Egypt Folder, its river and roads.kmz

Egypt Folder, its river and roads

Egypt (aka Rahab)
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

British Empire - Egypt - Lower Nile River below the Cataracts and the Sinai
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Egypt, Cataracts of the Nile, Aswan Dam

Egypt (capital Cairo and Goshen)
Egypt; Goshen; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Church New Year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; Venerable Ammon; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Egypt, History Folder

Egypt, 1900 BC to 1500 BC, History Folder, Joseph and Pharaohs to Moses and Joshua

Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph
Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph;

Egypt, 1701 BC-1661 BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, Merneferre Ay, at abandoned capitol
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1701BC-1661BC, Merneferre Ay; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Moses
Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses; Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1672BC-1648BC, Mersekhemre Ined
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1649BC-1609BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, uncertain, Semqen
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1649BC-1609BC uncertain, Semqen; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1654BC-1544BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Joshua
Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1500 BC to 170 AD, History Folder, Simeon, Septuagent, Later Ancient Times, Jews Drawn Back to Egypt

Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah
Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 597 BC, Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, BC 360-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver
Egypt, BC 300-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver; Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 247-132 BC, Septuagint
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 247-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea
Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea ; Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Sosthenes, Apollos, Cephas, Tychicus, Epaphroditus, Caesar, and Onesiphorus, Commemorated on December 8;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Egypt, 170 - 640, Patriarchs and Saints History Folder

Egypt, 100, 2nd Century Folder, St Clement

Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria
Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Origen and first Hermit St Paul of Thebes

Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint
Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria
Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria; Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus
Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes, the first Christian hermit
Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great;

Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple, his beautiful wife's affair
Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria
Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria; Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great
Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Scholar, Arius of Alexandria
Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 276-311, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria, e anathama leniency, excomd Arius
Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria; Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ;

Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermits of Egyptian Desert

Egypt, 300-395, Egyptian Saint, Onuphrius
Egyptian Saint, 300-395, Onuphrius; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas
Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17;

Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Saint Cleopatra (died 319 or 327) was a Christian saint who lived between the 3rd century and 4th century. She is venerated in the Catholic Church,[1] Oriental Orthodoxy[citation needed] and Eastern Orthodoxy[2]. Cleopatra originally came from a village called Edra near Mount Tabor in Lower Galilee.[3] She was a contemporary of the holy martyr Saint Varus and had witnessed his suffering and execution. After Varus' death, Cleopatra had his remains taken to her home in Daraa, Syria where she had them buried with reverence. Cleopatra was a widow, whose only child, was a son named John. By 319, John had attained the officer rank of centurion, but to her great sorrow, had died suddenly. Cleopatra, in grief, turned to the relics of Saint Varus, begging the saint to return her son. She dreamt that Varus and John appeared to her as radiant in bright attire with crowns upon their heads and took this to mean that the Lord had received John into the Heavenly Kingdom, and was comforted.[3] She moved to live by the church that she had built was over the relics of Saint Varus and her son. Miracles were reported by people who had come to pray at the church. Cleopatra spent her remaining years in the service of God. She gave her property to the poor and spent her time praying and fasting.[3] She died in 327. Apart from Cleopatra, her son John is also recognised as a saint in Orthodox Christianity. The feast day of Saints Cleopatra and John is 19 October. Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Blessed Cleopatra with her son John, in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion the Great
Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion ; St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Egypt, 312-348, Egyptian Patriarch, Pachomius the Great
Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373);

