Spain and Portugal Folder, its rivers, roads and mountains.kmz

Spain and Portugal Folder, its rivers, roads and mountains

Spain
Spain; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS); Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Roman Spain and Portugal, Hispania
Roman Spain and Portugal, Hispania;

Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia)
Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia) ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ;

Iberian System (Range)
Iberian System Range;

Pyrenees Mountains (Spain and France)
Pyrenees Mountains;

Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain
Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain;

Spain and Portugal History Folder

Spain and Portugal, 218 BC - 400, Folder, Roman Spain, Carthaginian and Roman Hispania

Spain and Portugal, 000, 1st Century History Folder, Dionysius the Areopagite, Apostle Paul, Emperor Trajan

Spain and Portugal, 80-96, of Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite, Important Orthodox writer, MOG description
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Dionysius lived originally in the city of Athens. He was raised there and received a classical Greek education. He then went to Egypt, where he studied astronomy at the city of Heliopolis. It was in Heliopolis, along with his friend Apollophonos where he witnessed the solar eclipse that occurred at the moment of the death of the Lord Jesus Christ by Crucifixion. “Either the Creator of all the world now suffers, or this visible world is coming to an end,” Dionysius said. Upon his return to Athens from Egypt, he was chosen to be a member of the Areopagus Council (Athenian high court). the holy Apostle Paul preached at the place on the Hill of Ares (Acts 17:16-34), Dionysius accepted his salvific proclamation and became a Christian. For three years Saint Dionysius remained a companion of the holy Apostle Paul in preaching the Word of God. Later on, the Apostle Paul selected him as bishop of the city of Athens. And in the year 57 Saint Dionysius was present at the repose of the Most Holy Theotokos. the lifetime of the Mother of God, Saint Dionysius had journeyed from Athens to Jerusalem to meet Her. He wrote to his teacher the Apostle Paul: “I witness by God, that besides the very God Himself, there is nothing else filled with such divine power and grace. No one can fully comprehend what I saw. I confess before God: when I was with John, who shone among the Apostles like the sun in the sky, when I was brought before the countenance of the Most Holy Virgin, I experienced an inexpressible sensation. Before me gleamed a sort of divine radiance which transfixed my spirit. I perceived the fragrance of indescribable aromas and was filled with such delight that my very body became faint, and my spirit could hardly endure these signs and marks of eternal majesty and heavenly power. The grace from her overwhelmed my heart and shook my very spirit. If I did not have in mind your instruction, I should have mistaken Her for the very God. It is impossible to stand before greater blessedness than this which I beheld.” the death of the Apostle Paul, Saint Dionysius wanted to continue with his work, and therefore went off preaching in the West, accompanied by the Presbyter Rusticus and Deacon Eleutherius. They converted many to Christ at Rome, and then in Germany, and then in Spain. In Gaul, during a persecution against Christians by the pagan authorities, all three confessors were arrested and thrown into prison. By night Saint Dionysius celebrated the Divine Liturgy with angels of the Lord. In the morning the martyrs were beheaded. According to an old tradition, Saint Dionysius took up his head, proceeded with it to the church and fell down dead there. A pious woman named Catulla buried the relics of the saint. writings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite hold great significance for the Orthodox Church. Four books of his have survived to the present day: On the Celestial Hierarchy On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy On the Names of God On Mystical Theology In additional, there are ten letters to various people. book On the Celestial Hierarchies was written actually in one of the countries of Western Europe, where Saint Dionysius was preaching. In it he speaks of the Christian teaching about the angelic world. The angelic (or Celestial-Heavenly) hierarchy comprises the nine angelic Ranks: Seraphim Cherubim Thrones Dominions Powers Authorities Principalities Archangels Angels account of the Synaxis of the Bodiless Powers of Heaven is located under November 8. purpose of the divinely-established Angelic Hierarchy is the ascent towards godliness through purification, enlightenment and perfection. The highest ranks are bearers of divine light and divine life for the lower ranks. And not only are the sentient, bodiless angelic hosts included in the spiritual light-bearing hierarchy, but also the human race, created anew and sanctified in the Church of Christ. book of Saint Dionysius On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchies is a continuation of his book On the Celestial Hierarchies. The Church of Christ, like the Angelic ranks, in its universal service is set upon the foundation of priestly principles established by God. the earthly world, for the children of the Church, divine grace comes down indescribably in the holy Mysteries of the Church, which are spiritual in nature, though perceptible to the senses in form. Few, even among the holy ascetics, were able to behold with their earthly eyes the fiery vision of the Holy Mysteries of God. But outside of the Church’s sacraments, outside of Baptism and the Eucharist, the light-bearing saving grace of God is not found, neither is divine knowledge nor theosis (deification). book On the Names of God expounds upon the way of divine knowledge through a progression of the Divine Names. Dionysius’ book On Mystical Theology also sets forth the teaching about divine knowledge. The theology of the Orthodox Church is totally based upon experience of divine knowledge. In order to know God it is necessary to be in proximity to Him, to have come near to Him in some measure, so as to attain communion with God and deification (theosis). This condition is accomplished through prayer. This is not because prayer in itself brings us close to the incomprehensible God, but rather that the purity of heart in true prayer brings us closer to God. written works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite are of extraordinary significance in the theology of the Orthodox Church, and also for late Medieval Western theology. For almost four centuries, until the beginning of the sixth century, the works of this holy Father of the Church were preserved in an obscure manuscript tradition, primarily by theologians of the Alexandrian Church. The concepts in these works were known and utilized by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Dionysius the Great, pre-eminent figures of the catechetical school in Alexandria, and also by Saint Gregory the Theologian. Saint Dionysius of Alexandria wrote to Saint Gregory the Theologian a Commentary on the “Areopagitum.” The works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite received general Church recognition during the sixth-seventh centuries. relevant are the Commentaries written by Saint Maximus the Confessor (January 21). (trans. note: although many scholars suggest that the “Areopagitum” was actually written by an anonymous sixth century figure who employed the common ancient device of piously borrowing an illustrious name, this in no way diminishes the profound theological significance of the works.) the Russian Orthodox Church the teachings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite about the spiritual principles and deification were at first known through the writings of Saint John of Damascus (December 4). The first Slavonic translation of the “Areopagitum” was done on Mt. Athos in about the year 1371 by a monk named Isaiah. Copies of it were widely distributed in Russia. Many of them have been preserved to the present day in historic manuscript collections, among which is a parchment manuscript “Works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite” belonging to Saint Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus (September 16) in his own handwriting. to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Demetrius of Rostov says that the Hieromartyr Dionysius was beheaded in Athens, and that many miracles were worked at his grave.

Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul
Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul ; St. Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23;

Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle James, brother of John the Theologian, The Great
Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle James, brother of John the Theologian Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul ; St. Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23;

Spain and Portugal, 98-117, Emperor Trajan from Andalusia, Spain
Emperor Trajan (98-117); St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1;

Spain and Portugal, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Emperor Marcus Aurelius

Spain and Portugal, 161-180, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius birthplace, Spain
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) Home of and birthplace in Andalusia, Spain; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23;

Spain and Portugal, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Saint Hosius of Corduba

Spain and Portugal, 276-359, Saint Hosius, advocate for Homoousion Christianity in the Arian controversy
Spain, 276-359, Saint Hosius of Corduba; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Hosius the Confessor was bishop for more than sixty years in the city of Cordova (Spain) during the fourth century. The holy emperor Saint Constantine the Great (306-337) deeply revered him and made him a privy counsellor. The saint advised Saint Constantine to convene the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in 325, and he was the first to sign the acts of this Council. the death of Saint Constantine the Great, Saint Hosius defended Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (May 2) against the emperor Constantius (337-361), an advocate of the Arian heresy. Because of this, they sent him to prison in Sirmium. Saint Hosius died in the year 359 after his return to Cordova.

