Rome, 117-138, Roman Emperor Hadrian.kmz

Major History Locations, 36 Folders

Russia Folder

Russia or Rus Folder (Varangia, Novgorod, Kiev, Vladimir, then Moscow, Perm and Siberia)

Russia, Lands of Slavic (Russian) People (Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe)
Lands of the Slavic People; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia - Land of the Varangians Folder

Russia - Land of the Varangians - Nine Cities
Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Gardarika, Varangia (the land of cities north of the Black Sea)
Gardarika (the land of cities): Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (five) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski with the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians. Gardarika (the land of cities) Along the Volkhov River; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Lyubsha
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Ladoga
Lyubsha - earliest fort of the Varangians; Ladoga - Staraya Ladoga - a fort of the Varangians; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Kiev
land of the Varangians - Kiev; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Polotsk, Belarus
land of the Varangians - Polotsk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Smolensk
land of the Varangians - Smolensk; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Suzdal
land of the Varangians - Suzdal; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Murom
land of the Varangians - Murom; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Rostov
land of the Varangians - Rostov; Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30;

Russia - land of the Varangians - Novgorod
land of the Varangians - Novgorod : Land of the Varangians was a series of cities (nine) along the rivers north of the Black Sea. Gardarski was the Viking name for this land. Lyubsha was the first of the Varangian or Viking cities established in Gardariki or the Land of the Varangians, the others were: Ladoga, Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov.

Russia, Moscow Volga Canal Folder

Moscow Volga Canal

Tushino, near Moscow Volga Canal
Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Moscow Volga Canal 1 (Volga River 5)
Moscow Canal;

Moscow Volga Canal 2

Moscow Volga Canal 3 (Yakhroma River)

Moscow Volga Canal 4

Moscow Volga Canal 5

Moscow Volga Canal 7 (Moscova River 3)
Moscow Canal;

Russia, Moscow to St Petersburg Route Folder

Moscow to St Petersburg Trade Route

Moscow to St Petersburg 1 (Overview Northwest from Moscow)

Moscow to St Petersburg 2 (Volga River)

Moscow to St Petersburg 3 (Tver, Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4)

Moscow to St Petersburg 4 (Torzhok, Tversta River 2)

Moscow to St Petersburg 5 (Tversta River 1)

Moscow to St Petersburg 6 (Sources both Tversta and Msta Rivers)

Moscow to St Petersburg 7 (halfway) (Bologoye)

Moscow to St Petersburg 8 (Borov)

Moscow to St Petersburg 9 (Vishera River Novgorod Source)

Moscow to St Petersburg 10 (Volkhov River, Novgorod)

Moscow to St Petersburg 11 (Overview Southeast from St Petersburg)

Moscow to St Petersburg 12 (St Petersburg)

Moscow to St Petersburg 13 (St Petersburg)

Moscow to St. Petersburg Trade Route 1 (Krasnogorsk, Moscow towards Tver)

Russia, Oka River Folder

Oka River

Oka River Source (along the border)

Oka River 1 (Oryol)

Oka River 2 (Upa River Mouth)

Oka River 3 (Zhizdra River Mouth)

Oka River 4 (Kaluga, Ugra River Mouth)

Oka River 5 (Protva River Mouth)

Oka River 6 (Serpukhov Crossing, Nara River Mouth)

Oka River 7 (Kolomna, Moskva River and Osyotr Rivers)

Oka River 8 (Ryazan, Vozha River Mouth)

Oka River 9 (Ryazem and Pereslavl)

Oka River 10 (Pronya and Para River Mouths)

Oka River 11 (Pra River Mouth)

Oka River 11 (Zheleznoborov, Gus River Mouth)

Oka River 12 (Moksha River Mouth)

Oka River 13 (Murom, Tyosha River Mouth)

Tyosha River Mouth (Murom, Oka River 13)

Oka River 14 (Gorokhovetsa, Klyazma River Mouth)

Oka River Mouth (Nizhny Novgorod, Volga River 9)

Russia, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

Dnieper (Varanigan) Trade Route (Varangia to Constantinople)
The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 1 (Constantinople)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 2 (Cherson, Korsun, Crimea)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 3 (Dnieper Gulf)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 4 (Ekaternoslav)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 5 (Kiev)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 6 (Mogilev)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 7 (Smolensk)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 8 (Dorogobuzha, Dnieper River 1)

Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route 9 (Sehzharovo, Volga River 2)

Russia, Volga Trade Route Folder

Volga Trade Route (St Petersberg, Lake Ladoga to the Caspian Sea)

Volga Trade Route 1 (Ladoga, Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg)

Volga Trade Route 2 (Novgorod)

Volga Trade Route 3 (Lake Ilmen)

Volga Trade Route 4 (Lovat River Mouth)

Volga Trade Route 5 (Lovat River 3, Kolm)

Volga Trade Route 6 (Lovat River 2)

Volga Trade Route 7 (Lovat River 1, Luki)

Volga Trade Route 8 (Volga River 1)

Volga Trade Route 9 (Volga River 2, Sehzaharovo, Varangian Trade Route)

Volga Trade Route 10 (Volga River 3, Staritza)

Volga Trade Route 11 (Volga River 4, Tver)

Volga Trade Route 12 (Volga River 5, Moscow Volga Canal)

Volga Trade Route 13 (Volga River 7, Three Rivers)

Volga Trade Route 14 (Volga River 8, Yaroslavl)

Volga Trade Route 15 (Volga River 9, Nizhni-Novgorod)

Volga Trade Route 16 (Volga River 10, Kazan)

Volga Trade Route 17 (Volga River 14, Saratov)

Volga Trade Route 18 (Volga River 15, Golden Horde, Sarai)

Volga Trade Route 19 (Caspian Sea)

Russia, Volga River Folder

Volga River

Volga River Source (Valdai Hills)

Volga River 1 (Stolobnoye Island, Stolbensk Lake, Lake Seliger)

Volga River 2 (Selizharovo)

Volga River 3 (Staritsa)

Volga River 4 (Tver)

Volga River 5 (Moscow Volga Canal)

Volga River 6 (Kalyazim)

Volga River 7 (three rivers; Mologa,Sheksna and Sogozha)

Volga River 8 (Yaroslavl and Kostroma)

Volga River 9 (Nizhny Novgorod)

Volga River 10 (Kazan)

Volga River 11 (Overview)

Volga River 12 (Annunciation Monastery, Tolyatti)

Volga River 13 (Sumara)

Volga River 14 (Saratov)

Volga River 15 (Sarai, Golden Horde)

Volga River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Russia, Muravsky Trail Folder

Muravsky Trail
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 1 (Perekop)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 2 (Parallel to the Sea of Azov)

Muravsky Trail 3 (east of Dnieper 6 and west of Donets 3)

Polovetsians (Cumans) Chuhuiv, Muravsky Trail 3
Polovetsians (Cumans) Chuhuiv, Muravsky Trail 3; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20;

Muravsky Trail 4 (west of Donets River Source)

Muravsky Trail 5 (Stary Oskol)

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny)

Muravsky Trail 7 (Tula)

Tula, Kaluga, Russia (Upa River 1, Muravsky Trail 7)
Tula, Russia (Upa River 1); Synaxis of the Saints of Tula, Commemorated on September 22 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Muravsky Trail 9 (Serpukhov, crossing at Oka River 6)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Russia, Merchants Road Folder (Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod)

The Merchants Road - Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod

The Merchant's Road 1 - Moscow

The Merchants Road 2 - Vladimir

The Merchants Road 3 - Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Trans-Siberian Railway and Road Folder

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY)

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY) 1 - Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow
Trans-Siberian Railway (Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow);

Trans-Siberian RWY 2 - Yaroslavl
Trans-Siberian RWY - Yaroslavl;

Trans-Siberian RWY 3 - Volga Bridge Yaroslavl
Trans-Siberian RWY - Yaroslavl;

Trans-Siberian RWY 4 - Danilov
Trans-Siberian RWY 3 - Danilov;

Trans-Siberian RWY 5 - Kirov

Trans-Siberian RWY 6 - Perm
Trans-Siberian RWY 6 - Perm;

Trans-Siberian RWY 7 - Yekaterinburg
Trans-Siberian RWY 7 - Yekaterinburg;

Trans-Siberian RWY 8 - Tyumen
Trans-Siberian RWY 8 - Tyumen;

Trans-Siberian RWY 9 - Nazyvayevsk
Trans-Siberian RWY 9 - Nazyvayevsk;

Trans-Siberian RWY 10 - Irtysh River Bridge (Omsk)
Trans-Siberian RWY 10 - Irtysh River Bridge (Omsk);

Trans-Siberian RWY 11 - Ob River Bridge at Novosibirsk
Trans-Siberian RWY 11 - Ob River Bridge at Novosibirsk;

Trans-Siberian RWY 12 - Yenisei River Bridge at Krasnoyarsk
Trans-Siberian RWY 12 - Krasnoyarsk;

Trans-Siberian RWY 13 - Tayshet
Trans-Siberian RWY 13 - Tayshet;

Trans-Siberian RWY 14 - Angara River Crossing - Irkutsk
Trans-Siberian RWY 14 - Angara River Crossing - Irkutsk;

Trans-Siberian RWY 15 - Ulan-Ude

Trans-Siberian RWY 16 - Chita
Trans-Siberian RWY 16 - Chita;

Trans-Siberian RWY 17 - Birobidzhan
Trans-Siberian RWY 17 - Birobidzhan;

Trans-Siberian RWY - 18 Amur River Crossing at Khabarovsk
Trans-Siberian RWY - 18 Amur River Crossing at Khabarovsk;

Trans-Siberian RWY 19 - Vladivostok
Trans-Siberian RWY 19 - Vladivostok;

Russia, Moscow Road to Poland Folder

Moscow Road to Mozhiask, Smolensk, Belarus and Poland

Moscow Road to Poland 1 (Moscow)

Moscow Road to Poland 2 (Mozhaisk)

Moscow Road to Poland 3 (Vyazma)

Moscow Road to Poland 4 (Smolensk)

Moscow Road to Poland 5 (Borisov, Belarus)

Moscow Road to Poland 6 (Minsk, Belarus)

Moscow Road to Poland 7 (Zyrovits, Belarus)

Moscow to Poland Road 8 (Lesna, Northeast Poland)

Moscow to Poland Road 9 (Warsaw, Poland)

Russia, Amber Road Folder

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Amber Road 1 (Venice, Italy)

Amber Road 2 (Aquileia, Italy)

Amber Road 3 (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4b (Vienna, Austria, Danube River 5)

Amber Road 5 (Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 6 (Bouzov Castle, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 7 (Klodzko, Poland)

Amber Road 8 (Wroclaw, Poland)

Amber Road 9 (Milicz Ponds)

Amber Road 10 (Wielkopolska, Poland)

Amber Road 11 (Biskupin, Poland)

Amber Road 12 (Malbork, Poland)

Amber Road 13 (Gdansk, Poland)

Amber Road 14 (Kaliningrad, Prussia)

Amber Road 15 (Yantarny, Prussia)

Amber Road 16 (Nida, Lithuania)

Amber Road 17 (Palanga, Lithuania)

Amber Road 18 (Riga, Latvia)

Amber Road 19 (Tallinn, Estonia)

Amber Road 20 (St Petersberg)

Gatchina Road (Pskov to St Petersburg by Gotchina Palace)

Russia, Eastern Front WW1 Folder

Eastern Front WWI (Gulf of Riga to Transylvania)
Eastern Front WWI (Gulf of Riga to Transylvania);

Eastern Front WWI (Focsani on the Milcov River)

Eastern Front WWI (Bacau on the Siret River)

Eastern Front WWI (Suceava on the Suceava River)

Eastern Front WWI (Storozhi on the Siret River)

Eastern Front WWI (Terebovlya on the Seret River)

Eastern Front WWI (Marsh of Pinsk, Pripyat River)

Eastern Front WWI (Dvinsk on the Daugava River0

Eastern Front WWI (Gulf of Riga)

Eastern Front WWI (about 1,000 Miles)
The Eastern front of WWI (and many other wars). Eastern Front WWI (about 1,000 Miles), basically where the mountains and Great European Plain come together.

Russia, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania) 1775

Dnieper Bug Canal Start Point (Brest)
Dnieper Bug Canal (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania;

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Pinsk, Russia (Pripyat River to Dnieper River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Pinsk

Dnieper Bug Canal - Lesna, Poland (Narew River)

Dnieper Bug Canal End Point - Sapotskin, Lithuania (Neman River)

Dnieper Bug Canal - Brest to Sapotskin

Continental Divide - Black Sea to Caspean Sea, Caucasus Mountains

Russia, Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882
Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro RusOld Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Russia, Staro Rus (near Novgorod), Mid 10th Century on
Staro Rus; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Russia, Ancient Rus or Russia (Kievan Russia) 882-1240
Ancient Rus or Russia (Kievan or Ukrainian Russia); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19 ; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Land of Rus (Ancient Kievan Rus), 882-1240
Land of Rus (Ancient Kievan Rus), 882-1240; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Rus - Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478, Centered in Kiev, Capital Novgorod
Rus- Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478, Centered in Kiev, Capital Novgorod; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Russia, Kievan Rus, 882-1240
Kievan Rus, 882-1240 ; Kievan Rus; East Slavs, Russian realm; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Rus Region (Vladimir was the capital 1157 - 1331)
Before Moscow, Vladimir was the original capital of the Orthodox Rus' (region); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, All Rus - Vladimir (1157-1331)
All Rus; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

All Rus: Vladimir, Kiev and Novgorod
All Rus: Vladimir, Kiev and Novgorod; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Russia, Golden Ring of Cities, 12th Century on, Northeast of Moscow
Golden Ring of Cities; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1;

Rus or Russia - Final Capital Moscow after 1331
Russia; Russians; Tartars; Ukrainians ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, All Russia 1375, Moscow
All Russia 1375 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Grand Duchy of Moscow; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated September 16 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Grand Duchy of Moscow; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Great Russia (1654-1721, Northern Russia)
Great Russia, Within 1654-1721, Russian Tsars adopted the word - their official title included the wording (literal translation): "The Sovereign of all Rus': the Great, the Little, and the White", Northern - Great Russia, Southern - Ukraine or Little Russia, and Western - White Russia; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ;

Russia, Little Russia (Ukraine), 1764 (Right Bank Dnieper River 5)
Little Russia; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Malorussia, Little Russia (Ukraine), 1764 (Right Bank Dnieper River 5)
Little Russia; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Malorussia (Little Russia, Ukraine), 1764
Malorussia; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Varangia Folder, Varanger Peninsula and 10 Russian Varantian Cities

Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period
Varangians and other Vikings came down at the end of the Middle Age Warming Period;

Jerusalem to Sweden, Verangian Penninsula 2,682 Miles North

Jerusalem to Moscow 1,659 Miles North

A point True North from Jerusalem

True North from Jerusalem

Russia, Novgorod Folder, its rivers and roads

Russia, Novgorod, 9th-11th Century, Varabguian Newcomers, Vikings, Kiev and Novgorod
Varangians; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882
Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Â Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Novgorod, Russia (Volkhov River Source (Lake llmen))
Veliky Novgorod; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated on July 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" in Novgorod; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 27 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3 ; ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23 ; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 23 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated January 11; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut Mount, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1478, Novgorod Republic, hostile Monomakh line of the Olgovichi
Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478, Capital Novgorod; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1380 or 1480 and Before, Mongol-Tartar Yoke, all except Novgorod and Tver
Mongol-Tartar Yoke before 1380, All of Russia except Novgorod and Tver; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1471-1480, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow
Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Novgorod History Folder

Russia, Novgorod, 850, 9th-11th Century, History Folder, Varangian Newcomers

Russia, Novgorod, 800, 9th Century History Folder, Varangian Newcomers, Cyril and Methodius

Russia, Novgorod, 800, 9th-11th Century, Varanguian Newcomers, Vikings, Kiev and Novgorod
Varangians; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Novgorod, 879-912, K Rus King, Oleg of Novgorod, Oleg the Wise, tricked and killed Askold and Dir
Russia, Kiev, 879-912, Kiev Rus King, Oleg of Novgorod; He then came to the hills of Kyiv, and saw how Askold and Dir reigned there. He hid his warriors in the boats, left some others behind, and went forward himself bearing the child Igor'. He thus came to the foot of the Hungarian hill, and after concealing his troops, he sent messengers to Askold and Dir, representing himself as a stranger on his way to Greece on an errand for Oleg and for Igor', the prince's son, and requesting that they should come forth to greet them as members of their race. Askold and Dir straightway came forth. Then all the soldiery jumped out of the boats, and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth." Igor' was then brought forward, and Oleg announced that he was the son of Rurik. They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill now known as Hungarian, where the castle of Ol'ma now stands. Kiev Rus King, 870's, Princes Askold and Dir; Askold; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Novgorod, 882, Novgorod was the capital of Rus till 882
Novgorod, the capital of Rus till 882; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœStaro RusÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Russia, Novgorod, 900, 10th Century History Folder, incursion into Greece, then Orthodox

Russia, Novgorod, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-“Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God.ÂÂ Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Russia, Novgorod, 914-945, K Rus King, Igor, Oleg's son, besieged Constntnpl twice, plundered Arabs in Caspian
Kiev Rus King, 914-945, Igor of Kiev; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Novgorod, 980-1015, Malusha, Vladimir's Mother, Olga's Servant, Sviatoslav's Wife, Christian 945
Novgorod, 980-1015, Malusha, Vladimir's Mother, Olga's Servant, Sviatoslav's Wife, Christian in 945; Novgorod, 980-1015, Dobrynya, Vladimir's Tutor, Pagan then Christian in 988; Novgorod Great Prince, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Novgorod, 980-1015, Dobrynya, Vladimir's Tutor, Pagan then Christian in 988
Novgorod, 980-1015, Dobrynya, Vladimir's Tutor, Pagan then Christian in 988; Novgorod Great Prince, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Novgorod, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev, Pagan, then Christian in 988
Novgorod Great Prince, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Novgorod, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Novgorod by Vladimir the Great
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Novgorod, 989-1030, Saint, Joachim the Korsunian, First Bishop of Novgorod
Kiev Rus Bishop, 989-1030, Joachim the Korsunian; Kiev Rus Metropolitan, 988-992, Michael I of Kiev; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Novgorod, 1000, 11th Century History Folder, Yaroslav the Wise and Anthony of Rome

Russia, Novgorod, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov
Russia, Rostov, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov; Venerable Abramius, Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Novgorod, 1010-1054, Kiev Rus King, Yaroslav the Wise, 1019 defeated Svy and united Novg and Kiev
Kiev Rus King, 1019-1054, Yaroslav the Wise ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Novgorod, 1019-1050, Kiev Rus Queen, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, two Cathedrals
Kiev Rus Queen, 1019-1050, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden ; Olofsdotter of Sweden, also known as Irene, Anna and Saint Anna (1001 – 10 February 1050), was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev. was the daughter of Swedish King Olof Skotkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites and the consort of Yaroslav I the Wise of Ingegerd or Saint Anna is often confused with the mother of Saint Vladimir “the Enlightener” of the Rus. This is mainly because Ingegerd and Yaroslav also had a son named Vladimir. However, Saint Vladimir was the father of Ingegerd’s husband Yaroslav I “the Wise”, thus making her Saint Vladimir’s daughter-in-law. Saint Vladimir was the son of Sviatoslav and Malusha.[1] 1 Life 1.1 Death and burial 2 Sainthood 3 Children 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was born a princess in the court of King Olof Skötkonung. In 1015, after Olaf II of Norway assumed the throne as King of Norway, he proposed a royal marriage alliance. In 1016, noblemen of both countries tried to arrange a marriage between King Olaf and Princess Ingegerd. Olof Skötkonung agreed at first but later he reneged. Rather he agreed to the marriage of his daughter, Astrid Olavsdatter to King Olaf. [2][3][4] Skötkonung subsequently arranged for the marriage of Princess Ingegerd to the powerful Grand Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod with whom Sweden had a flourishing trade relationship. The marriage took place in 1019. [5] in Kiev, Ingegerd had her name changed to the Greek Irene. According to several sagas, she received as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands, which later became known as Ingria, arguably a corruption of Ingegerd's name. She arranged for her father's cousin, jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, to rule in her stead.[6] [7] Ingegerd and Yaroslav had six sons and four daughters; three of the latter becoming Queens of France, Hungary, and Norway. The whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the Saint Sophia. and burial[edit] died on 10 February 1050. Upon her death, according to different sources, Ingegerd was buried in either Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev or Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. initiated the building of the Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev (foundation laid in 1037). also initiated the construction of Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod (built between 1045 and 1050). was later declared a saint under the name of St. Anna in Novgorod and Kiev. The reason for her sainthood was that she initiated the building of both cathedrals in Kiev and in Novgorod together with many other good deeds. following was stated by the church in reference to her sainthood: Anna, Grand Duchess of Novgorod, She was the daughter of Swedish King Olaf Sketktung, the "All-Christian King," who did much to spread Orthodoxy in Scandinavia, and the pious Queen Astrida. Sweden she was known as Princess Indegard; she married Yaroslav I “the Wise“, Grand Prince of Kiev, who was the founder of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1016, taking the name Irene. gave shelter to the outcast sons of British King Edmund, Edwin and Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of , himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and progenitor of the Princes of Moscow. daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth (Elisiv) of Norway. The whole family was profoundly devout and pious. reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (St. Sophia) in Kiev, having been tonsured a monastic with the name of Anna. As saint, her hymn goes: 4 stichera, in Tone I: Spec. Mel.: Joy of the ranks of heaven joy of the Swedish people, thou didst gladden the Russian realm, filling it with grace and purity, adorning its throne with majesty, lustrous in piety like a priceless gem set in a splendid royal crown. Ingegerd in the baptismal waters, O venerable one, thou wast called Irene by thy Russian subjects, who perceived in thee the divine and ineffable peace; but when thou didst submit to monastic obedience, thou didst take the new name, Anna, after the honoured ancestor of Christ, the King of kings. in honourable matrimony, O holy Anna, thou didst live in concord with thy royal spouse, the right-believing and most wise Prince Yaroslav; and having born him holy offspring, after his repose thou didst betroth thyself unto the Lord as thy heavenly all the allurements of vanity and donning the coarse robes of a monastic, O wondrous and sacred Anna, thou gavest thyself over to fasting and prayer, ever entreating Christ thy Master, that He deliver thy people from the all want and misfortune. Feast days: 10 February, 4 October. Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Novgorod, 1036-1052, Vladimir of Novgorod, Vladimir Yaroslavich
Novgorod, 1036-1052, Vladimir of Novgorod, Vladimir Yaroslavich; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1052-1054, Kiev Rus King, Izyaslav I, Demetrius, Yaroslavich
Kiev Rus King, 1054-1078, Izyaslav I (Demetrius) Yaroslavich ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated on January 11; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1054, Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter
Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod; Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Early Foreign Ties; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19

Russia, Novgorod, 1087-1147, Saint Anthony of Rome, founder Antoniev monastery
Novgorod Saint, 1117-1147, Anthony of Rome, founder Antoniev monastery; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1088-1093, 1095-1117, Prince, Mstislav I of Kiev, Vladimirovich the Great, Vladimir II's son
Novgorod Prince, 1088-1093, 1095-1117, Mstislav I of Kiev ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30;

Russia, Novgorod, 1095-1108, Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1095-1108, Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30;

Russia, Novgorod, 1100, 12th-13th Century, Folder, Novgorod Republic of Novgorod and Kiev Time

Russia, Novgorod, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Novgorod Republic of Novgorod and Kiev

Russia, Novgorod, 1113, Monomakhovchi, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, a Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1113, Olgoviches, House of Oleg of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, w Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, Olgoviches of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus; Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1113-1125, Prince, Vladimir II Monomakh, related to B emperor, wars w Cumans
Novgorod Prince, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1117-1138, K Rus King, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel, Mstislav's son, Monomahk' gson, kicked out of N
Kiev Rus King, 1117-1138, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel ; Mstislavich, the patron saint of the city of Pskov, ruled as Prince of Novgorod in 1117–32, Prince of Pereslavl (1132) and Prince of Pskov in 1137–38. 1 Early life 2 Expulsion from Novgorod 3 Church-building and veneration 4 Marriage and children 5 Succession 6 References 7 External links life[edit] eldest son of Mstislav the Great and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Vsevolod was born in Novgorod during his father's reign as prince there (1088–1093, 1095–1117) and given the baptismal name Gabriel, or Gavriil. His maternal grandfather was King Inge the Elder of Sweden. The date of his birth is unknown, although the idea has been advanced that the event was commemorated by the Annunciation Church in the Marketplace, founded by Mstislav in 1103.[1] was enthroned as Prince of Novgorod after his father Mstislav Vladimirovich became Grand Prince of Kiev in 1117 and ruled Novgorod, with some interruption, until he was ousted by the Novgorodians in 1136. He was married to a Chernigovian princess in Novgorod in 1123 and his son, Ivan, was born there (he died in 1128).[2] In 1123, Vsevolod led the Novgorodians against the Chud. These campaigns continued in 1130 and over the next several years.[3] Aside from Vladimir Yaroslavich, Vsevolod was the first Novgorodian prince known to have been in conflict with Finns (in 1123).[4] from Novgorod[edit] his father's death in 1132, support for him began to erode in Novgorod. That same year, he was sent by his uncle, Grand Prince Yaropolk, to Pereslavl, to reign there. When he tried to return to Novgorod later that year, the Novgorodians refused to accept him back because they considered his move to Pereslavl as a betrayal (He had sworn an oath to die in Novgorod). That being said, the chronicles indicate that he was back leading a Novgorodian army in 1133. It was during that campaign that Vsevolod captured the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu, Estonia).[5] 1134, Vsevolod led an unsuccessful campaign in Vladimir-Suzdal during which, according to the Novgorodians, he showed indecisiveness, one of the reasons for his dismissal a little over a year later. On 28 May 1136, he was confined in the Archbishop's courtyard (compound) in the Detinets along with his wife and family, guarded by thirty men so as not to escape. In mid-July he was allowed to leave, going to his uncle in Kiev.[6] The following year, he tried to come back to Novgorod at the head of an army but withdrew instead to Pskov, where he died in February 1138.[7] According to his own wishes, he was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Pskov. dismissal from Novgorod has traditionally been seen as the end of Kievan power in the north and the beginning of the Republic of Novgorod. After him a number of princes were invited in or dismissed over the next two centuries, although only a few, like Aleksandr Nevsky, could assert themselves in the city for a prolonged period. Church-building and veneration[edit] of Saint Nicholas, constructed by Vsevolod in Novgorod. addition to leading Novgorodian armies on several campaigns, Vsevolod built a number of churches in and around the city: the Church of St. John on Opoki (1127–1130),[8] the Church of St. George in the Market (1133), the Church of The Assumption in the Market (1133; built with Archbishop Nifont),[9] and the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery.[10] It was Vsevolod who granted the charter to Ivan's Hundred, the first Russian merchant guild. In addition, the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court, while often attributed to his father Mstislav, was mostly built during Vsevolod's tenure in Novgorod. comparatively early death prevented him from claiming the Kievan throne. He was survived by a daughter, Wierzchosława, the wife of Bolesław IV the Curly. The prince was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Vsevolod-Gavriil. In the Stepennaya Kniga (the "Book of Degrees of Royal Genealogy"), he is listed as a Pskov Wonderworker.[11] His relics were moved from the Church of St. Demetrius to the Trinity Cathedral in the Pskov Kremlin in 1193. The Pskovians attached his name to a German sword with the inscription honorem meum nemini dabo, formerly preserved in the cathedral sacristy, but modern historians date the sword to the 15th century at the earliest. St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1119-1192, Saint, Barlaam of Khutyn
Novgorod Saint, died 1192, Barlaam of Khutyn; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Novgorod, 1119-1147, Saint, Anthony of Rome, founder Antoniev monastery, stone transport story
Novgorod Saint, 1119-1147, Anthony of Rome, founder Antoniev monastery; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1130-1156, Bishop, Niphont, appointed Anthony of Rome Igumen
Novgorod Bishop, 1130-1156, Niphont; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1478, Novgorod Republic of Novgorod and Kiev
Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478, Centered in Kiev, Capital Novgorod; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1478, Novgorod Republic (Land of the Novgorodians)
Novgorod Republic, 1136-1478 (Land of the Novgorodians) ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated October 17 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1164, Svyatoslav, hostile Oleg line, Oleg's son, Oleg and Igor's fathr, Yuri D's ally, invited to N
Russia, Novgorod, 1136-1164, Prince Svyatoslav Olgovich; Olgovich (died February 14, 1164) was the Prince of Novgorod (1136–1138); Novgorod-Seversky (1139); Belgorod Kievsky (1141–1154); and Chernigov (1154–1164). He was the son of Oleg Sviatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov with an unnamed daughter of Asaduk, Khan of Khumans. to Chernigov; Sviatoslav Olgovich in his deathbed, with his wife and sons.jpg the death of their older brother, Vsevolod II, Sviatoslav and his brother Igor were driven out of Kiev by Iziaslav Mstislavich. Sviatoslav escaped, but Igor was captured and eventually killed in 1147. Sviatoslav fled to Chernigov but was ordered to relinquish his city, Novgorod-Seversky, to his cousins, Iziaslav Davidovich and Vladimir Davidovich. the assistance of his ally, Yuri Dolgoruki, and his father-in-law, Aepa Khan, Sviatoslav began a war against his cousins, but was forced to flee to Karachev. There on January 16, 1147, Sviatoslav defeated the Davidovichi brothers. 1108, Sviatoslav married a Cuman princess, daughter of Aepa Khan, who gave him a daughter and a son, Oleg. In 1136 Svyatoslav married a second time, to a woman of Novgorod, who bore his famous son, Igor Sviatoslavich. St. Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Saint Niphon, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; the people of Novgorod drove away their prince, Vsevolod, they invited Prince Svyatslav to govern them. The new prince wanted to enter into a marriage which was against the Church canons. Not only did Saint Niphon refuse to perform the ceremony, he also told his clergy to regard this betrothal as unlawful. Prince Svyatoslav brought priests in from elsewhere to perform the wedding, and the holy hierarch was not afraid to denounce his behavior.

Russia, Novgorod, 1149-1151, 1155-1157, K Rus King, Yuri I Dolgorukiy, far reaching, power f Kiev to Suzdal
Kiev Rus King, 1149-1157, Yuri I Dolgorukiy ; I Vladimirovich ( known under his soubriquet Yuri Dolgorukiy (also known in various accounts as Gyurgi, Dyurgi, or George I of Rus), (c. 1099 – 15 May 1157) was a Rurikid prince. He reigned as Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kiev (Kyiv) from September 1149 to April 1151 and then again from March 1155 to May 1157. played a key role in the transition of political power from Kiev to Suzdal following the death of his elder brother Mstislav the Great in 1132. 1 Problems in identifying birthdate and mother 2 Activities in Rostov and Suzdal 3 Struggle for Kiev 4 Marriages and children 5 Memorials 6 References 7 External links in identifying birthdate and mother[edit] to Vasily Tatishchev, Yuri was born in 1090 which would make him a son of Vladimir Monomakh's first wife Gytha of Wessex, a daughter of Harold Godwinson. problem exists with Gytha's date of death. The scholars think it was either 1098 or 1107. to the "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh" Yuri's mother died on May 7, 1107. If Gytha died on March 07, 1098 then Yuri Vladimirovich could have been a son of his father's second wife Yefimia. chronicles report that Yuri's elder brother, Viacheslav, said to him: "I am much older than you; I was already bearded when you were born." Since Viacheslav was born in 1083, this supposedly pushes Yuri's birth to c. 1099/1100. However, the Primary Chronicle records the first marriage of Yuri - on 12 January 1108. It means that Yuri was born before c. 1099/1100 (as he couldn't have been 6–9 years old at the time of marriage). also records that Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubskiy was born around 1111. It is doubtful that Yuri was at that time younger than 16 or 17. question of Yuri's birthday remains open, though taking into account all the above mentioned information Yuri's birth date can be approximated to the end of 1080s - first half of 1090s. But then it means that Gytha was indeed his mother. in Rostov and Suzdal[edit] 1108 Vladimir Monomakh sent his young son Yuri to govern in his name the vast Vladimir-Suzdal principality in the north-east of Kievan Rus'. In 1121 Yuri quarreled with the boyars of Rostov and moved the capital of his lands from that city to Suzdal. As the area was sparsely populated, Yuri founded many fortresses there. He established the towns of Ksniatin (in 1134), Pereslavl-Zalesski and Yuriev-Polski (in 1152), and Dmitrov (in 1154). The establishment of Tver, Kostroma, and Vologda is also popularly assigned to Yuri. 1147 Yuri Dolgorukiy had a meeting with Sviatoslav Olgovich (then prince of Belgorod Kievsky) in a place called Moscow. In 1156 Yuri fortified Moscow with wooden walls and a moat.[citation needed] Although the settlement probably existed later or earlier, Dolgorukiy is often called "the Founder of Moscow". for Kiev[edit] all the interest he took in fortifying his Northern lands, Yuri still coveted the throne of Kiev. It is his active participation in the Southern affairs that earned him the epithet of Dolgorukiy, "the far-reaching". His elder brother Mstislav of Kiev died in 1132, and "the Rus lands fell apart", as one chronicle put it. Yuri instantaneously declared war on the princes of Chernigov, the reigning Grand Prince and his brother Yaropolk II of Kiev, enthroned his son in Novgorod, and captured his father's hereditary principality at Pereyaslav of the South. The Novgorodians, however, betrayed him, and Yuri avenged by seizing their key eastern fortress, Torzhok. 1147, Dolgorukiy resumed his struggle for Kiev and in 1149[citation needed] he captured it, but in 1151 he was driven from the capital of Rus by his nephew Iziaslav. In 1155, Yuri regained Kiev once again. After presumably being poisoned at the feast of a Kievan nobleman, Yuri unexpectedly died in 1157 which sparked anti-Suzdalian uprising in Kiev.[citation needed] Yuri Dolgoruki was interred at the Saviour Church in Berestovo, Kiev, but his tomb is empty. and children[edit] Primary Chronicle records the first marriage of Yuri on 12 January 1108. His first wife was a daughter of Aepa Ocenevich,[1] Khan of the Cumans. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Cumans, a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin. second wife Helena survived him and moved to Constantinople. Her paternity is not known for certain but Nikolay Karamzin was the first to theorise that Helena was returning to her native city. She has since been theorised to be a member of the Komnenos dynasty which ruled the Byzantine Empire throughout the life of Yuri. websites have speculated that his wife was a daughter of Isaac Komnenos. The identification would make her a granddaughter of Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. There are no documents to back up this connection. had at least fifteen children. The identities of the mothers are not known for certain following are considered elder children and usually attributed to the first wife. Rostislav, Prince of Pereyaslavl (d. 6 April 1151). Ivan, Prince of Kursk (d. 24 February 1147). Olga (d. 1189). Married Yaroslav Osmomysl. Andrei I Bogolyubsky (c. 1111 – 28 June 1174). Maria. Married Oleg Sviatoslavich, Prince of Novhorod-Siverskyi. Sviatoslav (d. 11 January 1174). Yaroslav (d. 12 April 1166). Gleb of Kiev (d. 1171). Boris, Prince of Belgorod and Turov (d. 12 May 1159). Mstislav, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1166). Vasilko, Prince of Suzdal (deposed in 1161). following are considered youngest and typically attributed to the second wife Mikhail of Vladimir (d. 20 June 1176). Vsevolod the Big Nest (1154 – 12 April 1212). Davyd, Prince of Murom, Married Euphrosyne of Murom, Peasant from the Village of Laskovo, Ryazan Governorate (d. 25 June 1228) Yaropolk. Moscow monument of Yuri Dolgorukiy as shown on a 1997 Russian coin have cherished Yuri's memory as the legendary founder of their city. His patron saint, Saint George appears on the coat of arms of Moscow slaying a dragon. In 1954, a monument to him designed by sculptor Sergei Orlov was erected on Moscow's Tverskaya Street, the city's principal avenue, in front of the Moscow municipality. image was stamped on the Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th Anniversary of Moscow", introduced in 1947. nuclear submarine Yuri Dolgoruki is named after him. Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1154, 1159-1167, Kiev Rus King, Rostislav-Michael, Rostislav 1 of Kiev
Kiev Rus King, 1154-1157, Rostislav-Michael; Rostislav Mstislavich (c. 1110-1167), Kniaz' (Prince) of Smolensk (1125-“1160), Novgorod (1154) and Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kiev (Kyiv, 1154, 1159-“1167). He was the son of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. After Yaroslav II of Kiev was driven out of Novgorod, Rostislav was invited to become the ruler of Novgorod. He accepted, and became the prince on April 17, 1154. Then, learning that Iziaslav II had died, Rostislav left Novgorod to take the Kievan throne. Indignant that their prince had abandoned them and angered that "he did not make order among them, but tore them more apart", the citizens of Novgorod drove out Rostislav's son, David, who was their governor. They replaced him with Mstislav Yurievich, the son of Yury Dolgoruky. Rostislav ruled Kiev for one week before Iziaslav III of Kiev forced him to flee to Chernigov. He left four sons, princes David Rostislavich of Novgorod, Mstislav Rostislavich of Smolensk, Roman I of Kiev and Rurik Rostislavich and two daughters Elena Rostislavna of Kiev-Smolensk (died 1204) and Agrafena Rostislavna (died 1237). Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Novgorod, 1157-1174, G Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky, Suzdal, tried to unite w Kiev and Novgorod, N Dvina, killed
Novgorod, 1157-1174, Great Prince Andrey Bogolyubsky; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1165-1186, Ilya (1st Archbishop of Novgorod) AKA John, built Khutyn Monastery
Russia, Novgorod, 1165-1186, Ilya (Archbishop of Novgorod) AKA John; St. John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7;

Russia, Novgorod, 1170, miraculous sign from the Novgorod Icon
miraculous sign from the Novgorod Icon in the year 1170; In that year the allied forces of Russian appanage princes, headed by a son of Prince Andrew Bogoliubsky of Suzdal, marched to the very walls of Great Novgorod. For the people of Novgorod, their only remaining hope was that God would help them. Day and night they prayed, beseeching the Lord not to forsake them. On the third night Bishop Elias of Novgorod heard a wondrous voice commanding that the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos be taken out of the church of the Savior™s Transfiguration on Ilina street, and carried about on the city walls. When they carried the icon, the enemy fired a volley of arrows at the procession, and one of them pierced the iconographic face of the Mother of God. Tears trickled from Her eyes, and the icon turned its face towards the city. After this divine Sign an inexpressible terror suddenly fell upon the enemy. They began to strike one another, and taking encouragement from the Lord, the people of Novgorod fearlessly gave battle and won the victory. Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Theotokos of Bogolyubovo; Andrey Bogolyubsky; Yury Bogolyubsky;

Russia, Novgorod, 1172-1188, George the Russian, Yury Bogolyubsky, Yuri D's gson, Novgorod Prince, m Tamar
Russia, Vladimir, 1172-1188, George the Russian, Yury Bogolyubsky; Vladimir Great Prince, 1157-1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Novgorod, 1177-1212, K Rus King, Vsevolod III, Big Nest, Yuri D's 11th son, long reign in Vladimir, m Georgian
Kiev Rus King, 1173, Vsevolod III, the Big Nest; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves Commemorated on January 22; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated on January 29; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated on January 29; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 24; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Northern Crusades, Great Battle of the Ice, Andrew Nevsky

Russia, Novgorod, 1200 - 1232, Saint Anthony of Novgorod, the Pilgrim, to Constntnpl, Cyprus, Holy Land
Novgorod,1200 - 1232, Saint Anthony of Novgorod, the Pilgrim ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1212-1218, Prince, Konstantin of Rostov, Big Nest' son, a w Mitsislav against Yuri II
Novgorod Prince, 1212-1218, Konstantin of Rostov; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Novgorod, 1218-1238, Prince, Yuri II of Vladimir, St George, given N but kicked out
Novgorod Prince, 1218-1238, Yuri II of Vladimir; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Cosmas the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Novgorod, 1225-1246, Saint Michael of Chernigov, promoted trade, t routes K and Vohl, f Oleg Martyr
Novgorod, 1225-1246, Saint Michael of Chernigov; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20 ; St Oleg the Prince of Briansk, Commemorated on September 20 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1238-1246, Prince, Yaroslav II of Vladimir, N's f, restored country after M invasion, married Mtslav's d
Novgorod Prince, 1238-1246, Yaroslav II of Vladimir; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights
Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Saint Theodore, Commemorated on March 14 Theodore—Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke and resembles the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. icon received its name from Great Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (+ 1246), the father of Saint Alexander Nevsky, and who in holy Baptism was named Theodore in honor of Saint Theodore Stratelates (February 8). to Tradition, the icon was found by his elder brother, Saint George (February 4), in an old wooden chapel near the city of Gorodets. Later, the Gorodetsk Theodorov monastery was built on this spot. Prince Yaroslav-Theodore became the Great Prince of Vladimir after his brother Saint George perished in battle with the Mongols at the Sita River. In the year 1239, he solemnly transferred the relics of his brother from Rostov to the Vladimir Dormition cathedral. He gave the icon which he inherited from his brother to his own son, Saint Alexander Nevsky. is renowned in Russian history. He continued with the glorious traditions of his uncle Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), and of his father Vsevolod III Big-Nest, and he was connected to almost all of the significant events in the history of Rus in the first half of the thirteenth century. was burned and torn apart by the Mongols in 1237-1238. He raised it up from the ashes, rebuilt and embellished the cities, the holy monasteries and the churches. He restored cities along the Volga devastated by the enemy: Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl’, Kostroma, Gorodets. founded he church of Theodore Stratelates at Kostroma and the Theodorov monastery near Gorodets in honor of his patron saint. For eight years he ruled as Great Prince, but he had to guide the land through a singularly difficult path, maintaining a military-political balance with the Golden Horde to the East, while mounting an active opposition to Catholic Europe in the West. His closest companion was his son, Saint Alexander Nevsky, who also continued his policies. wonderworking Theodore Icon of the Mother of God was constantly with Saint Alexander, and he prayed before it. After Saint Alexander Nevsky died on November 14, 1263 at the monastery founded by his father, the icon was taken by his younger brother Basil. Yaroslavich was the youngest (eighth) son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1246 after the death of his father (Prince Yaroslav was poisoned in the capital city of Mongolia, Karakorum when he was only five years old) Basil became prince of the Kostroma appanage-holding, the least important of his father’s domains. In the year 1272, he became Great Prince of Vladimir. four years as Great Prince (1272-1276) were filled with fratricidal princely quarrels. For several years he waged war against Novgorod with an unruly nephew Demetrius. In becoming Great Prince, however, Basil did not journey to Vladimir, but remained under the protection of the wonderworking icon at Kostroma, regarding this place as safer in case of new outbreaks of strife. had occasion also to defend Rus against external enemies. In 1272, during a Tatar incursion, a Russian army came forth from Kostroma to engage them. Following the example of his grandfather, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (who took the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God with him on military campaigns), Prince Basil went into battle with the wonderworking Theodore Icon. A blinding light came forth from the holy image, and the Tatars dispersed and fled from the Russian land. Chronicles say that the Great Prince Basil had a special love for the Church and the clergy. After the martyric death of Bishop Metrophanes of Vladimir during the storming of Vladimir by Tatars on February 4, 1238, the Vladimir diocese had remained widowed for many years. This grieved Great Prince Basil. With his help, a large cathedral was constructed in Vladimir in 1274. This was apparently in connection with the consecration of Saint Serapion (July 12) as Bishop of Vladimir. He was an igumen from the Monastery of the Caves. Cyril III (+ 1282) presided over a council of Russian hierarchs. This was the first council in the Russian Church since the time of the Mongol invasion. Many problems and disorders had arisen in Church life, but the Russian Church was just barely beginning to recover from the woe that had befallen it. One of its main tasks was to recover a Russian churchly literacy, and the restoration of the tradition of the ancient Russian “princely order.” books the Church’s salvific activity would be almost impossible. Books were needed for church services, and for preaching, for the monastic cell rule, and for believers to read at home. Through the efforts of Metropolitan Cyril and the Russian bishops and monastic scholars, this important task was begun. The council approved new editions of essential books which formed the canonical basis of Orthodox church life. 1276, Prince Basil completed his life’s journey. Most of the important events in his life occured with the blessing of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. He died at Kostroma, and there he also found his final resting place. Since that time, the holy icon has been in the Kostroma cathedral of Saint Theodore Stratelates. interest in the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God and the spread of its veneration throughout all Russia is connected with events of the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the end of the Time of Troubles. In the year 1613, the wonderworking Theodore Icon from the Kostroma cathedral was used at the proclamation of Michael Romanov as the new Tsar. In memory of this historic event, March 14 was designated for the commemoration of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. copies were made from the Kostroma Theodore Icon, and one of the first was commissioned and brought to Moscow by Tsar Michael’s mother, the nun Martha. From the second half of the seventeenth century, various copies of the Theodore Icon were enlarged with scenes depicting events from the history of the wonderworking icon. the year 1670 the hierodeacon Longinus from the Kostroma Hypatiev monastery wrote the “Narrative concerning the Manifestations and Miracles of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God in Kostroma.” Not all the things contained in it agree with things previously stated. Theodore Icon is two-sided. On the reverse side is the image of the holy Great Martyr Paraskeva, depicted in the splendid attire of a princess. It is believed that the image of Paraskeva on the reverse of the icon is connected with the wife of Saint Alexander Nevsky. Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Saint Theodore is also commemorated on August 16.

Russia, Novgorod, 1250-1298, Saint Theodore the Balck, P of Smolensk, bored, he went to Sarai, prominence in H
Kiev, 1250-1298, Saint Theodore the Balck; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19;

Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1242, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III
Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1242, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III; Rome, 1191-1198, Pope, Celestine III; Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Novgorod, 1252-1263, Prince, Alexander Nevsky, battles of Neva and Ice
Novgorod Prince, 1252-1263, Alexander Nevsky; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Saint Theodore, Commemorated on March 14 Theodore—Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke and resembles the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. icon received its name from Great Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (+ 1246), the father of Saint Alexander Nevsky, and who in holy Baptism was named Theodore in honor of Saint Theodore Stratelates (February 8). to Tradition, the icon was found by his elder brother, Saint George (February 4), in an old wooden chapel near the city of Gorodets. Later, the Gorodetsk Theodorov monastery was built on this spot. Prince Yaroslav-Theodore became the Great Prince of Vladimir after his brother Saint George perished in battle with the Mongols at the Sita River. In the year 1239, he solemnly transferred the relics of his brother from Rostov to the Vladimir Dormition cathedral. He gave the icon which he inherited from his brother to his own son, Saint Alexander Nevsky. is renowned in Russian history. He continued with the glorious traditions of his uncle Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), and of his father Vsevolod III Big-Nest, and he was connected to almost all of the significant events in the history of Rus in the first half of the thirteenth century. was burned and torn apart by the Mongols in 1237-1238. He raised it up from the ashes, rebuilt and embellished the cities, the holy monasteries and the churches. He restored cities along the Volga devastated by the enemy: Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl’, Kostroma, Gorodets. founded he church of Theodore Stratelates at Kostroma and the Theodorov monastery near Gorodets in honor of his patron saint. For eight years he ruled as Great Prince, but he had to guide the land through a singularly difficult path, maintaining a military-political balance with the Golden Horde to the East, while mounting an active opposition to Catholic Europe in the West. His closest companion was his son, Saint Alexander Nevsky, who also continued his policies. wonderworking Theodore Icon of the Mother of God was constantly with Saint Alexander, and he prayed before it. After Saint Alexander Nevsky died on November 14, 1263 at the monastery founded by his father, the icon was taken by his younger brother Basil. Yaroslavich was the youngest (eighth) son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1246 after the death of his father (Prince Yaroslav was poisoned in the capital city of Mongolia, Karakorum when he was only five years old) Basil became prince of the Kostroma appanage-holding, the least important of his father’s domains. In the year 1272, he became Great Prince of Vladimir. four years as Great Prince (1272-1276) were filled with fratricidal princely quarrels. For several years he waged war against Novgorod with an unruly nephew Demetrius. In becoming Great Prince, however, Basil did not journey to Vladimir, but remained under the protection of the wonderworking icon at Kostroma, regarding this place as safer in case of new outbreaks of strife. had occasion also to defend Rus against external enemies. In 1272, during a Tatar incursion, a Russian army came forth from Kostroma to engage them. Following the example of his grandfather, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (who took the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God with him on military campaigns), Prince Basil went into battle with the wonderworking Theodore Icon. A blinding light came forth from the holy image, and the Tatars dispersed and fled from the Russian land. Chronicles say that the Great Prince Basil had a special love for the Church and the clergy. After the martyric death of Bishop Metrophanes of Vladimir during the storming of Vladimir by Tatars on February 4, 1238, the Vladimir diocese had remained widowed for many years. This grieved Great Prince Basil. With his help, a large cathedral was constructed in Vladimir in 1274. This was apparently in connection with the consecration of Saint Serapion (July 12) as Bishop of Vladimir. He was an igumen from the Monastery of the Caves. Cyril III (+ 1282) presided over a council of Russian hierarchs. This was the first council in the Russian Church since the time of the Mongol invasion. Many problems and disorders had arisen in Church life, but the Russian Church was just barely beginning to recover from the woe that had befallen it. One of its main tasks was to recover a Russian churchly literacy, and the restoration of the tradition of the ancient Russian “princely order.” books the Church’s salvific activity would be almost impossible. Books were needed for church services, and for preaching, for the monastic cell rule, and for believers to read at home. Through the efforts of Metropolitan Cyril and the Russian bishops and monastic scholars, this important task was begun. The council approved new editions of essential books which formed the canonical basis of Orthodox church life. 1276, Prince Basil completed his life’s journey. Most of the important events in his life occured with the blessing of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. He died at Kostroma, and there he also found his final resting place. Since that time, the holy icon has been in the Kostroma cathedral of Saint Theodore Stratelates. interest in the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God and the spread of its veneration throughout all Russia is connected with events of the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the end of the Time of Troubles. In the year 1613, the wonderworking Theodore Icon from the Kostroma cathedral was used at the proclamation of Michael Romanov as the new Tsar. In memory of this historic event, March 14 was designated for the commemoration of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. copies were made from the Kostroma Theodore Icon, and one of the first was commissioned and brought to Moscow by Tsar Michael’s mother, the nun Martha. From the second half of the seventeenth century, various copies of the Theodore Icon were enlarged with scenes depicting events from the history of the wonderworking icon. the year 1670 the hierodeacon Longinus from the Kostroma Hypatiev monastery wrote the “Narrative concerning the Manifestations and Miracles of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God in Kostroma.” Not all the things contained in it agree with things previously stated. Theodore Icon is two-sided. On the reverse side is the image of the holy Great Martyr Paraskeva, depicted in the splendid attire of a princess. It is believed that the image of Paraskeva on the reverse of the icon is connected with the wife of Saint Alexander Nevsky. Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Saint Theodore is also commemorated on August 16. Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Novgorod, 1276-1293, G Prince, Dmitry of Pereslavl, Nevsky's 2nd, Novg too young, welcmd back, Koporye F, with Nagoli over Andrey and Horde
Vladimir Great Prince, 1276-1293, Dmitry of Pereslavl ; Alexandrovich (ca. 1250-1294) was Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1276 until 1281 and then from 1283 until 1293. was the second son of Alexander Nevsky. When his elder brother Vasily died young, Dmitry remained the chief heir to his illustrious father. As early as 1259, he was left by Alexander in charge of Novgorod. Upon Alexander's death in 1264, however, the Novgorodians expelled Dmitry to his native Pereslavl-Zalessky, citing his youth as a pretext. years later, when Dmitry had turned 18, he was welcomed back to Novgorod and ” together with his future son-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov ” led a local militia against Livonian Knights in the Battle of Rakvere. During the following decade, he struggled for control of Novgorod against his uncles, Yaroslav III and Vasily of Kostroma. In 1276, when his elders died, he finally ascended the coveted thrones of Vladimir and Novgorod. Two years later, he founded a great fortress of Koporye, which he intended to rule himself. The Novgorodians revolted, forcing Dmitry to leave Koporye and Novgorod altogether. Dmitry was preoccupied with pacifying Novgorod, Andrey of Gorodets (Dmitry's younger brother) went to the Golden Horde and received from the khan permission to replace Dmitry as the Grand Prince. In 1281, Andrey returned to Russia, joined his forces with princes of Rostov and Yaroslavl and, after much devastation to Dmitry's lands, seized his capital Pereslavl. Dmitry fled to Koporye but, failing to win support of Novgorodians, had to retreat further northward, probably to Scandinavia. years later, Dmitry returned to Russia, only to find his lands ravaged by the Mongols and his brother Andrey. Thereupon he went to the Black Sea and met Nogai Khan, who was the greatest enemy of the Golden Horde at that time. Wishing to increase his authority in Russia, Nogai vowed to support Dmitry in his struggle for the grand ducal throne. On hearing about this, Andrey renounced his claims to Vladimir and Novgorod and returned to Gorodets. 1285 Andrey again brought Mongol hordes to Russia, but these were expelled by Dmitry and his allies. Finally, in 1293 Andrey managed to unite the Mongols and Russian princes in opposition to Dmitry. Reluctant to renew fratricidal hostilities, Dmitry took monastic vows in 1293 and died the next year. He was buried in the Saviour Cathedral of Pereslavl-Zalessky. Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1283-1303, P Daniel of Moscow, Nevsky's 4th and youngest s , Churches and Ms, first victory over Tartars, unified rus
Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, Prince Daniel of Moscow; father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] Aleksandrovich (1261-“ 4 March 1303) was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and forefather of all the Grand Dukes of father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] When he was a child, the tiny principality was being governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by his paternal uncle, Grand Prince Yaroslav has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, namely the Lord's Epiphany, and The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery): named in his honor, situated on the right bank of the Moskva River at a distance of 5 miles from the Moscow Kremlin, and founded, by Daniel, as the first monastery wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite no later than also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to the Great Martyr took part in his brothers (”Dmitri of Pereslavl and Andrey of Gorodets) ”struggle for the right to govern Vladimir and Novgorod, respectively. After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniel made an alliance with Mikhail of Tver and Ivan of Pereslavl against Andrey of Gorodets of Novgorod. participation in the struggle for Novgorod in 1296 indicated Moscow's increasing political influence. Constantine, the prince of Ryazan, tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniel defeated it near Pereslavl. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom.[2] 1300, he went to Ryazan with an army and imprisoned the ruler of the Ryazan Principality "by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniel his fortress of Kolomna. It was an important acquisition, as now Daniel controlled all the length of the Moskva River. 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniel all his lands, including Pereslavl-Zalessky.[2] the Mongol occupation and internecine wars among the Rus' princes, Daniel created peace in Moscow without bloodshed. 30 years of ruling Daniel participated in battles only once.[1] According to legend, Daniel was popular and respected by his subjects for his meekness, humility and peacefulness. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; the time of Great Prince Ivan III (1462-1505), Saint Daniel gave reminders of himself to his forgetful descendents. He appeared as a stranger to a youth who attended the Great Prince and said: Don’t be afraid of me. I was a Christian and the master of this place, my name is Daniel Prince of Moscow, and by the will of God I am here. Tell Great Prince John about me saying: you are enjoying yourself while you have forgotten me, but God has not forgotten me. this, the Great Prince ordered panikhidas for his ancestral princes to be sung in the cathedral. During the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the dying son of a barge merchant was healed at the grave of Saint Daniel. The Tsar, struck by the miracle, renovated the ancient Danilov monastery and established a yearly church procession. The Metropolitan led the way to the the holy prince’s tomb, and served a panikhida there. 1652 holy Prince Daniel was glorified by the uncovering of his incorrupt relics, which were transferred on August 30 to the church dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council. holy relics were placed in a reliquary “to the glory of the Holy Trinity and for the healing of the infirm. Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (+ 1812), in the Life of the holy prince which he compiled, writes: “The founder laid the foundation of Moscow’s grandeur, modestly making only a small path to it. Just as any edifice, which is not built with excessive haste, but rather with great artistry and skill, receives a particular firmness and stands indestructible for a long time; like a tall tree that grows for many centuries after beginning as a small sapling, then slowly becomes sturdier, with its branches spreading about far around, so this city was to grow from small, but firm beginnings, so that its first sparkle would not bedazzle the eyes of the envious, and so it would not be shaken or felled early on, before it had attained its full height. Thus did this founder prepare the great city given him, giving it a modest but steady radiance, undisturbed by any gusts of the wind. He left the great glory of its rise to his son Great Prince John, called Kalita.

