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis. Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated October 9 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Judea to Way of the Sea Road

Ajalon and Valley Gate to Eleutheropolis and Way of the Sea Road

Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop)
Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop); 1 Samuel 22:1-23, David and His Followers at Adullam ;

Jerusalem, Judea History Folder

Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate
Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29;

Jerusalem, Mt of Olives area Folder

Mount of Olives (near Jerusalem)
Mount of Olives; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep. ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives to North to Kedron River

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives South past Kedron town

Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension, Mt of Olives, 384
Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31;

Ridge of Grace, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
Ridge of Grace When the pilgrims were approaching the place called the œRidge of Grace,Â from which the holy city of Jerusalem becomes visible, St. David fell to his knees and glorified God with tears. Judging himself unworthy to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ, he was satisfied to gaze upon the city from afar. St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Kedron Valley or Valley of Josaphat
Kedron Valley or Josaphat Valley; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Gethsemane, Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem
Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem ; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Righteous Josephof Arimathea; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem"Â, Commemorated on October 12 "; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30;

Sepulchre, Holy Sepulchre (Tomb) of the Lord, Garden of Gethsemane
Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; the Crucifixion and Death of the Savior he made bold to go to Pilate and ask him for the Body of the Lord, to Which he gave burial with the help of Righteous Νikόdēmos, who was also a secret disciple of the Lord. took down the Body of the Savior from the Cross, wrapped it in a winding-cloth, and placed it in a new tomb, in which no one had ever been buried, in the Garden of Gethsemane, in the presence of the Mother of God and the holy Myrrh-Bearing Women (St Joseph had prepared this tomb for himself). Having rolled a heavy stone before the entrance of the tomb, they departed (John. 19: 37-42; Mt. 27: 57-61; Mark 15: 43-47; Luke. 24: 50-56) The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose. Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane
Dormition of the Theotokos at Holy Sepulchre, Gethsemane; the time of Her blessed Falling Asleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary was again at Jerusalem. Her fame as the Mother of God had already spread throughout the land and had aroused many of the envious and the spiteful against Her. They wanted to make attempts on Her life; but God preserved Her from enemies. and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose. Most Holy Virgin prayed also that the Lord would have the Apostle John come to Her. The Holy Spirit transported him from Ephesus, setting him in that very place where the Mother of God lay. After the prayer, the Most Holy Virgin offered incense, and John heard a voice from Heaven, closing Her prayer with the word “Amen.” The Mother of God took it that the voice meant the speedy arrival of the Apostles and the Disciples and the holy Bodiless Powers. faithful, whose number by then was impossible to count, gathered together, says Saint John of Damascus, like clouds and eagles, to listen to the Mother of God. Seeing one another, the Disciples rejoiced, but in their confusion they asked each other why the Lord had gathered them together in one place. Saint John the Theologian, greeting them with tears of joy, said that the time of the Virgin’s repose was at hand. in to the Mother of God, they beheld Her lying upon the bed, and filled with spiritual joy. The Disciples greeted Her, and then they told her how they had been carried miraculously from their places of preaching. The Most Holy Virgin Mary glorified God, because He had heard Her prayer and fulfilled Her heart’s desire, and She began speaking about Her imminent end. this conversation the Apostle Paul also appeared in a miraculous manner together with his disciples Dionysius the Areopagite, Saint Hierotheus, Saint Timothy and others of the Seventy Apostles. The Holy Spirit had gathered them all together so that they might be granted the blessing of the All-Pure Virgin Mary, and more fittingly to see to the burial of the Mother of the Lord. She called each of them to Herself by name, She blessed them and extolled them for their faith and the hardships they endured in preaching the Gospel of Christ. To each She wished eternal bliss, and prayed with them for the peace and welfare of the whole world. came the third hour (9 A.M.), when the Dormition of the Mother of God was to occur. A number of candles were burning. The holy Disciples surrounded her beautifully adorned bed, offering praise to God. She prayed in anticipation of Her demise and of the arrival of Her longed-for Son and Lord. Suddenly, the inexpressible Light of Divine Glory shone forth, before which the blazing candles paled in comparison. All who saw it took fright. Descending from Heaven was Christ, the King of Glory, surrounded by hosts of Angels and Archangels and other Heavenly Powers, together with the souls of the Forefathers and the Prophets, who had prophesied in ages past concerning the Most Holy Virgin Mary. Her Son, the Mother of God exclaimed: “My soul doth magnify the Lord, and my spirit hath rejoiced in God My Savior, for He hath regarded the low estate of His Handmaiden” (Luke 1:46-48) and, rising from Her bed to meet the Lord, She bowed down to Him, and the Lord bid Her enter into Life Eternal. Without any bodily suffering, as though in a happy sleep, the Most Holy Virgin Mary gave Her soul into the hands of Her Son and God. began a joyous angelic song. Accompanying the pure soul of the God-betrothed and with reverent awe for the Queen of Heaven, the angels exclaimed: “Hail, Full of Grace, the Lord is with Thee, blessed art Thou among women! For lo, the Queen, God’s Maiden comes, lift up the gates, and with the Ever-Existing One, take up the Mother of Light; for through Her salvation has come to all the human race. It is impossible to gaze upon Her, and it is impossible to render Her due honor” (Stikherion on “Lord, I Have Cried”). The Heavenly gates were raised, and meeting the soul of the Most Holy Mother of God, the Cherubim and the Seraphim glorified Her with joy. The face of the Mother of God was radiant with the glory of Divine virginity, and from Her body there came a sweet fragrance. Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; the Crucifixion and Death of the Savior he made bold to go to Pilate and ask him for the Body of the Lord, to Which he gave burial with the help of Righteous Νikόdēmos, who was also a secret disciple of the Lord. took down the Body of the Savior from the Cross, wrapped it in a winding-cloth, and placed it in a new tomb, in which no one had ever been buried, in the Garden of Gethsemane, in the presence of the Mother of God and the holy Myrrh-Bearing Women (St Joseph had prepared this tomb for himself). Having rolled a heavy stone before the entrance of the tomb, they departed (John. 19: 37-42; Mt. 27: 57-61; Mark 15: 43-47; Luke. 24: 50-56) The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; and night She spent her time in prayer. The Most Holy Theotokos went often to the Holy Sepulchre of the Lord, and here She offered up fevent prayer. More than once, enemies of the Savior sought to hinder Her from visiting her holy place, and they asked the High Priest for a guard to watch over the Grave of the Lord. The Holy Virgin continued to pray right in front of them, yet unseen by anyone. one such visit to Golgotha, the Archangel Gabriel appeared to Her and announced Her approaching departure from this life to eternal life. In pledge of this, the Archangel gave Her a palm branch. With these heavenly tidings the Mother of God returned to Bethlehem with the three girls attending Her (Sepphora, Abigail, and Jael). She summoned Righteous Joseph of Arimathea and other disciples of the Lord, and told them of Her impending Repose.