Spain and Portugal, 300, 4th Century Folder, St Hosius

Spain and Portugal, 304, Vincent of Spain, Martyr, Augustopolis, deacon who spoke and preached for his Bishop
Spain and Portugal, 304, Vincent of Spain, Martyr, Augustopolis; Vincent of Saragossa (also known as Vincent Martyr, Vincent of Huesca or Vincent the Deacon), the Protomartyr of Spain, was a deacon of the Church of Saragossa. is the patron saint of Lisbon and Valencia. feast day is 22 January in the Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Communion and 11 November in the Eastern Orthodox Church. He was born at Huesca and martyred under the Emperor Diocletian around the year 304. earliest account of Vincent's martyrdom is in a carmen (lyric poem) written by the poet Prudentius,[1] who wrote a series of lyric poems, Peristephanon ("Crowns of Martyrdom"), on Hispanic and Roman martyrs. was born at Huesca, near Saragossa, Spain sometime during the latter part of the 3rd century; it is believed his father was Eutricius (Euthicius), and his mother was Enola, a native of Osca.[2] spent most of his life in the city of Saragossa, where he was educated and ordained to the diaconate by Bishop Valerius of Saragossa, who commissioned Vincent to preach throughout the diocese.[2] Because Valerius suffered from a speech impediment, Vincent acted as his spokesman. the Roman Emperor Diocletian began persecuting Christians in Spain, both were brought before the Roman governor, Dacian, in Valencia. Vincent and his bishop Valerius were confined to the prison of Valencia. Though he was finally offered release if he would consign Scripture to the fire, Vincent refused. Speaking on behalf of his bishop, he informed the judge that they were ready to suffer everything for their faith, and that they could pay no heed either to threats or promises.[3] outspoken manner so angered the governor that he had every sort of torture inflicted on Vincent. He was stretched on the rack and his flesh torn with iron hooks. Then his wounds were rubbed with salt and he was burned alive upon a red-hot gridiron. Finally, he was cast into prison and laid on a floor scattered with broken pottery, where he died. his martyrdom he preserved such peace and tranquillity that it astonished his jailer, who repented from his sins and was converted. dead body was thrown into the sea in a sack, but was later recovered by the Christians and his veneration immediately spread throughout the Church.[3] The aged bishop Valerius was exiled. St. Vincent of Saragossa (Menologion of Basil II, 10th century) Crest of Lisboa.png story that Vincent was tortured on a gridiron is perhaps adapted from the martyrdom of another son of Huesca, Saint Lawrence— Vincent, like many early martyrs in the early hagiographic literature, succeeded in converting his jailer. to legend, after being martyred, ravens protected St. Vincent's body from being devoured by vultures, until his followers could recover the body. body was taken to what is now known as Cape St. Vincent; a shrine was erected over his grave, which continued to be guarded by flocks of ravens. the time of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, the Arab geographer Al-Idrisi noted this constant guard by ravens, for which the place was named by him Kanīsah al-Ghurāb (Church of the Raven). Afonso I of Portugal (1139–1185) had the body of the saint exhumed in 1173 and brought it by ship to the Lisbon Cathedral. This transfer of the relics is depicted on the coat of arms of Lisbon.[4] and veneration San Vicente Mártir thrown into the dunghill. Three elaborated hagiographies, all based ultimately on a lost 5th-century Passion, circulated in the Middle Ages. His "Acts" have been "rather freely colored by the imagination of their compiler".[5] Vincent's tomb in Valencia became the earliest center of his cult, he was also honoured at his birthplace and his reputation spread from Saragossa. The city of Oviedo in Asturias grew about the church dedicated to Vincent. Beyond the Pyrenees, he was venerated first in the vicinity of Béziers, and at Narbonne. Castres became an important stop on the international pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela when the relics of Vincent were transferred to its new abbey-church dedicated to Saint Benedict from Saragossa in 863, under the patronage of Salomon, count of Cerdanya. mosaic in the Cathedral of Braga depicting the translation of St. Vincent's arm. church was built in honour of Vincent, by the Catholic bishops of Visigothic Iberia, when they succeeded in converting King Reccared and his nobles to Trinitarian Christianity. When the Moors came in 711, the church was razed, and its materials incorporated in the Mezquita, the "Great Mosque" of Cordova.[6] Cape Verde island of São Vicente, a former Portuguese colony, was named in his honour because it was discovered on 22 January, St. Vincent's feast day, in 1462.[7] island of St. Vincent in the Caribbean, now a part of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, was named by Christopher Columbus after Vincent of Saragossa, as the island was discovered by Europeans on 22 January, St. Vincent's feast day. 15th century Portuguese artist Nuno Gonçalves depicted him in his Saint Vincent Panels. A small fresco cycle of stories of St. Vincent is in the apse of the Basilica di San Vincenzo near Cantù, in northern Italy. San Vicente Mártir arrojado al muladar. Escultura en alabastro. Documentado 1533 - Diego de Tredia - Museo de Bellas Artes de Valencia. Vincent's left arm is on display as a relic in Valencia Cathedral,[8] located near the extensive Carrer de Sant Vicent Mártir (Saint Vincent the Martyr Street). is also the small town of São Vicente on the Portuguese island of Madeira, and the city of São Vicente, São Paulo in Brazil named after this saint. is remembered in the Anglican Communion with a commemoration on 22 January.[9][10] Vincent is the patron of the Order of the Deacons of the Catholic Diocese of Bergamo (Italy). He is honoured as patron in Valencia, Saragossa, Portugal, etc., and is invoked by vintners, vinegar-makers, brickmakers, and sailors.[1] of Saragossa is represented wearing the dalmatic of a deacon.[1] Augustopolis (now Saragossa, Spain); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ; Holy Martyr Vincent of Spain from his childhood was the disciple of a wise pastor Valerian, the bishop of the city of Augustopolis (now Saragossa, Spain). he reached mature age, the virtuous, educated and eloquent Vincent was ordained deacon by Bishop Valerian. Since the bishop himself was not adept in speech, he gave a blessing to his deacon, an eloquent orator, to preach in church and among the people. (284-305) sent the governor Dacian to the city of Valencia, Spain with full authority to find and execute Christians. People denounced the wise bishop and his deacon to the governor, who arrested them. soldiers, mounted on horses, dragged the Elder and his disciple behind them in chains from Augustopolis to Valencia, and there they cast them into prison beaten and tortured, giving them neither food nor water. subjected the bishop to the first interrogation. The Elder spoke quietly, but seemed tongue-tied and uncertain. Then Saint Vincent came forward and made the most eloquent speech of his life before the judges and assembled people. After he sent the bishop back to prison, the persecutor gave orders to torture the holy deacon. martyr underwent many torments: while nailed to a cross, he was whipped and burned with red-hot rods. When he was removed from the cross, he then himself joyfully climbed back upon it, saying that the executioners were lazy and had not fulfilled their master’s orders. They became angry and tortured him again, until they were all exhausted. the tortures they threw the martyr back into prison. That night the astonished guard heard him singing Psalms, and saw an unearthly radiant light in the prison. The next morning the holy martyr was condemned to be burned on a gridiron. Christians took the saint’s body and buried it with reverence. This occurred in the year 304.

Spain and Portugal, 310-359, Saint Hosius, St Constantine's Councelor, First Ecumenical Council
Cordova; of Corduba (c. 256–359), also known as Osius or Ossius, was a bishop of Corduba (now Córdoba, Spain) and an important and prominent advocate for Homoousion Christianity in the Arian controversy that divided the early Christianity. presided at the First Council of Nicaea and also presided at the Council of Serdica.[1] Lactantius, he was the closest Christian advisor to Emperor Constantine the Great and guided the content of public utterances, such as Constantine's Oration to the Saints, addressed to the assembled bishops.[2] St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Hosius the Confessor was bishop for more than sixty years in the city of Cordova (Spain) during the fourth century. The holy emperor Saint Constantine the Great (306-337) deeply revered him and made him a privy counsellor. The saint advised Saint Constantine to convene the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in 325, and he was the first to sign the acts of this Council. the death of Saint Constantine the Great, Saint Hosius defended Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (May 2) against the emperor Constantius (337-361), an advocate of the Arian heresy. Because of this, they sent him to prison in Sirmium. Saint Hosius died in the year 359 after his return to Cordova.

