Moldovia Folder, its Siret, Prut and Dniester rivers and their mountains.kmz

Moldovia Folder, its Siret, Prut and Dniester rivers and their mountains

Moldavia (on the Dniester River)
Moldavia (on the Dniester River) ; St Stephen the Great St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Valachia (Wallachia or Moldovia)
Valachia;

Moldovians or Bessarabians
Moldovians or Bessarabians; Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Moldovia 1345-1991, Moldovian History Folder

Moldovia, 1345-1361, Moldovian Prince, Dragos, Voivode of Moldavia, Founder, invited saxons to farm, from Transylvania
Moldovian Prince, 1345-1361, Dragos, Voivode of Moldavia; also known as Dragos Voda, or Dragos the Founder[1] was the first Voivode of Moldavia, who reigned in the middle of the 14th century, according to the earliest Moldavian chronicles. same sources say that Dragos came from Maramures while chasing an aurochs or bison across the Carpathian Mountains. dismounting, on the banks of the Moldova River has traditionally been regarded as the symbol of the foundation of the Principality of Moldavia in Romanian historiography. details of his life are uncertain. Historians have identified him either with Dragos of Bedeu or with Dragos of Gulesti, who were Vlach, or Romanian, landowners in the Kingdom of Hungary. Moldavian chronicles write that Dragos came to Moldavia in 1359, but modern historians tend to propose an earlier date (1345, 1347, and 1352). became the head of a march of the Kingdom of Hungary, which emerged after a Hungarian army inflicted a crushing defeat on a large army of the Golden Horde in 1345. sources say that he founded Baia and Siret, and invited Saxon settlers who introduced viticulture in Moldavia. According to the traditional dating, he died in 1361, but earlier years (1353, c. 1354 and 1357) have also been suggested by historians. Dragos did not establish a royal dynasty, because his grandson, Balc, was expelled from Moldavia by Bogdan of Cuhea, another Vlach landowner from Maramures. St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Moldovia, 1359-1538, Principality of Moldovia
Moldovia, Principality of Moldovia, 1359-1538; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Moldovia, 1399-1432, the Voevod, Alexander I of Moldavia, reforms, trade, V council, built monasteries
Moldovia, 1399-1432, Alexander I of Moldavia; the Good (c. 1375 -“ 1 January 1432) was a Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia, reigning between 1400 and 1432,[1] son of Roman I Murat. He succeeded Iuga to the throne,[2] and, as a ruler, initiated a series of reforms while consolidating the status of the Moldavian Principality. politics[edit] of the church of Moldovlahia to the Council of Constance in 1415, led by Grigore Aamblac, and sent by Alexandru cel Bun expanded the bureaucratical system by creating the "Council of the Voivode", the Chancellory and by adding (in 1403) the institution of Logofa“ Chancellor of the official Chancellery. his reign, he introduced new fiscal laws, by adding commercial privileges to the traders of Lviv (1408) and Krakow (1409), improved the situation of the trading routes (especially the one linking the port of Cetatea Alba to Poland), strengthened the forts guarding them, and expanded the Moldavian ports of Cetatea Alba and Chilia. also had a role in ending the conflict of the Moldavian Eastern Orthodox with the Patriarch of Constantinople; he built Bistria ›a Monastery where he is buried and continued the building of Neams› Monastery which was started in the previous century. affairs[edit] main concern of Alexander the Good was to defend the country in wars against superior armies. In order to do that, he forged a system of alliances with Wallachia and Poland, generally against Hungary (although he had been backed to the throne by Sigismund of Hungary). 1402, he was sworn vassal of Jogaila, the King of Poland.[3] The treaty was renewed in 1404, 1407, 1411 and 1415. I of Moldavia (Alexandru cel Bun), monument by Tudor Cataraga participated in two battles against the Teutonic Knights: in 1410 at Grunwald and in 1422 at Marienburg. In 1420, he also defended Moldavia against the first incursion by Ottomans at Cetatea Alba. He also got involved in the power struggles of Wallachia, by helping Radu II Prasnaglava in 1418-“1419 and Alexandru I Aldea in 1429, mostly in order to prevent the capture of Chilia. to a territorial claim of Poland and the previous failure of the Polish king to fulfill his part of the vassalic treaty during an Ottoman attack in 1420, Alexander launched an attack on Poland during the Lithuanian Civil War (1431-“1435). The attack ended with the Treaty of Suceava on November 18, 1431. makes the first documentary confirmation of the gypsy slavery in Moldova, giving the monastery of Bistrit›a 31 gypsy families along with some cattle.[4]:14 Icon of the Mother of God œNeamtsÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26; St. Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Moldovia, 1426-1496, Daniel tHesychast, wise clairvoyant wonderworker&monk instructor
Moldovia, 1426-1496, Daniel tHesychast, oSt Nicholas m at Radauti (Suceava River 5), wise clairvoyant wonderworker&monk instructor, under Leontius, priest, St Laurence m Civoul de Sus, obediences bDay, vigil, prayer, baskets bNight, Great Schema, solitude, 1450 by Neamts m 14yrs, discovered, chapel&carved cave nPutna creek, where spiritual child Steven tG bPutna m, tVoronets m, cell cave carved fFalcon Cliff f20yrs, gift oHealing, 1488 over 80yr old , back tVoronets m, igumen, died a96yr; monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; Daniel the Hesychast, the great wonderworker and instructor of monastics, born in Moldavia at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was baptized with the name Dumitru. he was sixteen, he became a monk of the monastery of Saint Nicholas at Radauti and received the name David. spiritual Father was Saint Leontius of Radauti (July 1). many years of ascetical struggles, he became a chosen vessel of the Spirit and was ordained to the holy priesthood. lived for some years at the monastery of Saint Laurence in the Civoul de Sus district. he fulfilled his obediences during the day, and at night he kept vigil, prayed, and wove baskets. received the Great Schema and the new name Daniel. obtained the igumen’s blessing to live in the wilderness in solitude, where he devoted himself to spiritual struggles. 1450, he lived near the Neamts Monastery by Secu creek for fourteen years. time, people discovered where he lived and came to visit him. for solitude, he moved to northern Moldavia and chiseled out a cell for himself in the face of a cliff near Putna creek. Next to it, he carved out a small chapel for prayer. his spiritual child Saint Stephen the Great (July 2) built the Putna Monastery, which was consecrated in 1470, Saint Daniel moved near the Voronets Monastery. too, he carved a small cell out of the rock under Soim (Falcon) Cliff and lived a God-pleasing life for the next twenty years. guided many disciples in the principles of the spiritual life, and he also had the gift of healing the sick of their physical infirmities. 1488, when he was over eighty years old, Saint Daniel went to live at the Voronets Monastery, where he was chosen to be the igumen. Daniel was a great ascetic and wonderworker, wise and clairvoyant. from near and far visited him seeking his spiritual advice, or to confess their sins. died in 1496 and was buried at the Voronets Monastery, where people continue to venerate his tomb. Daniel was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992.

