Poland Folder, and its rivers.kmz

Poland Folder, and its rivers

Poland (between Oder, Vistula and Narew rivers)
Poland; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Amber Rd, Poland, 1308-1454) sometimes called Germans
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Uniates, Land of the Uniates (Eastern Europe including Poland and Lithuania) Unia began 1596
Uniates or Eastern Catholics under the Pope of Rome (Eastern Europe, North Afria, Middle East, and India); Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12, says After the emergence of the Unia (1596) the icon passed into the hands of the Catholics and was placed in a church of the Belynich Catholic monastery; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Poland, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Poland, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant
Poland, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates)
Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates), Union of Lublin ; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Poland, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Poland, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Poland History Folder

Poland, 960-999, History Folder, Poland Established, Catholic, Boleslaw the Brave

Poland, 960-992, Mieszko I of Poland, Christian, Establishment of Poland
Poland, 960-992, Mieszko I of Poland, Christian, Establishment of Poland;

Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave, First King of Poland
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Poland, 1000-1099, History Folder, Separated from HRE, Boleslaw Captured Kiev

Poland, 1000, Boleslaw I the Brave, Separated from Holy Roman Empire
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Poland, 1018, Boleslaw I the Brave, Captured Kiev
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Poland, 1025-1031, Mieszko II Lambert
Poland, 1025-1031, Mieszko II Lambert;

Poland, 1031-1032, Bezprym
Poland, 1031-1032, Bezprym;

Poland, 1032-1034, Mieszko II Lambert
Poland, 1032-1034, Mieszko II Lambert;

Poland, 1034-1039, Boleslaw the Forgotten
Poland, 1034-1039, Boleslaw the Forgotten ;

Poland, 1039-1058, Casimir I the Restorer
Poland, 1039-1058, Casimir I the Restorer;

Poland, 1058-1079, Boleslaw II the Generous, The Bold, The Cruel, s by allies, against HRE, deposed
Poland, 1058-1079, Boleslaw II the Generous, The Bold; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Poland, 1079-1102, Wladyslaw I Herman, gravitated to HRE by marriage, Bohemia
Poland, 1079-1102, Wladyslaw I Herman; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Poland, 1100-1199, History Folder, Feudal Fragmentation

Poland, 1102-1107, Zbigniew of Poland
Poland, 1102-1107, Zbigniew of Poland;

Poland, 1107-1138, Boleslaw III Wrymouth
Poland, 1107-1138, Boleslaw III Wrymouth;

Poland, 1138-1146, Wladyslaw II the Exile
Poland, 1138-1146, Wladyslaw II the Exile;

Poland, 1146-1173, Boleslaw IV the Curly
Poland, 1146-1173, Boleslaw IV the Curly;

Poland, 1173-1227, Mieszko III the Old
Poland, 1173-1227, Mieszko III the Old ;

Poland, 1200-1299, History Folder, Feudal Fragmentation

Poland, 1227-1229, Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks
Poland, 1227-1229, Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks;

Poland, 1229-1232, Konrad I of Masovia
Poland, 1229-1232, Konrad I of Masovia;

Poland, 1232-1238 Henry the Bearded
Poland, 1232-1238 Henry the Bearded;

Poland, 1241-1241, Boleslaw II Rogatka
Poland, 1241-1241, Boleslaw II Rogatka;

Poland, 1241-1243, Konrad I of Masovia, Prussian Crusade, for security, gave Chelmno border lands (between P and his M) to Teutonic Knights
Poland, 1241-1243, Konrad I of Masovia; I of Masovia (ca. 1187/88[1] – 31 August 1247), from the Polish Piast dynasty, was the sixth Duke of Masovia and Kuyavia from 1194 until his death as well as High Duke of Poland from 1229 to 1232 and again from 1241 to 1243. Contents Life[edit] Konrad was the youngest son of High Duke Casimir II the Just of Poland and Helen of Znojmo,[2] daughter of the Přemyslid duke Conrad II of Znojmo (ruler of the Znojmo Appanage in southern Moravia, part of Duchy of Bohemia). His maternal grandmother was Maria of Serbia, apparently a daughter of the pre-Nemanjić župan Uroš I of Rascia. After his father's death in 1194, Konrad was brought up by his mother, who acted as regent of Masovia. In 1199, he received Masovia and in 1205 the adjacent lands of Kuyavia as well. In 1205, he and his brother, Duke Leszek I the White of Sandomierz, had their greatest military victory at Battle of Zawichost against Prince Roman the Great of Galicia–Volhynia.[3] The Ruthenian army was crushed and Roman was killed in battle.[3] The Rurik princess Agafia of Rus became his wife. Attempted conquests of Prussia[edit] Prussian tribes (coloured areas) in the 13th century with Chełmno Land (Kulmerland), white, in the southwest already under control of the Teutonic Order See also: Prussian Crusade an effort to enlarge his dominions, Konrad unsuccessfully attempted to conquer the adjacent pagan lands of Chełmno in Prussia during a 1209 crusade with the consent of Pope Innocent III. In 1215, the monk Christian of Oliva was appointed a missionary bishop among the Old Prussians, his residence at Chełmno however was devastated by Prussian forces the next year. Several further campaigns in 1219, 1222[4] failed, instead Konrad picked a long-term border quarrel with the Prussian tribes. duke's ongoing attempts on Prussia were answered by incursions across the borders of his Masovian lands, while Prussians were in the process of gaining back control over the disputed Chełmno Land[5] and even threatened Konrad's residence at Płock Castle. Subjected to constant Prussian raids and counter-raids, Konrad now wanted to stabilize the north of his Duchy of Masovia in this fight over the border area of Chełmno. Order[edit] in 1226, Konrad, having difficulty with constant raids over his territory, invited the religious military order of the Teutonic Knights to fight the Prussians,[6] as they already had supported the Kingdom of Hungary against the Cuman people in the Transylavanian Burzenland from 1211 to 1225. they notified Hungary that the Order was, firstly, responsible to the pope, the Knights were expelled by the Hungarian King Andrew II though. in turn for the Order's service, Grand Master Herman of Salza wanted to have its rights documented beforehand, by a deal with Konrad that was to be confirmed by the Holy Roman Emperor and the Roman Curia. Frederick II issued in March 1226 the Golden Bull of Rimini, stating that: trusty Brother Herman, the worthy Master of the Sacred House of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Germans in Jerusalem [i.e., the Teutonic Order] has explained ... that our devoted Konrad (Chünradus), Duke of Masovia and of Kuyavia (Cuiaviae), has promised and undertaken to provide to him and to his brethren from that land, which is called the Chelmło Land (terra quae vocatur Culmen), and in that other land, that is to say, between his borderland (marchiam) and the territories of the Prussians (confinia Prutenorum), that they may thus indeed take up the task and readily embark upon the invasion and obtaining of the land of Prussia (terram Prusciae) for the honor and glory of the true God.[7] therefore... especially because the land itself is held under the sole rule of the Empire (sub monarchia imperii), trusting also in the judgment (prudentia) of the same Master, because he is a man mighty both in deed and word and through his own and his brethren’s perseverance is mightily undertaking and manfully carrying out the conquest of that land... even though many, vainly besought with numerous exertions in this business, gave up (defecerunt) just when they seemed about to set forth, grant the land of Prussia to the same Master along with the forces of his order and with all those who think to invade [it]..."[7] far, the Knights were not convinced to take the trouble of fighting the Prussians. the advice of the first Prussian bishop, Christian of Oliva, Konrad instead founded the Loyal Order of Dobrzyń in 1228. then called for another Prussian Crusade, and was again defeated. view of an imminent Prussian invasion, Konrad supposedly signed the Treaty of Kruszwica in 1230, according to which he granted Chełmno Land to the Teutonic Knights and the Order of Dobrzyń. this donation disclaiming any enfeoffment, Konrad established the nucleus of the State of the Teutonic Order. However the document does not exist and it is believed that it was never signed and that the Order most likely forged it.[8][9] Knights under the command of Hermann Balk crossed the Vistula river and conquered Chełmno Land, erecting the castle of Toruń (Thorn) in 1231. 1234, Pope Gregory IX issued the Golden Bull of Rieti, confirming the prior deals with the Teutonic Knights, stating that the land of the Order was only subject to the Pope, not a fief of anyone.[10] 1237, the Order's lands were confiscated by Konrad and forced to invest the town of Dobryczin.[6] Duke[edit] was also entangled in the conflict over the Polish Seniorate Province with his Piast cousin Duke Władysław III Spindleshanks of Greater Poland and assumed the title of a Polish High Duke in 1229. their Silesian relative Duke Henry I the Bearded finally prevailed as High Duke at Kraków in 1232 and confined Konrad's rule again to Masovia. Henry's son and heir, High Duke Henry II the Pious was killed at the 1241 Battle of Legnica, once again assumed the senioral title, but had to yield to the claims raised by his nephew Bolesław V the Chaste, son of his elder brother Leszek, two years later. and children[edit] Chalice and paten of Konrad I, showing him and his family Around 1208/1209 Konrad married Agafia of Rus,[2] daughter of Prince Svyatoslav III Igorevich. They had ten children: Bolesław I (c. 1210 – 17 April 1248), Duke of Masovia Casimir I (c. 1210/13 – 14 December 1267), Duke of Kuyavia[2] Siemowit I (c. 1215 – 24 June 1262),[2] succeeded eldest brother as Duke of Masovia. Eudoxia (b. c. 1215-1225), married Count Dietrich I of Brehna and Wettin Ludmila, probably a norbertine nun at Płock. Ziemomysł (c. 1220 – 10 July/18 September 1241). Salomea (c. 1220/1225 – aft. 30 August 1268?), probably a clare nun at Skała. Judith (c. 1222/27 – 4 December 1257/63), married firstly to Duke Mieszko II the Fat of Opole, secondly to Duke Henry III the White of Wrocław. Dubrawka (b. c. 1230, d. 1265). Mieszko (bef. 1236 – bef. 1238), died in infancy[11] legacy[edit] is considered by Poles to be responsible for Teutonic Knights' control of most of the Baltic coastline, undermining Polish authority in the area. King Casimir III of Poland had to accept the rule of the Order in Thorn and Kulm by the 1343 Treaty of Kalisz. After the Thirteen Years' War in the 1466 Second Peace of Thorn, the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon gained control over the Chełmno Land as part of Royal Prussia.