Spain and Portugal, 418 - 720, Folder, Visigothic Spain

Spain and Portugal, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom
Spain, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom; St. Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14;

Spain and Portugal, 418-720, Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain, Barcelona)
Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain) ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain, Commemorated on November 1 ;

Spain and Portugal, 418-720 , Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain, Toledo)
Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain) ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain, Commemorated on November 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ;

Spain and Portugal, 589, Third Council of Toledo
Third Council of Toledo (589); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Spain and Portugal, 618 or 619, Second Council of Seville
Second Council of Seville (618 or 619); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Spain and Portugal, 656, Council of Toledo
Council of Toledo in 656; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25;

Spain and Portugal, 711, Battle of Guadalete (Near a body of water)
Battle of Guadalete 711 (Near a body of water);

Spain and Portugal, 711 - 1492, Folder, Islamic Spain and Portugal

Spain and Portugal, 711-718, Arab Muslim (Umayyad) Conquest of Hispania
Arab Muslim Conquest of Hispania 711-718;

Spain and Portugal, 711-1492, Muslim Spain, Al Andalus
Spain, Muslim Spain, Al Andalus, 711-1492 ; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1190-1221, Dominic, Dominicans Founder, preachers in poverty, philosophy, theology, logical argument, OP
Spain, 1190-1221, Saint Dominic, Founder of the Dominicans; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); was born in Castile, in Spain, in 1170. He entered the priesthood, and eventually became prior of the canons of the cathedral chapter (the clergy who formed the staff of the cathedral and conducted the daily worship services) at Osma (42:52 N 3:03 W). turning point of his life came in 1206, when he was chosen to accompany the bishop on a visit to southern France, to an area held by the Albigenses. These were a heretical sect more or less directly descended from the early Gnostics and Manichees. They were dualists, holding that there are two gods, one the god of goodness, light, truth, and spirit, and the other the god of evil, darkness, error, and matter. The material universe is the creation of the bad god. The good god made the souls of men, and the bad god kidnapped them and imprisoned them in bodies of flesh. their first night in Albigensian country, they stayed at an inn where the innkeeper was an Albigensian. Dominic engaged him in conversation, they sat up all night talking, and by dawn the man was ready to become an orthodox Christian. then on, Dominic knew what his calling in life was. Dominic and his bishop undertook to study the Albigensian beliefs and to engage in public debates with their opponents. They seemed to be making some progress, but in 1207 the bishop died, and in the same year the murder by Albigenses of the papal legate moved the pope to declare a crusade against the Albigenses, which lasted about five years. continued to preach and to debate where he could, and in 1215 he founded an order of preachers, who were to live in poverty, and devote themselves to studying philosophy and theology and to combatting false doctrine by logical argument rather than by the use of force. was convinced that a major obstacle to the conversion of heretics was the material wealth of some of the clergy, which made plausible the accusation that they were concerned for their purses and not for the glory of God, and made workers indisposed to hear them. He therefore determined that the brothers of his order should live lives of poverty and simplicity, being no better off materially than those they sought to convert. he was in Rome, seeking authorization for his order from the Pope, the Pope gave him a tour of the treasures of the Vatican, and remarked complacently (referring to Acts 3:6), "Peter can no longer say, 'Silver and gold have I none.'" Dominic turned and looked straight at the Pope, and said, "No, and neither can he say, 'Rise and walk.'" He got the permission he was seeking, and the order grew and flourished. Officially known as the Order of Preachers (hence the letters O.P. after the name of a member), it was informally known as the Dominicans, or the Blackfriars (from the color of their cloaks). Two of their best-known members are Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1200-1280, see 15 Nov), who was famous for his learning in numerous fields, and his pupil Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274, see 28 Jan), who wrote reconciling Christian theology with the philosophy of Aristotle, which was then being rediscovered in western Europe, and was thought by many to be a threat to Christianity. In later years, the Order forgot its commitment to "logic and persuasion, not force" as the means of bringing men to Christian truth, and many of its members were active in the Inquisition. St. Dominic & St. Catherine St. Dominic & St. Catherine was three times offered a bishopric, and refused, believing that he was called to another work. He died in 1220 in Bologna, Italy, after a preaching mission to Hungary. His emblem in art is a dog with a torch in its mouth, a pun on his name (the Dominicans are sometimes called the "Domini canes", the hounds of the Lord), and a reference to his relying on the power of preaching. by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1190-1220, DOMINIC, Castile, Order of Preachers, combat w logical argument, poverty, inquisition
Spain and Portugal, 1190-1220, DOMINIC, Castile, Spain (Madrid, Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1), Dominicans founder, Order of Preachers, studied philosophy and theology, combat w logical argument not force, poverty commitment, Blackfriars, Albert Magnus, Thomas Aquinas, inquisition; Crown of Castile (court of Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); was born in Castile, in Spain, in 1170. entered the priesthood, and eventually became prior of the canons of the cathedral chapter (the clergy who formed the staff of the cathedral and conducted the daily worship services) at Osma (42:52 N 3:03 W). turning point of his life came in 1206, when he was chosen to accompany the bishop on a visit to southern France, to an area held by the Albigenses. were a heretical sect more or less directly descended from the early Gnostics and Manichees. were dualists, holding that there are two gods, one the god of goodness, light, truth, and spirit, and the other the god of evil, darkness, error, and matter. material universe is the creation of the bad god. The good god made the souls of men, and the bad god kidnapped them and imprisoned them in bodies of flesh. their first night in Albigensian country, they stayed at an inn where the innkeeper was an Albigensian. engaged him in conversation, they sat up all night talking, and by dawn the man was ready to become an orthodox Christian. then on, Dominic knew what his calling in life was. and his bishop undertook to study the Albigensian beliefs and to engage in public debates with their opponents. They seemed to be making some progress, but in 1207 the bishop died, and in the same year the murder by Albigenses of the papal legate moved the pope to declare a crusade against the Albigenses, which lasted about five years. continued to preach and to debate where he could, and in 1215 he founded an order of preachers, who were to live in poverty, and devote themselves to studying philosophy and theology and to combatting false doctrine by logical argument rather than by the use of force. was convinced that a major obstacle to the conversion of heretics was the material wealth of some of the clergy, which made plausible the accusation that they were concerned for their purses and not for the glory of God, and made workers indisposed to hear them. therefore determined that the brothers of his order should live lives of poverty and simplicity, being no better off materially than those they sought to convert. he was in Rome, seeking authorization for his order from the Pope, the Pope gave him a tour of the treasures of the Vatican, and remarked complacently (referring to Acts 3:6), "Peter can no longer say, 'Silver and gold have I none.'" turned and looked straight at the Pope, and said, "No, and neither can he say, 'Rise and walk.'" got the permission he was seeking, and the order grew and flourished. known as the Order of Preachers (hence the letters O.P. after the name of a member), it was informally known as the Dominicans, or the Blackfriars (from the color of their cloaks). of their best-known members are Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great, 1200-1280, see 15 Nov), who was famous for his learning in numerous fields, and his pupil Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274, see 28 Jan), who wrote reconciling Christian theology with the philosophy of Aristotle, which was then being rediscovered in western Europe, and was thought by many to be a threat to Christianity. later years, the Order forgot its commitment to "logic and persuasion, not force" as the means of bringing men to Christian truth, and many of its members were active in the Inquisition. St. Dominic & St. Catherine St. Dominic & St. Catherine was three times offered a bishopric, and refused, believing that he was called to another He died in 1220 in Bologna, Italy, after a preaching mission to Hungary. His emblem in art is a dog with a torch in its mouth, a pun on his name (the Dominicans are sometimes called the "Domini canes", the hounds of the Lord), and a reference to his relying on the power of preaching. by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1475 - 1700, Folder, Spanish Empire, Hapsburgs, HRE

Spain and Portugal, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, Jews sent packing, Columbus, Ferdinand and Isabella, Inquisition

Spain and Portugal, 1475-1516, Spanish King, Ferdinand and Isabella
King of Spain, 1475-1516, Ferdinand and Isabella; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1475-1504, Spanish King, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Spanish King, 1475-1504, Ferdinand II of Aragon; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain and Portugal, 1474-1504, Spanish King, Isabella I of Castile
Spanish King, 1474-1504, Isabella I of Castile; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain and Portugal, 1478-1834, Spanish Inquisition
Spain, 1478-1834, Spanish Inquisition ; King of Spain, 1475-1516, Ferdinand and Isabella; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain and Portugal, 1492, Alhambra Decree, Jews expelled from Spain
Spain and Portugal, 1492, Alhambra Decree, Jews expelled from Spain; Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.[1] primary purpose was to eliminate the influence of practicing Jews on Spain's large formerly-Jewish converso New Christian population, to ensure the latter and their descendants did not revert to Judaism. half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391.[2] to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415.[3] further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in the years leading up to the expulsion, of Spain’s estimated 300,000 Jewish origin population, a total of over 200,000 had converted to Catholicism to remain in Spain, and between 40,000 and 100,000 remained Jewish and suffered expulsion. unknown number of the expelled eventually succumbed to the pressures of life in exile away from formerly-Jewish relatives and networks back in Spain, and so converted to Catholicism to be allowed to return in the years following expulsion.[4]:17 edict was formally and symbolically revoked on 16 December 1968,[5] following the Second Vatican Council. This was a full century after Jews had been openly practicing their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom. 1924, the regime of Primo de Rivera granted Spanish citizenship to the entire Sephardic Jewish diaspora. In 2014, the government of Spain passed a law allowing dual citizenship to Jewish descendants who apply, to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past."[6] Thus, Sephardi Jews who can prove they are the descendants of those Jews expelled from Spain because of the Alhambra Decree can "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality."[7][8]

