Sweden Folder, its rivers, including Norway, and the Baltics.kmz

Sweden Folder, its rivers, including Norway, and the Baltics

Sweden
Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, Goths, Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period
Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period;

Sweden, Land of the Northmen or Vikings (Goths, Varangians, Vandals, Lombards)
Northmen; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Sweden, Gothland, Sweden
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Thervingi people; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated November 15 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Sweden, Island of Gothland, Sweden
Goths; Wielbark culture; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ;

Sweden, Germania, Goths started down in Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect
Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line and South of Sweden, difficult to protect. It is bounded on the East by the Vistula, on the South by the Mountains, and on the West by Rhine and its Roman German Frontier. ;

Sweden, Land of the Visigoths, they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal, all Southwest from Germania
Visigoths; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Gaul (South of the German Frontier, and Southwest from Germania)
Gaul and Roman Gaul; Visigoths;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Spain, Southwest from Germania
Spain; Visigoths;

Sweden, Visigoths went to Portugal, Southwest from Germania
Portugal; Visigoths;

Sweden, Land of the Ostrogoths, they went to Italy, South from Germania
Land of the Ostrogoths; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Ostrogoths in Italy, South from Germania
Ostrogoths; Battle of Taginae;

Sweden, Land of the Greuthungi (Crimean) Goths
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo;

Sweden, Greuthungians went toCrimea, East of Germania and Gateway to Russia (through Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route or Muravsky Trail)
Crimea; Greuthungian Goths or Crimean Goths - Cembalo;

Sweden, Land of the Thervingian Goths, they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica, Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Hungary, Southsoutheast of Germania (Tisa river drainage and Little Hungarian Plain)
Hungary; Little Hungarian Plain (Pannonia and Sabaria); Great Hungarian Plain;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Transylvania, Eastsoutheast of Germania (over and between the mountains, Tisa River drainage)
Transylvania; Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Dacia Pontica (Romania, Dacia (Transylvania) to Pontus)
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Lesser Scythia aka Dacia Pontica
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Pontus, City of Pontus, in Central Pontain
Eupatoria (Pontus), Crossroads between Kelkit and Iris Rivers;

Sweden, Land of the Vandals - Vendel, Sweden, then Vandalusia in Southern Spain and Northern Africa
Sweden, Land of the Vandals - Vendel, Sweden, they went to Germania, Dacia, Rome then Vandalusia in Southern Spain and Northern Africa, all starting in Sweden, Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals, The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century.[2] The Vandals migrated to the area between the lower Oder and Vistula rivers in the second century BC and settled in Silesia from around 120 BC.[3][4][5] They are associated with the Przeworsk culture and were possibly the same people as the Lugii. Expanding into Dacia during the Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Crisis of the Third Century, the Vandals were confined to Pannonia by the Goths around 330 AD, where they received permission to settle from Constantine the Great. Around 400, raids by the Huns from the east forced many Germanic tribes to migrate west into the territory of the Roman Empire and, fearing that they might be targeted next, the Vandals were also pushed westwards, crossing the Rhine into Gaul along with other tribes in 406.[6] In 409, the Vandals crossed the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula, where the Hasdingi and the Silingi settled in Gallaecia (northwest Iberia) and Baetica (south-central Iberia). On the orders of the Romans, the Visigoths invaded Iberia in 418. They almost wiped out the Alans and Silingi Vandals who voluntarily subjected themselves to the rule of Hasdingian leader Gunderic. Gunderic was then pushed from Gallaecia to Baetica by a Roman-Suebi coalition in 419. In 429, under king Genseric (reigned 428–477), the Vandals entered North Africa. By 439 they established a kingdom which included the Roman province of Africa as well as Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta and the Balearic Islands. They fended off several Roman attempts to recapture the African province, and sacked the city of Rome in 455. Their kingdom collapsed in the Vandalic War of 533–34, in which Emperor Justinian I's forces reconquered the province for the Eastern Roman Empire. As the Vandals plundered Rome for fourteen days,[7] Renaissance and early-modern writers characterized the Vandals as prototypical barbarians. This led to the use of the term "vandalism" to describe any pointless destruction, particularly the "barbarian" defacing of artwork. However, some modern historians have emphasised the role of Vandals as continuators of aspects of Roman culture, in the transitional period from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages.[8];

Sweden, Vandals, Vandalsia, Spain (Andalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals);

Sweden, Land of the Russians, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden
Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden ; Vikings from Roslagen in other names section; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Sweden, Land of the Lombards, Southern Scandinavia, to Lombardy and Italy
Sweden, Lombards, Southern Scandinavial

Sweden, Lombards, from Germania, South to Lombardy, or Northern Italy
Lombardy, Northern Italy; Sweden, Lombards, Southern Scandinavia Lombards were a Germanic people[2] who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774. medieval Lombard historian Paul the Deacon wrote in the History of the Lombards (written between 787 and 796) that the Lombards descended from a small tribe called the Winnili,[3] who dwelt in northern Germany[4] before migrating to seek new lands. Roman-era historians wrote of the Lombards in the first century AD as being one of the Suebian peoples, also from what is now northern Germany, near the Elbe river. migrated south, and by the end of the fifth century, the Lombards had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria and Slovakia north of the Danube. they subdued the Heruls and later fought frequent wars with the Gepids. The Lombard king Audoin defeated the Gepid leader Thurisind in 551 or 552, and Audoin's successor Alboin eventually destroyed the Gepids in 567. Lombards also settled in Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Near Szólád, archaeologists have unearthed burial sites of Lombard men and women buried together as families, unusual among Germanic peoples at the time. Contemporary traces have also been discovered of Mediterranean Greeks and a possible migrant from France. Alboin's victory over the Gepids, he led his people into North Eastern Italy, which had become severely depopulated and devastated after the long Gothic War (535–554) between the Byzantine Empire and the Ostrogothic Kingdom. Lombards were joined by numerous Saxons, Heruls, Gepids, Bulgars, Thuringians and Ostrogoths, and their invasion of Italy was almost unopposed. late 569, they had conquered all of northern Italy and the principal cities north of the Po River except Pavia, which fell in 572. the same time, they occupied areas in central and southern Italy. established a Lombard Kingdom in north and central Italy, which reached its zenith under the eighth-century ruler Liutprand. 774, the kingdom was conquered by the Frankish king Charlemagne and integrated into the Frankish Empire. Lombard nobles continued to rule southern parts of the Italian peninsula well into the eleventh century, they were conquered by the Normans and added to the County of Sicily. In this period, the southern part of Italy still under Lombard domination was known to the Norse as Langbarðaland ('land of the Lombards'), as inscribed in the Norse runestones.[5] legacy is also apparent in the name of the region of Lombardy in northern Italy.

Sweden, Land of the Varangians, Varangian Peninsula, Norway, They went to the 10 Cities of Russia
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Sweden, Mongols and or Turks or Tartars came down at same time, same reason
Tartars (could be Mongols, Turks or Persians; Tartary was a huge area, much of the World); Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Sweden, North Sea Empire, aka Anglo Scandanavian E, England Denmark&Norway, 1013-42 or66, only 29 or 53yrs, end oViking Age
North Sea Empire, aka Anglo Scandanavian E, England Denmark&Norway, 1013-42 or66, only 29 or 53yrs, end oViking Age, collapsed i35 upon Cnut's death, ended 42 Harthacnut death England inherited by Wessex Anglo Saxon Edward tConvessor, tune upon his death in 1066 with no heirs by relative French Norman William tConqueror 1066; Viking North Sea Empire; North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark[a] and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age.[1] ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea.[2] first king to unite all three kingdoms was Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark since 986 and of Norway since 1000, when he conquered England in 1013. died in the following year, and his realm was divided. son Cnut the Great acquired England in 1016, Denmark in 1018 and Norway in 1028. died in 1035 and his realm was again divided, but his successor in Denmark, Harthacnut, inherited England in 1040 and ruled it until his death in 1042. the height of his power, when Cnut ruled all three kingdoms (1028–1035), he was the most powerful ruler in western Europe after the Holy Roman Emperor.[b] See also: History of Anglo-Saxon England and Cnut the Great's invasion of England was the younger son of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard. When his father died on 3 February 1014 during an invasion of England, Cnut, who had been left in command of the fleet in the River Trent while Sweyn was in the south of England, was acclaimed by the Danes. However, the invasion fell apart: the men of the Kingdom of Lindsey, who had promised to supply horses for a tactical raid, were not ready before the English nobles had reinstalled King Æthelred (whom they had previously sent into exile), after forcing him to agree to govern less harshly.[8] brother Harald became the King of Denmark, but with help from Eric Haakonsson of Norway, Cnut raised a new invasion fleet of his own and returned to England in the summer of 1015. The English were divided by intrigue among the king, his sons, and other nobles; within four months one of Æthelred's sons had pledged allegiance to Cnut and he controlled Wessex, the historic heart of the kingdom. Before the decisive battle for London could be fought, Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The Londoners chose his son Edmund as their king, while most of the nobles met at Southampton and swore fealty to Cnut. Cnut blockaded London, but was forced to leave to replenish his supplies and was beaten by Edmund at the Battle of Otford; however, following the Danes as they raided into Essex, Edmund was in turn defeated at the Battle of Assandun. He and Cnut struck an agreement under which Edmund would retain Wessex and Cnut would rule all of England north of the River Thames. However, on 30 November 1016, Edmund in turn died, leaving Cnut as the King of England.[9] the summer of 1017 he cemented his power by marrying Æthelred's widow, Emma, although he had previously married an English noblewoman, Ælfgifu of Northampton.[10] In 1018 he paid off his fleet (with money especially from the citizens of London) and was fully recognised as King of England.[11] See also: History of Denmark § Middle Ages the Great Harald died childless in 1018 or 1019, leaving the country without a king. Cnut was his brother's heir and went to Denmark in 1019 to claim it. While there he sent his subjects in England a letter saying he was abroad to avert an unspecified "danger",[12] and he only returned to quell incipient rebellions.[13] One Danish chronicle states that the Danes had previously deposed Harald in favour of Cnut, then brought back Harald because of Cnut's frequent absences, until Cnut finally became king permanently after his brother's death.[14] Olaf II of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden, seeing the combined Anglo-Danish kingdom as a threat – Cnut's father Sweyn had asserted power over both their countries – took advantage of Cnut's being in England to attack Denmark in 1025 or 1026, and were joined by Ulf Jarl, Cnut's Danish regent, and his brother. Cnut took Olaf's fleet by surprise and took the battle to the Swedish fleet at the Battle of the Helgeå.[15] The precise outcome is disputed, but Cnut came out best; Olaf fled and the threat to Denmark was dispelled.[16] 1027, Cnut travelled to Rome, partly to expiate his sin for having Jarl Ulf killed the previous Christmas, partly to attend the coronation of Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor and to demonstrate his importance as a ruler. He secured relaxation of tolls levied on pilgrims journeying to Rome from Northern Europe, and on Papal fees for English archbishops receiving their pallium; he also began a relationship with Conrad that led to the Emperor's son Henry marrying Cnut's daughter Gunnhild and before that to the Emperor ceding to Denmark Schleswig and a strip of ancient Danish territory between Hedeby and the Eider that the Germans had occupied as a buffer zone against the Danes.[17] also: Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) Olaf II had extended his power throughout Norway while Jarl Erik was with Cnut in England.[18] Cnut's enmity with him extended further back: Æthelred had returned to England in a fleet provided by Olaf.[19] In 1024 Cnut had offered to let Olaf govern Norway as his vassal;[20] but after Helgeå, he set about undermining his unpopular rule with bribes, and in 1028 set out with 50 ships to subjugate Norway. A large contingent of Danish ships joined him, and Olaf withdrew into the Oslo Fjord while Cnut sailed along the coast, landing at various points and receiving oaths of allegiance from the local chieftains. Finally at Nidaros, now Trondheim, he was acclaimed king at the Eyrathing, and in a few months Olaf fled to Sweden.[21] 1030, Olaf attempted to return, but the people of the Trondheim area did not want him back and he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Stiklestad. of Sweden[edit] See also: History of Sweden (800–1521) Helgeå, Cnut also claimed to rule "part of Sweden" together with England, Denmark, and Norway.[7] He may have had coins minted either in the capital, Sigtuna, or in Lund, then part of Denmark, with the inscription CNVT REX SW ("Cnut King of the Swedes"). Western Geatland or Blekinge have been suggested.[22] It was probably either overlordship or disputed rule; Cnut did not have to be present in Sweden to order the minting of coins, coins were also minted asserting he ruled Ireland.[23] These coins are however usually regarded as copies of coins minted in Denmark (curiously, coins stating that the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung was King of England have also been found in Sigtuna).[24][25] Irish coinage and Swedish history at this early date is very uncertain.[26] Anglo-Saxon sources state Anund Jakob won the Battle of Helgeå.[27] If the Danes controlled Sweden they did only control Svealand for a maximum of 3 years before Anund ousted Cnut. In 1030 Anund is again in firm control according to sources of Sweden. Since Anund Jakob decided on bishops for all of Sweden 1030 in Adam of Bremens source. Adam does not mention a Danish conquest in his description of Anunds reign 1030. Rather Anund Jakob and Sweden militarily supported Olaf the second in his attempts to regain the Norwegian throne from Cnut 1030.[27][28] areas[edit] addition to part of Sweden, of which he or the person who wrote the heading to his letter claimed he was king part of, Cnut received tribute from the Wends and was allied with the Poles; in 1022, together with Godwin and Ulf Jarl, he took a fleet east into the Baltic to confirm his overlordship of the coastal areas that the Danish kings dominated from Jomsborg.[29] after his return from Rome, Cnut led an army into Scotland and made vassals of Malcolm, the high king of Scotland, and two other kings,[30] one of whom, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, was a sea-king whose lands included Galloway and the Isle of Man and would become king of Dublin in 1036. All these and likely also the Welsh[31] paid tribute, on the model of the Danegeld that Æthelred had instituted to pay off the Danes; and Cnut was thus reasserting the dominion over the Celtic kingdoms that recent English kings had had to let lapse, as well as punishing those who had supported Olaf against him.[20] A verse by the Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti calls Cnut "king of the Danes, the Irish, the English and the Islanders"; presumably Norway is omitted because Cnut had not yet come to power there.[32] also: Christianization of Scandinavia By the early 11th century, England had been Christian for centuries; the Danelaw was in transition from paganism to Christianity,[33] but the Scandinavian countries were still predominantly pagan.[34] Cnut's father, Sweyn, had initially been pagan but in later life had been basically Christian.[35] In England, Cnut assiduously promoted the interests of the Church, and this brought him acceptance from the Christian rulers of Europe that no other Scandinavian king had previously been accorded.[36] In Norway, in contrast, he built churches and was both respectful and generous to the clergy, but also made allies of the heathen chieftains, and unlike Olaf, did not make laws benefitting the Church until his power was on a solid footing.[20] See also: Thing (assembly) and Witenagemot Earldoms of England c. 1025 Penny of Cnut the Great in 1017, probably because he was king by right of conquest not more normal means, Cnut divided England into four earldoms on the Scandinavian model: Wessex he governed directly, and of his allies Thorkell the Tall became Earl of East Anglia, Eric Haakonsson retained Northumbria, which Cnut had already given him, and Eadric Streona became Earl of Mercia. But the last was disgraced and executed within a year. In 1018 Cnut revived at least two earldoms in Wessex and at a meeting at Oxford, his followers and representatives of the English agreed that he would govern under the laws of King Edgar.[37] historian Frank Stenton points out that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has relatively little to say about Cnut's reign except to note his frequent travels abroad, indicating that he was in strong control of England. Thorkell likely acted as his regent during his absences,[38] until they had a falling out and he was outlawed in 1021. The terms of their reconciliation in Denmark in 1023, with an exchange of sons for fosterage and Thorkell becoming Cnut's regent in Denmark, suggests that Thorkell had won them with an armed force.[39] it was left to another of Cnut's earls, Siward, to protect his earldom of Northumbria by consolidating English power in Scotland; at his death in 1055 he, not the king, was overlord of all the territory that the Kingdom of Strathclyde had annexed early the previous century.[30] Danes had more reason to grumble about Cnut's absences than the English; he reigned primarily from England, leaving regents in charge in Denmark.[40] He replaced Thorkell as his primary advisor in England with Godwin, an Englishman whom he made Earl of Wessex,[41] while within three years of their reconciliation he had also been replaced as regent of Denmark, by Ulf Jarl, Cnut's sister's husband, whom Cnut also made guardian of his son by Emma, Harthacnut.[42] Ulf in turn proved less than loyal, first conspiring against him with the kings of Sweden and Norway, then making a power play by having the nobles swear fealty to Harthacnut (thus effectively to him); Cnut returned to Denmark at Christmas 1026, ordered his housecarls to kill Ulf, and it was done in Trinity church at Roskilde.[41] By the end of his life, he had entirely replaced the Scandinavian inner circle who advised him with Englishmen.[43] Norway, Cnut stayed into the new year and then left Jarl Erik's son Hakon in charge as his regent (he had served Sweyn Forkbeard in the same capacity), but he drowned the following winter.[44] As his replacement Cnut sent Swein, the younger of his two sons by Ælfgifu and thus known as Sveinn Alfífuson in Norway – along with his mother as guardian. They were delayed in southern Norway while Olaf's return was rebuffed, but became even more unpopular than he had been. Ælfgifu tried to impose new taxation and stricter controls on a people who valued their independence and especially resented that the new customs were Danish.[44][45] also prepared to hand over Denmark to one of his sons: upon taking power in Norway, he held a great court in Nidaros and proclaimed Harthacnut, his son by Emma, king of Denmark.[46] As Stenton points out, by appointing different sons his heirs in different countries, he demonstrated that he did not have "the deliberate intention of founding a northern empire . . . [which] would remain united after his death."[47] It may have been simply the custom of his people.[48] In any event, it was clear throughout Cnut's reign that the weakness of his empire lay in the impossibility of finding loyal and competent regents to govern when he could not be present.[49] And his sons could not hold it together. Cnut's death[edit] North Sea Empire collapsed immediately once Cnut died in 1035. In Norway, it was already collapsing: by the winter of 1033, Swein and Ælfgifu were so unpopular that they were forced to leave Trondheim. In 1034, the leader of the army that had rebuffed and killed King Olaf at Stiklestad went together with one of the king's loyal followers to bring his young son Magnus back from Gardariki to rule,[50] and in autumn 1035, a few weeks before Cnut's death, Swein and his mother had to flee the country altogether and go to Denmark.[47] Swein died shortly afterwards. Denmark, Harthacnut was already ruling as king, but he was unable to leave for three years because of the threat that Magnus of Norway would invade to exact revenge. In the meantime the English nobles, divided between him and Cnut's younger son by Ælfgifu, Harold Harefoot, decided to compromise by having Harold rule as regent; by the end of 1037, Ælfgifu had persuaded the most important nobles to swear allegiance to Harold, who was firmly ensconced as Harold I – and Harthacnut's own mother, Queen Emma, had been forced to take refuge in Flanders.[51] prepared an invasion fleet to wrest England from his half-brother, but the latter died in 1040 before it could be used. Harthacnut then became king of England, reuniting it with Denmark, but made a generally bad impression as king. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle said of him that he never did anything royal during his entire reign.[52] He died suddenly in June 1042 "as he stood at his drink" at the wedding feast of Tovi the Proud, one of the Danish thegns of his father's court. At first glance Harthacnut's death seems to have brought about the end of the North Sea Empire.[53] However, Magnus of Norway, utilising the agreement he had made with Harthacnut in 1040, took control of Denmark and had plans to invade England and reunite the kingdoms and Empire. In consolidating his power in Denmark he crushed a Wendish invasion at the battle of Lyrskov Hede initiated shortly after he had destroyed the Jomsviking heartlands. This may have been an effective own goal, as it destroyed one of the key political and military components of Sveyn Forkbeard and Cnut the Great's rise to dominence. While Magnus had ejected Sveyn Estridsson from Denmark in 1046, Adam of Bremen briefly notes that Sveyn and an Earl Tovi removed Magnus from Denmark in 1047. This is confirmed by the contemporary Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which reports that in 1047 Sveyn asked England for 50 ships to help in the battle against Magnus. "And then Sveyn expelled Magnus from Denmark and entered the country by a huge carnage, and the Danes paid him a large sum of money and recognized him as king. And the same year Magnus died.'[54]