Egypt, 320-391, Saint, Marcarius the Great
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Egyptian Saint, 320-391, Marcarius the Great; of Egypt ( 300–391) was a Coptic Christian monk and hermit. He is also known as Macarius the Elder, Macarius the Great and The Lamp of the Desert. 1 Life 2 Death and relics 3 Attributed writings: the 50 Spiritual Homilies and Letters 4 Legacy and monastery 5 Saint Macarius Depicted on the Camposanto Fresco in Pisa 6 References[12] 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 External links Macarius was born in Lower Egypt. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in Al Minufiyah Governorate, Egypt around 300 A.D. At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smuggling saltpeter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.[1] Macarius is known for his wisdom. His friends and close kin used to call him Paidarion Geron which meant the “old young man”, i.e. “the young man with the elders’ wisdom."[3] the wish of his parents Macarius entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.[4] Shortly after, his parents died as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.[4] while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the Nitrian Desert to escape all mundane glory. a hermit, Macarius spent seven years living on only pulse and raw herbs.[5] He spent the following three years consuming four or five ounces of bread a day and only one vessel of oil a year.[5] While at the desert, he visited Anthony the Great and learned from him the laws and rules of monasticism. he returned to the Scetic Desert at the age of forty, he became a priest.[6] The fame of his sanctity drew many followers. The community, which took up its residence in the desert, was of the semi-eremitical type. The monks were not bound by any fixed rule; their cells were close together, and they met for Divine worship only on Saturdays or Sundays. He presided over this monastic community for the rest of his life. a brief period of time, Macarius was banished to an island in the Nile by the Emperor Valens, along with Saint Macarius of Alexandria, during a dispute over the doctrine of the Nicene Creed. Both men were victims of religious persecution by the followers of then Bishop Lucius of Alexandria. During their time on the island, the daughter of a pagan priest had become ill. The people of the island believed that she was possessed by an evil spirit. Both saints prayed over the daughter, which in turn had saved her. The pagan people of the island were so impressed and grateful that they stopped their worship of the pagan gods and built a church. When word of this got back to the Emperor Valens and Bishop Lucius of Alexandria, they quickly allowed both men to return home. At their return on 13 Paremhat, they were met by a multitude of monks of the Nitrian Desert, numbered fifty thousand, among whom were Saint Pishoy and Saint John the Dwarf. and relics[edit] died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. Pope Michael V of Alexandria brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the Nitrian Desert on 19 Mesori. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his monastery, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in Scetes, Egypt. writings: the 50 Spiritual Homilies and Letters[edit] Macarius the Great standing next to a Cherub. Spiritual Homilies were ascribed to Macarius a few generations after his death, and these texts had a widespread and considerable influence on Eastern monasticism and Protestant pietism.[7] was particularly in the context of the debate concerning the 'extraordinary giftings' of the Holy Spirit in the post-apostolic age, since the Macarian Homilies could serve as evidence in favour of a post-apostolic attestation of 'miraculous' Pneumatic giftings to include healings, visions, exorcisms, etc. Macarian Homilies have thus influenced Pietist groups ranging from the Spiritual Franciscans (West) to Eastern Orthodox monastic practice to John Wesley to modern charismatic Christianity. modern patristic scholars have established that it is not likely that Macarius the Egyptian was their author.[8] The identity of the author of these fifty Spiritual Homilies has not been definitively established, although it is evident from statements in them that the author was from Upper Mesopotamia, where the Roman Empire bordered the Persian Empire, and that they were not written later than 534.[9] addition to the homilies, a number of letters have been ascribed to Macarius. Gennadius (De viris illustribus 10) recognizes only one genuine letter of Macarius, which is addressed to younger monks. The first letter, called "Ad filios Dei," may indeed be the genuine letter by Macarius the Egyptian that is mentioned by Gennadius (Vir. Ill.10), but the other letters are probably not by Macarius. The second letter, the so-called "Great Letter" used the De instituto christiana of Gregory of Nyssa, which was written c. 390; the style and content of the "Great Letter" suggest that its author is the same anonymous Mesopotamian who wrote the fifty Spiritual Homilies.[10] seven so-called Opuscula ascetica edited under his name by Petrus Possinus (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by Simeon the Logothete, who is probably identical with Simeon Metaphrastes (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of St. Augustine. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of Adam, and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in semi-Pelagian fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation. and monastery[edit] is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. the Methodist Churches, Macarius is regarded highly for writing on the topic of entire sanctification.[11] of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great,[3] which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern.” This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wilderness” or “the glowing monastery,” which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.[3] Today it belongs to the Coptic Orthodox Church. entirety of the Nitrian Desert is sometimes called the Desert of Macarius, for he was the pioneer monk in the region. The ruins of numerous monasteries in this region almost confirm the local tradition that the cloisters of Macarius were equal in number to the days of the year. Macarius Depicted on the Camposanto Fresco in Pisa[edit] Macarius The Great, Camposanto, Trionfo Della Morte Macarius the Great, one of the Egyptian desert recluses and a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great, is depicted on the right edge of the Triumph of Death fresco in Pisa. A group of leisurely aristocrats and their animals occupy the central part of the fresco. These rich young men and women riding horses, surrounded by their decorative hunting dogs have gone on a pleasant journey. Suddenly, their path, somewhere deep in the woods, is barred by three open sarcophagi with bodies in different degrees of decomposition. Everybody in the scene, including the men, women and even the animals are horrified by this terrible and palpable presence of death. The unsupportable stench hits their noses. The abhorrent scene dismays them. Only Saint Macarius the Great, made wise and powerful by his faith, stands above them all. The mystic Saint teaches the youngsters a lesson about life and death by reading from the scroll. The Florentine sculptor Benvenuto Cellini was inspired by this depiction of Saint Macarius in his painted portrait. Virginmartyr Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo
Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Paphnutius the Ascetic
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Thais
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Thais; Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 328-373, Patriarch, Athanasias of Alexandria, The Great, Trinity defender, 5 exiles
Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St. Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius; Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 334-368, Egyptian Patriarch, Theodorus of Tabennese
Egyptian Patriarch, 334-368, Theodorus of Tabennese ; Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy
Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great
Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egypt, 350-405, Egyptian Saint, Moses the Black
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28;

Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes
Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, 360-450, Egyptian Saint, Pimen the Great, Sketes
Egyptian Saint, 360-450, Pimen the Great; Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable Pimen the Great, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 370-450, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great
Egypt, 370-445, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Egypt, 380-457, Saint Apollinaria, Marcarius Monastery, Sketis Desert
Egypt, 380-457, Saint Apollinaria; Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Saint Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 384-412, Impious Pope Theophilus of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 384-412, Pope Theophilus of Alexandria; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Egypt, 384-450, Egyptian Saint, Isadore of Pelusium
Egyptian Saint, d. 450, Isadore of Pelusium; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6;

Egypt, 390's, First of Two Origenist Crises
Egypt, 390's, First of Two Origenist Crises; Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 400, 5th Century Folder, Nestorius, Mary of Egypt, Cyril of Alexandria

Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius
Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius; Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 412-444, Egyptian Patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria, C of Ephesus 431, anti Nestor, Novat and Jew
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers. Roman Emperor Theodosius II, however, condemned him for behaving like a "proud pharaoh", and the Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church."[1] is well known for his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late. is also known for his expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and for inflaming tensions that led to the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by a Christian mob. Historians disagree over the extent of his responsibility in this. tried to oblige the pious Christian emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450) to himself by dedicating his Paschal table to him.[2] It is also important to note that Cyril's Paschal table was provided with a Metonic basic structure in the form of a Metonic 19-year lunar cycle adopted by him around AD 425, which was very different from the first Metonic 19-year lunar cycle invented around AD 260 by Anatolius, but exactly equal to the similar lunar cycle which had been introduced around AD 412 by Annianus; the julian equivalent of this Alexandrian lunar cycle adopted by Cyril and nowadays referred to as the 'classical (Alexandrian) 19-year lunar cycle' would only much later emerge again: a century later in Rome as the basic structure of Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table (AD 525) and two more centuries later in England as the one of Beda's Easter table (AD 725).[3] Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February. This date is used by the Western Rite Orthodox Church. Yet the 1969 Catholic Calendar revision moved it to 27 June, considered to be the day of the saint's death, as celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[4] The same date has been chosen for the Lutheran calendar. The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria
Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria
Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria;

Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite
Egyptian Patriarch, 444-451, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Egypt, 500, 6th Century Folder, Pope Theodosius of Alexandria

Egypt, 536-567, Patriarch, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 536-567, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises
Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises; Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician
Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10;

Egypt, 600-640, 7th Century Folder, St John of the Ladder

Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of Ã¢Â€Âœthe LadderÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on March 30;

Egypt, 606-616, Patriarch, John the Merciful of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22;

Egypt, 610-685, Egyptian Saint, Anastasius Sinaita
Egyptian Saint, 610-685, Anastasius Sinaita; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20;