Moldovia, 1426-1496, Daniel the Hesychast, prophet for and friend of Stephen the Great
Moldovia, 1426-1496, Saint, Daniel the Hesychast; Sihastrul (Romanian for "Daniel the Hesychast"; was a renowned Romanian Orthodox spiritual guide, advisor of Stephen the Great, and hegumen of VoroneÈ› Monastery. Canonized by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992, he is commemorated on December 18.[1] contemporary of Stephen the Great (1457-1504), Daniil Sihastrul was born near the beginning of the 15th century in a village near Radauti, with the baptismal name Dumitru. At 16 he was tonsured a monk with the name of David at Bogdana Monastery in Radauti. time later, he retreated to the Sfantul Laurentiu Monastery near the village of Vicovu de Sus. Feeling the need for greater solitude, he took upon himself the Great Schema, taking the schematic name of Daniil, and retreating into a densely forested area of the Vitau valley near modern-day Putna. There he found a rock into which he carved a chapel. To this day one can see the narthex, naos, and altar, as well as an underground room, also carved out of the rock, in which the saint dwelled. Stephen the Great came here in 1451, after the assassination of his father Bogdan II, at Reuseni. Daniil prophesied that Stephen would return and would become the ruler of Moldavia, which did occur in 1457. the urging of Daniil Sihastrul, Stephen the Great built Putna Monastery in 1466. After its consecration in 1470, Daniil withdrew to VoroneÈ›, on the banks of the VoroneÈ› river, by Soimului rock, where he continued his monastic life. VoroneÈ› he was again visited by Stephen the Great, after the Battle of Valea Alba in 1476, seeking advice. Daniil Sihastrul advised him to continue battling the Turks, foreseeing that he would triumph. To commemorate this victory in 1488 the ruler commissioned the VoroneÈ› Monastery. its consecration, Daniil moved from his hermitage to the monastery. He spent the latter part of his life here, being elected as hegumen. He died in 1496 and was buried in the church at the VoroneÈ› Monastery. On his tomb stone, carved according to the wishes of Stephen the Great, it is written: This is the tomb of our father David, the schema-monk Daniil. Moldovian Prince, 1457-1504, Stephen III of Moldavia (the Great); III of Moldavia, most commonly known as Stephen the Great ( died on 2 July 1504), was Voivode (or Prince) of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son of and co-ruler with Bogdan II, who was murdered in 1451 in a conspiracy organized by his brother and Stephen's uncle Peter III Aaron who took the throne. Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia, but with the support of Vlad III Dracula, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, forcing Aaron to seek refuge in Poland in the summer of 1457. I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed Stephen prince. He attacked Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, but eventually acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459. Stephen decided to recapture Chilia (now Kiliya in Ukraine), an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, but was seriously wounded during the siege. years later, he captured the town. promised support to the leaders of the Three Nations of Transylvania against Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in 1467. invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him in the Battle of Baia. Aaron attacked Moldavia with Hungarian support in December 1470, but was also defeated by Stephen and executed, along with the Moldavian boyars who still endorsed him. restored old fortresses and built new ones, which improved Moldavia's defence system as well as strengthened central administration. Ottoman expansion threatened Moldavian ports in the region of the Black Sea. In 1473, Stephen stopped paying tribute to the Ottoman sultan and launched a series of campaigns against Wallachia in order to replace its rulers who had accepted Ottoman suzerainty with his protage. However, each prince who seized the throne with Stephen's support was soon forced to pay homage to the sultan. eventually defeated a large Ottoman army in the Battle of Vaslui in 1475. Stephen was referred to as Athleta Christi ("Champion of Christ") by Pope Sixtus IV, even though Moldavia's hopes for military support went unfulfilled. following year, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II routed Stephen in the Battle of Valeac, but the lack of provisions and the outbreak of a plague forced him to withdraw from Moldavia. advantage of a truce with Matthias Corvinus, the Ottomans captured Chilia, their Crimean Tatar allies Cetatea Alba (now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) in 1484. Corvinus granted two Transylvanian estates to Stephen, the Moldavian prince paid homage to Casimir, who promised to support him to regain Chilia and Cetatea Alba. Stephen's efforts to capture the two ports ended in failure. 1486, he again paid a yearly tribute to the Ottomans. the following years, dozens of stone churches and monasteries were built in Moldavia, which contributed to the development of a specific Moldavian architecture. IV's successor, John I Albert, wanted to grant Moldavia to his younger brother, Sigismund, but Stephen's diplomacy prevented him from invading Moldavia for years. Albert attacked Moldavia in 1497, but Stephen and his Hungarian and Ottoman allies routed the Polish army in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. again tried to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Alba, but had to acknowledge the loss of the two ports to the Ottomans in 1503. his last years, his son and co-ruler Bogdan III played an active role in government. Stephen's long rule represented a period of stability in the history of Moldavia. the 16th century onwards both his subjects and foreigners remembered him as a great ruler. Romanians regard him as one of their greatest national heroes, although he also endures as a cult figure in Moldovenism. After the Romanian Orthodox Church canonized him in 1992, he is venerated as "Stephen the Great and Holy". Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; Daniel the Hesychast, the great wonderworker and instructor of monastics, was born in Moldavia at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was baptized with the name Dumitru. When he was sixteen, he became a monk of the monastery of Saint Nicholas at Radauti and received the name David. His spiritual Father was Saint Leontius of Radauti (July 1). After many years of ascetical struggles, he became a chosen vessel of the Spirit and was ordained to the holy priesthood. lived for some years at the monastery of Saint Laurence in the Civoul de Sus district. There he fulfilled his obediences during the day, and at night he kept vigil, prayed, and wove baskets. He received the Great Schema and the new name Daniel. He obtained the igumen’s blessing to live in the wilderness in solitude, where he devoted himself to spiritual struggles. Around 1450, he lived near the Neamts Monastery by Secu creek for fourteen years. In time, people discovered where he lived and came to visit him. Longing for solitude, he moved to northern Moldavia and chiseled out a cell for himself in the face of a cliff near Putna creek. Next to it, he carved out a small chapel for prayer. his spiritual child Saint Stephen the Great (July 2) built the Putna Monastery, which was consecrated in 1470, Saint Daniel moved near the Voronets Monastery. Here too, he carved a small cell out of the rock under Soim (Falcon) Cliff and lived a God-pleasing life for the next twenty years. He guided many disciples in the principles of the spiritual life, and he also had the gift of healing the sick of their physical infirmities. 1488, when he was over eighty years old, Saint Daniel went to live at the Voronets Monastery, where he was chosen to be the igumen. Daniel was a great ascetic and wonderworker, wise and clairvoyant. People from near and far visited him seeking his spiritual advice, or to confess their sins. He died in 1496 and was buried at the Voronets Monastery, where people continue to venerate his tomb. Daniel was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2; Stephen succeeded his father, Prince Bogdan II, as Prince of Moldavia on April 12, 1457 soon after the latter was murdered. He defended his country against the Turks, and he also built many churches and monasteries. Stephen the Great was a spiritual son of Saint Daniel the Hesychast (December 18), who told him that if he built a church after every battle he would be victorious in all his wars. Following Saint Daniel’s counsel, Saint Stephen won forty-seven battles and built forty-eight churches or monasteries. He also built the Putna Dormition Monastery in northern Moldavia in 1466 when Saint Daniel urged him to do so. 1476, Saint Stephen lost the battle of Razboieni to the Turks. He went to visit Saint Daniel at the Voronets Monastery to ask whether or not he should surrender the country to the Moslems. Saint Daniel told him not to surrender, because he would soon win a decisive victory. Saint Daniel also told him that after he had saved the nation, Stephen should build a monastery in honor of Saint George at that place. Having faith in Saint Daniel’s prophecy, Stephen went forth with his army and drove the Turks from the country. Stephen fell asleep in the Lord on July 2, 1504, and was buried at the Putna Monastery. He was glorified by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Moldovia, 1449-1457, Prince Bogdan II, brother or son, father of Stephen the Great
Moldovian Prince, 1449-1457, Prince Bogdan II; II (1409 -“ 17 October 1451) was a prince of Moldavia from October 12, 1449 to October 17, 1451. to some historians, he is the bastard of Alexander the Good, his mother being unknown. On the contrary, according to the others, he is the Alexander the Good'™s brother. the II is the father of the Stephen the Great.[1] He was in very good relationship with Iancu de Hunedoara, who supported him in taking the throne. He was married with Doamna Oltea (Lady Oltea), who monked under the name of Maria and died on November 4, 1465, being buried at the Probota Monastery of Suceava County. St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Moldovia, 1457-1504, Prince, Stephen III (the Great), s by and a w Vlad III Dracula against Ms, b churches and m's, Orthodox
Moldovian Prince, 1457-1504, Stephen III of Moldavia (the Great); III of Moldavia, most commonly known as Stephen the Great ( died on 2 July 1504), was Voivode (or Prince) of Moldavia from 1457 to 1504. He was the son of and co-ruler with Bogdan II, who was murdered in 1451 in a conspiracy organized by his brother and Stephen's uncle Peter III Aaron who took the throne. Stephen fled to Hungary, and later to Wallachia, but with the support of Vlad III Dracula, Voivode of Wallachia, he returned to Moldavia, forcing Aaron to seek refuge in Poland in the summer of 1457. I, Metropolitan of Moldavia, anointed Stephen prince. He attacked Poland and prevented Casimir IV Jagiellon, King of Poland, from supporting Peter Aaron, but eventually acknowledged Casimir's suzerainty in 1459. Stephen decided to recapture Chilia (now Kiliya in Ukraine), an important port on the Danube, which brought him into conflict with Hungary and Wallachia. besieged the town during the Ottoman invasion of Wallachia in 1462, but was seriously wounded during the siege. years later, he captured the town. promised support to the leaders of the Three Nations of Transylvania against Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in 1467. invaded Moldavia, but Stephen defeated him in the Battle of Baia. Aaron attacked Moldavia with Hungarian support in December 1470, but was also defeated by Stephen and executed, along with the Moldavian boyars who still endorsed him. restored old fortresses and built new ones, which improved Moldavia's defence system as well as strengthened central administration. Ottoman expansion threatened Moldavian ports in the region of the Black Sea. In 1473, Stephen stopped paying tribute to the Ottoman sultan and launched a series of campaigns against Wallachia in order to replace its rulers who had accepted Ottoman suzerainty with his protage. However, each prince who seized the throne with Stephen's support was soon forced to pay homage to the sultan. eventually defeated a large Ottoman army in the Battle of Vaslui in 1475. Stephen was referred to as Athleta Christi ("Champion of Christ") by Pope Sixtus IV, even though Moldavia's hopes for military support went unfulfilled. following year, Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II routed Stephen in the Battle of Valeac, but the lack of provisions and the outbreak of a plague forced him to withdraw from Moldavia. advantage of a truce with Matthias Corvinus, the Ottomans captured Chilia, their Crimean Tatar allies Cetatea Alba (now Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in Ukraine) in 1484. Corvinus granted two Transylvanian estates to Stephen, the Moldavian prince paid homage to Casimir, who promised to support him to regain Chilia and Cetatea Alba. Stephen's efforts to capture the two ports ended in failure. 1486, he again paid a yearly tribute to the Ottomans. the following years, dozens of stone churches and monasteries were built in Moldavia, which contributed to the development of a specific Moldavian architecture. IV's successor, John I Albert, wanted to grant Moldavia to his younger brother, Sigismund, but Stephen's diplomacy prevented him from invading Moldavia for years. Albert attacked Moldavia in 1497, but Stephen and his Hungarian and Ottoman allies routed the Polish army in the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. again tried to recapture Chilia and Cetatea Alba, but had to acknowledge the loss of the two ports to the Ottomans in 1503. his last years, his son and co-ruler Bogdan III played an active role in government. Stephen's long rule represented a period of stability in the history of Moldavia. the 16th century onwards both his subjects and foreigners remembered him as a great ruler. Romanians regard him as one of their greatest national heroes, although he also endures as a cult figure in Moldovenism. After the Romanian Orthodox Church canonized him in 1992, he is venerated as "Stephen the Great and Holy". Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; Daniel the Hesychast, the great wonderworker and instructor of monastics, was born in Moldavia at the beginning of the fifteenth century. He was baptized with the name Dumitru. When he was sixteen, he became a monk of the monastery of Saint Nicholas at Radauti and received the name David. His spiritual Father was Saint Leontius of Radauti (July 1). After many years of ascetical struggles, he became a chosen vessel of the Spirit and was ordained to the holy priesthood. lived for some years at the monastery of Saint Laurence in the Civoul de Sus district. There he fulfilled his obediences during the day, and at night he kept vigil, prayed, and wove baskets. He received the Great Schema and the new name Daniel. He obtained the igumen’s blessing to live in the wilderness in solitude, where he devoted himself to spiritual struggles. Around 1450, he lived near the Neamts Monastery by Secu creek for fourteen years. In time, people discovered where he lived and came to visit him. Longing for solitude, he moved to northern Moldavia and chiseled out a cell for himself in the face of a cliff near Putna creek. Next to it, he carved out a small chapel for prayer. his spiritual child Saint Stephen the Great (July 2) built the Putna Monastery, which was consecrated in 1470, Saint Daniel moved near the Voronets Monastery. Here too, he carved a small cell out of the rock under Soim (Falcon) Cliff and lived a God-pleasing life for the next twenty years. He guided many disciples in the principles of the spiritual life, and he also had the gift of healing the sick of their physical infirmities. 1488, when he was over eighty years old, Saint Daniel went to live at the Voronets Monastery, where he was chosen to be the igumen. Daniel was a great ascetic and wonderworker, wise and clairvoyant. People from near and far visited him seeking his spiritual advice, or to confess their sins. He died in 1496 and was buried at the Voronets Monastery, where people continue to venerate his tomb. Daniel was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1992. St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2; Stephen succeeded his father, Prince Bogdan II, as Prince of Moldavia on April 12, 1457 soon after the latter was murdered. He defended his country against the Turks, and he also built many churches and monasteries. Stephen the Great was a spiritual son of Saint Daniel the Hesychast (December 18), who told him that if he built a church after every battle he would be victorious in all his wars. Following Saint Daniel’s counsel, Saint Stephen won forty-seven battles and built forty-eight churches or monasteries. He also built the Putna Dormition Monastery in northern Moldavia in 1466 when Saint Daniel urged him to do so. 1476, Saint Stephen lost the battle of Razboieni to the Turks. He went to visit Saint Daniel at the Voronets Monastery to ask whether or not he should surrender the country to the Moslems. Saint Daniel told him not to surrender, because he would soon win a decisive victory. Saint Daniel also told him that after he had saved the nation, Stephen should build a monastery in honor of Saint George at that place. Having faith in Saint Daniel’s prophecy, Stephen went forth with his army and drove the Turks from the country. Stephen fell asleep in the Lord on July 2, 1504, and was buried at the Putna Monastery. He was glorified by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Moldovia, 1476, battle of Razboien, Moldovia lost plains, not high ground, then Ottoman Retreat
battle of Razboieni, 1476, Moldovia; Battle of Valea Alba, also known as the Battle of Razboieni or the Battle of Akdere, was an important event in the medieval history of Moldavia. It took place at Razboieni, also known as Valea Alba, on July 26, 1476, between the Moldavian army of Stefan cel Mare and an invading Ottoman army which was commanded personally by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. 1475 the Ottoman's attempt to bring Moldavia under their control, at winter by using an army of Rumelian local levies, ended disastrously with a defeat in the Battle of Vaslui. the proper military campaign season, the Ottomans assembled a large army under the command of Sultan Mehmed II and entered Moldavia in June 1476. groups of Tartars from the Crimean Khanate (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled.[5] Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar forces occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy.[6] the process the Moldavians forces ended up being dispersed throughout the country, leaving only a small force of about 12,000–20,000 men, led by Stefan cel Mare himself, to face the main Ottoman attack. battle battle began with the Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties to the attacking Ottoman army in the forest. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several attacks with steady fire from hand-guns.[7] The attacking Ottoman Janissaries were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders' positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Ottoman Janissaries penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting. Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides, and the chronicles say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the toponym (Valea Alba is Romanian and Akdere Turkish for "The White Valley"). cel Mare retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the Polish Kingdom[8] and began forming another army. The Ottomans captured considerable parts of Moldovian territory but were unable to conquer some of the major Moldavian strongholds such as Suceava, NeamÈ›, and Hotin[5] and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavians attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the plague. anti-Ottoman forces were being assembled in Transylvania[9] under Stephen V Bathory's command. Confronted with this army and with Stefan's counterattack, the Ottomans retreated from major parts of Moldavia in August 1476 to come back again in 1480. St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Moldovia, 1480, Joseph oBistritsa Monastery, exalted experience, founded community, tried to move but MOG said my garden is here
Moldovia, 1480, Joseph oBistritsa Monastery, Moldovia, went to Lords Tomb in J, tJordan Valley Wilderness, exalted spirit experience, founded community, Arabs invaded, back tRomania, Bistrita M, rule otSleepless, Turks came, tMt Athos but MOG, back my garden is here in Moldovia Bistritsa Monastery; Saint Joseph of Bisericani Monastery (late XV century), Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Father was the first known hermit on Mount Bisericani, and the founder of a Monastery with the same name. was born in a village in Neamț county and, being inclined toward the monastic life from a young age, he entered Bistrița Monastery. he was trained in monasticism and learned about the spiritual life from the older Fathers, also taught him about fasting and unceasing prayer. Venerable Joseph, seeing that he did not have much peace at Bistrița Monastery, he left with the Igoumen's blessing went to worship at the Lord's tomb in Jerusalem. then retired to the wilderness of the Jordan Valley, and within a few years after his arrival, he was a famous hermit. lived in a cave, alone at first, then with a few disciples, enduring many temptations from the devil. a life of exalted spiritual experience, he gathered seventeen monks around him, and founded the first Romanian spiritual community in the Holy Land. when Arabs invaded the Holy Places, causing great turmoil, Saint Joseph took his disciples and went to Bistrița Monastery in Moldavia. Saint Joseph's hermitage moved from the Jordan Valley to Moldavia, on Mount Bisericani. the number of disciples increased, he built a small church dedicated to the Annunciation, and built cells around it. the monastic life here, he established the Rule of the sleepless, after the model of the Stoudion Monastery in Constantinople, which involved unceasing prayer in church and in the cells, fasting, prostrations, singing psalms, listening, and love. the Turks came and set fire to their church, they decided to go to Holy Mount Athos. On the way, however, they saw Most Holy Mother of God in an oak tree, who asked them, "Where are you going?" At this wondrous sight they replied, "We are going to your garden;"1 and the Mother of God then said to them, "Return, for my garden is here." remembrance of this miracle, they placed an icon of the Mother of God there. the Hermitage of the Venerable Joseph was called "Bisericani Skete." that is, "of the godly," because the monks prayed here with tears, and many were cured of their diseases through Saint Joseph's prayers and blessings. 1 Mount Athos is known as the Garden of the Theotokos.