Sweden, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake
Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III; Rome, 1191-1198, Pope, Celestine III; Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1240, Battle of the Neva, Russian Victory
St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, Russian defeat of Teutonic Knights
Pskov, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, defeat of Teutonic Knights; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant
Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Sweden, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union, Protestant, Sigismund swede king for only 6yrs
Lithuania, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union; union[edit] the death of John III of Sweden, his son Sigismund succeeded to the throne of Sweden. Sigismund at that time was already the elected King of Poland (since 1587). Sigismund certainly valued the Swedish throne and upon learning about the death of his father, and the pretensions to the throne of his uncle, Duke Charles of Södermanland, he asked the Sejm (Polish parliament) for permission to leave the Commonwealth and go to Sweden, where he could secure the Swedish crown. The Sejm gave him permission, and on 3 August 1593, 6, accompanied by his wife, Anna of Habsburg, and other followers, departed for Sweden. agreement of 19 February seemed to have calmed the situation; Sigismund was crowned in Uppsala Cathedral and became the king of Sweden. The Kingdom of Sweden was now in a personal union with Poland-Lithuania. July, Sigismund left Sweden in the hands of the regency council and returned to Poland. Sweden was to be ruled jointly by the Privy Council of Sweden and Sigismund's uncle Duke Charles. however, reneged on his earlier promises, opening Catholic schools, and giving Catholics prominent posts. in turn did not give up on acquiring the Swedish throne and pursued his own political agenda. The new Riksdag he summoned at Arboga in 1597 – again despite the King's orders – saw few participants, and only one from the Privy Council. Even so, Duke Charles did not achieve support for his military action, but initiated it nonetheless. Parts of southern Sweden were successfully taken. Several of the Privy Council members fled to Poland to convince Sigismund to take counteractions. sent a diplomatic mission, in an attempt to solve the conflict by negotiations. Charles at first looked ready to negotiate but in fact he was playing for time, trying to confirm his power at another Riksdag (in Arboga), recruiting peasants for his army, and isolating Sigismund's followers. against Sigismund[edit] Castle in Warsaw, the residence of Polish kings since 1611 1598, the Sejm gave Sigismund the go-ahead to wage a military campaign against his opponents in Sweden; however it refused to give him significant support. Sigismund's army was composed mostly of mercenaries (Germans and Hungarians), supported by a relatively small Polish force (although with some artillery). campaign was poorly planned. He was unable to coordinate his troop movements with his supporters, particularly Fleming who was supposed to attack Charles from Finland. After initial successes (the taking of Kalmar and defeating Charles' troops at Stegeborg), Sigismund's forces were defeated on September 25, 1598, at the Battle of Stångebro, (also known as the battle of Linköping). Sigismund was captured and forced to hand over some of his followers such as the Chancellor of Sweden, Erik Larsson Sparre, (1550–1600). In May 1599, Charles' forces captured the last fortress held by Sigismund, Kalmar. On July 24, 1599, the Riksdag in Stockholm officially dethroned Sigismund. The new King of Sweden was Charles IX of Sweden, and the Polish–Swedish union was dissolved after barely seven years of existence. In March 1600, some of Sigismund's supporters were executed, including five senators in an event known as the Linköping Bloodbath.

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War, Protestant
Swedish Empire, 1611-1721, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Sweden, Goths, and Norway History Folder

Sweden, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Clement's Church in Cherson, Crimea

Sweden, Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea
Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea; Cherson, Crimea; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ;

Sweden, 280-1523, Catholic Nobility, History Folder

Sweden, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III
Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III; Rome, 1191-1198, Pope, Celestine III; Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1216-1222, King John I of Sweden, House of Sverker, strengthened c church, died of fever
Sweden, 1216-1222, King John I of Sweden, House of Sverker;

Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden, Eric Erickson, lisp and lame, eastward expansion
Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1222-1266, Prince (Jarl) Birger, Jarl is second to the King, Birger Jarl to Eric VI and Valdemar his son
Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1250-1275, Valdemar, King of Sweden, Birger's son
Sweden, 1250-1275, Valdemar, King of Sweden;

Swedish Nobility, 1280-Present, includes Finnish Nobility
Swedish Nobility, 1280-Present, includes Finnish Nobility; Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Sweden, 1319-1364, Magnus IV of Sweden, King of Sweden, bought pawned Norway
Sweden, 1319-1364, Magnus IV of Sweden, King of Sweden; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, 1435, Riksdag of the Estates established
Sweden, 1435, Riksdag of the Estates established;

Sweden, 291-568, Goths and Vandal History Folder

Sweden, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Ostrogoths in Italy 291-568

Sweden, 291-568, Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy, (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae;

Sweden, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Crimea and Visigothic, Ostrogothic and Thervingian Goths

Sweden, 301, 4th to 16th Centuries, Crimean Goths, Cembalo
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 331-383, Goth Bishop Wulfilas or Ulfilas , Arian, missionary, from Cappadocia, translated Bible
Arian bishop Wulfilas 311-383 ; (c. 311–383),[1] also known as Ulphilas and Orphila, all Latinized forms of the unattested Gothic form literally Little Wolf,[2] a Goth of Cappadocian Greek descent who served as a bishop and missionary, is credited with the translation of the Bible into Gothic, and participated in the Arian controversy. developed the Gothic alphabet – inventing a writing system based on the Greek alphabet – in order for the Bible to be translated into the Gothic language. traditionally the translation of the Bible into the Gothic language has been ascribed to Ulfilas, analysis of the text of the Gothic Bible indicates the involvement of a team of translators, possibly under his supervision.[3] [4] Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Sweden, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia, Buzau River
Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Sweden, 359-381, Goth King, Antharic of the Visigothic Thervingian Goths
Goth King, 359-381, Antharic of the Thervingian Goths; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Sweden, 372, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth, danube region, ven by Rus, soldier, archangel Michael, Cilicia
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 372, Nicetas the Goth; is a Christian martyr of the 4th century, venerated particularly in the Russian Orthodox Church. His feastday is 15 September.[1] a Gothic soldier, lived in the Danube region at the margins of the Byzantine Empire.[2] Presumably, he received his Greek name on the occasion of his baptism by the Gothic bishop Theophilus, a participant in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths began to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in internecine strife. Nicetas fought in the Gothic civil war between the pagan Athanaric and the Christian Fritigern. the defeat of Athanaric and after the invention of Gothic alphabets by Ulfilas, Nicetas worked intensely among the Goths.[2 He was condemned to the stake in 372. According to his Passio, the devil, shaped as an angel, induced Nicetas to sacrifice to the pagan gods for saving his life; Nicetas, however, put him to flight by means of prayer and assisted by archangel Michael. His body was buried it in Cilicia, and later transferred to Constantinople. Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Cyprus there are several churches and monasteries named after St Nicetas. See Church of Saint Nicetas. Nicetas is prayed to for the preservation of children from birth defects.[2] Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Holy Great Martyr Nicetas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). He was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. The Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Saint Nikḗtas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. The Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Saint Nicetas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. Since he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Nikḗtas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. Filled with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Nicetas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. The cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Nikḗtas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Nicetas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. Although his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. By night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Nicetas, and buried it in Cilicia. Afterward, it was transferred to Constantinople. Part of the relics of the Great Martyr Nicetas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Thus Saint Nicetas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Nicetas for the preservation of children from birth defects. AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Sweden, Crimea, 375-383, Crimean Gothic King, Jungerich (Athanaric)
Crimean Goths; Gothic King Jungerich (Athanaric) (375-383); Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ;

Sweden, 375, 26 Martyrs in tCrimea, killed by Jungerich aka King Athanaric enraged aConversions by Arian Ulfilas, relcs tCyzicus
Sweden, 375, Swedish Goth Crimea, 4th - 10th Century, killed by Jungerich, King Athanaric enraged, Arian Bishop Ulfilas, Statue in Chariot front of Christian tent, tent burned 308 perished, A's Christian widow Gaatha&daughter gathered relics to Syria, G returned and stoned w son Agathon, relics w Duclida tCyzicus; Crimea; Crimean Tartars; 26 Martyrs in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Bercus; Monk Arpilus; laymen and women Abibus, Agnus, Reasus, Igathrax, Iscoeus (Iskous), Silas, Signicus, Sonirilus, Suimbalus, Thermus, Phillus (Philgas), Bathusius, Anna, Alla, Larissa, Monco (Manca), Uirko (Virko), Animais (Animaida), Queen Gaatha, and Princess Duklida, among twenty-six martyrs who were killed by the Goths around the year 375 under Jungerich, a persecutor of Christians. synaxaria of the Gothic Church recount the martyrdom of twenty-six Christians in the time of the emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian. historian Sozomen says that King Athanaric was enraged to see his subjects embracing Christianity because of the preaching of the Arian bishop Ulfilas. he ordered many of them to be tortured and executed, often without a trial. Athanaric’s ministers placed a statue in a chariot and paraded it before the tents which Christians used for church services. who worshiped the idol and offered sacrifice were spared, the rest were burned alive in the tent. gave orders to burn down a church during divine services. In the fiery inferno 308 people perished, of whom only twenty-one are known by name. was also an anonymous man who came to the tent and confessed Christ. He was martyred with the others. Different manuscripts give variants of their names. the reign of Valentinian and Theodosius (383-392), the Gothic king’s widow Gaatha (who was an Orthodox Christian) and her daughter Duclida gathered up the relics of the holy martyrs and brought them to Syria with the help of some priests and a layman named Thyellas. later returned to her native land, where she was stoned and died as a martyr, along with her son Agathon. relics of the holy martyrs were left to Duclida, who went to Cyzicus in Asia Minor and gave some of the relics for the founding of a church. Saint Duclida died in peace. holy martyrs were commemorated on October 23 on the Gothic calendars.