Russia, Novgorod, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Novgorod, 1293-1304, Alexander or Andrey of Gorodets, Nevsky's 3rd s, K Fortress, took V from b, lost V to D, lost to Daniel
Vladimir Great Prince, 1293-1304, Andrey of Gorodets of Vladimir-Suzdal; Andrey III Alexandrovich (ca. 1255 -“ 27 July 1304), a Russian prince, son of Alexander Nevsky, received from his father the town of Gorodets on the Volga. In 1276 he added Kostroma to his possessions and joined the struggle for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal. In 1281 Andrey, joining the Mongol army, expelled his elder brother Dmitri from Vladimir. After some feasting with Mongols in Vladimir, Andrey went to Novgorod, where the populace made him heartily welcome. Meanwhile, his brother allied himself with the powerful Nogai Khan, who reinstated Dmitry as Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1283. During the following decade, Andrey thrice brought the Mongols to Russia in order to wrest Vladimir from his brother. In the campaign of 1293 they pillaged 14 Russian towns, finally forcing Dmitry to abdicate. Even when elevated to the grand-ducal throne of Vladimir, Andrey continued to live in Gorodets. During the last decade of his reign he struggled with a league formed by Daniel of Moscow, Mikhail of Tver, and Ivan of Pereslavl [ru]. In 1301 he drove the Swedes from Landskrona near present-day Saint Petersburg.[1] For more description of Alexander, see Daniel of Moscow March 4 below: Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Mill”), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. 1300, when the Ryazan prince Constantine was making secret preparations for a sudden assault on the Moscow principality, Prince Daniel went to Ryazan with an army. He defeated the enemy, took Constantine captive,and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom. he had beaten the Ryazan prince and scattered his confederates the Tatars, Prince Daniel did not take advantage of his victory to seize foreign lands or take booty, as was the accepted custom during these times. Instead, he displayed an example of true non-covetousness, love and fraternity. The holy prince never resorted to arms to seize the lands of others, nor did he ever take away the property of other princes either by force or by treachery. And so the Lord saw fit to expand the boundaries of his princely realm. John of Pereslavl-Zalessk, Daniel’s nephew, was gentle and pious and benevolent towards the poor, and he esteemed and loved his uncle. Dying childless in 1302, he bequeathed his principality to Saint Daniel. The Pereslavl lands together with Dmitrov, had the most inhabitants after Rostov, with the corresponding fortification befitting a major city. Pereslavl-Zalessk was well protected on all sides. But the holy prince remained faithful to Moscow and did not transfer the capital of his princedom to the stronger and more significant seat of Pereslavl. This annexation allowed Moscow to be considered as the most significant principality. Here the principle of the unification of the Russian Land into a single powerful realm was set in place. the ages God’s providence concerning Russia and its destiny was clearly manifest! for the constant blessings of the Hodēgḗtria (She who leads the Way) both in his personal life, and also in the life of the Russian realm, Saint Daniel’s father, Saint Alexander Nevsky said, “God is not in might, but in right!” Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Novgorod, 1300, 14th Century, Folder, Novgorod the Great, Vladimir Time

Russia, Novgorod, 1300, 14th Century, Novgorod the Great
Novgorod the Great; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1304-1318, Mikhail of Tver, Nervsky's b, studied in N. he lost influence to Yury of M, who gained I in Novgorod while M was in Sarai
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Novgorod, 1253-1359, Prince Ivan II of Moscow, Donskoy's Father
Novgorod Prince, 1253-1359, Ivan II of Moscow; II Ivanovich the Fair (Russian: Иван II Иванович Красный) (30 March 1326 – 13 November 1359) was the Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1353. Until that date, he had ruled the towns of Ruza and Zvenigorod. He was the second son of Ivan Kalita, and succeeded his brother Simeon the Proud, who died of the Black Death. Upon succeeding his brother and because of increased civil strife among the Golden Horde, Ivan briefly toyed with the idea of abandoning traditional Moscow allegiance to the Mongols and allying himself with Lithuania, a growing power in the west. This policy was quickly abandoned and Ivan asserted his allegiance to the Golden Horde.[1] Contemporaries described Ivan as a pacific, apathetic ruler, who didn't flinch even when Algirdas of Lithuania captured his father-in-law's capital, Bryansk.[2] He also allowed Oleg of Riazan to burn villages on his territory. However, Orthodox churchmen aided in consolidating the power of the Grand Prince. He received much aid from the capable Metropolitan Alexius. Like his brother, Ivan II was not as successful as his father or grandfather with regard to territorial expansion. Nevertheless, he was able to annex areas southwest of Moscow, including the areas of Borovsk, and Vereya. He is buried in the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael in Moscow. Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Novgorod, 1359-1389, Prince Dimitri of the Don
Novgorod, 1359-1389, Prince Dimitri of the Don; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Novgorod, 1368-1372, Lithuanian Moscovite Wars
Russia, Novgorod, 1368-1372, Lithuanian Moscovite Wars; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

Russia, Novgorod, 1385-1406, Patriarch Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1385-1406, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia, Novgorod, 1389-1425, Prince Vasily I of Moscow (Basil I), GH Vassal, Freed Moscow
Novgorod Prince, 1389-1425, Vasily I of Moscow (Basil I); I Dmitriyevich (30 December 1371 – 27 February 1425) was the Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1389—1425), heir of Dmitry Donskoy (r. 1359—1389). ruled as a Golden Horde vassal between 1389-1395, and again in 1412-1425. raid on the Volgan regions in 1395 by Mongol emir Timur resulted in a state of anarchy for the Golden Horde and the independence of Moscow. 1412, Vasily reinstated himself as a vassal of the Horde. had entered an alliance with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1392 and married the only daughter of Vytautas the Great, Sophia, though the alliance turned out to be fragile, and they waged war against each other in 1406–1408. Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated on July 16; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Novgorod, 1400, 15th-18th Century, History Folder, Fall to Moscow, Moscow Time

Russia, Novgorod, 1429-1458, Saint, Euthymius II, Archbishop of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1429-1458, Saint, Euthymius II, Archbishop of Novgorod; St. Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Novgorod, 1440-1505, Ivan III, G Prince of Moscow, t Great, defeated Novg, expanded R, ended GH yoke
Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Novgorod, 1440-1470, St Jonah, Archbishop of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1440-1470, St Jonah, Archbishop of Novgorod ; Moscow Patriarch, 1449-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Novgorod, 1471, Battle of Shelon River, Moscow over Novgorod
Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1473-1489, Patriarch, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1473-1489, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Novgorod, 1478, Martha Boretskaya, Mayor of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1471-1480, Martha Boretskaya, Mayor of Novgorod; Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Novgorod, 1484-1505, Saint, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius
Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Novgorod, 1506-1509, Archbishop, Serapion of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1506-1509, Archbishop, Serapion of Novgorod; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30;

Russia, Novgorod, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Russia, Novgorod, 1526-1563, Archbishop of Novgorod, Metropolitan of Moscow, Macarius
Russia, Novgorod, 1526-1563, Archbishop of Novgorod, Metropolitan of Moscow, Macarius; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Novgorod, 1652-1658, Metropolitan, Patriarch Nikon of Moscow
Novgorod Metropolitan, 1652-1658, Patriarch Nikon of Moscow ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Russia, Novgorod, 1727-1927, Folder, Novgorod Governorate, Russian Empire

Novgorod Governorate, 1727-1927, Russian Empire
Novgorod Governorate ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod,Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod;

Russia, Novgorod, Volkhov River Folder

Volkhov River

Volkhov River Source (Novgorod, Lake Ilmen)

Novgorod (Volkhov River Source (Lake llmen))
Veliky Novgorod; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated on July 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" in Novgorod; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 27 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3 ; ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23 ; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 23 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated January 11; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Uncut MountÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Volkhov River 1 (Novgorod, St Georges Monastery)

Antoniev monastery, Novgorod, 1117
Antoniev monastery; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; St. Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4;

Novgorod governia
Novgorod governia, Novgorod Republic is Novgorod governia before Moscow took control of Novgorod. When Moscow had control (1479) these lands were called Grand Duchy of Moscow ; Grand Duchy of Moscow; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk);

Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, Saint (Hagia) Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod, 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St. John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Saint (Hagia) Sophia Cathedral, Novgorod, 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St. John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Novgorod Cathedral, Saint (Hagia) Sophia C., 1045
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Synaxis of the Hierarchs of Novgorod, Buried in the Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) in Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Zverin monastery of the Protection at Novgorod, 1164
Zverin monastery of the Protection at Novgorod; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod
Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod; Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Early Foreign Ties; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19

Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Novgorod Fair, Torgovaja Storona
Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod; Torgovaja Storona, Novgorod Fair, Norwegian Quarter of Novgorod, Early Foreign Ties; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19

Volkhov Bridge
When he discovered a mutual enmity between the Novgorod citizens of the Torgov quarter and the inhabitants of the Sophia quarter, Blessed Theodore pretended to be feuding with Blessed Nicholas Kochanov (July 27) who lived in asceticism on the opposite Sophia side. When Blessed Theodore happened to cross over the Volkhov Bridge to the Sophia side, then Blessed Nicholas pushed him over to the Torgov side. Theodore did the same thing when Nicholas chanced upon on the Torgov side. The blessed ones, spiritually in agreement with each other, by their unusual behavior reminded the people of Novgorod of their own internecine strife, which often ended in bloody skirmishes. Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19;

Sophia Quarter, across Volkhov Bridge from Norwegian Quarter, Sophia Cathedral
When he discovered a mutual enmity between the Novgorod citizens of the Torgov quarter and the inhabitants of the Sophia quarter, Blessed Theodore pretended to be feuding with Blessed Nicholas Kochanov (July 27) who lived in asceticism on the opposite Sophia side. When Blessed Theodore happened to cross over the Volkhov Bridge to the Sophia side, then Blessed Nicholas pushed him over to the Torgov side. Theodore did the same thing when Nicholas chanced upon on the Torgov side. The blessed ones, spiritually in agreement with each other, by their unusual behavior reminded the people of Novgorod of their own internecine strife, which often ended in bloody skirmishes. Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19;

Yaroslav's Cathedral - Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod, 1113
Yaroslav's Cathedral - Saint Nicholas Cathedral, Novgorod; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8;

Savior-Transfiguration church on Ilyina Street, Novgorod, 1169
Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ;

Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street, Novgorod, 1169
Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyina Street; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ;

Church of the Apostle Philip, Novgorod, 1527
Church of the Apostle Philip, Novgorod, 1527, 58°30'55"N 31°17'37"E; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Nikita, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30;

St Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, Sinch Hill, Novgorod
St Peter and Paul Orthodox Church, Sinch Hill, Novgorod; Saint Charitina, Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5;

Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod (Volkhov River 1) 1030
Yuriev Monastery; Repose of Saint Theoctistus, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

St George men's monastery, Novgorod (Volkhov River 1) 1030
Saint George's Monastery (Novgorod); St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Cathedral of St George, Yuriev Monastery, Novgorod, 1030
Yuriev Monastery; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Saint George's Mens Monastery, Novgorod, Jurievo village, Novgorod district, Novgorod region
Saint George's Mens Monastery, Novgorod, Jurievo village, Novgorod district, Novgorod region; Saint John the Wonderworker, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7;

Yurievo Tolchische (Yurievo Threshing-Mill, Volkhov River1), Novgorod
Yurievo Tolchische (Yurievo Threshing-Mill), Novgorod; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Volkhov River 2 (Khutyn or Xenophon Monastery)

Russia, Novgorod, Volkhov River 2, Roeika River Folder

Robeika River

Robeika River (Looks like a section of Volkhov River)

Volotovo Church, 1352
Volotovo Church, 1352; St. Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Robeika River Mouth (not far from Novgorod)

Trinity monastery, Khutyn, Novgorod (Robeika River, Volkhov River 2) 1192
Xenophon monastery: The Khutyn Monastery was founded by Xenophon of Robika; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Xenophon monastery, Khutyn, Novgorod (Robeika River Mouth, Volkhov River 2) 1192
Xenophon monastery: The Khutyn Monastery was founded by Xenophon of Robika; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Khutyn Monastery, Novgorod, (Robeika River Mouth, Volkhov River 2) 1192
Khutyn Monastery; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6, Barlaam settled on a solitary hill below Volkhov, in a place called Khutyn, ten versts from Novgorod.; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated January 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Volkhov River 3

Oskuya River Mouth (Volkhov River 3)

Volkhov River 4

Tigoda River Mouth (Volkhov River 4)

Volkhov, Novgorod (Volkhov River 5)
Volkhov; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, commemorated August 3;

Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District Novgorod, 1582
Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Volkhov River Mouth (St Petersburg, Lake Ladoga)

Russia, Novgorod, Vishera River Folder

Vishera River Novgorod

Vishera River Novgorod Source (Malaya Vishera)

Vishera River 1

Vishera River Mouth (Novgorod)
Vishera River a right tributary of the Maly Volkhovets River, an eastern armlet of the Volkhov River. Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod;

Sava-Vishera Monastery (7 Versts from Novgorod, Vishera River) 1418
Sava-Vishera Monastery (7 Versts from Novgorod, Vishera River); Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1;

Russia, Novgorod, Verenda River Folder

Verenda River

Verenda River Mouth (Perekop, Lake Ilmen)

Vyazhishchsky Monastery, Novgorod, 1391
Vyazhishchsky Monastery; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11;

Klops Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400
Klops Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

Perekop Monastery, Novgorod (Island at mouth of Verenda River) 1400
Perekop Monastery (Island at mouth of Verenda River); Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

St. Michael Klopsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, 23k Southwest of Novgorod, 1400
St. Michael Klopsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, 23k Southwest of Novgorod; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11;

Russia, Novgorod, Shelon River Folder

Shelon River

Shelon River Source (Swamps east of Pskov Region)

Shelon River 1 (Porkhov)

Shelon River 2

Shelon River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake llmen)

Volotovsky District, Novgorod (Between Shelon and Polista Rivers)
River Perekhoda is in the Volotovsky District; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod;

Russia, Novgorod, Shelon River 1, Omucha River Folder

River Omucha

River Omucha Source

River Omucha Mouth (Shelon River 1)
River Omucha, not far from the city of Porkhov. Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov;

Porkhov, Novgorod (Omucha River, Shelon River 1)
Porkhov (Shelon River 1) ; Venerable Nicander; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21 ;

Omucha, Novgorod (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1) 1396
Omucha, Pskov (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1); Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21;

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River Folder

Lovat River

Lovat River Source (Lake Lovat)
Lake Lovat in Northwest Corner of Belarus.

Lovat River 1 (Luki)

Luki

Veliki Luki, Novgorod (Great Meadow, Lovat River 1, Volga Trade Rte 7)
Veliki Luki (Great Meadows) Monastery; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated November 11 ; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Lovat River 2

Lovat River 3 (Kholm)

Kholm, Novgorod ( Kunya River Mouth at Lovat River 3)
Kholm ( Kunya River Mouth at Lovat River 3); Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River 3, Kunya River Folder

Kunya River

Kunya River Source (Lake (Kunya) Vsteselovo)

Kunya River 1 (Volga Trade Route 7)

Kunya River 2

Kunya River 3

Kunya River Mouth (Kholm, Lovat River 3)

Lovat River 4 (Polista River)

Russia, Novgorod, Lovat River 4, Polista River Folder

Polista River

Polista River Source (Lake Polista)

Polista River 1

Polista River 2

Polista River 3 (Stara Rus and Leokhnov)

Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3)
Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus) ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17 ;

Hermitage of Saint Macarius, Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3)
Probable location of Hermitage of Saint Macarius, Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus, Polista River 3), 45 miles upstream from Novgorod. Leokhnov, Novgorod (near Stara Rus) ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17 ;

Staro Rus (near Novgorod, Polista River 3)
Staro Rus; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Staraya Russa, Novgorod (Polist River Mouth, Lovat River 4)
Staraya Russa; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated July 29 ; Venerable Cosmas the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Kosinsk, Pskov
Kosinsk, Pskov, 3 Versts between the two rivers from Stara Rus Venerable Constantine and Cosmas, Abbots of Kosinsk, Commemorated on July 29;

Polista River Mouth (Novgorod, Lovat River 4)

Lovat River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake llmen)

Lake Ilmen
Lake Ilmen Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod;

Russia, Novgorod, Msta River Folder

Msta River

Msta River Source (Tver, Valdai Hills)

Msta River 1

Msta River 2 (Msta)

Starorussky District, Novgorod (Msta River)
Starorussky District; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24;

Msta River 3 (Borov)

Borov
Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk;

Borovichi (Borov, Valdai Hills, Msta River 3)
Borovichi Valdai Hills; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23 ;

Msta River Mouth (Novgorod, Lake Ilmen)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine Folder, Western and Soutwestern Russia

Russia, Kiev, 860, Rus-“Byzantine War
Rus-“Byzantine War (860), Russians seize Constantinople ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Russia, Kiev, 862, Invitation of the Varangians
Russia, Kiev, 862, Invitation of the Varangians; Invitation of the Varangians, and Foundation of the Kievian State; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Russia, Kiev, 862, Rurik dynasty, from Chernigov, Kievan Rus
Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Chernigov; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Russia, Kiev, 882-1240, Land of the Rus (Kievian Rus)
Land of the Rus (Kievian Rus); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10;

Russia, Kiev, 800, 9th-11th Century, Kiev Varangians (Land of the Varangians)
Kiev Varangians; Theodore; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Russia, Kiev, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-“Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God. Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Russia, Kiev, 988, Baptism of Rus, August 1st, 988
Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1113, Monomakhovchi, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, a Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Kiev, 1113, Olgoviches, House of Oleg of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus, w Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113, Olgoviches of Rurik dynasty, Kievan Rus; Russia, Kiev, 1113, House of Monomakh of Rurik dynasty, Kiev' Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine (Dnieper River Tributaries and Southern Bug River)
Ukraine; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-KissingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Russia, Ukraine, Land of the Drevlyans (Right Bank Ukraine, Right bank Dnieper)
Drevlyans; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century
Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century; Polyanians, people of the fields, Kiev Rus, 6th - 10th Century; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev (Ukraine) History Folder

Russia, Kiev, 000, 1st Century, Ukraine Folder, Saint Andrew the Apostle

Kiev, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle
Kiev, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Russia, Kiev, 700, 8th Century, Ukraine Folder, Prince Bravlin conquers Crimea, becomes Christian

Russia, Kiev, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Kiev, 800, 9th - 11th Century, Ukraine Folder, Varangian Newcomers

Russia, Kiev, 800-899, 9th Century Folder, Rus Byzantine War, Kiev Varangians, Cyril and Methodius

Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century
Drevlians, people of the forests, Mal of the Drevlians, 6th - 10th Century; Polyanians, people of the fields, Kiev Rus, 6th - 10th Century; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 860, Rus-“Byzantine War, Prince Askold
Rus-“Byzantine War (860), Russians seize Constantinople ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Russia, Kiev, 9th-11th Century, Kiev Varangians (Land of the Varangians)
Kiev Varangians; Theodore; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Russia, Kiev, 860-879, Kiev Rus King, Askold
Russia, Kiev, 860-879, Kiev Rus King, Askold Kiev Rus King, 870's, Princes Askold and Dir; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at, Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Kiev, 862-867, Kiev Rus Saints, Cyril and Methodius in Russia
Kiev Rus Saints, 862-867, Saints Cyril and Methodius in Russia; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Russia, Kiev, 870, Kiev Rus King, 870's, Princes Askold and Dir
Kiev Rus King, 870's, Princes Askold and Dir; Askold; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at, Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Kiev, 879-912, K Rus King, Oleg of Novgorod, the Wise, tricked and killed Askold and Dir
Russia, Kiev, 879-912, Kiev Rus King, Oleg of Novgorod; He then came to the hills of Kyiv, and saw how Askold and Dir reigned there. He hid his warriors in the boats, left some others behind, and went forward himself bearing the child Igor'. He thus came to the foot of the Hungarian hill, and after concealing his troops, he sent messengers to Askold and Dir, representing himself as a stranger on his way to Greece on an errand for Oleg and for Igor', the prince's son, and requesting that they should come forth to greet them as members of their race. Askold and Dir straightway came forth. Then all the soldiery jumped out of the boats, and Oleg said to Askold and Dir, "You are not princes nor even of princely stock, but I am of princely birth." Igor' was then brought forward, and Oleg announced that he was the son of Rurik. They killed Askold and Dir, and after carrying them to the hill, they buried them there, on the hill now known as Hungarian, where the castle of Ol'ma now stands.[ Kiev Rus King, 870's, Princes Askold and Dir; Askold; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Kiev, 882-1240, Ancient Rus or Russia (Kievan Russia)
Ancient Rus or Russia (Kievan or Ukrainian Russia); Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19 ; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24;

Russia, Kiev, 900-999, 10th Century Folder, Treaty of Igor, Vladimir, Baptism of the Rus

Russia, Kiev, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-“Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, -œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God.ÂÂ Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Russia, Kiev, 914-945, K Rus King, Igor, Oleg's son, besieged Constntnpl twice, plundered Arabs in Caspian
Kiev Rus King, 914-945, Igor of Kiev; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 940s-970s, Kiev Rus Warlord, Sveneld, Pagan
Russia, Kiev, 940s-970s, Kiev Rus Warlord, Sveneld; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Kiev, 944, Russia, Treaty of Igor, with Byzantine Empire
Treaty of Igor (of Kiev) with the Greeks in the year 944; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-HandsÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in AugustÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Kiev, 945-963, Kiev Rus King, Olga of Kiev, became Christian
Kiev Rus King, 945-963, Olga of Kiev ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 945-972, Kiev Rus King, Sviatoslav I of Kiev, Pagan
Kiev Rus King, 945-972, Sviatoslav I of Kiev; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21;

Russia, Kiev, 960-976, Kiev Rus King, Basil II, Basil the Bulgar Slayer
Russia, Kiev, 960-976, Kiev Rus King, Basil II, Basil the Bulgar Slayer ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 962-1028, Kiev Rus King, Constantine VIII, Brother of Basil II
Russia, Kiev, 962-1028, Kiev Rus King, Constantine VIII, Brother of Basil II; Russia, Kiev, 960-976, Kiev Rus King, Basil II, Basil the Bulgar Slayer ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 968, Seige of Kiev by Pechenegs
Russia, Kiev, 968, Seige of Kiev by Pechenegs; Kiev Rus King, 945-972, Sviatoslav I of Kiev; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Russia, Kiev, 972-980, Kiev Rus King, Yaropolk I of Kiev, Christian
Russia, Kiev, 972-980, Kiev Rus King, Yaropolk I of Kiev; Russia, Kiev, 968, Seige of Kiev by Pechenegs; Kiev Rus King, 945-972, Sviatoslav I of Kiev; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Russia, Kiev, 969-977, Oleg of the Drevlyans, Pagan
Russia, Kiev, 969-977, Oleg of the Drevlyans; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Russia, Kiev, 980-1015, Kiev Rus King, Vladimir the Great, Pagan then Great Christian
Kiev Rus King, 980-1015, Vladimir the Great ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Kiev, 980-1015, Prince Vladimir I The Great of Kiev
Kiev Great Prince, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev, 980-1015, Kiev Rus Saint, Elias of Murom (Ilya Muromets)
Kiev Rus Saint, 980-1015, Elias of Murom (Ilya Muromets); Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 988-992, Kiev Rus Metropolitan, Michael I of Kiev
Kiev Rus Metropolitan, 988-992, Michael I of Kiev; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8 ;

Russia, Kiev, 988, Baptism of Rus, August 1st, 988
Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three "œFeasts of the Savior" in August), Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 989-1030, Kiev Rus Bishop, Joachim the Korsunian
Kiev Rus Bishop, 989-1030, Joachim the Korsunian; Kiev Rus Metropolitan, 988-992, Michael I of Kiev; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1000-1099, 11th Century Folder, Anthony of Kiev, Boris and Gleb, Yaroslav the Wise

Russia, Kiev, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov
Russia, Rostov, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov; Abraham of Rostov, Archimandrite of Rostov, in the world Abercius, was born in tenth century in Chuhloma, which is in Kostroma region near Galich, Russia.[1] Contents 1 Life of the Saint 2 His death and veneration 3 Years of life and activity 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Life of the Saint[edit] Born Abercius, he was very ill as a child. He converted to Christianity in his youth after being cured from illness through prayer.[2] He decided to become a monk at Valaam and with the new name Abramius (Abraham) settled at Rostov on the shore of Lake Nero.[3] Not far from his hut was a temple where the local tribes worshiped the stone idol of Veles, a source of superstitious fright in the whole neighborhood. His legend recounts a miraculous vision of Saint John the Evangelist, who gave him a staff, crowned with a cross, to destroy the idol. In commemoration of this, at the site of the temple, Abraham erected a monastery in honor of the Theophany. He also built a church dedicated to Saint John the Theologian, and preached the Gospel in his area. Convinced by his preaching, many pagans were baptized.[3] At the petition of the Rostov princes Avraham was ordained to the rank of archimandrite of the monastery of the Theophany.[4] His death and veneration[edit] Abraham Reposed in old age and was buried in the church of the Theophany by his disciples.[5] His relics were found during the time of Grand Prince Vsevolod Georgievich (1176-1212).[6] According to Golubinsky the general church canonization of the Monk Abraham was held already by the time of the Makaryev Sobors of 1547-1549.[7] The divine service devoted to Abraham of Rostov, compiled in the imitation of the like to the Monk Sergius of Radonezh, was first mentioned in the manuscript collection of the 15th century.[8] In 1551 Ivan the Terrible, during his military campaign against Khanate of Kazan, made a pilgrimage to the Abraham Monastery before the battles. He took the staff of the saint and upon successful defeat of Kazan khans he returned it back and ordered construction of the stone Cathedral of the Theophany in 1553- 1555.[9][6] His feast days are: October 29 (November 11) (new style) - finding relics - in the Synaxis of the Kostroma saints, May 23 - in the Synaxis of Rostov-Yaroslavski Saints and in the Synaxis of the Karelian Saints - May 21 (dates are given according to the Julian calendar).[8] Years of life and activity[edit] The legend of the saint indicates 1010 as the date of his death, but most historians recognize this date to be wrong.[1] Nikolay Karamzin indicated, that Abraham was acting in Rostov during or after Andrey Bogolyubsky (c. 1111 – 1174). The activity of Abraham in Rostov dates from 1073–1077 years according to Vasily Klyuchevsky; Macarius Bulgakov refers it to (?)-1045 years, Andrei Titov - the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century, Filaret (Gumilevsky) - the beginning of the XII century.[10] Evgeny Golubinsky was skeptical about the very fact of the existence of Abraham, apparently considering him a single person with Abraham Galitzki and referring his activity to the last quarter of the fourteenth century (according to the legend, the latter lived the same years as Yury Dmitrievich, born in 1374). Arseny Kadlubovsky does not consider Abraham to be the founder of the Theophany Monastery, and also relates his life to the fourteenth century. [10][1] Venerable Abramius, Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Kiev, 1003-1073, Rus Saint, Anthony of Kiev, founder of monasticism in Rus, and Dormition Cathedral
Kiev Rus Saint, 1003-1073, Anthony of Kiev; of Kiev also called Anthony of the Caves (c. 983-1073) was a monk and the founder of the monastic tradition in Kievan Rus'. Together with Theodosius of Kiev, he co-founded the Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Kiev Monastery of the Caves). 1 Early life 2 Return to Kiev 3 Establishment of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra 4 Exile and return 5 Veneration 6 See also 7 References 8 External links life[edit] sculpture in Lyubech by Giennadij Jerszow was born in Lyubech (present-day Liubech, Ukraine) in Chernigov Principality and was baptized with the name "Antipas". was drawn to the spiritual life from an early age and left for the Greek Orthodox Esphigmenou Monastery on Mount Athos to live as a hermit. He lived in a secluded cave there overlooking the sea, which is still shown to visitors. circa 1011, the abbot gave Anthony the job of expanding monasticism in his native Kiev (present-day Kyiv, Ukraine), which had only recently begun its conversion to Christianity. to Kiev[edit] returned to Kiev, and founded several monasteries on the Greek model on the order of local princes. These monasteries were not as austere as Anthony was used to from his time on Mount Athos. He instead chose to live in a small four-yard cave which had been dug by the presbyter Hilarion. 1015, his peaceful austerity was interrupted by the death of Vladimir I of Kiev, and the subsequent fratricidal war for the throne between Vladimir's sons Yaroslav and Sviatopolk, and Anthony returned to Mount Athos. When the conflict ended, the abbot sent Anthony back to Kiev, prophesying that many monks would join him on his return. of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra[edit] his return, Anthony found a small 4-yard cave which Hilarion of Kiev had dug before his elevation as the first native Metropolitan of Kyiv. Anthony became well known in the area for his strict asceticism. He ate rye bread every other day and drank only a little water. His fame soon spread beyond Kiev, and several people began to ask for his spiritual guidance or blessing. Soon, some people even offered to join him. Eventually, Anthony accepted the company of a few of them. The first was a priest named Nikon. The second was Theodosius of Kiev. new monastery enjoyed royal favor almost from the beginning, although there were occasional problems. When Iziaslav I of Kiev demanded that the son of a wealthy boyar and one of his own retainers be told to leave the monastery, Nikon said he could not take soldiers away from the King of Heaven. This did nothing to placate Iziaslav's anger, and Anthony decided that it might be expedient for him to leave. Anthony returned after Iziaslav's wife requested his return. thereafter Anthony had gained twelve disciples. Anthony, devoted to the model of the solitary hermit set by his namesake Anthony the Great, left his cave for a nearby mountain so he could continue to live the solitary life. There he dug another cave for himself and lived in seclusion there. This cave became the first of what would later be known as the Far Caves. time, the first official abbot of the monastery, Barlaam of Kiev, was called by Iziaslav to head a new monastery, St. Demetrios, which had been built at the gates of the city. The monks requested Anthony to name the replacement, and he named Theodosius. the number of monks grew and crowding became a problem, Anthony requested that Iziaslav give them the hill in which the caves were located. He did so, and the monks built a wooden church and some cells there, encircling the area with a wooden fence. Theodosius continued to consult Anthony in the guidance of the community and, as the monastery grew, so did Anthony's reputation. and return[edit] Iziaslav and his brothers were facing a popular uprising involving the Cumans, they came to Anthony for his blessing. did not get it. Anthony foretold that because of their sins they would be defeated, and that the brothers would be buried in a church they would build. Shortly thereafter Iziaslav left because of the rebellion. He suspected Anthony of sympathizing with the opposition and arranged to banish Anthony upon his return. he could do so, Iziaslav's brother, Sviatoslav, arranged for Anthony to be secretly taken to Chernigov. Anthony dug himself a cave there. Eletsky Monastery there is said by some to be built on the site of Anthony's cave. Eventually Iziaslav was again reconciled to Anthony and asked that he return to Kiev. his return, Anthony and Theodosius decided to build a larger stone church to accommodate the ever-increasing number of monks. Anthony himself did not live to see the church completed. He died in 1073, shortly after blessing the foundation of the new church, at 90 years old. Shortly before his death he called the monks together and consoled them about his coming death. He also asked them that his remains be hidden away forever. The monks carried out his request. He was reportedly buried in his cave, but no relics have ever been found. Many however have subsequently come to the cave to pray and many of them have reported being healed there. Anthony is venerated as a saint and the founder of monasticism in Kievan Rus'. His feast day falls on July 10. Since the Russian Orthodox Church as well as Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow_Patriarchate) follow the Julian Calendar, the day on which his feast is celebrated is currently July 23 on the modern Gregorian Calendar. Saint Anthony is also venerated by Greek Catholics and is listed in the Martyrologium Romanum of the Roman Catholic Church with a feast day of May 7. relics have never been found. Kiev Rus Saint, 1024-1091, Theodosis of Kiev; Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; œChernigov-Gethsemane Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3;

Russia, Kiev, 1015-1019, Kiev Rus Saints, Boris and Gleb
Kiev Rus Saint, 1015-1019, Boris; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2;

Russia, Kiev, 1015-1019, Kiev Rus Princes, Boris and Gleb, killed by Svyatopolk
Russia, Kiev, 1015-1019, Kiev Rus Princes, Boris and Gleb; Martyr and Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated on July 24; Martyr and Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated on July 24; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1015-1019, K Rus King, Svyatopolk, Accursd, Killed 3 of 4 brothers, d by Y, fled to Poland
Kiev Rus King, 1015-1019, Svyatopolk the Accursed; I Vladimirovich (Sviatopolk the Accursed, the Accursed Prince; c. 980 – 1019) was the Kniaz' (Turov) of Turov (988–1015) and Velykyi Kniaz or Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv, 1015–1019) whose paternity and guilt in the murder of brothers are disputed. 1 Early life 2 Biography according to domestic sources 3 Biography according to foreign sources 4 Archeological record 5 See also 6 References life[edit] coin of Sviatopolk I, Grand Prince of Kiev Sviatopolk's silver srebrenik of Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev of Vladimir the Great from a 17th-century Menaion mother was a Greek nun captured by Sviatoslav I in Bulgaria and married to his lawful heir Yaropolk I, who became Prince of Rus in 972. In 980, Yaropolk's brother Vladimir had him murdered, and the new sovereign married his predecessor's wife, who gave birth to a child. Thus, Sviatopolk may have been the eldest of Vladimir's sons, although his parentage has been questioned. Sviatopolk was eight years old, Vladimir put him in charge of Turov and later arranged his marriage with the daughter of the Polish duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland. The young princess came to Turov together with Reinbern, the Bishop of Kolberg (now Kołobrzeg). Dissatisfied with Vladimir and encouraged by his own wife and Reinbern, Sviatopolk began preparations for war against Vladimir, probably counting on support from his father-in-law. Vladimir soon discovered Sviatopolk's intentions, however, and threw him, his wife and Reinbern in prison. Reinbern died in prison. according to domestic sources[edit] (in red) with Boleslaw the Brave at the Golden Gate in Kiev long before Vladimir's death, Sviatopolk was freed from prison and sent to govern the town of Vyshgorod several miles from Kiev. In 1015, Sviatopolk's retinue concealed Vladimir's death from him to prevent him from claiming the Kievan throne. When Sviatopolk learned of Vladimir's demise, he seized power in Kiev almost immediately. citizens of Kiev did not show much sympathy for Sviatopolk and, therefore, he decided to distribute presents in order to win them over. Then, he decided to rid himself of three of Vladimir's sons, Boris, Gleb, and Sviatoslav, whose claims for the Kievan throne threatened his power. Boris presented most danger to him because he had been in charge of Vladimir's druzhina (personal guards) and army, and enjoyed the support of the citizens. He sent the boyars of Vyshgorod to execute Boris. Boris and his manservant were stabbed to death when sleeping in a tent. The prince was discovered still breathing when his body was being transported in a bag to Kiev, but the Varangians put him out of his misery with the thrust of a lance. cold-blooded reprisal earned him the nickname of the Accursed. The news of this triple murder reached another son of Vladimir, Yaroslav, Prince of Novgorod, who decided to go to war against Sviatopolk with the support from the citizens of Novgorod and the Varangians. The battle took place in 1016 not far from Lubech, near Dnieper river. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to Poland. of Yaroslav the Wise 1018, he returned to Rus', defeated Yaroslav with the help from his father-in-law and seized Kiev. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland and his army remained in Rus' for several months, but later left for Poland. On his way to Poland, Bolesław seized some of the Cherven towns. the posadnik Konstantin Dobrynich and other citizens of Novgorod persuaded Yaroslav to go to war against Kiev once again. Sviatopolk was defeated and fled to the steppes. Soon he returned with the Pecheneg army and attacked Yaroslav on the Alta River, but was once again defeated and fled to Poland, eventually dying on his way there. Sviatopolk's death could have been procured by a descendant of Valuk Conqueror (Wallux dux Winedorum)[1] who in 1018 helped him and his father-in-law Bolesław I in expedition against Yaroslav. according to foreign sources[edit] (IX—XI century) gold crown.svg Igor (co-ruler: Simple gold crown.svg Oleg) gold crown.svg Sviatoslav (co-ruler: Simple gold crown.svg St. Olga) gold crown.svg Yaropolk gold crown.svg Sviatopolk the Accursed of Drelinia gold crown.svg St. Vladimir of Novgorod [ru] of Polotsk (Polotsk branch) gold crown.svg Yaroslav the Wise Vladimirovich [ru] the Brave Mstislavich [ru] of Drelinia [ru] Boris Gleb Vladimirovich [ru] [ru] of Pskov gold crown.svg — Grand Prince of Kiev of Sviatopolk" by Jan Matejko, 1892 the last century, the traditional account of Svyatopolk's career has been somewhat modified. It has been argued that it was Boris who succeeded Vladimir in Kiev, while Svyatopolk was still in prison. One Norse saga called Eymund's saga (a part of Yngvars saga víðförla), with remarkable details, puts on Yaroslav the blame of his brother Burizlaf's murder. This Burizlaf, however, may be Svyatopolk (whose troops were commanded by the Polish king Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland; the latter name is also rendered as Burizlaf in some sagas) as well as Boris. Therefore, it has been suggested that Svyatopolk ascended the throne after Boris's assassination and tried to fend off Yaroslav's attacks as well as to punish his agents guilty of Boris's murder. chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, who died in 1018, could have been regarded as the only contemporary and unbiased account of events, if it were not for the fact that Thietmar's data could have been supplied by Svyatopolk himself during his brief exile at the Polish court. Unfortunately it can be interpreted ambiguously as far as the question of Svyatopolk's guilt is concerned. One place in his chronicle can be understood (although this is not necessary) as telling that Svyatopolk escaped from Kiev to Poland immediately after his father's death. But Thietmar states that Boleslaus I of Poland firstly supported his son-in-law against Yaroslav in 1017, which is the date, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, of Svyatopolk's first defeat by Yaroslav. Preparing a campaign against Kiev, Boleslaus abruptly stopped a successful war against the German Emperor Henry II. So, it is unlikely that Svyatopolk had been present at his court since 1015, which is often supposed by the historians that consider Yaroslav guilty of Boris and Gleb's murders. Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1018, Boleslaw I the Brave of Poland, Captured Kiev, installed Svyatopolk 1 as ruler
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Russia, Kiev, 1019-1054, K Rus King, Yaroslav the Wise, d Svyatopolk 1, then ruled both Novgorod and Kiev
Kiev Rus King, 1019-1054, Yaroslav the Wise ; I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise or Iaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – 20 February 1054) was thrice grand prince of Veliky Novgorod and Kiev, uniting the two principalities for a time under his rule. Yaroslav's baptismal name was George (Yuri) after Saint George. son of Vladimir the Great, the first Christian Prince of Kiev, Yaroslav acted as vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father's death in 1015. his eldest surviving brother, Sviatopolk I of Kiev, killed three of his other brothers and seized power in Kiev. Yaroslav, with the active support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries,[2] defeated Svyatopolk and became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019. Yaroslav the codification of legal customs and princely enactments began, and this work served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Rus Truth [Law]"). During Yaroslav's lengthy reign, Kievan Rus' reached the zenith of its cultural flowering and military power.[2] 1 Rise to the throne 2 Reign 2.1 Power struggles between siblings 2.2 Allies along the Baltic coast 2.3 Campaign against Byzantium 2.4 Protecting the inhabitants of the Dnieper from the Pechenegs 2.5 Establishment of law 3 Family life and posterity 4 Grave 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links to the throne[edit] article: Bolesław I's intervention in the Kievan succession crisis of Yaroslav the Wise from Granovitaya Palata. early years of Yaroslav's life are mostly unknown. He was one of the numerous sons of Vladimir the Great, presumably his second by Rogneda of Polotsk,[3] although his actual age (as stated in the Primary Chronicle and corroborated by the examination of his skeleton in the 1930s) would place him among the youngest children of Vladimir. has been suggested that he was a child begotten out of wedlock after Vladimir's divorce from Rogneda and marriage to Anna Porphyrogenita, or even that he was a child of Anna Porphyrogenita herself. figures prominently in the Norse sagas under the name Jarisleif the Lame; his legendary lameness (probably resulting from an arrow wound) was corroborated by the scientists who examined his remains.[citation needed] his youth, Yaroslav was sent by his father to rule the northern lands around Rostov but was transferred to Veliky Novgorod,[4] as befitted a senior heir to the throne, in 1010. living there, he founded the town of Yaroslavl (literally, "Yaroslav's") on the Volga River. relations with his father were apparently strained,[4] and grew only worse on the news that Vladimir bequeathed the Kyivan throne to his younger son, Boris. 1014 Yaroslav refused to pay tribute to Kyiv and only Vladimir's death, in July 1015, prevented a war.[4] the next four years Yaroslav waged a complicated and bloody war for Kyiv against his half-brother Sviatopolk I of Kyiv, was supported by his father-in-law, Duke Bolesław I Chrobry (King of Poland from 1025).[5] the course of this struggle, several other brothers (Boris, Gleb, and Svyatoslav) were brutally murdered.[5][6] Primary Chronicle accused Svyatopolk of planning those murders,[5] while the saga Eymundar þáttr hrings is often interpreted as recounting the story of Boris' assassination by the Varangians in the service of Yaroslav. the victim's name is given there as Burizaf, which is also a name of Boleslaus I in the Scandinavian sources. is thus possible that the Saga tells the story of Yaroslav's struggle against Svyatopolk (whose troops were commanded by the Polish duke), and not against Boris.[citation needed] of Yaroslav and his descendants represent the trident. defeated Svyatopolk in their first battle, in 1016, and Svyatopolk fled to Poland.[5] ----------------------------------But Svyatopolk returned in 1018 with Polish troops furnished by his father-in-law, seized Kyiv[5] and pushed Yaroslav back into Novgorod. at last, prevailed over Svyatopolk, and in 1019 firmly established his rule over Kyiv.[7] of his first actions as a grand prince was to confer on the loyal Novgorodians (who had helped him to gain the Kyivan throne), numerous freedoms, and privileges. the foundation of the Novgorod Republic was laid. For their part, the Novgorodians respected Yaroslav more than they did other Kyivan princes; and the princely residence in their city, next to the marketplace (and where the veche often convened) was named Yaroslav's Court after him. probably was during this period that Yaroslav promulgated the first code of laws in the lands of the East Slavs, the Russkaya Pravda. struggles between siblings[edit] aside the legitimacy of Yaroslav's claims to the Kievan throne and his postulated guilt in the murder of his brothers, Nestor the Chronicler and later Russian historians often presented him as a model of virtue, styling him "the Wise". A less appealing side of his personality is revealed by his having imprisoned his youngest brother Sudislav for life. Yet another brother, Mstislav of Chernigov, whose distant realm bordered the North Caucasus and the Black Sea, hastened to Kiev and, despite reinforcements led by Yaroslav's brother-in-law King Anund Jacob of Sweden (as Jakun - "blind and dressed in a gold suit"),[8] inflicted a heavy defeat on Yaroslav in 1024. Yaroslav and Mstislav then divided Kievan Rus' between them: the area stretching left from the Dnieper River, with the capital at Chernihiv, was ceded to Mstislav until his death in 1036. along the Baltic coast[edit] his foreign policy, Yaroslav relied on a Scandinavian alliance and attempted to weaken the Byzantine influence on Kiev. In 1030, he conquered Cherven Cities from the Poles followed by the construction of Sutiejsk to guard the newly acquired lands. Yaroslav concluded an alliance with Polish King Casimir I the Restorer, sealed by the latter's marriage to Yaroslav's sister, Maria. In another successful military raid the same year, he captured Tartu, Estonia and renamed it Yuryev[9] (named after Yury, Yaroslav's patron saint) and forced the surrounding Ugandi County to pay annual tribute. According to Heimskringla Olaf the swede made an alliance with Yaroslav even thou the alliance was not liked in Sweden to conquer Norway. to the Icelandic Sagas king, Olof of Sweden married his daughter to Yaroslav instead of the Norwegian king. That lead to protests in Sweden because the swedes wanted to reestablish control over lost eastern territories and bring in tribute from Kievan Rus. Olof Skötkonung did not listeen to his people and allied Yaroslav the Wise and both became close allies. Instead declaring war against Olaf Tryggvason.[10] the Far-Travelled Anund Jakobs jarl later under Yaroslav's reign sent Swedish soldiers into Kievan Rus due to Olof son wanting to assist his fathers ally Yaroslav in his conquest against the Pechenegs and Byzantines.[11] The georgians annals report 1000 men coming into Georgia but original force was likely much larger around 3000 men. [12] faith is unknown likely captured in battle during Byzantine campaigns or killed. Only one ship returned to Sweden according to the legend.[13] against Byzantium[edit] article: Rus'–Byzantine War (1043) presented his second direct challenge to Constantinople in 1043, when Rus' flotilla headed by one of his sons appeared near Constantinople and demanded money, threatening to attack the city otherwise. Whatever the reason, the Greeks refused to pay and preferred to fight. The Rus' flotilla defeated the Byzantine fleet but was almost destroyed by a storm and came back to Kyiv empty-handed.[14] the inhabitants of the Dnieper from the Pechenegs[edit] defend his state from the Pechenegs and other nomadic tribes threatening it from the south he constructed a line of forts, composed of Yuriev, Bohuslav, Kaniv, Korsun, and Pereyaslavl. To celebrate his decisive victory over the Pechenegs in 1036 (who thereafter were never a threat to Kiev) he sponsored the construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1037. That same year there were built monasteries of Saint George and Saint Irene (named after patron saints of Yaroslav and his wife). Some mentioned and other celebrated monuments of his reign such as the Golden Gate of Kiev perished during the Mongol invasion of Rus', but later restored. of law[edit] was a notable patron of book culture and learning. In 1051, he had a Slavic monk, Hilarion of Kiev, proclaimed the metropolitan bishop of Kiev, thus challenging the Byzantine tradition of placing Greeks on the episcopal sees. Hilarion's discourse on Yaroslav and his father Vladimir is frequently cited as the first work of Old East Slavic literature. Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Kiev, 1019-1050, Kiev Rus Queen, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, two Cathedrals
Kiev Rus Queen, 1019-1050, Princess Anna, Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden ; Olofsdotter of Sweden, also known as Irene, Anna and Saint Anna (1001 – 10 February 1050), was a Swedish princess and a Grand Princess of Kiev. was the daughter of Swedish King Olof Skotkonung and Estrid of the Obotrites and the consort of Yaroslav I the Wise of Ingegerd or Saint Anna is often confused with the mother of Saint Vladimir “the Enlightener” of the Rus. This is mainly because Ingegerd and Yaroslav also had a son named Vladimir. However, Saint Vladimir was the father of Ingegerd’s husband Yaroslav I “the Wise”, thus making her Saint Vladimir’s daughter-in-law. Saint Vladimir was the son of Sviatoslav and Malusha.[1] 1 Life 1.1 Death and burial 2 Sainthood 3 Children 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Sophia Cathedral in Kiev Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod was born a princess in the court of King Olof Skötkonung. In 1015, after Olaf II of Norway assumed the throne as King of Norway, he proposed a royal marriage alliance. In 1016, noblemen of both countries tried to arrange a marriage between King Olaf and Princess Ingegerd. Olof Skötkonung agreed at first but later he reneged. Rather he agreed to the marriage of his daughter, Astrid Olavsdatter to King Olaf. [2][3][4] Skötkonung subsequently arranged for the marriage of Princess Ingegerd to the powerful Grand Prince Yaroslav I the Wise of Novgorod with whom Sweden had a flourishing trade relationship. The marriage took place in 1019. [5] in Kiev, Ingegerd had her name changed to the Greek Irene. According to several sagas, she received as a marriage gift Ladoga and adjacent lands, which later became known as Ingria, arguably a corruption of Ingegerd's name. She arranged for her father's cousin, jarl Ragnvald Ulfsson, to rule in her stead.[6] [7] Ingegerd and Yaroslav had six sons and four daughters; three of the latter becoming Queens of France, Hungary, and Norway. The whole family is depicted in one of the frescoes of the Saint Sophia. and burial[edit] died on 10 February 1050. Upon her death, according to different sources, Ingegerd was buried in either Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev or Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod. initiated the building of the Saint Sophia's Cathedral in Kiev (foundation laid in 1037). also initiated the construction of Cathedral of St. Sophia in Novgorod (built between 1045 and 1050). was later declared a saint under the name of St. Anna in Novgorod and Kiev. The reason for her sainthood was that she initiated the building of both cathedrals in Kiev and in Novgorod together with many other good deeds. following was stated by the church in reference to her sainthood: Anna, Grand Duchess of Novgorod, She was the daughter of Swedish King Olaf Sketktung, the "All-Christian King," who did much to spread Orthodoxy in Scandinavia, and the pious Queen Astrida. Sweden she was known as Princess Indegard; she married Yaroslav I “the Wise“, Grand Prince of Kiev, who was the founder of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in 1016, taking the name Irene. gave shelter to the outcast sons of British King Edmund, Edwin and Edward, as well as the Norwegian prince Magnus, who later returned to Norway. is perhaps best known as the mother of Vsevolod of , himself the father of Vladimir Monomakh and progenitor of the Princes of Moscow. daughters were Anna, Queen of France, Queen Anastasia of Hungary, and Queen Elizabeth (Elisiv) of Norway. The whole family was profoundly devout and pious. reposed in 1050 in the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (St. Sophia) in Kiev, having been tonsured a monastic with the name of Anna. As saint, her hymn goes: 4 stichera, in Tone I: Spec. Mel.: Joy of the ranks of heaven joy of the Swedish people, thou didst gladden the Russian realm, filling it with grace and purity, adorning its throne with majesty, lustrous in piety like a priceless gem set in a splendid royal crown. Ingegerd in the baptismal waters, O venerable one, thou wast called Irene by thy Russian subjects, who perceived in thee the divine and ineffable peace; but when thou didst submit to monastic obedience, thou didst take the new name, Anna, after the honoured ancestor of Christ, the King of kings. in honourable matrimony, O holy Anna, thou didst live in concord with thy royal spouse, the right-believing and most wise Prince Yaroslav; and having born him holy offspring, after his repose thou didst betroth thyself unto the Lord as thy heavenly all the allurements of vanity and donning the coarse robes of a monastic, O wondrous and sacred Anna, thou gavest thyself over to fasting and prayer, ever entreating Christ thy Master, that He deliver thy people from the all want and misfortune. Feast days: 10 February, 4 October. Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1024-1091, K Rus Saint, Theodosis, of the Kiev Caves, Cenobitic Monasticism
Kiev Rus Saint, 1024-1091, Theodosis of Kiev; Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27;