Spain and Portugal, 1494-1566, BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, tears of t Indians, great story history spanish over Aztecs w indian help
Spain and Portugal, 1494-1566, BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, from Seville, Spain (Guadalquivir River 2), tears of the Indians, social justice pioneer, great story history spanish over Aztecs w indian help; Seville; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; de Las Casas was born in Seville, Spain, in 1474. 1502 he went to Cuba, and for his military services there was given an Encomienda, an estate that included the services of the Indians living on it. about 1513 he was ordained priest (probably the first ordination in the Americas), in 1514 he renounced all claim on his Indian serfs. During the following seven years he made several voyages to Spain to find support for a series of new towns in which Spaniard and Indian would live together in peace and equality. 1523 he became a Dominican friar and disappeared for a time from public controversy. 1540 he returned to Spain and was a force behind the passage in 1542 of laws prohibiting Indian slavery and safeguarding the rights of the Indians. was made Bishop of Chiapas in Guatemala, and returned to the Americas in 1544 to implement the new laws, but he met considerable resistance, in 1547 he returned to Spain, where he devoted the rest of his life to speaking and writing on behalf of the Indians. is chiefly remembered for his Brief Report On the Destruction of the Indies (or Tears of the Indians), a fervid and perhaps exaggerated account of the atrocities of the Spanish conquerors against the Indians. book was widely read and widely translated, and the English version was used to stir up English feeling against the Spanish as a cruel race whom England ought to beware of, and whose colonies in the Americas would be better off in English Las Casas is widely admired as an early pioneer of social justice, and widely denounced as an irresponsible pamphleteer and spreader of slanders. died in Madrid on 17 July (or perhaps 31 July) 1566, and is remembered as a national hero in Cuba and Nicaragua. An extract from Tears of the Indians follows. Christ wanted his gospel to be preached with enticements, Gentleness, and all meekness, and pagans to be led to the truth not by armed forces but by holy examples, Christian conduct, and the word of God, so that no opportunity would be offered for blaspheming the sacred name or hating the true religion because of the conduct of the preachers. For this is nothing else than making the coming and passion of Christ useless, as long as the truth of the gospel is hated before it is either understood or heard, or as long as innumerable human beings are slaughtered in a war waged on the pretext of preaching the gospel and spreading religion. Las Casas we may remember Bartolomeo de Olmedo, priest and friar of Mercy, who was chaplain of Cortez's expedition to Mexico City, and who appears in the records of that expedition as a moderating force, denouncing atrocities and conquest, talking Cortez out of forcibly destroying idol temples, telling him instead to set the Indians an example of Christian love, and wait for them to destroy the idols by their own decision. readers will remember him from Samuel Shellabarger's historical novel, Captain From Castille.) to the Britannica article on pre-Columbian American cultures (see vol. 26 p. 25 of the 15th edition), the clergy accompanying the Spanish conquistadors were consistently more disposed than the commanders to respect the native civilizations and undertake to preserve their records, and whatever aspects of native culture were not clearly inconsistent with Christianity. the beginning, the missionary priests in Spanish America showed concern for the welfare of the Indians. On Christmas Day in 1511, in Hispaniola, the Dominican Antonio de Montesimos preached, saying, "By what right or justice do you keep the Indians in such horrible servitude? Are they not men? Have they not rational souls? Are you not bound to love them as you love yourselves?" government policy was to establish towns for the Indians, and these were normally built in connection with mission posts. The Indians seem to have taken to the mission civilization with enthusiasm. In particular, they were great lovers of music, and found plainchant much to their taste. first Bishop of Mexico, Juan de Zumarraga, said, "I find that more are converted by music than by any other method." were also impressed by the asceticism of the friars. A prominent idea in the native religions had been that holiness was associated with bearing pain in the service of the gods, and when they met missionaries like the Franciscan Antonio de Roa, who went barefoot and slept on boards, wore only a coarse sackcloth robe, ate no meat or wine, and scourged himself every time he saw a crucifix, they concluded that he must be a man of God, and listened eagerly to his preaching. seems clear that the Indians for the most part regarded the missionaries as their benefactors, and gave them a loyalty which was not simply fear of the secular authority that backed them up. This is shown when the secular authority did not back them. 1769, when the Spanish Crown adopted an anti-Jesuit policy, the Jesuits were deported from Mexico. Mobs of angry Indians attempted to break into the barracks where they were held, and a large military escort was necessary to conduct them to Vera Cruz and the waiting ships. in 1799, in Pueblo, a large Indian crowd attacked a jail in which a priest had been imprisoned. about three centuries, from the early 1500's to the early 1800's, the people of Mexico were obedient to the Spanish Crown because their clergy were. when the Crown broke with the clergy in the early 1800's the priests began to preach independence, and the people followed their lead, and Mexico and the rest of Spanish America became independent. great many converts were brought in by the Cloak of Guadalupe. An Indian Christian reported that the Virgin Mary had appeared to him and sent him to see the bishop; and as a sign that the appearance was genuine, she filled his cloak with roses although it was winter, and printed on the cloak a picture of herself, portrayed in the Indian style of art, as a woman treading a serpent, and with some details that made no particular sense to a European. Indians came to see the cloak (which is still on display in the Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico City), and were converted by the sight. seems that some of the details are significant in terms of American Indian culture, and were understood by the Indians to mean that Christianity is the fulfilment of their prophecies and expectations. persons today think of the Indians of Mexico as a free and happy people who were conquered and enslaved by the Spanish. must be remembered that before the coming of the Europeans, the Aztecs with their capital at what is now Mexico City had conquered the surrounding tribes for hundreds of miles in all directions, and required of them every year a tribute of young men and women to be sacrificed in the temples at Mexico City. subjugated tribes did not like this, and gladly assisted Cortes in his campaign against the Aztecs. when he suffered temporary defeats, the loyalty of his Indian auxiliaries never wavered, and his rule, once he had established himself, was considered far less harsh than that of the Aztecs had been. The Britannica article on Cortes speaks of "his acceptance by the Indians and his popularity as a relatively benign ruler." the European conquest of the Americas is being deplored, the accompanying high death rate among the natives is often mentioned. ought to be remembered that most of these deaths were due to smallpox. The disease was brought to the Americas by one sick sailor, and triggered a series of major epidemics. The Indians had no previous exposure to it and almost no resistance to it, and most cases were fatal. Moreover, the Indians habitually treated their sick by baths, and the water was used by many bathers. One bather with an open sore was enough to infect all who shared the same bath. two populations long separated come into significant contact, each of them is at risk from diseases against which they are defenseless. The smallpox epidemic would have run about the same course if the ships of Columbus had been loaded with social workers and Peace Corps volunteers. can denounce the Europeans for the smallpox epidemic only by being prepared to say that there ought never to be contact between two populations that have previously been isolated from each other. — by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Spanish Empire, Jesuits, Luther's 95 Theses, Carmelites

Spain and Portugal, 1501, 16th 17th and 18th Centuries, Spanish Empire
Spain, Spanish Empire, 16th 17th and 18th Centuries BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1504-1555, Spanish King. Queen Joanna I, Joanna of Castile
Spanish King, 1504-1555. Queen Joanna I, Joanna of Castile; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits
France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