Poland, 1243-1279, Boleslaw V the Chaste, Christian, adopted Leszek the Black, vows of chasity, he and his wife
Poland, 1243-1279, Boleslaw V the Chaste; ław V the Chaste (Polish: Bolesław Wstydliwy; 21 June 1226 – 7 December 1279) was Duke of Sandomierz in Lesser Poland from 1232 and High Duke of Poland from 1243 until his death, as the last male representative of the Lesser Polish branch of Piasts. and nickname[edit] ław V was born on 21 June 1226 at Stary Korczyn,[1] as the third child and only son of Leszek I the White by his wife Grzymisława, a Rurikid princess of disputed parentage. after his great-grandfather Bolesław Wrymouth, the numeral V was assigned to him in the Poczet krolow Polskich.[2] nickname of "Chaste" (Latin: Pudicus[3]), appeared relatively early and was already mentioned in the Rocznik franciszkański krakowski.[4] It was given to him by his subjects because of the vows of chastity that Bolesław V and his wife Kinga of Hungary had jointly taken; for this reason, their marriage was never consummated. The marital chastity and lack of mistresses by the Prince resulted from his exceptional devotion and mortification, and was evidently influenced by his closest female relatives.

Poland, 1279-1288, Leszek II the Black
Poland, 1279-1288, Leszek II the Black;

Poland, 1288-1290, Henryk IV Probus
Poland, 1288-1290, Henryk IV Probus;

Poland, 1290-1296, Przemysl II
Poland, 1290-1296, Przemysl II;

Poland, 1300-1399, History Folder, Teutonic Knights

Poland, 1301-1305, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, Duke of Cracow, King of Poland
Poland, 1300-1305, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia; II Přemyslid (27 September[2] 1271 - 21 June 1305) was King of Bohemia (1278-1305), Duke of Cracow (1291-1305), and King of Poland (1300-1305). was the only son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Ottokar's second wife Kunigunda.[3] He was born in 1271, ten years after the marriage of his parents. Kunigunda was the daughter of Rostislav Mikhailovich, lord of Slavonia, son of a Grand Prince of Kiev, and Anna of Hungary, daughter of Béla IV of Hungary. His great-grandfather was the German king Philip of Swabia. Wenceslaus II was the grandfather of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV. He was a member of the Přemyslid dynasty.

Poland, 1305-1306, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, nominal King of Hungary, K of Poland
Poland, 1305-1306, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia; III (6 October 1289 - 4 August 1306) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1301 and 1305, and King of Bohemia and Poland from 1305. He was the son of Wenceslaus II, King of Bohemia, who was later also crowned king of Poland, and Judith of Habsburg. a child, Wenceslaus was betrothed to Elizabeth, the sole daughter of Andrew III of Hungary. After Andrew III's death in early 1301, the majority of the Hungarian lords and prelates elected Wenceslaus king, although Pope Boniface VIII supported another claimant, Charles Robert, a member of the royal house of the Kingdom of Naples. was crowned king of Hungary on 27 August 1301. He signed his charters under the name Ladislaus in Hungary. His rule was only nominal, because a dozen powerful lords held sway over large territories in the kingdom. His father realized that Wenceslaus's position could not be strengthened and took him back from Hungary to Bohemia in August 1304. succeeded his father in Bohemia and Poland on 21 June 1305. He abandoned his claim to Hungary in favor of Otto III of Bavaria on 9 October. granted large parcels of the royal domains to his young friends in Bohemia. A local claimant to the Polish throne, Władysław the Elbow-high, who had started conquering Polish territories during the rule of Wenceslaus's father, captured Cracow in early 1306. Wenceslaus decided to invade his rival's territories in Poland, but he was murdered before starting his campaign. He was the last of the male Přemyslid rulers of Bohemia.

Poland, 1308-1454, Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Poland)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Poland, 1320-1333, Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high, King of Poland
Poland, 1320-1333, Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high; ładysław I Łokietek, in English known as the "Elbow-high" or Ladislaus the Short (c. 1260/1 - 2 March 1333) was King of Poland from 1320 to 1333, and duke of several of the provinces and principalities in the preceding years. He was a member of the royal Piast dynasty, the son of Duke Casimir I of Kuyavia, and great-grandson of High-Duke Casimir II the Just. ładysław I inherited a small portion of his father's domain, but his dominion grew as some of his brothers died young. He unsuccessfully tried to incorporate the Duchy of Krakow (the Seniorate Province) in 1289, following the death of his half-brother Leszek II the Black and the withdrawal from contention of his ally Bolesław II of Masovia. After a period in exile during the rule of Wenceslaus II, Władysław regained several duchies and then Krakow in 1306 when Wenceslaus III was murdered. He temporarily took control of part of Greater Poland after the death of his ally Przemysł II, lost it, and then subsequently regained it. ładysław was a skilled military leader, but also an administrator; he conquered Gdańsk Pomerania, and left it to familial governors. For the defense of this territory, he turned to the Teutonic Knights, who then demanded an exorbitant sum or the land itself as an alternative. This led to an extended battle with the Knights, which was not resolved after either a papal trial or Władysław's own death. Perhaps his greatest achievement was gaining papal permission to be crowned king of Poland in 1320, which occurred for the first time at Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. Władysław died in 1333 and was succeeded by his son, Casimir III the Great.