Sweden, 400, 5th Century History Folder, Visigoths in Spain, Vandals in N Africa

Sweden, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom in Spain
Spain, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom; St. Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14;

Sweden, 435-534, Vandal Kingdom, Hippo then Carthage in 439
Vandal Kingdom, 435-534, Hippo then Carthage in 439 ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Sweden, 428-477, Vandal King, Genseric
Vandal King, 428-477, Genseric ; Vandal Kingdom, 435-534, Hippo then Carthage in 439 ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Sweden, 500, 6th Century History Folder, Ostrogoth Totila in Rome and Naples Italy

Sweden, 541-552, Goth King, Totila the Goth, Battle of Taginae, 552
Goth King, 541-552, Totila the Goth, Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540);

Sweden, 600, 7th Century History Folder, Temporary Byzantine Reconquest of Italy

Sweden, 700, 8th Century History Folder, Crimean Goth St John of Gothia

Sweden, Crimea, 741-791, Crimean, Goth, Saint, John of Gothia
Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 800, 9th Century Folder, ANSKAR the Missionary

Sweden, 821-865, ANSKAR, Corbie, France (Somme River 4) Apostle to the North, encouraged by visions, Sweden, Denmark, Norway
France, 821-865, ANSKAR, Corbie, France (Somme River 4) Apostle to the North, encouraged by visions, Saxony (north Germany), Westphalia, Jutland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway (8 September 801 – 3 February 865), also known as Anskar,[3] Saint Ansgar, Saint Anschar or Oscar, was Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen in the northern part of the Kingdom of the East Franks. Ansgar became known as the "Apostle of the North" because of his travels and the See of Hamburg received the missionary mandate to bring Christianity to Northern Europe.[4][5] was the son of a noble Frankish family, born near Amiens (present day France).[5][6] After his mother's early death, Ansgar was brought up in Benedictine monastery of Corbie in Picardy.[5] According to the Vita Ansgarii ("Life of Ansgar"), when the little boy learned in a vision that his mother was in the company of Mary, mother of Jesus, his careless attitude toward spiritual matters changed to seriousness.[7] His pupil, successor, and eventual biographer Rimbert considered the visions (of which this was the first) to have been Ansgar's main life motivator. acted in the context of the phase of Christianization of Saxony (present day Northern Germany) begun by Charlemagne and continued by Charlemagne's son and successor, Louis the Pious. 822 Ansgar became one of many missionaries sent to found the abbey of Corvey (New Corbie) in Westphalia, where he became a teacher and preacher. group of monks including Ansgar were sent further north to Jutland with the king Harald Klak, who had received baptism during his exile. Harald's downfall in 827 and Ansgar's companion Autbert having died, their school for the sons of courtiers closed and Ansgar returned to Germany. in 829, after the Swedish king Björn at Hauge requested missionaries for his Swedes, King Louis sent Ansgar, now accompanied by friar Witmar from New Corbie as his assistant. preached and made converts, particularly during six months at Birka, on Lake Mälaren, where the wealthy widow Mor Frideborg extended hospitality. Ansgar organized a small congregation with her and the king's steward, Hergeir, as its most prominent members. 831 Ansgar returned to Louis' court at Worms and was appointed to the Archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen. This was a new archbishopric, incorporating the bishoprics of Bremen and Verden and with the right to send missions into all the northern lands, as well as to consecrate bishops for them. received the mission of evangelizing pagan Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The King of Sweden decided to cast lots as to whether to admit the Christian missionaries into his kingdom. Ansgar recommended the issue to the care of God, and the lot was favorable.[5] was consecrated as a bishop in November 831, with the approval of Gregory IV. Before traveling north once again, Ansgar traveled to Rome to receive the pallium directly from the pope's hands, and was formally named legate for the northern lands. Archbishop of Reims had previously received a similar commission, but would be deposed twice before his death in 851, and never actually traveled so far north, so the jurisdiction was divided by agreement, with Ebbo retaining Sweden for himself. a time Ansgar devoted himself to the needs of his own diocese, which was still a missionary territory and had few churches. He founded a monastery and a school in Hamburg. Although intended to serve the Danish mission further north, it accomplished little. Louis the Pious died in 840, his empire was divided and Ansgar lost the abbey of Turholt, which Louis had given to endow Ansgar's work. in 845, the Danes unexpectedly raided Hamburg, destroying all the church's treasures and books. Ansgar now had neither see nor revenue, and many helpers deserted him. The new king, Louis' third son, Louis the German, did not re-endow Turholt to Ansgar, but in 847 he named the missionary to the vacant diocese of Bremen, where Ansgar moved in 848. However, since Bremen had been suffragan to the Bishop of Cologne, combining the sees of Bremen and Hamburg presented canonical difficulties. After prolonged negotiations, Pope Nicholas I would approve the union of the two dioceses in 864. this political turmoil, Ansgar continued his northern mission. The Danish civil war compelled him to establish good relations with two kings, Horik the Elder and his son, Horik II. Both assisted him until his death; Ansgar was able to secure permission to build a church in Sleswick north of Hamburg and recognition of Christianity as a tolerated religion.[8] did not forget the Swedish mission, and spent two years there in person (848–850), averting a threatened pagan reaction. In 854, Ansgar returned to Sweden when king Olof ruled in Birka. According to Rimbert, he was well disposed to Christianity. On a Viking raid to Apuole (current village in Lithuania) in Courland, the Swedes plundered the Curonians. and legacy[edit] was buried in Bremen in 865. His successor as archbishop, Rimbert, wrote the Vita Ansgarii. He noted that Ansgar wore a rough hair shirt, lived on bread and water, and showed great charity to the poor. Adam of Bremen attributed the Vita et miracula of Willehad (first bishop of Bremen) to Ansgar in Gesta Hammenburgensis ecclesiæ; Ansgar is also the reputed author of a collection of brief prayers Pigmenta (ed. J. M. Lappenberg, Hamburg, 1844).[9] Pope Nicholas I declared Ansgar a saint shortly after the missionary's death. The first actual missionary in Sweden and the Nordic countries (and organizer of the Catholic church therein), Ansgar was later declared "Patron of Scandinavia".[5] are located in Hamburg in two places: St. Mary's Cathedral (Ger.: Domkirche St. Marien) and St. Ansgar's and St. Bernard's Church (Ger.: St. Ansgar und St. Bernhard Kirche).[10] Statues of Bishop Ansgar stand in Hamburg, Copenhagen and Ribe, as well as a stone cross at Birka. His feast day (Lesser Festival) is 3 February, as it is in the Church of England.[11] Saint Ansgar statue in Hamburg a historical document and primary source written by a man whose existence can be proven historically, the Vita Ansgarii ("The Life of Ansgar") aims above all to demonstrate Ansgar's sanctity. It is partly concerned with Ansgar's visions, which, according to the author Rimbert, encouraged and assisted Ansgar's remarkable missionary feats. the course of this work, Ansgar repeatedly embarks on a new stage in his career following a vision. According to Rimbert, his early studies and ensuing devotion to the ascetic life of a monk were inspired by a vision of his mother in the presence of Mary, mother of Jesus. Again, when the Swedish people were left without a priest for some time, he begged King Horik to help him with this problem; then after receiving his consent, consulted with Bishop Gautbert to find a suitable man. The two together sought the approval of King Louis, which he granted when he learned that they were in agreement on the issue. Ansgar was convinced he was commanded by heaven to undertake this mission and was influenced by a vision he received when he was concerned about the journey, in which he met a man who reassured him of his purpose and informed him of a prophet that he would meet, the abbot Adalhard, who would instruct him in what was to happen. In the vision, he searched for and found Adalhard, who commanded, "Islands, listen to me, pay attention, remotest peoples", which Ansgar interpreted as God's will that he go to the Scandinavian countries as "most of that country consisted of islands, and also, when 'I will make you the light of the nations so that my salvation may reach to the ends of the earth' was added, since the end of the world in the north was in Swedish territory".[12] Corbie (Somme River 4); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); (in Latin, Ansgarius) was a monk of Saxon family, born in Corbie, France, in 801 (the year after the crowning of Charlemagne). In 826, when King Harald of Denmark asked Charlemagne's successors for missionaries, Anskar led a group to Denmark, and a few years later to Sweden. Because of unsettled political conditions, his work ran into difficulties, and Anskar withdrew into Germany, where he served as first Archbishop of Hamburg. Later, however, he helped to consecrate Gotbert, the first bishop of Sweden. The Church of Sweden honors him as its apostle, and he serves as symbol of the historic friendship and present-day connection between the Anglican Churches and the Church of Sweden. by James Kiefer the north of Germany, in Denmark, and in Sweden, Anskar, who had been a monk at Corbey, on the Weser, laboured for thirty-nine years with earnest devotion and with great success (AD 826-865). In addition to preaching the Gospel of salvation, he did much in such charitable works as the building of hospitals and the redemption of captives; and he persuaded the chief men of the country north of the Elbe to give up their trade in slaves, which had been a source of great profit to them, but which Anskar taught them to regard as contrary to the Christian religion. Anskar was made archbishop of Hamburg and Bremen, and is styled "The Apostle of the North." But he had to suffer many dangers and reverses in his endeavours to do good. At one time, when Hamburg was burnt by the Northmen, he lost his church, his monastery, his library, and other property; but he only said, with the patriarch Job, "The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away; blessed be the name of the Lord!" Then he set to work again, without being discouraged by what had befallen him, and he even made a friend of the heathen king who had led the attack on Hamburg. Anskar died in the year 865. It is told that when some of his friends were talking of miracles which he was supposed to have done, he said, "If I were worthy in my Lord's sight, I would ask of Him to grant me one miracle--that He would make me a good man." Sketches of Church History, by J. C. Robertson, publ. 1904 by SPCK, London available, "Saint Anschar", from The Catholic Encyclopedia, and The Life of Anskar, by his successor, Rimbert (also available from the Internet Archive).

Sweden, 995-1099, History Folder, Olf Tryggvason, King of Norway, Swedish King Olof Skotkonung, Kiev Rus Queen's father