Russia, Kiev, 1040-1077, K Rus King, Sviatoslav II, Yaroslav's son, Monk, Kiev, Volhy, Cherg, Triumvirate
Kiev Rus King, 1040-1077, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, St Nicholas Sviatoslav ; II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (1027 – 27 December 1076[1] in Kiev [Kyiv]) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1076. He was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas. ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely "triumvirate" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. three brothers together fought against their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality. "triumvirate" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful. 1 Early life 2 Triumvirate 3 Grand Prince of Kiev 4 Family 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 Further reading life[edit] was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden.[2] He was born in 1027.[2] The Lyubetskiy sinodik—a list of the princes of Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubech—writes that his baptismal name was Nicholas.[3] Russian Primary Chronicle writes that Sviatoslav was staying "at Vladimir"[4] (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death.[5] to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.[6] his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sons—Iziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslav—who survived him.[7][8] Sviatoslav, he bequeathed Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine).[9] dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should "heed"[10] their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.[8] of the Kievan Rus' in the Kievan Rus' (1054–1132) the Wise died on 20 February 1054.[11] three elder sons—Iziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav—decided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'.[12] Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it "is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted" by the three brothers.[13] "triumviri" closely cooperated in the following years.[12] 1059 they liberated their uncle, Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035.[14][15] made a joint expedition "by horse and ship against the Torks"[16] or Oghuz Turks, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, in 1060.[17] On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.[18] 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan.[19] Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov.[20] A distant cousin of the "triumviri", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), attacked Pskov in 1065, according to The Chronicle of Pskov.[21][22] Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorod—which had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislav—in the next winter.[21][23] Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, "though it was the dead of winter",[24] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[25] They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066.[25] Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the "triumviri", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.[22][25] Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068.[26] The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River.[27] From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops.[27] He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace.[27] In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav.[28] Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.[29][30] returned at the head of Polish reinforcements.[31] The townspeople of Kiev sent messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their "father's city"[32] and defend it, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[33] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav "not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev", stating that "if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital".[33][34][31] Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev.[35] He also attempted to punish Anthony—the founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev—who had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.[36] Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the "triumvirate" was restored.[28] The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072.[37] According to The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb, Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and "pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead"[38] before placing it back into the coffin.[39] In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap.[39] Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown.[40] [41] Prince of Kiev[edit] Izbornik of 1076 page from Sviatoslav's Izbornik of 1073 to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "the devil stirred up strife"[42] among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb.[43][44] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073.[43] The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that "he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power".[42][44] The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had "misled Vsevolod by asserting that" Iziaslav "was entering into an alliance"[42] with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them.[44] Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was driven by "straightforward greed";[45] Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav "had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled"[46] the town. In fact, the Russian Primary Chronicle states that it was Sviatoslav who "ruled in Kiev after the expulsion"[42] of Iziaslav.[47] the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne.[43][48] However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev.[45][49] Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic works. Two izborniki or miscellanies—collections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological works—were completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076.[50] According to the Izbornik of 1073, Sviatoslav, who is praised as a "new Ptolemy", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.[51] rule was short and uneventful.[52] His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands.[28][53] Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV.[43] The latter, in 1075, sent his envoys—including Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchard—to Kiev to collect more information.[54] According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "in his pride", Sviatoslav "showed them his riches", displaying them "the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks".[55][56] In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.[57] died on 27 December 1076.[1] The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that "the cutting of a sore"[58] caused his death.[59] He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov.[59] Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.[1][60] Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2;

Russia, Kiev, 1051-1055, Kiev Rus Metropolitan, Hilarion, first native M, Writer, Splits 1054
Kiev Rus Metropolitan, 1051-1055, Hilarion of Kiev; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1054-1078,K Rus King, Izyaslav I,Yaroslav's oldest son, Caves M, legal code, w Poland,Ger,HRE
Kiev Rus King, 1054-1078, Izyaslav I (Demetrius) Yaroslavich ; Yaroslavich (1024 – 3 October 1078, baptized as Demetrius) was a Kniaz' (Prince) of Turov and Veliki Kniaz (Grand Prince of Kiev (now Kyiv, Ukraine), from 1054). children Yaropolk and Sviatopolk would rule the Turov Principality. Their authority was mainly challenged by the Rostilavichi of Rostislav Vsevolodovich. 1 Biography 2 Children 3 Ancestry 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 External links was the oldest son of Yaroslav I the Wise by his second wife Ingigerd Olafsdottir. succeeded his father, after Yaroslav's oldest child, Vladimir (the only child by Yaroslav's first wife), had predeceased his father. was one of the authors of "Pravda Yaroslavichiv" – a part of the first legal code of Rus, called Russkaya Pravda. is also credited with the foundation of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery. Iziaslav I of Kiev ceded the whole mountain to Antonite monks who founded a monastery built by architects from Constantinople. to the Primary Chronicle, in the early 11th century, Antony, a Greek Orthodox monk from Esphigmenon monastery on Mount Athos, originally from Liubech in the Principality of Chernigov, returned to Rus' and settled in Kiev as a missionary of the monastic tradition to Kievan Rus'. chose a cave at the Berestov Mount that overlooked the Dnieper River and a community of disciples soon grew. 1043 his father Veliki Kniaz (Grand Prince) Yaroslav made an agreement with King Casimir I of Poland that recognized Cherven (Cherven Cities, or Vohly, between Poland and Russia) as part of Kiev. agreement was sealed with a double marriage—Casimir to Dobronega, Yaroslav's sister; and Iziaslav to Gertrude, Casimir's sister.[1] this marriage were born three children: Iziaslav's son Yaropolk, Mstislav and Sviatopolk. Upon the death of Yaroslav the Wise, his realm was divided between three of his older sons (Vladimir of Novgorod died before that), Izyaslav, Sviatoslav, and Vsevolod, the Yaroslavichi triumvirate that ruled the country for the next 20 years. a result of the popular uprising in 1068, Iziaslav was deposed and fled to Poland.[1] 1069 he retook Kiev with the help of the Polish army; however, he was ousted again by his brothers in 1073. turned to the German king Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Polish king Bolesław II the Bold, and Pope Gregory VII, for help on several occasions. Iziaslav became the first King of Rus' in 1075 when the Pope sent him a crown. He succeeded in retaking Kiev once again in 1076, but soon died in an internecine war against Princes Oleg Sviatoslavich and Boris Vyacheslavich. Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated on January 11; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœElets-ChernigovÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1060-1129, Saint, died 1129, Constantine of Murom with his sons Michael and Theodore (Fyodor)
Kiev Saint, died 1129, Constantine of Murom; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21;

Russia, Kiev, 1064-1114, First Kiev Rus Iconographer, Alypius of the Caves
Russia, Kiev, 1064-1114, First Kiev Rus Iconographer, Alypius of the Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14

Russia, Kiev, 1068, Battle of the River Alta, Cumans, Kipchaks over Rus
Kiev, Battle of the River Alta, 1068; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1068-1069, Grand Prince, Vseslav ( Prince of Polotsk (Vohly) and Belarus, 1044-1101)
Russia, Belarus, 1044-1101, Prince, Vseslav of Polotsk (also Grand Prince of Kiev 1068-9); of Polotsk or Vseslav Bryachislavich (c. 1039 – 24 April 1101), also known as Vseslav the Sorcerer or Vseslav the Seer, the most famous ruler of Polotsk and was briefly Grand Prince of Kiev in 1068–1069. with Rostislav Vladimirovich and voivode Vyshata, they created a coalition against the Yaroslaviches' triumvirate. Polotsk's Cathedral of Holy Wisdom (completed in 1066) is one of the most enduring monuments on the lands of modern Belarus and dates to his 57-year reign. Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1073-1077, K Rus King, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, NIcholas, Y's younger son, Vohly trade
Kiev Rus King, 1073-1077, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, Nicholas; II Iaroslavich or Sviatoslav II Yaroslavich (1027 – 27 December 1076[1] in Kiev [Kyiv]) was Grand Prince of Kiev between 1073 and 1076. was born as a younger son of Grand Prince Yaroslav the Wise. His baptismal name was Nicholas. ruled the Principality of Vladimir in Volhynia in his father's lifetime (from around 1040 to 1054). Yaroslav the Wise, who divided the Kievan Rus' between his five sons in his testament, willed the Principality of Chernigov to Sviatoslav. Sviatoslav joined his brothers, Iziaslav of Kiev and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav, in forming a princely "triumvirate" that oversaw the affairs of Kievan Rus' until 1072. The three brothers together fought against their enemies, including the nomadic Oghuz Turks, and their distant relative, Prince Vseslav of Polotsk. The Cumans defeated their united force in the autumn of 1068, but Sviatoslav routed a Cuman band plundering his principality. "triumvirate" broke up, when Sviatoslav, supported by his younger brother Vsevolod, dethroned and replaced their older brother Iziaslav in 1073. He commissioned the compilation of at least two miscellanies of theological works. Otherwise, his short reign was uneventful. 1 Early life 2 Triumvirate 3 Grand Prince of Kiev 4 Family 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 7.1 Primary sources 7.2 Secondary sources 8 Further reading life[edit] was the fourth son of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, and his wife, Ingegerd of Sweden.[2] He was born in 1027.[2] The Lyubetskiy sinodik—a list of the princes of Chernigov which was completed in the Monastery of Saint Anthony in Lyubech—writes that his baptismal name was Nicholas.[3] Russian Primary Chronicle writes that Sviatoslav was staying "at Vladimir"[4] (Volodymyr-Volynskyi, Ukraine) in Volhynia around the time his father fell seriously ill before his death.[5] According to the historian Martin Dimnik, the chronicle's report shows that Yaroslav the Wise had, most probably in about 1040, appointed Sviatoslav to rule this important town of the Kievan Rus'.[6] his deathbed, Yaroslav the Wise divided the most important towns of his realm among his five sons—Iziaslav, Sviatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor, and Vyacheslav—who survived him.[7][8] To Sviatoslav, he bequeathed Chernigov (Chernihiv, Ukraine).[9] The dying grand prince also ordered that his four younger sons should "heed"[10] their eldest brother, Iziaslav who received Kiev.[8] of the Kievan Rus' in the Kievan Rus' (1054–1132) the Wise died on 20 February 1054.[11] His three elder sons—Iziaslav of Kiev, Sviatoslav of Chernigov, and Vsevolod of Pereyaslav—decided to jointly govern the Kievan Rus'.[12] Historian Martin Dimnik writes that taking into account Sviatoslav's political and military skills it "is reasonable to assume that he was one of the main motivating forces, if not the actual architect, of many of the policies adopted" by the three brothers.[13] The "triumviri" closely cooperated in the following years.[12] In 1059 they liberated their uncle, Sudislav whom their father had sent to prison around 1035.[14][15] They made a joint expedition "by horse and ship against the Torks"[16] or Oghuz Turks, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle, in 1060.[17] On hearing of the arrival of the Rus' forces, the Torks fled from their lands without resistance.[18] 1065, Sviatoslav led his troops against his nephew, Rostislav Vladimirovich, who had in the previous year expelled by force Sviatoslav's son, Gleb from Tmutorakan.[19] Upon Sviatoslav's arrival, Rostislav withdrew from this important center of his uncle's domains, but he reoccupied it after Sviatoslav had returned to Chernigov.[20] A distant cousin of the "triumviri", Vseslav Briacheslavich (Prince of Polotsk), attacked Pskov in 1065, according to The Chronicle of Pskov.[21][22] Vseslav Briacheslavich could not take this town, but he seized and plundered Novgorod—which had been ruled by Iziaslav of Kiev's son, Mstislav—in the next winter.[21][23] Izyaslav, Sviatoslav and Vsevolod soon united their forces and set forth against Vseslav, "though it was the dead of winter",[24] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[25] They routed Vseslav's army by the Nemiga River (near Minsk) on 3 March 1066.[25] Vseslav, who fled from the battlefield, agreed to enter into negotiations with the "triumviri", but they treacherously captured him at a meeting at Orsha in early June.[22][25] Cumans, who had emerged as the dominant power of the Pontic steppes in the early 1060s, invaded the southern regions of Kievan Rus' in 1068.[26] The three brothers together marched against the invaders, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River.[27] From the battlefield, Sviatoslav withdrew to Chernigov and regrouped his troops.[27] He returned to defeat the Cumans with a smaller force at the town of Snovsk on 1 November, thus enhancing his prestige among the populace.[27] In the meantime, the townspeople of Kiev had dethroned and expelled Sviatoslav's brother, Iziaslav.[28] Taking advantage of Iziaslav's absence, Sviatopluk sent his own son, Gleb to Novgorod to rule the town.[29][30] returned at the head of Polish reinforcements.[31] The townspeople of Kiev sent messages to Sviatoslav and Vsevolod, imploring them to come to their "father's city"[32] and defend it, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[33] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod requested Iziaslav "not to lead the Poles in attack upon Kiev", stating that "if he intended to nurse his wrath and destroy the city, they would be properly concerned for the ancestral capital".[33][34][31] Iziaslav partially acquiesced: he did not let his Polish allies enter the town, but his retinue slaughtered or mutilated many of his opponents in Kiev.[35] He also attempted to punish Anthony—the founder of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev—who had supported his enemies, but Sviatoslav gave shelter to the saintly monk in Chernigov.[36] Iziaslav's return to Kiev, the "triumvirate" was restored.[28] The three brothers together visited Vyshhorod in order to participate in the translation of the relics of their saintly uncles, Boris and Gleb on 3 May 1072.[37] According to The Narrative, Passion, and Encomium of Boris and Gleb, Sviatoslav took Saint Gleb's hand and "pressed it to his injury, for he had pain in his neck, and to his eyes, and to his forehead"[38] before placing it back into the coffin.[39] In short Sviatoslav felt a pain at the top of his head and his servant found a fingernail of the saint under his cap.[39] Most historians agree that the three brothers expanded their father's legal code on this occasion, but the exact date is unknown.[40] [41] Prince of Kiev[edit] Izbornik of 1076 page from Sviatoslav's Izbornik of 1073 to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "the devil stirred up strife"[42] among the three brothers shortly after the canonization of Saints Boris and Gleb.[43][44] Sviatoslav and Vsevolod united their forces and expelled Iziaslav from Kiev on 22 March 1073.[43] The chronicler put the blame for this action on Sviatoslav, stating that "he was the instigator of his brother's expulsion, for he desired more power".[42][44] The chronicler also states that Sviatoslav had "misled Vsevolod by asserting that" Iziaslav "was entering into an alliance"[42] with Vseslav Briacheslavich against them.[44] Modern historians disagree about the motives of Sviatoslav's action. Franklin and Shepard write that he was driven by "straightforward greed";[45] Martin says that Sviatoslav who seems to have suffered from a grave illness wanted to secure his sons' right to Kiev which would have been lost if Sviatoslav "had predeceased Iziaslav without having ruled"[46] the town. In fact, the Russian Primary Chronicle states that it was Sviatoslav who "ruled in Kiev after the expulsion"[42] of Iziaslav.[47] the head of the Monastery of the Caves, Feodosy criticized Sviatoslav for usurping the throne.[43][48] However, before his death in May 1074 he was reconciled with the grand prince, who supported the foundation of a stone church dedicated to the Mother of God in Kiev.[45][49] Sviatoslav also supported the compilation of ecclesiastic works. Two izborniki or miscellanies—collections of excerpts from the Bible and from theological works—were completed under his auspices in 1073 and 1076.[50] According to the Izbornik of 1073, Sviatoslav, who is praised as a "new Ptolemy", had by that time collected a great number of spiritual books.[51] rule was short and uneventful.[52] His dethroned brother first fled to Poland, but Duke Boleslav II, who was Sviatoslav's son-in-law, expelled him from his lands.[28][53] Next Iziaslav sought the assistance of the German monarch, Henry IV.[43] The latter, in 1075, sent his envoys—including Sviatoslav's brother-in-law, Burchard—to Kiev to collect more information.[54] According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, "in his pride", Sviatoslav "showed them his riches", displaying them "the innumerable quantity of his gold, silver and silks".[55][56] In 1076 Sviatoslav sent reinforcements to Poland to help his son-in-law against the Bohemians.[57] died on 27 December 1076.[1] The Russian Primary Chronicle writes that "the cutting of a sore"[58] caused his death.[59] He was buried in the Holy Savior Cathedral in Chernigov.[59] Within a year, his elder brother Iziaslav was restored and Sviatoslav's sons lost most parts of his domains.[1][60] Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1073-1114, Saint, Alypius of the Caves, Iconographer
Russia, Kiev, 1073-1114, Saint, Alypius of the Caves, Iconographer; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7;

Russia, Kiev, 1072-1115, K Rus P, Oleg I, Chernigov, Tmutarakan, Crimea, Kazaria, w Cumans, Olgovichis
Kiev, 1072-1115, Rus Prince, Oleg I of Chernigov, œGorislavich; Svyatoslavich (c. 1052 – August 1115) was a Rurikid prince whose equivocal adventures ignited political unrest in Kievan Rus' at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. was a younger son of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov and his first wife, Killikiya.[1] He might have been either the second or the fourth among the four sons of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich by Killikiya, because their order of seniority is uncertain.[2] According to historian Martin Dimnik, Oleg was born around 1050.[1] Oleg was named after his grand uncle.[citation needed] His baptismal name was Michael.[3] writes that "it is highly probable" that Oleg succeeded his brother, Gleb in Tmutarakan after their father appointed the latter Prince of Novgorod in about 1068.[4] father and uncle, Vsevolod Iaroslavich made an alliance against their elder brother, Iziaslav Iaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev and dethroned him on 22 March 1073.[5][6] to Dimnik, Oleg received the Principality of Vladimir from his father who succeeded Iziaslav Iaroslavich in Kiev.[7] short, Oleg and his cousin, Vladimir Monomach—son of Vsevolod Iaroslavich—became close friends.[8] Monomach writes in his Instruction that Oleg was the godfather of his eldest son, Mstislav.[8] two cousins together commanded the troops Oleg's father sent to assist Boleslav II of Poland in Bohemia in 1076, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[9] Iaroslavich died in Kiev on 27 December 1077.[10][11] He was succeeded by his brother, Vsevolod Iaroslavich.[11] The new grand prince seems to have confirmed Oleg's rule in Vladimir, because no source makes mention of a conflict between them.[11] the dethroned Iziaslav Iaroslavich—Vsevolod's brother and Oleg's uncle—returned with Polish reinforcements.[12][13] Iziaslav and Vsevolod had a meeting where they reached an agreement: renounced of Kiev, but received Chernigov, the one-time domain of Oleg's father.[12][13] Iziaslav marched in Kiev on 15 July 1077, while Oleg "was with Vsevolod at Chernigov",[14] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[12] The chronicler's remark suggests that Oleg had by that time been forced to leave Vladimir.[15] to get along with his uncle, on 10 April 1077 Oleg fled to his brother Roman who reigned in Tmutarakan.[16 Together with his cousin, Boris Vyacheslavich, who had also settled in Tmutarakan (Tmutarakan was a Kievan Rus' principality that controlled the passage from the Black Sea to the Sea of Azov, near Crimean Penninsula), Oleg made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Rus' in the summer of 1078.[18][19] routed their uncle, Vsevolod on the Sozh River and entered Chernigov on 25 August.[19] The Russian Primary Chronicle accuses Oleg and Boris of being the first to lead "the pagans to attack the land of Rus'".[20][21] Vladimir Monomach, in his Instruction, reveals that he and his father, Vsevolod had hired Cumans when attacking Polotsk in the previous year.[21] from Chernigov, Vsevolod fled to Kiev and sought assistance from his brother, Iziaslav.[19] They united their forces and marched against Chernigov.[13][19] Oleg and Boris were not in the town when their uncles arrived, the citizens decided to resist.[22] Oleg was willing to start negotiations with his uncles, but Boris refused his proposal.[23] The decisive battle was fought "at a place near a village on the meadow of Nezhata"[24] on 3 October.[19] was defeated and escaped to Tmutarakan, where the Khazars had him imprisoned and sent in chains to Constantinople. emperor, who was a relative and ally of Vsevolod, exiled him to Rhodes. There he married a noble lady, Theophano Mouzalonissa, who bore him several children. years later, we again find him active in Tmutarakan, where he adopted the title "archon of Khazaria". 1094, he returned with the Kipchaks to Rus' and captured Chernihiv. There ensued a prolonged internecine struggle with his cousins Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh. of the most prominent princes of Kievan period who never attained the Kievan throne, he died on August 1, 1115 and was buried in Chernihiv. Tale of Igor's Campaign styles him Gorislavich, poetically deriving his patronymic from the Russian word for sorrow. descendants, known as Olgovichi, were archrivals of Vladimir's descendants (known as Monomakhovichi) in their struggle for supremacy in Rus'. son was Igor II of Kiev. Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19;

Russia, Kiev, 1078-1087, Rus King, Yaropolk Izyaslavich, Belrus Vohly, Caves benefactor, j to Pol, Ger, Rome
Kiev Rus King, 1078-1087, Yaropolk Izyaslavich; Izyaslavich[2] (died 1087) was a Knyaz (prince) during the eleventh-century in the Kievan Rus' kingdom and was the King of Rus (1076-1078). son of Grand Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich by a Polish princess named Gertruda, he is visible in papal sources by the early 1070s but largely absent in contemporary Rus sources until his father's death in 1078. his father's exile in the 1070s, Yaropolk can be found acting on his father's behalf in an attempt to gain the favor of the German emperors and the papal court of Pope Gregory VII. father returned to Kiev in 1077 and Yaropolk followed. his father's death Yaropolk was appointed Prince of Volhynia and Prince of Turov in 1078 by the new Grand Prince, his uncle Vsevolod. 1085 Yaropolk had fallen into a state of enmity with the Grand Prince, and by extension the Grand Prince's son Vladimir Monomakh, forcing him to flee to Poland, his mother's homeland. returned in 1086 and made peace with Monomakh but was murdered the same year on a journey to Zvenyhorod.[3] was remembered in Rus sources as extremely pious and generous to the church and is recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27;

Russia, Kiev, 1078, Master Builders come from Greece with Theotokos Icon
Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. Because of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery. Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1078-1093, K Rus King, Vsevolod I, Y's 5th, favorite, Married B Princess, Monomahk
Kiev Rus King, 1078-1093, Vsevolod I of Kiev; I Yaroslavich (c. 1030 – 13 April 1093) ruled as Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv) from 1078 until his death. 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Children 4 Ancestry 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links life[edit] was the fifth[1] and favourite son of Yaroslav I the Wise by Ingigerd Olafsdottir. was born around 1030.[2] On his seal from his last years, he was named "Andrei Vsevolodu" in Greek, implying that his baptismal name was Andrew.[3] back up an armistice signed with the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1046, his father married Vsevolod to a Byzantine princess, who according to tradition was named Anastasia or Maria. That the couple's son Vladimir Monomakh bore the family name of the Byzantine emperor, suggests she was a member of his close family, but no contemporary evidence attests to a specific relationship and accounts of the Emperor give him no such daughter.[4] his father's death in 1054, he received in appanage the towns of Pereyaslav,[5] Rostov, Suzdal, and the township of Beloozero which would remain in possession of his descendants until the end of Middle Ages. with his elder brothers Iziaslav and Sviatoslav he formed a sort of princely triumvirate which jointly waged war on the steppe nomads, Polovtsy, and compiled the first East Slavic law code. 1055 Vsevolod launched an expedition against the Turks who had in the previous years expelled the Pechenegs from the Pontic steppes.[6] also made peace with the Cumans who appeared for the first time in Europe in the same year.[6] The Cumans invaded his principality in 1061 and routed Vsevolod in a battle.[6] Vsevolod persuaded his brother, Iziaslav, and their distant cousin, Vseslav to join him and they together attacked the Turks in 1060.[6] 1067, Vsevolod's Greek wife died and he soon married a Kypchak princess, Anna Polovetskaya. She bore him another son, who drowned after the Battle of the Stugna River, and daughters, one becoming a nun and another, Eupraxia of Kiev, marrying Emperor Henry IV. Cumans again invaded Kievan Rus' in 1068.[7] The three brothers united their forces against them, but the Cumans routed them on the Alta River.[7] After their defeat, Vsevolod withdrew to Pereyaslav.[8] its citizens rose up in open rebellion, dethroned Iziaslav, and liberated and proclaimed Vseslav their grand prince.[9] Vsevolod and Sviatoslav made no attempt to expel the usurper from Kiev.[10] supported Sviatoslav against Iziaslav.[11] They forced their brother to flee from Kiev in 1073.[11] Feodosy, the saintly hegumen or head of the Monastery of the Caves in Kiev remained loyal to Iziaslav, and refused lunch with Sviatoslav and Vsevolod.[2] court in the times of Vsevolod I granted Sviatoslav's former principality to Vsevolod, Sviatoslav's sons considered the Principality of Chernigov as their own patrimony or otchina.[11] Oleg Sviatoslavich made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Chernigov.[12] came to Vsevolod's rescue and they forced Oleg to retreat, but Iziaslav was murdered in the battle.[12][13] Iziaslav's death, Vsevolod, as their father's only surviving son, took the Kievan throne, thus uniting the three core principalities—Kiev, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl—in Kievan Rus'.[14] appointed his eldest son, Vladimir Monomach to administer Chernigov.[15][13] Russian Primary Chronicle writes that the "people no longer had access to the Prince's justice, judges became corrupt and venal",[16] followed his young councilors' advice instead of that of his old retainers in his last years.[17] Monomakh, Vsevolod's son spoke five foreign languages, according to Vladimir Monomach's Autobiography.[18] Historian George Vernadsky believes that these probably included Greek and Cuman, because of the nationality of his two wives, and that he likely spoke Latin, Norse, and Ossetian.[19] lost most of his battles; his eldest son, Vladimir Monomakh, a grand and famous warrior, did most of the fighting for his father. last years of his reign were clouded by grave illness, and Vladimir Monomakh presided over the government. Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2;

Russia, Kiev, 1088-1093, Kiev Rus Prince, Rostislav, Vsevolod's son, Monomahk's half bro
Kiev Rus Prince, 1088-1093, Rostislav Vsevolodovich; Vsevolodovich ((c. 1070-“1093) was the Prince of Pereyaslavl (1078-“1093), son of Vsevolod I of Kiev, and half brother of Vladimir Monomakh. He fought at Stugna river against the Cumans and drowned while fleeing the battle.[1] Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12;

Russia, Kiev, 1091-1099, Cuman Chief Boniak, Boniak the Mangy, plundered Kiev and Caves, w Oleg, d Hungary
Russia, Kiev, 1091-1099, Cuman Chief Boniak, Boniak (Maniak) the Mangy; Bonyak or Maniac, also known as Boniak the Mangy (Russian: Ð¨ÐµÐ»ÑƒÐ´Ð¸Ð²Ñ‹Ð¹ Ð‘Ð¾Ð½ÑÐº), was "one of the most prominent Cuman chieftains"[1] in the late 11th century and the early 12th century. He headed a powerful Cuman tribe or clan that inhabited the steppes to west of the Dnieper River. He supported the Byzantines against the Pechenegs in the Battle of Levounion in 1091. He defeated Coloman, King of Hungary in 1097 or 1099. Origins[edit] Boniak's descent is uncertain.[2] Svetlana Pletneva associates him with the Burch tribe, Peter B. Golden with the Ölberli tribe of the "Wild Cumans", and Omeljan Pritsak with the Qay clan.[3][4][5] Boniak's nickname – the Mangy – may show that he was born with the caul, according to the Hungarian historian Szilvia Kovács.[6] In Anna Komnene's Alexiad, he is called Maniac.[7] Boniak's exact position cannot be determined, but his career shows that he must have been the head of powerful Cuman tribal federation, tribe, or clan.[2] When pursuing Boniak, Sviatopolk II of Kiev and Vladimir Monomach "advanced to the Bug and later beyond the Ros' ",[8] according to Vladimir's Testament, which suggests that Boniak's people dwelled between the rivers Dnieper and Southern Bug or Dniester.[9] His participation in military campaigns in the Balkan Peninsula also shows that his people lived near the Lower Danube.[9] Career[edit] First records[edit] Along with Tugorkan, Boniak, or Maniak, was one of the Cumans' "outstanding leaders",[10] named by Anna Komnene, who came to assist the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos against the Pechenegs.[11][12] The united Byzantine and Cuman army annihilated the Pechenegs in the Battle of Levounion on 29 April 1091.[13] Historian Florin Curta writes that the two Cuman chieftains plundered the eastern regions of the Kingdom of Hungary on their return to the Desht-i Kypchak, or Cuman steppes.[11] Pletneva says that Boniak and Tugorkan together supported the pretender Pseudo-Diogenes against Emperor Alexios I in 1094, but Anna Komnene did not refer to Boniak's participation in the fights.[14] Wars in Rus'[edit] The Russian Primary Chronicle recorded two events connected to Boniak under the year 6604, that is 1095[15] or 1096 AD.[16][17] First Boniak and his Cumans "appeared before Kiev ..., and while ravaging the environs, they burned the prince's palace at Berestovo"[18] around 24 May.[19][16][20] On 20 July, "Boniak, that godless, mangy thief and bandit, came suddenly to Kiev for the second time"[21] and plundered three monasteries, including the Cave Monastery.[22][23] During the second campaign, the Cumans "planted two standards before the monastery gates",[21] which may show that they were under the command of two chieftains, according to Kovács.[24] Kovács writes that Boniak's action preceded the campaign that Sviatopolk II and Vladimir Monomach launched against Oleg I of Chernigov.[25] According to Simon Franklin and Jonathan Shepard, Boniak invaded only after Sviatopolk and his army left Kiev for a campaign against Chernigov (Chernihiv in Ukraine).[20] Kovács says that the joint campaign of Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomach against Boniak's land over the river Ros' that Monomach mentioned in his Testament seems to have been a retaliatory action after Bonia's plundering raids in Kiev.[26] Sviatopolk of Kiev expelled David Igorevich, Prince of Volhynia, from his principality in the late 1090s.[27][28][29] David Igorevich fled to the Cumans and persuaded Bonyak and another Cuman chieftain, Altunopa, to join him to fight against Sviatopolk who had sought assistance from Coloman, King of Hungary.[27][30] On the eve of the battle against the Hungarians, Boniak "rode away from the troops" and "began to howl like a wolf, till first one and then many wolves answered him with their howls",[31] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[3] On his return, Boniak predicted to David Igorevich that they would defeat the Hungarians in the battle.[3] The Cumans annihilated the Hungarian army and seized the royal treasury.[32] According to the Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle, "[r]arely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle".[33][34] However, David Igorevich could not reconquer Volhynia and was again forced to seek refuge among the Cumans.[32] Boniak again joined them and their united armies seized Lutsk and Volodymyr-Volynskyi.[29] According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, these events occurred in 1097, but many historians (including Kovács and Martin Dimnik) say that the fights took place two years later.[27][28] The Russian Primary Chronicle recorded that five Rus' princes – Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach, Davyd Sviatoslavich, Oleg Sviatoslavich and Yaroslav Sviatoslavich – assembled on the left bank of the Dnieper near Kiev in 1101.[28][23] On learning of the princes' meeting, all Cuman chieftains sent envoys to them "with propositions of peace".[35][36] The princes and the Cuman chieftains met at Sakov on the Dnieper and made peace on 15 September.[28] Two years later Sviatopolk II of Kiev, Vladimir Monomach and Davyd Sviatoslavich invaded the Cuman steppes and routed a large Cuman army, killing 20 Cuman chieftains.[37] According to the Hypatian version of the Russian Primary Chronicle, Boniak made an incursion into the region of Zarub in the Principality of Pereyaslavl, fighting with the Torks and Berendei in the winter of 1105 and 1106.[38] The Russian Primary Chronicle recorded that Boniak "raided and seized many horses in the vicinity of Pereyaslavl' "[39] in May 1107.[37] During the summer, he returned accompanied by Sharukan and other Cuman chieftains and laid siege to Lubno on the Sula River.[40] Vladimir Monomach, Prince of Pereyaslavl, persuaded Svyatopolk II of Kiev and other Rus' princes to come to fight against the invaders.[40] Their unified armies unexpectedly crossed the Sula, forcing the terrified Cumans to lift the siege and leave their camp on 12 August.[41] According to an alternative narration, recorded in Vladimir Monomach's Testament, the united forces of the Rus' princes routed Boniak and his Cuman allies on the banks of the Sula in summer, and Monomach alone defeated Boniak at Lubno alone only in 1108.[42] Svyatoplok II of Kiev died on 16 April 1113 or 1114.[43][44] After the Cumans learned of Svyatopluk's death, the Cumans marched as far as Vyr' River.[44][45] The Cumans were under the command of Aepa and Boniak, according to the Testament of Vladimir Monomach who succeeded Svyatopolk in Kiev.[44] Monomach wrote that he "advanced to meet them as far as"[46] Romny with his sons and Oleg Sviatoslavich, forcing the Cumans to flee.[44][47] Boniak is often represented as a sorcerer in Rus' folklore.[48] Kiev, 1095-1096, Cuman Chief Boniak Wars in Kiev; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1093, Vladimir II Monomakh and Rostislav, 1093, both betrayed by Oleg, R drowned fleeing
Vladimir Monomakh of Kiev and Prince Rostislav 1093; II Monomakh (Christian name: Vasiliy, or Basileios) (26 May 1053 -19 May 1125) reigned as Grand Prince of Kievan Rus' from 1113 to 1125. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and is celebrated on May 6.[1] Family[edit] He was the son of Vsevolod I (married in 1046) by a relative of Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, from whom Vladimir obtained his sobriquet.[2] Contemporary Byzantine naming practice allowed the adoption of a maternal surname if the mother's family was perceived to be of a more exalted origin than that of the father.[3] Testament of Vladimir Monomakh to Children, 1125. Lithography of 1836. his famous Instruction (also known as The Testament) to his own children, Monomakh mentions that he conducted 83 military campaigns and 19 times made peace with the Polovtsi. At first he waged war against the steppe jointly with his cousin Oleg, but after Vladimir was sent by his father to rule Chernigov and Oleg made peace with the Polovtsi to retake that city from him, they parted company. Since that time, Vladimir and Oleg were bitter enemies who would often engage in internecine wars. The enmity continued among their children and more distant posterity. 1094, his chief patrimony was the southern town of Pereyaslav, although he also controlled Rostov, Suzdal, and other northern provinces (see Principality of Pereyaslavl). In these lands he founded several towns, notably his namesake, Vladimir, the future capital of Russia. In order to unite the princes of Rus' in their struggle against the Great Steppe, Vladimir initiated three princely congresses, the most important being held at Lyubech in 1097 and Dolobsk in 1103. 1107 he defeated Boniak, a Cuman khan who led an invasion on Kievan Rus'. When Sviatopolk II died in 1113, the Kievan populace revolted and summoned Vladimir to the capital. The same year he entered Kiev to the great delight of the crowd and reigned there until his death in 1125. As may be seen from his Instruction, he promulgated a number of reforms in order to allay the social tensions in the capital. These years saw the last flowering of Ancient Rus, which was torn apart 10 years after his death. Monomakh is buried in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Succeeding generations often referred to his reign as the golden age of that city. Numerous legends are connected with Monomakh's name, including the transfer from Constantinople to Rus of such precious relics as the Theotokos of Vladimir and the Vladimir/Muscovite crown called Monomakh's Cap. and children[edit] married three times. Some sources cite his first wife as Gytha of Wessex, daughter of Harold of England who had fallen at Hastings in 1066 and of Edith Swannesha. Problems exist in that none of the sources citing this are contemporary, and none of the Russian sources cite the name of his first wife as the daughter of Harold Godwinson. They had at least five children: I of Kiev (1 June 1076 -14 April 1132) Izyaslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Kursk (c. 1077 -“ 6 September 1096) Svyatoslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Smolensk and Pereyaslav (c. 1080- 16 March 1114) Yaropolk II of Kiev (1082-18 February 1139) Viacheslav I of Kiev (1083- 2 February 1154) The following daughter has been attributed to either the first or the second wife: Vladimirovna (d. 1146). Married Leon Diogenes, a pretender to the throne of the Byzantine Empire who claimed to be a son of Romanos IV and who rose to the rank of khan of the Cumans in Ossetia. rests after hunting (painting by Viktor Vasnetsov, c. 1900). second wife, Eufimia, is considered to have been a Byzantine noblewoman.[2] The Primary Chronicle and the "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh" record her date of death as 7 May 1107. However the Chronicle does not mention her name. This marriage produced at least six children: Prince of Volhynia (d. 6 January 1119) Eufemia of Kiev (d. 4 April 1139). Married Coloman of Hungary. Agafia (Agatha). Married Vsevolod Davidovich, Prince of Gorodno. According to older historians her husband was a son of David Igorevich, Prince of Volhynia (d. 1113), but this theory was rejected.[4] Yuri (George), later known as Yuri Dolgoruki (d. 15 May 1157). Andrew, Prince of Volhynia (11 July 1102-1141). third marriage is thought to have been to a daughter of Aepa Ocenevich, Khan of the Cumans. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Kipchaks, a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin. the Primary Chronicle identifies Aepa as father-in-law to Yuri Dolgoruki, with Vladimir negotiating the marriage in name of his son.[citation needed] Whether father and son married sisters or the identity of intended groom was misidentified remains unclear. Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1093-1113, Kiev Rus King, Sviatopolk II, Michael, internecine wars, not popular
Kiev Rus King, 1093-1113, Sviatopolk II Iziaslavich ; II Iziaslavich (Old East Slavic: November 8, 1050 - April 16, 1113) was supreme ruler of the Kievan Rus for 20 years, from 1093 to 1113. He was not a popular prince, and his reign was marked by incessant rivalry with his cousin Vladimir Monomakh. ; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatich, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 10; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the Ã¢Â€ÂœSweet-KissingÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1094-1115, Oleg 1, Father of all the Olgoviches, parted with Vladimir II over Chernigov
Russia, Kiev, 1113-1125, Oleg 1, Father of all the Olgoviches, parted with Vladimir II over Chernigov; Svyatoslavich (c. 1052-August 1115) was a Rurikid prince whose equivocal adventures ignited political unrest in Kievan Rus' at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries. was a younger son of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich, Prince of Chernigov and his first wife, Killikiya.[1] He might have been either the second or the fourth among the four sons of Sviatoslav Iaroslavich by Killikiya, because their order of seniority is uncertain.[2] According to historian Martin Dimnik, Oleg was born around 1050.[1] Oleg was named after his grand uncle.[citation needed] His baptismal name was Michael.[3] Dimnik writes that "it is highly probable" that Oleg succeeded his brother, Gleb in Tmutarakan (fort controlling the straight between Black and Azov seas near Crimean P) after their father appointed the latter Prince of Novgorod in about 1068.[4] father and uncle, Vsevolod Iaroslavich made an alliance against their elder brother, Iziaslav Iaroslavich, Grand Prince of Kiev and dethroned him on 22 March 1073.[5][6] to Dimnik, Oleg received the Principality of Vladimir from his father who succeeded Iziaslav Iaroslavich in Kiev.[7] In short, Oleg and his cousin, Vladimir Monomach, ”son of Vsevolod Iaroslavich, ”became close friends.[8] writes in his Instruction that Oleg was the godfather of his eldest son, Mstislav.[8] two cousins together commanded the troops Oleg's father sent to assist Boleslav II of Poland in Bohemia in 1076, according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[9] Sviatoslav Iaroslavich died in Kiev on 27 December 1077.[10][11] He was succeeded by his brother, Vsevolod Iaroslavich.[11] new grand prince seems to have confirmed Oleg's rule in Vladimir, because no source makes mention of a conflict between them.[11] However, the dethroned Iziaslav Iaroslavich(”Vsevolod's brother and Oleg's uncle) ”returned with Polish reinforcements.[12][13] and Vsevolod had a meeting where they reached an agreement: renounced of Kiev, but received Chernigov, the one-time domain of Oleg's father.[12][13] marched in Kiev on 15 July 1077, while Oleg "was with Vsevolod at Chernigov",[14] according to the Russian Primary Chronicle.[12] The chronicler's remark suggests that Oleg had by that time been forced to leave Vladimir.[15] to get along with his uncle, on 10 April 1077 Oleg fled to his brother Roman who reigned in Tmutarakan.[16][17] with his cousin, Boris Vyacheslavich, who had also settled in Tmutarakan, Oleg made an alliance with the Cumans and invaded Rus' in the summer of 1078.[18][19] routed their uncle, Vsevolod on the Sozh River and entered Chernigov on 25 August.[19] The Russian Primary Chronicle accuses Oleg and Boris of being the first to lead "the pagans to attack the land of Rus'".[20][21] Vladimir Monomach, in his Instruction, reveals that he and his father, Vsevolod had hired Cumans when attacking Polotsk in the previous year.[21] from Chernigov, Vsevolod fled to Kiev and sought assistance from his brother, Iziaslav.[19] united their forces and marched against Chernigov.[13][19] Oleg and Boris were not in the town when their uncles arrived, the citizens decided to resist.[22] was willing to start negotiations with his uncles, but Boris refused his proposal.[23] The decisive battle was fought "at a place near a village on the meadow of Nezhata"[24] on 3 October.[19] was defeated and escaped to Tmutarakan, where the Khazars had him imprisoned and sent in chains to Constantinople. emperor, who was a relative and ally of Vsevolod, exiled him to Rhodes. There he married a noble lady, Theophano Mouzalonissa, who bore him several children. years later, we again find him active in Tmutarakan, where he adopted the title "archon of Khazaria". 1094, he returned with the Kipchaks to Rus' and captured Chernihiv. There ensued a prolonged internecine struggle with his cousins Sviatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh. One of the most prominent princes of Kievan period who never attained the Kievan throne, he died on August 1, 1115 and was buried in Chernihiv. Tale of Igor's Campaign styles him Gorislavich, poetically deriving his patronymic from the Russian word for sorrow. His descendants, known as Olgovichi, were archrivals of Vladimir's descendants (known as Monomakhovichi) in their struggle for supremacy in Rus'. son was Igor II of Kiev. Kiev Rus King, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh of Chernigov;

Russia, Kiev, 1095-1096, Cuman Chief Boniak Wars in Kiev, plundered Kiev K Caves, w Oleg, d Hungary
Kiev, 1095-1096, Cuman Chief Boniak Wars in Kiev; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1095-1108, Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod
Russia, Novgorod, 1095-1108, Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30;

Russia, Kiev, 1100, 12th - 14th Century, Ukraine Folder, Novgorod Republic Time

Russia, Kiev, 1100-1199, 12th Century Folder, Monomashichi and Olgovichi

Russia, Kiev, 1094-1115, Oleg 1, Father of all the Olgoviches, parted with Vladimir II over Chernigov and Cumans
Russia, Kiev, 1113-1125, Oleg 1, Father of all the Olgoviches, parted with Vladimir II over Chernigov Kiev Rus King, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh of Chernigov;

Russia, Kiev, 1113-1125, Vladimir II, Father of all the Monomashichi, parted with Oleg over Chernigov and Cumans
Kiev Rus King, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh of Chernigov; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1113-1125, Kiev Rus King, Vladimir II Monomakh of Chernigov and Vladimir
Kiev Rus King, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh of Chernigov; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1 ;

Kiev Rus King, 1113-1154, Viacheslav I of Kiev, Monomahk's son
Kiev Rus King, 1113-1154, Viacheslav I of Kiev, Vyacheslav Vladimirovich; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1115-1122, Kiev Rus Igumen, Daniel the Traveler, to Constntnpl, Cyprus, Holy Land
Kiev Rus Igumen, 1115-1122, Daniel the Traveler; 7 Holy Youths "œSeven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated on August 4; 7 Holy Youths "œSeven Sleepers "phesus, Commemorated on October 22; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11;

Russia, Kiev, 1117-1138, K Rus King, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel, Mstislav's son, Monomahk' gson
Kiev Rus King, 1117-1138, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel ; Mstislavich, the patron saint of the city of Pskov, ruled as Prince of Novgorod in 1117–32, Prince of Pereslavl (1132) and Prince of Pskov in 1137–38. 1 Early life 2 Expulsion from Novgorod 3 Church-building and veneration 4 Marriage and children 5 Succession 6 References 7 External links life[edit] eldest son of Mstislav the Great and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Vsevolod was born in Novgorod during his father's reign as prince there (1088–1093, 1095–1117) and given the baptismal name Gabriel, or Gavriil. His maternal grandfather was King Inge the Elder of Sweden. The date of his birth is unknown, although the idea has been advanced that the event was commemorated by the Annunciation Church in the Marketplace, founded by Mstislav in 1103.[1] was enthroned as Prince of Novgorod after his father Mstislav Vladimirovich became Grand Prince of Kiev in 1117 and ruled Novgorod, with some interruption, until he was ousted by the Novgorodians in 1136. He was married to a Chernigovian princess in Novgorod in 1123 and his son, Ivan, was born there (he died in 1128).[2] In 1123, Vsevolod led the Novgorodians against the Chud. These campaigns continued in 1130 and over the next several years.[3] Aside from Vladimir Yaroslavich, Vsevolod was the first Novgorodian prince known to have been in conflict with Finns (in 1123).[4] from Novgorod[edit] his father's death in 1132, support for him began to erode in Novgorod. That same year, he was sent by his uncle, Grand Prince Yaropolk, to Pereslavl, to reign there. When he tried to return to Novgorod later that year, the Novgorodians refused to accept him back because they considered his move to Pereslavl as a betrayal (He had sworn an oath to die in Novgorod). That being said, the chronicles indicate that he was back leading a Novgorodian army in 1133. It was during that campaign that Vsevolod captured the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu, Estonia).[5] 1134, Vsevolod led an unsuccessful campaign in Vladimir-Suzdal during which, according to the Novgorodians, he showed indecisiveness, one of the reasons for his dismissal a little over a year later. On 28 May 1136, he was confined in the Archbishop's courtyard (compound) in the Detinets along with his wife and family, guarded by thirty men so as not to escape. In mid-July he was allowed to leave, going to his uncle in Kiev.[6] The following year, he tried to come back to Novgorod at the head of an army but withdrew instead to Pskov, where he died in February 1138.[7] According to his own wishes, he was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Pskov. dismissal from Novgorod has traditionally been seen as the end of Kievan power in the north and the beginning of the Republic of Novgorod. After him a number of princes were invited in or dismissed over the next two centuries, although only a few, like Aleksandr Nevsky, could assert themselves in the city for a prolonged period. Church-building and veneration[edit] of Saint Nicholas, constructed by Vsevolod in Novgorod. addition to leading Novgorodian armies on several campaigns, Vsevolod built a number of churches in and around the city: the Church of St. John on Opoki (1127–1130),[8] the Church of St. George in the Market (1133), the Church of The Assumption in the Market (1133; built with Archbishop Nifont),[9] and the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery.[10] It was Vsevolod who granted the charter to Ivan's Hundred, the first Russian merchant guild. In addition, the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court, while often attributed to his father Mstislav, was mostly built during Vsevolod's tenure in Novgorod. comparatively early death prevented him from claiming the Kievan throne. He was survived by a daughter, Wierzchosława, the wife of Bolesław IV the Curly. The prince was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Vsevolod-Gavriil. In the Stepennaya Kniga (the "Book of Degrees of Royal Genealogy"), he is listed as a Pskov Wonderworker.[11] His relics were moved from the Church of St. Demetrius to the Trinity Cathedral in the Pskov Kremlin in 1193. The Pskovians attached his name to a German sword with the inscription honorem meum nemini dabo, formerly preserved in the cathedral sacristy, but modern historians date the sword to the 15th century at the earliest. St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1125, Smolensk begins to separate from Kiev, Mstislav's son Rostislav, Monomahk' gson
Kiev Rus King, 1125-1132, Mstislav I, The Great ; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1125-1132, K Rus King, Mstislav I, b churches, c warfare, Cumans Estons Vohly Chern
Kiev Rus King, 1125-1132, Mstislav I, The Great ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated on July 27; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Kiev, 1129, Kiev Saint, died 1129, Constantine of Murom, to spread Christianity there, Sviatoslav II's son
Kiev Saint, died 1129, Constantine of Murom; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21;