Poland, 1356-1401, Polish Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon
Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czech Land, 1356-1401, Czech Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon; II of Opole (ca. 1332 --“ 18 May 1401) was a Duke of Opole from 1356 (as a Bohemian vassal), Count palatine of Hungary during 1367-“1372, ruler over Lubliniec since 1368, Duke of Wielua during 1370-“1392, ruler over Bolesawiec from 1370 (only for his life), Governor of Galicia-“Volhynia during 1372-“1378, ruler over Pszczyna during 1375-“1396, Count palatine of Poland in 1378, Duke of Dobrzy and Kujawy during 1378-“1392 (as a Polish vassal), ruler over Gaogawek from 1383 and ruler over Krnov during 1385-“1392. was the eldest son of Duke Bolko II of Opole by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Bernard of Ašwidnica. years[edit] was a descendant of the House of Piast.[1] Little is known about his youth. As a young prince, in order to gain more political experience, he went to Hungary around 1353, where he probably remained until the death of his father (1356). There he also got married. of Opole[edit] Duke Bolko II's death, Vladislaus and his brothers Bolko III and Henry inherited Duchy of Opole (then fiefdom of the Bohemian Crown) as co-rulers; however, the strong personality of Vladislaus soon dominated the whole government and encourage his brothers to accept a modest part of their inheritance. Bolko III and Henry remained as co-Dukes of Opole, but only formally. with King Louis I the Great of Hungary[edit] political career of Vladislaus began in the mid 1360s in the Hungarian court of King Louis I. Already in 1364 he took part in the famous Congress of Cracow as part of the Hungarian suite. However, the most important mission of Vladislaus on behalf of King Louis took place two years later (in 1366), when he negotiated conditions of the planned marriage between a niece of Hungarian ruler and Wenceslaus, son of Emperor Charles IV. faithful service to the Hungarian House of Anjou resulted in the appointment of Vladislaus as Count palatine, which made him most important man after the King in the country. functions of this post were primarily broad judicial powers, who could be had only with the King. In this office, Vladislaus showed great commitment and capability; he created the rule of four Congregatio generalis, which handled court cases. Despite his huge income, his new post in the Hungarian affected Vladislaus' finances. of Casimir III the Great. Homage to the Kingdom of Poland[edit] his time as count palatine, Vladislaus didn't stop to participate in the foreign politics; the example of this was, among other things, his trip to Bulgaria in 1368. In 1370, after the death of Casimir III the Great, the Duke of Opole actively participated in preparing the succession of King Louis I of Hungary in the Polish throne. As a reward, King Louis give him the towns of Wielua and Cze™stochowa. that time, Vladislaus' brother Bolko III inherited Strzelce Opolskie from their uncle Albert and with this, the Duke of Opole could maintain the sole government over his domains (the youngest brother, Henry, died in 1365 without issue). 1371 Vladislaus led an armed expedition against the Crown of Bohemia (this assault caused a terrible devastation of Moravia); however, next year Vladislaus was the head of a mediation mission to resolve dispute between the Emperor (also Bohemian King) Charles IV and King Louis I. Lord and Heir[edit] seal Ladislaus Dei Gracia Dux Opoliensis Wieloniensis et Terre Russie Domin et Heres (ca. 1387) October 1372 Vladislaus was unexpectedly deprived from the office of Count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence was significantly decreased. As a compensation, was made Governor of Hungarian-ruled part of the Kingdom of Galicia-“Volhynia. In this new position, the Duke of Opole successfully contributing to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. mainly resided in Lviv, but at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halych. The only serious conflict during his time as Governor was related to his approaching to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which caused the angry of the local boyars, who were strongly Catholics. following Vladislaus's advice, in 1374 King Louis I published a provincial privilege for the Polish nobility (szlachta) in Koe¡ice, which ensured the succession of the King's daughters after his death. palatine of Poland and ruler of Kujawy[edit] 1378 the departure of Queen Elisabeth from Poland to Hungary, forced King Louis to release Vladislaus from his post of Governor and appointed him with the empty position of Polish Count palatine. But almost immediately Vladislaus had to face the strong resistance of the Polish nobility, dissatisfied with the decision of King Louis to named heirs to his daughters, and soon was forced to resign. compensation for his resignation, the Duke of Opole received from the Hungarian ruler the towns of Dobrzy- Land and part of Kujawy (with towns Bydgoszcz, Inowrocaw and Gniewkowo). These territories were on the border of the Teutonic Order lands, which soon shortly Vladislaus established close contacts, who included allowed the prosecution of criminals by Teutonic knights in his domains. Kujawy, Vladislaus entered in a dispute over finances with the Bishop of Paock, Dobiesaw Sawka, resulting in the excommunication of the Duke, who was repealed a year later by the Archbishop of Gniezno. As a gesture of reconciliation with the Church, Vladislaus founded the Pauline monastery of Our Lady at Jasna Ga Cze™stochowa; also, the Duke brought the famous Black Madonna of Cze™stochowa, who according to oldest documents, travelled from Jerusalem, via Constantinople and Beaz, to finally reach Cze™stochowa in August 1382. deaths of his brother Bolko III (21 October 1382), leaving four minor sons, and one month later (14 September) of the Duke Henry of Niemodlin without issue, made it possible to Vladislaus extend his influence on Upper Silesia, as a rule over Strzelce and Niemodlin (although only as a regent of his nephews) and Geogawek (granted to him one year later, in 1383). The Duke of Opole also supported the Church career of the eldest son of Bolko III, Jan Kropideo trying to obtain for him, despite his young age, the dignity of the Bishop of Poznas„. of Louis I and relations with Vladislaus II Jagiego[edit] (Kingdom of Russia) Coins of Opolczy (1389) 10 September 1382 King Louis I of Hungary, Vladislaus' protector, died. Despite the earlier support given to him to late King's daughters, Vladislaus put his own nomination to the royal crown. However, he wasn't popular among the Polish nobility, who decanted (in connection with the broken engagement between Queen Hedwig and William of Habsburg) for Duke Siemowit IV of Paock. to the old historiography, the Duke of Opole supported the new Polish King Wadyslaw II Jagieglo during the first period of his reign. Some historians accept the fact that in 1386 Vladislaus stood as the King's godfather when he converted to the Catholic faith. the cooperation between the Duke of Opole and the King was short-lived: in 1388, after the King dispossessed him from Bydgoszcz, the Duke lead a coup who planned to capture the King and Wawel Castle. Defeated and captured by the Starosta (provincial governor) Sa™dziwa Paluka, Vladislaus was forced to capitulate and resign from any claim to the Polish throne. King Waladyslaw II Jagieglo also blocked the nomination of Jan Kropidlo for the post of Archbishop of Gniezno. with the Teutonic Order. ambitions and war with Poland. Death[edit] frictions with the King of Poland took place in May 1391, when Vladislaus pledged the land of Zal to the Teutonic Order. Aware of the danger that the Teutonic Order too close to his bordes, the King ordained the deprivation of Vladislaus from his fiefs in Polish territory. Against the Royal power, the Duke of Opole capitulated, and in 1392 transferred the disputed territories to Poland (with the exception of Boleslawiec, which, completely loyal to Waladyslaw, only accepted the annexation to the Polish Kingdom after the death of the Duke of Opole). the attitude of Vladislaus was not changed and in 1393 he sold his rights over Dobrzyla to the Teutonic Order. Has also tried to encourage the Great master of the Teutonic Order, Konrad von Wallenrode, to attack the Kingdom with the combination of the troops of Teutonic knights in Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, but the conflict ended unexpectedly. The war, which began successfully (for example, with the siege to Nowy Korczyn on 26 July 1393), finally ended in 1396, when the royal army decided to attack the Silesian lands of Vladislaus. the Polish troops took control over Strzelce, on 6 August of that year, Vladislaus' nephews decided to make peace with the King of Poland. Since then, the government of the Duchy of Opole was virtually taken over by the sons of Bolko III, and Vladislaus was relegated to a second status. because of his ambitions failed disastrously, Vladislaus died on 18 May 1401 in Opole, and was buried in the local Franciscan monastery. and issue[edit] 1355 and during his stay in Hungary, Vladislaus married firstly Elisabeth (b. 1340 - c. 1369), daughter of Nicolae Alexandru Basarab, Voivode of Wallachia.[2][3][4][5] They had three daughters: Kinga (b. 1355/57 -“ d. after 1369), a nun at Alt-Buda. Elisabeth [Agnes] (b. 1360 -“ d. by 9 September 1411), married in 1372 to Margrave Jobst of Moravia, King of the Romans. Katharina (b. c. 26 March 1367 -“ d. 6 June 1420), married in 1382 to Duke Henry VIII of lagašcinawa. By 1369, Vladislaus married secondly Euphemia (b. c. 1352 - d. by 9 December 1424), daughter of Duke Siemowit III of Masovia. They had two daughters: Hedwig (b. 1376/78 -“ d. after 13 May 1390), married before 25 January 1390 to Duke Vygantas-Alexander of Kernava—. Euphemia (d. young, before 30 March 1408). he died without male heirs, Vladislaus' nephews Bolko IV and Bernard inherited the whole Duchy except Gaoglawek, who was given by the Duke to his wife, Euphemia, as her dower.

Poland, 1386-1434, Polish King, Vladislav (Wladyslaw II Jagiello), king Lithuania, V over Teutonic Ks
Polish King, 1386-1434, Vladislav (Wladyslaw II Jagiello) ; (About this soundJogaila), later WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o (c. 1352/1362 – 1 June 1434) Grand Duke of Lithuania (1377-1434) and then King of Poland (1386-1434), first alongside his wife Jadwiga until 1399, and then sole ruler of Poland. ruled in Lithuania from 1377. Born a pagan, in 1386 he converted to Catholicism and was baptized as WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw in Kraków, married the young Queen Jadwiga, and was crowned King of Poland as WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o.[1] 1387 he converted Lithuania to Christianity. His own reign in Poland started in 1399, upon the death of Queen Jadwiga, lasted a further thirty-five years, and laid the foundation for the centuries-long Polish–Lithuanian union. He was a member of the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland that bears his name and was previously also known as the Gediminid dynasty in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. dynasty ruled both states until 1572,[nb 2] and became one of the most influential dynasties in late medieval and early modern Europe.[2] his reign, the Polish-Lithuanian state was the largest state in the Christian world.[3] was the last pagan ruler of medieval Lithuania. After he became King of Poland, as a result of the Union of Krewo, the newly formed Polish-Lithuanian union confronted the growing power of the Teutonic Knights. The allied victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410, followed by the Peace of Thorn, secured the Polish and Lithuanian borders and marked the emergence of the Polish–Lithuanian alliance as a significant force in Europe. reign of WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o extended Polish frontiers and is often considered the beginning of Poland's Golden Age. St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1389, Czestochowa Icon, by Luke, Vladislav's dream, top city walls, blood dripping, dark haze, Tartar retreat
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1400-1454, Polish History Folder, Teutonic Knights

Poland, 1409-1411, Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, Prussian Catholics v new Christians
Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, 1409-1411 ; Battle of Gruenwald; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald, PL overTeutonic Knights
Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Poland, 1440-1492, Grand Duke, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland, Roman Catholic
Lithuanian Grand Duke, 1440-1492, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14 ; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Poland, 1454-1525, Teutonic Order 2nd State Capital (Kaliningrad, Prussia)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Poland, 1454-1523, Polish History Folder, Hapsburgs, Holy Roman Empire

Poland, 1454-1492, Polish Queen, Elizabeth Hapsburg of Hungary, Elizabeth of Austria
Polish Queen, 1454-1492, Elizabeth Hapsburg of Hungary, Elizabeth of Austria; Polish King, 1501-1506, Alexander Jagiellon; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1493-1543, Polish Renaissance Man, Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish Renaissance Man, 1493-1543, Nicolaus Copernicus; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1501-1506, Polish King, Alexander Jagiellon
Polish King, 1501-1506, Alexander Jagiellon; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1501, Suprasl Icon miracles, Orthodox and Catholics, Suprasl, Poland (Narew River 6)
Suprasl; Suprasl monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type.