Moldovia, 1595, Battle of Cecora, not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Hungarian Transylvania Pol-Lith over Ottoman Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora, not 1595, Iassi or Jiassi, Pol-Lith w Moldov V Ottomans w Nogali Tartars, Moldov switch sides
Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora (1620) not 1595; Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) was a battle during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais),[3]:344 fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.[5]:568 of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of 1621.[3]:341 The Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburgs' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice.[6] However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland.[3]:341 Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Țuțora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania), to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000[3]:342 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry[3]:344), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp.[3]:344 However, many of the Moldavian boyars left the camp in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks.[3]:344 Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. warriors of the Crimean Khanate during the Battle of Cecora (1620). 10 September, near Ţuţora (close to Iasi, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces, with Wallachian contingents (13,000–22,000) under the command of Iskender Pasha, the beylerbey of Ochakiv (Ozi). The Ottoman Sultan's force included Gabriel Bethlen's army.[3]:342 The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fighting (the 18th), most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3 October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish–Lithuanian border. another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north,[3]:344 leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle Żólkiewski died[7] and Koniecpolski[3]:344 and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death he received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October).[8] Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.[citation needed] the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it. Alexandru Iliaş was appointed as the ruler of Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. between 1,000 and 1,500 of Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into Podolia, Wołyń and eastern Lesser Poland.[3]:344 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from Edirne towards the Polish frontier. The Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering southern part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and Cossack supporters and entrenched himself at the Chocim Fortress, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. At Khotyn, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow (Battle of Khotyn). The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (24 September). The battle was a stalemate and the resulting Treaty of Khotyn reflected it, providing some concessions to the Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands. II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the Janissaries. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the madrases erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed; two days later he was killed by the rebels who deposed him. Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CECORA 18 - 29 IX 1620".