Sweden, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway
Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Sweden, 995-1022, Swedish King Olof Skotkonung, father Saint Anna, Kiev Rus Queen
Sweden, 995-1022, Swedish King Olof Skotkonung, father Saint Anna, Kiev Rus Queen, first Christian or Middle Age Swedish king, Sweden was the last Scandanavian countries to convert, still many pagans however and they had agreement to continue pagan; Swedish King Olof Skotkonung, 995-1022; Skötkonung, (Old Norse: Óláfr skautkonungr) sometimes stylized as Olaf the Swede (c. 980–1022), was King of Sweden, son of Eric the Victorious and, according to Icelandic sources, Sigrid the Haughty. succeeded his father in c. 995. He stands at the threshold of recorded history, since he is the first Swedish ruler about whom there is substantial knowledge.[1] He is regarded as the first king known to have ruled both the Swedes and the Geats. Sweden, the reign of king Olov Skötkonung (c. 995–1022) is considered to be the transition from the Viking age to the Middle Ages, because he was the first Christian king of the Swedes, who were the last to adopt Christianity in Scandinavia. is associated with a growing influence of the church in what is today southwestern and central Sweden. Norse beliefs persisted in parts of Sweden until the 12th century.[2] was victorious alongside Sweyn Forkbeard when the kings created an alliance to defeat the Norwegian king Olaf Tryggvason in the Battle of Svolder. After the battle, the victorious leaders split Norway into areas of control. Heimskringla gives the most detailed account of the division. Olof received four districts in Trondheim as well as Møre, Romsdal and Rånrike.[3] of many explanations for the name Skötkonung is that it is derived from the Swedish word "skatt", which can mean either "taxes" or "treasure". The latter meaning has been interpreted as "tributary king" and one English scholar speculates about a tributary relationship to the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard, who was his stepfather.[4] That explanation, however, is not supported by evidence or historical sources. Another possible explanation of the name refers to the fact that he was the first Swedish king to mint coins.[5] An ancient land ownership ceremony which placed a parcel of earth in someone's lap (Swedish: sköte) was called scotting and may have been involved in this epithet.[6] Old Norse "Óláfr sœnski" means "Olaf the Swedish", an epithet used to distinguish him from the Norwegian kings Olaf Tryggvasson and Olaf Haraldsson. knowledge of Olof's life is mostly based on Snorri Sturluson's and Adam of Bremen's accounts, which have been subject to criticism from some scholars. The eldest account by the German ecclesiastic chronicler Adam of Bremen (c. 1075), relates that Sweyn Forkbeard was expelled from his Danish realm by the Swedish King Eric the Victorious in the late 10th century. When Eric died (c. 995), Sweyn returned and regained his kingdom, marrying Eric's widow. Meanwhile, however, Olof had succeeded his father Eric, gathered an army, and launched a surprise attack against Sweyn. The Danish king was once again expelled while Olof occupied his lands. After this, however, the conflict was resolved. Since Sweyn had married Olof's mother, he was reinstated on the Danish throne and the two kings were thereafter allies.[7] Snorri Sturluson (c. 1230) and the other Icelandic saga writers likewise say that Sweyn married Olof's mother after the death of Eric the Victorious, but without mentioning any conflict. Also, Snorri describes Sweyn and Olof as equal allies when they defeated the Norwegian king Olav Tryggvason in the battle of Svolder in 1000, and thereafter divided Norway between themselves (see below).[8] It is commonly believed that Adam's account about Sweyn's defeats at the hands of Eric and Olof is partial and might have been misinterpreted; the marriage to Olof's mother may in fact have sealed Sweyn's senior position.[9] Olof Skötkonung as imagined by Ansgar Almquist in the 1920s, statue at Stockholm City Hall. expedition to Wendland to Snorri, Olof Skötkonung led a Viking expedition to Wendland early in his reign. He captured Edla, the daughter of a Wendish chieftain, and kept her as mistress. She gave him the son Emund (who was to become king of Sweden), and the daughters Astrid (later wife of Olaf II of Norway) and Holmfrid (married to Sven Jarl of Norway).[10] He later married Estrid of the Obotrites, and she bore him the son Anund Jacob and the daughter Ingegerd Olofsdotter.[11] with Sweyn Forkbeard Adam of Bremen praises Olof as a good Christian, Icelandic authors paint an unfavourable picture of the king as haughty and prickly. Olof is said to have preferred royal sports to war, which may explain the ease with which Sweyn Forkbeard retook the Danish lands Olof's father Eric had conquered.[12] Olof may also have lost the right to tribute which his predecessors had preserved in what is now Estonia and Latvia. 1000, he joined forces with Sweyn Forkbeard and with the Norwegian Jarls Eric and Sven, against the Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvason. The circumstances have been much debated in modern historical research, but a contemporary poem confirms that Eric Jarl gathered auxiliaries in Sweden: "The belligerent jarl / gathered much manpower / in Svithiod, the chief went / southward to the battle."[13] Olaf Tryggvason was attacked by the allied fleets in the Battle of Svolder, the location of which is uncertain. It may have been either in Øresund or Pomerania. Olaf Tryggvason disappeared during the battle and Norway was appropriated by the allied lords. The bulk of the conquests went to Sweyn Forkbeard while Olof gained a part of Trøndelag as well as modern Bohuslän. These lands were placed under Sven Jarl, son-in-law of the king.[14] War the Norwegian kingdom was reestablished by Olaf II of Norway (Olaf the Saint) in 1015, a new war erupted between Norway and Sweden. There is a circumstantial account of this in Snorri Sturluson's work. As he writes, many men in both Sweden and Norway tried to reconcile the kings. In 1018, Olof's cousin, the earl of Västergötland, Ragnvald Ulfsson and the Norwegian king's emissaries Björn Stallare and Hjalti Skeggiason had arrived at the thing of Uppsala in an attempt to sway the Swedish king to accept peace and as a warrant marry his daughter Ingegerd Olofsdotter to the king of Norway. The Swedish king was greatly angered and threatened to banish Ragnvald from his kingdom, but Ragnvald was supported by his foster-father Thorgny the Lawspeaker delivered a powerful speech in which he reminded the king of the great Viking expeditions in the East that predecessors such as Erik Anundsson and Björn had undertaken, without having the hubris not to listen to their men's advice. Thorgny himself had taken part in many successful pillaging expeditions with Olof's father Eric the Victorious and even Eric had listened to his men. The present king wanted nothing but Norway, which no Swedish king before him had desired. This displeased the Swedish people, who were eager to follow the king on new ventures in the East to win back the kingdoms that paid tribute to his ancestors, but it was the wish of the people that the king make peace with the king of Norway and give him his daughter Ingegerd as queen. finished his speech by saying: "if you do not desire to do so, we shall assault you and kill you and not brook any more of your warmongering and obstinacy. Our ancestors have done so, who at Mula thing threw five kings in a well, kings who were too arrogant as you are against us."[15] Upon hearing this, King Olof complied with the demands of the peasantry for the time being. far from keeping his promise Olof married his daughter Ingegerd-Irene to Yaroslav I the Wise instead. When Olaf of Norway heard about the arrangement he was furious and intent on attacking Olof Skötkonung. However, the Geatish jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, colluding with Olaf II's skald Sigvat Thordarson, managed to avert the impending war. Olof's other daughter Astrid stayed with Ragnvald at the time, and it was agreed that she would take Ingegerd's place. Unbeknownst to Olof, she traveled to Norway and married Olaf II. That happened c. 1019.[16] Olof Skötkonung was highly upset, but soon ran into trouble at home. Both the Swedes and Geats were displeased with the self-willed rule of the king. The lawspeaker of Västergötland, Emund, traveled to Gamla Uppsala and spoke to Olof's councilors, and a settlement was made. Olof agreed to share his power with his son Anund Jacob who was 10 or 12 years at the time. Olof was also forced to accept a settlement with Olaf II of Norway at Kungahälla.[17] The veracity of Snorri Sturluson's account of Olof Skötkonung, written more than two centuries later, is difficult to assess; however, he quotes several probably genuine scaldic verses which allude to some of the related events. result of the hostilities between Olof Skötkonung and Olaf of Norway was, according to Snorri Sturluson, that the people of Jämtland and Hälsingland came under the Swedish rather than Norwegian king. Previously the Jämtlanders and part of the Hälsinglanders had adhered to Norway since the days of Hakon the Good.[18] The veracity of this is not known, but the medieval provincial laws of Jämtland show Swedish influences, and there are indications that Christianity arrived from Central Sweden in the 11th century.[19] Jämtland reverted to the Norwegian king in 1111, while Hälsingland was henceforth under Sweden.[20] ally Sweyn Forkbeard occupied England in 1013, but died shortly afterwards, and the Anglo-Saxon ruler Æthelred the Unready was able to return. According to Adam of Bremen, "the son of the king, Cnut, returned home with the army and prepared a new war against the English. Olav [II], whom the Norwegians had chosen as their commander, now separated from the Danish kingdom. Cnut, who felt threatened from two directions, then entered an alliance with his brother Olof Eriksson who ruled in Sweden, and planned to take power in England, and then in Norway, with his assistance. Equipped with a thousand large ships, Cnut thus traversed the British Sea".[21] From Swedish rune stones it also appears that many people joined the Danish Viking expeditions of the early 11th century. After Cnut the Great became King of England in 1016, he sent the two sons of the deceased King Edmund Ironside to Olof (who was either Canute's half-brother or stepbrother), supposedly with instructions to have the children murdered. Instead of having them killed, the two boys were secretly sent either to Kiev,[22] where Olof's daughter Ingigerd was the Queen, or to Poland, where Canute's uncle Bolesław I Chrobry was duke.[23] King in the Westrogothic law from c. 1240 is the first brief Swedish chronicle, which begins with Olof Skötkonung. It relates that Olof was baptized in Husaby in Västergötland by the missionary Sigfrid, and made generous donations on spot.[24] At Husaby parish church, there is a sign commemorating his baptism; nearby is a well thought to be the same sacred spring where Olof was baptized. was the first Swedish king to remain a Christian until his death. the circumstances about his baptism are not clear. A document from 1008 says that a certain bishop, dispatched by Archbishop Bruno of Querfurt, visited the Suigi tribe and managed to baptize the king, whose queen was already Christian. 1,000 people and seven communities followed his example. The Suigi have sometimes been identified as the Swedes, though this has been rejected by several other scholars.[25] the other hand, Olof's coinage (see below) indicates that he was a Christian already at the time of his accession in c. 995.[26] to Adam of Bremen, Olof planned to tear down the Uppsala temple, which was allegedly an important cult centre.[27] fact that a large part of the Swedes were still pagan forced him to abandon this aim. The pagans, weary of his plans, made an agreement with Olof to the effect that he, if he wished to be a Christian, must exercise his royal authority in a province of his choice. If he founded a church, he was not supposed to force anyone to convert. was content with this and installed a bishopric in the province of Västergötland, closer to Denmark and Norway. On the wishes of Olof, the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen anointed Thurgot as the first Bishop in Skara. This Thurgot was successful in disseminating Christianity among the West Geats and east Geats.[28] legend of St. Sigfrid, known since the 13th century, relates that the still pagan Olof called in the English Archbishop of York, Sigfrid, to teach the new faith in his realm. his way, Sigfrid and his three nephews came to Värend in southern Småland where the twelve local tribes endorsed Christianity at a Thing. left his nephews to tend matters in Värend and proceeded to Olof's court where the king and his family were baptised. a heathen reaction in Värend cost the lives of the nephews, whose heads were sunk in the Växjö Lake. about this, Sigfrid returned to Värend where the heads were discovered through a miracle. Olof then appeared in Värend with a force, punished the murderers, and forced the locals to yield properties to the Church. the legend reflects the expansion of Olof's realm to the south is unsure. The account seems to incorporate various elements in order to legitimise the establishment of the Bishopric of Växjö in c. 1170.[29] is nevertheless known from Adam of Bremen that an English missionary called Sigfrid preached among the Swedes and Geats in the first half of the 11th century.[30] and extent of the realm he stamped coins in Sigtuna in the province of Uppland Olof used the word rex for king--OLUF REX as in the coin displayed above or OLAF REX. The use of Latin seems to suggest that he was already baptised at this time but on the other hand the coins were imitating English pennies in type and style. Sigtuna is written SITUN, ZINT (in the coin above), ZTNETEI, or SIDEI. The two last have been deciphered as Si(gtuna) Dei meaning God's Sigtuna.[31][32] The earliest of Olof's coins merely depict him as "King in Sigtuna", while the later ones have "King of the Swedes". has been suggested that this change in nomenclature relates to a widening of Olof's base of power around 1000. Sigtuna may be understood as the area in Uppland ruled from the town of this name, while rulership over the Swedes may indicate a more extensive realm. Contemporary scaldic poetry indicates Olof as the ruler of the Swedes as well as the Geats (Götar), and the same goes for the account of Adam of Bremen.[33] The exact nature of the relation between the Swedes and Geats, and the process by which a unified kingdom was created, has been intensively debated. While the unification has traditionally been thought to depart from the provinces around lake Mälaren some scholars hold that the Geatic provinces were leading the process, and that the construction of a Swedish kingdom was a long process that was only concluded in the 13th century.[34] Óláfsdrápa sænska Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti spent some time at Olof's court and composed the poem Óláfsdrápa sænska describing Olof's war expeditions in the east. The poem is interesting, since it gives a view of the reign of Olof: "The warrior guards his land, few kings are as mighty as him; Olof pleases the eagle, the Swedish king is outstanding".[35] Other skalds who served Olof were Gunnlaugr ormstunga, Hrafn Önundarson and Gizurr svarti. The alleged Olaf Grave at Husaby Church from Snorri Sturluson's chronology of events, Olof died a natural death in the winter of 1021–1022.[36] of Bremen asserts that he died at approximately the same time as Cnut the Great (1035), which is certainly too late.[37] that he was martyred after refusing to sacrifice to pagan gods are likely due to a mix-up with the king Olof from Vita Ansgari and Olof Trätälja from Norse sources.[38] the 1740s, it has been claimed that he was buried in Husaby in the Christian part of his kingdom, but such identifications are controversial.[39] was the son of Eric the Victorious (Erik Segersäll) and a woman whose identity is debated. According to Adam of Bremen she was the sister or daughter of Boleslaw I Chrobry of Poland, but, according to Icelandic sources, she was Sigrid the Haughty (Sigrid Storråda), a daughter of the Viking chief Skoglar Toste. sources say that Olof had a brother called Emunde. his mistress Edla, daughter of a Slavic chief, he first had three children: Emund the Old, King of Sweden in c. 1050–1060 Astrid, d. after 1035, married to Olaf II of Norway (Olaf the Saint) Holmfrid (possibly sister of Olof), married to Sven Jarl of Norway his spouse Queen Estrid he had two children: Anund Jacob, King of Sweden in 1022–c. 1050 Ingegerd, d. 1050, married to Yaroslav I of Kiev Russia, Novgorod, 1019-1056, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, Kiev Rus Queen, two Cathedrals, , gave her children a true Christian upbringing, marked by a strong faith in God; and love of work, integrity and learning, she left the world and went into a monastery; Kiev Rus Queen, 1019-1050, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden ; Olofsdotter of Sweden, also known as Irene, Anna and Saint Anna (1001 – 10 February 1050), was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev. was the daughter of Swedish King Olof Skotkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites and the consort of Yaroslav I the Wise of Ingegerd or Saint Anna is often confused with the mother of Saint Vladimir “the Enlightenerâ€ of the Rus. This is mainly because Ingegerd and Yaroslav also had a son named Vladimir. However, Saint Vladimir was the father of Ingegerd’s husband Yaroslav I “the Wiseâ€, thus making her Saint Vladimir’s daughter-in-law. Saint Vladimir was the son of Sviatoslav and Malusha.[1] Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was born a princess in the court of King Olof Skötkonung. In 1015, after Olaf II of Norway assumed the throne as King of Norway, he proposed a royal marriage alliance. In 1016, noblemen of both countries tried to arrange a marriage between King Olaf and Princess Ingegerd. Olof Skötkonung agreed at first but later he reneged. Rather he agreed to the marriage of his daughter, Astrid Olavsdatter to King Olaf. [2][3][4] Skötkonung subsequently arranged for the marriage of Princess Ingegerd to the powerful Grand Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod with whom Sweden had a flourishing trade relationship. The marriage took place in 1019. [5] in Kiev, Ingegerd had her name changed to the Greek Irene. According to several sagas, she received as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands, which later became known as Ingria, arguably a corruption of Ingegerd's name. She arranged for her father's cousin, jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, to rule in her stead.[6] [7] Ingegerd and Yaroslav had six sons and four daughters; three of the latter becoming Queens of France, Hungary, and Norway. The whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the Saint Sophia. and burial[edit] died on 10 February 1050. Upon her death, according to different sources, Ingegerd was buried in either Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev or Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. initiated the building of the Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev (foundation laid in 1037). also initiated the construction of Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod (built between 1045 and 1050). was later declared a saint under the name of St. Anna in Novgorod and Kiev. The reason for her sainthood was that she initiated the building of both cathedrals in Kiev and in Novgorod together with many other good deeds. following was stated by the church in reference to her sainthood: Anna, Grand Duchess of Novgorod, She was the daughter of Swedish King Olaf Sketktung, the "All-Christian King," who did much to spread Orthodoxy in Scandinavia, and the pious Queen Astrida. Sweden she was known as Princess Indegard; she married Yaroslav I “the Wise“, Grand Prince of Kiev, who was the founder of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1016, taking the name Irene. gave shelter to the outcast sons of British King Edmund, Edwin and Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of , himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and progenitor of the Princes of Moscow. daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth (Elisiv) of Norway. The whole family was profoundly devout and pious. reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (St. Sophia) in Kiev, having been tonsured a monastic with the name of Anna. As saint, her hymn goes: 4 stichera, in Tone I: Spec. Mel.: Joy of the ranks of heaven joy of the Swedish people, thou didst gladden the Russian realm, filling it with grace and purity, adorning its throne with majesty, lustrous in piety like a priceless gem set in a splendid royal crown. Ingegerd in the baptismal waters, O venerable one, thou wast called Irene by thy Russian subjects, who perceived in thee the divine and ineffable peace; but when thou didst submit to monastic obedience, thou didst take the new name, Anna, after the honoured ancestor of Christ, the King of kings. in honourable matrimony, O holy Anna, thou didst live in concord with thy royal spouse, the right-believing and most wise Prince Yaroslav; and having born him holy offspring, after his repose thou didst betroth thyself unto the Lord as thy heavenly all the allurements of vanity and donning the coarse robes of a monastic, O wondrous and sacred Anna, thou gavest thyself over to fasting and prayer, ever entreating Christ thy Master, that He deliver thy people from the all want and misfortune. Feast days: 10 February, 4 October. Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Holy Princess Anna of Novgorod, wife of Great Prince Yaroslav the Wise, gave her children a true Christian upbringing, marked by a strong faith in God; and love of work, integrity and learning. son Mstislav later became Great Prince of Kiev, and her daughter the queen of a western European realm. Saint Anna left the world and went into a monastery, where she ended her days in strict obedience and prayer in the year 1056. Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Sweden, 1013-66, North Sea Empire, aka Anglo Scandanavian E, England Denmark&Norway(Sweden), end oViking Age
North Sea Empire, aka Anglo Scandanavian E, England Denmark&Norway, 1013-42 or66, only 29 or 53yrs, end oViking Age, collapsed i35 upon Cnut's death, ended 42 Harthacnut death England inherited by Wessex Anglo Saxon Edward tConvessor, tune upon his death in 1066 with no heirs by relative French Norman William tConqueror 1066; Viking North Sea Empire; North Sea Empire, also known as the Anglo-Scandinavian Empire, was the personal union of the kingdoms of England, Denmark[a] and Norway for most of the period between 1013 and 1042 towards the end of the Viking Age.[1] ephemeral Norse-ruled empire was a thalassocracy, its components only connected by and dependent upon the sea.[2] first king to unite all three kingdoms was Sweyn Forkbeard, king of Denmark since 986 and of Norway since 1000, when he conquered England in 1013. died in the following year, and his realm was divided. son Cnut the Great acquired England in 1016, Denmark in 1018 and Norway in 1028. died in 1035 and his realm was again divided, but his successor in Denmark, Harthacnut, inherited England in 1040 and ruled it until his death in 1042. the height of his power, when Cnut ruled all three kingdoms (1028–1035), he was the most powerful ruler in western Europe after the Holy Roman Emperor.[b] See also: History of Anglo-Saxon England and Cnut the Great's invasion of England was the younger son of the Danish king Sweyn Forkbeard. When his father died on 3 February 1014 during an invasion of England, Cnut, who had been left in command of the fleet in the River Trent while Sweyn was in the south of England, was acclaimed by the Danes. However, the invasion fell apart: the men of the Kingdom of Lindsey, who had promised to supply horses for a tactical raid, were not ready before the English nobles had reinstalled King Æthelred (whom they had previously sent into exile), after forcing him to agree to govern less harshly.[8] brother Harald became the King of Denmark, but with help from Eric Haakonsson of Norway, Cnut raised a new invasion fleet of his own and returned to England in the summer of 1015. The English were divided by intrigue among the king, his sons, and other nobles; within four months one of Æthelred's sons had pledged allegiance to Cnut and he controlled Wessex, the historic heart of the kingdom. Before the decisive battle for London could be fought, Æthelred died on 23 April 1016. The Londoners chose his son Edmund as their king, while most of the nobles met at Southampton and swore fealty to Cnut. Cnut blockaded London, but was forced to leave to replenish his supplies and was beaten by Edmund at the Battle of Otford; however, following the Danes as they raided into Essex, Edmund was in turn defeated at the Battle of Assandun. He and Cnut struck an agreement under which Edmund would retain Wessex and Cnut would rule all of England north of the River Thames. However, on 30 November 1016, Edmund in turn died, leaving Cnut as the King of England.[9] the summer of 1017 he cemented his power by marrying Æthelred's widow, Emma, although he had previously married an English noblewoman, Ælfgifu of Northampton.[10] In 1018 he paid off his fleet (with money especially from the citizens of London) and was fully recognised as King of England.[11] See also: History of Denmark § Middle Ages the Great Harald died childless in 1018 or 1019, leaving the country without a king. Cnut was his brother's heir and went to Denmark in 1019 to claim it. While there he sent his subjects in England a letter saying he was abroad to avert an unspecified "danger",[12] and he only returned to quell incipient rebellions.[13] One Danish chronicle states that the Danes had previously deposed Harald in favour of Cnut, then brought back Harald because of Cnut's frequent absences, until Cnut finally became king permanently after his brother's death.[14] Olaf II of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden, seeing the combined Anglo-Danish kingdom as a threat – Cnut's father Sweyn had asserted power over both their countries – took advantage of Cnut's being in England to attack Denmark in 1025 or 1026, and were joined by Ulf Jarl, Cnut's Danish regent, and his brother. Cnut took Olaf's fleet by surprise and took the battle to the Swedish fleet at the Battle of the Helgeå.[15] The precise outcome is disputed, but Cnut came out best; Olaf fled and the threat to Denmark was dispelled.[16] 1027, Cnut travelled to Rome, partly to expiate his sin for having Jarl Ulf killed the previous Christmas, partly to attend the coronation of Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor and to demonstrate his importance as a ruler. He secured relaxation of tolls levied on pilgrims journeying to Rome from Northern Europe, and on Papal fees for English archbishops receiving their pallium; he also began a relationship with Conrad that led to the Emperor's son Henry marrying Cnut's daughter Gunnhild and before that to the Emperor ceding to Denmark Schleswig and a strip of ancient Danish territory between Hedeby and the Eider that the Germans had occupied as a buffer zone against the Danes.[17] also: Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) Olaf II had extended his power throughout Norway while Jarl Erik was with Cnut in England.[18] Cnut's enmity with him extended further back: Æthelred had returned to England in a fleet provided by Olaf.[19] In 1024 Cnut had offered to let Olaf govern Norway as his vassal;[20] but after Helgeå, he set about undermining his unpopular rule with bribes, and in 1028 set out with 50 ships to subjugate Norway. A large contingent of Danish ships joined him, and Olaf withdrew into the Oslo Fjord while Cnut sailed along the coast, landing at various points and receiving oaths of allegiance from the local chieftains. Finally at Nidaros, now Trondheim, he was acclaimed king at the Eyrathing, and in a few months Olaf fled to Sweden.[21] 1030, Olaf attempted to return, but the people of the Trondheim area did not want him back and he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Stiklestad. of Sweden[edit] See also: History of Sweden (800–1521) Helgeå, Cnut also claimed to rule "part of Sweden" together with England, Denmark, and Norway.[7] He may have had coins minted either in the capital, Sigtuna, or in Lund, then part of Denmark, with the inscription CNVT REX SW ("Cnut King of the Swedes"). Western Geatland or Blekinge have been suggested.[22] It was probably either overlordship or disputed rule; Cnut did not have to be present in Sweden to order the minting of coins, coins were also minted asserting he ruled Ireland.[23] These coins are however usually regarded as copies of coins minted in Denmark (curiously, coins stating that the Swedish king Olof Skötkonung was King of England have also been found in Sigtuna).[24][25] Irish coinage and Swedish history at this early date is very uncertain.[26] Anglo-Saxon sources state Anund Jakob won the Battle of Helgeå.[27] If the Danes controlled Sweden they did only control Svealand for a maximum of 3 years before Anund ousted Cnut. In 1030 Anund is again in firm control according to sources of Sweden. Since Anund Jakob decided on bishops for all of Sweden 1030 in Adam of Bremens source. Adam does not mention a Danish conquest in his description of Anunds reign 1030. Rather Anund Jakob and Sweden militarily supported Olaf the second in his attempts to regain the Norwegian throne from Cnut 1030.[27][28] areas[edit] addition to part of Sweden, of which he or the person who wrote the heading to his letter claimed he was king part of, Cnut received tribute from the Wends and was allied with the Poles; in 1022, together with Godwin and Ulf Jarl, he took a fleet east into the Baltic to confirm his overlordship of the coastal areas that the Danish kings dominated from Jomsborg.[29] after his return from Rome, Cnut led an army into Scotland and made vassals of Malcolm, the high king of Scotland, and two other kings,[30] one of whom, Echmarcach mac Ragnaill, was a sea-king whose lands included Galloway and the Isle of Man and would become king of Dublin in 1036. All these and likely also the Welsh[31] paid tribute, on the model of the Danegeld that Æthelred had instituted to pay off the Danes; and Cnut was thus reasserting the dominion over the Celtic kingdoms that recent English kings had had to let lapse, as well as punishing those who had supported Olaf against him.[20] A verse by the Icelandic skald Óttarr svarti calls Cnut "king of the Danes, the Irish, the English and the Islanders"; presumably Norway is omitted because Cnut had not yet come to power there.[32] also: Christianization of Scandinavia By the early 11th century, England had been Christian for centuries; the Danelaw was in transition from paganism to Christianity,[33] but the Scandinavian countries were still predominantly pagan.[34] Cnut's father, Sweyn, had initially been pagan but in later life had been basically Christian.[35] In England, Cnut assiduously promoted the interests of the Church, and this brought him acceptance from the Christian rulers of Europe that no other Scandinavian king had previously been accorded.[36] In Norway, in contrast, he built churches and was both respectful and generous to the clergy, but also made allies of the heathen chieftains, and unlike Olaf, did not make laws benefitting the Church until his power was on a solid footing.[20] See also: Thing (assembly) and Witenagemot Earldoms of England c. 1025 Penny of Cnut the Great in 1017, probably because he was king by right of conquest not more normal means, Cnut divided England into four earldoms on the Scandinavian model: Wessex he governed directly, and of his allies Thorkell the Tall became Earl of East Anglia, Eric Haakonsson retained Northumbria, which Cnut had already given him, and Eadric Streona became Earl of Mercia. But the last was disgraced and executed within a year. In 1018 Cnut revived at least two earldoms in Wessex and at a meeting at Oxford, his followers and representatives of the English agreed that he would govern under the laws of King Edgar.[37] historian Frank Stenton points out that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has relatively little to say about Cnut's reign except to note his frequent travels abroad, indicating that he was in strong control of England. Thorkell likely acted as his regent during his absences,[38] until they had a falling out and he was outlawed in 1021. The terms of their reconciliation in Denmark in 1023, with an exchange of sons for fosterage and Thorkell becoming Cnut's regent in Denmark, suggests that Thorkell had won them with an armed force.[39] it was left to another of Cnut's earls, Siward, to protect his earldom of Northumbria by consolidating English power in Scotland; at his death in 1055 he, not the king, was overlord of all the territory that the Kingdom of Strathclyde had annexed early the previous century.[30] Danes had more reason to grumble about Cnut's absences than the English; he reigned primarily from England, leaving regents in charge in Denmark.[40] He replaced Thorkell as his primary advisor in England with Godwin, an Englishman whom he made Earl of Wessex,[41] while within three years of their reconciliation he had also been replaced as regent of Denmark, by Ulf Jarl, Cnut's sister's husband, whom Cnut also made guardian of his son by Emma, Harthacnut.[42] Ulf in turn proved less than loyal, first conspiring against him with the kings of Sweden and Norway, then making a power play by having the nobles swear fealty to Harthacnut (thus effectively to him); Cnut returned to Denmark at Christmas 1026, ordered his housecarls to kill Ulf, and it was done in Trinity church at Roskilde.[41] By the end of his life, he had entirely replaced the Scandinavian inner circle who advised him with Englishmen.[43] Norway, Cnut stayed into the new year and then left Jarl Erik's son Hakon in charge as his regent (he had served Sweyn Forkbeard in the same capacity), but he drowned the following winter.[44] As his replacement Cnut sent Swein, the younger of his two sons by Ælfgifu and thus known as Sveinn Alfífuson in Norway – along with his mother as guardian. They were delayed in southern Norway while Olaf's return was rebuffed, but became even more unpopular than he had been. Ælfgifu tried to impose new taxation and stricter controls on a people who valued their independence and especially resented that the new customs were Danish.[44][45] also prepared to hand over Denmark to one of his sons: upon taking power in Norway, he held a great court in Nidaros and proclaimed Harthacnut, his son by Emma, king of Denmark.[46] As Stenton points out, by appointing different sons his heirs in different countries, he demonstrated that he did not have "the deliberate intention of founding a northern empire . . . [which] would remain united after his death."[47] It may have been simply the custom of his people.[48] In any event, it was clear throughout Cnut's reign that the weakness of his empire lay in the impossibility of finding loyal and competent regents to govern when he could not be present.[49] And his sons could not hold it together. Cnut's death[edit] North Sea Empire collapsed immediately once Cnut died in 1035. In Norway, it was already collapsing: by the winter of 1033, Swein and Ælfgifu were so unpopular that they were forced to leave Trondheim. In 1034, the leader of the army that had rebuffed and killed King Olaf at Stiklestad went together with one of the king's loyal followers to bring his young son Magnus back from Gardariki to rule,[50] and in autumn 1035, a few weeks before Cnut's death, Swein and his mother had to flee the country altogether and go to Denmark.[47] Swein died shortly afterwards. Denmark, Harthacnut was already ruling as king, but he was unable to leave for three years because of the threat that Magnus of Norway would invade to exact revenge. In the meantime the English nobles, divided between him and Cnut's younger son by Ælfgifu, Harold Harefoot, decided to compromise by having Harold rule as regent; by the end of 1037, Ælfgifu had persuaded the most important nobles to swear allegiance to Harold, who was firmly ensconced as Harold I – and Harthacnut's own mother, Queen Emma, had been forced to take refuge in Flanders.[51] prepared an invasion fleet to wrest England from his half-brother, but the latter died in 1040 before it could be used. Harthacnut then became king of England, reuniting it with Denmark, but made a generally bad impression as king. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle said of him that he never did anything royal during his entire reign.[52] He died suddenly in June 1042 "as he stood at his drink" at the wedding feast of Tovi the Proud, one of the Danish thegns of his father's court. At first glance Harthacnut's death seems to have brought about the end of the North Sea Empire.[53] However, Magnus of Norway, utilising the agreement he had made with Harthacnut in 1040, took control of Denmark and had plans to invade England and reunite the kingdoms and Empire. In consolidating his power in Denmark he crushed a Wendish invasion at the battle of Lyrskov Hede initiated shortly after he had destroyed the Jomsviking heartlands. This may have been an effective own goal, as it destroyed one of the key political and military components of Sveyn Forkbeard and Cnut the Great's rise to dominence. While Magnus had ejected Sveyn Estridsson from Denmark in 1046, Adam of Bremen briefly notes that Sveyn and an Earl Tovi removed Magnus from Denmark in 1047. This is confirmed by the contemporary Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which reports that in 1047 Sveyn asked England for 50 ships to help in the battle against Magnus. "And then Sveyn expelled Magnus from Denmark and entered the country by a huge carnage, and the Danes paid him a large sum of money and recognized him as king. And the same year Magnus died.'[54]