Poland, 1517-1795, Polish History Folder, House of Vasa, Protestant, Sweden, Lithuania, Poland

Poland, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, 95 Theses, House of Vasa, Bathoy, Brest Union

Poland, 1533-1586, King Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant
Poland, 1533-1586, King Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

Poland, 1559-1623, Macarius, Zhabyn's founder, Poles destroyed, new spring water fPole, forgotten, then incorrupt r
Russia, Ryazan, 1559-1623, Macarius oZhabyn's Monastery, Belev, Rayazan, born 1539, Tonsured Onuphrius, founded Z monastery 1585 near Belev, 1615 Z destroyed by Lisovski's Poles, M restored it, Stone church this time, with gates bell-tower, lifetime severe monk struggles, cold heat hunger thirst , prayed tGod solitude deep into forest, once heard lost moaning polish enemy, probably destroyed monastery, asked for drink, love surged forth, prayer, plunged staff, spring gushed forth, gave man a drink, when monastery life restored, M withdrew took Schema name Macarius, forgotten about until incorrupt relics found in 1818, then Igumen Jonah fOptina near Zhabyn became head oZhabyn and reestablished Feast oSaint Macarius 1888; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Macarius of Zhabyn, Wonderworker of Belev, was born in the year 1539. his early years he was tonsured with the name Onuphrius, in the year 1585 he founded Zhabyn’s Monastery of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple near the River Oka, not far from the city of Belev. 1615 the monastery was completely destroyed by Polish soldiers under the command of Lisovski. to the charred remains, the monk began to restore the monastery. He again gathered the brethren, in place of the wooden church a stone church was built in honor of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple (November 21), a bell-tower at the gates. saint spent his life in austere monastic struggles, cold, heat, hunger and thirst, as the monastery accounts relate. often went deep into the forest, where he prayed to God in solitude. when he was following a path in the forest, he heard a faint moaning. looked around and saw a weary Polish man reclining against a tree trunk, with his sabre beside him. had strayed from his regiment and had become lost in the forest. In a barely audible voice this enemy, might have been one of the destroyers of the monastery, for a drink of water. and sympathy surged up within the monk. With a prayer to the Lord, he plunged his staff into the ground. At once, a fresh spring of water gushed forth, and he gave the dying man a drink. both the external and internal life of the monastery had been restored, Onuphrius withdrew from the general monastic life, having entrusted the guidance of the brethren to one of his disciples, took the schema with the name Macarius. the place of his solitude, he chose a spot along the upper tributary of the River Zhabynka. one verst separated the mouth of the tributary and the banks of the River Oka. ascetical struggles of Saint Macarius were concealed not only from the world, but also from his beloved brethren. died in 1623 at the age of eighty-four, at the hour when the roosters start to crow. He was buried opposite the gates of the monastery on January 22, the commemoration of Saint Timothy, where a church was later built and named for him. Iconographic Originals has preserved a description of Saint Macarius in his last years: had gray hair with a small beard, and over his monastic riassa he wore the schema. of Saint Macarius was established at the end of the seventeenth century, or the beginning of the eighteenth. to Tradition, his relics remained uncovered, but by 1721 they were interred in a crypt. the eighteenth century the monastery became deserted. memory of his deeds and miracles was so completely forgotten, when the incorrupt relics of the monastery’s founder were uncovered during the construction of the church of Saint Nicholas in 1816, a general panikhida was served over them. restoration of the liturgical commemoration of Saint Macarius of Belev is credited to Igumen Jonah, was born on January 22 (the Feast of Saint Macarius), who began his own monastic journey at the Optina monastery not far from the Zhabyn monastery. 1875 Igumen Jonah became head of the Zhabyn monastery. request to re-establish the Feast of Saint Macarius strengthened by the petition of the people of Belev, through the centuries had preserved their faith in the saint. January 22, 1888, the annual commemoration of Saint Macarius of Zhabyn was resumed. 1889, a church dedicated to Saint Macarius was built at his tomb. Jonah who lived at the monastery and actually participated in the construction, that in addition to the building project, the holy relics of Saint Macarius would also be uncovered. everything was on the point of readiness, Macarius appeared to the participants and sternly warned them that they should not proceed with their intention, or they would be punished. memory of this appearance was reverently preserved among the monks of the monastery. Macarius of Zhabynsk is also commemorated on September 22.

Poland, 1574-1658, Proposed Polish-“Lithuanian-“Muscovite Commonwealth
Poland, 1574-1658, Proposed Polish-“Lithuanian-“Muscovite Commonwealth;