Spain and Portugal, 1516-1556, Spanish King. Charles V, HRE Emperor, Charles I of Spain
Spanish King, 1516-1556. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I of Spain ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Spain and Portugal, 1521-1557, King John III of Portugal, pious, Brazil, India, global dimension, E contact w Japan, trade
Portugal, 1521-1557, King John III of Portugal; III[1] (7 June 1502 - 11 June 1557), nicknamed The Pious,[2] was the King of Portugal and the Algarves from 1521 until his death in 1557. He was the son of King Manuel I and Maria of Aragon, the third daughter of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. John succeeded his father in 1521 at the age of nineteen. his rule Portuguese possessions were extended in Asia and in the New World through the Portuguese colonization of Brazil. John III's policy of reinforcing Portugal's bases in India (such as Goa) secured Portugal's monopoly over the spice trade of cloves and nutmeg from the Maluku Islands. On the eve of his death in 1557, the Portuguese empire had a global dimension and spanned almost 4 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles). his reign, the Portuguese became the first Europeans to make contact with Japan (during the Muromachi period). abandoned the Muslim territories in North Africa in favor of the trade with India and investments in Brazil. In Europe he improved relations with the Baltic region and the Rhineland, hoping that this would bolster Portuguese trade. FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552. Commemorated December 3;

Spain and Portugal, 1526-1552, FRANCIS XAVIER, original Jesuit, India, verses to music, Malay Penninsula, 2000 Japan converts
France, 1526-1552, FRANCIS XAVIER, a Basque, evangelist, original Jesuit, Goa India, verses to music, Sri Lanka India, Malacca Malay Penninsula, 2000 Japan converts, died in China, tireless energy, many converts est 6 digits ; Biscay Region; Basque People; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Xavier, or Francisco do Yasu y Javier, was a Basque. Basques are a people from the region of Biscay in northern Spain, whose language is unrelated to any other known language.) was born in 1506 and studied at the University of Paris, where he met Ignatius Loyola and joined together with him and five others in dedicating their lives to the will and service of God, and forming the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in 1534. 1541 Francis sailed with two companions from Portugal to the Portuguese colony of Goa on the west coast of India (arriving in May 1542), where he set about learning the language and writing a catechism for the instruction of converts. visited the prisons and the hospitals, conducted worship services among the lepers, and walked the streets ringing a bell to call the children for religious instruction. chief method of instructing the people was to write verses in their language setting forth the truths of the Christian faith, and set them to music. Both words and tunes tended to be "catchy," and his doggerel instructions were extremely popular and were sung everywhere. He preached tirelessly, both to the native peoples and to the Europeans living there. found to his dismay that the Portuguese settlers and soldiers of the colony were brutal in their treatment of the natives, and that, even aside from this, their manner of life did not commend their nominal faith to the native observer. He wrote boldly to the King of Portugal to complain: "It is possible that when our Lord God calls your Highness to his Judgement that your Highness may hear angry words from him: "Why did you not punish those who were your subjects and owned your authority, and were enemies to me in India?'" five months in Goa, Francis went to the east coast of India, near Sri Lanka (Ceylon), where he preached to a people called the Paravas, with considerable success until the ruler of Jaffna in northern Ceylon became alarmed and suppressed his mission by force. most of 1545 to 1547, Francis preached in Malacca (another Portuguese possession) and other places on or near the Malay Peninsula. he encountered a Japanese expatriate (Anjiro, later baptized as Paul), and became interested in the possibility of a Japanese mission. After a brief return to Goa, he set out for Japan with another Jesuit priest and three Japanese converts. Here he learned the language, wrote a catechism, and preached. authorities welcomed him in some towns and prevented him from teaching in others. Altogether Francis, the first to preach the Gospel in Japan, made perhaps 2000 converts there. then determined to carry the Gospel to China, at that time closed to outsiders. He bribed a ship's captain to smuggle him into the country, but had barely arrived there when he was stricken with fever and died on 3 December 1552. His body was brought back to Goa and buried there. all acounts, he was a man who preached the Gospel with tireless energy, and with great power and effectiveness. Estimates of the number of converts that he personally baptized vary, but some of them are in the six-digit range. One biographer says that he preached to more persons than anyone else since New Testament times. wrote as follows in a letter to Ignatius: many people hereabouts are not becoming Christians for one reason only: there is nobody to make them Christians. Again and again I have thought of going around the universities of Europe, especially Paris, and crying out to the scholars: "What a tragedy: how many souls are being shut out of heaven, thanks to you!" thought would certainly stir most of them to listen actively to what God is saying to them. They would forget their own desires and give themselves over entirely to God's will and his choice. They would cry out with all their heart: "Lord, here am I! Send me. Send me anywhere you like -- even to India!" by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1529-1553, Spanish Theologian. Michael Servetus
Spanish Theologian, 1529-1553. Michael Servetus; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1535-1582, Teresa of Avila, Founder of the Discalced Carmelites, attractive, witty, candid
Spain, 1535-1582, Teresa of Avila, Founder of the Discalced Carmelites; Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); de Cepeda y Ahumada (later known as Teresa de Jesus) was born in Avila, Spain, 28 March 1515, one of ten children whose mother died when she was fifteen. Her family was of partly Jewish ancestry. Teresa, having read the letters of Jerome, decided to become a nun, and when she was 20, she entered the Carmelite convent in Avila. There she fell seriously ill, was in a coma for a while, and partially paralyzed for three years. In her early years as a nun, she was, by her account, assiduous in prayer while sick but lax and lukewarm in her prayers and devotions when the sickness had passed. However, her prayer life eventually deepened, she began to have visions and a vivid sense of the presence of God, and was converted to a life of extreme devotion. In 1560 she resolved to reform the monastery that had, she thought, departed from the order's original intention and become insufficiently austere. Her proposed reforms included strict enclosure (the nuns were not to go to parties and social gatherings in town, or to have social visitors at the convent, but to stay in the convent and pray and study most of their waking hours) and discalcing (literally, taking off one's shoes, a symbol of poverty, humility, and the simple life, uncluttered by luxuries and other distractions). In 1562 she opened a new monastery in Avila, over much opposition in the town and from the older monastery. At length Teresa was given permission to proceed with her reforms, and she travelled throughout Spain establishing seventeen houses of Carmelites of the Strict (or Reformed) Observance (the others are called Carmelites of the Ancient Observance). The reformed houses were small, poor, disciplined, and strictly enclosed. Teresa died 4 October 1582. (She is commemorated on the 15th--why not the 14th, I wonder--because the Pope changed the calendar from the Julian to the Gregorian system, a difference of 10 days, on the day after her death.) Teresa is reported to have been very attractive in person, witty, candid, and affectionate. She is remembered both for her practical achievements and organizing skill and for her life of contemplative prayer. books are read as aids to the spiritual life by many Christians of all denominations. Life is her autobiography to 1562; Way of Perfection is a treatise on the Christian walk, written primarily for her sisters but of help to others as well; Book of Foundations deals with establishing, organizing and overseeing the daily functioning of religious communities; Interior Castle (or The Castle of the Soul) deals with the life of Christ in the heart of the believer. of these are available in paperback. 31 of her poems and 458 of her letters survive. Her feast day in the Roman Catholic Church is 15 October. The Lutheran Church (ELCA) commemorates her on December 14 together with St. John of the Cross. Christ has no body now but yours No hands, no feet on earth but yours Yours are the eyes through which He looks compassion on this world Christ has no body now on earth but yours. by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1540, Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain, 1540
Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain; St. Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, Philip II, King Spain, PRT, ENG, IRE, NAP, SIC, Milan, Neth, prudent, Golden Age
Spanish King, 1556-1598. Philip II of Spain; II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 -13 September 1598) was King of Spain[note 1] (1556--“1598), King of Portugal (1580“1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558).[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555 he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Spanish kingdoms Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip was called Felipe el Prudente ('Philip the Prudent') in the Spanish kingdoms; his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy Lapez de Villalobos. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age. led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584 Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Calvinists. In 1588 he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain.[3][4] Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as much as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5] was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."[6] Besides Mary I, Philip was married three other times and widowed four times. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, King, Philip II of Spain, S golden age, debt leveraged, C defender, armadas
Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, King, Philip II of Spain; II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain[note 1] (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558).[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555 he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire, including territories on every continent then known to Europeans. The Philippines were named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age. led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584 Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Calvinists. In 1588 he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain.[3][4] Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as much as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5] was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."[6] Philip was married four times; all his wives predeceased him. THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597) ;