Moldovia, 1634-1653, Prince Basil Lupu of Moldavia, admin, finance, rich, gifts to Ottomans
Prince Basil Lupu of Moldavia, 1634-1653; Coci, known as Vasile Lupu (Romanian pronunciation: [vaËˆsile Ëˆlupu]; 1595–1661), was the Voivode of Moldavia between 1634 and 1653. had secured the Moldavian throne in 1634 after a series of complicated intrigues and managed to hold it for twenty years. Vasile was a capable administrator and a brilliant financier and was soon almost the richest man in the Christian East. His gifts to Ottoman leaders kept him on good terms with the Ottoman authorities. St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Moldovia, 1640-1710, Theodora oSihla, Abandoned World, birds feed her, spiritual p, radiant light, levitation, incorrupt relics
Moldovia, 1640-1710, Theodora oSihla, Sihastria Monastery, born approx 1620, died approx 1710, great early trial, thought tAbandon world, parents married her, they entered monasteries, iBuzau valley, Skete of Poiana Marului, he Priest, she grace of unceasing prayer otHeart, she many temptations endured, she fled to mts fTurks, tNeramt mts, Neamts Icon, Sihastria Skete, under FrPaul, live wilderness 1yr, if endure remain until die, beneath clifs of Sihla, clairvoyant elder, Theodora remain in my cell, Fr Paul left her there 30 yrs, visiting time to time wSpotless Mysteries&supplies, asceticism progress, able arms in air virgil all night, break fast herbs, Theodora's rainwater spring, Paul's repose, God's care, Turks attack villages, nuns discover her cell, remain my cell I go to cave, rest on flagstones, Turks discover cave, Lord deliver me, cave wall opens up escape to woods, she grows old forgotten alone no one to care for her, placed all hope in God, great heights spiritual perfection, radiant light, levitation, mouth prayer flame, rags for clothes, birds bring food from Sihastria, monks follow them to her, bright light at night from her, levitating, she clairvoyantly knew their names and sent them to bring named priest for her final rites, how, guided by light before them, repose, burried in her cave, people came to venerate, incorrupt relics, healing and consolation, husband came, stayed there 10 yrs, buried hermit's cemetery Skete John tBaptist built over his grave, her relics taken to Kiev Caves 1828-34. Sihastria Monastery; Saint Theodora of Sihla, Commemorated on August 7; Theodora of Sihla, who is one of the greatest of Romania’s women ascetics, was born in the village of Vânatori in Neamts County in the first half of the seventeenth century, and was one of the two daughters of Stephen Joldea and his wife. her youth, Saint Theodora experienced a great trial in her family. Her sister, Marghiolitsa, died in a tragic way. This event deeply affected the saint. At this time, the thought of abandoning the world blossomed in her heart. She wished to do penance for her parents, for her sister, and for herself. Her grieving parents, however, did not agree with her decision, because now Theodora was their only child. They pleaded with her, and, at the proper time, they married her to a young man who was working in their vicinity, and who went frequently to venerate the holy sites. After entering into a lawful marriage, they lived together in her husband’s house. Saint Theodora and her husband did not have any children, they both decided to enter monasteries in the Buzau valley. Her husband went to the Skete of Poiana Mărului, where he was tonsured with the name Eleutherios. He was also found worthy of ordination to the holy priesthood. Saint Theodora also received the monastic tonsure in the Skete of Poiana Mărului. In just a few short years, she advanced in obedience, prayer, and asceticism, acquiring the grace of unceasing prayer of the heart. She also had to endure many temptations from the Enemy. the Buzau valley was invaded by the Turks, Saint Theodora fled to the mountains with her Spiritual Mother, Schema-nun Paisia. They lived for several years in fasting, vigil and prayer, enduring cold, hunger, and other trials from the devil. When her Spiritual Mother fell asleep in the Lord (sometime between 1670 - 1675), Saint Theodora was led by God to the mountains of Neamț. After venerating the wonderworking Neamts Icon of the Mother of God (June 26) at the monastery, she was told to seek the advice of Hieromonk Barsanuphios of Sihăstria Skete. Seeing her desire for the eremetical life, and recognizing her great virtues, he gave her Holy Communion and assigned Hieromonk Paul as her Father Confessor and spiritual guide. Barsanuphios advised Mother Theodora to go and live alone in the wilderness for a year. “If, by the grace of Christ, you are able to endure the difficulties and trials of the wilderness, then remain there until you die. If you cannot endure, however, then go to a women’s monastery, and struggle there in humility for the salvation of your soul.” Paul searched in vain for an abandoned hermitage where the saint might live. Then they met an old hermit living beneath the cliffs of Sihla. This clairvoyant Elder greeted them and said, “Mother Theodora, remain in my cell, because I am moving to another hermitage.” Paul left the nun on Mount Sihla, blessing her before he returned to the Sihăstria Skete. Saint Theodora lived in that cell for thirty years, glorifying God. Strengthened with power from on high, she vanquished all the attacks of the Enemy through patience and humility. She never left the mountain, and never saw another person except for Father Paul, who visited her from time to time to bring her the Spotless Mysteries of Christ and the supplies she needed in order to survive. Theodora made such progress in asceticism that she was able to keep vigil all night long with her arms lifted up toward heaven. When the morning sun touched her face, she would eat some herbs and other vegetation to break her fast. She drank the rain water which she collected from a channel cut into the cliff, which is still known as Saint Theodora’s spring. After Father Paul’s repose, she remained solely in God’s care. Turks attacked the villages and monasteries around Neamts, the woods became filled with people from nearby villages and refugees from the monasteries. Some nuns discovered Saint Theodora’s cell and she told them, “Remain here in my cell, for I have another place of refuge.” Then she moved into a nearby cave, living there completely alone. At night she would rest a little on the flagstones, which still can be seen to this day. An army of Turks discovered the cave, and were about to kill the saint. Lifting up her hands, she cried out, “O Lord, deliver me from the hands of these murderers.” The wall of the cave opened up, and she was able to escape into the woods. Saint Theodora grew old, she was completely forgotten and there was no one to care for her. Placing all her hope in God, she continued her spiritual struggles, and reached great heights of perfection. When she prayed her mind was raised up to Heaven, and her body was lifted up off the ground. Like the great saints of earlier times, her face shone with a radiant light, and a flame came forth from her mouth when she prayed. her clothes became mere rags, and when her food ran out, she was fed by birds just as the Prophet Elias (July 20) was. The bread that they brought to her came from the Sihăstria Skete. Seeing the birds come to the Skete and then fly away with pieces of bread in their beaks, the Hegumen sent two monks to follow them, thinking that some ascetic was living there and that God was providing food for him. Night fell as they walked toward Sihla, and they lost their way in the woods. They decided to wait for daylight, and so they began to pray. One of them climbed a tree and looked for a place where someone might be living. Suddenly, they saw a bright light rising up into the sky, and went to investigate. As they approached, they saw a woman shining with light and levitating above the ground while she prayed. their presence, Saint Theodora said, “Brethren, do not be afraid, for I am a humble handmaiden of Christ. Throw me something to wear, for I am naked.’ The monks were amazed when she addressed them by name. Then she prayed: “I thank Thee, O Lord, that Thou hast heard me.” She said to the monks, “Brothers, I have lived for many years in these parts, and, behold, it has been forty days since I prayed for God to send me a Confessor to come and impart unto me the Holy Mysteries of our Lord Jesus Christ, because it is almost time for me to depart from this life. So, please, go straight to the Skete and ask Father Hegumen to send Father Anthony and Hierodeacon Laurence to me tomorrow morning with Holy Communion.” asked her how they could find their way to the Skete at night, for they did not know the way. She said that they would be guided to the Skete by a light which would go before them. next day at dawn, Father Anthony went to Sihla with the deacon and two other monks. When they found Saint Theodora, she was praying by a fir tree in front of her cave. She made a Confession of her entire life to Father Anthony, and then she received the Holy Mysteries of Christ and gave her soul to God. Her last words were, “Glory to God for all things.’ The monks buried Saint Theodora in her cave with great reverence sometime during the first decade of the eighteenth century. of her death spread quickly, and people came from all over to venerate her tomb. Her holy relics remained incorrupt, and many miracles took place before them. Some kissed the relics; others touched the reliquary, while others washed in her spring. All who entreated Saint Theodora’s intercession received healing and consolation. Theodore’s former husband, Hieromonk Eleutherios, heard that she had been living at Sihla, and decided to go there. He found her cave shortly after her death and burial. Grieving for his beloved wife, Eleutherios did not return to his monastery, but made a small cell for himself below the cliffs of Sihla. He remained close to her cave, fasting, praying, and serving the Divine Liturgy. He lived there for about ten years before his blessed repose. He was buried in the hermits’ cemetery and the Skete of Saint John the Baptist was built over his grave. Theodora’s relics were taken to the Kiev Caves Monastery between 1828 and 1834. There she is known as Saint Theodora of the Carpathians. Our Venerable Mother Theodora was glorified by the Romanian Orthodox Church on June 20, 1992. inscription of Saint Theodora’s scroll reads: “Life is blessed for those in the wilderness as they fly upon the wings of Divine love” (Sunday Matins, Hymn of Degrees, first Antiphon).