Sweden, 1019-1056, Princess Anna, Kiev Rus Queen, two Cathedrals, children Christian upbringing, to monastery
Russia, Novgorod, 1019-1056, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, Kiev Rus Queen, two Cathedrals, , gave her children a true Christian upbringing, marked by a strong faith in God; and love of work, integrity and learning, she left the world and went into a monastery; Kiev Rus Queen, 1019-1050, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden ; Olofsdotter of Sweden, also known as Irene, Anna and Saint Anna (1001 – 10 February 1050), was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev. was the daughter of Swedish King Olof Skotkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites and the consort of Yaroslav I the Wise of Ingegerd or Saint Anna is often confused with the mother of Saint Vladimir “the Enlightenerâ€ of the Rus. This is mainly because Ingegerd and Yaroslav also had a son named Vladimir. However, Saint Vladimir was the father of Ingegerd’s husband Yaroslav I “the Wiseâ€, thus making her Saint Vladimir’s daughter-in-law. Saint Vladimir was the son of Sviatoslav and Malusha.[1] Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was born a princess in the court of King Olof Skötkonung. In 1015, after Olaf II of Norway assumed the throne as King of Norway, he proposed a royal marriage alliance. In 1016, noblemen of both countries tried to arrange a marriage between King Olaf and Princess Ingegerd. Olof Skötkonung agreed at first but later he reneged. Rather he agreed to the marriage of his daughter, Astrid Olavsdatter to King Olaf. [2][3][4] Skötkonung subsequently arranged for the marriage of Princess Ingegerd to the powerful Grand Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod with whom Sweden had a flourishing trade relationship. The marriage took place in 1019. [5] in Kiev, Ingegerd had her name changed to the Greek Irene. According to several sagas, she received as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands, which later became known as Ingria, arguably a corruption of Ingegerd's name. She arranged for her father's cousin, jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, to rule in her stead.[6] [7] Ingegerd and Yaroslav had six sons and four daughters; three of the latter becoming Queens of France, Hungary, and Norway. The whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the Saint Sophia. and burial[edit] died on 10 February 1050. Upon her death, according to different sources, Ingegerd was buried in either Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev or Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. initiated the building of the Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev (foundation laid in 1037). also initiated the construction of Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod (built between 1045 and 1050). was later declared a saint under the name of St. Anna in Novgorod and Kiev. The reason for her sainthood was that she initiated the building of both cathedrals in Kiev and in Novgorod together with many other good deeds. following was stated by the church in reference to her sainthood: Anna, Grand Duchess of Novgorod, She was the daughter of Swedish King Olaf Sketktung, the "All-Christian King," who did much to spread Orthodoxy in Scandinavia, and the pious Queen Astrida. Sweden she was known as Princess Indegard; she married Yaroslav I “the Wise“, Grand Prince of Kiev, who was the founder of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1016, taking the name Irene. gave shelter to the outcast sons of British King Edmund, Edwin and Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of , himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and progenitor of the Princes of Moscow. daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth (Elisiv) of Norway. The whole family was profoundly devout and pious. reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (St. Sophia) in Kiev, having been tonsured a monastic with the name of Anna. As saint, her hymn goes: 4 stichera, in Tone I: Spec. Mel.: Joy of the ranks of heaven joy of the Swedish people, thou didst gladden the Russian realm, filling it with grace and purity, adorning its throne with majesty, lustrous in piety like a priceless gem set in a splendid royal crown. Ingegerd in the baptismal waters, O venerable one, thou wast called Irene by thy Russian subjects, who perceived in thee the divine and ineffable peace; but when thou didst submit to monastic obedience, thou didst take the new name, Anna, after the honoured ancestor of Christ, the King of kings. in honourable matrimony, O holy Anna, thou didst live in concord with thy royal spouse, the right-believing and most wise Prince Yaroslav; and having born him holy offspring, after his repose thou didst betroth thyself unto the Lord as thy heavenly all the allurements of vanity and donning the coarse robes of a monastic, O wondrous and sacred Anna, thou gavest thyself over to fasting and prayer, ever entreating Christ thy Master, that He deliver thy people from the all want and misfortune. Feast days: 10 February, 4 October. Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Holy Princess Anna of Novgorod, wife of Great Prince Yaroslav the Wise, gave her children a true Christian upbringing, marked by a strong faith in God; and love of work, integrity and learning. son Mstislav later became Great Prince of Kiev, and her daughter the queen of a western European realm. Saint Anna left the world and went into a monastery, where she ended her days in strict obedience and prayer in the year 1056. Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Sweden, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Pope declares Northern Crusades 1195-1350