Egypt, 640 - Present, History Folder, Arab and Moslem Period

Egypt, 640-699, 7th Century Folder, Muslim conquest of Alexandria

Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad
Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad; Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Egypt, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Egypt, 800, 9th Century Folder, Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni

Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni
Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni ; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Egypt, 900, 10th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Egypt, 909-1171, m's d, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily
Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam Fatimid Caliphate, an Ismaili Shia caliphate of the 10th to the 12th centuries AD, spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin,[4] ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. The Fatimid caliphate represented the peak of Ismaili political success. Ismailis had faithful supporters in the lands governed by the Fatimids' rivals, and areas with a significant Ismaili population and presences were able to set up their own independently-administered polities, which were loyal to the Imam in Egypt.[5] The Fatimids (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙÂØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†â€Ž, romanized: al-FÄÂá¹ÂimÄ«yÅ«n) claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama, Berbers living in the west of the North African littoral (in Kabylie in present-day Algeria). In 909, using the military resources of the Kutama, the Fatimids occupied Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt, and in 973 they established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire, which developed a new and "indigenous Arabic" culture.[6] The ruling class belonged to the Ismai'li branch of Shi'a Islam, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants of Ali and Fatimah were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. Orientalist authors sometimes use the separate term Fatimi (or "Fatimite") to refer to the caliphate's subjects. After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Copts.[7] However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.[8][need quotation to verify] During the late eleventh and twelfth centuries the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin invaded its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.[9]