Moldovia, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth ceded Ukraine territory to Empire
Moldovia, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War ; –Ottoman War (1672–1676) was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, as a precursor of the Great Turkish War. It ended in 1676 with the Treaty of Å»urawno and the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Empire. 1 Prelude 2 The first phase (1672) 3 The second phase (1673–1676) 4 Aftermath 5 Battles 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links article: Polish–Cossack–Tatar War (1666–1671) causes of the Polish-Ottoman War of 1672–1676 can be traced to 1666. Petro Doroshenko Hetman of Zaporizhian Host, aiming to gain control of Ukraine but facing defeats from other factions struggling over control of that region, in a final bid to preserve his power in Ukraine, signed a treaty with Sultan Mehmed IV in 1669 that recognized the Cossack Hetmanate as a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.[3]:273 the meantime, Commonwealth forces were trying to put down unrest in Ukraine, but were weakened by decades long wars (Khmelnytsky Uprising, The Deluge and Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)). Trying to capitalize on that weakness, Tatars, who commonly raided across the Commonwealth borders in search of loot and plunder, invaded, this time allying themselves with Cossacks under hetman Doroshenko. They were however stopped by Commonwealth forces under hetman John Sobieski, who stopped their first push (1666–67), defeating them several times, and finally gaining an armistice after the Battle of Podhajce. 1670, however, hetman Doroshenko tried once again to take over Ukraine, and in 1671 Khan of Crimea, Adil Giray, supportive of the Commonwealth, was replaced with a new one, Selim I Giray, by the Ottoman sultan. Selim entered into an alliance with the Doroshenko's Cossacks; but again like in 1666–67 the Cossack-Tatar forces were dealt defeats by Sobieski. Selim then renewed his oath of allegiance to the Ottoman Sultan and pleaded for assistance, to which the Sultan agreed. Thus an irregular border conflict escalated into a regular war in 1671, as the Ottoman Empire was now prepared to send its regular units onto the battlefield in a bid to try to gain control of that region for itself.[4]:646 first phase (1672)[edit] also: Lipka rebellion forces, numbering 80,000 men and led by Grand Vizier Köprülü FazÄ±l Ahmed and Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV, invaded Polish Ukraine in August, took the Commonwealth fortress at Kamieniec Podolski and besieged Lwów. Unprepared for war, and torn by internal conflict between the king Michael I and the szlachta nobility, the Commonwealth Sejm could not act to raise taxes and gather a larger army. Its representatives were forced to sign the Peace of Buczacz in October that year, which ceded to the Ottomans the Commonwealth part of Ukraine (the Right-bank BracÅ‚aw Voivodeship, Podole Voivodeship and part of Kiev Voivodeship;[4]:648 Left-bank Ukraine was already controlled by Russia since the Treaty of Andrusovo of 1667) and promised an annual tribute of 22,000 ducats. second phase (1673–1676)[edit] Over the Turkish Banner by Józef Brandt. of ratifying the peace treaty,[4]:648 the Commonwealth Sejm, with most of the deputies finally united by anger due to the territorial losses and the demeaning tribute (which could in fact be seen as reducing the Commonwealth to Ottomans' vassal) finally raised taxes for a new army (of about 37,000 strong was raised) and increased the Cossack register to 40,000. Hetman John Sobieski led a military campaign against the Ottomans and dealt several defeats to the Ottomans; of which the battle of Khotyn was the largest;[4]:649 next he took control of the Moldavia territory and most of disputed Ukrainian lands. That year king Michael I of Poland died, and in recognition of his victories and dedication, John Sobieski was elected King of the Commonwealth in 1674.[4]:649 of the standards by Józef Brandt. the next year, however, the Polish forces were subject to attrition, as the Sejm again refused to raise taxes and pay the army, resulting in mass desertions of unpaid soldiery. The Polish problems were further aggravated by the incompetent leadership of hetman MichaÅ‚ Kazimierz Pac, who obstructed Sobieski's leadership, while the Ottomans continued to receive reinforcements. Nonetheless in 1674 the Commonwealth resumed the offensive, taking advantage of a new Russo-Turkish conflict that year, and the Polish-Ottoman war remained undecided.[3]:275 Sobieski's force of 6,000 defeated 20,000 Turks and Tatars under Ibrahim Shyshman in the battle of Lwow in August 1675.[4]:653 Even after the Battle of Trembowla, the Sejm still refused his pleas for more funds and a larger army.[4]:653 1676, after Sobieski's 16,000 withstood the two-week siege of Å»urawno, by 100,000 men under Ibrahim Pasha, a new peace treaty was signed, the Treaty of Å»urawno.[4]:655 The peace treaty partially reversing those from Buczacz: the Ottomans kept approximately two thirds of the territories they gained in 1672, and the Commonwealth no longer was obliged to pay any kind of tribute to the Empire; a large number of Polish prisoners were released by the Ottomans. ózef Brandt, Attack of the Cavalry portrait of captain Zygmunt Dziembowski, who died during the war against Ottoman Empire on December 16th, 1674[5] Sejm rejected the treaty, through the actions of Austrian diplomats and Pope Innocent XI.[4]:655 Sobieski also was forced to reduce his army from 30,000 to 12,000 men.[4]:655 war showed the increasing weakness and disorder of the Commonwealth, who by the second half of the 17th century had started its gradual decline that would culminate a century later with the partitions of Poland. The unruly Sejm, paralyzed by liberum veto and foreign bribery, was dominated by politicians who thought in short term gains only and constantly refused the funds to raise an army, as it appeared that most of the Commonwealth would not be ravaged by the Ottoman armies. Even after the unfavourable Buczacz treaty, which convinced the Sejm to raise the taxes, once initial successes were achieved, the majority of the Sejm again couldn't be convinced to keep up the pressure on the enemy; soldiers were left unpaid and desertions on a mass scale negatively affected the Polish cause. This apparent inability to defend itself, also seen in the other recent and future conflicts the Commonwealth was involved in, increasingly invited foreign forces to prey on the Commonwealth. the Polish side the fighting was done mostly by a force privately financed by John Sobieski. He gained reputation as an able, courageous commander and a patriot, having invested part of his personal fortune in the defense of the Commonwealth. In 1674 he was elected King of Poland and ruled now as John III. reputation also preceded him in the Ottoman Empire, and his victory several years later at the battle of Vienna would ensure his reputation as the top commander fighting the Ottomans — however even he would not be able to stop the Commonwealth from decline and introduce reforms that would save the country. Commonwealth did regain the territories lost in this war after the Polish–Ottoman War (1683–1699) in 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, but that was one of the last of its victories. Battle of ÅadyÅ¼yno (or Battle of Czetwertynówka) (18 July 1672) Battle of Humanie (1672) Siege of Kamieniec Podolski (18–27 August 1672) Battle of Korc (1672) Battle of Krasnobród (5–6 October 1672) Battle of Narol (6 October 1672) Battle of Niemirów (7 October 1672) Battle of Komarno (9 October 1672) Battle of Petranka (14 October 1672) Battle of KaÅ‚usz (1672) Battle of Khotyn (11 November 1673) Battle of Lesienice near Lwów (22 August 1675) Battle of Trembowla (20 September – 11 October 1675) Battle of WojniÅ‚owo (24 September 1676) Battle of Å»urawno (25 September – 14 October 1676) popular culture[edit] Polish-Ottoman War had a major effect on Poland.[6] Fire in the Steppe is a historical fiction novel, set in the 17th century in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Polish–Tatar and Polish–Ottoman Wars. Wolodyjowski is a Polish historical drama film directed by Jerzy Hoffman. The film is based on the novel Fire in the Steppe, the last part in The Trilogy of Henryk Sienkiewicz. Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach, 1672; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Moldovia, 1672, Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach, Turk v, including Ottoman Ukraine, Terebovlya Icon transfer
Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach, 1672; Polish-“Ottoman War (1672-76); –Ottoman War (1672–1676) was a conflict between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire, as a precursor of the Great Turkish War. It ended in 1676 with the Treaty of Żurawno and the Commonwealth ceding control of most of its Ukraine territories to the Empire. Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1; 1 commemorates the transfer of the Terebovlya Icon of the Mother of God from the town of Terebovlya to Lvov in 1672. icon of the Most Holy Theotokos originally appeared in the principality of Galich during the time of the Terebovlya princes, in the thirteenth, or perhaps as early as the twelfth century. After the decline of the Galich principality in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Roman Catholics tried many times to seize the icon and bring it to their own church. Orthodox believers of Galich and Terebovlya always prayed fervently before the Terebovlya icon, asking the Mother of God to protect them whenever Russia was attacked by enemy forces, and its citizens were led into captivity. the spring of 1672, a Turkish army of 300,000 men took the town of Kamenets Podolski. This same army was defeated at Terebovlya, and was forced to retreat. The holy icon of the Mother of God was taken from the Church of the Protection in town and moved to the church in the ancient castle. There the people of Terebovlya thanked God for their deliverance. the Feast of the Protecting Veil of the Mother of God in 1672, the Bishop of Lvov, with the clergy and the faithful, transferred the icon to the cathedral of Saint George in Lvov so that it would not be stolen. This translation took place when Bishop Joseph (Shumlyansky) of Lvov, who later became a Uniate, was still a hierarch of the Orthodox Church. 1973, when it was decided to celebrate the 300th anniversary of its translation, the icon was provided with a gilded cover, thanks to the efforts of Metropolitan Nicholas of Lvov and Ternopol.