Sweden, 1200, 13th Century, Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice

Sweden, 1222-1266, Jarl Birger, Jarl is 2nd to t King, Jarl to Eric VI & Valdemar his (Birger's) son, haughty, lost to Nevsky
Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Magnus IV, bought Norway

Sweden, 1523-1611, History Folder, Protestant Nobility, Union w Poland Lithuania

Sweden, 1523-1560, Swedish King, Gustav I, liberated Sweden from Denmark Norway's Kalmer Union, centralization, Lutheran
Swedish King, 1523-1560, Gustav I ; I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496[1] - 29 September 1560), was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560,[2] previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the Stockholm Bloodbath, where his father was executed. Gustav's election as king on 6 June 1523 and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.[3] king, Gustav proved an energetic administrator with a ruthless streak not inferior to his predecessor's, brutally suppressing subsequent uprisings (three in Dalarna – which had once been the first region to support his claim to the throne – one in Västergötland, and one in Småland). He worked to raise taxes and bring about a Reformation in Sweden, replacing the prerogatives of local landowners, noblemen and clergy with centrally appointed governors and bishops. His 37-year rule, which was the longest of a mature Swedish king to that date (subsequently passed by Gustav V and Carl XVI Gustav) saw a complete break with not only the Danish - Norwegian supremacy but also the Roman Catholic Church, whose assets were nationalised, with the Lutheran Church of Sweden established under his personal control. He became the first truly autocratic native Swedish sovereign and was a skilled bureaucrat and propagandist, with tales of his largely fictitious adventures during the liberation struggle still widespread to this day. In 1544, he abolished Medieval Sweden's elective monarchy and replaced it with a hereditary monarchy under the House of Vasa, which held the Swedish throne until 1654. Thus, three of his sons, Eric XIV, John III and Charles IX, all held the kingship at different points.[4] I has subsequently been labelled the founder of modern Sweden, and the "father of the nation". Gustav liked to compare himself to Moses, whom he believed to have also liberated his people and established a sovereign state. As a person, Gustav was known for ruthless methods and a bad temper, but also a fondness for music and had a certain sly wit and ability to outmaneuver and annihilate his opponents. He founded one of the now oldest orchestras of the world, the Kungliga Hovkapellet (Royal Court Orchestra). Royal housekeeping accounts from 1526 mention twelve musicians including wind players and a timpanist but no string players.[5] Today the Kungliga Hovkapellet is the orchestra of the Royal Swedish Opera.[6][7] St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Sweden, 1527, Lutheranism established by Riksdag of the Estates
Sweden, 1527, Lutheranism established by Riksdag of the Estates ;

Sweden, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583), the Livonian War, R lost to Stefan Batory
Sweden, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583); Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. the period 1558–1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, while Sweden and Denmark both intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576. 1576, Stefan Batory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. This was followed by an extended campaign through Russia culminating in the long and difficult siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Sweden, 1559-1623, Macarius, Zhabyn's founder, Poles destroyed, new spring water fPole, forgotten, then incorrupt r
Russia, Ryazan, 1559-1623, Macarius oZhabyn's Monastery, Belev, Rayazan, born 1539, Tonsured Onuphrius, founded Z monastery 1585 near Belev, 1615 Z destroyed by Lisovski's Poles, M restored it, Stone church this time, with gates bell-tower, lifetime severe monk struggles, cold heat hunger thirst , prayed tGod solitude deep into forest, once heard lost moaning polish enemy, probably destroyed monastery, asked for drink, love surged forth, prayer, plunged staff, spring gushed forth, gave man a drink, when monastery life restored, M withdrew took Schema name Macarius, forgotten about until incorrupt relics found in 1818, then Igumen Jonah fOptina near Zhabyn became head oZhabyn and reestablished Feast oSaint Macarius 1888; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Macarius of Zhabyn, Wonderworker of Belev, was born in the year 1539. his early years he was tonsured with the name Onuphrius, in the year 1585 he founded Zhabyn’s Monastery of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple near the River Oka, not far from the city of Belev. 1615 the monastery was completely destroyed by Polish soldiers under the command of Lisovski. to the charred remains, the monk began to restore the monastery. He again gathered the brethren, in place of the wooden church a stone church was built in honor of the Entry of the Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple (November 21), a bell-tower at the gates. saint spent his life in austere monastic struggles, cold, heat, hunger and thirst, as the monastery accounts relate. often went deep into the forest, where he prayed to God in solitude. when he was following a path in the forest, he heard a faint moaning. looked around and saw a weary Polish man reclining against a tree trunk, with his sabre beside him. had strayed from his regiment and had become lost in the forest. In a barely audible voice this enemy, might have been one of the destroyers of the monastery, for a drink of water. and sympathy surged up within the monk. With a prayer to the Lord, he plunged his staff into the ground. At once, a fresh spring of water gushed forth, and he gave the dying man a drink. both the external and internal life of the monastery had been restored, Onuphrius withdrew from the general monastic life, having entrusted the guidance of the brethren to one of his disciples, took the schema with the name Macarius. the place of his solitude, he chose a spot along the upper tributary of the River Zhabynka. one verst separated the mouth of the tributary and the banks of the River Oka. ascetical struggles of Saint Macarius were concealed not only from the world, but also from his beloved brethren. died in 1623 at the age of eighty-four, at the hour when the roosters start to crow. He was buried opposite the gates of the monastery on January 22, the commemoration of Saint Timothy, where a church was later built and named for him. Iconographic Originals has preserved a description of Saint Macarius in his last years: had gray hair with a small beard, and over his monastic riassa he wore the schema. of Saint Macarius was established at the end of the seventeenth century, or the beginning of the eighteenth. to Tradition, his relics remained uncovered, but by 1721 they were interred in a crypt. the eighteenth century the monastery became deserted. memory of his deeds and miracles was so completely forgotten, when the incorrupt relics of the monastery’s founder were uncovered during the construction of the church of Saint Nicholas in 1816, a general panikhida was served over them. restoration of the liturgical commemoration of Saint Macarius of Belev is credited to Igumen Jonah, was born on January 22 (the Feast of Saint Macarius), who began his own monastic journey at the Optina monastery not far from the Zhabyn monastery. 1875 Igumen Jonah became head of the Zhabyn monastery. request to re-establish the Feast of Saint Macarius strengthened by the petition of the people of Belev, through the centuries had preserved their faith in the saint. January 22, 1888, the annual commemoration of Saint Macarius of Zhabyn was resumed. 1889, a church dedicated to Saint Macarius was built at his tomb. Jonah who lived at the monastery and actually participated in the construction, that in addition to the building project, the holy relics of Saint Macarius would also be uncovered. everything was on the point of readiness, Macarius appeared to the participants and sternly warned them that they should not proceed with their intention, or they would be punished. memory of this appearance was reverently preserved among the monks of the monastery. Macarius of Zhabynsk is also commemorated on September 22.

Sweden, 1560-1568, King, Eric XIV, intelligent, but mentally unstable, deposed
Swedish King, 1560-1568, Eric XIV of Sweden; XIV (Swedish: Erik XIV; 13 December 1533 - 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1568. Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–35). He was also ruler of Estonia, after its conquest by Sweden in 1561. he has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity. Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders. having been deposed and imprisoned, was most likely murdered. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning.[1]