Poland, 1576-1586, Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Protestant
Polish King, 1579, Stephen Bathory, Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania ; Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory István; Polish: Stefan Batory; Lithuanian: About this soundSteponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski). 1 Youth 2 Elected king 3 Establishing power 4 Policies 5 War with Muscovy 6 Final years 7 Remembrance 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's È˜imleu Silvaniei).[1] He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi.[1] He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters.[1] is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University.[1] Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and took part in his military struggle against the Turks. Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.[1] Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat.[1][2] During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years.[2] During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes.[2] Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya.[2] Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania.[2] Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania.[2] He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position.[3] king[edit] Mannerist crown from about 1584, most probably created for him in GdaÅ„sk after Willem van den Blocke's design[4] 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs.[3] The Sejm was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited the Polish one by returning to France.[3] Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at the Battle of Kerelőszentpál.[3] 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub UchaÅ„ski, representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Emperor Maximilian II as the new monarch.[3] However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski and other opponents of Habsburgs persuaded many of the lesser nobility to demand a "Piast king", a Polish king.[3][5][6] After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellon, sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus, should be elected king and marry Stephen Báthory.[7] In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland.[7] On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania.[7] After being chosen as king in the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania.[2] Establishing power[edit] of King and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory, circa 1576–1586 áthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action.[8] At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions.[9] In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania.[a][7][8] Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was Prussia.[8] Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (GdaÅ„sk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions.[8] The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as legitimate ruler. resulting conflict was known as the Danzig rebellion. Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached.[8][10] The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577.[11] However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached.[11][12] exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation.[10][12] Tying up administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia, receiving his feudal tribute.[10] Stephen in Ottoman clothes, 1585 securing control over the Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers.[6][12] Báthory reorganised the judiciary by formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581).[13] While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne.[10][13] In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the piechota wybraniecka, an infantry formation composed of peasants.[10] Many of his projects aimed to modernize the Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania.[14] He also founded the Academy of Vilnius, the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university.[15] He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism, while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance, issuing a number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews, and denouncing any religious violence.[14] external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of the Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II.[16] The troublesome south-eastern border with the Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579.[16] The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy.[10] number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics.[14] Báthory wished to recreate his native country into an independent, strong power, but the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area.[17] In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin, and spoke Italian and German; he never learned the Polish language.[14] his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes.[14] with Muscovy[edit] coin with likeness of Báthory Báthory's election to the throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia; the conflict would grow to involve a number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden, the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and the resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War.[18] By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived.[18] In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored a number of victories in Liviona and begun pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war.[16] Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580.[16] 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov. While the city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582.[19] The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk, Veliz and most of the Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel.[19] years[edit] tomb monument in the Wawel Cathedral 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski, whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade.[13][20] This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years.[13][20] In external politics, Báthory was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass requested tax raises.[20] áthory's health had been declining for several years.[20] He died on 12 December 1586.[21] He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians.[21] His death was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III, was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa, who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth.[22] áthory actively promoted his own legend, sponsoring a number of works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry.[14] In his lifetime, he was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski, MikoÅ‚aj SÄ™p SzarzyÅ„ski and many others.[14] He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub JasiÅ„ski, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Henryk Rzewuski and others.[23] He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among the painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and StanisÅ‚aw WyspiaÅ„ski.[23][24] statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua, Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, StanisÅ‚aw August Poniatowski.[24] Other monuments to him include one in the Åazienki Palace (1795 by Andrzej Le Brun) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939).[24] He was a patron of the Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939.[24] His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy, the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory.[24] In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill, a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation, the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade, and numerous Polish streets and schools.[24] One of the districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him.[24] áthory at Pskov, by Jan Matejko after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy.[21] His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of the Commonwealth.[20] He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber (szabla batorówka).[23] later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland, when the Polish state lost its independence.[23] He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi, Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, MichaÅ‚ BobrzyÅ„ski, Józef Szujski and others.[23] Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon, Joachim Lelewel and JÄ™drzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians".[23] During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef PiÅ‚sudski.[23] After the Second World War, in the communist People's Republic of Poland, he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary.[23] Nonetheless his good image remained intact, reinforced by the positive views of a popular Polish historian of that period, PaweÅ‚ Jasienica.[23] Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ; Commemorated on February 5; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tendernessfrom the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic
Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Poland, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union, Protestant, Sigismund swede king for only 6yrs
Lithuania, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union; union[edit] the death of John III of Sweden, his son Sigismund succeeded to the throne of Sweden. Sigismund at that time was already the elected King of Poland (since 1587). Sigismund certainly valued the Swedish throne and upon learning about the death of his father, and the pretensions to the throne of his uncle, Duke Charles of Södermanland, he asked the Sejm (Polish parliament) for permission to leave the Commonwealth and go to Sweden, where he could secure the Swedish crown. The Sejm gave him permission, and on 3 August 1593, 6, accompanied by his wife, Anna of Habsburg, and other followers, departed for Sweden. agreement of 19 February seemed to have calmed the situation; Sigismund was crowned in Uppsala Cathedral and became the king of Sweden. The Kingdom of Sweden was now in a personal union with Poland-Lithuania. July, Sigismund left Sweden in the hands of the regency council and returned to Poland. Sweden was to be ruled jointly by the Privy Council of Sweden and Sigismund's uncle Duke Charles. however, reneged on his earlier promises, opening Catholic schools, and giving Catholics prominent posts. in turn did not give up on acquiring the Swedish throne and pursued his own political agenda. The new Riksdag he summoned at Arboga in 1597 – again despite the King's orders – saw few participants, and only one from the Privy Council. Even so, Duke Charles did not achieve support for his military action, but initiated it nonetheless. Parts of southern Sweden were successfully taken. Several of the Privy Council members fled to Poland to convince Sigismund to take counteractions. sent a diplomatic mission, in an attempt to solve the conflict by negotiations. Charles at first looked ready to negotiate but in fact he was playing for time, trying to confirm his power at another Riksdag (in Arboga), recruiting peasants for his army, and isolating Sigismund's followers. against Sigismund[edit] Castle in Warsaw, the residence of Polish kings since 1611 1598, the Sejm gave Sigismund the go-ahead to wage a military campaign against his opponents in Sweden; however it refused to give him significant support. Sigismund's army was composed mostly of mercenaries (Germans and Hungarians), supported by a relatively small Polish force (although with some artillery). campaign was poorly planned. He was unable to coordinate his troop movements with his supporters, particularly Fleming who was supposed to attack Charles from Finland. After initial successes (the taking of Kalmar and defeating Charles' troops at Stegeborg), Sigismund's forces were defeated on September 25, 1598, at the Battle of Stångebro, (also known as the battle of Linköping). Sigismund was captured and forced to hand over some of his followers such as the Chancellor of Sweden, Erik Larsson Sparre, (1550–1600). In May 1599, Charles' forces captured the last fortress held by Sigismund, Kalmar. On July 24, 1599, the Riksdag in Stockholm officially dethroned Sigismund. The new King of Sweden was Charles IX of Sweden, and the Polish–Swedish union was dissolved after barely seven years of existence. In March 1600, some of Sigismund's supporters were executed, including five senators in an event known as the Linköping Bloodbath.

Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595), not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Hungarian Transylvania Pol-Lith over Ottoman Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Poland, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Swedish Empire, Tsar of Russia, Wars with Russia

Poland, 1605-1618, Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18), TofT, polish boyars exploiting Rus Civil wars and Rus boyars, Rus and Sweden
Moscow, 1605-1618, Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18) ; Polish–Muscovite War, also known as the Polish–Russian War of 1609–1618 or the Dimitriads, was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1609 to 1618. had been experiencing the Time of Troubles since the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598, causing political instability and a violent succession crisis upon the extinction of the Rurik dynasty, and was ravaged by the major famine of 1601 to 1603.[4] exploited Russia's civil wars when members of the Polish szlachta aristocracy began influencing Russian boyars and supporting False Dmitris for the title of Tsar of Russia against the crowned Boris Godunov and Vasili IV Shuysky.[5] 1605, Polish nobles conducted a series of skirmishes until the death of False Dmitry I in 1606, and invaded again in 1607 until Russia formed a military alliance with Sweden two years later. declared war on Russia in response in 1609, aiming to gain territorial concessions and weaken Sweden's ally, winning many early victories such as the Battle of Klushino. 1610, Polish forces entered Moscow and Sweden withdrew from the military alliance with Russia, instead triggering the Ingrian War.[6] son, the Prince Władysław of Poland, was elected tsar by the Seven Boyars in September 1610, but Sigismund seized the Russian throne for himself to convert the population to Catholicism, with the pro-Polish boyars ending their support for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. 1611, Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky formed a new army to launch a popular revolt against the Polish occupation. Poles captured Smolensk in June 1611 but began to retreat after they were ousted from Moscow in September 1612.[7] Romanov, the son of Patriarch Filaret of Moscow, was elected Tsar of Russia in 1613, beginning the Romanov dynasty and ending the Time of Troubles. little military action between 1612 and 1617, the war finally ended in 1618 with the Truce of Deulino, which granted the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth certain territorial concessions but preserved Russia's independence. war was the first major sign of the rivalry and uneasy relations between Poland and Russia which last to this day.[8] aftermath had a long-lasting impact on Russian society, creating the negative stereotype of Poland in Russia[9] and, most notably, giving rise to the Romanov dynasty which ruled Russia for three centuries until the February Revolution in 1917. also left a noticeable mark on Russian culture, with renowned composers and writers portraying the war in works such as A Life for the Tsar by Mikhail Glinka, Boris Godunov (opera) by Modest Mussorgsky, Boris Godunov (play) by Alexander Pushkin, Pan Voyevoda by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov as well as films Minin and Pozharsky and 1612. Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Poland, 1609, Roman oUglich, Relics burned by Poles
Rostov, 1255-1285, Roman oUglich, Rostov (Uchma River, Volga River 7), son oVladimir&Photina oUglich, nephew oBasil oRostov, father died 1248, brother died 1261, Roman became govenor Uglich at 26, became father tHis subjects, poor house, took in destitute that came from everywhere, built 15 more churches, present every devine service, often conversed wMonks, devoted fasting, prayer, righteous works, built Romanov (Tutaev) on high bank oVolga, died peacefully 1285, 1486 incorrupt relics found, miracles, witnessed by Met Heremogenes 1595, sainthood, 1609 relics burned by Poles; Uglich; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, of Prince Vladimir and Princess Photina of Uglich, nephew of Saint Basil (Basilko) of Rostov (March 4), born on October 1, 1235. the death of his father (in 1248) and his older brother Andrew (in 1261), Saint Roman, at the age of twenty-six, took upon himself the governance of Uglich and became a father to his subjects. established a poor-house and took in the destitute, who came to him from everywhere. the principality he built fifteen more churches. Roman was present every day at the divine services, and he often conversed with pious monks. the death of his wife in 1280, he devoted himself entirely to ascetic exploits of fasting, prayer and works of righteousness. built the city Romanov (now Tutaev) on the high bank of the Volga. holy prince died peacefully on February 3, 1285 and was buried in the Church of the Transfiguration in Uglich. 1486, the relics of Saint Roman were found to be incorrupt were transferred into the new cathedral Church of the Transfiguration. the year 1595 with the blessing of Patriarch Job in consequence of the fame concerning miracles relics were witnessed to by the Metropolitan (later Patriarch) Saint Hermogenes (February 17), Saint Roman was numbered among the saints. 1609, the holy relics were burned along with the church during an invasion by the Poles.