Egypt, 909-934, F Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, F&Ali's son, Umayyads r, as usurpers, Abbasids r, not Ali's sons, occultation, millenialist ex
Egypt, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah; Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn al-Husayn (873 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ بالله‎), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh imam of the Isma'ili faith. in the late 9th century since the murder of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, in 661, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, a large part of the Muslim community rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Family of Muhammad. The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, profited from this during their rise to power against the Umayyads; but their claim too was rejected by the Shi'a, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of al-Husayn and Hasan, Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[1] A line of imams emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.[1] The sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, had appointed (naá¹£á¹£) his son Isma'il ibn Ja'far as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of Shi'a held that al-Sadiq had designated another son, Musa al-Kazim, as his heir. Others followed other sons, Muhammad and Abdallah al-Aftah—shortly after his death, they went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a messiah.[2] Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who vanished in 874.[1][3] Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late 9th century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of "Isma'ili".[1][4][5] Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.[6] Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into hiding ("occultation"), and that they would soon return as a messiah, a mahdÄ« ("the Rightly Guided One") or qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m ("He Who Arises"), to usher in the end times.[1][7] The mahdÄ« would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital Baghdad, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer Constantinople, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.[8] The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the mahdÄ« would reveal the true, "inner" (bÄÂá¹Âin) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few selected initiates. The mahdÄ« would dissolve the outer forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of Adam, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.[9] Secret leadership of the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa at Salamiya While the mahdÄ« Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (daÊ¿wa, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (á¸¥ujja).[10] The first known á¸¥ujja was a certain Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from Askar Mukram, in what is now southwestern Iran. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.[11] His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in Basra, where he claimed to belong to the Aqil branch of the Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities and he moved on to the small town of Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert.[12] There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, Ahmad and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died c. 827/8, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.[13][14] During the late 9th century, millenialist expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdÄ«.[15] In this chaotic atmosphere, where the Abbasids were preoccupied with suppressing the uprising, the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.[16] Missionaries (dÄÂ'Ä«s) like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread the network of agents to the area round Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and the Maghreb (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893).[17][18] The real leadership remained hidden at Salamiya, and only the chief dÄÂ'Ä«s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.[19] The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary (dÄÂ'Ä« al-duÊ¿ÄÂt) and "gateway" (bÄÂb) to the hidden leader.[20] Early life The future caliph al-Mahdi Billah was born as Sa'id, the son of Ahmad's elder son, al-Husayn, who died around 880.[21] The official biography gives the date of birth as 31 July 874, although a different tradition gives a date exactly one year earlier.[22] After his father's death, he was fostered by his uncle Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, who was without an heir of his own—his son and grandchild were reportedly captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage.[22] Most of the information about Sa'id's early life comes from the memoirs of the eunuch chamberlain Ja'far, who was a few months older than Sa'id and came with him to the household at Salamiya. The two were reared by the same wet-nurse, and Ja'far became a close confidant of Sa'id until his death.[23] Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.[22] While ostensibly merely the stewards for the absent imam, Ja'far reports that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh—perhaps encouraged by the rapid progress of the daÊ¿wa, now establishing armed strongholds—secretly declared himself to senior members of the daÊ¿wa not as the á¸¥ujja for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but the actual imam; and that he claimed for his nephew the title of mahdÄ«, and the latter's infant son the title of qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m.[24] Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim (see below). In the most common, Abdallah the Elder was proclaimed to be the son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams who supposedly preceded Ahmad is not the same; for example, Sa'id himself in a letter claimed descent not from Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but from the latter's older brother Abdallah. Anti-Isma'ili Sunni and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. The situation is further complicated by the use of the title qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m, normally a synonym for the mahdÄ«, for Sa'id's son. This has led to suggestions (first by Bernard Lewis) of two parallel lines of imams, one public (and of non-Alid descent), serving as trustees of the hidden, real one. In this interpretation, Sa'id was the last representative of the former line, and his "son" was the genuine imam.[25][26] Leadership of the daÊ¿wa When Abu'l-Shalaghlagh died around 899, Sa'id became the new head of the movement.[27] Soon after, the letters from Salamiya revealed changes in the official doctrine of the daÊ¿wa. This worried Hamdan Qarmat, who sent his brother-in-law to Salamiya to investigate the matter. It was there that Abdan learned that Sa'id claimed that the imam was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id's father al-Husayn, and now Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement: Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi dÄÂ'Ä«s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters.[28][29] It was Al-Shi'i's success which was the signal to Al Mahdi to set off from Salamyah disguised as a merchant. In 905 he started proselytising. However, he was captured by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat-Allah due to his Ismaili beliefs and thrown into a dungeon in Sijilmasa. In early 909 Al-Shi'i sent a large expedition force to rescue Al Mahdi, conquering the Khariji state of Tahert on its way there. After gaining his freedom, Al Mahdi became the leader of the growing state and assumed the position of imam and caliph. Al Mahdi then led the Kutama Berbers who captured the cities of Qairawan and Raqqada. By March 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced with the Fatimids. As a result, the last stronghold of Sunni Islam in North Africa was removed from the region. Reign Al-Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqada, Al-Qayrawan (in what is now Tunisia). After that his power grew. At the time of his death he had extended his reign over the Maghreb, but campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. The historian Heinz Halm has described the early Fatimid regime as being little more than a "hegemony of the Kutama".[30] The position of these semi-civilized tribesmen as the chosen warriors of the imam-caliph was greatly resented, not only by the other Berber tribes, but chiefly by the inhabitants of the cities, where the Arabic culture predominated.[31] As Halm writes, the situation was similar to a scenario where, "in the early eighteenth-century North America, the Iroquois, converted to Catholicism by Jesuit missionaries, had overrun the Puritan provinces of New England, installed their chieftains as governors in Boston, Providence and Hartford, and proclaimed a European with dubious credentials as King of England".[31] The first years of Fatimid rule in Ifriqiya, Sicily, and Tripolitania were marked by revolts by the local inhabitants against the arrogance and exactions of the Kutama.[32] Al-Mahdi founded the capital of his empire, al-Mahdiyyah, on the Tunisian coast sixteen miles south-east of Al-Qayrawan, which he named after himself. The city was located on a peninsula on an artificial platform "reclaimed from the sea", as mentioned by the Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri. The Great mosque of Mahdia was built in 916 on the southern side of the peninsula.[33] Al-Mahdi took up residence there in 920. In 922 the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I sent envoys to al-Mahdi to propose a joint attack on the Byzantine capital Constantinople with the Bulgarians providing a large land army, and the Arabs a navy. It was proposed that all spoils would be divided equally, with the Bulgarians keeping Constantinople and the Fatimids gaining the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy.[34] As a result of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, by 922 the Bulgarians controlled almost the whole Balkan peninsula but Simeon I's main objective to capture Constantinople remained out of his reach because he lacked a navy. Although the Byzantines and the Fatimids had concluded a peace treaty in 914, since 918 the Fatimids had renewed their attacks on the Italian coast.[34] Al-Mahdi accepted the proposal and sent back his own emissaries to conclude the agreement.[34] On the way home the ship was captured by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast and the envoys of both countries were sent to Constantinople.[34] When the Byzantine emperor Romanos I learned about the secret negotiations, the Bulgarians were imprisoned, while the Arab envoys were allowed to return to Al-Mahdiyyah with rich gifts for the caliph. The Byzantines then sent their own embassy to North Africa to outbid Simeon I and eventually the Fatimids agreed not to aid Bulgaria.[35] After his death, Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im, reconquest of Sicily
Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im; Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù… Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡, "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith. History[edit] Al-Qa'im was born in Salamiyah in Syria in 895 with the name Muhammad. After his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. However, campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. In 934 Al-Qa'im succeeded his father as Caliph, after which he never again left the royal residence at Mahdia. Nevertheless, the Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the Ligurian coast was plundered and the city of Genoa sacked. From 944 to 947 the realm was plunged into crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of the Aurès Mountains of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qa'im was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (13th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (r. 946-953). Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, supressed the large-scale Kharijite rebellion
Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; Tahir Isma'il (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø·Ø§Ù‡Ø± إسماعيل‎, romanized: AbÅ« á¹¬ÄÂhir Ê¾IsmÄÂÊ¿Ä«l; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± Ø¨Ù†ØµØ± الله‎, romanized: al-Maná¹£Å«r bi-Naá¹£r AllÄÂh, lit. 'The Victor with the Help of God'), was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death. He presided over a period of crisis, having to confront the large-scale Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid. He succeeded in suppressing the revolt and restoring the stability of the Fatimid regime. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatmid center moved to Cairo from Tunis in 969
Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ… Ù…Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¹Ø²Ù‘ Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† الله‎, romanized: AbÅ« TamÄ«m MaÊ¿ad al-MuÊ¿izz li-DÄ«n AllÄÂh, lit. 'Glorifier of the Religion of God'; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975. It was during his caliphate that the center of power of the Fatimid dynasty was moved from Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) to Egypt. The Fatimids founded the city of al-QÄÂhirah (Cairo) "the Victorious" in 969 as the new capital of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt.[1] Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah, good admin, econ, but extrav, Katuma Berbers west, Turks east, replacng slaves, into Syria, empl Ch Jews, not sunnis
Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah; Mansur Nizar (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± نزار‎, romanized: AbÅ« Maná¹£Å«r NizÄÂr; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² بالله‎, romanized: al-Ê¿AzÄ«z biÊ¾llÄÂh, lit. 'the mighty through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. Nizar, the future al-Aziz Billah, was born on 10 May 955, the third son of the fourth Fatimid Caliph, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).[1][2] His mother, Durzan, usually known as al-Sayyida al-MuÊ¿izzÄ«ya ("the Lady of al-Mu'izz") was the chief concubine of al-Mu'izz, and likely of Bedouin origin. She was known for her beautiful singing voice, which earned her the nickname TaghrÄ«d ("Twitter").[3] She died in 995.[4] In 974 his older brother Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz —who had been the designated heir in preference to the oldest of al-Mu'izz's sons, Tamim—died, and Nizar found himself as his father's designated successor (walÄ« al-Ê¿ahd).[5] The succession was not confirmed in front of the members of the dynasty and court, however, until a day before al-Mu'izz's death on 18 December 975.[1] His official proclamation as caliph was delayed until 9 August 976.[1] Administration and economy[edit] According to the sources, al-Aziz Billah was "tall, with red hair and blue eyes, generous, brave, fond of horses and hunting and very humane and tolerant in disposition".[1] He was marked for his skill as an administrator, reforming the finances of the Fatimid state, standardizing and streamlining the payment of officials, and taking steps to ensure their integrity.[1] At the same time, he was known for his extravagant lifestyle and obsession for precious objects and materials, rare animals and delicacies; it is said that on one occasion, he had carrier pigeons bring him cherries from Ba'albek.[6] The Egyptian economy was also nurtured, and tax revenue thereby increased, through the expansion of streets and canals and the establishment of a stable currency. The general economic well-being was also apparent in an elaborate building programme. The most influential official during most of his reign was Ya'qub ibn Killis, who was the first in Fatimid history to be designated as "vizier", in 979. Apart from two brief periods when Ibn Killis fell into disgrace—in 979 and 984—he remained al-Aziz's chief minister until his death in 991.[1] Just like his master, Ibn Killis lived in great luxury, facilitated by a salary of 100,000 gold dinars.[7] Ibn Killis is credited with the capable administration of the public finances, which ensured a full treasury despite the vast sums expended by the luxury-loving Caliph,[8] but also for his role as a patron of men of letters, and the author of a book that codified Fatimid laws.[1] In contrast, his successors did not long remain in office, and in the short space of five years, the post of vizier was occupied by six men: Ali ibn Umar al-Addas, Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat, al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Baziyar, Abu Muhammad ibn Ammar, al-Fadl ibn Salih, and Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus.[1] Military reforms[edit] Al-Aziz also undertook major military reforms. Berbers, and especially the Kutama tribe, had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies, and had played the main role in the takeover of Ifriqiya and the conquest of Egypt and the southern Levant under al-Aziz's predecessors.[9] Until the 970s, the Kutama provided the cavalry, with the infantry composed of Slavic (á¹¢aqÄÂliba), Greek (RÅ«m) and Black African (SÅ«dÄÂn or Ê¿abÄ«d) slaves.[10][11] However, the forays into the Levant revealed the inadequacies of an army based solely on the Kutama, and from 978, al-Aziz, began to introduce mercenaries from the Islamic East, especially Turks and Daylamites. The adoption of the ghilmÄÂn system had far-reaching repercussions, as the Turkish ghilmÄÂn assumed senior positions in the state and began to rival the Kutama for influence, especially as the flow of new recruits from the Kutama homeland ebbed after c. 987/88.[12][13] Consequently, a fierce antagonism developed between the two groups, termed MaghÄÂriba ("Westerners") and MashÄÂriqa ("Easterners") respectively, which would erupt in open warfare after al-Aziz's death.[14][15][16] Religious policies[edit] The employment of the Christian Ibn Nesturus, just as that of the Jew Manashsha as Secretary for Syria, was a prominent example of the Fatimids' tolerance in religious matters, further encouraged under al-Aziz by his Melkite Christian wife. Two of her brothers, Orestes and Arsenius, were appointed as Patriarch of Jerusalem and metropolitan bishop of Cairo, respectively.[1] The Coptic Christians also benefited from the Caliph's favour, allowing them to rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church despite Muslim opposition, or refusing to punish a Muslim man who converted to Christianity.[1] This leniency, crowned by the appointment to high office of Ibn Nesturus and Manashsha, was resented by the Muslim populace, with Muslim opinion incensed by hostile tracts circulating among them. The Caliph was briefly forced to depose his two ministers and imprison them, but soon their undoubted skill ensured their release and reinstatement.[1] Anti-Christian animus was most evident in 996, when merchants from Amalfi were suspected of being responsible for a fire that destroyed the arsenal at Cairo; in a city-wide anti-Christian pogrom, the Amalfitans were murdered and churches were ransacked.[1] This tolerance did not extend towards the Sunni Muslim population, however, as al-Aziz followed a fervently Isma'ili agenda: he erected inscriptions denouncing the Companions of the Prophet, abolished the Tarawih prayers in 982, and initiated the celebration of the Ashura festival in Cairo. In 991, a man found in possession of the Sunni legal treatise Muwatta Imam Malik was executed.[1] The reign of Al-Aziz was also culturally significant. Ibn Killis founded the al-Azhar University in Cairo (988) which went on to become the most important centre of learning in the Islamic world. Likewise a library with 200,000 volumes was built in Cairo. According to Professor Samy S. Swayd Fatimid missionaries made their Dawah in China during the reign of Al-Aziz.[17] Expansion into Syria[edit] Map of Early Islamic Syria and its provinces in the 9th–10th centuries In foreign affairs, al-Aziz concentrated on the extension of Fatimid control over Syria,[7] whose conquest had begun immediately after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969.[18][19] Background[edit] Possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a constant foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt both before and after the Fatimids, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country by the powers of Western Asia.[20] In the Fatimid case, this drive was given additional impetus by their ambitions to lead the entire Islamic world and unseat the Abbasid Caliphate by conquering Iraq and the eastern Islamic lands, which was possible only via Syria.[7][21] At the same time, the balance of power in the region was altered with the simultaneous expansion of the Byzantine Empire into northern Syria against the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 969. The Fatimids used the Byzantine advance as a major item in their propaganda, claiming to be the only power capable of championing the jihad against the "infidel" threat.[22] However, Fatimid policy with regard to Syria during the early part of al-Aziz's reign was dominated by the vizier Ibn Killis, who, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "believed that the Fatimids should concentrate on controlling Palestine and southern Syria, while leaving the north of the Hamdanids and their successors to form a buffer state against the Byzantines, with whom the caliph should try to keep on good terms".[21] Despite initial successes, the initial Fatimid invasion of Syria, under the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Fallah, quickly came to a halt through a combination of rebellions by the citizens of Damascus and the Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert.[23][24] In August 971, the Fatimids were defeated in battle against the Bedouin and their Qarmatian allies, leading to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and even a short-lived Qarmatian invasion of Egypt.[18][25][26] When al-Aziz came to power, Damascus was ruled by the Turk Alptakin, who with only 300 of his fellow Turks had taken power by exploiting the unpopularity of the Fatimids' Kutama troops, gained popular support by restoring order in the city, and held it against the Fatimids, recognizing Abbasid suzerainty.[7][21] Further south, Palestine was under Fatimid control, but the powerful Bedouin chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, was opposed to them and held the provincial capital Ramla.[7] Reconquest of Damascus[edit] "O Commander of the Faithful, maintain peace with the Byzantines as long as they maintain peace with you. Be satisfied if the Hamdanids [of Aleppo] recognize you in the mint and the [Friday] oration. Do not spare Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, [however], if you get hold of him." Advice of Ya'qub ibn Killis to al-Aziz on his deathbed.[27] In 975 al-'Aziz took control of Baniyas in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of the Sunni Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers.[28] In 976, the Fatimid general Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt, campaigned against Damascus, but after two months of clashes before the city he had to retreat due to the arrival of Alptakin's Qarmatian allies.