Moldovia, 1693-1711, Prince, Dimitrie Cantemir, allied with Russia
Moldovia, 1693-1711, Prince, Dimitrie Cantemir; St. Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16;

Prut Campaign (1711) Rus Ottoman War of 1710-1711, Moldavia agreed to support Russia, Rus v
Prut Campaign; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Moldovia, 1711-1822, Moldovia Under Russian Rule
Moldovia, 1711-1822, Moldovia Under Russian Rule; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Moldovia, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia, laws, taxes, emancipation
Romania, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia; Constantine Mavrocordatos (February 27, 1711 -November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals between 1730 and 1769. As a ruler he issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs and a more humane treatment of slaves. St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Moldovia, 1740-1800, Barsanuphius tGreat&His disciple John tProphet, both wonderworking, raised the dead etc, humble
Palestine, 483-565 or 600, Barsanuphius tGreat &John tProphet, Abba Seridus Monastery, Gaza, Palestine (Way of the Sea 5), time oJustinian I, B fEgypt, ascetic from youth, built small cell, solitude, later his disciple John lived same cell 18yrs till death, J aClairvoyant prophet, B built another cell near monastery, which sent him 3 loaves bread per week, 50 years work&Ascetic deeds, Pat Eustochios oJerusalem heard &Wanted see for self, tried dig under wall tEnter Cell, flames burst forth, devoted to prayer, high degree spiritual perfection, manuscript accounts oB&J, accounts translated Moldavian&Slavonic languages, Paisius Velichkovsk lifetime 1740's-90's, publication 1800's by Optina Elders, B attained heights oHumility, reasoning, and fiery love, Lord gave him gifts oDiscernment, clairvoyance, and wonderworking, he raised the dead, cast out demons, healed incurable illnesses, things he blessed received divine power and grace, (for exampe: a weed took away monk's headache), even his name, when invoked mentally, gave help when called upon it, rain from his prayers, his predictions always came true, he got these gifts after many yrs patiently enduring great temptations and illness, following B's instructions, J became like B in all things, but out oHumility J sent questions to B, ; Abba Seridus is at Gaza, but that is all Wikipedia knows about it.; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6; Barsanuphius the Great and John the Prophet lived during the sixth century during the reign of the emperor Justinian I (483-565). lived in asceticism at the monastery of Abba Seridus in Palestine, near the city of Gaza. Barsanuphius was born in Egypt (the year of his birth is unknown). his youth, he began to lead an ascetic life. Arriving at the cenobitic monastery of Abba Seridus, built a small cell outside the monastery. Here he lived in solitude. Saint John, disciple of Saint Barsanuphius, lived in this cell for eighteen years until his death. John imitated his teacher in silence, ascetic deeds and in virtue. Because of his gift of clairvoyance, he was known as “the Prophet.” a certain time, Saint Barsanuphius built another cell near the monastery. the beginning of his solitude, the monastery sent him only three loaves of bread per week. He dwelt for fifty years in work and ascetic deeds. Patriarch Eustochios of Jerusalem heard about the ascetical life of Saint Barsanuphius, it seemed unbelievable to him. wanted to see Barsanuphius for himself, he and his companions tried to dig under the wall, and to enter the monk’s cell from beneath. attempting to enter were almost burned by flames suddenly bursting forth from the cell. his hermitage Saint Barsanuphius devoted himeself entirely to prayer, and he attained a high degree of spiritual perfection. have manuscript accounts about the life, the deeds and talents of Saints Barsanuphius and John. the lifetime of Saint Paisius Velichkovsky (November 15), they were translated into the Moldavian and Slavonic languages. publication of these manuscripts, and also their translation into the Russian language, was done in the nineteenth century by the Elders of Optina’s Entry of the Theotokos Monastery. precepts of Saints Barsanuphius and John clearly show the degree of their moral perfection, and their love for people, contain scant facts about their lives. do not know exactly when Saint Barsanuphius died. Some sources say the year of his death was 563, others say more cautiously before the year 600. spending a long time in seclusion, Saint Barsanuphius thereafter and until the death of Saint John the Prophet began to serve others by instructing them on the path to salvation, as Abba Dorotheus (June 5) testifies. Barsanuphius replied to questioners through Saint John, sometimes instructing him to give the answers, or even through Abba Seridus (August 13), who wrote down the saint’s answers. the answers of Saints Barsanuphius and John the Prophet, who were guides in the spiritual life not only for their contemporaries, but also for succeeding generations, it is clearly possible to see the monks’ gradual spiritual ascent “from strength to strength.” deeds of fasting, silence, guarding the heart, and unceasing prayer, Barsanuphius attained the heights of humility, reasoning and fiery love. Lord gave him the gifts of discernment, clairvoyance, and wonderworking. the power of his prayers, he was able to free the souls of people from sins. Sometimes, he took the sins of others upon himself. venerable one knew the dispositions of hearts, therefore he gave advice according to the spiritual state of each person. the Name of the Lord he raised the dead, cast out demons, healed incurable illnesses. that he blessed received divine power and grace (for example, kukol or furrow-weed took away a monk’s headache). the name of Abba Barsanuphius, when invoked mentally, gave help to those who called upon it. the prayers of Saint Barsanuphius, God sent rain upon the earth, withdrawing His wrath from the multitudes of the people. saint’s predictions always came true. he predicted that a certain monk, the Elder Euthymius the Silent, would be placed with him in a single grave, which indeed came to pass. Barsanuphius acquired these gifts after many years of patiently enduring great temptations and illness. the Orthodox ascetic Barsanuphius the Great, there was another Barsanuphius, a Monophysite heretic. Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, anathematized him in his “Confession of Faith,” sent to the Sixth Ecumenical Council). do not know when Saint Barsanuphius arrived at the monastery of Abba Seridus, nor anything about the home and family of Saint John the Prophet. the instructions of Saint Barsanuphius, John attained the heights of perfection, and became like his teacher in all things. of humility, he sent those who came to him with questions to Abba Barsanuphius. John foresaw and predicted many things, even his own death a week after the death of Abba Seridus. Elian, the young igumen of this monastery, begged John to remain with him for two more weeks, in order to teach him the Rule and how to govern the monastery. John fulfilled his request and died after two weeks. Barsanuphius the Great survived his disciple and friend, but after St. John's death embraced complete silence and refused to give answers to anyone. two ascetics have left the soul-profiting book, GUIDANCE TOWARD SPIRITUAL LIFE: ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS OF DISCIPLES by the Holy Monastic Fathers Barsanuphius and John as their spiritual legacy. book was known to many saints who lived at a later time, as evidenced by the wrings of Saint Theodore the Studite (November 11 and January 26), the hieromonk Nikon Chernogorets (+ 1060), Saint Simeon the New Theologian (March 12), and other Orthodox ascetics and writers.

Moldovia, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War, Moldovia, Ochakov, Crimea, Black and Azov Seas
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Dragomirna Monastery; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Moldovia, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, France w Turks, Moldovia and Wallacia, Russian V.
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12) Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia for Orthodoxy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Moldovia, 1843-1892, Romanian Bishop Melchizedek, writer, reformer
Romania, 1843-1892, Bishop Melchizedek; Ștefănescu born Mihail Ștefănescu 27 February [O.S. 15 February] 1823 - 28 May [O.S. 16 May] 1892) a Moldavian, later Romanian historian and bishop of the Romanian Orthodox Church. A native of the Piatra Neamț area, he was educated at Iași and in Kiev. After a decade of teaching seminary, he became a bishop, serving at Huși, Ismail, briefly in Galați and then in Roman until his death. He was involved in politics, especially around the time the United Principalities came into being, and was a steadfast supporter of Alexandru Ion Cuza's reforms, including the secularization of monastic estates. A historian appreciated by his peers, Melchisedec published over sixty works. After his death, his property and money went toward setting up the Romanian Academy Library, sending students on scholarship to Imperial Russia and establishing a foundation that continues its activities in Roman. Icon of the Mother of God œSokolsky, Commemorated on February 1;

Moldovia, 1848-1940, Moldovia as part of Greater Romania
Moldovia, 1848-1940, Moldovia as part of Greater Romania; Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ;