Poland, 1615, Lisowski of Poland Destroys Zhabyn Monastery, Ryazan
Aleksander Joseph Lisowski; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Poland, 1620, Battle of Cecora, not 1595, Iassi or Jiassi, Pol-Lith w Moldov V Ottomans w Nogali Tartars, Moldov switch sides
Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora (1620) not 1595; Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) was a battle during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais),[3]:344 fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.[5]:568 of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of 1621.[3]:341 The Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburgs' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice.[6] However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland.[3]:341 Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Țuțora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania), to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000[3]:342 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry[3]:344), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp.[3]:344 However, many of the Moldavian boyars left the camp in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks.[3]:344 Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. warriors of the Crimean Khanate during the Battle of Cecora (1620). 10 September, near Ţuţora (close to Iasi, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces, with Wallachian contingents (13,000–22,000) under the command of Iskender Pasha, the beylerbey of Ochakiv (Ozi). The Ottoman Sultan's force included Gabriel Bethlen's army.[3]:342 The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fighting (the 18th), most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3 October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish–Lithuanian border. another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north,[3]:344 leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle Żólkiewski died[7] and Koniecpolski[3]:344 and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death he received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October).[8] Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.[citation needed] the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it. Alexandru Iliaş was appointed as the ruler of Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. between 1,000 and 1,500 of Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into Podolia, Wołyń and eastern Lesser Poland.[3]:344 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from Edirne towards the Polish frontier. The Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering southern part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and Cossack supporters and entrenched himself at the Chocim Fortress, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. At Khotyn, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow (Battle of Khotyn). The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (24 September). The battle was a stalemate and the resulting Treaty of Khotyn reflected it, providing some concessions to the Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands. II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the Janissaries. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the madrases erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed; two days later he was killed by the rebels who deposed him. Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CECORA 18 - 29 IX 1620".

Poland, 1632-1648, King Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Tsar of Russia at 16 in 1610-13
Poland, 1632-1648, King Wladyslaw IV Vasa; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Poland, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, Smolensk War, Russia accepted Polish–Lith control over Smolensk r, for another 20 years
Poland, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War ; Smolensk War (1632–1634) was a conflict fought between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia. began in October 1632 when Russian forces tried to capture the city of Smolensk. Small military engagements produced mixed results for both sides, but the surrender of the main Russian force in February 1634 led to the Treaty of Polyanovka. Russia accepted Polish–Lithuanian control over the Smolensk region, which lasted for another 20 years. Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius' Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Poland, 1637-1651, Nicholas Pototski, Polish-Lith Count, captured by Turks 1595, d Turks 1633, d cossacks 1637&1638, ukraine estates, oppressive
Poland, 1637-1651, Polish-Lithuanian Count, Nicholas Pototski ; łaj "Bearpaw" Potocki (1595 – 20 November 1651) was a Polish nobleman, magnate and Field Crown Hetman of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1637 to 1646, Grand Hetman of the Crown from 1646 to 1651, governor of Bracław Voivodeship from 1636 and from 1646 Castellan of Kraków. was captured during the battle of Cecora by the Turks. In 1633 during the Battle of Paniowce, along with Prince Jeremi Wiśniowiecki and Stanisław Koniecpolski he defeated the Turk forces under Abaza Pasha. the 1637 Pavlyuk Uprising he defeated Cossacks under Pavlo Pavliuk at the battle of Kumejki. In the 1638 Ostryanyn Uprising he forced Dmytro Hunia to surrender. After those victories over the Cossacks he received large estates in Ukraine (Kresy). 1637–38 Cossack rebellions suppressed by Potocki were minutely described by historian and bishop Szymon Okolski who witnessed and directly participated in the developments of those days. His field diaries became a valuable information source for historians. the Sejm of 1646 Potocki opposed the plan of the king Władysław IV Vasa to wage war against the Turks. was known as very oppressive to peasantry and Cossacks. His behavior was one of the causes of the Khmelnytsky Uprising. In 1648 he disregarded the monarch's orders and attacked rebellious Cossacks in Ukraine. He was defeated at the Battle of Korsuń and captured by Tatars. In April 1650 he was released from jasyr. On 28–30 June 1651 he was victorious over Tatar and Cossack forces at the Battle of Beresteczko. 18 September 1651, after the indecisive Battle of Bila Tserkva he negotiated a treaty with the Cossacks. Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Poland, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; background[edit] articles: Khmelnytsky Uprising, Second Northern War, and Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky led a popular uprising of Zaporozhian Cossacks and Ukrainian peasants discontented with the rule of Polish and Lithuanian magnates. the initial phase of the rebellion ended (after much destruction) at the Battle of Berestechko (1651), it brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over Ukraine and over the eastern Slavic lands in general. in October 1653, the Russian Zemsky Sobor declared war on the Commonwealth, and in June 1654 the forces of Tsar Alexis of Russia invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the Russo-Polish War of 1654–67. the summer of 1654, the Russians managed to capture most important cities and strongholds of today's Belarus. was captured after a siege on October 3, 1654. The Swedish Empire, which technically already was at war with the Commonwealth (a ceasefire agreement existed from 1629 and was prolonged from 1635 to 1661), invaded in July 1655 and occupied the remaining half of the country. Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ; Lubech Icon of the Mother of God received its name from the city of Lubech, on the outskirts of Chernigov. icon manifested itself during the eleventh century. The miracles of this icon were described by Saint Demetrius of Rostov. 1653, when an invasion of the Poles against Lubech was imminent, they sent the icon to Kiev. 1701 after the restoration, they returned the icon to the Lubech church in honor of the Resurrection of Christ, and an exact copy was left in the cathedral of Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Kiev.

Poland, 1654-1667, Russian-Polish War, War for the Ukraine
Russian-Polish War, 1654-1667, War for the Ukraine ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Poland, 1656, Swedish Deluge, Protestant Sweden over Catholic Poland
Poland, 1656, Swedish Deluge ; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa"Â, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1656, Czestochowa Icon Stops Swedish Deluge
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1669-1673, Polish-Lithuanian King, Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki
Poland, 1669-1673, Polish-Lithuanian King, Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War, Ottomans control western Ukraine
Poland, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War; Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach, 1672; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1672, Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach
Poland, 1672, Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach ; Polish-“Ottoman War (1672-“76); Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski, R Catholic
Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Poland, 1683, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, found in a tree near Lesna, 1686 C force removal, 1863 Polish Revolt
Poland, 1683, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, found in a tree near Lesna; Lesna Icon of the Mother of God appeared on the Feast of the Universal Exaltation of the Cross in the year 1683 and was found by Alexander Stelmashuk, a shepherd, who had gone into the woods in order to escape the heat. There he saw a small Icon in the branches of a pear tree, emitting a bright radiance. He fell to his knees in reverence, but then he was so overcome with fear that he ran to tell a friend about his discovery. The two shepherds went to the village priest, who went back with them to remove the Icon from the tree. They brought it to an Orthodox church in the village of Bukovich, not far from the town of Lesna. news of the Icon's miraculous appearance circulated throughout the surrounding area, Roman Catholic priests decided to use the Icon to convert the Orthodox to Catholicism. In 1686, when they met with opposition from the Orthodox faithful, they removed the Icon by force in 1686 and placed it in the Roman Catholic church at Lesna. the beginning of the eighteenth century, Catholic monks founded a large Roman church and monastery at Lesna, where the wonderworking Icon was. In 1863, the monks took part in the Polish revolt, and, by a decree of the Russian government, the Icon was returned to the Orthodox Church. The monastery was closed and turned into an Orthodox women’s monastery in 1885. A new iconostasis was built, but it was only two rows high so that people could see the Lesna Icon hanging in the High Place. Icon has worked many miracles, healing the sick, dispelling melancholy, and alleviating every sort of misfortune. Lesna Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on September 8 and on the Day of the Holy Trinity (Pentecost). Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Poland, 1795-1807, Polish History Folder, Partitions and Divisions

Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1773-1789, Protectorate of the Russian Empire
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Poland, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95
Poland, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95 ;

Poland, 1807-1814, Napolion's Duchy of Warsaw

Poland, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw
Poland, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw;

Poland, 1814-1918, Russian and Prussian Rule

Poland, 1814-1918, Congress of Vienna, Russian Prussian Rule, after Napoleon I, conservative, to restrain republicanism and revolution
Poland, 1814-1815, Congress of Vienna; Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon I. It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. goal was not simply to restore old boundaries but to resize the main powers so they could balance each other and remain at peace. fundamentally, the conservative leaders of the Congress sought to restrain or eliminate the republicanism and revolution which had upended the constitutional order of the European old regime, and which continued to threaten it. the settlement, France lost all its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains. Prussia added smaller German states in the west, Swedish Pomerania, 60% of the Kingdom of Saxony, and the western part of the former Duchy of Warsaw; Austria gained Venice and much of northern Italy. Russia gained the central and eastern part of the Duchy of Warsaw. It ratified the new Kingdom of the Netherlands which had been created just months before from the formerly Austrian territory that in 1830 became Belgium. of the Acts of the Congress of Vienna immediate background was Napoleonic France's defeat and surrender in May 1814, which brought an end to 23 years of nearly continuous war. Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon's dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March to July 1815. The Congress's "final act" was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815. have criticized the Congress for causing the subsequent suppression of the emerging national and liberal movements,[1] and it has been seen as a reactionary movement for the benefit of traditional monarchs. a technical sense, the "Congress of Vienna" was not properly a congress: it never met in plenary session. Instead, most of the discussions occurred in informal, face-to-face sessions among the Great Powers of Austria, Britain, France, Russia, and sometimes Prussia, with limited or no participation by other delegates. On the other hand, the Congress was the first occasion in history where, on a continental scale, national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages among the several capitals. The Congress of Vienna settlement formed the framework for European international politics until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9;

Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting a Russian rule, nobility, Bourgeois, youth, seeking independence
Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule; January Uprising was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland aimed at the restoration of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It began on 22 January 1863 and continued until the last insurgents were captured by the Russian forces in 1864. was the longest lasting insurgency in post-partition Poland. The conflict engaged all levels of society, and arguably had profound repercussions on contemporary international relations and ultimately provoked a social and ideological paradigm shift in national events that went on to have a decisive influence on the subsequent development of Polish society.[4] confluence of factors rendered the uprising inevitable in early 1863. The Polish nobility and urban bourgeois circles longed for the semi-autonomous status they had enjoyed in Congress Poland before the previous insurgency, a generation earlier in 1830, while youth encouraged by the success of the Italian independence movement urgently desired the same outcome. Russia had been weakened by its Crimean adventure and had introduced a more liberal attitude in its internal politics which encouraged Poland's underground National Government to plan an organised strike against their Russian occupiers no earlier than the Spring of 1863.[4] They had not reckoned with Aleksander Wielopolski, the pro-Russian arch-conservative head of the civil administration in the Russian partition, who got wind of the plans. Wielopolski was aware that his fellow countrymen's fervent desire for independence was coming to a head, something he wanted to avoid at all costs. In an attempt to derail the Polish national movement, he brought forward to January the conscription of young Polish activists into the Imperial Russian Army (for 20-year service). That decision is what triggered the January Uprising of 1863, the very outcome Wielopolski had wanted to avoid.[5] rebellion by young Polish conscripts was soon joined by high-ranking Polish-Lithuanian officers and members of the political class. The insurrectionists, as yet ill-organised, were severely outnumbered and lacking sufficient foreign support, and were forced into hazardous guerrilla tactics. Reprisals were swift and ruthless. Public executions and deportations to Siberia eventually persuaded many Poles to abandon armed struggle. In addition, Tsar Alexander II hit the landed gentry hard, and as a result the whole economy, with a sudden decision in 1864 to finally abolish serfdom in Poland.[6] The ensuing break-up of estates and destitution of many peasants convinced educated Poles to turn instead to the idea of "organic work", economic and cultural self-improvement.[7] Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14;

Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, 1683, found in a tree near Lesna, 1686 C force removal
Poland, 1683, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, found in a tree near Lesna; Lesna Icon of the Mother of God appeared on the Feast of the Universal Exaltation of the Cross in the year 1683 and was found by Alexander Stelmashuk, a shepherd, who had gone into the woods in order to escape the heat. There he saw a small Icon in the branches of a pear tree, emitting a bright radiance. He fell to his knees in reverence, but then he was so overcome with fear that he ran to tell a friend about his discovery. The two shepherds went to the village priest, who went back with them to remove the Icon from the tree. They brought it to an Orthodox church in the village of Bukovich, not far from the town of Lesna. news of the Icon's miraculous appearance circulated throughout the surrounding area, Roman Catholic priests decided to use the Icon to convert the Orthodox to Catholicism. In 1686, when they met with opposition from the Orthodox faithful, they removed the Icon by force in 1686 and placed it in the Roman Catholic church at Lesna. the beginning of the eighteenth century, Catholic monks founded a large Roman church and monastery at Lesna, where the wonderworking Icon was. In 1863, the monks took part in the Polish revolt, and, by a decree of the Russian government, the Icon was returned to the Orthodox Church. The monastery was closed and turned into an Orthodox women’s monastery in 1885. A new iconostasis was built, but it was only two rows high so that people could see the Lesna Icon hanging in the High Place. Icon has worked many miracles, healing the sick, dispelling melancholy, and alleviating every sort of misfortune. Lesna Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on September 8 and on the Day of the Holy Trinity (Pentecost). Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Poland, 1906-1914, Maxim Sandovich, Aust-Hung Catholic monk to Rus Orthodox priest, shot for continuing services
Poland, 1906-1914, Maxim Sandovich oZdynia, Poland in the Beskids (Vistula River Source), Austro-Hungarian Catholic Monk iKrakow, attempts to denationalize Russians and Latinize Eastern Rite, went tPochaev monastery, Orthodox, potential recognized, sent to Zhitomir seminary 1911, married&ordained, Lemko region Orthodox movement tAncestors faith, Home tHrab, Vysovatka, Dovhe, Dec 1911 Austrians ordered O services stop b Russian sympathies, M continued O services iHomes, repeatedly fined temp arrest, 1912 prison 2yrs Lviv, not guilty trial, continued O services, Aug 1914 WWI arrested, no trial, shot, family sent to Talerhof CCamp, son M born, future Lemko Rusyn priest, glorification 1994, relics transfered 2007; Zdynia, Poland; Hieromartyr Maxim Sandovich, Commemorated on September 6; Maxim was born in 1886 in Zdynia in the Lemko region of Carpatho-Rus which was then a part of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in present day Poland. father, Tymofej, was the cantor of Zydnia’s Greek Catholic church. completing his education in the nearby town of Jaslo and Nowy Sacz, he entered the Greek Catholic Basilian monastery in Krakow. with the attempts to Latinize the Eastern rite to make it more acceptable to the Roman Catholic majority and also attempts to denationalize the Rusyns, he crossed the border into the Russian empire and entered the famed Orthodox monastery at Pochaev. was while at the monastery that his outstanding potential attracted the attention of the illustrious Bishop Anthony (Khrapovitsky) who enrolled him in the Orthodox seminary in Zhitomir. completed his seminary studies in 1911 that same year married Pelagia Grigoryuk and was ordained to the Holy Priesthood. that time in the Lemko region there was a growing movement away from the Greek Catholic Church to the Orthodox Faith of their ancestors. Maxim returned home to serve the Orthodox faithful in the villages of Hrab, Vysovatka and Dovhe. serving his first Divine Liturgy in Hrab on December 2, 1911, the Austrian authorities, suspicious of the Orthodox Faith for its alleged “Russian sympathies,” issued an order forbidding any further Orthodox services. Maxim ignored the order and continued to conduct services in village homes. was repeatedly fined and held under temporary arrest. Before Pascha in 1912, he was again arrested with his friend and spiritual father, Father Ignatij Hudyma, held in prison for two years in a Lviv prison until their trial began on March 9, 1914. being found not guilty he immediately returned to his native village and continued minister to his Orthodox parishioners. the outbreak of World War I, Father Maxim was again arrested and imprisoned on August 4, 1914 along with his entire family. Maxim, his father, mother, brother, and wife were forced to travel on foot to the prison while being prodded by the bayonets of the soldiers. prison they were placed in separate cells and denied the opportunity to see each other. time, however, there would be no court trial. the morning of September 6, Father Maxim awoke in his cell and read his morning prayers as usual. soldiers led the twenty-eight year old priest from his cell to a wall in the prison courtyard where he was bound and blindfolded. he was being led from his cell Father Maxim realized where they were taking him and humbly and with dignity asked, “Be so good as not to hold me. I will go peacefully wherever you wish.” they ripped his priestly cross from his chest and threw it to the dirt, marking an “X” with chalk over his heart for a target. the command to execute the priest was given, Father Maxim was heard to shout: “Long live the Rus’ people, long live Orthodoxy!” the shots rang out the martyr slumped to the ground. To assure that he was dead three more blasts of a revolver were emptied into his head. September 12, Saint Maxim’s father, his pregnant wife, and brother were sent to the concentration camp at Talerhof in the far western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. in the camp Pelagia gave birth to a son she named Maxim in honor of his father. his father, the younger Maxim also entered the priesthood serving the Lemko Rusyn people faithfully until his death in 1991. Canonization September 1994, the official glorification of Saint Maxim began in the courtyard of the Gorlice Court House where the saint had been martyred, a bronze plaque marking the tragic event was placed on the wall. this service, a procession of hierarchs, including our Metropolitan Nicholas of blessed memory, clergy and faithful entered the Holy Trinity Church in Gorlice for the service of glorification. the glorification of a saint, ordinarily the saint’s relics would be exhumed from their grave and transferred in procession to the church. bishops of the Orthodox Church of Poland decided to delay the transfer, fearing it would provoke the areas’ Roman Catholics who reluctantly tolerate the Orthodox presence. on September 5-6, 2007, the martyr’s relics were transferred from the village cemetery in Zdynia to the Holy Trinity Church in Gorlice, Poland where they are enshrined on the right side of the icon screen. Witness of Martyrs Lord said, “Do not fear those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. But rather fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell” (Matthew 10:28). life of this new hieromartyr (priest-martyr) echo the words of Jesus. Maxim had no fear of threats from the government, imprisonment, abuse, insults and even a firing squad. this newly-ordained priest was arrested for serving an Orthodox Divine Liturgy his first action on being freed was to immediately return to his flock and resume his priestly ministry. Lord’s words in the Book of Revelation apply well to Saint Maxim: “Be faithful unto death and I will give you the crown of life” (Revelation 2:10). my many years working as a hospice chaplain I have often been summoned by doctors and nurses to the bedside of a terminally ill patient who is fearful of his approaching death. medical professionals assume, rightly so, that it is primarily an active faith that can help a person face this fear. promise of the Lord Jesus to us is that if we believe in Him and our lives are joined to His we have nothing to fear in death. while the death and resurrection of our Savior have removed our fear of death, Jesus does not desire that all of our fears vanish. does want us to be afraid of something! He wants us to be afraid of the right things, to be fearful of things that should be fear: “...fear him who is able to destroy both soul and body in hell. What shall it profit a man if he gain the whole world and lose his soul?” (Matthew 16:26). life of Saint Maxim Sandovich, faithful priest shines forth this truth! — Father Edward Pehanich