[7] Followed by Alptakin's forces, Jawhar was pushed back to Tiberias, Ramla and finally Ascalon, where he was besieged.[7] The siege lasted for seventeen months and ended in early 978 with a negotiated agreement, which abandoned the entire territory from Ascalon to Damascus to Alptakin. Only Gaza remained under direct Fatimid control, although Alptakin was prepared to acknowledge the nominal suzerainty of al-Aziz over the territories he ruled. Jawhar and his men had also to undergo the humiliation of passing under a sword and lance in token of their defeat while departing Ascalon for Egypt.[7][29] The Fatimid court could not accept this humiliating agreement, which not only left Egypt vulnerable to attack, but also deprived senior members of the Fatimid elite—including Ibn Killis himself—of important properties around Damascus.[30] As a result, al-Aziz took the field in person and, at the head of an enormous army, defeated and captured Alptakin in August 978.[7][30] The Qarmatians were bribed with promises of an annual payment of tribute to retreat to Bahrayn, thus bringing an end to their incursions into Syria.[7][30] The events of the previous years also demonstrated to Ibn Killis the dangers of continuing to rely on the Kutama. As a result, the Caliph unexpectedly showed clemency to Alptakin, taking him and his Turkish followers into Fatimid service.[7][30] Alptakin himself was taken to Cairo, where he was lavishly honoured by the Caliph, arousing the envy of Ibn Killis, who had Alptakin poisoned.[7] Nevertheless, as noted before, this event was of momentous importance and marked a major departure from previous Fatimid practice; especially in Syria, the Turkish ghilmÄÂn remained influential and often occupied the position of governor of Damascus.[13] Damascus itself was taken over by one of Alptakin's lieutenants, Qassam, with the support of the local population and the city militia (aá¸¥dÄÂth), who wished to avoid a renewed Berber occupation.[7][30] The Fatimid general al-Fadl ibn Salih, a protégé of Ibn Killis, was sent with a Berber army against Qassam, but other than a show of force against the coastal cities failed to achieve anything and retreated to Palestine.[7][31] Matters became complicated with the arrival of Abu Taghlib, the ousted Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, who contacted al-Aziz with an offer to capture the city if they supported him with troops. This was opposed by Ibn al-Jarrah, who feared lest the Hamdanid and his followers form the Banu Uqayl tribe, rivals to the Tayy, threaten his own position, particularly his possession of Ramla and the pasture lands of his tribe. Al-Fadl apparently played a duplicitous game, encouraging Abu Taghlib in his designs on Ramla in an effort to sow dissension among the Arab tribes and strengthen Fatimid authority; however, in August 979, when Ibn al-Jarrah attacked Abu Taghlib and his men at Ramla, al-Fadl came to his aid with his own troops. Abu Taghlib was taken captive and executed.[7][32][33] This battle established Ibn al-Jarrah and his Tayy as a major player in the region's power politics: despite his recognition of Fatimid suzerainty, the Tayy chieftain was a virtually independent ruler and remained a constant nuisance for the Fatimid government for decades.[31] Bowl fragment with a mounted warrior, 11th century Damascus continued to resist Fatimid attempts to capture it, notably under the Kutama chieftain Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah in 979/80,[7][31] while, despite al-Fadl's efforts to use the Uqayl to contain them, the Tayy and their unchecked depredations grew to be a menace to the settled and agrigultural districts of southern Syria: Ramla was "reduced to a ghost town", in the words of Kennedy, and the Ghuta plain around Damascus and the Hawran region were so devastated that Damascus faced famine, alleviated only through supplies sent from Homs, ruled by the Turk Bakjur for the Hamdanids of Aleppo.[31] As a result of the successive failures of Berber commanders to capture Damascus and restore order in the province, the Fatimid court appointed a Turk, Baltakin, a former follower of Alptakin, as commander of the next expedition into Syria. Baltakin defeated Ibn al-Jarrah, who fled north to Antioch and the protection of the Byzantines, while Qassam was finally forced to surrender Damascus in early 983, albeit under generous terms that allowed him to remain in control under a Fatimid-appointed governor.[7][31] Contest for Aleppo[edit] After securing Fatimid rule in central and southern Syria, Caliph al-Aziz aimed to capture Aleppo as well, but was restrained by Ibn Killis while he lived.[7] The question of Aleppo was complicated, as it risked provoking a direct confrontation with Byzantium.[34] Since 969, the Hamdanid emirate had been tributary to the Byzantines. Its ruler, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991), resented this dependence, but was forced to abide with it in order to prevent an outright Fatimid conquest. As a result, his policy vacillated between the two powers.[35][36] Nevertheless, the Fatimids benefited from the weakness of the Hamdanids, as many Hamdanid supporters began entering Fatimid service. For example, Raja al-Siqlabi defected with 300 of his men, and was appointed governor of Acre and Caesarea.[11] The most important such defection was that of the Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, in 983. Bakjur contacted al-Aziz directly and offered to enter Fatimid service against Aleppo in exchange for the governorship of Damascus.[7][11] Attracted by the possibility of taking over not only Homs but possibly Aleppo as well, al-Aziz agreed to Bakjur's offer over the vehement opposition of Ibn Killis, who was briefly deposed and imprisoned in conjunction with a harvest failure that led to famine in the capital.[11] The Caliph provided Bakjur with an army, with which he attacked Aleppo in September. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) for help, who sent his general Bardas Phokas the Younger to assist Aleppo. Forewarned of the Byzantines' approach by the exiled Ibn al-Jarrah, Bakjur raised the siege and fled to Fatimid territory. The Byzantines proceeded to sack Homs in October, and returned the city to Hamdanid control.[7][37] In 987/8, a seven-year truce was concluded with the Byzantines. It stipulated an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque at Constantinople.[38] Despite his failure, Bakjur was named governor of Damascus by al-Aziz, and was joined by Ibn al-Jarrah. Ibn Killis, who was released and restored to his office after barely two months, immediately began working against the two. Bakjur gradually made himself unpopular to the Damascenes due to his cruelty, and after several failed efforts, in 989 Ibn Killis finally persuaded al-Aziz to replace Bakjur with one of the vizier's personal ghilmÄÂn, Ya'qub al-Siqlabi. Bakjur fled to Raqqa, from where he continued his unsuccessful attacks on Aleppo.[7][11] At the same time, Baltakin was sent to pacify the Bedouin tribes who were raiding the Hajj caravans, leading to the establishment of a Fatimid garrison at Wadi al-Qura, north of Medina.[11] Ibn Killis' death in 991 freed al-Aziz to pursue a more aggressive stance in the Aleppo question. Immediately he dismissed Ibn Killis' protégé and appointed the Turk Manjutakin as governor of Damascus.[7][39] Manjutakin's use of Damascus as his base during the subsequent campaigns shows the consolidation of Fatimid control in the area, but also, as Hugh Kennedy remarks, the changes it brought to the "political and economic geography of Syria": given the continued insecurity of the overland routes due to the depredations of the Bedouin, the Fatimids supplied their forces in Syria by sea—notably via Tripoli—and as a result the chief coastal towns rose in importance, as centres of Fatimid control and administration as well as commerce, experiencing a revival which continued into the 12th century.[40] Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the doux of Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[41] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the Battle of the Orontes in September and again besieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, in person in April 995.[41] Basil crossed Asia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army. Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without giving battle.[41] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli but failed to capture it; nevertheless, the Fatimids lost control of the city, which became independent under its qadi.[38] The Byzantine emperor then occupied and fortified Tartus.[38] Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, beginning large-scale preparations at Cairo.[42][43] Byzantine and Hamdanid embassies carrying proposals for a truce were received in September 995, but rejected.[42] Al-Aziz's preparations were set back when the fleet being prepared at Cairo was destroyed by a fire, which set off an anti-Christian pogrom in the city.[44] Manjutakin was ordered to recapture Tartus, but its Armenian garrison was able to fend off his attacks; and a Fatimid fleet sent to assist the siege was lost in a storm off the coast.[38][44] Al-Aziz died on 14 October 996, before setting out on his campaign.[45] The Byzantine–Fatimid conflict continued under his successor until the conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000.[46] Arabia and North Africa[edit] Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian peninsula. The Hajj—at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost.[47] The emirs of Mecca, although de facto autonomous, recognized the Fatimids' suzerainty, in token of which the Fatimids enjoyed the prestigious privilege of furnishing each year the new cover of the Kaaba (the kiswa).[47] Finally, in 992 the Fatimids were acknowledged as caliphs in the Yemen,[47] and even their old enemies, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, came around to acknowledge their claims.[47] According to Kennedy, these diplomatic victories were the result of the more energetic foreign policy pursued by al-Aziz, particularly after the death of Ibn Killis, which bolstered his credentials by demonstrating "his ability and willingness to undertake the two major public responsibilities of a caliph, to safeguard the Hajj and to lead the Muslims against the infidel Byzantines".[47] On the other hand, North Africa, including the former Fatimid heartland of Ifriqiya, was mostly neglected.[7] Effective power there had passed to the Zirid viceroy of Ifriqiya, Buluggin ibn Ziri (r. 972–984), who was confirmed in office by al-Aziz, as was his son al-Mansur (r. 984–996).[7] In 992, al-Aziz even confirmed al-Mansur's son Badis as heir-apparent, thereby strengthening the Zirids' claim to dynastic succession.[47] Indeed, as Kennedy remarks, "nothing is more striking than the speed with which [the Fatimids] were prepared to allow North Africa to go its own way";[47] apart from diplomatic exchanges of gifts,[47] the Zirids governed their domains increasingly independently from the Fatimid court, even to the point of warring with the Kutama, the erstwhile mainstay of the Fatimid regime.[7] In a similar manner, al-Aziz contended himself with recognizing the succession of the Kalbid emirs of Sicily after the event.[7] Nearer to Egypt, the governor of Barqa (Cyrenaica) is known to have brought presents to the court of Cairo, but otherwise there are no indications of the Fatimids' exercising any control over him.[47] Al-Aziz died on 13 October 996. His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021) succeeded him as Caliph.

Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), important Shia
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; Å« Ê¿AlÄ« Maná¹£Å«r (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-á¸¤ÄÂkim bi-Amr AllÄÂh (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØÂØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; literally "The Ruler by the Order of God"[1]), was the sixth Fatimid caliph[2] and 16th Ismaili[3] imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1-2 million Musta’lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[4][5] Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.[6][7] Historian Paul Walker writes: "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."[8] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Egypt, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Egypt, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Independent Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali, modern independent Egypt, Christians protected, dynasty till 52
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria
Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Egypt, 1863-1899, Patriarch, Sophronius III, Constantinople, Alexandria, unfair Nectarios expulsion
Egypt, 1863-1899, Sophronius III of Constantinople, and Alexandria; St. Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria Side Folder

Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt
Alexandria; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 14 ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia ; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated September 13 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 25 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373) ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, by P II Philadelphus in 285 BC
Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt; Alexandria; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ;

Pharos Island, lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
Pharos Island, Alexandria, Egypt; Monastic Martyr and Confessor Stephen the New, Commemorated on November 28;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark in 62, or Pantaenus in 181
Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.; The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria.[1] The teachers and students of the school (also known as the Didascalium) were influential in many of the early theological controversies of the Christian church. It was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity, the other being the School of Antioch. According to Jerome the Alexandrian school was founded by John Mark the Apostle. The earliest recorded dean was supposedly Athenagoras (176).[citation needed] He was succeeded by Pantaenus 181, who was succeeded as head of the school by his student Clement of Alexandria in 190.[2] Other notable theologians with a connection to the school include Origen, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Heraclas, Dionysius "the Great", and Didymus the Blind. Others, including Jerome and Basil, made trips to the school to interact with the scholars there. Continuity with the ancient school is claimed by the Coptic Theological Seminary, Cairo. Hieromartyr Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria side, Egyptian Desert Locations Folder
There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile.