Bethphage, Mount of Olives
Bethphage, Mount of Olives; Matthew 21:1-11, Jesus' Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, Bethpage, Mount of Olives Steep Route, so Bethpage could really be located at Wadi Qadum on the more natural route to and from Jericho through Bethany. However, the steep route would have been triumphal.;

Bethany, Mt of Olives (on the road from Jericho)
Bethany; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the Tomb the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Judith, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4;

Jerusalem, Jerusalem Gates area Folder

Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Temple - Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Jerusalem Gates - Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin)
Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin). Pashur hit Jerimiah the Prophet, then he placed him in the stocks in the high gate of Benjamin, where he remained all night; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - City Gates - Jaffa Gate
Old Jerusalem City Wall Gates; Jaffa Gate; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Corner Gate (Zion Gate)
Corner Gate (Zion Gate) Old City (Jerusalem); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall
Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls; Nehemiah 12:27-31,42-47, Dedication of the City Wall, Temple Responsibilities;

Jerusalem Gates - Fountain Gate (Chain Gate)
Fountain Gate (Chain Gate) ; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Jerusalem Gates - Eastern Gate - Golden Gate in Jerusalem, Walled up
Golden Gate in Jerusalem; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

King's Pool (Pool of Siloam)
King's Pool (Pool of Siloam); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Tower of Hananel
Tower of Hananel; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Mount Moriah, Jerusalem
Mount Moriah; Temple of Solomon; Wailing Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Solomon's Portico (Porch)
Solomon's Portico (Porch); Acts 5:12-26, The Apostles Heal Many, Then they were persecuted

Wailing Wall
Wailing Wall;

Pool of Siloam
Pool of Siloam ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Potter's Field (Source of clay for making pots, Prophecy 597 BC)
Potter's Field, Jerusalem ; Potter's field, source of clay ; When Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he repented and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders. He said, "I have sinned by betraying innocent blood." But they said, "What is that to us? See to it yourself." Throwing down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed; and he went and hanged himself. But the chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said, "It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, since they are blood money." After conferring together, they used them to buy the potter's field as a place to bury foreigners. For this reason that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day. Then was fulfilled what had been spoken through the prophet Jeremiah, "And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of the one on whom a price had been set, on whom some of the people of Israel had set a price, and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me." Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil)
Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire); Jeremiah 7:21-34, Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil in Judah) ;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT);

Azal
Azal; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Zion (Sion)
Zion; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], Commemorated July 30 ; Holy Land, Near East;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ;