Spain and Portugal, 1562-1591, JOHN OF THE CROSS,Avila, Spain, Writer, Poet, Discalced and Calced Carmelites
Spain and Portugal, 1562-1591, JOHN OF THE CROSS,Avila, Spain, Writer, Poet, Discalced and Calced Carmelites; of the Cross (24 June 1542 – 14 December 1591), venerated as Saint John of the Cross, was a Spanish Catholic priest, mystic, and a Carmelite friar of converso origin. He is a major figure of the Counter-Reformation in Spain, and he is one of the thirty-six Doctors of the Church. of the Cross is known especially for his writings. He was mentored by and corresponded with the older Carmelite, Teresa of Ávila. Both his poetry and his studies on the development of the soul are considered the summit of mystical Spanish literature and among the greatest works of all Spanish literature. He was canonized by Pope Benedict XIII in 1726. In 1926 he was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Pius XI, and is commonly known as the "Mystical Doctor". Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); JOHN OF THE CROSS, MYSTIC AND MONASTIC REFORMER, 1591, Commemorated December 14; Juan de Ypres y Alvarez was born in 1542. His father died soon after, and Juan was brought up in an orphanage. father was probably Jewish. It is remarkable how many of the most memorable Spanish Christians have been of Jewish background.) seventeen, he enrolled as a student in a Jesuit college, and at twenty-one, he joined the Carmelite Friars. was ordained in 1567, and almost immediately met Teresa of Avila, a Carmelite Nun who was undertaking to return the Order to its original strict rule, which had been gradually relaxed to the detriment, as she believed, of the spiritual lives of the members of the Order. who followed the strict rule as promulgated by Teresa went barefoot or wore sandals instead of shoes, and so became known as Discalced (unshod) Carmelites, or Carmelites of the Strict Observance. John undertook to adopt the stricter rule and encourage others to do so. all members of the order welcomed the change. In 1577 a group of Calced Carmelites, or Carmelites of the Ancient Observance, kidnapped John and demanded that he renounce the reform. When he refused, he was imprisoned in complete darkness and solitude in a Calced monastery in Toledo for about nine months. He then escaped and fled to a Calced monastery. While imprisoned at Toledo, he had begun to compose some poems, and now he wrote them down, with commentaries on their spiritual significance. was given various positions of leadership among the reformed friars, but then dissension broke out among the reformers between "moderates" and "extremists." John supported the moderate party, and when the extremists gained control, they denounced him as a traitor to the reform. He was sent to a remote friary, and fell ill, and finally died at Ubeda during the night preceding 14 December 1591. poems include: Dark Night of The Soul (about the experience of spiritual desolation, of feeling abandoned and rejected by God, and why this is for some Christians a means by which God increases our faith in Him; about the Christian walk, the life of prayer and contemplation, and growing in love and grace) Ascent of Mount Carmel (same poem as the preceding, but with a different commentary attached) Spiritual Canticle (about the love between the Christian and Christ as symbolized by the love between bride and groom; draws heavily upon the imagery of the Song of Solomon) Living Flame of Love (about the soul transformed by grace) works have been translated into English by David Lewis (1906), and by E. Allison Peers (1953). His poems have been translated by Roy Campbell and are available in Penguin paperback. The following extracts are quoted from the poetic translation by Peers. The Spiritual Canticle: Whither hast vanished Beloved, and hast left me full of woe, And like the hart hast sped, Wounding, ere thou didst go, Thy love, who follow'd, crying high and low? ... Oh that my griefs would end! Come, grant me thy fruition full and free! And henceforth do thou send No messenger to me, or none but thou my comforter can be. ... My love is as the hills, The lonely valleys clad with forest-trees, The rushing, sounding rills, Strange isles in distant seas, Lover-like whisperings, murmurs of the breeze. My love is hush-of-night, Is dawn's first breathings in the heav'n above, Still music veiled from sight, Calm that can echoes move, The feast that brings new strength--the feast of love ... Rare gifts he scattered As through these woods and groves he pass'd apace Turning, as on he sped, And clothing every place With loveliest reflection of his face. ... The creatures, all around, Speak of thy graces as I pass them by. Each deals a deeper wound And something in their cry Leaves me so raptur'd that I fain would die. The Living Flame of Love: O Living flame of love That, burning, dost assail My inmost soul with tenderness untold, Since thou dost freely move, Deign to consume the veil Which sunders this sweet converse that we hold ... And O, ye lamps of fire, In whose resplendent light The deepest caverns where the senses meet, Erst steeped in darkness dire, Blaze with new glories bright And to the loved one give both light and heat! by James Kiefer

Spain and Portugal, 1593, Discalced Carmelites
Discalced Carmelites; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1598-1621, Philip III, King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Milan, the pious, 30Y war
Spanish King, 1598-1621. Philip III of Spain ; III (Spanish: Felipe; 14 April 1578 -“ 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621. member of the House of Habsburg, Philip III was born in Madrid to King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife and niece Anna, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. Philip III later married his cousin Margaret of Austria, sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. also known in Spain as Philip the Pious,[1] Philip's political reputation abroad has been largely negative “ an 'undistinguished and insignificant man,' a 'miserable monarch,' whose 'only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice,' to quote historians C. V. Wedgwood, R. Stradling and J. H. Elliott.[2] In particular, Philip's reliance on his corrupt chief minister, the Duke of Lerma, drew much criticism at the time and afterwards. For many, the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the Spanish Empire at its height and as the king who achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch (1609-“1621) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War (1618-“1648) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in Spanish history. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; Rosa De Lima of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder. 30 Years War- Protestants v. HRE. Treaty of Nijmegen

Spain and Portugal, 1621-1665. Philip IV, King, 30 yrs war, arts, e expansion but decline, unsuccessful domestic & military
Spanish King, 1621-1665. Philip IV of Spain; IV ( 8 April 1605 - 17 September 1665) was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered for his patronage of the arts, including such artists as Diego Velazquez, and his rule over Spain during the Thirty Years' War. IV of Spain, 16 Maravedis, 1661, Copper the time of his death, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers (4.7 million square miles) in area but in other aspects was in decline, a process to which Philip contributed with his inability to achieve successful domestic and military reform. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ;

Spain, 1658-1705, HRE Emperor, Leopold I
Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on August 28; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain
Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain;

Spain and Portugal, 29 Apr 1678 OS, Treaty of Nijmegen, e wars, France, Dutch Republic, Spain, Brandenburg, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Munster, HRE
Spain and Portugal, 29 Apr 1678 OS, Treaty of Nijmegen; Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date; Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain; Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ;

Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date
Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date; Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain; Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ;

Spain and Portugal, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, War of Spanish Succession

Spanish King, 1700-1746. Philip V of Spain
Spanish King, 1700-1746. Philip V of Spain;

Spain, 1701-1715, War of the Spanish Succession
Spain, 1701-1715, War of the Spanish Succession;

Spanish King, 1746-1759. Ferdinand VI of Spain
Spanish King, 1746-1759. Ferdinand VI of Spain;

Spanish King, 1759-1788. Charles III of Spain
Spanish King, 1759-1788. Charles III of Spain;

Spanish King, 1788-1808. Charles IV of Spain, detested his son, forced to abdicate to son by Napoleon, major turning point
Spanish King, 1788-1808. Charles IV of Spain; IV (Carlos Antonio Pascual Francisco Javier Juan Nepomuceno José Januario SerafÃn Diego; 11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain and the Spanish Empire from 14 December 1788, until 19 March 1808. Spain inherited by Charles IV gave few indications of instability,[1] but during his reign, Spain entered a series of disadvantageous alliances and his regime constantly sought cash to deal with the exigencies of war. He detested his son and heir Ferdinand, who led the unsuccessful El Escorial Conspiracy and later forced Charles's abdication after the Tumult of Aranjuez in March 1808, along with the ouster of his widely hated first minister Manuel de Godoy. Summoned to Bayonne by Napoleon Bonaparte, who forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate, Charles IV also abdicated, paving the way for Napoleon to place his older brother Joseph Bonaparte on the throne of Spain. The reign of Charles IV turned out to be a major turning point in Spanish history.[2] BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Overthrown by Napoleon, 1st Spanish Republic, Spanish Amerian War