Russia, Kiev, 1132-1139, K Rus King, Yaropolk II, Monomakh's son, always against the Cumans, Olegs and Yuri D
Kiev Rus King, 1132-1139, Yaropolk II ; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Kiev, 1139-1146, Kiev Rus King, Vsevolod II, Oleg's son, chose b Igor
Kiev Rus King, 1139-1146, Vsevolod II, Vsevolod Olegovich; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Kiev, 1146, K Rus King, Igor II, George, Oleg's son, chosen by his b, Chernigov
Kiev Rus King, 1146, Igor II Olgovich of Kiev; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Kiev, 1146-1149, 1151-1154, Kiev Rus King, Iziaslav II of Kiev, Izyaslav Mstislavich, Panteleimon
Kiev Rus King, 1146-1154, Iziaslav II of Kiev, Izyaslav Mstislavich; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated on July 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Kiev, 1149-1151, 1155-1157, K Rus King, Yuri I Dolgorukiy, far reaching, Kiev to Suzdal
Kiev Rus King, 1149-1157, Yuri I Dolgorukiy ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1150-1182, Saint Cyril of Turov, Belarus and Volhynia
Russia, Kiev, 1150-1182, Saint Cyril of Turov; St. Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1154-1164, K Rus King, Sviatoslav, Oleg's son, Igor's father, assisted by Yuri D
Kiev Rus King, 1154-1164, Sviatoslav Olgovich; Olgovich (died February 14, 1164) was the Prince of Novgorod (1136-“1138); Novgorod-Seversky (1139); Belgorod Kievsky (1141-“1154); and Chernigov (1154-“1164). He was the son of Oleg Sviatoslavich, Prince of Chernigov with an unnamed daughter of Asaduk, Khan of Khumans. to Chernigov; Sviatoslav Olgovich in his deathbed, with his wife and sons.jpg the death of their older brother, Vsevolod II, Sviatoslav and his brother Igor were driven out of Kiev by Iziaslav Mstislavich. escaped, but Igor was captured and eventually killed in 1147. fled to Chernigov but was ordered to relinquish his city, Novgorod-Seversky, to his cousins, Iziaslav Davidovich and Vladimir Davidovich. the assistance of his ally, Yuri Dolgoruki, and his father-in-law, Aepa Khan, Sviatoslav began a war against his cousins, but was forced to flee to Karachev. There on January 16, 1147, Sviatoslav defeated the Davidovichi brothers St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Kiev, 1154, 1159-1167, Kiev Rus King, Rostislav-Michael, Rostislav 1 of Kiev. invited to Novgored, ruled Kiev 1 week
Kiev Rus King, 1154-1157, Rostislav-Michael; Mstislavich (c. 1110-“1167), Kniaz' (Prince) of Smolensk (1125-“1160), Novgorod (1154) and Velikiy Kniaz (Grand Prince) of Kiev (Kyiv, 1154, 1159-“1167). He was the son of Mstislav I of Kiev and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden. Yaroslav II of Kiev was driven out of Novgorod, Rostislav was invited to become the ruler of Novgorod. He accepted, and became the prince on April 17, 1154. Then, learning that Iziaslav II had died, Rostislav left Novgorod to take the Kievan throne. Indignant that their prince had abandoned them and angered that "he did not make order among them, but tore them more apart", the citizens of Novgorod drove out Rostislav's son, David, who was their governor. They replaced him with Mstislav Yurievich, the son of Yury Dolgoruky. ruled Kiev for one week before Iziaslav III of Kiev forced him to flee to Chernigov. left four sons, princes David Rostislavich of Novgorod, Mstislav Rostislavich of Smolensk, Roman I of Kiev and Rurik Rostislavich and two daughters Elena Rostislavna of Kiev-Smolensk (died 1204) and Agrafena Rostislavna (died 1237). Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russia, Kiev, 1154-1171, K Rus King, Vladimir III Mstislavich, ties with pagan Hungary and Serbia
Kiev Rus King, 1154-1171, Vladimir III Mstislavich, Vladimir Mstislavich; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19;

Russia, Kiev, 1157-1174, G Prince, Andrey Bogolyubsky, strong, tried to unite w Kiev and Novgorod, N Dvina, killed
Vladimir Great Prince, 1157-1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1167-1170, K Rus King, Mstislav II, Michael Izyaslavich, wars w Yuri D, fled to Poland, killed Yuri at Vohly
Kiev Rus King, 1167-1170, Mstislav II ; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1171-1177, K Rus King, Roman I (Smolensk, Rosislav's son Mstislav's gson Monomahk' ggson)
Kiev Rus King, 1171-1177, Roman I of Kiev (Roman Rostislavich (+ 1170) ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1173-1210, K Rus King, Rurik Rostislavich, Oleg's grandson, w Cumans
Kiev Rus King, 1173-1210, Rurik Rostislavich; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1176-1198, Rus Prince and Saint, Yaroslav II, Vsevolod II's son, Oleg's gson, Cherginov
Kiev Rus Prince and Saint, 1176-1198, Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich (Vasily); Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves Commemorated on January 22; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Kiev, 1177-1212, K Rus King, Vsevolod III, the Big Nest, Yuri D's 11th son, long reign in Vladimir, m Georgian
Kiev Rus King, 1173, Vsevolod III, the Big Nest; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves Commemorated on January 22; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated on January 29; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated on January 29; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 24; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1200-1299, 13th Century Folder, Mongol Yoke begins , Alexander Nevsky, Theodore the Black

Russia, Kiev, 1210-1238, K Rus King, Yuri II of Vladimir, St George, d at Sit River, family d at V
Kiev Rus King, 1210-1238, Yuri II of Vladimi; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Kiev, 1219-1246, Michael of Chernigov, Oleg's gggson, promoted t, t routes K and Vohl, first O Martyr
Russia, Kiev, 1219-1246, Michael of Chernigov, Mikhail Vsevolodovich; Chernigov; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 25; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1223, Ukraine, Battle of the Kalka River 1223, decisive Mongol v
Battle of the Kalka River; Mongol-Tatar invasions 1223-1778; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Kiev, 1223, Battle of Kalka River, at Mariupol, decisive Mongol v
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœof the SignÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, the Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Kiev, 1223-1240, Mongol (Tartar) invasion of Rus 1223-1240, Kiev
Mongol (Tartar) invasion of Rus 1223-1240; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Kiev, 1225-1246, Michael of Chernigov, cured, promoted t, t routes K and Vohl, f Oleg, Martyr
Novgorod, 1225-1246, Saint Michael of Chernigov; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20 ; St Oleg the Prince of Briansk, Commemorated on September 20 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1230-1262, K Rus King, Rostislav Mikhailovich, Rostislav III of Kiev, m Hun king's d
Kiev Rus King, 1230-1262, Rostislav Mikhailovich, Rostislav III of Kiev; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19;

Russia, Kiev, 1236-1243, Michael of Chernigov, focus on trade w Poland through Kiev and Vohly G
Kiev, 1236-1243, Kiev Rus King, Saint, Michael of Chernigov ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Russia, Kiev, 1238-1252, K Rus King, Sviatoslav III of Vladimir, short uneventful reign, visited GH
Kiev Rus King, 1238-1252, Sviatoslav III of Vladimir; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Kiev, 1240-1263, K Rus Prince, Alexander Nevsky, battles Neva and Ice, Politician, Mongol friend
Kiev Rus Prince, 1240-1263, Alexander Nevsky Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Saint Theodore, Commemorated on March 14 Theodore—Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke and resembles the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. icon received its name from Great Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (+ 1246), the father of Saint Alexander Nevsky, and who in holy Baptism was named Theodore in honor of Saint Theodore Stratelates (February 8). to Tradition, the icon was found by his elder brother, Saint George (February 4), in an old wooden chapel near the city of Gorodets. Later, the Gorodetsk Theodorov monastery was built on this spot. Prince Yaroslav-Theodore became the Great Prince of Vladimir after his brother Saint George perished in battle with the Mongols at the Sita River. In the year 1239, he solemnly transferred the relics of his brother from Rostov to the Vladimir Dormition cathedral. He gave the icon which he inherited from his brother to his own son, Saint Alexander Nevsky. is renowned in Russian history. He continued with the glorious traditions of his uncle Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), and of his father Vsevolod III Big-Nest, and he was connected to almost all of the significant events in the history of Rus in the first half of the thirteenth century. was burned and torn apart by the Mongols in 1237-1238. He raised it up from the ashes, rebuilt and embellished the cities, the holy monasteries and the churches. He restored cities along the Volga devastated by the enemy: Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl’, Kostroma, Gorodets. founded he church of Theodore Stratelates at Kostroma and the Theodorov monastery near Gorodets in honor of his patron saint. For eight years he ruled as Great Prince, but he had to guide the land through a singularly difficult path, maintaining a military-political balance with the Golden Horde to the East, while mounting an active opposition to Catholic Europe in the West. His closest companion was his son, Saint Alexander Nevsky, who also continued his policies. wonderworking Theodore Icon of the Mother of God was constantly with Saint Alexander, and he prayed before it. After Saint Alexander Nevsky died on November 14, 1263 at the monastery founded by his father, the icon was taken by his younger brother Basil. Yaroslavich was the youngest (eighth) son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1246 after the death of his father (Prince Yaroslav was poisoned in the capital city of Mongolia, Karakorum when he was only five years old) Basil became prince of the Kostroma appanage-holding, the least important of his father’s domains. In the year 1272, he became Great Prince of Vladimir. four years as Great Prince (1272-1276) were filled with fratricidal princely quarrels. For several years he waged war against Novgorod with an unruly nephew Demetrius. In becoming Great Prince, however, Basil did not journey to Vladimir, but remained under the protection of the wonderworking icon at Kostroma, regarding this place as safer in case of new outbreaks of strife. had occasion also to defend Rus against external enemies. In 1272, during a Tatar incursion, a Russian army came forth from Kostroma to engage them. Following the example of his grandfather, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (who took the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God with him on military campaigns), Prince Basil went into battle with the wonderworking Theodore Icon. A blinding light came forth from the holy image, and the Tatars dispersed and fled from the Russian land. Chronicles say that the Great Prince Basil had a special love for the Church and the clergy. After the martyric death of Bishop Metrophanes of Vladimir during the storming of Vladimir by Tatars on February 4, 1238, the Vladimir diocese had remained widowed for many years. This grieved Great Prince Basil. With his help, a large cathedral was constructed in Vladimir in 1274. This was apparently in connection with the consecration of Saint Serapion (July 12) as Bishop of Vladimir. He was an igumen from the Monastery of the Caves. Cyril III (+ 1282) presided over a council of Russian hierarchs. This was the first council in the Russian Church since the time of the Mongol invasion. Many problems and disorders had arisen in Church life, but the Russian Church was just barely beginning to recover from the woe that had befallen it. One of its main tasks was to recover a Russian churchly literacy, and the restoration of the tradition of the ancient Russian “princely order.” books the Church’s salvific activity would be almost impossible. Books were needed for church services, and for preaching, for the monastic cell rule, and for believers to read at home. Through the efforts of Metropolitan Cyril and the Russian bishops and monastic scholars, this important task was begun. The council approved new editions of essential books which formed the canonical basis of Orthodox church life. 1276, Prince Basil completed his life’s journey. Most of the important events in his life occured with the blessing of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. He died at Kostroma, and there he also found his final resting place. Since that time, the holy icon has been in the Kostroma cathedral of Saint Theodore Stratelates. interest in the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God and the spread of its veneration throughout all Russia is connected with events of the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the end of the Time of Troubles. In the year 1613, the wonderworking Theodore Icon from the Kostroma cathedral was used at the proclamation of Michael Romanov as the new Tsar. In memory of this historic event, March 14 was designated for the commemoration of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. copies were made from the Kostroma Theodore Icon, and one of the first was commissioned and brought to Moscow by Tsar Michael’s mother, the nun Martha. From the second half of the seventeenth century, various copies of the Theodore Icon were enlarged with scenes depicting events from the history of the wonderworking icon. the year 1670 the hierodeacon Longinus from the Kostroma Hypatiev monastery wrote the “Narrative concerning the Manifestations and Miracles of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God in Kostroma.” Not all the things contained in it agree with things previously stated. Theodore Icon is two-sided. On the reverse side is the image of the holy Great Martyr Paraskeva, depicted in the splendid attire of a princess. It is believed that the image of Paraskeva on the reverse of the icon is connected with the wife of Saint Alexander Nevsky. Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Saint Theodore is also commemorated on August 16. Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Kiev, 1246-1288, Prince, Roman of Chernigov, and Bryansk, to GH, cured by Icon
Kiev Prince, 1246-1288, Roman of Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Kiev, 1250-1298, Saint Theodore the Black, Prince of Smolensk, bored, went to Sarai, prominence in H
Kiev, 1250-1298, Saint Theodore the Balck; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19;

Russia, Kiev, 1259, Kursk Root Icon of the Mother of God Sept 8, 1259
Kursk Root Icon of the Mother of God œOf the Sign Sept 8, 1259; Golden Horde, Horde of Batu; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1275, Mongol Tartar Invasion of Rus, 1223-1241, up at Kursk in 1275
Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223 - 1241; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Icon of the Mother of God œof the SignœKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8; Icon of the Mother of God Kursk Root œof the Sign, Commemorated on March 8;

Russia, Kiev, 1283-1303, P Daniel of Moscow, Nevsky's 4th, yngst s, Churches and Ms, first victory over Ts, unified rus
Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, Prince Daniel of Moscow; father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] Aleksandrovich (1261-“ 4 March 1303) was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and forefather of all the Grand Dukes of father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] When he was a child, the tiny principality was being governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by his paternal uncle, Grand Prince Yaroslav has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, namely the Lord's Epiphany, and The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery): named in his honor, situated on the right bank of the Moskva River at a distance of 5 miles from the Moscow Kremlin, and founded, by Daniel, as the first monastery wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite no later than also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to the Great Martyr took part in his brothers (”Dmitri of Pereslavl and Andrey of Gorodets) ”struggle for the right to govern Vladimir and Novgorod, respectively. After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniel made an alliance with Mikhail of Tver and Ivan of Pereslavl against Andrey of Gorodets of Novgorod. participation in the struggle for Novgorod in 1296 indicated Moscow's increasing political influence. Constantine, the prince of Ryazan, tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniel defeated it near Pereslavl. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom.[2] 1300, he went to Ryazan with an army and imprisoned the ruler of the Ryazan Principality "by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniel his fortress of Kolomna. It was an important acquisition, as now Daniel controlled all the length of the Moskva River. 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniel all his lands, including Pereslavl-Zalessky.[2] the Mongol occupation and internecine wars among the Rus' princes, Daniel created peace in Moscow without bloodshed. 30 years of ruling Daniel participated in battles only once.[1] According to legend, Daniel was popular and respected by his subjects for his meekness, humility and peacefulness. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; the time of Great Prince Ivan III (1462-1505), Saint Daniel gave reminders of himself to his forgetful descendents. He appeared as a stranger to a youth who attended the Great Prince and said: Don’t be afraid of me. I was a Christian and the master of this place, my name is Daniel Prince of Moscow, and by the will of God I am here. Tell Great Prince John about me saying: you are enjoying yourself while you have forgotten me, but God has not forgotten me. this, the Great Prince ordered panikhidas for his ancestral princes to be sung in the cathedral. During the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the dying son of a barge merchant was healed at the grave of Saint Daniel. The Tsar, struck by the miracle, renovated the ancient Danilov monastery and established a yearly church procession. The Metropolitan led the way to the the holy prince’s tomb, and served a panikhida there. 1652 holy Prince Daniel was glorified by the uncovering of his incorrupt relics, which were transferred on August 30 to the church dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council. holy relics were placed in a reliquary “to the glory of the Holy Trinity and for the healing of the infirm. Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (+ 1812), in the Life of the holy prince which he compiled, writes: “The founder laid the foundation of Moscow’s grandeur, modestly making only a small path to it. Just as any edifice, which is not built with excessive haste, but rather with great artistry and skill, receives a particular firmness and stands indestructible for a long time; like a tall tree that grows for many centuries after beginning as a small sapling, then slowly becomes sturdier, with its branches spreading about far around, so this city was to grow from small, but firm beginnings, so that its first sparkle would not bedazzle the eyes of the envious, and so it would not be shaken or felled early on, before it had attained its full height. Thus did this founder prepare the great city given him, giving it a modest but steady radiance, undisturbed by any gusts of the wind. He left the great glory of its rise to his son Great Prince John, called Kalita.

Russia, Kiev, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Kiev, 1288, appearance of Sven Icon in Briansk
Russia, Kiev, 1288, appearance of Sven Icon in Briansk ; Sven Icon of the Mother of God of the Caves has two festal celebrations: May 3 (the day of the reopse of Saint Theodosius of the Caves), and August 17 (the day of the repose of Saint Alypius), who painted the icon. The August 17 celebration was established in the year 1815 in thanksgiving for the deliverance of the city of Briansk (around which the icon appeared in 1288) from invasion during the 1812 Napoleonic War. Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17;

Russia, Kiev, 1299, Appearance of Maximas Icon, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Saint Maximus Icon is in the cathedral church of the city of Vladimir. Metropolitan Maximus (December 6), a Greek by birth, painted the Icon in 1299, as he was told to do in a vision while he slept in his cell. When St. Maximus arrived in Vladimir from Kiev, the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream and gave him an omophorion saying, "My servant Maximus, it is good that you have come to visit my city. Take this omophorion and shepherd the rational flock of my city." he awoke, he found he was holding an omophorion. The appearance of the Mother of God was regarded as a sign of approval for the transfer of the metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir. description of this vision was inscribed on the left side of his crypt. The Mother of God is shown in full stature, holding the Divine Child on her left arm. With her right hand, she offers the omophorion to Saint Maximus, who is standing on a pillar. The contrast in the size of their figures is meant to show the difference in their spiritual states. A variant Icon depicts Saint Maximus kneeling at the feet of the Theotokos. a golden coffer was made, and the omophorion was placed inside. This omophorion was kept in the Vladimir cathedral as a relic for 112 years. It was hidden by the cathedral’s doorkeeper Patrick in 1412 during an invasion by the Tartars, Patrick was killed when he refused to show them where the cathedral's treasures were hidden. The coffer has not yet been found. Icon, which measures five feet by two and a half feet, has been glorified by many miracles. Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Russia, Kiev, 1300-1399, 14th Century Folder, Orthodox Golden Horde by Theodore the Black

Russia, Kiev, 1308-1325, Patriarch Peter of Moscow
Kiev Patriarch, 1308-1325, Peter of Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1320, Battle of Irpen River, Lithuania over Kiev
Russia, Kiev, 1320, Battle of Irpen River, Lithuania over Kiev; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24;

Russia, Kiev, 1327-1352, Patriarch, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1327-1352, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1334-1362, Fiodor of Kiev, a Lithuanian tax collector for the Horde
Russia, Kiev, 1334-1362, K Rus King, Fiodor of Kiev, a Lithuanian tax collector for the Horde; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24;

Russia, Kiev, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev
Moscow, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; St. Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Russia, Kiev, 1359-1389, Prince Dimitri of the Don
Novgorod, 1359-1389, Prince Dimitri of the Don; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Kiev, 1362, Battle of Blue Waters, S Bug, Lithuanians take over Kiev from Horde
Russia, Kiev, 1362, Battle of Blue Waters, S Bug, Lithuanians take over Kiev from Horde; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24;

Russia, Kiev, 1362-1394, Lithuanian, Vladimir Olgerdovich, replaced Fiodore after Blue Watters battle
Kiev Lithuanian King, 1362-1394, Vladimir Olgerdovich; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18;

Russia, Kiev, 1380-1382, 1390-1406, Patriarch, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus
Kiev Patriarch, 1380-1382, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev, then Kiev and all Rus with his residence in Moscow, until 1406 with a little time off inbetween; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1382-1384, Patriarch, Pimen I, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus
Kiev Patriarch, 1382-1384, Pimen I, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6;

Russia, Kiev, 1385-1406, Patriarch Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1385-1406, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia, Kiev, 1400, 15th Century - Present, Ukraine Folder

Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Bulgarian, Metropolitan, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1458-1473, Patriarch, Gregory II Bulgarian, First Uniate Metropolitan of Kiev
Patriarch, 1458-1473, Gregory II Bulgarian, First Uniate Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Kiev, 1545-1608, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky, Konstanty Ostrogski, of Turov and Pinsk
Volhynia, 1545-1608, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky, Konstanty Ostrogski; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Oprichnina, secret policek, 1560's, (Kiev and Novgorod area)
Oprichnina, Ivan the Terrible's secret police (Kiev and Novgorod area); Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Kiev, 1605-1618, Polish-Muscovite War (during Time of Troubles)
Kiev, 1605-1618, Polish-Muscovite War ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-KissingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Kiev, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Kiev, 1633-1646, Patriarch, Peter Mogila
Keiv Patriarch, 1633-1646, Peter Mogila; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1648-1657, Hetman, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Turk Moslem converted to Orthodox
Kiev Hetman, 1648-1657, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1648-1657, Hetman, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine
Kiev Hetman, 1648-1657, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1649-1764, Cossack Hetmanate, of Right Bank Ukraine, Orthodox
Russia, Kiev, 1649-1764, Cossack Hetmanate, of Right Bank Ukraine; Kiev Hetman, 1648-1657, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1657-1681, Hetman, Yurii Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine
Kiev Hetman, 1657-1681, Yurii Khmelnytsky, Hetman of Right Bank Ukraine ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1662, Crimean-Nogali Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662
Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Kiev, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Kiev, Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81)
Russo-Turkish War (1676-81) ; Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Kiev, Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677
Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677 ; Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1700-1721, Great Northern War, Russia and Sweden
Great Northern War; Battle of Poltava; Great Northern War; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Kiev, 1709, Battle of Poltava, Great Northern War
Battle of Poltava; Great Northern War; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24;

Russia, Kiev, 1812, Napoleon invasion of Russia
Napoleon invasion of Russia 1812; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21;

Russia, Kiev, 1812, Sven Icon deliverance of Briansk from Napolian
Russia, Kiev, 1812, Sven Icon deliverance of Briansk from Napolian ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17;

1812 Fatherland war Smolensk (French Invasion of Russia)
1812 Fatherland war Smolensk (French Invasion of Russia); Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Fatherland War of 1812 (Intensional Destruction of Smolensk, Ukraine)
Fatherland War of 1812 (Neman River Crossing), French Invasion of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27 ;

Russia, Kiev, 1918, Kiev Civil War, Russian Civil War
Russia, Kiev, 1918, Kiev Civil War, Russian Civil War; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII)
Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII); Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 1; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster, 1986, (Kiev, Pirypat River Mouth)
Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Folder

Dnieper River

Dnieper River Source (Valdai Hills, near Smolensk)
Valdai Hills;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Source, Vyazama River Folder

Vyazma River

Vyazma River Source (Valdai Hills)

Vyazma River 1 (Vyazama)

Vyazma, Ukraine (Vyazna River 1)
Vyazma; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated December 13 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Vyazma River 2

Vyazma River 3

Vyazma River Mouth (Dnieper River Source)

Dnieper River 1 (Dorogobuzha)

Dorogobuzha, Ukraine (Dnieper River 1)
Dorogobuzha, Ukraine (Dnieper River 1) ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Dnieper River 2 (Smolensk)

Dnieper River 3 (Mogilev)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 2, Smolensk Folder

Smolensk, Ukraine (Dnieper River 2)
Smolensk; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Smolensk, Commemorated July 24 ; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves,Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Blessed Heaven", Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the "œSweet-Kissing", Commemorated on March 19; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Uncut Mount", Commemorated on March 24; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Rostislavichi, Princes of Smolensk, Sons of Rostislav Mstislavich, Western Ties
The Prince of Smolensk was the kniaz, the ruler or sub-ruler, of the Rus' Principality of Smolensk, a lordship based on the city of Smolensk. It passed between different groups of descendants of Grand Prince Iaroslav I of Kiev until 1125, when following the death of Vladimir Monomakh the latter's grandson Rostislav Mstislavich was installed in the principality, while the latter's father Mstislav I Vladimirovich became Grand Prince. It gained its own bishopric in 1136. It was Rostislav's descendents, the Rostaslavichi, who ruled the principality until the fifteenth-century. Smolensk enjoyed stronger western ties than most Rus' principalities.

Smolensk Kremlin
Smolensk Kremlin; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Smolensk diocese
Smolensk diocese: St Rostislav founded the cities of Rostislavl, Mstislavl, Krichev, Propoisk, and Vasiliev among others. He was the forefather of the Smolensk princely dynasty, and Smolensk diocese south of Smolensk mostly along the Sozh River. Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Smyadyn Castle near Smolensk
Smyadyn Castle somewhere near Smolensk Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Andrusov, Smolensk, Ukraine
Andrusov, Smolensk, Ukraine Treaty of Andrusov ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Smolensk, Cathredral Hill - Assumption Cathedral, 1101
Cathredral Hill - Assumption Cathedral in Smolensk; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Savior cathedral at the Smyadynsk Boris and Gleb monastery, Smolensk
Savior cathedral at the Smyadynsk Boris and Gleb monastery, Smolensk; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael, Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Dolgomost, 30 K East of Smolensk
Dolgomost, 30 K East of Smolensk; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24;

Liubech, Chernigov, Ukraine (Dnieper River 3.5)
Lubech; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Dnieper River 4 (Kiev)

Kiev, Ukraine (Dnieper River 4)
Kiev; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara - Gloves, Commemorated July 11 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God Chernigov-Gethsemane, Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimirin Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Icon of Sophia, the Wisdom of God, Commmorated September 8 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated September 19 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 11 ; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Paphnutius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 15; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Pancratius of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 9 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore the Silent of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Agathon the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Titus the Soldier, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Kursk Root œof the Sign, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the œSweet-Kissing, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Healer of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robed of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Balikin, Commemorated on June 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Drevlyan Lands (Kiev)
Drevalyans

Left-bank Ukraine (Left bank of the Dnieper River)
Left-bank Ukraine (Left bank of the Dnieper River) ;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Stugna River Folder, Kiev area

Stugna River

Stugna River Source (along the border)

Stugna River 1 (Vasylkiv)

St. Panteleimon's Cathedral
St. Panteleimon's Cathedral; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Kievan Belgorod
Kievan Belgorod; Saint Vsevolod (in Baptism Gabriel), Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11;

Kiev'™s St Vladimir cathedral
Kiev'™s St Vladimir cathedral; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ;

Stugna River Mouth (Dnipper River 4)
Stugna River Mouth (Dnipper River 4);

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Many Kiev Locations Folder

Vladimir Cathedral, Kiev's St Vladimir cathedral, 1859
Kiev's St Vladimir cathedral; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara - Gloves, Commemorated July 11 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Temple of Boris and Gleb, Dorogozhich
St. Cyril's Monastery is in the Dorogozhich neighborhood of Kiev.; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Dorogozhich neighborhood, Kiev
St. Cyril's Monastery is in the Dorogozhich neighborhood of Kiev.; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

St. Cyril's Monastery, Kiev, Ukraine
St. Cyril's Monastery; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kiev, 960 by Olga
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103312; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Kiev-Sophia archbishop'™s house
Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=103312; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s
Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s, Later called Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s
Demetrius's Monastery and Church in the Uppertown of Kiev near Saint Sophia Cathedral in the 1050s, Later called Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Kiev's Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) Cathedral, 960 by Olga
Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) Cathedral in Kiev; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Zlatoverkh-Mikhailovo Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Demetrius's Monastery, Kiev, 1070
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev, Towards the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded,; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26, Towards the beginning of the 1070s the Dimitriev monastery at Kiev, known afterwards as the Mikhailov-Zlatoverkh monastery, was founded; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Kiev, 1108
Mikhailovo-Zlatoverkh Monastery, AKA Saint Michael's Golden Domed Monastery in Kiev; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Kiev Theodosis (Studite) monastery, 1595
Kiev Theodosis (Studite) monastery; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Kiev-Bratsk (Brotherhood) Monastery (Podol Neighborhood, Dnieper River 4) 1595
Kiev-Bratsk (Brotherhood) Monastery (Podol Neighborhood, Dnieper River 4); Podol Neighborhood of Kiev; Subdivisions of Kiev; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Tithe Church, Kiev (Desyatina (Tithe) church) 989
Church of the Tithes (Desyatina (Tithe) church); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated on September 19 ;

Kiev Spiritual Academy, Moghila Academy Kiev, Mogilyansk, 1615-1632
Moghila Academy Kiev; St Peter Mogila; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Moghila Academy Kiev, Mogilyansk, Kiev Spiritual Academy, 1615-1632
Moghila Academy Kiev; St Peter Mogila; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev, 1722
Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated October 12 ;

Kiev Seminary (Dnieper River 4) 1615
Kiev Theological Seminary; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Kiev Theological Academy (Dneiper River 4) 1615
Kiev Theological Academy; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on September 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Podol Neighborhood, Kiev (Dneiper River 4)
Podol Neighborhood of Kiev; Subdivisions of Kiev; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3;

Brotherhood (Bratsky) monastery, Kiev (Dneiper River 4) 1595
Brotherhood monatery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Kiev-Vydubitsky monastery
Kiev-Vydubitsky monastery; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Castle and Residents of Kievan Rus Monarchs, 946
Vyshgorod (the name literally translates as "the town upstream") dates from as early as 946, when it was described as the favourite residence of Saint Olga. Also mentioned in De Administrando Imperio, Vyshgorod served as the fortified castle and residence of the monarchs of Kievan Rus on the Dnieper from that time until 1240, when the Mongols sacked it. At Vyshhorod Vladimir the Great (reigned 980 to 1015); Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Church of Saint Basil the Great, Vyshgorod, 946
Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Devichi monastery, Vyshgorod, 946
Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26;

Vyshgorod near Kiev (Dnieper River 4)
Vyshgorod near Kiev; Vyshhorod, a residence of the medieval Kievan rulers, now a town in Kiev Oblast, Ukraine; ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Kiev Mezhigorsk Womens monastery Suzdal
Kiev Mezhigorsk monastery; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Savior-Transfiguration monastery, Kiev 988
Savior-Transfiguration monastery, Kiev; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20;

Mezhigorsk Monastery, Kiev 988
Mezhigorsk Monastery; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Ros River Folder, Kiev

Ros River

Ros River Source

Ros River 1

Ros River 2 (Yuriev)

Yuriev, Ukraine (Ros River 2)
Yuriev (Ros River 2); St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 23 ;

Ros River 3

Ros River 4

Ros River 5 (Korsun)

Korsun, Ukraine (Ros River 5)
Korsun (Ros River 5); Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15;

Ros River Mouth (Kiev, Dnieper River 4)

Kanev, Ukraine (near Kiev, Ros River Mouth, Dnieper River 4)
Kanev; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13;

Cherkassa, Ukraine (relics of Hieromartyr Macarius of Kanev)
Cherkassa, Ukraine (relics of Hieromartyr Macarius of Kanev); Martyr Macarius, Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl Commemorated on September 7;

Heorhiivskyi Church of Saint George at Kiev, Ros River Mouth
Heorhiivskyi Church of Saint George at Kiev; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River Folder, Kiev area, Chernigov, Briansk, Kursk

Desna River

Desna River Source (Valdai Hills, Boldino Hill)

Boldino Hill, southeast of Smolensk (Desna River Source)
Boldino Museum, southeast of Smolensk ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Desna River 1 (Roslavl)

Roslavl, Smolensk, Kiev area (Desna River 1), Forests
Roslavl; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Borisovsk, Kaluga (somewhere in Kuybyshevsky District)
Borisovsk, Kaluga (somewhere in Kuybyshevsky District) plus there are many other small towns named Borisovsk; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Desna River 2 (Briansk)

Briansk, Ukraine (Desna River 2, First Great Abatis Line 1566, trade r, Smolensk, Br, Ch, Kiev, Vohly to Poland)
Briansk, Ukraine (Desna River 1) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; St. Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated May 3 ; St Oleg the Prince of Briansk, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Forests of Bryansk, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Forests of Bryansk ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina;

Karachev district, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Karachev district; Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage My Sorrows", Commemorated October 9; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ;

Karachev, Ukraine (Desna River 2)
Karachev; Venerable Macarius of Optina; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ;

Seltso (Desna River 2, Kiev, Ukraine)
Seltso; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Desna River 3 (Sev River, Sloboda)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 3, Sev River Folder

Sev River

Sev River Source

Sev River 1 (Sevsk)

Sevsk, Ukraine (Sev River 1)
Sevsk (Sev River); St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina; Venerable Leonid of Optina;

Sloboda Ukraine (Desna River 3, Sev River Mouth)
Sloboda Ukraine Wild Fields immediately south of Severia; Sloboda Ukraine was the sparsely inhabited area of the Wild Fields on the south border of Muscovite Russia, immediately south of Severia, was traditionally used by the Crimean Tatars and Nogai Tatars to launch annual raids into Russian territories along the Muravsky Trail and Izyum Trail. Apart from the Cossacks, the settlers of Sloboda Ukraine included peasants and townspeople from Right and Left-bank Ukraine, divided by the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The name Sloboda Ukraine derives from the word sloboda, a Slavic term meaning freedom (or liberty), and also the name of a type of settlement. The settlers of a sloboda were freed by the Tsar from the obligation of paying taxes and fees for a certain period of time, which proved to be very enticing for settlers. By the end of the 18th century, 523 slobodas (slobody) had been settled in Sloboda Ukraine.

Desna River 4 (Seym River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 4, Seym River Folder, Kursk

Seym River

Seym River Source (Kursk, confluence Kur and Tuskar Rivers)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 4, Seym River Source, Kur and Tuscar Rivers Folder

Tuskar River

Kur River

Kur River Mouth (Seym River Source, Tuskar River)

Kursk, Ukraine (Seym River Source, Kur and Tuskar River mouths)
Kursk; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "of the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Kursk Root" "œof the Sign", Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Lgov, Kursk Oblast
Lgov, Kursk Oblast; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Seym River 1

Seym River 2 (Ryla)

Ryla (Rylsk) (Seym River 2)
Ryla (Rylsk); Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27;

Seym River 3 (Putivl)

Putivl, Ukraine (Seym River 3)
Putivl; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region
Glinsk wilderness of the Kursk region Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ;

Glinsk Hermitage (between Seym and Desna Rivers) 1648
Glinsk Hermitage ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8 ;

Seym River 4

Baturino, Ukraine (Seym River 4)
Baturino (in the Chernigov diocese, Ukraine); Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Seym River Mouth (Desna River 4)

Desna River 5 (Chernigov)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Desna River 5, Chernigov

Chernigov, Ukraine (Desna River 5) western trade through Kiev, Volhy, to Poland
Chernigov; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated September 9 ; Right-believing Great Prince Igor of Kiev and Chernigov, Commemorated September 19 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Balikin, Commemorated on June 30;

Domnitsa River

Berezna, Chernigov (Desna River 5)
Berezna, Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ;

Domnitsa (River near Berezna)
Domnitsa (River near Berezna); Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated September 8 ;

Chernihiv (Schekovitsa)
Chernihiv (Schekovitsa) ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theoctistus, Bishop of Chernigov, Commemorated August 5 ;

Schekovitsa (Chernihiv)
Chernihiv (Schekovitsa) ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theoctistus, Bishop of Chernigov, Commemorated August 5 ;

Boldina Hill, Chernigov

Eletsk Chernigov monastery, Boldina Hill, Ukraine, 1030 and 1851
Eletsk Chernigov monastery; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys
Rurik dynasty, 862, from Chernigov, Kiev Rus, including Boryatinskys; Chernigov; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov, Ukraine, before 1050
caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov ; Caves Monasteries; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov, Ukraine, 1030 and 1851
caves of the Eletsky Monastery, Chernigov ; Caves Monasteries; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Ilyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030
Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030; Icon of the Mother of God "œChernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5;

Trinity-Ilyin Monastery Chernigov, 1030
Trinity Monastery Chernigov, 1030; Icon of the Mother of God "œChernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5;

Desna River 6

Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev (Desna River 6) 1722
Florovsk Ascension monastery in Kiev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated October 12 ;

Desna River Mouth (Kiev, Vishgorod, Dnipper River 4)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pripyat River Folder, Wormwood, Chenoble

Pripyat River

Pripyat River Source (Dnieper Bug Canal)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pripyat River Source, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder

Pripyat River 1 (Pinsk)

Pinsk, Ukraine (Pripyat River 1)
Pinsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Duboisk [Dubovsk] monastery near Pinsk, Ukraine
Duboisk [Dubovsk] monastery near Pinsk ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

Pripyat River 2 (Turov and Mazyr)

Turov and Pinsk Principality, Ukraine
Principality of Turov and Pinsk; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Turov, Ukraine (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster (Kiev, Pirypat River Mouth)
Chernobyl (Wormwood) Disaster;

Pripyat River Mouth (Kiev, Dneiper River 4)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 4, Pereyaslavl Folder (Alta River, Trubizh River)

Trubizh River

Trubizh River Mouth (Pereyaslavl, Dnieper River 5)

Alta River

Yahotyn River
Yahotyn River, Perevaslavl ;

Berezan, Russian Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine
Berezan; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Zolotonoshka River

Zolotonoshka River Source. a lake

Zolotonosha, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine
Zolotonosha, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine; St. Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Zolotonoshka River Mouth (Dnieper River )

Pereyaslavl, Ukraine, (the Principality, Alta River, Trubizh River, Dnieper River 4)
Pereyaslavl; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Russian or Southern Pereyaslavl
Russian or Southern Pereyaslavl; Translation of the relics of the Right-believing Igor-George, Tonsured Gabriel, Grand Prince of Chernigov, and Kiev, Commemorated on June 5;

Dnieper River 5 (Chigirinsk)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Sula River Folder

Sula River

Sula River Source

Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monestary, Udai River Mouth, Sula River, Ukraine, 1619
Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monastery; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Mgarsk monestary, Udai River Mouth, Sula River, Ukraine, 1619
Holy Transfiguration Mgarsk monastery; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Sula River 1 (Romny)

Sula (Vorskla) River 1 (Akhtyr)

Akhtyr, Ukraine (Sula (Vorskla) River 1)
Akhtyr ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ;

Sula River 2 (Lubno, Udai River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Sula River 2, Udai River Folder

Udai River

Udai River Source (along the border)

Nizhyn, Ukraine (Udai River Source, Sula River)
Nizhyn; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Udai River 1 (Priluki)

Priluki, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine (Udai River 1)
Priluki city (Udai River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Udai River Mouth (Sula River 2)

Lubno (Lubensk, Lubny), Ukraine (Udai River Mouth, Sula River2)
Lubno (Lubensk); Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Sula River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)
Sula River Mouth (Dnieper River 5);

Chigirinsk, Ukraine (Across from Sula River Mouth, Dnieper River 5)
Chigirinsk; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 5, Ukraine, Psel River Folder

Psel River

Psel River Source (Kursk Oblast, Russia)

Psel River (Oboyan, Russia)

Psel River (Sumy, Ukraine)

Psel River (Hadiach, Ukraine)

Psel River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)
Psel River ;

Dnieper River 6 (Ekaterinoslav)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River 6, Ukraine, Vorskla River Folder

Vorskla River (Vystra River)

Vorskla River Source (near Belgorod, Central Russian Upland )
Central Russian Upland;

Kharkov, Ukraine (Three Rivers source of the Seversky Donets, Vorskla River)
Kharkov; Icon of the Mother of God of Ozerianka, Commemorated on October 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated July 2 ;

Vorskla River 1 (Russia Ukraine border)

Vorskla River 2

Vorskla River 3

Vorskla River 4

Akhtyr, Ukraine, Vorskla River 4
Akhtyr, Ukraine, Vorskla River 4; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Vorskla River 6 (Poltava)

Poltava, Ukraine (Vorskla River 6)
Poltava; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated December 10 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Poltava Governorate, Kiev or Ukraine
Poltava Governorate; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Rzhevets Monastery (Poltava)
Rzhevets Monastery (Poltava); Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ;

Vorskla River Mouth (Dnieper River 6)

Ekaterinoslav Seminary, Ukraine (Vorskla Mouth, Dnieper River 6) 1787
Ekaterinoslav Seminary ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Dnieper River Mouth (Dnieper Gulf, North Black Sea)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper River Mouth, Ukraine, Southern Bug River Folder

Southern Bug River

Southern Bug 1 (Khmelnytskyi, Ukraine)

Southern Bug 2 (Vinnytsia, Ukraine)

Southern Bug 3 (Olviopolis and Pervomaisk, Ukraine)

Olviopolis, Ukraine (Southern Bug River 3)
Olviopolis; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœStaro RusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4;

Southern Bug River Mouth (Mykolaiv, Bug Estuary, Black Sea)

Sarmatia, Ukraine (Dneiper River Mouth)
Sarmatians; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ;

Dnieper River Mouth (from Smolensk and Kiev)
Dnieper River (from Kiev) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Drevlyany Lands Folder, Ovruch

Ovruch, Ukraine (the center of Drevlyany Lands)
Ovrucha; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River Folder

Russia, Gallich (Ukraine or Little Rus)
Ukraine; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Dniester River

Podolia, Southwest Ukraine, North and West of Moldova, between Dniester and Southern Bug
Podolia, Southwest Ukraine; Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Dniester River Source (Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych)
Dniester River Source: Ukranian Carpathians near Drohobych.

Dniester River 1 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 2 (Galich, Ukraine)

Dniester River 3 (Ukraine)

Dniester River 4 (Seret River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River 5, Siret River Folder

Siret River

Seret River Source
Seret River;

Seret River 1 (Ternopol, Ukraine)

Ternopol (Seret River 1)

Seret River 2 (Terebovlya, Ukraine)

Terebovlya, Ukraine or Moldovia (Seret River 2)
Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Terebovlya Princes (1223-1246)
Terebovlya Princes (1223-1246) ; Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Ugornits monastery, Terebovlya, Ukraine (Seret River 2) 1097
Transfiguration Ugornits monastery; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Seret River 3

Seret River Mouth (Dniester River 4)

Kasperov, Ukraine (Seret River Mouth, Dniester River 4)
Kasperov, Ukraine (Seret River Mouth, Dniester River 4); Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on October 1;

Dniester River 5 (Khotyn, Smotrych River Mouth)

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dniester River 5, Smotrych River Folder

Smotrych River

Smotrych River Source

Smotrych River Mouth (Dniester River 5)

Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia (Smotrych Mouth, Dniester 5)
Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Dniester River 6 (entering Moldova)

Poldolia, Ukraine (northeast of Dneister R. to Kiev and Pirypat R.
Poldolia, Ukraine; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Dniester River 7 (near Podoha)

Dniester River 8 (Dubasari, Moldova)

Dniester River 9 (Bender, Moldova)

Dniester River Mouth (near Odessa, Black Sea)

Odessa, Ukraine (near Dniester River Mouth, Black Sea, near Crimea)
Odessa, Ukraine (near Dniester River Mouth 19 miles to the South); Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated October 1 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Odessa Cathedral, 1794
Odessa Cathedral, 1794; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Molchna and Kalka Riverr Folder, above Cirmea

Molochna River

Melitopol, Ukraine (Molochna River 3)
Melitopol; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated February 7;

Molochna River Source (along the border)

Molochna (Milky) River 1

Molochna River 2

Molochna River 3 (Melitopol)

Molochna River Mouth (Sea of Azov)

Kalka River

Kalka River Mouth (Sea of Azov)

Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol (1223)
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœof the SignÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, the Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

Russia, Kiev and Ukraine, Kiev Caves Folder

Kiev Caves, 1051
Kiev Caves; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Synaxis of the Saints of the Kiev Caves, whose relics repose in the Far Caves of the Venerable Theodosius, Commemorated on August 28; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius œthe Resurrected One, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia ; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves ; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves; Synaxis of the Saints of the Kiev Caves, whose relics repose in the Far Caves of the Venerable Theodosius; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves ; Venerable Ammon the recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Pancratius of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 9 ; Venerable Paphnutius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on February 15; Venerable Theodore the Silent of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Agathon the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Titus the Soldier, of the Kiev Caves; Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Hypatius the Healer of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Near Caves, St Anthony's Second Location, 1057
Kiev Near Caves; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 24 ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Far Caves - Theodosiev Caves - Berestovo Village, 1032, 1073
Kiev Far Caves - Berestovo Village ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Kiev Caves Caverns; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; St Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Far Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated October 25; Venerable Martyrius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves< Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Pechersk Lavra (Kiev Caves Lavra of Theodosis) 1051
Kiev Caves Lavra ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Caves Lavra; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Dimitriev Monasthery, founded by Isaslav aka Dimitrius, for Theodosius, 1051
Kiev Caves Lavra ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable John the Long-Suffering of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves; Venerable Moses the Wonderworker of the Kiev Caves; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Caves Lavra; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Martyr Michael "œthe Black-Robed" of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Kiev Pechersk (Caves), Kiev Neighborhood
Pechersk, Kiev; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igor, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10;

Kiev Caves monastery, 1051
Kiev Caves monastery; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated on October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31 ; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23 ; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Michael "" of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Kiev Caves, Great (Gate) Church of the Caves
Great Church of the Caves; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Berestovo Village, Kiev Far Caves - St Anthony's first Location, 1030
Kiev Far Caves - Berestovo Village ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paisius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Pimen the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3 ; Kiev Caves Caverns; Venerable Benjamin of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Longinus the Gatekeeper of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 16 ; St Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Far Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Martyrius the Deacon, Commemorated October 25; Venerable Martyrius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 25 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves< Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Mardarius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 13 ; Venerable Ignatius the Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated January 20 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Zeno the Faster, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Alexius the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Pimen the Ascetic of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18; Venerable Sisoes the Schemamonk of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 6;

Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII) 1073
Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves (Destroyed in WWII) 1073 ; Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 1; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Kiev Caves Caverns
Kiev Caves Caverns; Near Caves; Venerable Pimen the Much-Ailing of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Abramius the lover-of-labor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Nectarius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Resurrected OneÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 11 Venerable Mark the Grave-Digger of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Sylvester of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Macarius the Faster, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Deacon of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Isaiah the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1;

Kiev Near Caves of St Anthony, 1057
Near Caves of St Anthony ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated September 28 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Sisoes the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Theophilus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Spyridon the Prosphora-baker of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable Onesiphorus the Confessor of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Athanasius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Athanasius ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Resurrected OneÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Euthymius the Schemamonk, Commemorated January 20 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Sava the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Silvanus the Schemamonk, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 10; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Sven Caves, Near Caves of Saint Anthony, 1057
Sven Caves, Near Caves of Saint Anthony; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17;

Russia, Vladimir Folder, Vladimir-Suzdal, Southern Valley, and its rivers

Vladimir-Suzdal 1094
Vladimir-Suzdal; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on August 13 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe God Loving", Commemorated on June 18; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1157 - 1331, Vladimir was the capital of Rus
Before Moscow, Vladimir was the original capital of the Orthodox Rus' (region); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir, Suzdal - land of the Suzdal (southern valley)
Suzdal; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Rostovo-Suzdal Principality
Rostovo-Suzdal Principality; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Suzdal Monomashichi
Suzdal Monomashichi; Rostovo-Suzdal Principality; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Vladimir History Folder

Russia, Vladimir, 980-1157, Folder, Vladimir the Great of Kiev

Russia, Vladimir, 980-1015, Great Prince, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev
Vladimir Great Prince, 980-1015, Vladimir I The Great of Kiev; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Venerable Pimen of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9;

Russia, Vladimir, 1019-1054, Yaroslav the Wise, Novgorod, Kiev and Vladimir, Kiev Rus King
Kiev Rus King, 1019-1054, Yaroslav the Wise ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Hilarion the Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 21; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George at Kiev, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Vladimir, 1094-1125, Prince, Vladimir II Monomakh, Novgorod, Kiev, and Vladimir; Monomashichi
Novgorod Prince, 1113-1125, Vladimir Monomakh; II Monomakh (26 May 1053 - 19 May 1125) reigned as Grand Prince of Kievan Rus' from 1113 to 1125. He is considered a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and is celebrated on May 6.[1] 1 Family 2 Reign 3 Marriages and children 4 See also 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links was the son of Vsevolod I (married in 1046) by a relative of Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, from whom Vladimir obtained his sobriquet.[2] Contemporary Byzantine naming practice allowed the adoption of a maternal surname if the mother's family was perceived to be of a more exalted origin than that of the father.[3] Testament of Vladimir Monomakh to Children, 1125. Lithography of 1836. his famous Instruction (also known as The Testament) to his own children, Monomakh mentions that he conducted 83 military campaigns and 19 times made peace with the Polovtsi. At first he waged war against the steppe jointly with his cousin Oleg, but after Vladimir was sent by his father to rule Chernigov and Oleg made peace with the Polovtsi to retake that city from him, they parted company. Since that time, Vladimir and Oleg were bitter enemies who would often engage in internecine wars. The enmity continued among their children and more distant posterity. 1094, his chief patrimony was the southern town of Pereyaslav, although he also controlled Rostov, Suzdal, and other northern provinces (see Principality of Pereyaslavl). In these lands he founded several towns, notably his namesake, Vladimir, the future capital of Russia. In order to unite the princes of Rus in their struggle against the Great Steppe, Vladimir initiated three princely congresses, the most important being held at Lyubech in 1097 and Dolobsk in 1103. 1107 he defeated Boniak, a Cuman khan who led an invasion on Kievan Rus'. When Sviatopolk II died in 1113, the Kievan populace revolted and summoned Vladimir to the capital. The same year he entered Kiev to the great delight of the crowd and reigned there until his death in 1125. may be seen from his Instruction, he promulgated a number of reforms in order to allay the social tensions in the capital. These years saw the last flowering of Ancient Rus, which was torn apart 10 years after his death. Monomakh is buried in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev. Succeeding generations often referred to his reign as the golden age of that city. Numerous legends are connected with Monomakh's name, including the transfer from Constantinople to Rus of such precious relics as the Theotokos of Vladimir and the Vladimir/Muscovite crown called Monomakh's Cap. and children[edit] married three times. Some sources cite his first wife as Gytha of Wessex, daughter of Harold of England who had fallen at Hastings in 1066 and of Edith Swannesha. Problems exist in that none of the sources citing this are contemporary, and none of the Russian sources cite the name of his first wife as the daughter of Harold Godwinson. They had at least five children: Mstislav I of Kiev (1 June 1076 – 14 April 1132) Izyaslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Kursk (c. 1077 – 6 September 1096) Svyatoslav Vladimirovich, Prince of Smolensk and Pereyaslav (c. 1080 – 16 March 1114) Yaropolk II of Kiev (1082 – 18 February 1139) Viacheslav I of Kiev (1083 – 2 February 1154) following daughter has been attributed to either the first or the second wife: Marina Vladimirovna (d. 1146). Married Leon Diogenes, a pretender to the throne of the Byzantine Empire who claimed to be a son of Romanos IV and who rose to the rank of khan of the Cumans in Ossetia. rests after hunting (painting by Viktor Vasnetsov, c. 1900). second wife, Eufimia, is considered to have been a Byzantine noblewoman.[2] The Primary Chronicle and the "Testament of Vladimir Monomakh" record her date of death as 7 May 1107. However the Chronicle does not mention her name. This marriage produced at least six children: Roman, Prince of Volhynia (d. 6 January 1119) Eufemia of Kiev (d. 4 April 1139). Married Coloman of Hungary. Agafia (Agatha). Married Vsevolod Davidovich, Prince of Gorodno. According to older historians her husband was a son of David Igorevich, Prince of Volhynia (d. 1113), but this theory was rejected.[4] Yuri (George), later known as Yuri Dolgoruki (d. 15 May 1157). Andrew, Prince of Volhynia (11 July 1102 – 1141). third marriage is thought to have been to a daughter of Aepa Ocenevich, Khan of the Cumans. Her paternal grandfather was Osen. Her people belonged to the Kipchaks, a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin. the Primary Chronicle identifies Aepa as father-in-law to Yuri Dolgoruki, with Vladimir negotiating the marriage in name of his son.[citation needed] Whether father and son married sisters or the identity of intended groom was misidentified remains unclear. St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Vladimir, 1149-1151, 1155-1157, K Rus King, Yuri I Dolgorukiy, far reaching, Kiev to Suzdal
Kiev Rus King, 1149-1157, Yuri I Dolgorukiy ; Venerable Titus the Presbyter of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1157-1331, Folder, Vladimir Time, Capital of Rus