Sweden, 1568-1592, Swedish King, John III of Sweden, close the P and C gap, Polish wife
Swedish King, 1568-1592, John III of Sweden; III (20 December 1537 - 17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1569 until his death. He was the son of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud. He was also, quite autonomously, the ruler of Finland, as Duke John from 1556 to 1563. In 1581 he assumed also the title Grand Prince of Finland. He attained the Swedish throne after a rebellion against his half-brother Eric XIV. is mainly remembered for his attempts to close the gap between the newly established Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Catholic church, as well as his conflict with, and murder of, his brother. first wife was Catherine Jagellonica of the Polish-Lithuanian ruling family, and their son Sigismund eventually ascended both the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish thrones. Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Sweden, 1592-1599, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic, inherited thrones uniting Poland Sweden, enlightened, deposed
Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic ; III Vasa (20 June 1566 - 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 as well as King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 to 1599. was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa. A religious zealot, he imposed Roman Catholic doctrine across the vast realm, and his crusades against neighbouring states marked Poland's largest territorial expansion. As an enlightened despot, he presided over an era of prosperity and achievement, further distinguished by the transfer of the country's capital from Kraków to Warsaw. was the son of John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagiellon, daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland. Elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he sought to unify Poland and Sweden under one Catholic kingdom, and briefly succeeded upon the creation of the Polish–Swedish union in 1592. The staunch indoctrination of largely Protestant Sweden with Polish ideals caused a war of independence headed by Sigismund's uncle Charles IX, who deposed him in 1599. attempted to hold absolute power in all his dominions and undermined parliament. He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the Jesuits, whom he employed as advisors and spies during the Counter-Reformation. He actively interfered in the affairs of neighbouring countries; he took advantage of a period of civil unrest in Muscovy, known as the Time of Troubles, and invaded Russia, holding Moscow for two years and Smolensk thereafter. Sigismund's army also defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe, which systematically led to the demise of Sultan Osman II. However, the Polish–Swedish conflict had a less favourable outcome. After a series of skirmishes ending in a truce, Gustavus II Adolphus launched a campaign against the Commonwealth which resulted in the partial loss of Polish Livonia and in Sigismund's claim to the Swedish crown.[1] remains a highly controversial figure in Poland. One of the country's most recognisable monarchs, his long reign coincided with the Polish Golden Age, the apex in the prestige, power and economic influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the other hand, it was also during his rule that the seeds of decline surfaced; considerable contributions to the arts and architecture as well as military victories were tarnished by intrigues and religious persecutions.[2] Despite this, he was commemorated in Warsaw by Sigismund's Column, one of the city's chief landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.[3] It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw IV. St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Sweden, 1599-1611, Swedish King, Charles IX of Sweden, protestant, Thirty Years War, Reformation and Counter R
Swedish King, 1599-1611, Charles IX of Sweden; IX, also Carl (Swedish: Karl IX; 4 October 1550 - 30 October 1611), was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death. He was the youngest son of King Gustav I and his second wife, Margaret Leijonhufvud, brother of Eric XIV and John III, and uncle of Sigismund who was king of both Sweden and Poland. By his father's will he got, by way of appanage, the Duchy of Södermanland, which included the provinces of Närke and Värmland; but he did not come into actual possession of them till after the fall of Eric and the succession to the throne of John in 1568. Charles and one of his predecessors, Eric XIV (1560–68), took their regnal numbers according to a fictitious history of Sweden. He was actually the third Swedish king called Charles. came into the throne by championing the Protestant cause during the increasingly tense times of religious strife between competing sects of Christianity. In just over a decade, these would break out as the Thirty Years' War. These conflicts had already caused the dynastic squabble rooted in religious freedom that deposed his nephew and brought him to rule as king of Sweden. reign marked the start of the final chapter (dated 1648 by some) of both the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. With his brother's death in November 1592, the throne of Sweden went to his nephew and Habsburg ally, Sigismund of Poland and Sweden. During these tense political times, Charles viewed the inheritance of the throne of Protestant Sweden by his devout Roman Catholic nephew with alarm. Thus, several years of religious controversy and discord followed. the period, Charles and the Swedish privy council ruled in Sigismund's name while he stayed in Poland. After various preliminaries, the Riksdag of the Estates forced Sigismund to abdicate the throne to Charles IX in 1595. This eventually kicked off nearly seven decades of sporadic warfare as the two lines of the divided House of Vasa both continued to attempt to remake the union between the Polish and Swedish thrones with opposing counter-claims and dynastic wars. likely, the dynastic outcome between Sweden and Poland's House of Vasa exacerbated and radicalized the later actions of Europe's Catholic princes in the German states such as the Edict of Restitution. In fact, it worsened European politics to the abandonment or prevention of settling events by diplomacy and compromise during the vast bloodletting that was the Thirty Years' war. St. John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Sweden, 1605-1618, Swedish Polish Lithuanian Moscovite War, when Russia torn by civil wars
Sweden, 1605-1618, Swedish Polish Lithuanian Moscovite War; of Russia[edit] Shuysky's tribute, homage of the deposed Tsar of Russia Vasyl IV Shuysky and his brothers Dmitri in Warsaw War (1605–1618)[edit] Polish–Muscovite War or the Polish–Russian War (1605–1618), in Poland known as the Dimitriads, took place in the early 17th century as a sequence of military conflicts and eastward invasions carried out by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the private armies and mercenaries led by the magnates (the Commonwealth aristocracy), when the Russian Tsardom was torn by a series of civil wars, the time most commonly referred to in the Russian history as the "Time of Troubles", sparked by the Russian dynastic crisis and overall internal chaos. The sides and their goals changed several times during this conflict: the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was not formally at war with Russia until 1609, and various Russian factions fought amongst themselves, allied with the Commonwealth and other countries or fighting against them. Sweden also participated in the conflict during the course of the Ingrian War (1610–1617), sometimes allying itself with Russia, and other times fighting against it. The aims of the various factions changed frequently as well as the scale of the parties' goals, which ranged from minor border adjustments to imposing the Polish Kings or the Polish-backed impostors' claims to the Russian throne and even the creation of a new state by forming a union between the commonwealth and Russia. Homage in 1611[edit] war can be divided into four stages. In the first stage, certain commonwealth szlachta (nobility), encouraged by some Russian boyars (Russian aristocracy), but without the official consent of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa, attempted to exploit Russia's weakness and intervene in its civil war by supporting the impostors for the tsardom, False Dmitriy I and later False Dmitriy II, against the crowned tsars, Boris Godunov and Vasili Shuiski. The first wave of the Polish intervention began in 1605 and ended in 1606 with the death of False Dmitri I. The second wave started in 1607 and lasted until 1609, when Tsar Vasili made a military alliance with Sweden. In response to this alliance, the Polish king Sigismund III decided to intervene officially and to declare war upon Russia, aiming to weaken Sweden's ally and to gain territorial concessions. of the Crown Stanisław Żółkiewski held a triumphal entry by the Kraków suburb of the Royal Palace, leading with him the prisoners: the Russian tsar Wasyl IV Szujski, his brothers: Dimitri Szujski with his wife - Grand Duchess Ekaterina Grigoryevna, daughter Grigory Malyuta Skuratov and Ivan Shuysky Mikhail Shein, and Filaret, the non-canonical Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. After early commonwealth victories (Battle of Klushino), which culminated in Polish forces entering Moscow in 1610, Sigismund's son, Prince Władysław of Poland, was briefly elected tsar. ładysław IV Vasa – Tsar of Russia[edit] ładysław IV Vasa, King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and elected Tsar of Russia the intensification of the Polish intervention in Muscovy, in 1609, the royal family moved to their residence in Vilnius, capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. There he witnessed the fire of Vilnius, an event which even required the royal family to evacuate their residence in the Vilnius Castle. Later that year, Władysław, aged 15, was elected Tsar by Muscovy's aristocracy council of Seven boyars, who overthrew tsar Vasily Shuysky during the Polish-Muscovite War and Muscovy's Time of Troubles. His election was ruined by his father, Sigismund, who aimed to convert Muscovy's population from Orthodox religion to Catholicism. Sigismund refused to agree to the boyar's request to send prince Władysław to Moscow and his conversion to Orthodoxy. Instead, Sigismund proposed that he should reign as a regent in Muscovy instead.[9] This unrealistic proposal led to a resumption of hostilities. Briefly, beginning in 1610, Władysław struck Muscovite silver and gold coins (Kopek) in the Russian mints in Moscow and Novgorod with his titulary Tsar and Grand Prince Vladislav Zigimontovych of all Russia. ładysław tried to regain the tsar's throne himself, organizing a campaign in 1616. Despite some military victories, he was unable to capture Moscow. The Commonwealth gained some disputed territories in the Truce of Deulino, but Władysław was never able to reign in Russia; the throne during this time was instead held by tsar Michael Romanov. He held on to the title, without any real power, until 1634. Likely, the failure of this campaign showed Władysław the limits of royal power in Poland, as major factors for the failure included significant autonomy of the military commanders, which did not see Władysław as their superior, and lack of funds for the army, as the Polish parliament (sejm) refused to subsidize the war.

Sweden, 1611-1632, Gustav II Adolphus, King, Protestant, great M Commander, inherited 3 wars
Swedish King, 1611-1632, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden; Adolphus (19 December [O.S. 9 December] 1594 - 16 November [O.S. 6 November] 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph,[1] was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power. During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.[2][3][4] is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms.[5] His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631). With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader,[6] but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen (1632). He was assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who also acted as regent after his death. Adolphus inherited three simultaneous and ongoing wars of his father at the age of sixteen. Two of these were border wars with Russia and Denmark, and a more personal war (at least for his father) with Gustavus' first cousin, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland.[7] Of these three wars that were passed onto his rule, the Danish war was the most acute one.[8] During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a Baltic Sea basin regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government.[citation needed] Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare",[9] or the first modern general. He taught a number of other military commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to expand the boundaries and the power of Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting Jesuit collections.[10] contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began parish registration of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people.[11] Historian Christer Jorgensen argues that his actions in the fields of economic reform, trade, modernization, and the creation of a modern bureaucracy were as significant as his actions in war.[citation needed] His domestic reforms, starting from a medieval economy and society, were the foundation for his victories in Germany as well as the creation and survival of the Swedish Empire.[12][failed verification] is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him, including the Gustav-Adolf-Werk. He became a symbol of Swedish pride. St. John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Protestant, Great Northern War, History Folder

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Swedish Empire, 1611-1721, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Sweden, 1612, Swedish Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612, Moscow Kremlin
Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God œof the SignÂ, the œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Sweden, 1613-1671, Stockholm Icon, Stockholm, Icon purchased back tTikhvin, MOG saves fStorm
Stockholm; Stockholm, Sweden, 1613, Stockholm Icon in Tikhvin, St Petersburg area (Tikhvinka River 2), connected to 1383 Tikhvin Icon, 300 yrs later Stockholm Icon appeared in Tikhvin in 1613. Sweden occupied Ivangorod, Yam, Koporje and Ladoga. Novgorod then fell, Tikhvin battleground at Dormition Monastery. large Muscovite army appeared to defend the monastery, Sweden got the icon after treaty, Russians see icon in Swedish store and buy it. Icon saves them from storm in Lake Ladoga on way home, same route as Tikhvin Icon Tikhvin; Stockholm Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on November 13; history of the Stockholm Icon of the Mother of God is closely connected with the sacred symbol of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God (June 26) which appeared in Russia in 1383, on the banks of the Tikhvinka River. The appearance of the Stockholm Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred during the XVI-XVII centuries, which was a time of great strife between Russia and the Kingdom of Sweden. of their collusion with the opponents of the Orthodox Faith, and for many other sins, the wrath of God fell upon the Russian people. Swedish troops occupied the fortresses of Ivangorod, Yam, Koporje, and Ladoga. After a long siege, Novgorod fell into the hands of the enemy. In 1613, Tikhvin became a battleground. The Swedish general Jakob Delagardi brought his troops to the Dormition Monastery and ordered them to destroy it. Three times the Swedes besieged the holy habitation, but the Queen of Heaven did not withdraw her mercy from the monks, striking fear into their enemies, who had been edging forward on every side. September 13, 1613, the eve of the Feast of the Elevation of the Honorable and Life-creating Cross of the Lord, the Swedish regiments retreated when a large Muscovite army appeared to defend the monastery. News of this miracle marked the beginning of the liberation of the entire Novgorod region from foreign troops. Soon the Stolbov Peace Treaty was signed between Russia and Sweden in the presence of the Tikhvin Icon. Thus, the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God has been the protector and patron of the Orthodox in their relations with the Swedes. this Treaty many cities were annexed by Sweden, but the Russian population had to remain in those places. The Orthodox, however, could not accept these terms and, after a short time, a mass exodus of people began from the annexed lands to the territory of Russia. Attempts by the Swedish authorities to keep people in their places by promising to reduce fees and duties did not produce the desired results. The Russian landowners and peasants, who did not wish to live in Sweden, a Lutheran country, left the region because they longed for their homes. Among them were citizens of Tikhvin. They could not forget their city with the golden cupolas of its churches, the ringing of bells, and the icons of the saints, so dear to their hearts. exodus of the Orthodox from the lands conquered by the Swedes continued in the reign of the most devout Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (1645-1676), called "peace-loving" by the people because of his kindness. During his reign Russia acquired the Stockholm Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. day, when the Tikhvin merchants came to the Swedish merchant Phoka in order to purchase some supplies, they saw a familiar Icon, an Icon of the Theotokos which resembled the Tikhvin Icon, only smaller. They prayed fervently, gazing at the expensive Icon, and from that time they came often to Phoka. passed, and a rumor reached Tikhvin that the Swedes in Stockholm had found a Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God. The soul of every man from Tikhvin was sorrowful at seeing this holy object in the hands of foreigners. They grieved to see their Patroness, the Most Holy Theotokos, in a foreign land. So the merchants decided to redeem the Icon. wasn't easy to persuade Phoka, but in the end, afraid of losing his profitable trade connections, he agreed to sell the Icon, asking for 100 gold coins. The matter was settled, and in the twenty-sixth year of the reign of the pious Sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich, the Tikhvin merchants started back again with the newly found holy object in the autumn of 1671. They carried with them the copy of the Tikhvin Icon, adorned with pearls and gemstones. which they had purchased in Stockholm. Lake Ladoga, they were caught in a terrible storm. For several days large waves tossed the ship from side to side. The water was covered with ice, and it was snowing. Just when it seemed that there was no hope, everyone on the ship fell to their knees before the Icon of the Theotokos and began to pray. Suddenly the helmsman shouted, "The Monastery! It is the Monastery of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker." The Stockholm Icon followed the same route as the original Tikhvin Icon three hundred years before, along the rivers Svir and Oyat, and then it was brought to Tikhvin by a shipping route. miraculous rescue of the merchants, and the fact that the Icon had traveled the same route as the Tikhvin Icon, was regarded as a sign of the wonderworking power of the Stockholm Icon. On November 13, it was placed in Tikhvin's Dormition Cathedral for veneration. In the city, the Icon was greeted by a Cross Procession, and all the churches rang their bells. Together with all the people, the Superior of the Great Monastery of the Dormition knelt before the Icon and exclaimed: "The Sovereign Lady has come! She has come, not to a foreign country, but to her own place, to great and glorious Russia, to this holy monastery, where the Angels brought her ancient Icon to dwell." Stockholm Icon of the Queen of Heaven has a beautiful pearl riza, with an embossed crown, and was placed to the left of the Royal Doors, in the main row of the iconostasis of the Savior-Transfiguration Cathedral, which was built on the site of the wooden church established during the reign of Tsar Peter Alekseevich (1696-1725). the reign of Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) the Icon was transferred to a heated cathedral, built in 1870-1872. year on November 13, there is a service in honor of the Stockholm Icon with a Cross Procession. last reliable information concerning the Icon dates back to 1928. It comes from a description of the items confiscated by the Soviet government. Since then, all traces of the Stockholm Icon have disappeared. say that the wonderworking Icon was moved to the Russian Museum in the 1930s, but it is no longer there. It is now in the church of Saint Sergius in Stockholm. This church was founded by a group of Russian Orthodox people in the late 1980s, at that time many immigrants from the former Soviet Union were living in Stockholm, but there was not a single church associated with the Moscow Patriarchate. The Savior-Transfiguration Church in Stockholm is under the jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Constantinople. icons in the altar were painted in Russia, among them is an icon of Saint Sergius, the heavenly patron of the parish. On the walls are icons, both new and old, which were brought to Sweden with the first wave of Russian emigration. Among them there is a particularly revered Stockholm Icon of the Mother of God.