Spanish King, 1808-1808. Ferdinand VII of Spain, overthrown by Napoleon, lost American Possessions, liberal conservative civil war
Spanish King, 1808-1808. Ferdinand VII of Spain; VII (Spanish: Fernando; 14 October 1784 - 29 September 1833) was the King of Spain during the early- to mid-19th century. He reigned over the Spanish Kingdom in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death in 1833. He was known to his supporters as el Deseado (the Desired) and to his detractors as el Rey Felón (the Felon King). in Madrid at El Escorial, Ferdinand VII spent his youth as heir apparent to the Spanish throne. Following the 1808 Tumult of Aranjuez, he ascended the throne. That year Napoleon overthrew him; he linked his monarchy to counter-revolution and reactionary policies that produced a deep rift in Spain between his forces on the right and liberals on the left. Back in power in December 1813, he reestablished the absolutist monarchy and rejected the liberal constitution of 1812. A revolt in 1820 led by Rafael del Riego forced him to restore the constitution thus beginning the Liberal Triennium: a three-year period of liberal rule. In 1823 the Congress of Verona authorized a successful French intervention restoring him to absolute power for the second time. He suppressed the liberal press from 1814 to 1833, jailing many of its editors and writers. his rule, Spain lost nearly all of its American possessions, and the country entered into a large-scale civil war upon his death. His political legacy has remained contested since his passing, with most historians regarding him as incompetent, despotic, and short-sighted.[1][2] BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spanish King, 1808-1813. Joseph Bonaparte
Spanish King, 1808-1813. Joseph Bonaparte;

Spanish King, 1813-1833. Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spanish King, 1813-1833. Ferdinand VII of Spain;

Spanish King, 1833-1868. Queen Isabel II of Spain
Spanish King, 1833-1868. Queen Isabel II of Spain;

Spanish King, 1868-1883. Amadeo I of Spain
Spanish King, 1868-1883. Amadeo I of Spain;

Spanish King, 1873-1873. President Estanislao Figueras, 1st Spanish Republic
Spanish King, 1873-1873. President Estanislao Figueras, 1st Spanish Republic;

Spain, 1873-1874, 1st Spanish Republic
Spain, 1873-1874, 1st Spanish Republic;

Spanish King, 1874-1885, Alfonso XII of Spain
Spanish King, 1874-1885, Alfonso XII of Spain;

Spanish King, 1886-1931, Alfonso XIII of Spain
Spanish King, 1886-1931, Alfonso XIII of Spain;

Spain, 1898, Spanish American War
Spain, 1898, Spanish American War;

Spain and Portugal, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, 2nd Spanish Republic, Spanish Civil War

Spanish Prime Minister, 1910-1918, Manuel Garci­a-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas
Spanish Prime Minister, 1910-1918, Manuel GarciÂa-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas;

Spanish Dictator, 1923-1930, Miguel Primo de Rivera
Spanish Dictator, 1923-1930, Miguel Primo de Rivera;

Spain, 1931-1939, 2nd Spanish Republic
Spain, 1931-1939, 2nd Spanish Republic;

Spain, 1936-1939, Spanish Civil War
Spain, 1936-1939, Spanish Civil War;

Spanish General and Dictator, 1936-1975, Francisco Franco
Spanish General, 1936-1975, Francisco Franco;

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Way of St James (Camino Real) Folder

Way of Saint James (Compostela)
Way of Saint James; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ;

Compostela, Spain (Way of Saint James)
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Santiego d' Compostela, Spain (Way of Saint James)
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Spain); Priestmartyr John Kochurov ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Way of St James (Ponferrada)

Way of St James (Astorga)

Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain
Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Way of St James (Leon)

Leon, Spain (Way of St James)
Leon, Spain; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain
VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain; St. Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21;

Way of St James (Burgos)

Way of St James (Logrono)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina-Gares)

Way of St James (Pampelune)

Pamplona Basin

Pamplona, Northern Spain (Ebro River 4, Pamplona Basin, Way of St James)
Pamplona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Way of St James (Roncevaux)

Way of St James (Ostabat)

Way of St James (Camino Real)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina de Jaca)

Way of St James (Jaca)

Way of St James (Oloron)

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, East of Oloron, France on Way of St James, Spain)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River Folder

Ebro River

Ebro River Source (Fontibre, Green Spain)
Ebro River Source1 (Fontibre, Green Spain);

Ebro River 1

Ebro River 2

Ebro River 3

Ebro River 4 (Pamplona Basin)

Ebro River 6 (Gallego River)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 6, Gallego River Folder, Zaragosa

Gallego River

Gallego River Source (near Col du Pourtalet (pass))
Col du Pourtalet;

Gallego River 1 (Tena Valley)
Tena Valley;

Gallego River Mouth (Elbro River 6)

Zaragossa, Spain (Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Saragossa, Spain (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Augustopolis AKA Saragossa (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Augustopolis (now Saragossa, Spain); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Aragon (Zaragoza, Gallego River Mouth, Ebro River 6)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Ebro River 7 (Cinca and Segre Rivers)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Cinca River Folder

Cinca River

Cinca River Source (Circo de Pineta)
Circo de Pineta in Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park;

Cinca River 1 (Barossa River Mouth)
Cinca River (Aragon);

Cinca River Mouth (near Segre River Mouth)

Barossa River

Barossa River Source (Pyrenees Mountains)

Barossa River Mouth (Cinca River 1)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Segre Rivers Folder

Segre River

Segre River Source (north slope Pic del Segre, Pyranees Mountains)

Segre River 1 (Catalan Depression, Catalonia)

Catalan Central Depression
Catalan Central Depression;

Catalonia, Spain (Caalan Depression, Segre River 1)
Catalonia; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Cardener River

Segre River 2 (Noguera Ribagorcana)

Spain and Portugal, Segre River 2, Noguera River Folder

Noguera Ribagorcana River

Noguera Ribagorcana River Source (Pyrenees Mts)
Noguera RibagorÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â§ana;

Noguera Ribagorcana River Mouth (Segre River 2)

Segre River Mouth (Cinca River and Elbro River 7)

Ebro River Mouth (Balearic Sea)

Tarragona, Spain (Elbro River Mouth, Balearic Sea)
Tarragona, Spain (Balearic Sea) ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers Folder, Duero and Tagus Rivers

Portugal
Portugal; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Duero River Folder

Duero River

Duero River Source (Picos de Urbion)

Picos de Urbion (Iberian System)
Picos de Urbion;

Duero River 1

Duero River 2 (Osma)

Osma, Spain (Duero River 2)
Osma; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Osma Cathedral, 1232
Osma Cathedral, 1232; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Duero River 3

Duero River 4 (Castile and Leon, Adaja River Mouth)

Castile and Leon, Spain (Duero River 4)
Castile and Leon; Kingdom of Leon; Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Spain and Portugal, Portugese Rivers, Duero River 4, Adaja River Folder

Adaja River

Adaja River Source (Gredos Mountain Range)

Adaja River 1 (Avila)

Avila, Spain (at Portugal and Spain's Adaja River 1)
Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582);

Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph, Spain
Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph; Discalced Carmelites; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Fontiveros, Spain (Adaja River 1)
Fontiveros, Spain; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Adaja River Mouth (Duero River 4)

Duero River 5

Duero River 6 (Tormes River)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Duero River 6, Tormes River Folder, Salamanca, Castile

Tormes River

Tormes River Source (Mountain range of Gredos)

Tormes River 1 (El Barco de Avila)

Tormes River 2

Tormes River 3

Tormes River 4 (Salamanca)