Russia, Vladimir, 1100-1199, 12th Century Folder, Andrew Bogolyubsky, George B. and Big Nest

Russia, Vladimir, 1157-1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky, Yuri D's son, strong, tried to unite V w Kiev&Novgrd, N Dvina, k
Vladimir Great Prince, 1157-1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God of the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1172-1188, George the Russian, Yury Bogolyubsky, Yuri D's gson, Novgorod Prince, m Tamar
Russia, Vladimir, 1172-1188, George the Russian, Yury Bogolyubsky; Vladimir Great Prince, 1157-1174, Andrey Bogolyubsky; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Vladimir, 1175-1176, Mikhail of Vladimir, Yuri D's son, Big Nest's older b
Russia, Vladimir, 1175-1176, Mikhail of Vladimir; Vladimir, 1173-1212, Great Prince Vsevolod III the Big Nest ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1177-1212, Vsevolod III the Big Nest, Yuri D's 11th son, long reign in Vladimir, m Georgian
Vladimir, 1173-1212, Great Prince Vsevolod III the Big Nest ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; St John the Archbishop and Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated on January 29; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated on January 29; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vladimir, 1200-1299, 13th Century Folder, Fall to the Tartars, then Andrew Nevsky

Russia, Vladimir, 1212-1218, G Prince, Konstantin of Rostov, Constantine, a w Mitislav
Vladimir Great Prince, 1212-1218, Konstantin of Rostov; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vladimir, 1212-1238, St George Vsevolodovich, Yuri II, Nest's son, Yuri D's gson, Mongol Invasion time
Vladimir Great Prince, 1212-1238, St George Vsevolodovich/a>; II (Russian: Ю́рий–II), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (1189 – 4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Rus'. was the third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna. first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208. His father wanted Yuri to inherit Rostov and his elder brother Konstantin to succeed him in Vladimir. The latter, however, declared that he would rule both towns or nothing at all. Thereupon Vsevolod disinherited Konstantin and passed the throne to Yuri. under the walls of Vladimir. Vsevolod's death, Konstantin allied himself with Mstislav the Bold and defeated Yuri and his other brothers on the Lipitsa River. Having gained Vladimir, Konstantin sent Yuri to rule Rostov and Yaroslavl. Two years later Konstantin died, and Yuri was allowed to return to Vladimir. his reign in Vladimir, Yuri waged several wars against Volga Bulgaria and founded the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River to secure the area from Bulgarian attacks. He installed his younger brother Yaroslav in Novgorod. When the Mongols first approached Russia in 1223, he sent a small unit against them, but it arrived too late to take part in the disastrous Battle of the Kalka River. the Mongols returned in 1237, Yuri treated their envoys with disdain. Likewise, he did not help Ryazan when Batu Khan laid siege to that city. His own capital, however, was the next in line. Yuri's sons were soundly defeated near Kolomna, and Yuri himself could barely escape to Yaroslavl. His wife Agatha (Mikhail of Kiev's sister) and all his family died in Vladimir when a church where they had sought refuge from the fire collapsed. himself was killed on 4 March 1238, in the Battle of the Sit River, whereby vast Mongol hordes defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal. The relics of the prince are in Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir. Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vladimir, 1212-1238, G Prince, Yuri II, St George, d at Sit River, family d at V
Vladimir Great Prince, 1212-1238, Yuri II of Vladimir; II (Russian: Ю́рий–II), also known as George II of Vladimir or Georgy II Vsevolodovich (1189 – 4 March 1238), was the fourth Grand Prince of Vladimir (1212–1216, 1218–1238) who presided over Vladimir-Suzdal at the time of the Mongol invasion of Rus'. was the third and best-loved son of Vsevolod III and Maria Shvarnovna. first distinguished himself in the battles against Ryazan in 1208. His father wanted Yuri to inherit Rostov and his elder brother Konstantin to succeed him in Vladimir. The latter, however, declared that he would rule both towns or nothing at all. Thereupon Vsevolod disinherited Konstantin and passed the throne to Yuri. under the walls of Vladimir. Vsevolod's death, Konstantin allied himself with Mstislav the Bold and defeated Yuri and his other brothers on the Lipitsa River. Having gained Vladimir, Konstantin sent Yuri to rule Rostov and Yaroslavl. Two years later Konstantin died, and Yuri was allowed to return to Vladimir. his reign in Vladimir, Yuri waged several wars against Volga Bulgaria and founded the fortress of Nizhny Novgorod on the Volga River to secure the area from Bulgarian attacks. He installed his younger brother Yaroslav in Novgorod. When the Mongols first approached Russia in 1223, he sent a small unit against them, but it arrived too late to take part in the disastrous Battle of the Kalka River. the Mongols returned in 1237, Yuri treated their envoys with disdain. Likewise, he did not help Ryazan when Batu Khan laid siege to that city. His own capital, however, was the next in line. Yuri's sons were soundly defeated near Kolomna, and Yuri himself could barely escape to Yaroslavl. His wife Agatha (Mikhail of Kiev's sister) and all his family died in Vladimir when a church where they had sought refuge from the fire collapsed. himself was killed on 4 March 1238, in the Battle of the Sit River, whereby vast Mongol hordes defeated the army of Vladimir-Suzdal. The relics of the prince are in Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir. Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19;

Russia, Vladimir, 1219, Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars
Scythia, 1219, Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Vladimir, 1223, Battle of Kalka River, at Mariupol, Mongol Victory
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Vladimir, 1225-1246, Saint Michael of Chernigov, promoted trade, t routes K and Vohl, f Oleg Martyr
Novgorod, 1225-1246, Saint Michael of Chernigov; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20 ; St Oleg the Prince of Briansk, Commemorated on September 20 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1228-1238, Prince Basil, Vasilko Konstantinovich, Rostov, heeded elders, war hero, killed by Batu after Sita
Russia, Rostov, 1216-1238, Prince Basil, Vasilko Konstantinovich; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Prince Basil of Rostov belonged in lineage to the Suzdal Monomashichi, famed in Russian history. The saint’s great-grandfather was Yuri Dolgoruky, and his grandfather was Great Prince Vsevolod III “Big-Nest” (+ 1212), brother to Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), who had been heir to and continuer of Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky’s work. From Vladimir-on-Klyazma, which became the capital of the old Rostovo-Suzdal principality, Vsevolod Big-Nest single-handedly set the course of affairs of the whole of Great Rus. The Lay of Igor’s Campaign says that he could splash the Volga with oars, and bail out the Don with helmets. oldest grandson of Vsevolod from his oldest son Constantine, Saint Basil was born on December 7, 1208 in Rostov, where his father ruled as prince. He spent his childhood there, and in 1216, when Constantine Vsevolodovich became Great Prince of Vladimir, Rostov was apportioned to Basil (he was then eight years old) as his princely appanage to rule himself. valor, sacred duty of service to country, the sense of justice and the heeding of one’s elders, all these are traditional features of a Russian princely defender of the land, and all were present in Basil. The saint’s father, Great-prince Constantine, died on February 2, 1218, when Basil was not yet ten years of age. The guide of the young Rostov prince then became his uncle, the Great Prince Saint Yuri of Vladimir (February 4). twenty years Prince Yuri ruled Vladimir, and for all these years Basil was his closest friend and confidant. The chronicles take note of the vibrantly handsome figure of Basil, his bright and majestic glance, his daring in trapping wild game, his beneficence, his mind and deep studiousness, together with his mildness and good-nature in relations with the nobles: Whoever served him, whoever ate his bread and drank the cup with him, could never be the servant of another prince. the year 1219 Basil participated in a campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal forces against the Volga Bulgars, and in 1221 in a campaign to the mouth of the River Oka. Saint Yuri was then held hostage at Nizhni Novgorod. 1223 the first Tatars (Mongols) appeared on the southern steppes, “an unknown people”, coming out of Asia. Their first victims were the Polovetsians allied with Rus. The Russian princes, with the Polovetsian khans (many of whom had accepted Holy Baptism), decided to resist the plunderers of the steppes before they reached the Russian Land. Saint Basil headed an auxiliary detachment, sent by Great Prince Yuri to participate in the Russian steppe campaign. enemy showed up sooner than they expected. And the centuries-old division of appenage principalities proved incapable of effective action in a large scale war. The detachment of Basil was not in time for the decisive battle, and from Chernigov came the sad news of the destruction of the Russian forces at the River Kalka on June 16, 1223. This was a bad omen, and the storm loomed on the east. Basil and his company returned to Rostov. 1227 (or 1228) Basil married, taking Maria, daughter of Saint Michael of Chernigov (September 20) as his wife. Basil’s uncle, Saint Yuri, had previously married Saint Michael’s sister [i.e. Basil’s uncle Yuri had married Maria’s aunt]. In 1231 Basil’s oldest son Boris was born. storm clouds thickened over Russia. On May 3, 1230, “the earth shook during Liturgy”, and famine and pestilence came upon Rus that year. In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Life took its course, and Prince Yuri in 1236 married off his sons Vladimir and Mstislav, and Basil rejoiced at their weddings. All of them, however, had little more than a year to live, for the Tatars had already taken the Volga-Bulgarian land. 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Prince Yuri had decided not to send his forces over to provide assistance, since he was faced with the difficult defense of Vladimir. The Tatars offered him peace, and he was prepared to negotiate. But the conditions of the peace, tribute and vassal servitude under the Khan, were unacceptable. “A glorious fight,” said the prince, “is better than a shameful peace.” The first battle with the Tatars was at Kolomna, and Vsevolod Yurievich commanded the troops, but they were cut to pieces. The enemy turned then towards Moscow, which they captured and burned. Yuri’s other son, Vladimir, was captured while leading the defense of Moscow. Yuri and his faithful companion Saint Basil were determined to fight “for the Orthodox Christian Faith” against the “godlessly vile Tatars.” Having organized his defenses and leaving his sons Vsevolod and Mstislav at Vladimir, Prince Yuri went beyond the Volga to gather new troops to replace those annihilated by Batu. him were his nephews, Saint Basil of Rostov and his company, and his brothers, Vsevolod and Vladimir. The Great Prince awaited the arrival of his brothers Yaroslav and Svyatoslav and their forces. Meatfare Saturday, February 3, 1238, quickly and without hindrance upon the wintry roads, the Tatar army approached Vladimir. Despite heroic defense, the fate of the city was sealed. Bishop Metrophanes for spiritual strength tonsured all the princes and princesses remaining in the city into the angelic schema. The city fell on February 7. final outpost of the Vladimirites was the Dormition cathedral, repository of the most holy object in Russia: the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The Tatars piled wood and kindling around the cathedral and made a tremendous fire. Bishop Metrophanes died in the fire and smoke, together with a thousand defenseless women and children, and Prince Yuri’s entire family: his wife Agathia, daughter Theodora, daughters-in-law Maria and Christina, and the infant grandson Demetrius. His sons Vsevolod and Mstislav, together with the previously captured Vladimir, were subjected to tortures and then slaughtered “before the eyes of the Khan”. (In several of the old collections of Saints’ Lives, all of them are listed as saints). Yuri had been with his forces near Yaroslavl. Learning of the destruction of the capital and the death of those near and dear to him, “he lamented in a loud voice with tears.” He said it would be better for him to die rather than continue to live in this world, since he alone survived. Saint Basil, arriving with the Rostov company, encouraged him to continue with the military effort. March 4, 1238 the decisive battle took place at the River Sita. The Tatars unexpectedly managed to encircle the Russian army, and a slaughter ensued. Few Russian warriors remained alive after this terrible battle, but the enemy paid an expensive price for its victory. Saint Yuri was cut down in distinguished combat, and the wounded Basil was brought to Batu’s headquarters. Tatars demanded that he “follow their vile customs, be subject to their will and fight for them.” The holy prince angrily refused to betray his homeland or Holy Orthodoxy. You cannot take the Christian Faith from me said the holy prince, like one of the ancient Christian confessors. They tortured him a great deal, and then killed him in the Shernsk woods. Thus did holy Prince Basil commit his soul to God, resembling in death the holy Passion-Bearer Boris (July 24), the first of the Rostov princes, whom he had imitated in life. Like Saint Boris, Saint Basil was not even thirty years of age. Cyril of Rostov, going out on the field of carnage, buried the fallen Orthodox warriors, and he sought the body of holy Prince Yuri (they did not find his cut-off head in the mass of broken bodies). He brought his holy relics to Rostov, to the Dormition cathedral. The body of Saint Basil was found in the Shernsk woods by a priest’s son and was taken to Rostov. There the prince’s wife, his children, Bishop Cyril and all the inhabitants of Rostov met the body of their beloved prince with bitter wailing, and they buried him beneath the arches of the cathedral church. the burial of Prince Basil, the chronicler said: The multitude of Orthodox people wept bitterly, when they saw the departed father and nourisher of orphans, the great comforter of the sorrowful, and... the setting of a luminous star.... By his martyr’s blood his transgressions and those of his brethren were washed away.” people regarded it as a sign of God’s mercy that the two princely comrades-in-arms were buried side by side in the Rostov cathedral church: Behold the wonder, in death God has placed their bodies together. (Later on, the relics of holy Prince Yuri were transferred to the restored Vladimir Dormition cathedral). Church venerates Saints Basil and Yuri as Passion-Bearers, and heroic defenders of the Russian Land. Their holy example has inspired Russian soldiers in the fight against hostile invaders. The most detailed account of the life and deeds of holy Princes Basil and Yuri is preserved in the Lavrentiev Chronicle, written by the monk Laurence with the blessing of Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal, in the year 1377, three years before the Battle of Kulikovo Pole.

Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Battle of the Sit (Sita) River
Battle of the Sit (Sita) River;

Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army (1238)
On Meatfare Saturday, February 3, 1238, quickly and without hindrance upon the wintry roads, the Tatar army approached Vladimir. Despite heroic defense, the fate of the city was sealed. Bishop Metrophanes for spiritual strength tonsured all the princes and princesses remaining in the city into the angelic schema. The city fell on February 7. final outpost of the Vladimirites was the Dormition cathedral, repository of the most holy object in Russia: the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The Tatars piled wood and kindling around the cathedral and made a tremendous fire. Bishop Metrophanes died in the fire and smoke, together with a thousand defenseless women and children, and Prince Yuri'™s entire family: his wife Agathia, daughter Theodora, daughters-in-law Maria and Christina, and the infant grandson Demetrius. His sons Vsevolod and Mstislav, together with the previously captured Vladimir, were subjected to tortures and then slaughtered œbefore the eyes of the Khan. (In several of the old collections of Saints™ Lives, all of them are listed as saints). Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Battle of Sit (Sita) River
Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Battle of Sit River; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1238-1246, G Prince, Theodore Vsevolodovich (Yaroslav II), Nevsky's f, poisened by Kh's mother
Vladimir Great Prince, 1238-1246, Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (Yaroslav II of Vladimir) ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; Icon of the Mother of God Elets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vladimir, 1249-1252, Alexander Nevsky's b, Yaroslavich, Andrey II, rose up, but fled to the Swedes
Russia, Vladimir, 1249-1252, Alexander Nevsky's Brother Andrew, Andrey II of Vladimir , he fled to the Swedes for help ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Vladimir, 1252-1263, G Prince, Alexander Nevsky, battles Neva and Ice, submitted to GH, greatest russian
Vladimir Great Prince, 1252-1263, Alexander Nevsky of Vladimir-Suzdal; Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (13 May 1221[1] -“ 14 November 1263) served as Prince of Novgorod (1236-“40, 1241-“56 and 1258-1259), Grand Prince of Kiev (Kyiv, 1236-“52) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (1252-63) during some of the most difficult times in Kievan Rus' history. regarded as a key figure of medieval Ru', Alexander (a grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest) rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over German and Swedish invaders. He preserved Russian statehood and Russian Orthodoxy, agreeing to pay tribute to the powerful Golden Horde. Metropolite Macarius canonized Alexander Nevsky as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547.[2] and youth[edit] Tales of the Life and Courage of the Pious and Great Prince Alexander found in the Second Pskovian Chronicle, circa 1260--“1280, comes one of the first known references to the Great Prince: the will of God, prince Alexander was born from the charitable, people-loving, and meek the Great Prince Yaroslav, and his mother was Theodosia. As it was told by the prophet Isaiah: 'Thus sayeth the Lord: I appoint the princes because they are sacred and I direct them."... was taller than others and his voice reached the people as a trumpet, and his face was like the face of Joseph, whom the Egyptian Pharaoh placed as next to the king after him of Egypt. power was a part of the power of Samson and God gave him the wisdom of Solomon ... this Prince Alexander: he used to defeat but was never defeated ..."[3 in Pereslavl-Zalessky, Alexander was the second son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Feodosia Igorevna of Ryazan. His maternal grandfather was Igor Glebovich, the second son of Gleb Rostislavich, Prince of Ryazan (d. 1178). His maternal grandmother was Agrafena of Kiev, daughter of Rostislav I of Kiev. seemed to have no chance of claiming the throne of Vladimir. In 1236, however, the Novgorodians summoned him to become knyaz (or prince) of Novgorod and, as their military leader, to defend their northwest lands from Swedish and German invaders. to the Novgorod Chronicle written in the 14th century (more than a century after the events it recorded), the Swedish army had landed at the confluence of the rivers Izhora and Neva, Alexander and his small army suddenly attacked the Swedes on 15 July 1240 and defeated them. of the Neva saved Novgorod from a full-scale invasion from the West. of this battle, 19-year-old Alexander gained the sobriquet "Nevsky" (which means of Neva). victory, coming just three years after the disastrous Mongol invasion of the Rus' lands of the North West, strengthened Alexander's political influence, at the same time it worsened his relations with the boyars. He would soon have to leave Novgorod because of this conflict. non-Russian contemporary source mentions this supposed battle. The Chronicle identifies the alleged Swedish commander as "Spiridon" ( while names after Saint Spyridon appear in both West and East, it is by far much more common in Orthodox lands than Scandinavia. Furthermore, Sweden had stood on the brink of war with Norway ever since the Norwegians' infamous Varmland expedition in 1225.[4] Relations improved only after the Treaty of Lase in 1249, which was forged by the new Swedish strongman Birger Jarl.[5] Before the treaty, Norway remained an ally of the Folkungs, giving them refuge and providing men and arms. In this situation, it seems unlikely that Sweden could have been able to organize a major expedition against Novgorod. Swedes are not known to have carried out any other military campaigns between 1222 and 1249, making the claims about their forceful appearance at the Neva with Norwegians as their allies in 1240 seem questionable.) the Germans and Estonians invaded Pskov, the Novgorod authorities sent for Alexander. spring of 1241 he returned from exile, gathered an army, and drove out the invaders. Alexander and his men faced the Livonian heavy cavalry led by the bishop of Dorpat (Hermann, brother of Albert of Buxhoeveden). The Rus force met the enemy on the ice of Lake Peipus and defeated the German knights and the Estonian infantry during the Battle of the Ice on 5 April 1242. victory marked a significant event in the history of Russia. Foot soldiers of Novgorod had surrounded and defeated an army of knights, mounted on horseback and clad in thick armour. Nevsky's great victory against the Livonian Order apparently involved only a few knights killed rather than the hundreds claimed by the Russian chroniclers; decisive medieval and early-modern battles were won and lost by smaller margins than those seen in contemporary mass conflicts. the Livonian invasion, Nevsky continued to strengthen Russia's Northwest. He sent his envoys to Norway and, as a result, they signed a first peace treaty between Russia and Norway in 1251. Alexander led his army to Finland and successfully routed the Swedes, who had made another attempt to block the Baltic Sea from the Russians in 1256.[6] envoys of the Roman Pope attend Alexander Nevsky proved to be a cautious and far-sighted politician. He dismissed the Roman Curia's attempts to cause war between Russia and the Golden Horde, because he understood the uselessness of such war with the Tatars at a time when they were still a powerful force. seem to be unsure about Alexander's behavior when it came to his relations with Mongols. He may have thought that Catholicism presented a more tangible threat to Russian national identity than paying a tribute to the Khan, who had little interest in Slav religion and culture. is also argued that he intentionally kept the North Slav principalities and city states as vassals to the Mongols in order to preserve his own status and counted on the befriended Horde in case someone challenged his authority (he forced the citizens of Novgorod to pay tribute). tried to strengthen his authority at the expense of the boyars and at the same time suppress any anti-Mongol uprisings in the country (Novgorod Uprising of 1259). Orthodox Church also emphasizes tolerating present civil authority of any kind more than heterodox churches (see Romans 13), which in this case would include accepting Mongol vassalage as divine judgement. to one interpretation, Alexander's intentions were to protect scattered principalities of what would become Muscovy from repeated invasions by the Mongol army. is known to have gone to the Horde himself and achieved success in exempting Russians from fighting beside the Tatar army in its wars with other peoples. historians see Alexander's choice of subordination to the Golden Horde and refusal of cooperation with western countries and church as an important reaffirmation of East Slavs' Orthodox orientation (begun under Duke Vladimir of Kiev and his mother Olga).[7] Prince of Vladimir[edit] the conquest of the Principality of Vladimir by the Mongols in 1238, its reigning Prince, Yuri II Vsevolodovich, was killed in the Battle of the Sit River; his younger brother, Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich, requested from, and received from, the Mongol khan installation as the new Prince. Prince, he assigned the duchy of Novgorod to his son Alexander. However, while traveling in 1245 to the Mongol capital Karakorum in Central Asia, Yaroslav died. in 1248 Alexander and his older brother Andrey II Yaroslavich also traveled to Karakorum to attend upon the Great Khan, Andrei returned with the award of the Grand Principality of Vladimir and Alexander the nominal lordship of Kiev. Mongke became the new Great Khan in 1251, all the Russian princes were obliged to travel to Sarai on the Volga, the capital of the Golden Horde, to be affirmed in their duchies, but Andrei refused to go. to his friendship with Sartaq Khan, the subsequent invasion by the Mongol Golden Horde saw Andrei exiled to Sweden and Alexander installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) in 1252.[8] faithfully supported Mongol rule within his domains. In 1259 he led an army to the city of Novgorod and forced it to pay tribute it had previously refused to the Golden Horde.[9] Returning in 1263 from one of his frequent visits to the Horde, Alexander died in the town of Gorodets-on-the-Volga on his way back from Sarai. Prior to his death, he took monastic vows and was given the religious name of Alexis. of Alexander Nevsky the Second Pskovian Chronicle: from the Golden Horde, the Great Prince Alexander, reached the city of Nizhny Novgorod, and remained there for several days in good health, but when he reached the city of Gorodets he fell ill ... Prince Alexander, who was always firm in his faith in God, gave up this worldly kingdom ... And then he gave up his soul to God and died in peace on 12 November [1263], on the day when the Holy Apostle Philip is remembered ... At this burial Metropolitan Archbishop Cyril said, 'My children, you should know that the sun of the Suzdalian land has set. There will never be another prince like him in the Suzdalian land.' the priests and deacons and monks, the poor and the wealthy, and all the people said: 'It is our end.' "[3] he died in Gorodets, Alexander was laid to rest in the city of Vladimir, in the Great Abbey at The Church of the Nativity of the Holy Mother of God. and children[edit] According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, Alexander married first a daughter of Bryacheslav Vasilkovich, Prince of Polatsk and Vitebsk, in 1239. Her name is not given in the chronicle. Genealogies name her as Paraskeviya or Alexandra (possibly birth and marital names respectively). They had five children: Alexandrovich, Prince of Novgorod (c. 1239-“1271). He was betrothed to Princess Kristina of Norway in 1251. The marriage contract was broken. Kristina went on to marry Felipe of Castile, a son of Ferdinand III of Castile and Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen. Alexandrovna. Married Konstantin Rostislavich, Prince of Smolensk. of Pereslavl (c. 1250-1294). of Gorodets (c. 1255 -“ 27 July 1304). married a second wife named Vasilisa or Vassa[10] shortly before his death. They had one son. of Moscow (1261-“ 4 March/5 March 1303).[11] regarded as a key figure of medieval Rus, Alexander (“ the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest)“ rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over German and Swedish invaders while agreeing to pay tribute to the powerful Golden Horde. He was canonized as a saint of the Russian Orthodox Church by Metropolite Macarius in 1547.[12] was buried in the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin monastery in Vladimir. Veneration began almost immediately after a miracle at his burial, when he supposedly extended his hand for the prayer of absolution.[13] remains of the prince were uncovered in response to a vision, before the Battle of Kulikovo in the year 1380, and found to be incorrupt. relics were then placed in a shrine in the church. was glorified (canonized) by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1547. new wooden reliquary was made in Moscow in 1695 and the relics placed in it in 1697. order of Peter the Great the relics were then removed from Vladimir on 11 August 1723 and transported to Shlisselburg (at the head of the Neva, near St Petersburg), arriving there on 20 September.[13] There they were kept until 1724, when they were brought to Saint Petersburg and installed in the Annunciation Church of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra on 30 August.[13] In 1753 a large silver shrine [ru] for the relics, made with 90 pounds of silver, was donated by Empress Elizabeth of Russia. With the completion of the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra in 1790, the shrine and relics were transferred there at its consecration on 30 August, one of the saint's feast days.[13] May 1922, during the general confiscation of Russian Orthodox Church property, the shrine was opened.[14] The elaborate silver shrine was transferred to the Hermitage Museum, where it remains.[14] The relics were put into storage at the Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism, before being returned to the Holy Trinity Cathedral in 1989.[14] His principal feast day is 23 November. A second feast day was instituted on 30 August in commemoration of the placing of his relics in the Annunciation Church. He is also commemorated in common with other saints of Rostov and Yaroslavl on 23 May. order of Alexander Nevsky of Alexander's policies on the Western border were continued by his grandson-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov, who was also beatified in the 16th century. the late 13th century, a chronicle was compiled called the Life of Alexander Nevsky, in which he is depicted as an ideal prince-soldier and defender of Russia. 21 May 1725, the empress Catherine I introduced the Imperial Order of St. Alexander Nevsky as one of the highest decorations in the land. the Great Patriotic War, on 29 July 1942, the Soviet authorities introduced an Order of Alexander Nevsky to revive the memory of Alexander's struggle with the Germans. was also an earlier Bulgarian Order dedicated to Saint Alexander which was founded on 25 December 1881, which ceased to exist when the People's Republic was declared on 16 September 1946. 1938, Sergei Eisenstein made one of his most acclaimed films, Alexander Nevsky, on Alexander's victory over the Teutonic Knights. The soundtrack for the film was written by Sergei Prokofiev, who also reworked the score into a concert cantata. Today the film is renowned for its extraordinary battle on ice sequence, which has served as inspiration for countless other films. In the picture, Nevsky used a number of Russian proverbs, tying Nevsky firmly to Russian tradition.[15] famous proverbial phrase (paraphrasing Matthew 26:52), "Whoever will come to us with a sword, from a sword will perish," that is often attributed to Alexander Nevsky, was not in fact pronounced by him, but comes from the Eisenstein's film, where it was said by an actor Nikolai Cherkasov. Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia is a long tradition of Russian naval vessels bearing Nevsky's name, such as the 19th-century propellor frigate Alexander Nevsky and a strategic ballistic missile nuclear submarine recently built for the Russian Navy.[16] Nevsky's fame has spread beyond the borders of Russia, and numerous cathedrals and churches are dedicated to him, including the Patriarchal Cathedral in Sofia, Bulgaria; the Cathedral church in Tallinn, Estonia; the Cathedral church in Poland. 24 September 2008, Alexander Nevsky was declared the main hero of Russia's history by popular vote, as reported by the Kommersant newspaper. In December 2008, he was voted the greatest Russian in the Name of Russia television poll.[17 Icon of the Mother of God of Ustiuzhena, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Saint Theodore, Commemorated on March 14 Theodore—Kostroma Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke and resembles the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. icon received its name from Great Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (+ 1246), the father of Saint Alexander Nevsky, and who in holy Baptism was named Theodore in honor of Saint Theodore Stratelates (February 8). to Tradition, the icon was found by his elder brother, Saint George (February 4), in an old wooden chapel near the city of Gorodets. Later, the Gorodetsk Theodorov monastery was built on this spot. Prince Yaroslav-Theodore became the Great Prince of Vladimir after his brother Saint George perished in battle with the Mongols at the Sita River. In the year 1239, he solemnly transferred the relics of his brother from Rostov to the Vladimir Dormition cathedral. He gave the icon which he inherited from his brother to his own son, Saint Alexander Nevsky. is renowned in Russian history. He continued with the glorious traditions of his uncle Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), and of his father Vsevolod III Big-Nest, and he was connected to almost all of the significant events in the history of Rus in the first half of the thirteenth century. was burned and torn apart by the Mongols in 1237-1238. He raised it up from the ashes, rebuilt and embellished the cities, the holy monasteries and the churches. He restored cities along the Volga devastated by the enemy: Kashin, Uglich, Yaroslavl’, Kostroma, Gorodets. founded he church of Theodore Stratelates at Kostroma and the Theodorov monastery near Gorodets in honor of his patron saint. For eight years he ruled as Great Prince, but he had to guide the land through a singularly difficult path, maintaining a military-political balance with the Golden Horde to the East, while mounting an active opposition to Catholic Europe in the West. His closest companion was his son, Saint Alexander Nevsky, who also continued his policies. wonderworking Theodore Icon of the Mother of God was constantly with Saint Alexander, and he prayed before it. After Saint Alexander Nevsky died on November 14, 1263 at the monastery founded by his father, the icon was taken by his younger brother Basil. Yaroslavich was the youngest (eighth) son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1246 after the death of his father (Prince Yaroslav was poisoned in the capital city of Mongolia, Karakorum when he was only five years old) Basil became prince of the Kostroma appanage-holding, the least important of his father’s domains. In the year 1272, he became Great Prince of Vladimir. four years as Great Prince (1272-1276) were filled with fratricidal princely quarrels. For several years he waged war against Novgorod with an unruly nephew Demetrius. In becoming Great Prince, however, Basil did not journey to Vladimir, but remained under the protection of the wonderworking icon at Kostroma, regarding this place as safer in case of new outbreaks of strife. had occasion also to defend Rus against external enemies. In 1272, during a Tatar incursion, a Russian army came forth from Kostroma to engage them. Following the example of his grandfather, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (who took the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God with him on military campaigns), Prince Basil went into battle with the wonderworking Theodore Icon. A blinding light came forth from the holy image, and the Tatars dispersed and fled from the Russian land. Chronicles say that the Great Prince Basil had a special love for the Church and the clergy. After the martyric death of Bishop Metrophanes of Vladimir during the storming of Vladimir by Tatars on February 4, 1238, the Vladimir diocese had remained widowed for many years. This grieved Great Prince Basil. With his help, a large cathedral was constructed in Vladimir in 1274. This was apparently in connection with the consecration of Saint Serapion (July 12) as Bishop of Vladimir. He was an igumen from the Monastery of the Caves. Cyril III (+ 1282) presided over a council of Russian hierarchs. This was the first council in the Russian Church since the time of the Mongol invasion. Many problems and disorders had arisen in Church life, but the Russian Church was just barely beginning to recover from the woe that had befallen it. One of its main tasks was to recover a Russian churchly literacy, and the restoration of the tradition of the ancient Russian “princely order.” books the Church’s salvific activity would be almost impossible. Books were needed for church services, and for preaching, for the monastic cell rule, and for believers to read at home. Through the efforts of Metropolitan Cyril and the Russian bishops and monastic scholars, this important task was begun. The council approved new editions of essential books which formed the canonical basis of Orthodox church life. 1276, Prince Basil completed his life’s journey. Most of the important events in his life occured with the blessing of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. He died at Kostroma, and there he also found his final resting place. Since that time, the holy icon has been in the Kostroma cathedral of Saint Theodore Stratelates. interest in the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God and the spread of its veneration throughout all Russia is connected with events of the beginning of the seventeenth century, and the end of the Time of Troubles. In the year 1613, the wonderworking Theodore Icon from the Kostroma cathedral was used at the proclamation of Michael Romanov as the new Tsar. In memory of this historic event, March 14 was designated for the commemoration of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God. copies were made from the Kostroma Theodore Icon, and one of the first was commissioned and brought to Moscow by Tsar Michael’s mother, the nun Martha. From the second half of the seventeenth century, various copies of the Theodore Icon were enlarged with scenes depicting events from the history of the wonderworking icon. the year 1670 the hierodeacon Longinus from the Kostroma Hypatiev monastery wrote the “Narrative concerning the Manifestations and Miracles of the Theodore Icon of the Mother of God in Kostroma.” Not all the things contained in it agree with things previously stated. Theodore Icon is two-sided. On the reverse side is the image of the holy Great Martyr Paraskeva, depicted in the splendid attire of a princess. It is believed that the image of Paraskeva on the reverse of the icon is connected with the wife of Saint Alexander Nevsky. Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Saint Theodore is also commemorated on August 16. Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vladimir, 1263-1271, G Prince, Y Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver) Neversky's b, with n made Tver great
Vladimir Great Prince, 1263-1271, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver); Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Vladimir, 1271-1276, G Prince, Vasily of Kostroma, Basil, Alexander Nevsky's b, stayed there
Vladimir Great Prince, 1271-1276, Vasily of Kostroma, Basil; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Vladimir, 1276-1293, Dmitry, Pereslavl, Nevsky's 2nd, young f Novg, welcmd back, K Fort, w Nogai, Andrey's Horde
Vladimir Great Prince, 1276-1293, Dmitry of Pereslavl ; Alexandrovich (ca. 1250-“1294) was Grand Prince of Vladimir-Suzdal from 1276 until 1281 and then from 1283 until 1293. was the second son of Alexander Nevsky. When his elder brother Vasily died young, Dmitry remained the chief heir to his illustrious father. As early as 1259, he was left by Alexander in charge of Novgorod. Upon Alexander's death in 1264, however, the Novgorodians expelled Dmitry to his native Pereslavl-Zalessky, citing his youth as a pretext. years later, when Dmitry had turned 18, he was welcomed back to Novgorod and ” together with his future son-in-law, Daumantas of Pskov ” led a local militia against Livonian Knights in the Battle of Rakvere. During the following decade, he struggled for control of Novgorod against his uncles, Yaroslav III and Vasily of Kostroma. In 1276, when his elders died, he finally ascended the coveted thrones of Vladimir and Novgorod. Two years later, he founded a great fortress of Koporye, which he intended to rule himself. The Novgorodians revolted, forcing Dmitry to leave Koporye and Novgorod altogether. Dmitry was preoccupied with pacifying Novgorod, Andrey of Gorodets (Alexander, Dmitry's younger brother) went to the Golden Horde and received from the khan permission to replace Dmitry as the Grand Prince. In 1281, Andrey returned to Russia, joined his forces with princes of Rostov and Yaroslavl and, after much devastation to Dmitry's lands, seized his capital Pereslavl. Dmitry fled to Koporye but, failing to win support of Novgorodians, had to retreat further northward, probably to Scandinavia. years later, Dmitry returned to Russia, only to find his lands ravaged by the Mongols and his brother Andrey. Thereupon he went to the Black Sea and met Nogai Khan, who was the greatest enemy of the Golden Horde at that time. Wishing to increase his authority in Russia, Nogai vowed to support Dmitry in his struggle for the grand ducal throne. On hearing about this, Andrey renounced his claims to Vladimir and Novgorod and returned to Gorodets. 1285 Andrey again brought Mongol hordes to Russia, but these were expelled by Dmitry and his allies. Finally, in 1293 Andrey managed to unite the Mongols and Russian princes in opposition to Dmitry. Reluctant to renew fratricidal hostilities, Dmitry took monastic vows in 1293 and died the next year. He was buried in the Saviour Cathedral of Pereslavl-Zalessky. Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1283-1303, Daniel of Moscow, Nevsky's 4th, youngest, Churches and Ms, first victory o Tartars, united rus
Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, Prince Daniel of Moscow; father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] Aleksandrovich (1261-“ 4 March 1303) was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and forefather of all the Grand Dukes of father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] When he was a child, the tiny principality was being governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by his paternal uncle, Grand Prince Yaroslav has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, namely the Lord's Epiphany, and The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery): named in his honor, situated on the right bank of the Moskva River at a distance of 5 miles from the Moscow Kremlin, and founded, by Daniel, as the first monastery wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite no later than also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to the Great Martyr took part in his brothers (”Dmitri of Pereslavl and Andrey of Gorodets) ”struggle for the right to govern Vladimir and Novgorod, respectively. After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniel made an alliance with Mikhail of Tver and Ivan of Pereslavl against Andrey of Gorodets of Novgorod. participation in the struggle for Novgorod in 1296 indicated Moscow's increasing political influence. Constantine, the prince of Ryazan, tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniel defeated it near Pereslavl. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom.[2] 1300, he went to Ryazan with an army and imprisoned the ruler of the Ryazan Principality "by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniel his fortress of Kolomna. It was an important acquisition, as now Daniel controlled all the length of the Moskva River. 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniel all his lands, including Pereslavl-Zalessky.[2] the Mongol occupation and internecine wars among the Rus' princes, Daniel created peace in Moscow without bloodshed. 30 years of ruling Daniel participated in battles only once.[1] According to legend, Daniel was popular and respected by his subjects for his meekness, humility and peacefulness. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Vladimir, 1293,Suzdal joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Vladimir, 1293,Suzdal joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Mill”), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. Suzdal (Southern Valley) ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Vladimir, 1293-1304, Alexndr(Andrey) of Gorodets, Nevsky's 3rd, Joined Mongols, took V f b, lost V to Dan
Vladimir Great Prince, 1293-1304, Andrey of Gorodets of Vladimir-Suzdal; III Alexandrovich (ca. 1255 -27 July 1304), a Russian prince, son of Alexander Nevsky, received from his father the town of Gorodets on the Volga. In 1276 he added Kostroma to his possessions and joined the struggle for the Grand Duchy of Vladimir-Suzdal. 1281 Andrey, joining the Mongol army, expelled his elder brother Dmitri from Vladimir. After some feasting with Mongols in Vladimir, Andrey went to Novgorod, where the populace made him heartily welcome. Meanwhile, his brother allied himself with the powerful Nogai Khan, who reinstated Dmitry as Grand Duke of Vladimir in 1283. the following decade, Andrey thrice brought the Mongols to Russia in order to wrest Vladimir from his brother. In the campaign of 1293 they pillaged 14 Russian towns, finally forcing Dmitry to abdicate. Even when elevated to the grand-ducal throne of Vladimir, Andrey continued to live in Gorodets. During the last decade of his reign he struggled with a league formed by Daniel of Moscow, Mikhail of Tver, and Ivan of Pereslavl [ru]. In 1301 he drove the Swedes from Landskrona near present-day Saint Petersburg.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Vladimir, 1299, Appearance of Maximas Icon, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Saint Maximus Icon is in the cathedral church of the city of Vladimir. Metropolitan Maximus (December 6), a Greek by birth, painted the Icon in 1299, as he was told to do in a vision while he slept in his cell. When St. Maximus arrived in Vladimir from Kiev, the Mother of God appeared to him in a dream and gave him an omophorion saying, "My servant Maximus, it is good that you have come to visit my city. Take this omophorion and shepherd the rational flock of my city." he awoke, he found he was holding an omophorion. The appearance of the Mother of God was regarded as a sign of approval for the transfer of the metropolitan See from Kiev to Vladimir. description of this vision was inscribed on the left side of his crypt. The Mother of God is shown in full stature, holding the Divine Child on her left arm. With her right hand, she offers the omophorion to Saint Maximus, who is standing on a pillar. The contrast in the size of their figures is meant to show the difference in their spiritual states. A variant Icon depicts Saint Maximus kneeling at the feet of the Theotokos. a golden coffer was made, and the omophorion was placed inside. This omophorion was kept in the Vladimir cathedral as a relic for 112 years. It was hidden by the cathedral’s doorkeeper Patrick in 1412 during an invasion by the Tartars, Patrick was killed when he refused to show them where the cathedral's treasures were hidden. The coffer has not yet been found. Icon, which measures five feet by two and a half feet, has been glorified by many miracles. Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Russia, Vladimir, 1300-1331, 14th Century, Great Prince Ivan of Moscow, Moscow more protected

Russia, Vladimir, 1304-1318, G Prince, Mikhail of Tver, Nervsky's b, lost I to Yury of M, while M was in Sarai
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin
Vladimir, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2;

Russia, Vladimir, 1308-1325, Patriarch Peter, moved See to Moscow in 1325
Vladimir Patriarch, 1308-1325, Peter of Moscow; Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev[1] and all Russia (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€)(c. 1260- 20 December 1326) was the Russian metropolitan who moved his see from Vladimir to Moscow in 1325. Later he was proclaimed a patron saint of Moscow. In spite of the move, the office remained officially entitled "Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'" until the autocephalous election of Saint Jonah of Moscow in 1448. Life[edit] Peter was born in Volhynia[1] (part of the Kingdom of Russia). His parents were Theodore and Eupraxia. At the age of twelve, young Peter entered a monastery where he learned iconography. The igumen of the monastery had St Peter ordained as a hieromonk. After years of ascetic labors at the monastery, the hieromonk Peter, with the blessing of the igumen, left the monastery in search of a solitary place.[2] He built a cell at the Rata River and began to pursue asceticism in silence. Afterwards, at the place of his ascetic exploits, a monastery was formed, called the Novodvorsk. The Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos “Of St Peterâ€ was so called because it was painted by St Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow while he was igumen of the Ratsk monastery near Volhynia. During a visit to the Ratne[3] monastery by St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus', Peter gave him the icon as a gift.[4] In 1308 king Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia nominated and the Patriarch of Constantinople appointed Peter to the vacant see of Kiev and all Rus'.[2] Mikhail Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Tver, wanted to advance his own candidate for this position. Peter's nomination caused prolonged animosity between Mikhail and Peter to the point that the latter had to ask for protection from the Prince of Moscow in 1325. Peter travelled to Constantinople where Patriarch Athanasius consecrated him as Metropolitan of Russia and bestowed on him the hierarchal vestments, staff and icon. Upon his return to Rus' in 1308, Metropolitan Peter arrived at Kiev after a year, and then proceeded on to Vladimir. During this time of Tatar (Mongol) authority Russia was in turmoil, and Peter was often obliged to change the place of his residence.[2] Peter transferred his metropolitan duties from depopulated Kiev to Vladimir. In 1325 Metropolitan Peter, at the request of Great prince Ivan Kalita (1328-1340), transferred the metropolitan cathedra-chair from Vladimir to Moscow.[5] The move strengthened the political position of Moscow and established it as the spiritual capital of fragmented Russia. After Peter's move to Moscow, the Cathedral of the Dormition and several other stone churches were built by Ivan Kalita in the Moscow Kremlin. The foundation of the Vysokopetrovsky Monastery in Moscow is ascribed to Peter. He also authored a few sermons and epistles. Peter died on 21 December 1326.[5] After his canonization by Metropolitan Alexis, his veneration was propagated all over Moscovy. Accordingly, many churches were dedicated to Peter the Metropolitan in Moscow and other cities of Russia. His feast day is celebrated on 24 August (the translation of his relics to the Dormition Cathedral in Moscow) and 5 October (in common with Metropolitans Jonah and Alexis) Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Vladimir, 1318-1325, Prince Yuri D of Moscow, elevated to supreme p by the GH Khan, supported by Peter
Moscow Prince, 1303-1325, Yuri of Moscow ; Danilovich, also known as Georgiy Danilovich (Ð®Ñ€Ð¸Ð¹ Ð”Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ in Russian) (1281 – 21 November 1325) was Prince of Moscow (1303–1325) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (from 1318). Yury was the oldest son of Daniel, the first prince of Moscow. His first official action was to defend Pereslavl-Zalessky against Grand Duke Andrew III. Upon Andrew's death the next year, Yury had to contend the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir with Mikhail of Tver. While the Tverian army besieged Pereslavl and Moscow itself, Mikhail went to the Golden Horde, where the Khan elevated him to the supreme position among Russian princes. In the meantime, Yury arranged the murder of Prince Konstantin of Ryazan. This unlucky ruler had been captured by Yury's father back in 1302 and had been incarcerated in Moscow since then. While Ryazan was shocked by such a barbarity, Yury annexed the key Ryazanian fortress of Kolomna to Moscow Duchy. He also captured Mozhaisk, which formerly belonged to the princes of Smolensk. By 1314, Yury secured backing from the Metropolitan Peter and formed an alliance with Novgorod against Tver. Now, he felt strong enough to challenge Mikhail of Tver in the Horde. In 1315 Yury went to the Golden Horde and, after spending two years there, constructed an alliance with Uzbeg Khan. Upon Yury's marriage to the khan's sister Konchaka, Uzbeg Khan deposed Mikhail and nominated Yury as the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Back in Russia with a large force of Mongols, Yury approached Tver. However, Yuri's army was defeated and his brother Boris and his wife were taken prisoners. Thereupon he fled to Novgorod and sued for peace. At that time his wife, still held in Tver as a hostage, died unexpectedly. Yury availed himself of the confusion that followed and announced to the khan that she had been poisoned on Mikhail's order. The khan summoned both princes to Sarai and, after a trial, had Mikhail executed. Yury returned to Russia, hated by other princes and populace alike, in 1319. He was now entrusted with the task of gathering all-Russian tribute to the Horde. But Mikhail's son and successor, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, still opposed him. In 1322, Dmitry, seeking revenge for his father's murder, went to Sarai and persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry. Eight months later, Dmitry was also executed in the Horde.[1] Shortly before his death, Yury led the army of Novgorod to fight the Swedes and founded a fort in the mouth of the Neva River. Upon signing the Treaty of Orekhovo in 1323, Yury continued eastward and conquered Velikiy Ustyug the same year. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir, 1325-1340, G Prince Ivan I of Moscow, Kalita, John D, rise of Moscow for protection
Vladimir Great Prince, 1325-1340, Ivan I of Moscow; I Daniilovich Kalita (Russian: Ð˜Ð²Ð°ÌÐ½ I Ð”Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡ ÐšÐ°Ð»Ð¸Ñ‚Ð°; 1 November 1288 – 31 March 1340 or 1341[1]) was Grand Duke of Moscow from 1325 and Vladimir from 1332.[2] Biography[edit] Ivan was the son of the Prince of Moscow Daniil Aleksandrovich. After the death of his elder brother Yury, Ivan inherited the Principality of Moscow. Ivan participated in the struggle to get the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir which could be obtained with the approval of a khan of the Golden Horde. The main rivals of the princes of Moscow in this struggle were the princes of Tver – Mikhail, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, and Alexander II, all of whom obtained the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir and were deprived of it. All of them were murdered in the Golden Horde. In 1328 Ivan Kalita received the approval of khan Muhammad Ozbeg to become the Grand Duke of Vladimir with the right to collect taxes from all Russian lands. According to the Russian historian Kluchevsky, the rise of Moscow under Ivan I Kalita was determined by three factors. The first one was that the Moscow principality was situated in the middle of other Russian principalities; thus, it was protected from any invasions from the East and from the West. Compared to its neighbors, Ryazan principality and Tver principality, Moscow was less often devastated. The relative safety of the Moscow region resulted in the second factor of the rise of Moscow – an influx of working and tax-paying people who were tired of constant raids and who actively relocated to Moscow from other Russian regions. The third factor was a trade route from Novgorod to the Volga river. According to Baumer[3] Öz Beg Khan took a fateful decision when he abandoned the former policy of divide and rule by making the new grand prince responsible for collecting and passing on all the tribute and taxes from all the Russian cities. Ivan delivered these exactions punctually, so further strengthening his position of privilege. In this way he laid the foundations for Moscow's future as a regional great power. Ivan Kalita intentionally pursued the policy of relocation of people to his principality by an invitation of people from other places and by purchase of Russian people captured by Mongols during their raids. He managed to eliminate all the thieves in his lands, thus ensuring the safety of traveling merchants. Internal peace and order together with the absence of Mongolian raids to the Moscow principality was mentioned in Russian chronicles as “great peace, silence, and relief of Russian land. Ivan made Moscow very wealthy by maintaining his loyalty to the Horde (hence, the nickname Kalita, or the Moneybag[4]). He used this wealth to give loans to neighbouring Russian principalities. These cities gradually fell deeper and deeper into debt, a condition that would allow Ivan's successors to annex them. The people called Ivan the ‘gatherer of the Russian lands’. He bought lands around Moscow, and very often the poor owners sold their lands willingly. Some of them kept the right to rule in their lands on behalf of Ivan Kalita. In one way or another a number of cities and villages joined the Moscow principality – Uglich in 1323, the principality of Belozero in 1328–1338, the principality of Galich in 1340. Ivan's greatest success, however, was convincing the Khan in Sarai that his son, Simeon The Proud, should succeed him as the Grand Duke of Vladimir; from then on, the important position almost always belonged to the ruling house of Moscow. The Head of the Russian Church – Metropolitan Peter, whose authority was extremely high, moved from Vladimir to Moscow to Prince Ivan Kalita.Princess Elena died on March 1, 1331 . A year later, Kalita married again, and only the name is known about his second wife - Ulyana . There is a hypothesis according to which it was the daughter of Fyodor Davydovich Galitsky with half of her father's principality as a dowry . According to A. V. Eksemplyarsky, in his second marriage, Ivan Danilovich had one daughter . VA Kuchkin suggested that there were two daughters, Maria and Theodosia, who appear in the prince's will as "smaller children". One of them was alive in 1359; nothing more is known about the other . Ulyana survived her husband and died between 1366 and 1372 . Following a Lithuanian raid on the town of Torzhok in 1335 (as part of the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars), Ivan retaliated by burning the towns of Osechen and Riasna.[5] Ivan died in Moscow, 31 March 1340 or 1341.[1] He was buried 1 April in the Church of the Archangel Michael.[1] Ivan had built the church and was also the first person to be buried there.[6] Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Vladimir, 1331-Present, Folder, Moscow Time

Russia, Vladimir Great Prince, 1340-1353, Simeon of Moscow
Vladimir Great Prince, 1340-1353, Simeon of Moscow ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir Great Prince, 1353-1359, Ivan II of Moscow, Donskoy's Father
Vladimir Great Prince, 1353-1359, Ivan II of Moscow; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Vladimir, 1359-1362, Demetrius Constantovich, Dmitry of Suzdal
Russia, Vladimir, 1359-1362, Demetrius Constantovich, Dmitry of Suzdal ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Russia, Vladimir, 1362-1389, Great Prince Dimitri of the Don
Vladimir, 1362-1389, Great Prince Dimitri of the Don; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Russia, Vladimir, 1397, part of The Robe was transferred from C to Rus by St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Russia, Vladimir, 1445, Battle of Kamenka River or Suzdal 1445
Battle of Kamenka River or Suzdal 1445; Russo-Kazan Wars, Wars of Vasily II;