Moldavia, 1863, Prodromitsa Icon, Iasi, Moldovia Capital, paint only while fasting, alone, faces finished by MOG, Many miracles
Moldavia, 1863, Prodromitsa Icon, Iasi, Moldovia, Romania (crossroads: Poland, Russia, Austria and Constantinople, Pruth River 8), paint only while fasting, alone, faces finished by MOG, kept in Theophany Skete near Great Lavra, MA, Many miracles, thorns in eyes, unconscious child died recovered, Jews healed, Icon not move teachers house, icon in woman's vision, mocking painter fierce expression on MOG's face, became zealous admirer, sick monk at P Skete departs peacefully, many more miracles to this day; Jassy (Iasi), Romania ; Prodromitsa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 12; Icon is kept in the Moldavian Theophany (now Prodromou)1 Skete on Mount Athos, about an hour's walk from the Lavra of St. Athanasios. 1863, Igoumen Niphon, accompanied by several monks, went to Moldavia on the Monastery's business. Arriving at Iasi, the capital of Moldavia, the Athonite monks decided to order an icon of the Mother of God for their Monastery, and began to look for a master, who would not only know his craft well, but at the same time he would lead a good life, have the fear of God, and who would be adorned with Christian piety. Soon they managed to find such a man at Iasi, the aged painter, George Nikolaev (Iordache Nicolau), with whom they agreed that he should paint the icon only while fasting, before eating any food, and by himself, without the participation and assistance of others. old man, having agreed to these conditions, zealously set about his work. The work progressed quickly to its end: it remained only to paint the faces of the Mother of God and the Divine Child. when the painter started to execute the last part of the work, he suffered a setback: he couldn't paint the faces correctly, despite all his efforts. He was upset and told the monks of his failure, and he even began to doubt himself, whether he had forgotten his art in his old age. painter increased his fasting and prayed with tears. one morning, after intensified fasting and fervent prayer, he entered his workroom to finish the task that had caused him so much grief and anxiety. Approaching the Icon and looking at it, he suddenly stopped, struck with amazement: from the canvas of the Icon the faces of the Mother of God and the Child looked at him, painted by an invisible hand and radiant with heavenly beauty and artistic expression. painter was awestruck: the more he considered these faces, the more clearly he understood that a great and incomprehensible miracle of the Queen of Heaven had occurred, and that she had heard his humble and fervent prayers. with amazement, the artist did not dare to touch this Icon with his brush, but only covered it with varnish. of this miracle quickly spread throughout the city, and many people gathered in the artist's home, so that the Athonite monks had great difficulty in moving the Icon from his house to their apartment. miraculous event that had occurred was also made known to the local Metropolitan, His Grace Callinic (Miclescu), who at that time held the office of Metropolitan. examined the Icon carefully and recognized the truth of the miracle. After that, a Moleben was served before the Icon, and only then were the people allowed to venerate the image of the Mother of God, which from that time began to be glorified by many miraculous signs. certain man had a large thorn in his eyes, and he could not see anything. He was brought in to venerate the Icon of the Mother of God was given some Holy Water to drink, and to wash with it. He took some of it with him to his house. days later he received perfect sight, so that without the help of others he was able to come to give thanks to the Mother of God before her miraculous Icon for his healing. nobleman had a child who was unconscious for three days without any movement, so that only by the child's barely perceptible breath could one determine that a faint spark of life still remained. of saving his child from death by conventional medical means, the father turned to the Mother of God for help, praying fervently before her Icon. some Holy Water to his house, he sprinkled the dying child and poured a few drops into his mouth. And a miracle occurred: the child had already died, but then he recovered. other patients afflicted with various ailments received healing by praying before the Icon of the Mother of God. view of the numerous miracles performed by the power of the Theotokos through her Holy Icon, not only did Orthodox Christians come to venerate her, but also schismatics, Armenians, and even Jews, for there was the case of a Jewish woman who received her gracious help, which was why she and her entire household were baptized. return of the Athonite monks with the Icon, from Iași to their Monastery on Athos, was also accompanied by many miracles. the monks arrived with the Icon in the city of Byrlad, the people's teacher in that city wished to receive the Holy Icon in his house, and for this purpose he sent people for it. The monks advised him to come to them if he wished to venerate the Icon, instead of bringing it to his home. But the teacher insisted on having his way. monks decided to grant his wish. When two of them tried to lift the Icon, despite all their efforts, they could not do so. It took four monks to lift the icon, but only with great effort. When the Icon was brought to the carriage in order to put it in, a loud noise was heard, frightening everyone, both people and the horses. It turned out that the kiot containing the Icon had cracked. everyone knew that the Mother of God did not want to have her Icon brought to the teacher's house, and it was decided not to carry it to the teacher's home. a strange thing occurred: this time, two monks were able to lift the Icon without any difficulty. pious woman who lived outside the city of Byrlad beheld a vision in a dream telling her to go into the city to venerate the Icon. When she arrived, she recognized the very Icon that she had seen in the vision. the monks came to Galați there was a painter who, seeing a multitude of people flocking to venerate the Icon, began to mock it, urging people not to believe the miracle of how the faces had not been painted by any earthly artist. But when he gazed at the Icon of the Mother of God, the exression on her face seemed so fierce to him that he was struck with great horror. Then he became a zealous admirer of the wonderworking Icon. the time the monks arrived at their Skete on the Holy Mountain, there was a sick monk, who had not eaten any food for three weeks, nor did he speak. He was so weak that he did not move at all. Only by his breathing could anyone tell that he was still alive. When the monks arrived at the Skete, the patient seemed to awaken from a deep sleep and asked to be taken to venerate the Holy Icon. Presenting himself before the Icon, he turned to the Mother of God with this plea: "O Mother of God! You know my heart and you know my fate. If it would be good for me to live, then give me health. If, after I am healed of my illness, I do not behave better, then let me die: end my life here on earth, so that I do not suffer or endure torments there, in the grave." After praying this way, he returned to his cell, put on clean linen and his full monastic garb, and asked to partake of the Holy Mysteries of Christ. He seemed to have a clear premonition of his approaching death. And, indeed, less than an hour after receiving Communion, he departed peacefully and quietly to the Lord. this Skete there were even more cases of healings by the Icon of the Mother of God. The monk Sergius was healed from weakness in all his members, and from deafness, and one of the masters who worked in the same Skete was subjected to torments by an unclean spirit; as soon as he was brought to the Icon of the Mother of God, he was freed from the excruciating power of the Enemy. addition to the recorded accounts, many other wonderful signs took place on Mount Athos from the Moldavian Icon of the Mother of God, which continues to work miracles up to the present day. 1 The Romanian Skete of Saint John the Forerunner on Mount Athos.

Moldovia, 1917-1918, Moldovian Democratic Republic
Moldovia, 1917-1918, Moldovian Democratic Republic; Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ;

Moldovia, 1924-1940, Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldovia, 1924-1940, Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ;

Moldovia, 1940-1991, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldovia, 1940-1991, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic; Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ;

Moldovia, Dniester River Folder (Eastern Moldovia)

Dniester River

Dniester River Source (Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych)
Dniester River Source: Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych.

Dniester River 1 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 2 (Galich, Ukraine)

Galicia, Moldovia (Halychia, Eastern Europe, Dniester River 2)
Galicia (Eastern Europe); Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Galich, Moldovia (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Halych, Moldovia (Galich) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Dniester River 3 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 4 (Seret River Mouth)

Dniester River 5 (Khotyn, Smotrych River Mouth)

Khotyn, Ukraine (Dniester River 5)
Khotyn or Khutin; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24;

Kamenets Podolski, Moldovia or Ukraine (Smotrych Mouth, Dniester 5)
Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Dniester River 6 (entering Moldova)

Dniester River 7 (near Podoha)

Podolia, Moldovia (Dniester River 7)
Podolia; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Dniester River 8 (Dubasari, Moldova)

Dniester River 9 (Bender, Moldova)

Gerbovets monastery (Dniester River 9, Bessarabia, Romania or Moldovia)
Gerbovets monastery (Bessarabia, Romania) ; Bessarabia, Romania, Bassarabia is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia
Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania (area between Prut and Dniester Rivers)
Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Dniester River Mouth (near Odessa, Black Sea)

Moldovia, Prut River Folder (Central Moldovia)

Prut River

Prut River Source (Eastern Slopes Mt. Hoverla)

Mt Hoverla
Mt Hoverla;

Prut River 1

Prut River 2

Prut River 3 (Cheremosh River)

Moldovia, Prut River 3, Cheremosh River Folder

Cheremosh River

Cheremosh River Source (Carpathian Mountains, Prislop Pass)

Cheremosh River 1 (Protukia Rigion, Galicia)

Pokutia Region (Cheremosh River, Prislop Pass)
Pokutia; The name comes from the town of Kuty (around the corner). Porkutia (around the corner, from Galicia in Volhynia, Cheremosh R. in Moldovia, Prislop Pass, in Principality of Galicia); Repose of Venerable Job the Wonderworker, Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Cheremosh River Mouth (Prut River 3)

Prut River 4

Prut River 8 (Jassy)

Iasi, Moldovia, Romania (crossroads: Poland, Russia, Austria and Constantinople, Pruth River 8)
Jassy (Iasi), Romania ; Prodromitsa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Socola Monastery, Jassy, Moldovia, Romania, 1562, moved here from Bulgaria or Romania
Socola Monastery, Jassy, Moldovia, Romania, 1562; Icon of the Mother of God “Socolaâ€, Commemorated on February 1;

monastery of the Three Hierarchs at Jassy in Rumania
monastery of the Three Hierarchs at Jassy in Rumania; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14;