Mt Sion (Mt Zion)
Mt Sion (Mt Zion) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

City of David (Royal Court, Just outside the gates)
City of David (Royal Court); Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Citadel (Tower of David)
The Citadel (Tower of David), 1 Maccabees ch 6;

King's Wine Presses
King's Wine Presses (see them in the picture); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem (where they found the Cross)
Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem
Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335
Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335; Church of the Resurrection; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Russian Mission in Jerusalem (Russian Compound, Holy Trinity Cathedral) 1847
Russian Mission in Jerusalem; Russian Compound ; Icon of the Mother of God "œQuick to Hear"Â, Commemorated on November 9; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated January 10;

Tomb of the Lord, The Garden Tomb
Tomb of the Lord, The Garden Tomb; Garden Tomb is a rock-cut tomb in Jerusalem, which was unearthed in 1867 and is considered by some Protestants to be the site of the burial and resurrection of Jesus.[1] The tomb has been dated by Israeli archaeologist Gabriel Barkay to the 8th–7th centuries BC.[2] The re-use of old tombs was not an uncommon practice in ancient times, but this would contradict the biblical text that speaks of a new, not reused, tomb made for himself by Joseph of Arimathea (Matthew 27:57-60, John 19:41). Also, the trough in front of the tomb and the nearby cistern, described by proponents of the Garden Tomb as part of the tomb's sealing system and as the surrounding garden's source of water, respectively, have both been archaeologically dated to the Crusader period (12th-13th century).[2] The organisation maintaining the Garden Tomb refrains from claiming that this is the authentic tomb of Jesus, while pointing out the similarities with the site described in the Bible, and the fact that the Garden Tomb better preserves its ancient outlook than the more traditional, but architecturally altered and time-damaged tomb from the mostly crowded Church of the Holy Sepulchre; for all of these reasons, they suggest that the Garden Tomb is more evocative of the events described in the Gospels.[3] Garden Tomb is adjacent to a rocky escarpment which since the mid-nineteenth century has been proposed by some scholars to be Golgotha. It has since been known as Skull Hill or Gordon's Calvary. In contradistinction to this modern identification, the traditional site where the death and resurrection of Christ are believed to have occurred has been the Church of the Holy Sepulchre at least since the fourth century. 1894, the Garden Tomb and its surrounding gardens have been maintained as a place of Protestant worship and reflection by a Protestant non-denominational charitable trust based in the United Kingdom named The Garden Tomb (Jerusalem) Association.[4][5] As such, the Garden Tomb stands as a popular site of pilgrimage for many Christians, especially Evangelical Anglicans and other Protestants.[6][7][8] Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, and his fellow ascetic Venerable John, Commemorated on July 21; Monks Simeon, Fool-for-Christ, and his Fellow-Ascetic John were Syrians, and they lived in the sixth century at the city of Edessa. From childhood they were bound by close ties of friendship. The older of them, Simeon, was unmarried and lived with his aged mother. John, however, although he was married, lived with his father (his mother was dead) and with his young wife. Both friends belonged to wealthy families. When Simeon was thirty years old, and John twenty-four, they made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Venerable and Life-Creating Cross of the Lord. On the journey home the friends spoke of the soul’s path to salvation. Dismounting their horses, they sent the servants on ahead with the horses, while they continued on foot. through Jordan, they saw monasteries on the edge of the desert. Both of them were filled with an irrepressible desire to leave the world and spend their remaining life in monastic struggles. They turned off from the road, which their servants followed to Syria, and they prayed zealously that God would guide them to the monasteries on the opposite side. They besought the Lord to indicate which monastery they should choose, and they decided to enter whichever monastery had its gates open. At this time the Lord informed Igumen Nikon in a dream to open the monastery gates, so that the sheep of Christ could enter in. great joy the comrades came through the open gates of the monastery, where they were warmly welcomed by the igumen, and they remained at the monastery. In a short while they received the monastic tonsure. remaining at the monastery for a certain time, Simeon desired to intensify his efforts, and to go into the desert to pursue asceticism in complete solitude. John did not wish to be left behind by his companion, and he decided to share with him the work of a desert-dweller. The Lord revealed the intentions of the companions to Igumen Nikon, and on that night when Saints Simeon and John intended to depart the monastery, he himself opened the gates for them. He prayed with them, gave them his blessing and sent them into the wilderness. they began their life in the desert, the spiritual brothers at first experienced the strong assaults of the devil. They were tempted by grief over abandoning their families, and the demons tried to discourage the ascetics, subjecting them to weakness, despondency and idleness. The brothers Simeon and John remembered their monastic calling, and trusting in the prayers of their Elder Nikon, they continued upon their chosen path. They spent their time in unceasing prayer and strict fasting, encouraging one another in their struggle against temptation. a while, with God’s help, the temptations stopped. The monks were told by God that Simeon’s mother and John’s wife had died, and that the Lord had vouchsafed them the blessings of Paradise. After this Simeon and John lived in the desert for twenty-nine years, and they attained complete dispassion (apathia) and a high degree of spirituality. Saint Simeon, through the inspiration of God, considered that now it was proper for him to serve people. To do this, he must leave the desert solitude and go into the world. Saint John, however, believing that he had not attained such a degree of dispassion as his companion, decided not to leave the wilderness. brethren parted with tears. Simeon journeyed to Jerusalem, and there he venerated the Tomb of the Lord and all the holy places. By his great humility the holy ascetic entreated the Lord to permit him to serve his neighbor in such a way that they should not acknowledge him. Saint Simeon chose for himself the difficult task of foolishness for Christ. Having come to the city of Emesa, he stayed there and passed himself off as a simpleton, behaving strangely, for which he was subjected to insults, abuse and beatings. In spite of this, he accomplished many good deeds. He cast out demons, healed the sick, delivered people from immanent death, brought the unbelieving to faith, and sinners to repentance. these things he did under the guise of foolishness, and he never received praise or thanks from people. Saint John highly esteemed his spiritual brother, however. When one of the inhabitants of the city of Emesa visited him in the wilderness, asking for his advice and prayers, he would invariably direct them to “the fool Simeon”, who was better able to offer them spiritual counsel. For three days before his death Saint Simeon ceased to appear on the streets, and he enclosed himself in his hut, where there was nothing except for bundles of firewood. Having remained in unceasing prayer for three days, Saint Simeon fell asleep in the Lord. Some of the city poor, his companions, had not seen the fool for some time. They went to his hut and found him dead. up the dead body, they carried him without church singing to a place where the homeless and strangers were buried. While they carried the body of Saint Simeon, several of the inhabitants heard a wondrous church singing, but could not understand from whence it came. Saint Simeon died, Saint John also fell asleep in the Lord. Shortly before his death, Saint Simeon saw a vision of his spiritual brother wearing a crown upon his head with the inscription: “For endurance in the desert.”