Russia, Vladimir, 1445, Russo-Kazan Wars of Vasily II
Battle of Kamenka River or Suzdal 1445; Russo-Kazan Wars, Wars of Vasily II;

Russia, Vladimir, Nizhni Novogorod, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces)
Russia, Vladimir, Nizhni Novogorod, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road Folder (Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod and the Volga River)

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road, Klyazma River Folder

Klyazma River

Klyazma River 1 (Ucha River Mouth)

Klyazma River 2 (Vorya River Mouth)

Klyazma River 3 (Gorodishchi, Kirzhach River Mouth)

Klyazma River 4 (Peksha River Mouth)

Klyazma River 5 (Vladimir, Nerl River Mouth)

Vladimir (Nerl River Mouth, Klyazma River 5)
Vladimir (Klyazma River 5); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Polycarp the Archimandrite of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 24; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30 ; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Venerable Erasmus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod and Recluse, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Bogoliub monastery, Vladimir (Klyazma River 5) 1158
Bogoliub monastery; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ;

Cathedral Church of Nativity Monastery, Vladimir, 1155
Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Konstantine and Helen Monastery, Proyezd, 8, Vladimir 600031 Russia
Konstantino-Yeleninskiy Proyezd, 8, Vladimir 600031 Russia; Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo, 1155
Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Bogolubovo; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Temple of the Protection at Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Temple of the Protection on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 12th Century; Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ;

Nerl, Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Nerl River (Klyzma); Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ;

Nerl, Temple of the Protection at Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 1165
Nerl, Temple of the Protection on the Nerl (Klyzma River 5) 12th Century; Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ;

Kopyrsk monastery, Vladimir-Suzdal (Nerl (Uktoma) mouth, Klyzma River 5) 1165
Kopyrsk monastery on the River Ukhtoma, 80 kilometers (120 Kilometers) from Rostov. River Ukhtoma (River Nerl) is the major tributary of the Klyzama. Temple of the Protection on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated November 27 ;

Assumption Cathedral, Vladimir, 1158 & 1408
Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10;

Vladimir-Suzdal Cathedral
Vladimir-Suzdal Cathedral; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe God LovingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 18; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Bogolub (God-lover), Vladimir
The monastery, and the city which formed around the monastery, was named Bogolub by St Andrew, because in his own words, œthe Mother of God loves this place, and the prince himself came to be called Bogolub or œGod-lover. St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir, 1158
Dormition Cathedral, Vladimir; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

White Bluff Monastery and Florischev Hermitage in the Vladimir Province
Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Russia, Vladimir, Merchants Road, Klyazma River 5, Ukhtoma River Folder, Suzdal or Southern Valley

Ukhtoma (Nerl Klyazma) River

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River Source (along the border)

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 1

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 2

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 3

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 4 (Southern Valley)

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 5 (Suzdal)

Suzdal (Southern Valley, Ukhtoma (Nerl) River 5)
Suzdal (Southern Valley) ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 25 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated December 6 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Sophia, Commemorated December 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Simeon the Bishop of Vladimir and Suzdal of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on May 10; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Icon of the Mother of God œthe God Loving, Commemorated on June 18; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352
Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352; Suzdal; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4:

Suzdal Protection Monastery Convent, Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352
Suzdal Protection Monastery Convent, Savior-St Euthymius Monastery at Suzdal, 1352; Suzdal; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4:

Suzdal Fortress (Suzdal Kremlin) 1100
Suzdal Fortress (Suzdal Kremlin) ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Vladimir Nativity monastery, 1200
Vladimir Nativity monastery; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Ukhtoma (Nerl) River Mouth (Vladimir, Klyzma River 5)

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl (Uktoma (Nerl) Mouth, Klyzma River 5) 1165
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Commemorated March 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 5.2, Sudogda River Folder

Sudogda River

Sudogda River 1

Sudogda River 2

Sudogda River Mouth (Klyazma River 5)

Klyazma River 6 (Uvod River Mouth)

Klyazma River 7 (Teza River Mouth)

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 7, Teza River Folder

Teza River

Teza River Source (Ivanovoskaya)

Teza River 1 (Shuya)

Shui (Shuya), Vladimir-Suzdal (Teza River 1)
Shui; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ;

Teza River Mouth (Klyazma River 7)

Klyazma River 8 (Vyazniki)

Russia, Vladimir, Klyazma River 8, Lukh River Folder

Lukh River

Lukh River Source (above Yurievets, Kostroma)

Lukh, Vladimir (Lukh River Source above Yurievets, Kostroma)
Lukh (Lukh River); Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Lukh River Mouth (Klyazma River 8)

Klyazma River 9 (Gorokhovetsa)

Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9)
Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ;

Phlorischev wilderness monastery, not far from Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) 1655
Gorokhovetsa, Vladimir-Suzdal (Klyazma River 9) ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ;

Klyazma River Mouth (Nizhny Novgorod, Oka River 14)

Nizhni-Novgorod, Suzdal (Oka River Mouth, Klyazma River Mouth, Volga River 9) 1221
Nizhni-Novgorod (Volga River at Oka); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated December 14 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr John of Kazan; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Monastery of the Caves, Nizhny Novgorod, 1328, St Dionysius
Monastery of the Caves; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1;

Pechersk (Caves) Monestary, Nizhny Novgorod, 1328, St Dionysius
Pechersk Monestary; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1;

Annunciation Monastery, Nizhny Novgorod, 1221
Annunciation Monastery, Nizhny Novgorod; Repose of Saint Theoctistus, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod (Oka River Mouth, Volga River 9)
Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Volga River 9); Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Gorodtsa on the Volga
Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Volga River 9); Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Moscow Folder, its rivers and roads

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three Feasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joyful, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unfading Bloom, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227
Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227; Icon of the Mother of God -œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1331, Moscow Final Russian Capital after 1331
Russia; Russians; Tartars; Ukrainians ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1380 or 1480 and Before, Mongol-Tartar Yoke, all except Novgorod and Tver
Mongol-Tartar Yoke before 1380, All of Russia except Novgorod and Tver; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople
Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation
Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Protestand Sweden)
Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire
Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire; Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism
Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism;

Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism
Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism;

Russia, Moscow History Folder

Russia, Moscow, 1100, 12th-15th Century Folder, Mongol Yoke

Russia, Moscow, 1100-1199, 12th Century, Moscow Founded

Russia, Moscow, 1149-1151, Prince, Yuri Dolgorukiy, Murom, Founder of Moscow, Andrei's Father
Moscow Prince, 1149-1151, Yuri Vladimirovich, Murom, Founder of Moscow; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1200-1299, 13th Century, First Prince, Daniel of Moscow, First Monastery, Danilov

Russia, Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, 1227
Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1223, Battle of Kalka River, at Mariupol, Mongol Victory
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1227-1255, Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu Khan, Conquest of Russia
Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu (Batu Khan 1227-1255) Battle of Sita River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1237, First Battle with the Tartars at Kolomna (1237)
In 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Prince Yuri had decided not to send his forces over to provide assistance, since he was faced with the difficult defense of Vladimir. The Tatars offered him peace, and he was prepared to negotiate. But the conditions of the peace, tribute and vassal servitude under the Khan, were unacceptable. "glorious fight," said the prince, "œis better than a shameful peace." The first battle with the Tatars was at Kolomna, and Vsevolod Yurievich commanded the troops, but they were cut to pieces. The enemy turned then towards Moscow, which they captured and burned. Yuri''™s other son, Vladimir, was captured while leading the defense of Moscow. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1238, Mologda, Vologda, Battle of Sit River
Mologda, Vologda, 1238, Battle of Sit River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, P Daniel of Moscow, Nevsky's 4th and youngest, Churches and Ms, first victory o Tartars, humble, united rus
Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, Prince Daniel of Moscow; father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] Aleksandrovich (1261-“ 4 March 1303) was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and forefather of all the Grand Dukes of father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] When he was a child, the tiny principality was being governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by his paternal uncle, Grand Prince Yaroslav has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, namely the Lord's Epiphany, and The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery): named in his honor, situated on the right bank of the Moskva River at a distance of 5 miles from the Moscow Kremlin, and founded, by Daniel, as the first monastery wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite no later than also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to the Great Martyr took part in his brothers (”Dmitri of Pereslavl and Andrey of Gorodets) ”struggle for the right to govern Vladimir and Novgorod, respectively. After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniel made an alliance with Mikhail of Tver and Ivan of Pereslavl against Andrey of Gorodets of Novgorod. participation in the struggle for Novgorod in 1296 indicated Moscow's increasing political influence. Constantine, the prince of Ryazan, tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniel defeated it near Pereslavl. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom.[2] 1300, he went to Ryazan with an army and imprisoned the ruler of the Ryazan Principality "by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniel his fortress of Kolomna. It was an important acquisition, as now Daniel controlled all the length of the Moskva River. 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniel all his lands, including Pereslavl-Zalessky.[2] the Mongol occupation and internecine wars among the Rus' princes, Daniel created peace in Moscow without bloodshed. 30 years of ruling Daniel participated in battles only once.[1] According to legend, Daniel was popular and respected by his subjects for his meekness, humility and peacefulness. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; the time of Great Prince Ivan III (1462-1505), Saint Daniel gave reminders of himself to his forgetful descendents. He appeared as a stranger to a youth who attended the Great Prince and said: Don’t be afraid of me. I was a Christian and the master of this place, my name is Daniel Prince of Moscow, and by the will of God I am here. Tell Great Prince John about me saying: you are enjoying yourself while you have forgotten me, but God has not forgotten me. this, the Great Prince ordered panikhidas for his ancestral princes to be sung in the cathedral. During the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the dying son of a barge merchant was healed at the grave of Saint Daniel. The Tsar, struck by the miracle, renovated the ancient Danilov monastery and established a yearly church procession. The Metropolitan led the way to the the holy prince’s tomb, and served a panikhida there. 1652 holy Prince Daniel was glorified by the uncovering of his incorrupt relics, which were transferred on August 30 to the church dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council. holy relics were placed in a reliquary “to the glory of the Holy Trinity and for the healing of the infirm. Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (+ 1812), in the Life of the holy prince which he compiled, writes: “The founder laid the foundation of Moscow’s grandeur, modestly making only a small path to it. Just as any edifice, which is not built with excessive haste, but rather with great artistry and skill, receives a particular firmness and stands indestructible for a long time; like a tall tree that grows for many centuries after beginning as a small sapling, then slowly becomes sturdier, with its branches spreading about far around, so this city was to grow from small, but firm beginnings, so that its first sparkle would not bedazzle the eyes of the envious, and so it would not be shaken or felled early on, before it had attained its full height. Thus did this founder prepare the great city given him, giving it a modest but steady radiance, undisturbed by any gusts of the wind. He left the great glory of its rise to his son Great Prince John, called Kalita.

Russia, Moscow, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus

Russia, Moscow, 1300-1399, 14th Century, Moscow the Capital of Rus, St Sergius, Black Plague

Russia, Moscow, 1303-1325, Prince Yuri D, Son of Dan, elevated to supreme p by the GH Khan
Moscow Prince, 1303-1325, Yuri of Moscow ; Yuriy Danilovich, also known as Georgiy Danilovich ( in Russian) (1281-21 November 1325) was Prince of Moscow (1303-1325) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (from 1318).------------------------------ Yury was the oldest son of Daniel, the first prince of Moscow. His first official action was to defend Pereslavl-Zalessky against Grand Duke Andrew III. Upon Andrew's death the next year, Yury had to contend the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir with Mikhail of Tver. While the Tverian army besieged Pereslavl and Moscow itself, Mikhail went to the Golden Horde, where the Khan elevated him to the supreme position among Russian In the meantime, Yury arranged the murder of Prince Konstantin of Ryazan. This unlucky ruler had been captured by Yury's father back in 1302 and had been incarcerated in Moscow since then. While Ryazan was shocked by such a barbarity, Yury annexed the key Ryazanian fortress of Kolomna to Moscow Duchy. He also captured Mozhaisk, which formerly belonged to the princes of Smolensk. By 1314, Yury secured backing from the Metropolitan Peter and formed an alliance with Novgorod against Tver. Now, he felt strong enough to challenge Mikhail of Tver in the In 1315 Yury went to the Golden Horde and, after spending two years there, constructed an alliance with Uzbeg Khan. Upon Yury's marriage to the khan's sister Konchaka, Uzbeg Khan deposed Mikhail and nominated Yury as the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Back in Russia with a large force of Mongols, Yury approached Tver. However, Yuri's army was defeated and his brother Boris and his wife were taken prisoners. Thereupon he fled to Novgorod and sued for peace. At that time his wife, still held in Tver as a hostage, died unexpectedly. Yury availed himself of the confusion that followed and announced to the khan that she had been poisoned on Mikhail's order. The khan summoned both princes to Sarai and, after a trial, had Mikhail executed.------------------------------- Yury returned to Russia, hated by other princes and populace alike, in 1319. He was now entrusted with the task of gathering all-Russian tribute to the Horde. But Mikhail's son and successor, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, still opposed him. In 1322, Dmitry, seeking revenge for his father's murder, went to Sarai and persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry. Eight months later, Dmitry was also executed in the Shortly before his death, Yury led the army of Novgorod to fight the Swedes and founded a fort in the mouth of the Neva River. Upon signing the Treaty of Orekhovo in 1323, Yury continued eastward and conquered Velikiy Ustyug the same year.------------------------------------------------ Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1304-1318, G Prince, Mikhail of T, Nervsky's b, lost to Yury of M, while M was in Sarai
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin
Moscow, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1308-1326, St Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1308-1326, St Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, moved from Vladimir in 1325 ; Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev[1] and all Russia (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€)(c. 1260- 20 December 1326) was the Russian metropolitan who moved his see from Vladimir to Moscow in 1325. Later he was proclaimed a patron saint of Moscow. In spite of the move, the office remained officially entitled "Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'" until the autocephalous election of Saint Jonah of Moscow in 1448. Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1325-1340, Prince Ivan I of Moscow, John Daniilovich Kalita, controlled V and M
Moscow, 1325-1340, Prince Ivan I of Moscow ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God "œTenderness" in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1327-1352, Patriarch, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1327-1352, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh
Moscow, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava
Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava ; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1340-1353, Prince, Simeon of Moscow, and Vladimir, against Novg and Lith, died Black Death
Moscow Prince, 1340-1353, Simeon of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6;

Russia, Moscow, 1350-1353, Black Plague in Russia, Worldwide 1331-1353
Moscow, 1350-1353, Black Plague in Russia, Worldwide 1331-1353; Venerable Dorothy of Kashin, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1350, middle 14th to first half 15th centuries, Strigolniki Heretics
Strigolniki Heretics, middle 14th to first half 15th centuries; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1351-1456, Therapont of Belozersk (White Lake)
Russia, Moscow, 1351-1456, Therapont of Belozersk (White Lake); Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery; Theraponov monastery was 50 versts from St Cyril's White Lake Monastery betwee two lakes: St Therapon moved to another place fifteen versts away from Cyril, between two lakes, Borodava and Pava. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1353-1359, Prince, Ivan II of Moscow, John II, chose GHorde over Lith, Donskoy's father
Moscow Prince, 1353-1359, Ivan II of Moscow ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; St. Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1357-1427, Saint Cyril of White Lake monastery
Mologa Saint, 1357-1427, St Cyril of White Lake monastery, Sheksna, Vologda; St Cyril of White Lake monastery; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1359-1389, Prince Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don)
Moscow, 1363-1389, Prince Dmitry Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don); Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Converser", Commemorated on August 14; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa", Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1367-1389, Eudoxia of Moscow, Grand Duchess, wife of Dmitri Donskoy
Russia, Moscow, 1367-1389, Eudoxia of Moscow, Grand Duchess, wife of Dmitri Donskoy; Moscow, 1362-1389, Prince Dmitry Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don); St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1375-1426, Saint, Nikon of Radonezh
Radonezh Saint, 1375-1426, Nikon of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1380, Kulikovo Battle 1380 (Don River 1) won by Dimitri over Mongol Horde
Kulikovo Battle; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Demetrius Ioannovich of the Don; Alexander Peresvet; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1380-1430, Saint, Andrei Rublev, artist, iconographer
Radonezh Saint, 1380-1430, Andrei Rublev; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1382, Golden Horde Siege of Moscow
Golden Horde Siege of Moscow (1382); Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen I, contested, accomplished little
Moscow Patriarch, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen I; Dimitri sent him to Constantinople with his nominee for the metropolitanate. Nominee died on the way (Mitya or Mikhail). and Pimen was consecrated in his place, although this was done without the knowledge of the Grand Prince and the Patriarch was said to have been tricked (perhaps to exonerate him later for any complicity he may have had in the deception), as Pimen had apparently used forged grand princely letters to get Patriarch Nilus of Constantinople to consecrate him.[1]:219Ã¢Â€Â“220 Donskoy was angry upon hearing the news of Pimen's consecration and swore not to accept Pimen upon his return. Thus Pimen's metropolitanate was contested from the start, and he accomplished little as a result. Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6;

Russia, Moscow, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Fisherman, Lake Ladoga
Russia, St Petersburg, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Lake Ladoga; Lake Ladoga; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Moscow Patriarch, 1384-1385, Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev
Moscow Patriarch, 1384-1385, Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius
Moscow, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius; Appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos to Saint Sergius of Radonezh: Once, late at night, Saint Sergius (1314-1392) was reading an Akathist to the Mother of God. Having finished his habitual rule, he sat down to rest a bit, but suddenly he said to his disciple, Saint Micah (May 6): “Be alert, my child, for we shall have a wondrous visitation.” Scarcely had he uttered these words than a voice was heard: “The All-Pure One approaches!” Sergius rushed from the cell to the entrance, and suddenly it was illumined by a bright light, brighter than the sun. He beheld nearby in imperishable glory the Mother of God, accompanied by the Apostles Peter and John. Unable to bear such a vision, Saint Sergius reverently prostrated himself before the Mother of God. She said to him, “Fear not, My chosen one! I have come to visit you. Your prayer for your disciples and your monastery has been heard. Do not be troubled, for your habitation shall prosper, not only in your lifetime, but also after your departure to God. I will be with your monastery, supplying its needs abundantly, and protecting it.” Having said this, the Mother of God became invisible. a long time Saint Sergius was in an inexpressible rapture, and having come to himself, he raised up Saint Micah. “Tell me, Father,” he asked, “what is the meaning of this miraculous vision? My soul nearly left my body from terror!” But Saint Sergius was silent, and only his luminous face spoke of the spiritual joy which he had experienced. “Wait a bit,” he said finally to his disciple, “my soul also trembles because of this wondrous vision.” Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1385-1406, Patriarch, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1385-1406, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia, Moscow, 1389-1425, Vasily I, Prince, Basil of Moscow, GH Vassal to unify R
Moscow Prince, 1389-1425, Basil of Moscow (Vasily I); Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1389-1425, Vasili I, G Prince of Moscow, Basil I, Dimitrievich, son of D Donskoy
Moscow Prince, 1389-1425, Vasili I, Grand Prince of Moscow, Basil I ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœCzestochowaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Russia, Moscow, 1397, part of The Robe was transferred from C to Rus by St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1400, 15th-17th Century Folder, Third Rome, Orthodox Protector

Russia, Moscow, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, Muslim White Horde, Civil War, Third Rome, Printing

Russia, Moscow, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Muslim White Horde
Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1408-1431, Patriarch, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev
Moscow Patriarch, 1408-1431, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1453, Muscovite Civil War, Inter Ruling Family Squabble
Muscovite Civil War 1425-1453, Inter Ruling Family Squabble; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow , allied with Teutonic Order
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, war with his Lithuanian Grandfather, Vytautas the Great
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, Basil the Dark or Blind, Civil War for Moscow, Vasily I's son
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, CW against Yury of Zvenigorod, D Donskoy's Son
Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark or Blind (Vasily II of Moscow) CW against Yury of Zvenigorod; Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki
Russia, Vologda, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17;

Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1449-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1505, Ivan III, G Prince, t Great, defeated Novg, expanded R, ended GH yoke
Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow,1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, G P Moscow, blinded Vasily, lack of support from Moscow boyars, poisoned him
Moscow Prince, 1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand Prince Moscow; Yurievich Shemyaka (died 1453) was the second son of Yury of Zvenigorod by Anastasia of Smolensk and grandson of Dmitri Donskoi. His hereditary patrimony was the rich Northern town Galich-Mersky. Shemyaka (1445, 1446–1447) was twice Grand Prince of Moscow. causes of the Muscovite Civil War waged in the second quarter of the 15th century are still disputed. No small part, however, was played by Dmitri Donskoi's will, which ran contrary to Rurikid dynastic custom whereby the throne would pass from an elder brother to a younger one (agnatic seniority), rather than from father to son (primogeniture). The testament provided for the accession of his son, Vasily I, which was still in keeping with the tradition of lateral succession since Vasily was the eldest of his generation. the event of Vasily having no surviving son at his death, his brother, Dmitry's second son, Yury of Zvenigorod, was to succeed as grand prince in Moscow. Vasily I's death, however, Yury refused to come to Moscow and swear allegiance to his nephew, Vasily II, and claimed the throne himself in accordance with his right under the long-held custom of lateral inheritance. (He further claimed it was provided for in Dmitry's testament – but this ignored the provision that voided Yury's succession in the event of Vasily I producing a son). son, Dmitry Shemyaka, actively participated in all of his father's incursions against Moscow, culminating in Yury's capture of Moscow and accession as grand prince in 1433. Yury of Zvenigorod died in Moscow in 1434. of Shemyaka with Vasily II after the Latter's Blinding. Yury's death, Shemyaka continued to press his branch's claim to the grand princely throne, and was seldom at peace with Vasily II. Initially, Dmitry and his younger brother Dmitry Krasnyi concluded an alliance with Vasily against their elder brother Vasily Kosoy, who had proclaimed himself grand prince. They succeeded in driving Kosoy from Moscow and were rewarded with the towns of Uglich and Rzhev. The following year Shemyaka came to Moscow in order to invite Vasily II to his impending wedding with a princess of Yaroslavl, but was accused of siding with Kosoy and taken prisoner. He was released on the eve of a decisive clash between Vasily II and Vasily Kosoy. This action of Vasily II was successful - Shemyaka and his people did not help Vasily Kosoy and so he was completely defeated in the battle on the Cheryokha River in 1436, captured and blinded. Soon after, Shemyaka entered into an agreement with Vasily II, recognizing him as his suzerain ("older brother"). Next year, he was sent by Vasily II to expel the exiled Golden Horde Khan Ulugh Muhammad, but was defeated in the battle of Belyov. When Ulugh Muhammad in his turn besieged Moscow in 1439, Dmitry didn't sent his troops to Vasily and only the mediation of a Trinity hegumen could forestall a new civil war between the cousins. two men maintained an uneasy peace for much of the next decade until 1445, when Vasily II was taken prisoner by Olug Moxammat after the Muscovite forces were surprised by the Tatar prince outside Suzdal, Shemyaka seized Moscow, had the recently released Vasily blinded and proclaimed himself the Grand Prince of Vladimir. He could claim this by right of lateral inheritance since his father had sat on the throne. (A prince was excluded from the succession (izgoi) if his father had not sat on the throne before him.) Shemyaka's lack of support among the Muscovite boyars forced him, however, to leave the city for Lake Chukhloma, but he continued to press his claim to the grand princely throne. several peace treaties, Shemyaka continued to plot against his cousin. He suffered a series of defeats in 1450 and 1452 which forced him to seek refuge in Novgorod. There, on July 17, 1453, he was poisoned while eating a dinner of chicken in the Gorodishche, the princely compound south of the Market side of the city,[1] his cook having been bribed by Muscovite agents. Delighted at the news, Vasily II ennobled a herald who had first brought him the message of Shemyaka's death. Nikolai Karamzin famously wrote in his history that the grand prince showed "indecent joy" at the news of his rival's untimely demise. to chronicle sources, Shemyaka was buried in the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery south of Novgorod, [2] however, twentieth-century archaeological excavations of the necropolis of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in the Novgorod Kremlin suggest that the prince was actually buried there and his grave has been misidentified since at least 1616 as that of Prince Fedor Yaroslavich (died 1233).[3] the aftermath of Shemyaka's murder, his wife and son fled Novgorod to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where they were given Rylsk and Novgorod-Seversky in appanage. male line died out by 1561, but there are many living descendants from his daughter's marriage to Prince Alexander Chertoryzhsky. name survives in the Russian expression "Shemyakin sud" ("Shemyaka's Justice", "Shemyaka's Judgement"), which means hasty and unfair judgement. It comes from the 17th century literary work The Tale of Shemyaka's Judgement (see its translation here[4]). However modern researchers question the identification of Dmitry Shemyaka with Judge Shemyaka in the tale. St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1448-1461, Patriarch, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1448-1461, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos
Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos; The holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora
Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople 1453
Moscow, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1460, Hilarion's Ozersk [Lake] Monastery Founded, Pskov Lakes
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk
Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow; Saint Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1

Russia, Moscow, 1462-1505, Ivan III, Great, regent for blind father, ended Mongol yoke, 3x territory
Moscow Prince, 1462-1505, Ivan III of Russia, The Great ; III Vasilyevich ( 22 January 1440, Moscow -27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great,[1][2] was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462. tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Mongols/Tatars over Russia, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, introduced a new legal codex and laid the foundations of the Russian state. 1480 victory over the Great Horde is cited as the restoration of Russian independence 240 years after the fall of Kiev to Mongols' invasion.[3] was the first Russian ruler to style himself "tsar", albeit not as an official title. marriage to Sofia Paleologue, he made the double-headed eagle Russia's coat of arms and adopted the idea of Moscow as Third Rome. 43-year reign was one of the longest in Russian history, second only to his grandson Ivan IV. Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated on August 28; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1463-1473, Patriarch, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1463-1473, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III, Tartar v, but Amin sued for peace and paid h
Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III; of Ivan III[edit] War (1467–1469)[edit] Russians used skis to facilitate transportation during their winter campaigns fragile peace was broken in 1467, when Ibrahim of Kazan came to the throne and Ivan III of Russia supported the claims of his ally or vassal Qasim Khan. Ivan's army sailed down the Volga, with their eyes fixed on Kazan, but autumn rains and rasputitsa ("quagmire season") hindered the progress of Russian forces. When frosty winter came, the Russian generals launched an invasion of the northern Vyatka Region. The campaign fell apart for lack of unity of purpose and military capability. following year, the Russians set out from Kotelnich in the Vyatka Land. They sailed down the Vyatka River and the Kama towards the Volga, pillaging merchant vessels on their way. In response, Ibrahim mounted a counter-offensive, overran Vyatka, and forced local inhabitants into slavery for the duration of the campaign.[3] 1469, a much stronger army was raised and, sailing down the Volga and the Oka, linked up in Nizhny Novgorod. The Russians marched downstream and ravaged the neighbourhood of Kazan but did not dare to lay siege to the Tatar capital because Qasim's widow had pledged to negotiate an advantageous peace with Ibrahim (her son). In the meantime, the units from Yaroslavl and Veliky Ustyug vainly attempted to win Vyatka to the Russian side. After negotiations were broken, the Tatars clashed with the Russians in two bloody but indecisive battles. autumn 1469 Ivan III launched a third invasion of the khanate. The Russian commander, Prince Daniil Kholmsky, besieged Kazan, cut off water supplies, and compelled Ibrahim to surrender. Under the terms of the peace settlement, the Tatars set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. of Kazan (1487)[edit] Vyatka Region remained the principal bone of contention between Kazan and Moscow for decades to come. In 1478, shortly before his death, Ibrahim devastated the region. In revenge, Ivan III sent his generals to sack the neighbourhood of Kazan. At that time Ibrahim died and was succeeded by Ilham, whilst his half-brother Moxammat Amin fled to Moscow. Ivan III allowed him to settle in Kashira and pledged his support for Moxammat's claims to the Tatar throne. 1484 Russia placed Moxammat Amin on the throne, but within a year Ilham regained power. In 1487 Ivan again found it prudent to intervene in Kazan affairs and replace Ilham with Moxammat Amin. Prince Kholmsky sailed down the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod and laid siege to Kazan on 18 May. The city fell to the Russians on 9 June. Ilham was sent in chains to Moscow before being imprisoned in Vologda, while Moxammat Amin was proclaimed the new khan.[4] In reference to this victorious campaign, Ivan III proclaimed himself "Lord of Volga Bulgaria".[citation needed] of Arsk Field (1506)[edit] last war of Ivan's reign was instigated by Ilham's widow, who married Moxammat Amin and persuaded him to assert his independence from Moscow in 1505. The rebellion broke out into the open on Saint John's Day, when the Tatars massacred Russian merchants and envoys present at the annual Kazan Fair. A huge army of the Kazan and Nogai Tatars then advanced towards Nizhny Novgorod and besieged the city. The affair was decided by 300 Lithuanian archers, who had been captured by Russians in the Battle of Vedrosha and lived in Nizhny in captivity. They managed to put the Tatar vanguard into disarray: the khan's brother-in-law was killed in action and the horde retreated. death prevented hostilities from being renewed until May 1506, when Prince Fyodor Belsky led Russian forces against Kazan. After the Tatar cavalry attacked his rear, many Russians took flight or drowned in the Foul Lake (22 May). Prince Vasily Kholmsky was sent to relieve Belsky and defeated the khan on Arsk Field on June 22. Moxammat Amin withdrew to the Arsk Tower but, when the Russians started to celebrate their victory, ventured out and inflicted an excruciating defeat on them (June 25). Although it was the most brilliant Tatar victory in decades, Moxammat Amin – for some reason not clearly understood – resolved to sue for peace and paid homage to Ivan's successor, Vasily III of Russia. Mongol, Perm, 1467-1479, Tartar Khan, Ibrahim of Kazan; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1471-1480, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow
Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1473-1489, Patriarch, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1473-1489, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Saint, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius, Gennadius Bible
Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judaizers, heretic Jews using Hebrew OT created after Jesus
Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judiazers, heretic Christians using Hebrew OT created after Jesus; Judaizers are Christians who teach it is necessary to adopt Jewish customs and practices, especially those found in the Law of Moses, to be saved. The term is derived from the Koine Greek word á¼¸Î¿ÃÂÂ…Î´Î±ÎÂÂÎ¶ÎµÎ¹Î½ (Ioudaizein), used once in the Greek New Testament (Galatians 2:14),[1] when Paul publicly challenges Peter for compelling gentile converts to Early Christianity to "judaize".[2][3] This episode is known as the incident at Antioch. This term includes groups who claim the necessity of continued obedience to the Law of Moses found in the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) for gentiles.[4] Members of such groups dispute the label because "Judaizers" is sometimes used as a pejorative. Most Christians believe that much of the Old Covenant has been superseded, while according to some modern Protestants it has been completely abrogated and replaced by the Law of Christ. The Christian debate over Judaizing began in the lifetime of the apostles, notably at the Council of Jerusalem and the incident at Antioch. It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about Paul the Apostle and Judaism, Protestant views of the Ten Commandments, and Christian ethics. Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1488-1552, Saint, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ
Moscow Saint, 1488-1552, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible
Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible; St. Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin
Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Return of Smolensk, War with Protestants

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1550, Saint, Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil IIIl, Adequate, consolidation, annexed Pskov, captured Smolensk
Moscow Prince, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil, Grand Prince of Moscow ; III Ivanovich (also Basil; 25 March 1479-3 December 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil . had three brothers: Yuri, born in 1480, Simeon, born in 1487 and Andrei, born in 1490, as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492).[1] is sometimes mockingly referred to as Vasili the Adequate due to his rule taking place between those of Ivan the Great and his son Ivan the Terrible, as well as the relative uneventfulness of his reign. affairs[edit] Map of Russia (Moscovia) published by Sigismund von Herberstein in 1549 III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. also took advantage of the difficult position of Sigismund of Poland to capture Smolensk, the great eastern fortress of Lithuania (siege started 1512, ended in 1514), chiefly through the aid of the rebel Lithuanian, Prince Mikhail Glinski, who provided him with artillery and engineers. The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender (1522).[2] 1521 Vasili received an emissary of the neighboring Iranian Safavid Empire, sent by Shah Ismail I whose ambitions were to construct an Irano-Russian alliance against the common enemy, the Ottoman Empire.[3] was equally successful against the Crimean Khanate. Although in 1519 he was obliged to buy off the Crimean khan, Mehmed I Giray, under the very walls of Moscow, towards the end of his reign he established Russian influence on the Volga. In 1531-“32 he placed the pretender Cangali khan on the throne of Khanate of Kazan.[2] was the first grand-duke of Moscow who adopted the title of tsar and the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire.[2] affairs[edit] Vasili Basil of Caesarea and prince Vasili III of Russia. Icon internal policy, Vasili III enjoyed the support of the Church in his struggle with the feudal opposition. In 1521, metropolitan Varlaam was banished for refusing to participate in Vasili's fight against an appanage prince, Vasili Ivanovich Shemyachich. Rurikid princes Vasili Shuisky and Ivan Vorotynsky were also sent into exile. The diplomat and statesman, Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, was executed in 1525 for criticizing Vasili's policies. Maximus the Greek (publicist), Vassian Patrikeyev (statesman) and others were sentenced for the same reason in 1525 and 1531. During the reign of Vasili III, the landownership of the gentry increased, while authorities actively tried to limit immunities and privileges of boyars and the nobility. life[edit] Church of Ascension was built by Vasili III to commemorate the birth of his heir. 1526 when he was 47 years old, Vasili had been married to Solomonia Saburova for over 20 years with no heir to his throne being produced. Conscious of her husband's disappointment, Solomonia tried to remedy this by consulting sorcerers and going on pilgrimages. When this proved unsuccessful, Vasili consulted the boyars, announcing that he did not trust his two brothers to handle Russia's affairs. boyars suggested that he take a new wife, and despite much opposition from the clergy, he divorced his barren wife and married Princess Elena Glinskaya, the daughter of a Serbian princess and niece of his friend Michael Glinski. many of the boyars approved of his choice, as Elena was of Catholic upbringing. Vasili was so smitten that he defied Russian social norms and trimmed his beard to appear younger. After three days of matrimonial festivity, the couple consummated their marriage, though initially it appeared that Elena was as sterile as Solomonia. Russian populace began to suspect this was a sign of God's disapproval of the marriage. However, to the great joy of Vasili and the populace, the new tsaritsa gave birth to a son, who would succeed him as Ivan IV. Three years later, a second son, Yuri, was born.[1] to a story, Solomonia Saburova also bore a son in the convent where she had been confined, just several months after the controversial divorce. out hunting on horseback near Volokolamsk, Vasili felt a great pain in his right hip, the result of an abscess. He was transported to the village of Kolp, where he was visited by two German doctors who were unable to stop the infection with conventional remedies. that his time was short, Vasili requested to be returned to Moscow, where he was kept in the Saint Joseph Cathedral along the way. By 25 November 1533, Vasili reached Moscow and asked to be made a monk before dying. Taking on the name Varlaam, Vasili died at midnight, 4 December 1533.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœTendernessÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; Blessed John Ã¢Â€Âœthe HairyÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam (Barlaam), Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia from Lithuania
Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga
Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei
Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1525-1736, Great Abatis Line Folder

1 First Great Line finished 1566

First Great Abatis Line along Oka finished 1566

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera
Meshchera (Meshchera Lowlands); Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk;

2 Second Great Line finished 1640

Second Great Abatis Line Finished 1640

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl;

3 Third Great Line finished 1736

Third Great Abatis Line 1736

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan;

Russia, Moscow, 1533-1584, Ivan, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich, intelligent, devout, terrible
Moscow, 1533-1584, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated August 14 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated on September 22; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1542-1563, Patriarch, Macarius, Metropolitan all Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1542-1563, Macarius, Metropolitan of all Russia; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1539-1542, Patriarch, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1539-1542, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547
Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547 ; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia , Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721, Fall of Constantinople thru Great Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1552, Kazan campaign 1552 Tsar Ivan the Terrible
Russo-Kazan Wars; Fall of Kazan 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God
Russia, Pskov, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God; Mirozh Icon appeared at the Mirozh monastery in the year 1198. But later, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, at a time when a plague raged at Pskov, an ancient report tells how tears flowed from both eyes of the icon. Many benefits and healings for man occured from the icon of the Mother of God. Mirozh Icon is an “Orans” (“Praying”) type. On either side of the Most Holy Theotokos stand the Pskov Saints: on the right, the holy Prince Dovmont-Timothy (May 20); on the left, his wife, the holy nun Martha, in the world named Maria Dimitrievna (November 8, 1300). Tsar Ivan Vasilievich took away the wonderworking icon from Pskov, but at the monastery an exact copy remained: the so-called “Great Panagia” from the Savior-Mirozh monastery. September 24, 1567, on the Feast of Saint Abraham at the Mirozh monastery there occurred a miraculous sign from an ancient icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The celebration of the Mirozh Icon of the Sign was established in that same year, with the blessing of Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod and Pskov. A special service to this icon was composed, and was published in the 1666 MENAION. Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583)
Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583); Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1568-1570, Russo-Turkish War (1568-“70)

Russia, Moscow, 1571, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Moscow's Dormition cathedral
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582)
Moscow, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582); Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov "œthe Protection", Commemorated on October 1; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of "œTenderness", Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œTenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I, Theodore, pious, retiring, R ruled by Boris G, wife's b, death then TofT
Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Theodore Ioannovich ; I Ivanovich or Feodor I Ioannovich ( 31 May 1557 - 16 January (NS) 1598), also known as Feodor the Bellringer, was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584-“1598). Feodor's mother died when he was three, and he grew up in the shadow of his father, Ivan the Terrible. A pious man of retiring disposition, Feodor took little interest in ,politics, and the country was effectively administered in his name by Boris Godunov, the brother of his beloved wife Irina. His childless death left the Rurikid dynasty extinct, and spurred Russia's descent into the catastrophic Time of Troubles. In Russian documents, Feodor is sometimes called blessed. He is also listed in the "Great Synaxaristes" of the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on January 7 (OS).[1] Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; St John the Hermit of Pskov; Commemorated on October 24; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1585-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov, Tartar, defacto regent then Tzar in 1598, T of T, English trade
Moscow, 1598-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov ; Fyodorovich Godunov (possibly 1551 – 23 April [O.S. 13 April] 1605) ruled the Tsardom of Russia as de facto regent from c. 1585 to 1598 and then as the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. After the end of his reign, Russia descended into the Time of Troubles. 1 Early years 2 Regency 3 Reign 4 Arts and popular media 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links years[edit] Godunov was the most noted member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin (Chet), which came from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century.[2] This legend is written in the annals dating from early 17th century. He was descended from the Tatar Prince Chet, who went from the Golden Horde to Russia and founded the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Boris was the son of Feodor Ivanovich Godunov Krivoy (the one-eyed) (died, c. 1568-1570) and his wife Stepanida Ivanovna. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue. career began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 for taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as an archer of the guard. The following year he became an oprichnik – a member of Ivan's personal guard and secret police. In 1570/1571, Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy, head of the oprichniks. 1580, the Tsar chose Boris Godunov's sister Irina Godunova (1557 - 26 October/23 November 1603) to be the wife of his second son and eventual heir, the fourteen-year-old Feodor Ivanovich (1557-1598). On this occasion, Godunov was promoted to the rank of Boyar.[2] 15 November 1581, Godunov was present when the Tsar murdered his own eldest son, the crown prince Ivan. Godunov tried to intervene but received blows from the Tsar's sceptre. The elder Ivan immediately repented, and Godunov rushed to get help for the Tsarevich, who died four days later.[3] years later, on his deathbed, Ivan IV appointed a council consisting of Godunov, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, Vasili Shuiski and others to guide his son and successor of Russia Feodor I, who was feeble both in mind and body: he took refuge from the dangers of the palace in devotion to religion; and though his people called him a saint, they recognized that he lacked the iron to govern men.[4] the time of his death, Ivan also had a three-year-old son, Dmitry Ivanovich (1581–1591), from his seventh and last marriage. son (and his mother's family) had no claim to the throne because the Orthodox Church recognized only Ivan's first three marriages as legitimate. after Ivan's death the council had both Dmitri and his mother, Maria Nagaya, moved to Uglich, some 120 miles north of Moscow. Dmitri died there in 1591 at the age of ten under suspicious circumstances. Dmitri's death was announced by the ringing of the church bell, the Uglich population rose up to protest the suspected assassination, which they believed was commissioned by Boris Godunov. swiftly quelled the rebellion. Godunov ordered the removal of the Uglich bell's clapper (the bell's tongue). He had the offending bell flogged in public and exiled to Siberia along with the townspeople who had not been executed.[5] official commission headed by Vasili Shuiski was sent to determine the cause of death. The official verdict was that the boy had cut his throat during an epileptic seizure. widow claimed that her son had been murdered by Godunov's agents. Godunov's guilt was never established and shortly thereafter Dmitri's mother was forced to take the veil.[4] Dmitry Ivanovich was laid to rest and promptly, though temporarily, forgotten. estate near Moscow the coronation of Feodor Ivanovich as Tsar Feodor I on 31 May 1584, Boris received honors and riches as a member of the regency council, in which he held the second place during the life of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich. When Nikita died in 1586, Boris had no serious rival for the regency. conspiracy of other boyars and of Dionysius II, Metropolitan of Moscow, sought to break Boris's power by divorcing the Tsar from Godunov's childless sister. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were banished or sent to monasteries. After that, Godunov remained supreme in Russia and he corresponded with foreign princes as their equal. policy was generally pacific and always prudent. In 1595, he recovered from Sweden some towns lost during the former reign. Five years previously he had defeated a Tatar raid upon Moscow, for which he received the title of Konyushy, an obsolete dignity even higher than that of Boyar. He supported an anti-Turkish faction in the Crimea and gave the Khan subsidies in his war against the sultan. encouraged English merchants to trade with Russia by exempting them from duties. He built towns and fortresses along the north-eastern and south-eastern borders of Russia to keep the Tatar and Finnic tribes in order. These included Samara, Saratov, Voronezh, and Tsaritsyn, as well as other lesser towns. He colonized Siberia with scores of new settlements, including Tobolsk. his rule, the Russian Orthodox Church received its patriarchate, placing it on an equal footing with the ancient Eastern churches and freeing it from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople. This pleased the Tsar, as Feodor took a great interest in church affairs. Godunov's most important domestic reform, a 1597 decree forbade peasants to transfer from one landowner to another (which they had been free to do each year around Saint George's Day in November), thus binding them to the soil. This ordinance aimed to secure revenue, but it led to the institution of serfdom in its most oppressive form.[2] (See also Serfdom in Russia.) the death of the childless Feodor on 7 January 1598, as well as the rumored assassination of Feodor's much younger brother Dimitry, supposedly ordered by Boris himself to guarantee his seat on the throne, self-preservation as much as ambition led Boris' rise to power. Had he not done so, the mildest treatment he could have hoped for would have been lifelong seclusion in a monastery. His election was proposed by Patriarch Job of Moscow, who believed that Boris was the one man capable of coping with the difficulties of the situation. Boris, however, would accept the throne only from the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly), which met on 17 February and unanimously elected him on 21 February. On 1 September, he was solemnly crowned tsar. Mausoleum in front of the Cathedral of the Assumption at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius the first years of his reign, he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled well. He recognized the need for Russia to catch up with the intellectual progress of the West and did his best to bring about educational and social reforms. He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a large scale, the first to send young Russians abroad to be educated, and the first to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. After the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he pursued gaining access to the Baltic Sea and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians and hoped to take a bride from a foreign royal house, thereby increasing the dignity of his own dynasty.[2] However he declined the personal union proposed to him in 1600 by the diplomatic mission led by Lew Sapieha from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[citation needed]. died after a lengthy illness and a stroke on 13/23 April 1605. He left one son, Feodor II, who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Boris' widow were murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs in Moscow on 10/20 June 1605.[6] Boris's first son, Ivan, was born in 1587 and died in 1588. His daughter, Xenia, was born in 1582. She was engaged to Johann of Schleswig-Holstein, but he died shortly before their planned wedding in October 1602. Xenia was given the name "Olga" upon being forced to take monastic vows at the Voskresensky Monastery in Beloozero and her name is inscribed as "the Nun Olga Borisovna" at the crypt of the Godunovs at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius where she lived from 1606, when she sojourned there to attend the reburial of her father, until her death in 1622.[7] Boris, his wife, and their children are buried together in a mausoleum near the entrance of the Assumption Cathedral at Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. and popular media[edit] life was dramatised by the founder of Russian literature, Alexander Pushkin, in his play Boris Godunov (1831), which was inspired by Shakespeare's Henry IV. Modest Mussorgsky based his opera Boris Godunov on Pushkin's play. Sergei Prokofiev later wrote incidental music for Pushkin's drama. In 1997, the score of a 1710 baroque opera based on the reign of Boris by German composer Johann Mattheson was rediscovered in Armenia and returned to Hamburg, Germany. This opera, never performed during the composer's lifetime, had its world premiere in 2005 at the Boston Early Music Festival & Exhibition. was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by Shaun Dooley in the radio plays Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power[8] and Boris Godunov: Ghosts[9] written by Mike Walker and which were the first two plays in the first series of Tsar. The plays were broadcast on 11 and 18 September 2016. character Boris Badenov in the cartoon The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show takes his name from a play on Godunov's name. Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1589-1605, Patriarch, Job of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1589-1605, Job of Moscow ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1591, Crown Prince, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8, famously impersonated
Moscow Crown Prince, 1591, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties, T of T
Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Protestant TimeOfTroubles,Turk&Chinese Mslm Wars

Russia, Moscow, 1605-18, Swede Pole-Moscow War, TOT Civil Wars, famine, boyar false Dimitris, Pole Tzar
Moscow, 1605-1618, Swedisn Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18) ; Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1605-1606, Tsar, False Dmitriy I, true Dmitriy suicide or killed
Moscow Tsar, 1605-1606, False Dmitriy I ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1610, Tsar Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky, TiOfTroubles, died in Warsaw prison
Moscow Tsar, 1606-1610, Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1607-1610, Tsar, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino
Moscow Tsar, 1607-1610, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Tsar, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov
Moscow Tsar, 1611-1612, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Prince, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland
Moscow Prince, 1611-1612, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish
Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish ; Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God "Kursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Swede-Polish-Lith incursion, Moscow Kremlin, R victory, unpaid Polish wages
Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin)
Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles
Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces)
Russia, Vladimir, Nizhni Novogorod, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Tribe of Judah Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's
August 13, 1612 OS: Judah's Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's ; Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Moscow Romanov Dynasty, 1613-1917 ; Moscow Tsar, 1613-1645, Michael I of Russia ;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism
Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I, Feodorovich, first Romanov, with Cossacks, c siberia to Pacific
Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I of Russia ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Raiders, Pole-Lith light cavalry, looted large Vologda area
Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Riders, Polish; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker Commemorated on January 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1617, Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1619-1633, Patriarch, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1619-1633, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated on July 17 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1625, Finding Incorrupt Relics Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War, P and Lith defend R attack
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow
Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir
Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir ; Svir River; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All R, Expansion, Western Ideas
Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All Russia ; Mikhailovich (Russian: , IPA: ; 29 March [O.S. 19 March] 1629 -“ 8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1676) was the Tsar of Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.[2] His reign saw wars with Poland and Sweden, schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, and the major Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin.[2] Nevertheless, at the time of his death Russia spanned almost 2,000,000,000 acres (8,100,000 km2). Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated on July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh"; Commemorated on March 9; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; ; Icon of the Mother of God "œStaro Rus" Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1695, Russia China War of the Amur Region
Moscow, Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1658, Patriarch, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod)
Moscow Patriarch, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod); Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech, Cherginov
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1654-1667, Russian-Polish War, for Ukraine, Swede Deluge, First N War, R gains in U
Russian-Polish War, 1654-1667, War for the Ukraine ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II
Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1662, Moslem Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662
Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov, Cossack Hierarch, not Caesaropapist
Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov ; Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky, Russian: ÃÂÂ”ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ¼ÃÂÂ¸Ñ‚Ñ€ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ¹ ÃÂÂ ÃÂÂ¾ÑÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÑÂÂÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ¹, Ukrainian: ÃÂÂ”ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ¼ÃÂÂ¸Ñ‚Ñ€Ñ–ÃÂÂ¹ ÃÂÂ ÃÂÂ¾ÑÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÑÂÂÑŒÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ¹) (11 December 1651 – 28 October 1709) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich. He is representative of the strong Cossack Baroque influence upon the Russian Orthodox Church at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Demetrius is sometimes credited as composer or compiler of the first Russian opera, the lengthy Rostov Mysteries of 1705, though the exact nature of this work, as well as its place in history, is open to debate.[2] He is the author of several written works, out of which the most famous is The Lives of Saints (ÃÂÂ§ÃÂÂµÑ‚ÑŒÃÂÂ¸-ÃÂÂœÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ½ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ¸).[3] Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ;

Moscow Patriarch, 1672-1673, Pitrim
Moscow Patriarch, 1672-1673, Pitrim;

Russia, Moscow, 1674-1690, Patriarch, Joachim
Moscow Patriarch, 1674-1690, Joachim; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated on October 24; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; St. John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Turkish siege Pochaev on July 20-23, 1675
Volynia, Turkish siege on July 20-23, 1675; Crimean-Nogai Raids; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, Zbarazh Castle, H R Source, Volhynia, W Ukraine
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1681, Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) R bank Ukraine, Russian v

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1682, Tsar, Feodor III of Russia, progressive views, beard shaving, nobility books d
Moscow Tsar, 1676-1682, Feodor III of Russia; III Alexeyevich or Fyodor III Alekseevich (9 June 1661-“ 7 May 1682) was the Tsar of Russia between 1676 and 1682. Contents 1 Life 2 Family 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Life[edit] Born in Moscow, Fyodor, as the eldest surviving son of Tsar Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya, succeeded his father on the throne in 1676 at the age of fifteen. He had a fine intellect and a noble disposition; he had received an excellent education at the hands of Simeon Polotsky, the most learned Slavonic monk of the day. He knew Polish and even possessed the unusual accomplishment of Latin.[citation needed] He had been disabled from birth, however, horribly disfigured and half paralyzed by a mysterious disease, supposed to be scurvy.[citation needed] He spent most of his time with young nobles, Ivan Maksimovich Yazykov [ru] and Aleksei Timofeievich Likhachov [ru], who would later introduce Polish ceremonies, court dress, and language to the Russian court.[citation needed] On 28 July 1680 he married a noblewoman, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya (1663 – after 14 July 1681), daughter of Simeon Feodorovich Grushevsky and of his wife Maria Ivanovna Zaborovskaya, and assumed the sceptre. His native energy, though crippled, was not crushed by his disabilities. He soon showed himself as a thorough and devoted reformer. The atmosphere of the court ceased to be oppressive, the light of a new liberalism shone, and the severity of the penal laws was considerably mitigated.[citation needed] The Tsar founded the academy of sciences in the Zaikonospassky monastery, where competent professors were to teach everything not expressly forbidden by the Orthodox church – the syllabus included Slavonic, Greek, Latin and Polish.[1] The Feodorean and the later Petrine reforms differed in that while the former were primarily, though not exclusively, for the benefit of the church, the latter were primarily for the benefit of the state. A household census took place in 1678.[2] The most notable reform of Feodor III, made at the suggestion of Vasily Galitzine, involved the abolition in 1682 of the system of mestnichestvo, or "place priority", which had paralyzed the whole civil and military administration of Muscovy for generations. Henceforth all appointments to the civil and military services were to be determined by merit and by the will of the sovereign,[1] while pedigree (nobility) books were to be destroyed. Family[edit] Fyodor's first consort, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya, shared his progressive views. She was the first to advocate beard-shaving.[1] On 11 July 1681, the Tsaritsa gave birth to her son, Tsarevich Ilya Fyodorovich, the expected heir to the throne. Agaphia died as a consequence of the childbirth three days later, on 14 July, and seven days later, on 21 July, the ten-days-old Tsarevich also died. Seven months later, on 24 February 1682 Fyodor married a second time Marfa Apraksina (1667–1716), daughter of Matvei Vasilievich Apraksin and wife Domna Bogdanovna Lovchikova. Feodor died three months after his new wedding, on 7 May, without surviving issue. The news of his death sparked the Moscow Uprising of 1682. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1677, Turks lay siege to Chigirin
Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677 ; Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1682-1725, Tsar Peter 1, Enlightened, W marriages, G Embassy, Ship b, beard tax, dress, calendar
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Moscow, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War (1686-“1700) European Anti-Turk Coalition, 2 Crimean Ds, Azov V

Russia, Moscow, 1700, 18th - 21st Century Folder, Many Wars protecting Orthodox

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Wars with Sweden, Turkey, Persia, and Mongols

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Protestants and Sweden)
Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk
Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1707-1727, Tsarina, Catherine I of Russia, from maid to tzar story
Moscow, 1725-1726, Tsar, Catherine I of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1709, Battle of Poltava, Great Northern War, Russian Victory
Battle of Poltava; Great Northern War; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1710-1711, Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711), Pruth R Campaign, Swede King to Moldovia
Moscow, 1710-1711, Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711), Pruth River Campaign;

Russia, Moscow, 1721, Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721, GN War
Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721; Great Northern War 1700-1721; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1725, Peter 1 the G, Expansion and Navy in Azov, Black, White, and Baltic Seas
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; the Great (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 - 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)[b] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death in 1725, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea. led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernised and based on the Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1725, Emperor Peter 1 the G, Cultural Revolution, Westernization, no beards, anti church
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; the Great (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 - 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)[b] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death in 1725, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea. led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernised and based on the Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire, third largest in history, 1 British and 2 Mongol
Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire; Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722-“23) Caspian, Caucasus North and South, C Iran to R
Moscow, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722-“23) Russia over Persia to control Caspian and Caucasus (Georgia) for Orthodoxy, Peter the Great; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1727-1730, Tsar, Peter II of Russia, Orphan, hunting, feasting, end of R line
Moscow, 1727-1730, Tsar, Peter II of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1730-1740, Tsar, Anna of Russia, influenced by uncle Peter the G
Moscow, 1730-1740, Tsar, Anna of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œXenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks, Ural River, Kazakhastan, Siberia, Orthodox
Russia, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1735-1739, Austro-Russian-Turk War) Crimea, Black Sea, Azov
Moscow, 1735-1739, Austro-Russian-“Turkish War (1735-“39); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1740-1741, Tsar, Ivan VI, emperor at 2 months old, first cousin Elizabeth's Coup
Moscow, 1740-1741, Tsar, Ivan VI of Russia ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1741-1761, Empress, Elizabeth, popular, no executions, constrctn projects, westrn enlightenment
Moscow, 1741-1761, Empress, Elizabeth ; Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December [O.S. 18 December] 1709 -“ 5 January 1762 [O.S. 25 December 1761]), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous construction projects, and her strong opposition to Prussian policies.[1] The second eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great, Elizabeth lived under the confused successions of her father's descendants since her half-brother Alexei's death. The throne was first passed to her nephew Peter II, who died in 1730 and was succeeded by her first cousin Anna. After the brief rule of Anna's great-nephew, Ivan VI, Elizabeth seized the throne with the military's support and declared her own nephew, the future Peter III, to be her heir. During her reign, Elizabeth continued the policies of her father and brought a remarkable Age of Enlightenment in Russia. Her domestic policies allowed the nobles to gain dominance in local government while shortening their terms of service to the state. She encouraged Mikhail Lomonosov's foundation of the University of Moscow, the highest-ranking Russian educational institution. Her court was one of the most splendid in all Europe, especially regarding architecture: she modernized Russia's roads, encouraged Ivan Shuvalov's foundation of the Imperial Academy of Arts, and financed grandiose baroque projects of her favourite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, particularly in Peterhof Palace. The Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign.[1] Elizabeth led the country during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740-“48) and the Seven Years' War (1756'“63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but indirectly caused the second. Russia enjoyed several victories against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great was finally prepared to surrender in January 1761 (1762?), the message was sent only to find the Empress dead. St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God œAssuage my sorrow, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Seeker of the Lost, Commemorated on February 5; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War, Vyborg, near St Pete, Russian def V
Moscow, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741-“43) ; Moscow Empress, 1741-1761, Elizabeth ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1744-1783, Saint, Tikhon of Zadonsk
Moscow, 1744-1783, Saint, Tikhon of Zadonsk; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13;

Russia, Moscow, 1761-1762, Emperor, Peter III, German Born, pro Prussian, removed by troups in Coup
Russia, Moscow, 1761-1762, Emperor, Peter III, German Born, pro Prussian, removed by troups in Coup;

Russia, Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great, removed husband, Enlightened, Golden Age
Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage My Sorrows", Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joyful", Commemorated on November 7; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II, Nobles, no longer having to fight or lead, Built Mansions
Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage My Sorrows", Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joyful", Commemorated on November 7; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1765-1817, Saint Theodore Ushakov, Admiral
Moscow, 1765-1817, Saint Theodore Ushakov, Admiral; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War, Moldovia, Ochakov, Crimea, Black and Azov Seas
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1772-1836, Priest, Herman of Alaska
Moscow, 1772-1836, Priest, Herman of Alaska; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1781-1796, Saint Juneval of Alaska
Moscow, 1781-1796, Saint Juneval of Alaska; Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire
Georgia, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire; Saint Hilarion the New of Georgia, Commemorated on February 14; the Russian annexation of Kartli-Kakheti, the imperial court of the tsar increased diplomatic correspondence with the court of King Solomon II. king was urged likewise to unite the Imeretian Kingdom to Russia. Solomon summoned a council of noblemen, and it was decided that Imereti would remain independent, while maintaining friendly relations with Russia until the king’s death. However, it was agreed that since King Solomon had no heir, after his repose the court of the imperial tsar would acquire jurisdiction over the region. the political climate in Georgia became increasingly tense, and the ability of the Imeretian court to govern was severely undermined. court was suddenly besieged with cases of envy and treason, and it became necessary for the king to flee to Turkey. Protopresbyter Ise Qanchaveli accompanied King Solomon II to his place of exile and remained with him to the end of the king’s life. the king’s death in 1815, Fr. Ise received an amnesty from Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) on behalf of the king and his court. Ise himself planned to go into reclusion in the village where he was born, King Solomon’s widow, Queen Mariam, summoned him to Moscow where she was being held in “honorable captivity.” Fr. Ise brought to her a piece of the Life-giving Cross of our Lord, which had belonged to King Solomon, and the queen preserved her husband’s treasure in the court church. life at the imperial court was tiresome for the God-fearing Fr. Ise, so he exchanged his clothing for beggars’ rags and set off for Mt. Athos in the year 1819.