Poland, 1918-1989, Communist Poland

Poland, 1918-1935, Polish Leader, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski
Poland, 1918-1935, Polish Defacto Leader, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Poland, 1936-1941, Polish Leader, Edward Rydz-Smigly
Poland, 1936-1941, Polish Leader, Edward Rydz-Smigly; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Poland, 1942-1989, Polish Leader, Michal Rola Zymierskii, Chief of the Army
Poland, 1942-1989, Polish Leader, Michal Rola Zymierskii, Chief of the Army;

Poland, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist
Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist; George Jeffreys (pastor);

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River Folder

Vistula River

Vistula River Source (Silesian Beskids)

Beskids, Poland
Beskids, Poland;

Silesian Beskids (Vistual River Source, Outer Western Carpatians, Right Side Upper Order River)
Silesian Beskids;

Zdynia, Poland in the Beskids (Vistula River Source)
Zdynia, Poland; Hieromartyr Maxim Sandovich, Commemorated on September 6;

Lemko region, Beskids, Poland (Vistula River Source)

Vistula River 1

Auschwitz, Poland (concentration camp, Vistula River 1.9)
Auschwitz (concentration camp); Righteous Martyr Maria (Skobtsova), Commemorated on July 20; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Vistula River 2 (Zator, Poland)

University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364
University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER. ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Krakow, Poland (Vistula River 2.2)
Krakow, Poland (Vistula River 2.2); University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364; Hieromartyr Maxim Sandovich, Commemorated on September 6; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER. ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Vistula River 3 (Poland)

Vistula River 4 (near Lublin, Polish Lithuania)

Lublin, Poland (Vistula River 4)
Lublin, Poland; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Vistula River 5 (Deblin, Poland)

Vistula River 6 (Warsaw, Poland)

Warsaw University, Poland (Vistula River 6) 1816
Warsaw University; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Pawiak, prison, Warsaw, Poland
Pawiak; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Vistula River 7 (Narew River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River Folder

Narew River

Narew River Source (Bialowieza Forest)

Bialowieza Forest
Bialowieza Forest;

Narew River 1 (Lesna, Poland)

Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River 1)
Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River Source) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Narew River 2

Narew River 3

Stara Rus, Poland (Narew River 3)
Stara Rus; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24;

Narew River 4

Narew River 6 (Bialystok and Suprasl monastery)

Bialystok, Poland (Narew River 6)
Bialystok; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland
Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Suprasl, Poland (Narew River 6) Suprasl Icon miracles, Orthodox and Catholics
Suprasl; Suprasl monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy Suprasl Icon of the Mother of God was in the Annunciation women’s monastery of Grodnensk governance at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It was glorified by many miracles and both Orthodox and Catholics piously reverence it. icon is one of the Hodegetria type.

Narew River 10 (Overview)

Podlasie, Northeastern Poland
Podlasie, Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Battle of Gruenwald, PL overTeutonic Knights (between Narew 10 and Vistula 11)
Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Ermland Region, Northeastern Poland
Ermland (Warmia) Region, Poland; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Narew River 13 (Bug River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River Folder

Bug River (Western Bug River)

Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk, Western Ukraine, Eastern Poland
Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Bug River Source (Central Ukraine)

Bug River 1 (Western Bug River 1) (Vladimir-Volynsk)

Belz, Fortress of Belz (Bug River 1), Eastern Poland, Western Ukraine
Belz, Fortress of Belz; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River 1, Poltva River Folder

Poltva River

Poltva River Source (Lvov, Western Ukraine or Poland, Bug River 1)

Lvov or Lviv, Poland (Poltva River Source, Western Ukraine or Eastern Poland)
Lvov (Poltva River) ; Hieromartyr Maxim Sandovich, Commemorated on September 6; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Austrian-Carpatho-Russians, Poland
Austrian-Carpatho-Russians; Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Bug River 2 (near Kholm Theological Seminary)

Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Western Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Chelm (Kholm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Bug River 3 or Western Bug River 3

Bug River 4 (Brest)

Jableczna, Poland (Bug River 4)
Jableczna, Poland ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Poland, Brest, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals)

Dnieper Bug Canal Start Point (Brest)
Dnieper Bug Canal (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania;

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Pinsk, Russia (Pripyat River to Dnieper River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Pinsk

Dnieper Bug Canal - Lesna, Poland (Narew River)

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Sapotskin, Lithuania (Neman River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Sapotskin

Bug River 5

Bug River 6

Bug River 7

Bug River Mouth (Warsaw, Narew River 13)

Narew River Mouth (Vistula River 7, Warsaw)

Warsaw, Poland (Narew River Mouth, Vistula River 7)
Warsaw, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw
Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Left Side Neman, Right Side Vistula and Narew Rivers, between Warsaw and Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

East Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Southeast Baltic Coastal drainage to Kognigsberg or Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Vistula River 8 (Plock, Poland)

Vistula River 9 (Torun, Poland)

Vistula River 10 (Amber Road, Bydgoszez, Poland)

Vistula River 11 (Amber Road, Grudziadz, Poland)

Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Amber Rd, Poland, 1308-1454)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Vistula River Mouth (Gdansk, Pomerania, Poland, Baltic Sea)

Gothiscandza, Poland
Gothiscandza, first location of the Goths on the Continent from Scandza or Gothland; Goths Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Sava Stratelates ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Rome, Commemorated on April 24;

Pomerania (Lower Left Side Vistula, Lower Right Side Oder, and Warta Rivers)
Pomerania (Lower Vistula, Oder, and Warta Rivers) ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ; Goths migrated to lower Vistula region of Pomerania from Scandinavia. Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ;

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River Folder (Czech Republic, Poland, Germany)

Oder River

Oder River Source (Selesian Beskids)

Oder River 1 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 2 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 3 (Poland)

Oder River 4

Oder River 5

Oder River 6 (Opolsk)

Opolsk, Selesia, Poland (Oder River 6)
Opole or Opolsk on the Oder River (Odra) ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Oder River 7

Selesia, Poland (Left Side Upper Oder River)
Selesia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Oder River 10 (Amber Road, Wroclaw, Poland)

Molczyce, Poland (Oder River 11)
Molczyce, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Oder River 18 (Lusatian River, G P Border)

Oder River 19 (Germany Poland Border)

Oder River 20 (Warta River Mouth)

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River 20, Warta River Folder

Warta River

Warta River Source (near Zawiercie, Southern Poland)

Sosnowiec, Southern Poland (Warta River Source)
Sosnowiec, Southern Poland ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Warta River 1

Warta River 2 (Czestochowa, Poland)

Czestochowa, Poland (Warta River 2)
Czestochowa; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382
Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Warta River 3 (Dzialoszyn, Poland)

Poland, Western Poland, Order River 20, Warta River3, Liswarta River Folder

Liswarta River

Liswarta River 1

Liswarta River 2

Liswarta River Mouth (Warta River 3)

Warta River 4

Vandal Land - Lugii, Poland
Vandal Land - Lugii; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18 ;

Warta River 5

Jugendlager (Kinder) Camp, Poland (east of Warta River 5.5)
Jugendlager (Kinder) Camp (east of Warta River 5.5) ; Righteous Martyr Maria (Skobtsova), Commemorated on July 20;

Ner River Mouth (Warta River 7)

Warta River 7 (Kolo, Poland)

Prosna River Mouth (Warta River 9)

Warta River 9 (Amber Road)

Royal Prussia, Poland (Warta River 10, Amber Road 10)
Royal Prussia; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Obra River Mouth (Warta River 19)

Notec River Mouth (Warta River 20)

Warta River Mouth (Oder River 20)

Oder River 21 (G P Border)

Oder River 22 (G P Border)

Oder River 23 (G P Border)

Oder River 24 (Poland)

Oder River 25 (Poland)

Oder River Mouth (Gulf of Pomerania, Baltic Sea)