Jerusalem, Jordan River Folder

Jordan River

Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights)
Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights);

Jordan River 1 (Hula Valley)
Hula Valley;

Jordan River 2 (Sea of Galilee)

Jordan River 3 (Jabbok River)

Jordan River 4 (Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)

Baptismal Site Bethany (Jordan River 4)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Pethukla Monastery (On the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan River Mouth (Dead Sea)

Sodom (near Dead Sea across from Bethel and Ai)
Sodom (near Dead Sea across from Bethel and Ai); Lot chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12).;

Jerusalem, Jordan Rift Valley Folder

Jordan Rift - South
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - Middle
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - North
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift Valley

Jerusalem, Roman Roads Folder

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Way of the Sea (Egypt to Syria)

Hebron, Bethlehem Road to Jerusalem (Judea)

Jericho Jerusalem Road by Anathoth and St Georges

Roman Road to Gilgal - Galilee to Jericho Road

Road to Gilgal - Galilee to Jericho Road

Jerusalem to Bethel Road (avoided, very difficult hiking, see elevation profile)

Gibeon-Ajalon Road - Hwy 443

Wilderness Road South to Gaza and North to Hebron
Wilderness Road - Then an angel of the Lord said to Philip, ˜Get up and go towards the south* to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza.™ (This is a wilderness road.); Acts 8:26-40, Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, one of the 7 Deacons is not to be confused with Saint Philip one of the Twelve Apostles (November 14). This Philip was born in Palestine, was married and had children. the Descent of the Holy Spirit, the Twelve Apostles made Philip a deacon in the Church of Jerusalem. Along with the other six deacons, they appointed him to deal with the offerings of the faithful and attend to the concerns of the widowed, the orphaned and the needy. eldest among the seven deacons was the holy Archdeacon Stephen. When the persecution of Christians began, the Jews stoned the Protomartyr Stephen. Apostle Philip left Jerusalem and settled in Samaria. There he successfully preached Christianity. Among the disciple’s converts was the noted magician Simon, who “after being baptized, continued with Philip.” (Acts 8:9-13) the command of an angel of the Lord, Saint Philip set out upon the road connecting Jerusalem with Gaza. There he met an official of the empress of Ethiopia, whom also he converted to Christianity (Acts 8:26-39). holy disciple Philip tirelessly preached the Word of God in many of the lands of the Near East adjoining Palestine. Jerusalem the Apostles made him a bishop and sent him to Tralles in Asia Minor, where he also baptized many. Saint Philip died in old age.