Russia, Moscow, 1786-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov
Moscow, 1786-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1787-1792, Russo-Turkish War, Crimea, Moldovia
Moscow, 1787-1792, Russo-Turkish War (1787-“92) ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1787-1817, Admiral, Fyodor Ushakov
Moscow, 1787-1817, Admiral, Fyodor Ushakov ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22;

Russia, Moscow, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-90) by Sweden (allied with Turks) for domestic reasons, fake defense, Baltic sea battles
Moscow, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-“90) ; Moscow Empress, 1762-1796, Catherine the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia, overshadowed by mother Catherine II, hated French, assinated
Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity, Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7; When the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, the right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) were transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). In the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. A special service was composed for this Feast. ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1799, Transfer of the Right Hand of John the Baptist
Russia, Moscow, 1799, Transfer of the Right Hand of John the Baptist Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia ; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7; When the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, the right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) were transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). In the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. A special service was composed for this Feast. ;

Russia, Moscow, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Wars with France, Turkey, and Persia

Russia, Moscow, 1801-1825, Emperor, Alexander I, began enlightened, but; against, for, against Napoleon
Moscow, 1801-1825, Emperor, Alexander I ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity, Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Icon of the Mother of God œTinos, Commemorated on January 30; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, France w Turks, Moldovia and Wallacia, Russian V.
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12) Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia for Orthodoxy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Patriotic War of 1812
Moscow, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Patriotic War of 1812; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.
Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Russia, Moscow, 1812, Battle of Borodino, French victory before Moscow fell
Russia, Moscow, 1812, Battle of Borodino; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan, with Persia, R P War of 1804-13
Moscow, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan, with Persia ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1817-1879, Innocent of Alaska, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1817-1879, Innocent of Alaska, Metropolitan of Moscow; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1821-1867, Philaret Drozdov, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1821-1867, Patriarch, Philaret Drozdov ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœChernigov-GethsemaneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 1; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1822-1864, Saint, Jacob Netsvetov
Russia, Moscow, 1822-1864, Saint, Jacob Netsvetov; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1825-1855, Emperor, Nicolas 1, reactionary, geo expansion, industry, Greece , centralization
Moscow, 1825-1855, Emperor, Nicolas 1 ; I ( 6 July [O.S. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1855) as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. is mainly remembered in history as a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, economic growth and massive industrialisation on the one hand, and centralisation of administrative policies and repression of dissent on the other. had a happy marriage that produced a large family; all of their seven children survived childhood.[1] biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer totally consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as an engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."[2] I was instrumental in helping to create an independent Greek state, and resumed the Russian conquest of the Caucasus by seizing Igdır Province and the remainder of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan from Qajar Persia during the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. He ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 successfully as well. on, however, he led Russia into the Crimean War (1853–1856), with disastrous results. emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. William C. Fuller notes that historians have frequently concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy."[3] the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform. Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Seven Arrows", Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God "œChernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated October 1 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMultiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God "œTinos", Commemorated on January 30; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners" in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners" of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7 ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of the Blessed Vsevolod, in Holy Baptism Gabriel, the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on April 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners", Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Moscow, 1827-1867, Saint, Ignatius Bryanchaninov
Moscow, 1827-1867, Saint, Ignatius Bryanchaninov ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1828-1829, Russo-Turkish War, Turks closed Dardanelles, Russian Victory
Moscow, 1828-1829, Russo-Turkish War (1828-“29); Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention in retaliation for Russian participation in October 1827 in the Battle of Navarino.[2] Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk
Russia, Kaluga, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk; Optina Monestary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1834-1860, Theologian, Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov
Moscow, 1834-1860, Theologian, Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1835 - 1894, Saint Theophan the Recluse, Tambov, Mordovia
Russia, Moscow, 1835 - 1894, Saint Theophan the Recluse, Tambov, Mordovia; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Russia, Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition
Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition; “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon became famous in 1841. An eighteen-year-old girl from Stromyn, a village not far from Moscow, was close to death from an illness. In a dream she saw the Cyprus Icon standing over the entrance to the church, and a voice came from the icon: “Take me into your home and have the priest serve a Molieben with the Blessing of Water, and you will be cured.” sick girl was brought to the church and finally located the icon after a long search. The girl obeyed the command of the Most Holy Theotokos, and after the Molieben she felt strong enough to carry the icon back to the church herself. Shortly thereafter, she was completely healed. The “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon continued to work miracles of healing, which the rector of the church reported to the holy Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (November 19). Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy
Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1849-1908, Saint, John of Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg
Russia, Moscow, 1849-1908, Saint, John of Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg; Kronstadt Island (Kotlin Island, St Petersburg); Kronshtadtsky District; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1853-1856, Crimean War, Orthodox East v Ottomans and West
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War, Crimean War, R defeat by Eng, Ger, Fr and Turks
Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1855-1881, Alexander II, Emperor, Serf Lib in 1861, reformer, but killed by serfs, Alaska
Moscow, 1855-1881, Alexander II, Emperor of Russia ; II (29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881)[a] was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination.[1] most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator. tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment,[2] promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more reactionary stance until his death.[3] pivoted towards foreign policy and sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, fearing the remote colony would fall into British hands if there was another war.[4] He sought peace, moved away from bellicose France when Napoleon III fell in 1871, and in 1872 joined with Germany and Austria in the League of the Three Emperors that stabilized the European situation. Despite his otherwise pacifist foreign policy, he fought a brief war with the Ottoman Empire in 1877–78, pursued further expansion into Siberia and the Caucasus, and conquered Turkestan. Although disappointed by the results of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881.[5] Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Tikon of Zadonsk, Commemorated August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMultiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon of the Mother of God of "the Uncut Mount", Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1857-1911, St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina
Kaluga's St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina, 1857-1911; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1861-1912, Saint, Nicholas of Japan
Japan Saint, 1861-1912, Nicholas of Japan; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78) in Bulgaria
Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Icon of the Mother of God “Socola”, Commemorated on February 1; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1879-1892, Patriarch Macarius Bulgakov, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1879-1892, Macarius Bulgakov, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1881-1894, Emperor Alexander III, counter-reformer, peacemaker, orthodox
Moscow Emperor, 1881-1894, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All who sorrow" (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated on October 24; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1885-1925, Tikhon, Apostle to America, Patriarch and Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia
Moscow, 1885-1925, Tikhon, Apostle to America, Patriarch of Moscow; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1889-1916, Russian Mystic, Rasputin
Russia, Moscow, 1889-1916, Russian Mystic, Rasputin; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1891-1917, Priest John Kochurov, first priest martyred by Bolsheviks
Russia, Moscow, 1891-1917, Priest John Kochurov, first priest martyred by Bolsheviks Tsarskoye Selo; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated November 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1917, Emperor, Nicholas II, Reformer, overthrown by Revolution, Executed
Moscow Emperor, 1894-1917, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All who sorrow (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30 ; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the œMultiplier of Wheat, Commemorated on October 15; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1917, Emperess Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Nic and Alix
Moscow Emperess, 1894-1917, Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse); Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the œMultiplier of Wheat, Commemorated on October 15; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1905, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Moscow Grand Duke, 1894-1905, Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, Bolsheviks, Revolution, Living Progressive Church

Russia, Moscow, 1903-1912, Bolsheviks, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats)
Bolsheviks, 1903-1912, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats); St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1904-1905, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Moscow, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1914-1918, Russo-Turkish War (1914-18), Caucasus Campeign of WWI
Moscow, 1914-1918, Russo-Turkish War (1914-18), Caucasus Campeign of WWI;

Russia, Moscow, 1917, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War
Russia, Moscow, 1917, Russian Revolution Chariman, 1917-1924, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœEnthronedÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Moscow, 1917, Chekists, Cheka, first Soviet State Police
Chekists, Cheka, first Soviet State Police; St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1925, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia, Bishop in US
Moscow, 1917-1925, Patriarch, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia ; Tikhon of Moscow (31 January [O.S. 19 January] 1865-“ 7 April [O.S. 25 March] 1925), born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin , was a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). On 5 November 1917 (OS) he was selected the 11th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia,[Note 1] after a period of about 200 years of the Synodal rule in the ROC. He was canonised as a confessor by the ROC in 1989. Early life[edit] From 1878 to 1884, Bellavin studied at the Pskov Theological Seminary. In 1888, at the age of 23, he graduated from the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy as a layman. He then returned to the Pskov Seminary and became an instructor of Moral and Dogmatic Theology. In 1891, at the age of 26, he took monastic vows and was given the name Tikhon in honor of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk. Tikhon was consecrated Bishop of Lublin on 19 October 1897. Bishop in the United States[edit] On 14 September 1898, he was appointed Bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. He went to the United States, and eventually became a naturalized American citizen. The peripatetic bishop visited emerging Orthodox emigrant communities in various American cities, including New York City, Chicago and the coal and steel-making cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio. The consecration of Reginald Heber Weller as an Anglican bishop at St. Paul's Cathedral in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, with Anthony Kozlowski of the Polish National Catholic Church and Tikhon of Moscow (along with his chaplains John Kochurov and Sebastian Dabovich) of the Russian Orthodox Church present As head of the ROC diocese in North America, in 1900 he reorganized the diocese and changed its name from the "Of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska" to "Diocese of the Aleutian Islands and North America". He had two auxiliary bishops in the United States: Bishop Innocent (Pustynsky) in Alaska, and St. Raphael (Hawaweeny) in Brooklyn. On 22 May 1901, he blessed the cornerstone for St. Nicholas Cathedral in New York City (fundraising for which had begun in 1894 and to which Tsar Nicholas II contributed 5,000 in 1900) in a great ceremony attended by New York Mayor Seth Low, Russian diplomats and sailors, and enthusiastic worshippers.[1] He celebrated the first liturgy in the new building's basement on July 20, 1902, and in the main hall on November 10, 1902.[2] Tikhon was also involved in building other churches in North America, and establishing a dialog with Greek Orthodox churches in America. On 9 November 1902, he consecrated the church of St. Nicholas in Brooklyn for Syrian Antiochian Orthodox immigrants. While in the United States, Tikhon became aware of the country's tradition of religious diversity, as well as the growing ecumenical and Pan-Slav movements, and the needs of a wide variety of eastern and southern European immigrants. Before his arrival, in 1890, a delegation of Carpatho-Rusyns also had approached the Russian consul in San Francisco and requested a bishop, since the Latin Catholic archbishop of Minnesota, John Ireland was attempting to force their assimilation, although Byzantine Rite Catholics had previously been accorded certain dispensations from the Roman Rite practices of the Latin Church. Their Byzantine (Ruthenian) Catholic priest, Alexis Toth, was formally accepted into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1892. In 1900, Tikhon attended the consecration of Reginald Heber Weller as coadjutor bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, though he was not one of the consecrating bishops (all Episcopalians).[3] More Byzantine Catholics joined the Eastern Orthodox fold, especially priests after 1907, when Pope Pius X published Ea Semper, restricting their previously recognized right to ordain married men. In 1905, the title of Archbishop was bestowed on him, and he moved his formal residence and diocesan office from San Francisco to New York.[4] In June 1905, the new archbishop gave his blessing for the establishment of a monastery in Pennsylvania, which in the 1930s became Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary. On September 17, [O.S. September 4, ] 1905 The Holy Trinity Russian (Greek) Orthodox church was consecrated in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on the corner of McKenzie Street and Manitoba Avenue by the new Archbishop Tikhon, Head of the Russian Orthodox Mission in North America and soon to become Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Ukrainian teachers studying at the Ruthenian Training School sang at the consecration ceremony.[5] Return to Russia and restoration of Patriarchy[edit] In 1907, Tikhon returned to Russia, having been appointed to the See of Yaroslavl. On 22 December 1913, he was transferred to the diocese of Vilno in Lithuania. However, the First World War and the Russian Revolution created turmoil in his native land. On 21 June 1917, the Diocesan Congress of clergy and laity elected Tikhon the ruling bishop of Moscow. On 14 August 1917 (OS),[6] Tikhon was raised to the dignity of Metropolitan of Moscow. On the next day, the Local Council of the ROC, the first such convention since the late 17th century, opened in Moscow. The council's major decision that passed on 28 October 1917, days after the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd, was to restore the Patriarchy in the ROC. On 5 November 1917, after his election by vote as one of the three candidates for the reinstated Moscow Patriarchate, Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev announced that Metropolitan Tikhon had been selected for the position after a drawing of lots as the new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Patriarchate[edit] During the Russian Civil War the patriarch, like the entire Russian Church, was widely considered anti-Bolshevik and many bishops were exiled, imprisoned or even executed by the new regime. Tikhon openly condemned the killings of the tsar's family in 1918, and protested against violent attacks by the Bolsheviks on the church. In 1920, he granted autonomy to what became the Orthodox Church in America and other dioceses of the Church of Russia that were cut off from the governance of the highest church authority (i.e. the patriarch), until such time as normal relations with the highest church authority could be resumed. In November 1921, many of the Russian bishops, who had fled Russia in 1919–1920, had gathered in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia, and adopted a number of anti-Bolshevik statements; in May the following year Tikhon and his Synod formally dissolved the exile group, which nevertheless continued to exist as a separate Russian ecclesiastical entity, viewed as schismatic by the Moscow Patriarchate.[citation needed] Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow near Donskoy Monastery Jul 1923 In 1922 Russia was afflicted with mass famine. The Communist government used the situation to confiscate ecclesiastical property and to accuse the patriarch of being a saboteur. From April 1922 until June 1923 he resided under house arrest in Donskoy Monastery.[7] His public protest against nationalization of Church property was reframed as a criminal act. This caused international resonance and several countries sent formal protest notes to the Soviet government. Under pressure from the authorities, Tikhon issued several messages to the believers in which he stated in part that he was "no longer an enemy to the Soviet power". Textual analysis of these messages shows considerable similarity with a number of documents exchanged in the Politburo on the "Tikhon's Affair". Despite his declaration of loyalty, he continued to enjoy the trust of the Orthodox community in Russia. In 1923 Tikhon was "deposed" by a Soviet-sponsored[8] council of the so-called Living Church, which decreed that he was "henceforth a simple citizen—Vasily Bellavin." This deposition has never been recognized as an act of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is therefore considered invalid by both the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian Federation. Death[edit] In 1924 the patriarch fell ill and was hospitalized. On 5 April 1925, he served his last Divine Liturgy, and died two days later, 25 March (OS)/7 April, the Feast of the Annunciation. He was buried on 12 April in the winter church of Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. From the time of his death, he was widely considered a martyr or confessor for the faith. Canonization Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1924, Chariman, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Chariman, 1917-1924, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœEnthronedÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1957, Living Church and Cheka, Alexander Tuchkov
Russia, Moscow, 1917-1957, Living Church and Cheka, Alexander Tuchkov ; Moscow, 1917-1925, Patriarch, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia ; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1918, Saint, Andronicus of Perm
Moscow Saint, 1918, Andronicus of Perm; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1922-1952, Joseph Stalin, Soviet General Secreatary
Secretary, 1922-1952, Joseph Stalin, Soviet General Secreatary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; New Hieromartyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, Commemorated on December 18; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1945-1970, Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1945-1970, Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1953-1964, Secretary, Nikita Khrushchev
Moscow Secretary, 1953-1964, Nikita Khrushchev; St John, Commemorated on January 23; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 2000-2099, 21st Century Folder, Orthodox Russia

Russia, Moscow, Moscova River Area Folder

Moscova River

Moscova River Source (Valdai Hills)

Moscova River 1 (Mozhiask)

Moscova River 2 (Zvenigorod)

Moscova River 3

Moscova River 4 (Moscow)

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe JoyfulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEnthronedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unfading BloomÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow, 1623 (Moscow River 4.8)
Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow ; In Giving Birth, You Preserved Your Virginity Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 17;

Moscova River 5 (Moscow)

Ugreshsky Monastery of Saint Nicholas, 1521 (Moscow River 5.1)
Ugreshsky Monastery; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Moscova River 6

Moscova River 7

Moscova River Mouth (Kolomna, Oka River 7)

Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7); Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Golutvinsky Monastery, near Kolomna (Moscova River Mouth)
Golutvinsky Monastery is in or near Kolomna. Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, Yauza River Area Folder

Yauza River

Yauza River Source

Yauza River 1

Yauza River 2 (Starava Basmanna and Andronikov Monastery)

Staraya Basmanna, Moscow (Yauza River 2)
Staraya Basmanna; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3;

Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace)
Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace); Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Yauza (Andronikov) Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Yauza River Mouth (Moscova River 5)

Krutitsy ( near Yauza River Mouth, Moscova River 5)
Krutitsy; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Novospassky Monastery, Yauza River Area, Moscow, early 1300's
Novospassky Monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Simonov Monestary (Yauza River Area, Moscova River 5) 1370
Simonov Monestary; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated November 28 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, Kremlin Area Folder

Moscow Kremlin, 1331
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Kremlin, Moscow Kremlin, 1331, White Stoned Walls
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Christ the Savior Cathedral (Kremlin Savior Gates, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Kremlin Savior Gates (Christ the Savior Cathedral, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, 1333, 1505
Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Annunciation Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Demetrius' Temple, 1280
Demetrius' Temple, 1280; Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, 1479; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Dormition Cathedral, Kremlin, Moscow, 1479
Dormition Cathedral, Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Stromyn Village, now Church of the Domition
Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon became famous in 1841. An eighteen-year-old girl from Stromyn, a village not far from Moscow, was close to death from an illness. In a dream she saw the Cyprus Icon standing over the entrance to the church, and a voice came from the icon: “Take me into your home and have the priest serve a Molieben with the Blessing of Water, and you will be cured.” sick girl was brought to the church and finally located the icon after a long search. The girl obeyed the command of the Most Holy Theotokos, and after the Molieben she felt strong enough to carry the icon back to the church herself. Shortly thereafter, she was completely healed. The “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon continued to work miracles of healing, which the rector of the church reported to the holy Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (November 19).

Chudov (Archangel Michael) Monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1365
Chudov Monastery ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae, Commemorated September 6 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEnthronedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension Convent, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEnthronedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension women's monastery at Moscow Kremlin, founded 1387
Ascension monastery; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated July 7 ;

Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848
Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848 Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Church of St Basil the Great, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ;

St Basil' Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Moscow Cathedral, St Basil's, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, St Basil's, 1561
Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Moscow Spiritual Academy
Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Patriarchal Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy, 1682
Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy; St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow)
Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Strastna monastery in Strastna Square (Passion Monastery) 1654
Strastna monastery in Strastna Square; Icon of the Mother of God , Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30;

Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square, Moscow, 1654)
Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square); Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion's", Commemorated on August 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272
St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272; Martyr Tryphon of Lampsacus Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1;

Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649, The only church on the short street. Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Lubianka prison, 1897 (just outside Kremlin Area)
Lubianka prison ; "œTHE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES", Commemorated July 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ;

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War.kmz

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River Folder

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River, Khamovniki Bend Area Folder

Khamovniki District, Moscow
Khamovniki District, Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God he Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Novodevichy Convent and Monestary, Khamovniki Bend Area, Moscow, 1524
Novodevichy Monastery in Moscow; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God the Joyful Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Church of St. Nicholas, Khamovniki, Moscow, 1682
Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Sparrow Hills
Sparrow Hills; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392);

Donskoi monastery, under the Sparrow Hills
SERGIUS;

Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills)
Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills) ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack;

Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow, 1829, for 1812 Victory over Napoleon of France
Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30;

Petersburg Academy of Sciences, South Moscow
Petersburg Academy of Sciences; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov;

Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Podolia, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Peremyshl, Moscovy
Peremyshl, Moscovy; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354 (South of Moscow River, Southwest of Moscow) 1080 questionable
Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 and October 10; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery.

Podolsk governance (industrial area south of Moscow)
Podolsk governance; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Holy Trinity Lavra, Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Slavic Greek Latin Academy, Moscow, 1687
Slavic Greek Latin Academy; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Tretiakov gallery, South Moscow
Tretiakov gallery; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Ordinka Street, Moscow (across the river)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Donskoy Monastery, South Moscow, 1591
Donskoi monastery; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Moscow Patriarchate
Moscow Patriarchate or the Russian Orthodox Church; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Danilov monastery, approx. 1272
Danilov monastery, became the Moscow Kremlin; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Kolomenskoye, Southeast Moscow
Kolomenskoye; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to Poland Folder, 1200

Moscow Road to Poland 1 (Moscow)
Moscow Road to Poland;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to St Petersburg Folder

Moscow to St. Petersburg Trade Route 1 (Moscow towards Tver)
Saint Petersburg Trade Route

Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast (St Petersburg Trade Route)
Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder, Moscow Volga Canal, 1937

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Muravsky Trail Folder, 1200

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny, Elets, Oka River1)

Ryazan frontier (Oka River 1-9, along Muravsky Trail)
Ryazan frontier; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Trans Siberian Road and Railway, 1868 Railway

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, The Merchants Road to Nizhny Novgorod, 1395

The Merchant's Road 1 - Moscow
The Merchant's Road Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Moscow, Great Abatis Line Folder, 1525-1736

Russia, Pereyaslavl Lake Folder, Pereslavl-Zalessky

Pereyaslavl (Lake Pereyaslavl, Pereslavl-Zalessky)
Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut Mount, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Church of John Chrysostom, Godenovo, Pereslavl-Zalessky
Church of John Chrysostom, Godenovo; Saint Euthymius, Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Pereyaslavl Zalesk History Folder

Russia, Pereyaslavl Zalesk, 1302, Prince John, bequeathed P to uncle Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Pereyaslavl Zalesk, 1302, Prince John, bequeathed P to uncle Daniel of Moscow; John of Pereslavl-Zalessk, Daniel’s nephew, was gentle and pious and benevolent towards the poor, and he esteemed and loved his uncle. Dying childless in 1302, he bequeathed his principality to Saint Daniel. The Pereslavl lands together with Dmitrov, had the most inhabitants after Rostov, with the corresponding fortification befitting a major city. Pereslavl-Zalessk was well protected on all sides. But the holy prince remained faithful to Moscow and did not transfer the capital of his princedom to the stronger and more significant seat of Pereslavl. This annexation allowed Moscow to be considered as the most significant principality. Here the principle of the unification of the Russian Land into a single powerful realm was set in place. the ages God’s providence concerning Russia and its destiny was clearly manifest! for the constant blessings of the Hodēgḗtria (She who leads the Way) both in his personal life, and also in the life of the Russian realm, Saint Daniel’s father, Saint Alexander Nevsky said, 'God is not in might, but in right!'

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Trubezha River Folder, Into Lake Pereyaslavl

Trubezha River

Trubezha River Source (along the border)

Trubezh River Mouth (Lake Pereyaslavl)
Trubezha River, City set up on Trubezha River - One of a line of defensive points against nomadic peoples, the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœnotched boundaryÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ. ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Pereslav-Zalessk, Pereyaslavl (Trubezha River Mouth into Lake Pereyaslavl)
Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Uncut Mount, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Zalesye Region - The Golden Ring
Zalesye Region - The Golden Ring; Golden Ring - Zalesye Region ; Pereslavl-Zalessky; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Uncut MountÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 24 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Nikita the Stylite, Wonderworker of Pereyaslavl, Zalesski, Commemorated on May 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Goritsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky) 1335
Goritsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Nerl River (Volga) Folder, out of Lake Pereyaslavl

Nerl River (Volga)

Nerl River Source (Lake Pereyaslavl)

Nerl River Mouth (Kalyazim, Volga River 6)

Russia, Pereyaslavl, Kashinka River Folder, across the Volga from Pereyaslavl

Kashinka River

Kashin, Pereyaslavl (Kashinka River Mouth, Volga River 6)
Kashin; Venerable Dorothy of Kashin, Commemorated September 24; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated October 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6; Transfer of the relics of the Right-Believing Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Kalyazin monastery (18 versts from Kashn, across the Volga) 1450
Kalyazin monastery or Nikolaev Klobukov monastery at Kalyazin. Saint Macarius of Kalyazin found a suitable place between two lakes, eighteen versts from Kashin. Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated September 26; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ;

Saint Macarius of Kalyazin Solitary Wilderness Monestary, 1450
Saint Macarius of Kalyazin found a suitable place between two lakes, eighteen versts from Kashin. Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17;

Kalyazin, Pereyaslavl (Kashinka River Mouth, Volga River 6)
Kalyazin; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Uncut Mount", Commemorated on March 24 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6;

Kalyazin monastery, Pereyaslavl, 1450
Kalyazin monastery; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ;

Kashinka River Source (Valdai Hills)

Kashinka River Mouth (Kashin, Volga River 6)

Russia, Radonezh Folder, and vicinity

Makovets, 12 Versts or Kilometers from Radonezh

Russia, Radonezh History Folder

Russia, Radonezh, 1293, Dmitrov joined to Moscow by Daniel
Dmitrov; Russia, Radonezh, Dmitrov, 1293, Dmitrov joined to Moscow by Daniel this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Radonezh, 1334-1392, St Sergius of Radonezh, spiritual leadr, monastic reformr, mst venerated
Radonezh Saint, 1334-1392, St Sergius of Radonezh; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Radonezh, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava
Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava ; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Radonezh, 1375-1426, Saint, Nikon of Radonezh
Radonezh Saint, 1375-1426, Nikon of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Radonezh, 1380-1430, Saint, Andrei Rublev
Radonezh Saint, 1380-1430, Andrei Rublev; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Russia, Radonezh, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius
Radonezh, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Radonezh, Muscovite Civil War Seige of 1446
Muscovite Civil War Seige of 1446 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24 ;

Radonezh, Truce of Deulino (1618)
Truce of Deulino; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Radonezh, Moscow Volga Canal Folder, Yakhroma River

Moscow Volga Canal, 1932

Tushino, Radonezh, near Moscow Volga Canal, False Dimitri II
Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Russia, Radonezh, Moscow Volga Canal 3, Yakhroma River Folder

Yakhroma River

Yakhroma River Source (along the border)

Yakhroma River 1 (Alexandrov)

Yakhroma River 2 (Sergiyev, Radonezh)

Radonezh (Yakhroma River 3)
Radonezh; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril the Father of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated September 28 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Athanasius, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Iron StaffÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœIlyin ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Trinity Lavra of St Sergius (Radonezh) 1337
Trinity Lavra (Monestary) of St Sergius; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated Janaury 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius ™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Church of the Holy Spirit (Radonezh) 1476
Trinity Lavra (Monestary) of St Sergius; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated Janaury 25 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœIlyin ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Moscow Theological Academy, 1687, Radonezh, 1814, Trinity Lavra of St Sergius
Moscow Theological Academy, Radonezh, Trinity Lavra of St Sergius, 1687, moved to Radonezh in 1814; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10;

Makovets, Radonezh (deep forest at Makovets hill)
Makovets (deep forest at Makovets hill); Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Troitzka (Trinity) Abbey, Radonezh, 1337
Troitzka (Trinity) Abbey, Radonezh, Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, November 17 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Sergiev monastery of St Sergius of Radonezh, 1337
monastery of St Sergius of Radonezh; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Synaxis of the Saints of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 6 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Gethsemane skete (Chernigovsky skete, Radonezh)
Gethsemane skete; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ;

Peshnosha monastery, Radonezh
Dmitrov; Peshnosha monastery; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14;

Peshnosha
Peshnosha is in a marshy place beyond the Yakhroma River from St Sergius Trintiy Monestary near Radonezh.

Yakhroma River 3 (Dmitrov on Moscow Canal)

Dmitrov, Radonezh (Yakhroma River, Moscow Canal) 1154
Dmitrov; Burial of St Andrew the Prince ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Yakhroma River 4 (Yakhroma on Moscow Canal)

Yakhroma, Radonezh (Yakhroma River Mouth, Volga Canal 3)
Yakhroma (Yakhroma River); Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14;

church of the Dormition at Mogiltsy (east of Moscow Volga Canal 4, on Trans Siberian RWY)
church of the Dormition at Mogiltsy, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 141273; The "Unfading Flower" Icon depicts the Theotokos holding her Divine Son on her right arm, and in her left hand is a bouquet of white lilies. The lilies symbolize the unfading flower of virginity and purity of the Mother of God, to whom the Church sings: “You are the root of virginity and the Unfading Flower of purity.” In Moscow there are two churches with Icons with this name: the church of the Dormition at Mogil'tsy (December 31), and the Alexeyev Monastery. Other icons of this name are in Kungur (Perm Gubernia); in the former town of Kadome of Tambov Province, namely, in the Merciful Theotokos womens' monastery; and in the Nativity of the Theotokos church of Voronezh.

Russia, Rostov Folder, Yaroslav, and its vicinity

Rostov-Yaroslavl
Rostov-Yaroslavl; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Demetrius (Dmitri) the Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on September 21; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy", Commemorated on December 9 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23;

Rostov the Great
Rostov the Great; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5;

Russia, Rostov History Folder

Russia, Rostov, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov, destroyed Idol Velas
Russia, Rostov, 1000-1077, Abraham or Abramius of Rostov; Abraham of Rostov, Archimandrite of Rostov, in the world Abercius, was born in tenth century in Chuhloma, which is in Kostroma region near Galich, Russia.[1] Contents 1 Life of the Saint 2 His death and veneration 3 Years of life and activity 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links Life of the Saint[edit] Born Abercius, he was very ill as a child. He converted to Christianity in his youth after being cured from illness through prayer.[2] He decided to become a monk at Valaam and with the new name Abramius (Abraham) settled at Rostov on the shore of Lake Nero.[3] Not far from his hut was a temple where the local tribes worshiped the stone idol of Veles, a source of superstitious fright in the whole neighborhood. His legend recounts a miraculous vision of Saint John the Evangelist, who gave him a staff, crowned with a cross, to destroy the idol. In commemoration of this, at the site of the temple, Abraham erected a monastery in honor of the Theophany. He also built a church dedicated to Saint John the Theologian, and preached the Gospel in his area. Convinced by his preaching, many pagans were baptized.[3] At the petition of the Rostov princes Avraham was ordained to the rank of archimandrite of the monastery of the Theophany.[4] His death and veneration[edit] Abraham Reposed in old age and was buried in the church of the Theophany by his disciples.[5] His relics were found during the time of Grand Prince Vsevolod Georgievich (1176-1212).[6] According to Golubinsky the general church canonization of the Monk Abraham was held already by the time of the Makaryev Sobors of 1547-1549.[7] The divine service devoted to Abraham of Rostov, compiled in the imitation of the like to the Monk Sergius of Radonezh, was first mentioned in the manuscript collection of the 15th century.[8] In 1551 Ivan the Terrible, during his military campaign against Khanate of Kazan, made a pilgrimage to the Abraham Monastery before the battles. He took the staff of the saint and upon successful defeat of Kazan khans he returned it back and ordered construction of the stone Cathedral of the Theophany in 1553- 1555.[9][6] His feast days are: October 29 (November 11) (new style) - finding relics - in the Synaxis of the Kostroma saints, May 23 - in the Synaxis of Rostov-Yaroslavski Saints and in the Synaxis of the Karelian Saints - May 21 (dates are given according to the Julian calendar).[8] Years of life and activity[edit] The legend of the saint indicates 1010 as the date of his death, but most historians recognize this date to be wrong.[1] Nikolay Karamzin indicated, that Abraham was acting in Rostov during or after Andrey Bogolyubsky (c. 1111-“ 1174). The activity of Abraham in Rostov dates from 1073-“1077 years according to Vasily Klyuchevsky; Macarius Bulgakov refers it to (?)-1045 years, Andrei Titov - the end of the XI - the beginning of the XII century, Filaret (Gumilevsky) - the beginning of the XII century.[10] Evgeny Golubinsky was skeptical about the very fact of the existence of Abraham, apparently considering him a single person with Abraham Galitzki and referring his activity to the last quarter of the fourteenth century (according to the legend, the latter lived the same years as Yury Dmitrievich, born in 1374). Arseny Kadlubovsky does not consider Abraham to be the founder of the Theophany Monastery, and also relates his life to the fourteenth century. [10][1] Venerable Abramius, Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Rostov, 1208-1218, Konstantin of Rostov, Grand Prince of Vladimir
Russia, Rostov, 1208-1218, Konstantin of Rostov, Grand Prince of Vladimir; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Prince Basil of Rostov belonged in lineage to the Suzdal Monomashichi, famed in Russian history. The saint’s great-grandfather was Yuri Dolgoruky, and his grandfather was Great Prince Vsevolod III “Big-Nest” (+ 1212), brother to Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), who had been heir to and continuer of Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky’s work. From Vladimir-on-Klyazma, which became the capital of the old Rostovo-Suzdal principality, Vsevolod Big-Nest single-handedly set the course of affairs of the whole of Great Rus. The Lay of Igor’s Campaign says that he could splash the Volga with oars, and bail out the Don with helmets. oldest grandson of Vsevolod from his oldest son Constantine, Saint Basil was born on December 7, 1208 in Rostov, where his father ruled as prince. He spent his childhood there, and in 1216, when Constantine Vsevolodovich became Great Prince of Vladimir, Rostov was apportioned to Basil (he was then eight years old) as his princely appanage to rule himself. valor, sacred duty of service to country, the sense of justice and the heeding of one’s elders, all these are traditional features of a Russian princely defender of the land, and all were present in Basil. The saint’s father, Great-prince Constantine, died on February 2, 1218, when Basil was not yet ten years of age. The guide of the young Rostov prince then became his uncle, the Great Prince Saint Yuri of Vladimir (February 4). twenty years Prince Yuri ruled Vladimir, and for all these years Basil was his closest friend and confidant. The chronicles take note of the vibrantly handsome figure of Basil, his bright and majestic glance, his daring in trapping wild game, his beneficence, his mind and deep studiousness, together with his mildness and good-nature in relations with the nobles: Whoever served him, whoever ate his bread and drank the cup with him, could never be the servant of another prince. the year 1219 Basil participated in a campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal forces against the Volga Bulgars, and in 1221 in a campaign to the mouth of the River Oka. Saint Yuri was then held hostage at Nizhni Novgorod. 1223 the first Tatars (Mongols) appeared on the southern steppes, “an unknown people”, coming out of Asia. Their first victims were the Polovetsians allied with Rus. The Russian princes, with the Polovetsian khans (many of whom had accepted Holy Baptism), decided to resist the plunderers of the steppes before they reached the Russian Land. Saint Basil headed an auxiliary detachment, sent by Great Prince Yuri to participate in the Russian steppe campaign. enemy showed up sooner than they expected. And the centuries-old division of appenage principalities proved incapable of effective action in a large scale war. The detachment of Basil was not in time for the decisive battle, and from Chernigov came the sad news of the destruction of the Russian forces at the River Kalka on June 16, 1223. This was a bad omen, and the storm loomed on the east. Basil and his company returned to Rostov. 1227 (or 1228) Basil married, taking Maria, daughter of Saint Michael of Chernigov (September 20) as his wife. Basil’s uncle, Saint Yuri, had previously married Saint Michael’s sister [i.e. Basil’s uncle Yuri had married Maria’s aunt]. In 1231 Basil’s oldest son Boris was born. storm clouds thickened over Russia. On May 3, 1230, “the earth shook during Liturgy”, and famine and pestilence came upon Rus that year. In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Life took its course, and Prince Yuri in 1236 married off his sons Vladimir and Mstislav, and Basil rejoiced at their weddings. All of them, however, had little more than a year to live, for the Tatars had already taken the Volga-Bulgarian land. 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Prince Yuri had decided not to send his forces over to provide assistance, since he was faced with the difficult defense of Vladimir. The Tatars offered him peace, and he was prepared to negotiate. But the conditions of the peace, tribute and vassal servitude under the Khan, were unacceptable. “A glorious fight,” said the prince, “is better than a shameful peace.” The first battle with the Tatars was at Kolomna, and Vsevolod Yurievich commanded the troops, but they were cut to pieces. The enemy turned then towards Moscow, which they captured and burned. Yuri’s other son, Vladimir, was captured while leading the defense of Moscow. Yuri and his faithful companion Saint Basil were determined to fight “for the Orthodox Christian Faith” against the “godlessly vile Tatars.” Having organized his defenses and leaving his sons Vsevolod and Mstislav at Vladimir, Prince Yuri went beyond the Volga to gather new troops to replace those annihilated by Batu. him were his nephews, Saint Basil of Rostov and his company, and his brothers, Vsevolod and Vladimir. The Great Prince awaited the arrival of his brothers Yaroslav and Svyatoslav and their forces. Meatfare Saturday, February 3, 1238, quickly and without hindrance upon the wintry roads, the Tatar army approached Vladimir. Despite heroic defense, the fate of the city was sealed. Bishop Metrophanes for spiritual strength tonsured all the princes and princesses remaining in the city into the angelic schema. The city fell on February 7. final outpost of the Vladimirites was the Dormition cathedral, repository of the most holy object in Russia: the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The Tatars piled wood and kindling around the cathedral and made a tremendous fire. Bishop Metrophanes died in the fire and smoke, together with a thousand defenseless women and children, and Prince Yuri’s entire family: his wife Agathia, daughter Theodora, daughters-in-law Maria and Christina, and the infant grandson Demetrius. His sons Vsevolod and Mstislav, together with the previously captured Vladimir, were subjected to tortures and then slaughtered “before the eyes of the Khan”. (In several of the old collections of Saints’ Lives, all of them are listed as saints). Yuri had been with his forces near Yaroslavl. Learning of the destruction of the capital and the death of those near and dear to him, “he lamented in a loud voice with tears.” He said it would be better for him to die rather than continue to live in this world, since he alone survived. Saint Basil, arriving with the Rostov company, encouraged him to continue with the military effort. March 4, 1238 the decisive battle took place at the River Sita. The Tatars unexpectedly managed to encircle the Russian army, and a slaughter ensued. Few Russian warriors remained alive after this terrible battle, but the enemy paid an expensive price for its victory. Saint Yuri was cut down in distinguished combat, and the wounded Basil was brought to Batu’s headquarters. Tatars demanded that he “follow their vile customs, be subject to their will and fight for them.” The holy prince angrily refused to betray his homeland or Holy Orthodoxy. You cannot take the Christian Faith from me said the holy prince, like one of the ancient Christian confessors. They tortured him a great deal, and then killed him in the Shernsk woods. Thus did holy Prince Basil commit his soul to God, resembling in death the holy Passion-Bearer Boris (July 24), the first of the Rostov princes, whom he had imitated in life. Like Saint Boris, Saint Basil was not even thirty years of age. Cyril of Rostov, going out on the field of carnage, buried the fallen Orthodox warriors, and he sought the body of holy Prince Yuri (they did not find his cut-off head in the mass of broken bodies). He brought his holy relics to Rostov, to the Dormition cathedral. The body of Saint Basil was found in the Shernsk woods by a priest’s son and was taken to Rostov. There the prince’s wife, his children, Bishop Cyril and all the inhabitants of Rostov met the body of their beloved prince with bitter wailing, and they buried him beneath the arches of the cathedral church. the burial of Prince Basil, the chronicler said: The multitude of Orthodox people wept bitterly, when they saw the departed father and nourisher of orphans, the great comforter of the sorrowful, and... the setting of a luminous star.... By his martyr’s blood his transgressions and those of his brethren were washed away.” people regarded it as a sign of God’s mercy that the two princely comrades-in-arms were buried side by side in the Rostov cathedral church: Behold the wonder, in death God has placed their bodies together. (Later on, the relics of holy Prince Yuri were transferred to the restored Vladimir Dormition cathedral). Church venerates Saints Basil and Yuri as Passion-Bearers, and heroic defenders of the Russian Land. Their holy example has inspired Russian soldiers in the fight against hostile invaders. The most detailed account of the life and deeds of holy Princes Basil and Yuri is preserved in the Lavrentiev Chronicle, written by the monk Laurence with the blessing of Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal, in the year 1377, three years before the Battle of Kulikovo Pole. Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Rostov, 1216-1238, Prince Basil, Vasilko Konstantinovich, Suzdal Monomashich, heded elders, killed by Batu after Sita
Russia, Rostov, 1216-1238, Prince Basil, Vasilko Konstantinovich; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Prince Basil of Rostov belonged in lineage to the Suzdal Monomashichi, famed in Russian history. The saint’s great-grandfather was Yuri Dolgoruky, and his grandfather was Great Prince Vsevolod III “Big-Nest” (+ 1212), brother to Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4), who had been heir to and continuer of Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky’s work. From Vladimir-on-Klyazma, which became the capital of the old Rostovo-Suzdal principality, Vsevolod Big-Nest single-handedly set the course of affairs of the whole of Great Rus. The Lay of Igor’s Campaign says that he could splash the Volga with oars, and bail out the Don with helmets. oldest grandson of Vsevolod from his oldest son Constantine, Saint Basil was born on December 7, 1208 in Rostov, where his father ruled as prince. He spent his childhood there, and in 1216, when Constantine Vsevolodovich became Great Prince of Vladimir, Rostov was apportioned to Basil (he was then eight years old) as his princely appanage to rule himself. valor, sacred duty of service to country, the sense of justice and the heeding of one’s elders, all these are traditional features of a Russian princely defender of the land, and all were present in Basil. The saint’s father, Great-prince Constantine, died on February 2, 1218, when Basil was not yet ten years of age. The guide of the young Rostov prince then became his uncle, the Great Prince Saint Yuri of Vladimir (February 4). twenty years Prince Yuri ruled Vladimir, and for all these years Basil was his closest friend and confidant. The chronicles take note of the vibrantly handsome figure of Basil, his bright and majestic glance, his daring in trapping wild game, his beneficence, his mind and deep studiousness, together with his mildness and good-nature in relations with the nobles: Whoever served him, whoever ate his bread and drank the cup with him, could never be the servant of another prince. the year 1219 Basil participated in a campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal forces against the Volga Bulgars, and in 1221 in a campaign to the mouth of the River Oka. Saint Yuri was then held hostage at Nizhni Novgorod. 1223 the first Tatars (Mongols) appeared on the southern steppes, “an unknown people”, coming out of Asia. Their first victims were the Polovetsians allied with Rus. The Russian princes, with the Polovetsian khans (many of whom had accepted Holy Baptism), decided to resist the plunderers of the steppes before they reached the Russian Land. Saint Basil headed an auxiliary detachment, sent by Great Prince Yuri to participate in the Russian steppe campaign. enemy showed up sooner than they expected. And the centuries-old division of appenage principalities proved incapable of effective action in a large scale war. The detachment of Basil was not in time for the decisive battle, and from Chernigov came the sad news of the destruction of the Russian forces at the River Kalka on June 16, 1223. This was a bad omen, and the storm loomed on the east. Basil and his company returned to Rostov. 1227 (or 1228) Basil married, taking Maria, daughter of Saint Michael of Chernigov (September 20) as his wife. Basil’s uncle, Saint Yuri, had previously married Saint Michael’s sister [i.e. Basil’s uncle Yuri had married Maria’s aunt]. In 1231 Basil’s oldest son Boris was born. storm clouds thickened over Russia. On May 3, 1230, “the earth shook during Liturgy”, and famine and pestilence came upon Rus that year. In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Life took its course, and Prince Yuri in 1236 married off his sons Vladimir and Mstislav, and Basil rejoiced at their weddings. All of them, however, had little more than a year to live, for the Tatars had already taken the Volga-Bulgarian land. 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Prince Yuri had decided not to send his forces over to provide assistance, since he was faced with the difficult defense of Vladimir. The Tatars offered him peace, and he was prepared to negotiate. But the conditions of the peace, tribute and vassal servitude under the Khan, were unacceptable. “A glorious fight,” said the prince, “is better than a shameful peace.” The first battle with the Tatars was at Kolomna, and Vsevolod Yurievich commanded the troops, but they were cut to pieces. The enemy turned then towards Moscow, which they captured and burned. Yuri’s other son, Vladimir, was captured while leading the defense of Moscow. Yuri and his faithful companion Saint Basil were determined to fight “for the Orthodox Christian Faith” against the “godlessly vile Tatars.” Having organized his defenses and leaving his sons Vsevolod and Mstislav at Vladimir, Prince Yuri went beyond the Volga to gather new troops to replace those annihilated by Batu. him were his nephews, Saint Basil of Rostov and his company, and his brothers, Vsevolod and Vladimir. The Great Prince awaited the arrival of his brothers Yaroslav and Svyatoslav and their forces. Meatfare Saturday, February 3, 1238, quickly and without hindrance upon the wintry roads, the Tatar army approached Vladimir. Despite heroic defense, the fate of the city was sealed. Bishop Metrophanes for spiritual strength tonsured all the princes and princesses remaining in the city into the angelic schema. The city fell on February 7. final outpost of the Vladimirites was the Dormition cathedral, repository of the most holy object in Russia: the wonderworking Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. The Tatars piled wood and kindling around the cathedral and made a tremendous fire. Bishop Metrophanes died in the fire and smoke, together with a thousand defenseless women and children, and Prince Yuri’s entire family: his wife Agathia, daughter Theodora, daughters-in-law Maria and Christina, and the infant grandson Demetrius. His sons Vsevolod and Mstislav, together with the previously captured Vladimir, were subjected to tortures and then slaughtered “before the eyes of the Khan”. (In several of the old collections of Saints’ Lives, all of them are listed as saints). Yuri had been with his forces near Yaroslavl. Learning of the destruction of the capital and the death of those near and dear to him, “he lamented in a loud voice with tears.” He said it would be better for him to die rather than continue to live in this world, since he alone survived. Saint Basil, arriving with the Rostov company, encouraged him to continue with the military effort. March 4, 1238 the decisive battle took place at the River Sita. The Tatars unexpectedly managed to encircle the Russian army, and a slaughter ensued. Few Russian warriors remained alive after this terrible battle, but the enemy paid an expensive price for its victory. Saint Yuri was cut down in distinguished combat, and the wounded Basil was brought to Batu’s headquarters. Tatars demanded that he “follow their vile customs, be subject to their will and fight for them.” The holy prince angrily refused to betray his homeland or Holy Orthodoxy. You cannot take the Christian Faith from me said the holy prince, like one of the ancient Christian confessors. They tortured him a great deal, and then killed him in the Shernsk woods. Thus did holy Prince Basil commit his soul to God, resembling in death the holy Passion-Bearer Boris (July 24), the first of the Rostov princes, whom he had imitated in life. Like Saint Boris, Saint Basil was not even thirty years of age. Cyril of Rostov, going out on the field of carnage, buried the fallen Orthodox warriors, and he sought the body of holy Prince Yuri (they did not find his cut-off head in the mass of broken bodies). He brought his holy relics to Rostov, to the Dormition cathedral. The body of Saint Basil was found in the Shernsk woods by a priest’s son and was taken to Rostov. There the prince’s wife, his children, Bishop Cyril and all the inhabitants of Rostov met the body of their beloved prince with bitter wailing, and they buried him beneath the arches of the cathedral church. the burial of Prince Basil, the chronicler said: The multitude of Orthodox people wept bitterly, when they saw the departed father and nourisher of orphans, the great comforter of the sorrowful, and... the setting of a luminous star.... By his martyr’s blood his transgressions and those of his brethren were washed away.” people regarded it as a sign of God’s mercy that the two princely comrades-in-arms were buried side by side in the Rostov cathedral church: Behold the wonder, in death God has placed their bodies together. (Later on, the relics of holy Prince Yuri were transferred to the restored Vladimir Dormition cathedral). Church venerates Saints Basil and Yuri as Passion-Bearers, and heroic defenders of the Russian Land. Their holy example has inspired Russian soldiers in the fight against hostile invaders. The most detailed account of the life and deeds of holy Princes Basil and Yuri is preserved in the Lavrentiev Chronicle, written by the monk Laurence with the blessing of Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal, in the year 1377, three years before the Battle of Kulikovo Pole.