Egyptian desert
Egyptian Desert (Nitrian Desert) ; There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile. Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Hellius of Egypt; gift of clairvoyance and directed animals to his service;; Venerable Sisoes the Great; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; 546 Martyred Companions of Paphnutius in Egypt; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egyptian Desert Fathers (Scetes Desert)
Scetis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405 ; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

one of the Egyptian monasteries
one of the Egyptian monasteries Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century
Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century;

Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert, 360
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert;

Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert, 335
Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert;

Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century
Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century;

Egyptian Sand Sea
Egyptian Sand Sea, Egyptian Desert; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Scetes monasteries, Egyptian Desert, 330, 360 of them
Scetes monestary; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10;

Scetis, Egyptian Desert
Scetis ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Nitrian desert
Nitrian desert; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Nitrean Desert (Egyptian Hermits)
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19 ;

Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338
Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Nitria (first Lavra, Lake Nitria) 330
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Lake Nitria
Lake Nitria, Lake Nitria is one kilometer south of Nitria; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5;

Canopis, Egypt
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Salamis monastery near Alexandria, Egypt
Salamis monastery, somewhere near Alexandria; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 31 ;

Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria
Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria; Virginmartyr Rhais of Alexandria, Commemorated September 5 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ;

St Menas Monastery southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side Folder

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Way of the Sea Folder (Egypt to Syria) Pelusium

Way of the Sea (Egypt to Syria)

Way of the Sea 1 (El-Qantarah)

Way of the Sea 2 (Pelusium)

Pelusium, Egypt (Way of the Sea 2)
Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt
Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9;

Way of the Sea 3 (Arish, Egypt)

Way of the Sea 4 (Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 5 (Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea (Askalon, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 6 (Ashdod, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 7 (Joppa, Israel)

Way of the Sea 8 (Caesarea, Dor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 9 (Megiddo, Israel)

Way of the Sea 10 (Jezreel Valley)

Way of the Sea 11 (Tiberias, Israel)

Way of the Sea 12 (Migdal, Israel)

Way of the Sea 13 (Capernaum, Israel)

Way of the Sea 14 (Hazor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 15 (Jacob's Ford, Israel)

Way of the Sea 16 (Golan Heights, Israel)

Way of the Sea 17 (Damascas, Syria)

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Kings Highway Folder, Heliopolis

Kings Highway 1 (Heliopolis, Egypt)

Heliopolis, Egypt (intersection Kings HWY and Way to the Sea)
Heliopolis, Egypt ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Kings Highway 3 (Mitla Pass, Egypt)

Kings Highway 4 (Nekhel Fortress, Egypt)

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Jordan)

Kings Highway 10 (Sela, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Jordan)

Kings Highway 16 (Bosra, Syria)

Kings Highway 17 (Damascus, Syria)

Kings Highway 18 (Tadmor, Syria)

Kings Highway 19 (Resafa, Syria, (Euphrates River 5))

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Damietta, Goshen, Egypt
Damietta, Egypt ; Louis IX, (25 August 1270) ;

Tanis, Egypt
Tanis or Tathnis; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Zoan (Pi-Ramses), Moses' Miracles before Pharoh
Zoan (Pi-Ramses); Psalm 78: Part II

Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times, 597 BC
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Thmuis, Egypt
Thmuis; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ;

Mansurah, Goshen, Egypt
Mansurah, Egypt ; Louis IX (25 August 1270) ;

Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt
Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Cairo, Egypt (Goshen, Pelusium Side)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Egypt, Nile River Folder, Thebaid, Tabenna and Cairo

Nile River

White Nile 10 (Sudan-Egypt border)

Blue Nile 19 (Egypt)

Blue Nile 18 (Ethopia)

Nile River Way

Nile River Way (Alexandria)

Nile River Source 1 (Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish, Ethiopia)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Nile River Source 2 (Blue Nile and White Nile confluence, Sudan)

Nile River 1 (Shendi, Sudan)

Nile River 2 (Atbara, Sudan)

Abarta River Mouth (Nile River 2)

Nile River 3

Nile River 4

Nile River 5

Nile River 9 (Sudan)

Nile River 10 (Egypt)

Nile River 11 (Aswan Dam)

Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite
Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite;

Nile River 12 (Tabenna)

Tabenna, Upper Egypt (Nile River 12)
Tabenna, in Upper Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Maria's monestary, 323
Maria's monestary on the other side of the Nile from Tabenna which is located on an Island in the Nile (this is the largest island?) near Thebes. Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pachomius' Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt
Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt, on the Nile ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Nile River 13 (Thebes, Thebaid)

Thebaid Region (Upper Egypt, Nile River 13)
Thebaid; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Thebaid Region of Ancient Egypt; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Thebes, Egypt (Nile River 13)
Thebes, Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Shenesit (Nile River 13), Anthony's Fort
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Anthony's Fort Across the River from Thebaid, Shenesit (Nile River 13)
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Nile River 14 (Assiout)

Lycopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 14)
Lycopolis; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14)
Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14) 1912
Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14); Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Nile River 15 (Hermopolis and Antinoe)

Hermopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 15)
Hermopolis (Nile River); St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Bishop Dioscorus; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12 ;

desert of Hermopolis
desert of Hermopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ;

Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15)
Antinoe or Antinopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20;

Nile River 16 (Oxyrhynchos)

Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid, Nile River 16)
Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid); St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Heracleopolis, Egypt

Nile River 17 (Memphis)

Nile River Mouth (Heliopolis, Cairo, Nile Delta, Mediteranean Sea)

Cairo, Egypt (Nile River Mouth)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Babylon Fortress, Egypt
Babylon Fortress, Egypt; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4;

Memphis, Egypt
Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, Sinai Peninsula Folder, Sinai Monastery, an icon of Horeb in Median

Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Sinai Desert, Egypt
Sinai Desert, Egypt; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Mount Horeb (Sinai) in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 565
St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush", Commemorated September 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Sinai monastery, Egypt, 565
Sinai monastery; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated November 29 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©2011 ORION-ME

Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30;

Hazeroth, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Hazeroth, in Numbers Chapters 11, 12 and 33

Elim, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Elim, The Desert of Sin is between Elim and Mt Horeb (Mt Sinai) in Midian; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14;

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Sinai, Egypt
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Egypt;