All Saints Monastery, Iasi (Jassy, Prut River 8)
Bucium Monastery; Prodromitsa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 12;

Horodistea, Moldovia (Between Prut and Siret Rivers)
Horodistea, Moldovia; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5;

Prut River 9 (Hushi)

Hushi, Moldovia (vineyards, Prut River 9)
Hushi; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Prut River Mouth (Danube River Mouth)

Moldovia, Siret River Folder (Western Moldovia)

Siret River

Carpatian Mountains - Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains
Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains;

Siret River Source (Outer Eastern Carpathians)
Outer Eastern Carpathians;

Siret River 1

Siret River 2

Terebovlya, Moldovia or Ukraine (Seret River 2)
Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Storozhi, Moldovia (Siret River 2)
Storozhi; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ;

Siret River 3

Bukovina, Moldovia (Siret River 3)
Bukovina, Bukovina is between Siret and Suceava rivers that come together near Suceava; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 5 (Dragomina Monastery)

Dragomirna Monastery, Moldovia (Siret River 5) 1602
Dragomirna Monastery; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 6 (Succava River)

Moldovia, Siret River 6, Suceava River Folder

Suceava River

Suceava River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Suceava River 1 (along the border)

Suceava River 3 (Putna Monastery)

Putna Monastery, Moldovia (Suceava River 3) 1466
Putna Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Putna Creek, Daniel the Hesychast's house carved out of a rock, 1450
Putna Creek, Daniel's house carved out of a rock; Spiritual Calling of Solitude From around 1450, the monk lived for 14 years near the Neamts Monastery by the Secu Creek. When people discovered where the saint was living, they began to visit him. Daniel, however, desired to live in the wilderness in solitude, so as to devote himself to spiritual struggles. Therefore, he moved to Putna, in what is today the northern Romanian region of Bukovina. Here, he carved a house / monastic cell out of rock in the cliff face near Putna Creek, and lived as a hermit. In addition, a small chapel for prayer was also carved out of a rock adjacent to the saint’s new home. Some sources state that the chapel was carved in a high cliff, and the monk’s cell below it. Putna Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Suceava River 5 (Radauti)

Radauti, Moldovia (Saccava River 5) Bogdana Monastery
Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monastery of St Laurence, Radauti, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) 1359
monastery of St Laurence, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) in the Civoul de Sus district of Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti (Suceava River 5) 1359
monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Suceava River 6

Succava River 7 (Bukovina)

Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River 7)
Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River7); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Bukovina, Moldovia (Succava River 7)
Bukovina, Moldovia; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Suceava River 8

Suceava River Mouth (Siret River 6)

Siret River 10 (Moldova River)

Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River Folder

Moldova River

Moldova River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Moldova, Romania and Transylvania (Moldova River Source)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Moldova River 1 (Moldovila)

Moldova River 2 (Voronets Monastery)

Soim (Falcon) Cliff nearVoronets Monastery, Daniel the Hesychast, for 20 years
Soim (Falcon) Cliff nearVoronets Monastery, Daniel the Hesychast, for 20 years; Voronets Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Voronets Monastery, Moldovia (Moldova River 2) 1488
Voronets Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Moldova River 3 (Neamt River)

Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River 3, Neamt River Folder

Neamt River

Neamt River Source (along the border)

Neamt River 1 (Neamts monestary)

Moldovia, Nemtisor River Folder

Nemtisor River Source (several tributaries)

Nemtisor River

Neamts monestary, Romania and Moldovia (Nemtisor River 1, Neamts River 1 of Moldova & Siret Rivers) 1497
Neamts monestary; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18 Icon of the Mother of God œNeamts, Commemorated on June 26;

Sihastria Monastery
Sihastria Monastery; Saint Theodora of Sihla, Commemorated on August 7;

Targu Neamt
Targu Neamt; Saint Theodora of Sihla, Commemorated on August 7;

Stanioara Pass 47°16'27"N, 25°53'7"E; Saint Theodora of Sihla, Commemorated on August 7;

Vanatori-Neamt Village (Theodora of Sihla's birthplace, near Neamts Monastery)
Vanatori-Neamt Village; Saint Theodora of Sihla, Commemorated on August 7

Nemtisor River Mouth (Neamt River 2)

Neamt River Mouth (Moldova River 3)

Razboien, Moldovia, Neamt River Mouth, 1476, battle of Razboien, Moldovia lost plains, not high ground, then Ottoman Retreat
battle of Razboieni, 1476, Moldovia; Battle of Valea Alba, also known as the Battle of Razboieni or the Battle of Akdere, was an important event in the medieval history of Moldavia. It took place at Razboieni, also known as Valea Alba, on July 26, 1476, between the Moldavian army of Stefan cel Mare and an invading Ottoman army which was commanded personally by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. 1475 the Ottoman's attempt to bring Moldavia under their control, at winter by using an army of Rumelian local levies, ended disastrously with a defeat in the Battle of Vaslui. the proper military campaign season, the Ottomans assembled a large army under the command of Sultan Mehmed II and entered Moldavia in June 1476. groups of Tartars from the Crimean Khanate (the Ottomans' recent ally) were sent to attack Moldavia. Romanian sources may state that they were repelled.[5] Other sources state that joint Ottoman and Crimean Tatar forces occupied Bessarabia and took Akkerman, gaining control of the southern mouth of the Danube. Stephan tried to avoid open battle with the Ottomans by following a scorched-earth policy.[6] the process the Moldavians forces ended up being dispersed throughout the country, leaving only a small force of about 12,000–20,000 men, led by Stefan cel Mare himself, to face the main Ottoman attack. battle battle began with the Moldavians luring the main Ottoman forces into a forest that was set on fire, causing some casualties to the attacking Ottoman army in the forest. According to another battle description, the defending Moldavian forces repelled several attacks with steady fire from hand-guns.[7] The attacking Ottoman Janissaries were forced to crouch on their stomachs instead of charging headlong into the defenders' positions. Seeing the imminent defeat of his forces, Mehmed charged with his personal guard against the Moldavians, managing to rally the Janissaries, and turning the tide of the battle. Ottoman Janissaries penetrated inside the forest and engaged the defenders in man-to-man fighting. Moldavian army was utterly defeated (casualties were very high on both sides, and the chronicles say that the entire battlefield was covered with the bones of the dead, a probable source for the toponym (Valea Alba is Romanian and Akdere Turkish for "The White Valley"). cel Mare retreated into the north-western part of Moldavia or even into the Polish Kingdom[8] and began forming another army. The Ottomans captured considerable parts of Moldovian territory but were unable to conquer some of the major Moldavian strongholds such as Suceava, NeamÈ›, and Hotin[5] and were constantly harassed by small-scale Moldavians attacks. Soon they were also confronted with starvation, a situation made worse by an outbreak of the plague. anti-Ottoman forces were being assembled in Transylvania[9] under Stephen V Bathory's command. Confronted with this army and with Stefan's counterattack, the Ottomans retreated from major parts of Moldavia in August 1476 to come back again in 1480. St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Moldova River Mouth (Siret River 10)

Siret River 11 (Bistrita River)

Moldovia, Siret River 11, Bistrita River Folder

Bistrita River

Bistrita River Source (along the border)

Bistrita River 1 (Tarcau)

Tarcau, Neamnts, Moldovia or Romania (Bistrita River 1)
Tarcau; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Bistrita River 2 (Bistritsa Monastery)

Bistritsa Monastery, Moldovia, 1402
Bistritsa Monastery; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œNeamts, Commemorated on June 26; Saint Joseph of Bisericani Monastery (late XV century), Commemorated on October 1;

Neamnts Monastery, Moldovia (Bistritsa River 2), 1402
Bistritsa Monastery; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œNeamts, Commemorated on June 26; Saint Joseph of Bisericani Monastery (late XV century), Commemorated on October 1;

Neamts, Moldovia (Bistra River of Siret River)
Neamts; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God œNeamts Â, Commemorated on June 26;

Bistrita River Mouth (Siret River 11)

Barlad, Moldovia (on railroad between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12)
Barlad, Moldovia (between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12) Saint Zita was a teacher 10 miles south of Barlad in Tutova

Line Measure 10 miles south of Barlad to Tutova

Siret River 12 (Trotus River)

Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River Folder

Trotus River

Trotus River Source (along the border)

Trotus River 1 (Comanesti)

Trotus River 2 (Tazlau River)

Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River 2, Tazlau River Folder

Tazlau River

Tazlau Mountain
Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlau, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Tazlau River Source (Tazlau Mare and Tazlau Saret Rivers)

Tazlau River 1

Tazlau River Mouth (Trotus River 2)

Tazlau Saret River

Tazlau Saret River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Saret River;

Tazlau Saret River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Tazlau Mare River

Tazlau Mare River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Mare River;

Tazlau, Moldovia or Romania (Tazlau Mare River 1)
Tazlau (Tazlau Mare River); Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tazlau Mare River 1 (Tazlau)

Tazlau Mare River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Trotus River Mouth (Siret River 12)

Siret River 13 (Putna and Milcov Rivers in Romania)

Siret River 14 (Buzau River in Romania)

Siret River Mouth (near Danube River Mouth)

Galats, Moldovia (Siret River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Galats; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;