Sweden, 1617, Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 1632-1654, Swedish King, Christina, Queen of Sweden, learned, peacenik, abdicated, converted to C
Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden; (Swedish: Kristina; 18 December 1626 - 19 April 1689), a member of the House of Vasa, was Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.[note 1] She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Lutzen, but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of 18.[7] argued for peace in the Thirty Years' War and received indemnity. The Peace of Westphalia allowed her also to establish an academy or university when and wherever she wanted.[8] The Swedish queen is remembered as one of the most learned women of the 17th century.[9] She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the "Athens of the North". She caused a scandal when she decided not to marry,[10] and in 1654 when she abdicated her throne and converted to Catholicism. financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest after ten years of ruling. At the age of 28, the "Minerva of the North" relinquished the throne to her cousin and moved to Rome.[11] Pope Alexander VII described Christina as "a queen without a realm, a Christian without faith, and a woman without shame."[10] Notwithstanding, she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical community and protected many Baroque artists, composers, and musicians. the guest of five consecutive popes,[12] and a symbol of the Counter Reformation, she is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto. Her unconventional lifestyle and masculine dressing have been featured in countless novels, plays, operas, and film. In all the biographies about Christina, her gender and cultural identity play an important role.[13]

Sweden, The Baltics, 1645,13 Aug, Treaty of Bromsebro, ended part 30 Yrs War
Sweden, The Baltics, 1645,13 Aug, Treaty of Bromsebro; Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date; Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date
Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date; Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, 1654-1660, Swedish King, Charles X Gustav of Sweden, 2nd Northern War
Swedish King, 1654-1660, Charles X Gustav of Sweden; X Gustav, also Carl Gustav (8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. He was the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catherine of Sweden. After his father's death he also succeeded him as Pfalzgraf. He was married to Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp, who bore his son and successor, Charles XI. X Gustav was the second Wittelsbach king of Sweden after the childless king Christopher of Bavaria (1441–1448) and he was the first king of the Swedish Caroline era, which had its peak during the end of the reign of his son, Charles XI. led Sweden during the Second Northern War, enlarging the Swedish Empire. By his predecessor Christina, he was considered de facto Duke of Eyland (Öland)[1] before ascending to the Swedish throne. Second Northern War (1655–60), also First or Little Northern War) was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg Monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway (1657–58 and 1658–60). The Dutch Republic often intervened against Sweden in an informal trade war but was not a recognized part of the Polish–Danish alliance.) 1655, Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was already occupied by Russia. The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as the Swedish Deluge. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a Swedish fief, the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa fled to the Habsburgs. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia initially supported the estates in Royal Prussia, but allied with Sweden in return for receiving the Duchy of Prussia as a Swedish fief. Exploiting the hurt religious feelings of the Roman Catholic population under Protestant occupation and organizing Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the Tyszowce Confederation, John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656. Russia took advantage of the Swedish setback, declared war on Sweden and pushed into Lithuania and Swedish Livonia. numbering as Charles X derives from a 16th-century invention. The Swedish king Charles IX (1604–1611) chose his numeral after studying a fictitious history of Sweden. This king was the fourth actual King Charles,[2] but has never been called Charles IV.) Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Sweden, 1660-1697, Swedish King, Charles XI of Sweden, age 17, Scanian (Danish) War, corrected political finance econ, Peace 20 yrs
Swedish King, 1660-1697, Charles XI of Sweden; XI (4 December [O.S. 24 November] 1655 - 15 April [O.S. 5 April] 1697)[3] was King of Sweden from 1660 until his death, in a period of Swedish history known as the Swedish Empire (1611–1721). was the only son of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Hedwig Eleonora of Holstein-Gottorp. His father died when he was four years old, so Charles was educated by his governors until his coronation at the age of seventeen. Soon afterward, he was forced out on military expeditions to secure the recently acquired dominions from Danish troops in the Scanian War. Having successfully fought off the Danes, he returned to Stockholm and engaged in correcting the country's neglected political, financial, and economic situation. He managed to sustain peace during the remaining 20 years of his reign. Changes in finance, commerce, national maritime and land armaments, judicial procedure, church government, and education emerged during this period.[4] Charles XI was succeeded by his only son Charles XII, who made use of the well-trained army in battles throughout Europe. fact that Charles was crowned as Charles XI does not mean that he was the 11th king of Sweden who had the name Charles. His father's name (as the 10th) was due to his great-grandfather, King Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611), having adopted his own numeral by using a mythological History of Sweden. That ancestor was actually the third King Charles.[5] The numbering tradition thus begun still continues, with the present king of Sweden being Carl XVI Gustaf.

Sweden, 1680, Absolue Monarchy established by Riksdag of the (4) Estates, Nobility, Clergy, Burghers, Farmers
Sweden, 1680, Absolue Monarchy established by Riksdag of the Estates ; of the Estates (formally Swedish: Riksens ständer; informally Swedish: Ståndsriksdagen) was the name used for the Estates of Sweden when they were assembled. Until its dissolution in 1866, the institution was the highest authority in Sweden next to the King. It was a Diet made up of the Four Estates, which historically were the lines of division in Swedish society: Nobility Clergy Burghers Farmers

Sweden, 1682, Anthony founded Black Lake monastery, destroyed, 1581 by Lithuanians, &1682 by Sweden
Russia, Vologda, 1362 &1581 &1682, Anthony oBlack Lake (Chernopovets) founded Black Lake (Chernoezero) monastery, Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, twice completely destroyed, 1581 by Lithuanians, &1682 by Sweden ; Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, 1362; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Anthony of Black Lake founded the Mother of God monastery at Black Lake [Chernoezero] in the Novgorod area, not far from the city of Chernopovets. monastery was on an island of the Schirsk countryside. monastery twice suffered complete destruction: in 1581, from the Lithuanians; in 1682, from the Swedes. monastery was closed in 1764.

Sweden, 1697-1718, King Charles XII of Sweden, Great Northern War in 1700, much success until injured
Swedish King, 1697-1718, Charles XII of Sweden; XII, sometimes Carl XII (Swedish: Karl XII) or Carolus Rex (17 June 1682 – 30 November 1718 O.S.[1]), was King of Sweden (including current Finland) from 1697 to 1718. He belonged to the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken, a branch line of the House of Wittelsbach. Charles was the only surviving son of Charles XI and Ulrika Eleonora the Elder. He assumed power, after a seven-month caretaker government, at the age of fifteen.[2] 1700, a triple alliance of Denmark–Norway, Saxony–Poland–Lithuania and Russia launched a threefold attack on the Swedish protectorate of Holstein-Gottorp and provinces of Livonia and Ingria, aiming to draw advantage as the Swedish Empire was unaligned and ruled by a young and inexperienced king, thus initiating the Great Northern War. the Swedish army against the alliance Charles won multiple victories despite being usually significantly outnumbered. A major victory over a Russian army some three times the size in 1700 at the Battle of Narva compelled Peter the Great to sue for peace, an offer which Charles subsequently rejected. By 1706 Charles, now 24 years old, had forced all of his foes into submission including, in that year, a decisively devastating victory by Swedish forces under general Carl Gustav Rehnskiold over a combined army of Saxony and Russia at the Battle of Fraustadt. Russia was now the sole remaining hostile power. subsequent march on Moscow met with initial success as victory followed victory, the most significant of which was the Battle of Holowczyn where the smaller Swedish army routed a Russian army twice the size. The campaign ended with disaster when the Swedish army suffered heavy losses to a Russian force more than twice its size at Poltava. Charles had been incapacitated by a wound prior to the battle, rendering him unable to take command. The defeat was followed by the Surrender at Perevolochna. Charles spent the following years in exile in the Ottoman Empire before returning to lead an assault on Norway, trying to evict the Danish king from the war once more in order to aim all his forces at the Russians. Two campaigns met with frustration and ultimate failure, concluding with his death at the Siege of Fredriksten in 1718. At the time, most of the Swedish Empire was under foreign military occupation, though Sweden itself was still free. This situation was later formalized, albeit moderated in the subsequent Treaty of Nystad. The result was the end of the Swedish Empire, and also of its effectively organized absolute monarchy and war machine, commencing a parliamentary government unique for continental Europe, which would last for half a century until royal autocracy was restored by Gustav III.[3] was an exceptionally skilled military leader and tactician as well as an able politician, credited with introducing important tax and legal reforms. As for his famous reluctance towards peace efforts, he is quoted by Voltaire as saying upon the outbreak of the war; "I have resolved never to start an unjust war but never to end a legitimate one except by defeating my enemies". With the war consuming more than half his life and nearly all his reign, he never married and fathered no children. He was succeeded by his sister Ulrika Eleonora, who in turn was coerced to hand over all substantial powers to the Riksdag of the Estates and opted to surrender the throne to her husband, who became King Frederick I of Sweden.[4]

Sweden, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Moscow)
Sweden, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Moscow); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1718-1720, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
Swedish King, 1718-1720, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, 1720-Present, Alliance wtih the Ottomans, History Folder

Swedish King, 1720-1751, Frederick I of Sweden
Swedish King, 1720-1751, Frederick I of Sweden;

Sweden, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

Sweden, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741-“43)
Sweden, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741-“43) ; Moscow Empress, 1741-1761, Elizabeth ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1751-1771, Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden
Swedish King, 1751-1771, Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1771-1792, Gustav III of Sweden
Swedish King, 1771-1792, Gustav III of Sweden;

Sweden, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-“90)
Sweden, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-“90) ; Moscow Empress, 1762-1796, Catherine the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1792-1809, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1792-1809, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1809-1818, Charles XIII of Sweden
Swedish King, 1809-1818, Charles XIII of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1818-1844, Charles XIV John of Sweden
Swedish King, 1818-1844, Charles XIV John of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1844-1859, Oscar I of Sweden
Swedish King, 1844-1859, Oscar I of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1859-1872, Charles XV of Sweden
Swedish King, 1859-1872, Charles XV of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1872-1907, Oscar II of Sweden
Swedish King, 1872-1907, Oscar II of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1907-1950, Gustaf V of Sweden
Swedish King, 1907-1950, Gustaf V of Sweden;

Sweden, 1937, Conference on Faith and Order (Lund, Sweden, 1937)
Conference on Faith and Order (Lund, Sweden, 1937) ; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12;

Swedish King, 1950-1973, Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1950-1973, Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1973-Present, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1973-Present, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden;

Sweden, Varangia Folder, Varanger Peninsula and 10 Russian Varantian Cities

Varangia, 10 Varangian Cities in Russia, Middle Ages after Cold

Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Blessed Olga (in Baptism Helen), Princess of Russia, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Jerusalem to Sweden, Verangian Penninsula 2,682 Miles North

Jerusalem to Moscow 1,659 Miles North

A point True North from Jerusalem

True North from Jerusalem

Russia - Land of the Varangians - Nine Cities
Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Gardarika, Varangia (the land of cities north of the Black Sea)
Gardarika (the land of cities): Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (five) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski with the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians. Gardarika (the land of cities) Along the Volkhov River; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Lyubsha
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Ladoga
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Kiev
land of the Varangians - Kiev; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Polotsk, Belarus
land of the Varangians - Polotsk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Smolensk
land of the Varangians - Smolensk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Suzdal
land of the Varangians - Suzdal; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Murom
land of the Varangians - Murom; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Rostov
land of the Varangians - Rostov; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Novgorod
land of the Varangians - Novgorod : Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Sweden, Goths Folder (from Gothland, Sweden)

Gothland (Sweden)
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Thervingi people; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated November 15 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Goths, Island of Gothland, Sweden
Goths; Wielbark culture; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ;

Goths, Land of the Visigoths (Sweden), they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal
Visigoths; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Goths, Land of the Ostrogoths (Sweden), they went to Italy
Land of the Ostrogoths; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Goths, Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica and Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Goths, Transylvania, Ukraine, Romania (Thervingi Goths)
Goths of Transylvania, Ukraine, Romania (Thervingi Goths and Cherniakhiv Culture); Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Swedish Goth Crimea, 4th - 10th Century
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; 26 Martyrs in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy, 291- 568 (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae;

Swedish Goths in Crimea Folder, 300-900's, 4th to 10th Century

Swedish Crimea History

Crimea, Swedish Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries, Cembalo
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Swedish Crimean Goths, 300-1500's, 4th to 16th Centuries
Crimean Goths; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Swedish Crimea, 375-383, Gothic King, Jungerich (Athanaric)
Crimean Goths; Gothic King Jungerich (Athanaric) (375-383); Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ;

Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia
Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Mongol, Crimea, 750-969, Khzaria Border, Northern Half of Crimea
Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26

Russia, Crimea, 980, Byzantine Korsun falls to Russia and Vladimir the Great for the hand of Anna
Korsun, 980, Byzantine Cherson falls to Russia and Vladimir the Great for the hand of Anna; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Mongol Crimea and Uzbekistan - Land of the Crimean Tatars - 10th Century on
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Tatars, 13th to 17th Centuries
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai
Mongol Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray
Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray; Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Khanate 1478-1774
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol Crimea, 1500, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray
Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray
Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol Crimean War, 1853-1856, East v Ottomans and West
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Cherson, Swedish Goth Crimea
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Azov Lands (Sea of Azov)
Sea of Azov; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ;

Alma River Source

Alma River 1

Alma River Mouth (Black Sea)

Alma River

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning to dig through)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Tmutarakan, Crimea
Tmutarakan peninsula (on the eastern banks of the Kerchensk straits); Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Taman Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Surozh, Crimea, Swedish Goths
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Swedish Goth Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Taurida (Taurica, the Crimean Penninsula)
Taurida; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Akritian, Cherson, Crimea
Akritian (Anti Moslem Frontier) Cherson; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ;

Korsun, Crimea, Swedish Gothl Lands
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Mount Ayu-Dag, Crimea
Mount Ayu-Dag; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, Fyris River and Lake Malaren Folder, Vandal Land, Stockholm, Uppsala

Fyris River

Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals
Sweden, Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Uppsala University, 1477
Uppsala University ; NATHAN SADERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ;

Uppsala, Sweden
Uppsala; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Fyris River Mouth (Uppsala Flatlands, Lake Malaren)

Outflow from Lake Malaren (fresh water)

Stockholm, Sweden
Stockholm; NATHAN S+–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; At Stockholm in 1925, Nathan Sodeblom organized the Universal Christian Council on Life and Work. Meanwhile, a chiefly Anglican group had formed an inter-denominational Conference on Faith and Order. In 1948 the two groups merged to form the World Council of Churches. GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden
Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden ; Vikings from Roslagen in other names section; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Stockholm archipelago
Stockholm archipelago;

Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea)
Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea) ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12 ;

Sweden, Norway Folder

Sweden, Norway, its Area
Norway, its Area

Norway (included in the Sweden Folder)
Norway; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Norway, 790-1066, Viking Age (Global Cooling after Global Warming)
Global Cooling after Global Warming in Middle Age; Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway
Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Oslo, Norway
Oslo, Norway; Norway; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Viken, Norway (Vikings)
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Vikings
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Varanger Peninsula, Norway (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Sweden (Clean), Roman Roads, Rivers and points Folder

Sweden (Clean), its Area
Sweden, its Area

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Norway (included in the Sweden Folder)
Norway;

Norway, 790-1066, Viking Age (Global Cooling after Global Warming)
Global Cooling after Global Warming in Middle Age; Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings;

Varanger Peninsula, Norway (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians);

Stockholm, Sweden
Stockholm;

Sweden, Land of the Northmen or Vikings (Goths, Varangians, Vandals, Lombards)
Northmen;

Gothland (Sweden)
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth;

Goths, Island of Gothland, Sweden
Goths; Wielbark culture;

Sweden, Land of the Visigoths, they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal, all Southwest from Germania
Visigoths;

Sweden, Land of the Ostrogoths, they went to Italy, South from Germania
Land of the Ostrogoths;

Goths, Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica, Bulgaria and Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia;

Sweden, Thervingian Goths went to Bulgaria, Southeast of Germania
Transylvania; Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia; Venerable Isaac the Confessor, Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; At that time (364-378), the barbarian Goths along the Danube River were waging war against the Empire. They had captured Thrace and were advancing toward Constantinople.

Crimea, Swedish Goth Crimea, 4th - 10th Century, Greuthungi Goths
Crimea;