University of Salamanca, Spain
University of Salamanca, Spain ; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4)
Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4); IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Castile (Historical Region, Central Spain)
Castile (Hitorical Region, Central Spain) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; was born in 1214 and became King of France when twelve years old. His mother, the half-English Blanche of Castile, was regent during his minority, and an influence while she lived. In 1234 he married Margaret of Provence, sister of Eleanor the wife of Henry III of England (no, not the couple from A Lion in Winter--that was Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine: this is two generations later). worked for the political unification of France, yielding Limoge, Cahors, and Perigeux to Henry in exchange for Henry's renunciation of all claims to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and Poitou (Treaty of Paris, 1259). He yielded French claims to Rousillon and Barcelona in exchange for the yielding of Spanish claims to Provence and Languedoc (Treaty of Corbeil, 1258). He largely eliminated the feuding and wars among French nobles and vassals that had ravaged France before his time. He protected vassals from oppression, and required their lords to fulfill their obligations. He reformed the system of taxation. He reformed the courts, so that every man in France, regardless of his station, had a far better chance of receiving justice than had previously been the case. He promoted the writing down of the law, so that it was clear what the laws were, and made major strides toward eliminating trial by combat in favor of trial by jury. (Trial by combat decided the guilt or innocence of the accused by a combat between the accused and the accuser, either personally or by proxy, with God being called on to uphold the right. Trial by ordeal required the accused to prove his innocence by, for example, walking across a bed of hot coals. Both were hold-overs from pre-Christian Frankish Law, and were vigorously denounced by many clergy, but took a long time to die out.) His reputation for integrity was such that foreign monarchs regularly asked him to arbitrate their disputes. founded a hospital for the poor, sick, and blind, known as the Quinze-Vingts (the Fifteen Score, originally for 300 inmates). His reign coincided with the great era of the building of Gothic cathedrals in France. Robert de Sorbon, the founder of the Sorbonne (University of Paris) was his confessor and his personal friend, and Thomas Aquinas was a frequent guest at his table. (Once, it is said, Thomas dropped out of the conversation, lost in thought, and then suddenly struck the table with his fist and exclaimed, "That is a decisive argument against the Manichees!" Louis at once called for writing materials, so that Thomas could record the argument before he had a chance to forget it.) of Louis in Tunis, from an illuminated mauscript of the history of FranceHe fought in two Crusades, both of which were total failures. In 1248 he led an army to the island of Cyprus, and was there joined by 200 English knights. In 1249 they proceeded to Egypt and took the city of Damietta, but discipline broke down and Louis was unable to keep the soldiers from looting. Disease ravaged the camp, and in 1250 the army suffered a disastrous defeat at Mansurah and Louis himself was taken prisoner. His Arab captors were quick to recognize in him a mixture of military valor and personal holiness, and were accustomed to kneel when speaking to him. He and his handful of surviving companions were released on the surrender of Damietta and the payment of a large ransom. He sailed to Palestine, visited the few Holy Places that were accessible, and returned to France in 1254. In 1270 he joined another crusade, which landed in Tunis, where he immediately caught typhoid fever and died on 25 August. His biography, by a friend and comrade in arms, the Sieur Jean de Joinville, is available in English in Chronicles of the Crusades, Penguin Paperbacks. by James Kiefer Castile (historical region);

Tormes River 5

Tormes River Mouth (Duero River)

Duero River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People
Galatia - Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River Folder

Tagus River

Tagus River Source (Teruel, Albarracin Mountains)

Albarracin Mountains
Albarracin Mountains;

Aragon (Northeastern Spain)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Tagus River 1 (Sacedon)

Tagus River 2 (near Madrid. Jarama River)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River Folder

Jarmama River

Jarama River Source (Sierra de Ayllon)

Jarama River 1 (Madrid, Henares River Mouth)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River 1 , Henares River Folder

Henares River

Henares River Source (Sierra Ministra)

Henares River (Overview)

Henares River 1

Henares River 2

Henares River 3 (Guadalajara)

Henares River 4 (Alcala)

Alcala, Spain (Henares River 4)
Alcala; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Henares River Mouth (Madrid, Jarama River 1)

Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1); BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18;

Carpetania, Spain (near Madrid, Hanares Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Carpetania; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15;

Castile, Spain (Madrid, Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Crown of Castile (court of Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Jarama River Mouth (Tagus River 2)

Tagus River 3 (Toledo)

Toledo, Spain (a crossroads, Tagus River 3)
Toledo, Spain; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Castile-La Mancha, Spain (down near Toledo, Tagus River 3)
Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 3, El Escorial River Folder

El Escorial River

Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial River Source)
Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial); MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Tagus River 4 (Talavera de la Reina)

Tagus River 5 (Valdeverdeja)

Guadalupe monastery, Guadalupe, in Extremadura, Spain (Tagus 5), statue hidden from Moslems, Christopher Columbus
Guadalupe monastery; Royal Monastery of Santa MarÃa of Guadalupe is a Roman Catholic monastic establishment built during the 14th century located in Guadalupe, in Extremadura, Spain. It is located at the foot of the eastern side of the Sierra de las Villuercas and was one of the most important and fine monasteries in the country for more than four centuries. UNESCO declared it a World Heritage Site in 1993. monastery had its origins in the late 13th century, when a shepherd from Cáceres, named Gil Cordero, discovered on the bank of the Guadalupe River a statue of the Blessed Virgin,[1] which had been apparently hidden by local inhabitants from Moorish invaders in 714. On the site of his discovery a chapel was built, dedicated under the title of Our Lady of Guadalupe.[2] Alfonso XI, who visited the chapel more than once, invoked Santa Maria de Guadalupe in the Battle of Rio Salado. After gaining the victory, he ascribed it to the Madonna's intercession, declared the church at Guadalupe a royal sanctuary and undertook an extensive rebuilding program. 1389, the Hieronymite monks took over the monastery and made it their principal house. Construction works continued under the auspices of the order's first prior, and in 1474 Henry IV of Castile was entombed in Guadalupe, next to his mother. Ferdinand II of Aragon issued the Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe at the monastery on 21 April 1486, thus effectively ending the onerous evil customs allowing medieval nobles in Catalonia to maltreat the remensa peasants and tie them to their lands. monastery has rich associations with the New World, including the Guadeloupe island in the Caribbean. It was here in Extremadura where Christopher Columbus made his first pilgrimage after discovering America in 1492 and where he first thanked heaven for his discovery. after the monks from Guadalupe founded the famous monastery of Escorial, which was much closer to the royal capital, Madrid, Santa Maria de Guadalupe retained the royal patronage. It remained the most important cloister in Spain until the Confiscation of monasteries in 1835. In the 20th century, the monastery was revived by the Franciscan Order and Pope Pius XII declared the shrine a "Minor Papal Basilica" in 1955. BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Tagus River 6 (Alcantara Dam, Spain)

Tagus River 7 (Vila Velha de Radao, Portugal)

Tagus River 8 (Santarem)

Tagus River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon)

Lisbon, Portugal
Lisbon, Portugal; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal (Tagus River Mouth)
Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Spain and Portugal, West Portugal, Azores Folder

Azores, Portugal
Azores, Portugal; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Green Spain Folder, Bay of Biscay

Green Spain
Green Spain;

Old Castile (Santander (now Cantabria) Green Spain)
Old Castile; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Biscay Region, Spain and France (Bay of Biscay)
Biscay Region; Basque People; FRANCIS XAVIER Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

Gipozkoa, Basque province of Gipozkoa, Green Spain
Gipozkoa IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Spain and Portugal, Barcelona Folder, Besos and Llobregat Rivers, Northeast of Ebro River

Llobregat River

Llobregat River Source (along the border)

Llobregat River Valley
Llobregat River Valley;

Montserrat Mountaiin (near Barcelona)
Montserrat Mountain (near Barcelona) ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Besos River

Besos River Source (along the border)

Besos River Valley
Besos River Valley;

Barcelona, Northeastern Spain (Mouth of Besos and Llobregat Rivers)
Barcelona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ;

Niverta Islands
Since these are the only Islands off the Spanish mainland, Niverta Island must be one of these Balearic Islands. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Spain and Portugal, Guadiana, Guadelete and Guadalquivir Rivers Folder, Gibraltar, Vandalusia

Guadiana River

Guadiana River Source (Villarrubia de los Ojos)

Guadiana River Mouth

Guadalquivir River

Guadalquivir River Source (Sierra de Cazorla)

Ubeda, Spain (Guadalquivir River Source)
Ubeda, Spain; JOHN OF THE CROSS, MYSTIC AND MONASTIC REFORMER, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal
Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Sierra de Cazorla
Sierra de Cazorla;

Guadalquivir River 1 (Cordova)

Cordova, Spain (Guadalquivir River 1)
Cordova; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ;

Guadalquivir River 2 (Seville)

Seville, Spain (Guadalquivir River 2)
Seville; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Vandalusia, Spain (Andalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Guadalquivir River Mouth (Gulf of Cadiz)

Guadalete River

Guadalete River Source (Sierra de Grazalema)

Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park
Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park;

Guadalete (river)

Guadalete River Mouth (Cadiz, Gulf of Cadiz)

Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

British Empire - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

Cadiz, Spain (Guadalete River Mouth, Gibraltar)
Cadiz; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, East and Southeast Spain, Gulf of Valencia

Valencia (Gulf of Valencia, south of Elbrow River mouth)
Valencia (Gulf of Valencia); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated November 11 ;

Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);