Russia, Rostov, 1257, Fall of Yaroslavl, to Mongke Khan, Golden Horde
Fall of Yaroslavl, 1257, to Mongke Khan, Golden Horde; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Rostov, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh
Moscow, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Rostov, 1408, Khan Edigei invasion of Russia
Khan Edigei invasion of Russia 1408, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ;

Russia, Rostov, 1671-1709, Cossack Hierarch, Dimitry, Demetrius of Rostov
Rostov Hierarch, 1671-1709, Dimitry ; Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky, (11 December 1651 -“ 28 October 1709) a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich. is representative of the strong Cossack Baroque influence upon the Russian Orthodox Church at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. is sometimes credited as composer or compiler of the first Russian opera, the lengthy Rostov Mysteries of 1705, though the exact nature of this work, as well as its place in history, is open to debate.[2] is the author of several written works, out of which the most famous is The Lives of Saints.[3] Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Russia, Rostov, Lake Nero Folder, Rostov

Lake Nera (Nero)
Lake Nera; Blessed John œthe Hairy and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30;

Rostov (Lake Nero), Rostov the Great
Rustov; Rostov the Great; Rustov Cathedral; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated July 3 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated on July 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Demetrius (Dmitri) the Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on September 21 ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated September 25 ; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy", Commemorated on December 9 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated January 18 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unexpected Joy", Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Unexpected Joy" from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; St Ignatius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Sarsk, Rostov (Sarskoye Gorodishche)
Sarsk, Rostov (Sarskoye Gorodishche); Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Theophany-Abramiev, Abraham's monastery of the Theophany, Rostov, 1030 or so
monastery of the Theophany; Venerable Abramius, Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29 Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Church of St. Gregory the Theologian, Rostov Kremlin, Rostov, Russia
Church of St. Gregory the Theologian, Rostov Kremlin, Rostov, Russia; Saint Stephen, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Conception-Saint James, Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery of Dimitri, 1389
Conception-Saint James monastery, Spaso-Yakovlevsky Monastery of St. Dimitri, 1389 ; Saint James the Wonderworker, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27;

Russia, Rostov, Ust and Kotorosi River Folder, In and Out of Nero

Ust River Source (along the border, close to Volga River)

Ust River

Trinity Monastery of St Bassian (Kotorosl River Source) 1492
Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ;

Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich, 1492
Trinity Monastery of St Bassian, 30 Versts South of Uglich ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ;

Ust River 1 (Novy Torg, Boris and Gleb, and Rostov)

Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1)
Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary. ; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ;

Novtorsk, Novy Torg, Rostov (Ust River 1)
Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg. Saint Ephraim of Novy Torg, founder of the Sts Boris and Gleb monastery in the city of Novy Torg, was a native of Hungary. ; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated August 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Boris and Gleb monastery; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ;

Boris and Gleb monastery, Novy Torg, Rostov, 1363 or so
Boris and Gleb monastery; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Martyrs and Passion-Bearers Boris and Gleb, Commemorated on July 24; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Borisoglebsk monastery (Ust River 1) 1363 or so
Borisoglebsk monastery; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Ust (Ustye) River Mouth (Kotorosi River 1)
Ustye River; St. Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22;

Kotorosi River

Kotorosi River Source (Lake Nero)

Kotorosi River 2 (Karabikha)

Kotorosl River Mouth (Volga River 8, Yaroslav)

Russia, Rostov, Yaroslavl Folder, Kotorosi Mouth at Volga River

Yaroslavl, Rostov (Kotorosl River Mouth at Volga River 8)
Yaroslav; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Alypius the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Unexpected joy", Commemorated on December 9 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Leontius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Rostov, Commemorated on May 23; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Makov Nobility (Yaroslavl, Rostov)
Makov Nobility (Yaroslavl, Rostov): Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Fyodorovskaya Church, Fyodorovskaya Icon, Theodore's Icon, 1682
Fyodorovskaya Church; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Ascension Church, Yaroslavl, 1584-1682
Ascension Church, Yaroslav l; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Cherepovets Ascension monastery, Yaroslav, Rostov, 1584-1682
Cherepovets Ascension monastery is probably at the Ascension Church; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ;

Votkha River ?

Adrian's Poshekhonye Monalstery?, River Votkha?
Adrian's Poshekhonye Monalstery?, River Votkha?, This is the only other river in the area. Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl,Commemorated on March 5;

Russia, Rostov, Gridenka River Folder, Downriver Right Side

River Gridenka

Nerekhta, Yaroslav, Rostov, Kostroma (River Gridenka, near Volga River 8.4)
Nerekhta; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Russia, Rostov, Tolga River Folder, Upriver Left Side

Tolga River

Tolga River Source

Tolga River 1

Tolga River Mouth (Volga River 8)
Tolga: The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga.

Romanov, Rostov (now Tutaev, Tolga River, Volga River 8)
Romanov (now Tutaev), Rostov (Volga River 8) ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda. Commemorated on December 18 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated February 3 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26;

Tolga monastery, 1314
Tolga monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18; The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. At midnight, when everyone was asleep, the saint awoke and saw a bright light illuminating the area. The light proceeded from a fiery column on the other bank of the river, to which there stretched a bridge. Taking up his staff, the saint went across to the other bank, and having approached the fiery column, he beheld on it the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, suspended in the air. Astonished at the miracle, the saint prayed for a long time, and when he went back, he forgot to take his staff. The next day, after serving Matins, when St Prochorus was preparing to continue his journey by boat, they began to search for his staff, but they were not able to find it anywhere. The saint then remembered that he had forgotten his staff on the other side of the river, where he had gone across on the miraculous bridge. He then revealed what had occurred, and sent servants across on a boat to the other shore. They came back and reported that in the forest they had seen an icon of the Mother of God suspended in the branches of a tree, next to his bishop™s staff. The saint quickly crossed over with all his retinue to the opposite shore, and he recognized the icon that had appeared to him. Then after fervent prayer before the icon, they cleared the forest at that place, and put down the foundations of a church. When the people of Yaroslavl learned of this, they came out to the indicated spot. By midday the church was already built, and in the evening the saint consecrated it in honor of the Entrance into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, and having installed the icon there he established a Feast on the day of its appearance. St Prochorus later built the Tolga monastery near this church. St Prochorus died on September 7, 1328. The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on August 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8;

Tolga, Rostov (Tolga River Mouth, Volga River 8)
Tolga: The Tolga Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos appeared on August 8, 1314 to the Rostov hierarch Prochorus (Tryphon in schema). Going about his diocese, the saint visited the environs of White Lake and from there traveled along the banks of the Rivers Sheksna and Volga, to Yaroslavl. Having stopped with the approach of night 7 versts distant from Yaroslavl, at the right bank of the Volga River there flows opposite into it the River Tolga. Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8;

Russia, Rostov, Uchma River Folder, Way Upriver Left Side

Uchma River

Uchma River Source

Uchma River Mouth (Uglich, Volga River 7)

Uglich, Rostov (Uchma River, Volga River 7)
Uglich; Alexeyevsky Monestary and Convent in Ugich ; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated August 22 ; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; They were singing an Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos. Suddenly, throughout all the monastery there shone an extraordinary light, and the monks heard a voice calling them to come out of the cell. The ascetics came out in fear and in confusion, and an angel showed them the Mother of God, sitting on an airy throne and holding the Divine Infant in Her arms. The ascetics fell frightened to the ground, but the angel raised them up and related to Saint Paisius the command of the Mother of God to build on this place a church in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. The vision ended, and the monks spent the whole night in vigil and praise. Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated February 3 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich. Commemorated on June 6;

Dormition of the Mother of God Monestary (Uglich) 1464
Dormition of the Mother of God Monestary; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ;

Protection monastery, Ugich, Rostov, 1464
Protection monastery, Ugich, Rostov; Uglich; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St. Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Alexeyevsky Monestary, Ugich, Rostov, 1464
Alexeyevsky Monestary and Convent in Ugich; Uglich; St Bogolep, disciple of St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated October 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Russia, Pskov Folder, its rivers and Pskov lakes

Pskov region (Pskov Lakes)
Pskov region; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Pskov History Folder

Russia, Pskov, 9th Century, Pskov principality
Pskov principality, the native region of St Olga. St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ;

Russia, Pskov, 945-963, Kiev Rus King, Olga of Kiev
Kiev Rus King, 945-963, Olga of Kiev ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Pskov, 1117-1138, K Rus King, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel, Mstislav's son, Monomahk' gson
Kiev Rus King, 1117-1138, Vsevolod of Pskov, Vsevolod-Gabriel ; Mstislavich, the patron saint of the city of Pskov, ruled as Prince of Novgorod in 1117–32, Prince of Pereslavl (1132) and Prince of Pskov in 1137–38. 1 Early life 2 Expulsion from Novgorod 3 Church-building and veneration 4 Marriage and children 5 Succession 6 References 7 External links life[edit] eldest son of Mstislav the Great and Christina Ingesdotter of Sweden, Vsevolod was born in Novgorod during his father's reign as prince there (1088–1093, 1095–1117) and given the baptismal name Gabriel, or Gavriil. His maternal grandfather was King Inge the Elder of Sweden. The date of his birth is unknown, although the idea has been advanced that the event was commemorated by the Annunciation Church in the Marketplace, founded by Mstislav in 1103.[1] was enthroned as Prince of Novgorod after his father Mstislav Vladimirovich became Grand Prince of Kiev in 1117 and ruled Novgorod, with some interruption, until he was ousted by the Novgorodians in 1136. He was married to a Chernigovian princess in Novgorod in 1123 and his son, Ivan, was born there (he died in 1128).[2] In 1123, Vsevolod led the Novgorodians against the Chud. These campaigns continued in 1130 and over the next several years.[3] Aside from Vladimir Yaroslavich, Vsevolod was the first Novgorodian prince known to have been in conflict with Finns (in 1123).[4] from Novgorod[edit] his father's death in 1132, support for him began to erode in Novgorod. That same year, he was sent by his uncle, Grand Prince Yaropolk, to Pereslavl, to reign there. When he tried to return to Novgorod later that year, the Novgorodians refused to accept him back because they considered his move to Pereslavl as a betrayal (He had sworn an oath to die in Novgorod). That being said, the chronicles indicate that he was back leading a Novgorodian army in 1133. It was during that campaign that Vsevolod captured the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu, Estonia).[5] 1134, Vsevolod led an unsuccessful campaign in Vladimir-Suzdal during which, according to the Novgorodians, he showed indecisiveness, one of the reasons for his dismissal a little over a year later. On 28 May 1136, he was confined in the Archbishop's courtyard (compound) in the Detinets along with his wife and family, guarded by thirty men so as not to escape. In mid-July he was allowed to leave, going to his uncle in Kiev.[6] The following year, he tried to come back to Novgorod at the head of an army but withdrew instead to Pskov, where he died in February 1138.[7] According to his own wishes, he was buried in the Church of St. Demetrius in Pskov. dismissal from Novgorod has traditionally been seen as the end of Kievan power in the north and the beginning of the Republic of Novgorod. After him a number of princes were invited in or dismissed over the next two centuries, although only a few, like Aleksandr Nevsky, could assert themselves in the city for a prolonged period. Church-building and veneration[edit] of Saint Nicholas, constructed by Vsevolod in Novgorod. addition to leading Novgorodian armies on several campaigns, Vsevolod built a number of churches in and around the city: the Church of St. John on Opoki (1127–1130),[8] the Church of St. George in the Market (1133), the Church of The Assumption in the Market (1133; built with Archbishop Nifont),[9] and the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery.[10] It was Vsevolod who granted the charter to Ivan's Hundred, the first Russian merchant guild. In addition, the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Yaroslav's Court, while often attributed to his father Mstislav, was mostly built during Vsevolod's tenure in Novgorod. comparatively early death prevented him from claiming the Kievan throne. He was survived by a daughter, Wierzchosława, the wife of Bolesław IV the Curly. The prince was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Vsevolod-Gavriil. In the Stepennaya Kniga (the "Book of Degrees of Royal Genealogy"), he is listed as a Pskov Wonderworker.[11] His relics were moved from the Church of St. Demetrius to the Trinity Cathedral in the Pskov Kremlin in 1193. The Pskovians attached his name to a German sword with the inscription honorem meum nemini dabo, formerly preserved in the cathedral sacristy, but modern historians date the sword to the 15th century at the earliest. St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Russia, Pskov, 1198, Appearance of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God
Russia, Pskov, 1198, Appearance of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God; Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Pskov, 1231, Lavonian Prince Yaroslav seized Izborsk in 1231
Livonia; Livonian Knights; Teutonic Knights; Prince Yaroslav (ex husband of St Eupraxia) fled from Pskov to Livonia and there married a German. Together with the Teutonic knights he made incursions several times upon the Russian lands, and in 1231 he seized Izborsk. Izborsk; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16;

Russia, Pskov, 1233, Izborsk, Pskov Captured by Livonian Brothers of the Sword
Izborsk; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Pskov, 1242, Saint Alexander Nevsky, battles of Neva and Ice
Novgorod Prince, 1252-1263, Alexander Nevsky; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Venerable Xenophon of Robika, Commemorated on January 26; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Pskov, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, defeat of Teutonic Knights
Pskov, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, defeat of Teutonic Knights; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Pskov, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake, defeated Teutonic Knights
Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Pskov, 1260-1299, Saint Dovmont, Pagan then Orthodox
Lithuania, 1260-1299, Dovmont, Duke of Nalsia and later Pskov (Utena); Utena, Lithuania; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Pskov, 1266-1299, Prince Timothy Dovmont (Domant) of Pskov
Pskov Prince, 1266-1299, Prince Dovmont (Domant) of Pskov; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Pskov, 1266-1299, northwest boundaries of the Russian realm
Timothy the Prince of Pskov protected the northwest boundaries of the Russian realm. Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Pskov, 1268, Battle of Rakovor, in Estonia
Estonia, Battle of Rakovor 1268 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Russia, Pskov, 1357-1427, Pskov Saint, St Cyril of White Lake monastery
Mologa Saint, 1357-1427, St Cyril of White Lake monastery, Sheksna, Vologda; St Cyril of White Lake monastery; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Pskov, 1460, Hilarion's Ozersk [Lake] Monastery Founded
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Pskov, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God
Russia, Pskov, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God; Mirozh Icon appeared at the Mirozh monastery in the year 1198. But later, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, at a time when a plague raged at Pskov, an ancient report tells how tears flowed from both eyes of the icon. Many benefits and healings for man occured from the icon of the Mother of God. Mirozh Icon is an “Orans” (“Praying”) type. On either side of the Most Holy Theotokos stand the Pskov Saints: on the right, the holy Prince Dovmont-Timothy (May 20); on the left, his wife, the holy nun Martha, in the world named Maria Dimitrievna (November 8, 1300). Tsar Ivan Vasilievich took away the wonderworking icon from Pskov, but at the monastery an exact copy remained: the so-called “Great Panagia” from the Savior-Mirozh monastery. September 24, 1567, on the Feast of Saint Abraham at the Mirozh monastery there occurred a miraculous sign from an ancient icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The celebration of the Mirozh Icon of the Sign was established in that same year, with the blessing of Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod and Pskov. A special service to this icon was composed, and was published in the 1666 MENAION. Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Pskov, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582)
Siege of Pskov; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Pskov, 1592, Siege of Pechory, Pskov
Pskov, 1592, Siege of Pechory, Pskov ; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Russia, Pskov, Southern Pskov, Velikaya River Folder, Pskov

Velikaya River

Velikaya River Source (Bezhanitsy Hills)
Bezhanitsy Hills

Velikaya River 1 (Opochsk)

Opochsk, Pskov (Velikaya River 1)
Opochsk (Velikaya River 1) ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Velikaya River 2 (Sorot River Mouth)
Sorot River Mouth

Russia, Pskov, Southern, Velikaya 2, Sarov River Folder

Sarot River

Sarot River 2

Sarot River Source (Lake Mikhalkinskoye)

Sorot River Mouth (Velikaya River 2)
Sorot River Mouth

Mikhaylovskoye Museum

Novorzhev, Pskov (Possible home of Cyril of White Lake)
Novorzhev, Pskov; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7

Velikaya River 3 (Ostrov Nicholas Cathedral)

Ostrov Nicholas Cathedral, 1342
Saint Nicholas Cathedral; Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ;

Velikaya River 3 (Chirsk)

Chirsk (Pskov)
Chirsk is somewhere near Pskov Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated July 16

Russia, Pskov, Southern, Velikaya 3.9, Demyanka River Folder

Demyanka River (from Pskov Lakes)

Demyanka River South Source (Pskov Lakes)

Demyanka River North Branch

Demyanka River North Source (along the border)

Demyanka River North 1 (Nikander's Wilderness monastery)
River Demyanka, between Pskov and Porkhov.

Nikander's Wilderness monastery, Demyanka River 1, 1585
Nikandrov's monastery, 182648, Porkov District of Pskov; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24;

Omucha, Pskov (Near Demyanka River North, Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1) 1396
Omucha, Pskov (Omucha River Mouth, Shelon River 1); Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21;

Velikaya River 4 (Pskov)
Velikaya River 4 (Pskov); Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11;

Pskov (South End Pskov Lake, Pskov River Mouth, Velikaya River 4 or Mouth)
Pskov; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Chirsk-Pskov, Commemorated July 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Constantine the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Cosmas the Abbot of Kosinsk, Pskov, Commemorated on July 29; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated August 14 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; St Olga St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen; Synaxis of all Saints of Pskov; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated September 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov "the Protection", Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated October 8 ; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16 ; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; Great Battle of the Ice, Novogorodian defeat of Teutonic Knights 1242; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; St John the Hermit of Pskov; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Translation of the relics of the Blessed Vsevolod, in Holy Baptism Gabriel, the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on April 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Vybuty, Pskov (Velikaya River 3.5, birthplace of both Olga and Vladimir)
Vybuty, Pskov (birthplace of Olga and Vladimir); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Mirozhsky Monastery, Pskov, Savior-Transfiguration Mirozh monastery, 1156
Mirozhsky Monastery; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; St. Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

St Eupraxia's Monastery for John the Forerunner, 1243
St Eupraxia's Monastery for John the Forerunner; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; St. Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Snetogorsk monastery (on the Snyatni hill, now in Pskov itself) 1410 approx.
Snetogorsk monastery (on the Snyatni hill, now in Pskov itself); St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Velikaya River Mouth (Lake Peipus, Lake Pskov)

Russia, Pskov, Northern Pskov, Pskova River Folder

Pskova River

Pskova River Source

Pskova River 1 (Krypetsk monastery)

Krypetsk monastery (Pskova River 1) 1485
Krypetsky Monastery; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Krypetsk wilderness, 15 versts from the Tolva
Krypetsk wilderness, 15 versts from the Tolva ; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Pskova River 2

Pskova River 3

Pskova River 4

Lyubyatovo, St Nicholas Church and Monastery (Pskova River 4.5)
Lyubyatovo, St Nicholas Church and Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19;

Pskova River Mouth (Pskov, Velikaya River 4)

Trinity Cathedral, Pskov, 1589
Trinity Cathedral in Pskov; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov, Trinity Cathedral, 1589
Trinity Cathedral in Pskov; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Trinity Cathedral, 988
Pskov Savior-Transfiguration monastery ; St Abraham of Mirozh, Commemorated September 24 ;

Dovmontov town, Pskov (Pskova River Mouth, Velikaya River Mouth)
Pskov Kremlin; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Pskov Kremlin
Pskov Kremlin; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Verkneostrov, Pskov, aka Pskov Kremlin, 1470 (Pskov Lake, River Mouth, and Velikaya Mouth)
Verkneostrov, Pskov, aka Pskov Krom or Kremlin; Venerable Dositheus, Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8;

Russia, Pskov, Far North Pskov, Zelcha Gdov Rivers Folder

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Gdov River Folder

Gdov River

Gdov River Source

Gdov River 1

Gdov River 2 (Gdov)

Gdov, Pskov (Lake Gdov or Pskov)
Gdov Lake Gdov; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Gdovsky District, Pskov
Gdovsky District; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and ; Gdovsk; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Loma, Pskov, Russia, N 58°50′21″ E 28°27′00"; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated on December 28;

Gdovka River Mouth (Lake Gdov, or Lake Peipus, or Chud Lake)

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Zelcha River Folder

Zhelcha River

Zhelcha River Source

Zelcha River 1

Zelcha River 2 (Ozersk)

Ozersk [Lake] Monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God, 1460
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Pskov, Far North, Zhelcha River 2, Dubenka River Folder

Dubenka River

Dubenka River 1

Dubenka River Mouth (Zelcha River 2)
Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh;

Pskov Monastery Dormition of the Mother of God (Dubenka River Mouth) 1460

Zelcha River 3

Zelcha River 4

Zhelcha River Mouth (Pskov Lake)
Ozersk [Lake] Monastery of the Protection of the Mother of God. Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake;

Russia, Pskov, Western Pskov, Puisa (Tolva) River Folder, P Caves

Piusa (Tolva) River

Tolva (Piusa) River

Puisa (Tolva) River Source (Lake Plaani Kulajarv)

Piusa (Tolva) River 1 (Pskov Caves and St Euphrosyne Monasteries)

Mount Snetna
Mount Snetna St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

River Tolva (Puisa), not far from Pskov

monastery of St Euphrosyne (May 15)
monastery of St Euphrosyne (May 15) St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, 1473 and 1581
monastery of the Mother of God near Pskovy; On the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. During the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. For the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, Ã¢Â€ÂœAppearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.Ã¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1;

monastery of the Mother of God near Pskov, 1473
monastery of the Mother of God near Pskovy; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ;

Pechersk Monastery, Pskov-Caves Monastery (Puisa (Tolva) River 1) 1473
Pskov Caves Monestary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated October 7 ; French invasion of Russia 1812 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

Pskov-Caves Monastery (Puisa (Tolva) River 1) 1473
Pskov Caves Monestary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated October 7 ; French invasion of Russia 1812 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

monastery of St Cornelius, Pskov Caves, 1473
monastery of St Cornelius: Pskov-Caves Monastery; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ;

Izborsk, Pskov
Izborsk; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12;

Piusa (Tolva) River Mouth (Lake Peipus)

Tolvsk wilderness, Estonia (Tolva River not far from Pskov)
Tolvsk wilderness, Estonia (Tolva River not far from Pskov) ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Russia, Pskov, Central Pskov, Pskov Lakes Folder

Pskov Lakes, Gdov and Peipus
Pskov Lake; Peter and Paul Verkhneostrov monastery at Lake Pskova; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8 ; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Pskov Lake (Peipus)
Lake Pskov (Peipus) ; Peter and Paul Verkhneostrov monastery at Lake Pskova; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8 ;

Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov Lake (Peipus), 1447
Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, 1447; Eleazar Monastery. Spaso-Eleazarovsky monastery: description, history, interesting facts and reviews. Holy spring in Elizarovo, Pskov region; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated on September 7; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24;

Chud Lake, Pskov
Chud Lake; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; Saint Sergius of Malopinega (in the world Simeon), was born in 1493. His father, Markian Stephanovich Nekliud, was descended from Novgorod nobles. Together with other fellow citizens they left their native-place setting off "to the side of the icy sea," when Great Novgorod was finally subjugated to the power of Moscow by Ivan III........With apostolic zeal he (Sergius) labored over the conversion of the pagan Chud people. Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Gudov Lake, Pskov
Lake Gdov; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15;

Lake Peipus

Russia, Pskov, Eastern Pskov (Tver, Novgorod) also Pskov Lakes

Toropets, Pskov, Tver or Novgorod (Toropa River mouth at Lake Solomeno, Volga Trade Route)
Toropets ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Toropetz district of the Pskov diocese
Toropetz district of the Pskov diocese; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier Folder (surrounding Muravsky Trail)

Ryazan frontier (Oka River 1-13, surrounding Muravsky Trail)
Ryazan frontier; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Ryazan History Folder

Russia, Ryazan, 1105-1129, Saint, Constantine of Murom and his sons Michael and Fyodor (Theodore) Ryazan Icon story
Russia, Ryzan Frontier, 1105-1129, Saint, Constantine of Murom and his sons Michael and Fyodor (Theodore); of Murom (11th century - 1129) known as Saint Constantine the Blessed was a direct descendant of Vladimir I of Kiev and the son of Prince Svyatoslav of Chernigov. 1 Life 2 Mother of God, "The Star Most Bright" 3 Canonization 4 References 5 Sources Constantine's request, his father assigned him to rule the city of Murom, which at the time was inhabited by pagans, that he might spread Christianity in that region. According to the traditional account of his life, Constantine first sent his son Michael to Murom as his emissary, but the inhabitants threw him from the walls, so Constantine was obliged to take the city by force.[1] However, he made no headway in converting them to Christianity and at one point they became so angry that a mob made their way to his fortress intending to storm the place. to legend, when he appeared before them bearing what is now known as the Murom-Ryazan icon of the Theotokos, they quieted down and bowed reverently before the holy image.[2] son Fyodor, with his support, continued the missionary work in the surrounding countryside. the place of the murder of his son Michael, the wooden church of the Annunciation was reportedly founded by Prince Constantine in 1205.[3] A new cathedral was built on the site in 1553. It became a monastery under Ivan the Terrible and was ruined by the Poles during the Time of Troubles. In 1664 it was rebuilt by wealthy merchant and arts patron Tarasy Tsvetnov. The monastery features the relics of Constantin and his sons Mikhail and Fyodor. According to a legend recorded by local aristocrat and amateur historian Alexander Yepanchin, each midnight the monastery's gates disappear, and Constantine, Mikhail and Fyodor, clad in regal attire, ride out in a gilded carriage and head to the Cathedral of the Nativity of Mary, where they are met by Pyotr and Fevronia. After praying there, they guard and patrol the city.[4] of God, "The Star Most Bright"[edit] the Most Bright Star icon shows a full-length representation of the Mother of God with a star sending forth rays of light in the background. The origin of its name is connected with the poetic hymns in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. Standing on Her right hand is the Infant Jesus. At Her feet are Murom saints: Sts. Constantine, Mikhail and Fyodor arrayed in princely robes and Sts. Peter, Fevronia and Uliania clad in monastic habits. In the bottom part of the icon is the following inscription: 'This Marvelous Image Is the Star Most Bright of the Most Holy Lady Mother of God Queen of Heaven."[5] 1547 Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow canonized Saint Constantine as a saint in the Cathedral of Makaryevsky, He is commemorated in the Russian Orthodox Church on May 21.[6] His wife Irene is also venerated at Murom.[1] Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21;

Russia, Ryazan, 1237, Fall of Ryazan to Batu's Mongol-Tartars December 1237
In 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Ryazan, 1237, - Old Ryazan, Staraya Ryazan, Seige of Ryazan
Siege of Ryazan, Old Ryazan; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Murom joined to and saved by Moscow by Daniel
Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Murom joined to and saved by Moscow by Daniel; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. Murom; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Kolomna joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Kolomna joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Mill”), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. Kolomna; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Ryazan, 1299-1301, Konstantin Romanovich of Ryazan, allied with the Tartars
Russia, Ryazan, 1299-1301, Konstantin Romanovich of Ryazan, allied with the Tartars; Romanovich of Ryazan, Prince of Pronsk, Grand Prince of Ryazan, was born 1260 to Roman Olgovich of Ryazan (1237-1270) and Anastasya NN and died 1306 in Moscow, Russia of Murder. ancestors include Charlemagne (747-814), Alfred the Great (849-899). Ancestors are from Russia, Ukraine, Sweden, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, the Byzantine Empire, Belarus. Romanovich (c1360-1306, Moscow ) - Grand Prince of Ryazan (1299 - 1301), the son of Roman Olgovich. the 1300/1301 Daniil Aleksandrovich of Moscow (1261-1303) marched against Konstantin, probably in order to take Kolomna. the Tatars also participated in the battle on the side of the Principality of Ryazan, Konstantin lost the battle being betrayed by his boyars. was taken to Moscow as a prisoner, where he was kept in "honor", and Daniil promised to set him free and to allow him to return to Ryazan. But, for some reason, the matter dragged on and in 1303 Daniil died in 1303 while Konstantin was still in captivity. In 1306, Daniil's son and successor, Yuri Danilovich, ordered him to be killed. Konstantin's murder, the town of Kolomna had been part of Ryazan was taken over by Moscow and the throne of Ryazan was ascended by one of Konstantin's sons - Vasily [1][2] or Yaroslav [3]. Family Father : Roman Olgovich - Grand Prince of Ryazan (1258-1270), an Orthodox saint. Mother : Anastasya - came from the family of the Grand Prince of Kiev and was distinguished by sincere faith and charity. Brothers : Fyodor (c1255-1294) - Grand Prince of Ryazan (1270-1294). Yaroslav (c1260-1308), Prince of Pronsk (1270-1294), Grand Prince of Ryazan (1294-1299) Wife : Feodosya (Fyodora) NN Children : Vasili - Grand Prince of Ryazan (1301-1308). Yaroslav . Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; 1300, when the Ryazan prince Constantine was making secret preparations for a sudden assault on the Moscow principality, Prince Daniel went to Ryazan with an army. He defeated the enemy, took Constantine captive,and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom. he had beaten the Ryazan prince and scattered his confederates the Tatars, Prince Daniel did not take advantage of his victory to seize foreign lands or take booty, as was the accepted custom during these times. Instead, he displayed an example of true non-covetousness, love and fraternity. The holy prince never resorted to arms to seize the lands of others, nor did he ever take away the property of other princes either by force or by treachery. And so the Lord saw fit to expand the boundaries of his princely realm.

Russia, Ryazan, 1378, Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde
Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde, 1378; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Russia, Ryazan, 1615, Lisowski of Poland Destroys Zhabyn Monastery
Aleksander Jozef Lisowski; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River Folder (Oka River 1-13)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Muravsky Trail Folder

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny, Elets)

Elets, Muravsky Trail 6 (Scythia, Bystraya Sosna River Mouth, Don River 4)
Elets; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated January 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Orlov District, Ryazan (Oka River 1, Kaluga)
Orlov District; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina;

Bolkhov, Orlov, Ryazan (Oka River 1)
Bolkhov; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Belev, Ryazan (Oka River 1)
Belev (Oka River 1) ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Belev Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, 1839
Belev Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Zhabyn's Monastery, Belev, Ryazan, 1585
Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev; Zhabyn's Monastery was on the Oka River not far from Belev ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 2, Upa River Folder, Tula

Upa River

Upa River Source (near Novomoskovsk)

Upa River 1 (Tula)

Tula, Kaluga, Russia (Upa River 1, Muravsky Trail 7)
Tula, Russia (Upa River 1); Ã¢Â€ÂœChernigov-GethsemaneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 1; Synaxis of the Saints of Tula, Commemorated on September 22 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy
Yasnaya Polyana, home of Writer Leo Tolstoy; Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Upa River 2

Upa River Mouth (Oka River 2)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 6, Besputa River Folder

Besputa River

Besputa River Source

Besputa River Mouth (Oka River 6)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 6.9, Oayotr River Folder

Osyotr River

Osyotr River Source (along the border)

Osyotr River 1

Osyotr River 2 (Zaraysk)

Zaraysk Nicholas Cathedral, Ryazan Frontier, Osyotr River 2, Oka River 7, 1681
Zaraysk Nicholas Cathedral ; Zaraysk; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10;

Osyotr River Mouth (Oka River 6.9)

Kolomna, Ryazan Frontier (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 8, Vozha River Folder

Vozha River

Vozha River Source (along the border)

River Vozha Mouth (Ryazan, Oka River 8)

Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde, 1378
Battle of Vozha River, Russia over Mongol Horde, 1378; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 9 Folder, Ryazan (aka old name Pereslavl)

Ryazan (Oka River 9)
Ryazan; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Synaxis of the Saints of Ryzan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Ryazan Theological Seminary
Ryazan Theological Seminary (Oka River 9); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

Ryazem (Ryazan, Oka River 9)
Ryazem (Ryazan); Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; VDemetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica ; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Pereslavl (Old Name of Ryazan) Oka River 9
Pereslavl, old name of Ryazan; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 9.8, Pronya River Folder

Pronya River

Pronya River Source (along the border)

Pronya River 1

Pronya River 2

Pronya River Mouth (Oka River 9.8)

Ryazan - Old Ryazan, Staraya Ryazan
Siege of Ryazan, Old Ryazan; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Oka River 9.8 (Pronya and Para River Mouths)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 10, Para River Folder

Para River

Para River Source (along the border)

Para River Mouth (Oka River 10)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 11, Pra River Folder

Pra River

Pra River Source (along the Border)

Pra River Mouth (Oka River 11)

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 11, Gus River Folder

Gus River

Gus River 1 (Gus-Khrustalny)

Gus River 2

Gus River 3 (Gus-Zhelezny)

Gus River Mouth (Oka River 11)

Zheleznoborov, Ryazan (Gus-Zhelezny River, Oka River 11)
Zheleznoborov (Gus-Zhelezny); Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11 ;

Russia, Ryazan Frontier, Oka River 13, Tyosha River Folder, Murom

Tyosha River

Toysha River Source (Boldino Heights)

Murom, Ryazan (Tyosha River Mouth, Oka River 13)
Murom; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Vydropussk village near Murom, Ryazan (Oka River 13)
Murom; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Belarus Folder, White Rus, Southwestern Russia

Belarus (Belorussia, White Russia) Orthodox
Belarus (Belorussia); Belarus lies between latitudes 51ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° and 57ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° N, and longitudes 23ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° and 33ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° E. It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land.[63] According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated July 20 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Elisha of Lavreshev, Commemorated October 23 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated February 3 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMyrrh-BearingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Kutein Orshansk monastery (somewhere in Belarus)
Kutein Orshansk monastery (somewhere in Belarus); Belarus (Belorussia); Belarus lies between latitudes 51ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° and 57ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° N, and longitudes 23ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° and 33ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â° E. It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land.[63] According to a 2005 estimate by the United Nations, 40% of Belarus is covered by forests. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea. St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Russia, Belarus History Folder

Russia, Belarus, 1044-1101, Prince, Vseslav of Polotsk (also Grand Prince of Kiev 1068-9)
Russia, Belarus, 1044-1101, Prince, Vseslav of Polotsk (also Grand Prince of Kiev 1068-9); Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Russia, Belarus, 987-1397, Principality of Polotsk, Sviatoslav Vseslavich
Belarus, 987-1397, Principality of Polotsk; Venerable Abramius the Abbot of Mirozh, Pskov, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Belarus, 1101-1508, Principality of Vitebsk, Sviatoslav Vseslavich
Belarus, 1101-1508, Principality of Vitebsk, Sviatoslav Vseslavich;

Russia, Belarus, 1130-1173, Saint, Euphrosyne of Polotsk
Russia, Belarus, 1130-1173, Saint, Euphrosyne of Polotsk; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Russia, Belarus, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Belarus, 1657, Polish Campaign in 1657
Russo-Polish War (1654-Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“1667); Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24 ;

Russia, Belarus, 1812 Fatherland War Polotsk (French Invasion of Russia)
1812 Fatherland War Polotsk (French Invasion of Russia); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the SignÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœKursk-RootÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Belarus, 1812, Battle of Polotsk 1812
Battle of Polotsk 1812; Saint Tikhon prophesied much about the future including the result of this battle and the victory of Russia over the French in 1812: St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13 ;

Russia, Belarus, 1903-1912, Bolsheviks (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats)
Bolsheviks, 1903-1912, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats); St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Belarus, Western Dvina River Folder

Western Dvina River

Western Dvina River Source (Valdai Hills)

Western Dvina River 1 (Andreapol, Russia)

Western Dvina River 2 (Zapadnaya Dvina)

Western Dvina River 3 (Velizh, Russia)

Western Dvina River 4 (Ruba, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 4 (Vitebsk, Belarus)

Vitebsk, Belarus (Western Dvina River 4)
Vitebsk; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Western Dvina River 5 (Beshankovichy, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 6 (Polotsk, Belarus)

Polotsk, Belarus (Western Dvina River 6)
Polotsk (Dvina River) ; Livonian campaign of Stephen Bathory; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated October 9; Venerable Arethus the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 24 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated February 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; œMyrrh-Bearing Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Polotsk Cathedral, Saint Sophia Cathedral, 1044 and 1161
Polotsk Cathedral, Saint Sophia Cathedral, 1044; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Polotsk Cadet Corps
Polotsk Cadet Corps: The Polotsk Cadet Corps In 1835, the Polotsk Cadet Corps was opened in the buildings of the former Jesuit collegiums. The children of officers, military officials and hereditary noblemen have the right to study in the university. Education in the corps lasted 7 years. After the end of the main course, the Polotsk cadets got the right to enter military schools. The Cadets studied the Law of God, Russian, German and French, History, Geography, Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Natural Science, Drawing, Music, Singing. Considerable attention was paid to drill exercises, swimming, gymnastic exercises, and fencing. Amount the military science there were tactics, artillery, military history and fortification.The Polotsk Cadet Corps worked until September 1914. ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Western Dvina River 7 (Navapolatsk and Polotsk, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 8 (Dzisna, Belarus, Dysna River Mouth)

Western Dvina River 9 (Verkhnyadzvinsk, Belarus)

Western Dvina River 10 (Kraslava, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 11 (Daugavpils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 12 (Livani, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 13 (Jekabpils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 14 (Plavinas, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 15 (Aizkraukle, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 16 (Lielvarde, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 17 (Ogre, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 18 (Salaspils, Latvia)

Western Dvina River 19 (Riga, Latvia)

Western Dvina River Mouth (Gulf of Riga, Balti Sea)

Russia, Belarus, Yash and Stenno Lakes Folder

Yash Lake, Belarus
Yash Lake, near Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22 ;

Lake Senno, Belarus
Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22;

Annunciation Monestary of Yashezersk, Belarus, 1580
Yashezersk or Yash Lake, Yash Lake, near Lake Senno; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated September 22;

Russia, Belarus, Sozh River Folder

Sozh River

Sozh River Source (Valdai Hills)

Mstislav, Belarus (high point, Sozh River Source)
Mstislav, Belarus; Mstislav, Belarus; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 1 (Krichev)

Krichev, Belarus (Sozh River 1)
Krichev; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 2

Propoisk, Belarus (Slawharad, Sozh river 3)
Slawharad; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Sozh River 4

Sozh River Mouth (Dnieper River 4)

Russia, Belarus, Dnieper River Folder

Mogilev, Belarus (Dnieper River 3)
Mogilev, Mogilev Seminary, Kutein Orshansk monastery ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12;

Belynich, Belarus (Dnieper River 3)
Belynich; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12;

Russia, Belarus, Berezina and Svislocha Rivers Folder, Minsk

Berezina River

Berezina River Source (along the border)

Berezina River 1 (Barysaw)
Barysaw;

Borisov wilderness monastery and convent, Belarus
Borisov wilderness monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ;

Borisov, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland)
Borisov, Belarus ; Venerable Leonid of Optina;

Berezina River 2 (Babruysk)
Babruysk, Belarus;

Berezina River 3 (Svietlaharsk, Belarus, Svislocha River Mouth)
SvietlahÃƒÂÂÂÂÃ‚Â¾rsk, Belarus;

Berezina River Mouth (Dnieper River 5)

Svislocha River

Svislocha River Source (along the border)

Olshanski (Halshany) Castle, Belarus (Svislocha River Source)
Olshanski (Halshany) Castle, Belarus; Olshanski Family; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Svislocha River 1 (Minsk)

Minsk, Belarus (Svislocha River 1)
Minsk, Belarus (White Rus) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Cherven, Belarus (Svislocha River 2 near Minsk)
Cherven, Belarus; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Trinity Hill, Boris and Gleb Church, Ascension Monastery, Minsk, Belarus
Trinity Hill, Boris and Gleb Church, Ascension Monastery;

Minsk Region, Belarus
Minsk Region; Icon of the Mother of God "Chernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated September 1 ; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Svislocha River 2 (Rudens)

Rudens, Belarus (Svislocha River 2)
Rudens (Rudzensk), Belarus ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens

Zhirovits, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland 7, Svislocha River 2)
Zhyrovichy Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Zhyrovichy Monastery, Russia, Belarus, 1470
Zhyrovichy Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Molcha, Belarus (Moscow Road to Poland 7, Svislocha River 2)
Molcha, Belarus; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24;

Svislocha River Mouth (Svislocha, Belarus, Berezina River 3)

Vasiliev, Belarus (Svislocha River Mouth, Berezina River 3)
Vasiliev; Right-believing Great Prince Rostislav-Michael the Prince of Kiev, Commemorated on March 14;

Russia, Belarus, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania)

Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated July 20 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Uniates ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Union of Brest (1596);

Brest-Litovsk (Belarus, Bug and Mukhavets Rivers)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uniates; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

Russia, Kirzhach Peksha District Folder, Kirzhach and Peksha Rivers

Kirzhachsky District
Kirzhach River (Kirzhachsky District); St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Kirzhach River
Kirzhach River;

Kirzhach River Source (along the border)

Kirzhach River 1 (Kirzhach)

Kirzhach (Kirzach River 1)
Kirzhach; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25;

Kirzhach River 2

Kirzhach River Mouth (Klyazama River 3)

Gorodishchi (Kirzhach Mouth, Klyazama River 3)
Gorodishchi (Kirzhach Mouth, Klyazama River 3); St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ;

Peksha River

Peksha River Source (along the border)

Peksha River 1 (near Iuriev-Polsk)

Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk, Kirzhachsky, 1152
Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Comemorated November 17 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Yuriev-Polsk or Iuriev-Polsk , Kirzhachsky, 1152
Iuriev-Polsk or Yuriev-Polsk; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Comemorated November 17 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Peksha River Mouth (Klyazma River 4)

Russia, Siberia Folder and its rivers

Siberia
Siberia; Siberia Federal District; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye; Siberia; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Rescuer of the DrowningÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30;

Ural Mountains, Siberia, Russia
Ural Mountains; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Central Siberian Plateau
Central Siberian Plateau;

Russia, Siberia History Folder

Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Tamurlane's Dynasty, founded by Tamur the Lame or Tamurlane; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Hierotheus Khabarov, Frontier Leader 1603-1671
Hierotheus Khabarov 1603-1671; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, 1652-1695, Russia China War of the Amur Region
Siberia, Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Siberia, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, 1685-1686, Defense of Albazin
Defense of Albazin (1685-1686); Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk
Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9;

Russia, Siberia, 1889-1916, Grigori Rasputin
Russia, Moscow, 1889-1916, Grigori Rasputin; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Siberia, 1904, 1905, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Siberia, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, 1904-1905, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905
Siberia, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905; Port Arthur (Lushunkou District) ; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan Folder

Kazakhastan (Polovetsia)
Kazakhastan; Kazakh Steppe; Polovets, first encounter with the Mongol-Tartan Horde; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; In 1223 the first Tatars (Mongols) appeared on the southern steppes, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœan unknown peopleÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, coming out of Asia. Their first victims were the Polovetsians allied with Rus. The Russian princes, with the Polovetsian khans (many of whom had accepted Holy Baptism), decided to resist the plunderers of the steppes before they reached the Russian Land. St Basil headed an auxiliary detachment, sent by Great Prince Yuri to participate in the Russian steppe campaign. The enemy showed up sooner than they expected. And the centuries-old division of appenage principalities proved incapable of effective action in a large scale war. The detachment of Basil was not in time for the decisive battle, and from Chernigov came the sad news of the destruction of the Russian forces at the River Kalka on June 16, 1223. This was a bad omen, and the storm loomed on the east. Basil and his company returned to Rostov.; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Kazak Steppe
Kazak Steppe; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Kazakhastan, Land of the Seljuk Turks (Kazakhstan)
Land of the Seljuk Turks ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12;

Russia, Siberia, Kazakhastan History

Mongol Horde, 1225-1241 (Mongol Origins of the Golden Horde)
Mongol Horde, 1225-1241 (Mongol Origins of the Golden Horde); Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Tokhtamysh Invasions of Russia 1382
Invasions of Russia 1382 by Tokhtamysh , ally and foe of Tammerlane (Timur) ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River Folder

Irtysh River

Irtysh River Source (Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China)
From its origins as the Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) in the Mongolian Altay mountains in Xinjiang, China; Irtysh River;

Irtysh River 1 (Lake Zaysan)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Zyryan Folder (Upper Eastside Irtysh River)

Zyryan, Kazakhastan (Upper Irtysh River)
Zyryan; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Zyryan District (East Kazakhastan)
Zyryan District; Komi-Zyrani People from the rivers: Vychegda, Pechora, and Kama; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Zyryani people, Komi-Zyrians, Komi People (Upper Eastside Irtysh River, Kazakhastan)
Zyryani people, Komi-Zyrians, Komi People; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St. Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24;

Irtysh River 2

Irtysh River 3

Maiuma District Kazakhstan, Westside of Irtysh River
Maiuma is May May District, Kazakhstan; St Cosmas the Hymnographer the Bishop of Maiuma

Irtysh River 4

Irtysh River 6 (Omsk, Trans-Siberian Road)

Omsk (Irtysh River 6)
Omsk;

Liubimsk District, Kazakhstan
Liubimsk District; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ;

Irtysh River 11 (Tobolsk, Tobol River Mouth)

Abalak, Siberia (Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Mouth)
Abalak, Siberia (Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Mouth); Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10;

Raphael (Tobolsk)
Raphael (Tobolsk);

Ostyak Khanty People, Irtysh River 11, Tobolsk, Kazakhastan, Siberia
Ostyak Khanty People, Irtysh River 11, Tobolsk, Kazakhastan, Siberia ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River Folder

Tobol (Iset) River

Tobol (Iset) River Source (along the border)

Tobol River 1 (Lisakovsk)

Tobol River 2 (Rudniy)

Tobol River 3 (Kostanay)

Tobol River 4

Uy River Mouth (Tobol River 4)

Ubagan River Mouth (Tobol River 4)

Tobal River 5 (Kurgan)

Tobol River 6 (Yalutorovsk)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 6, Iset River Folder

Iset River

Iset River Source (Ekaterinburg, Western Siberia)

Ekaterinburg, Western Siberia (Iset River Source)
Ekaterinburg; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Iset River 1 (Dalmatovo)

Dalmation Monastery, Dalmatovo, Western Siberia (Iset River 1)
Dalmation Monastery, Dalmatovo, Western Siberia (Iset River 1); Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15;

Iset River Mouth (Tobol River 6)

Tobol River 7 (Tura and Tavada Rivers)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tavada River Folder

Tavda River

Tavda River Source (Ural Mountains)

Tavada River 1

Tavada River Mouth (Tobol River 7)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tura River Folder

Tura River

Tura River Source (Ural Mountains)

Tura River 1 (Verkhoturye)

Verkhoturye, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tura River 1)
Verkhoturye (Tura River) ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Tura River 2

Tura River 3

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Irtysh River 11, Tobol River 7, Tura River 3, Nevya River Folder

Nevya River

Neyva River Source (Ural Mountains)

Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk diocese (Neyva River Source)
St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan;

Nevya River 1 (Abalaka)

Abalaka, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Alopaevsk River Mouth, Neyva River 1)
Abalaka, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Alopaevsk River Mouth, Neyva River) ; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated on November 27 ;

Alapaikha River Mouth (Alopaevsk, Neyva River 1)

Tura River 4 (Tuman)

Tuman, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tiumen.Tura River 4)
Tuman, Kazakhstan, Siberia (Tiumen.Tura River 4) ; Venerable Zosimas of Tuman, Commemorated August 8 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ;

Tura River 5

Tura River Mouth (Tobol River 7)

Tobol River Mouth (Tobolsk, Irtysh River 11)

Tobolsk, K., Capital of Siberia (Tobol Mouth at Irtysh River 11)
Tobolsk; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Irtysh River 14 (Overview)

Irtysh River Mouth (Ob River 13)
Irtysh River, land of the Polovetsians first to be attacked by the Asians (Mongols or Tartars); The Irtysh is actually longer than the Ob at their confluence, so seeing the two rivers together is a better view of the Irtysh: Ob River; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Ural River Folder

Ural River

Orenburg, Kazakhstan (Ural River 4)
Orenburg ; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Kholmogor, Kzakhstan, Siberia, 52Ã‚Â° 43' 0" North, 55Ã‚Â° 46' 0" East (Ural River 3, near Orenburg)
Kholmogor, Kzakhstan, Siberia 52Ã‚Â° 43' 0" North, 55Ã‚Â° 46' 0" East; Saint Metrophanes (in schema Macarius), Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23;

Ural River Source (Southern Ural Mountains)

Ural River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Lake Balkhash Folder

Kazakhastan, Capital of the White Horde - Lake Balkhash
Capital of the White Horde - Lake Balkhash; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Ili River

Ili Rive Source

Alma-Atu, Silk Road North 7, Turkestan, Kazakistan
Alma-Atu, Silk Road North 7, Turkestan, Kazakistan; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15;

Ili River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Karatal River

Karatal River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Asku River

Aksu River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Qapal River

Lepsi River

Lepsi River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Alakol River

Dzungarian Gate (a pass for invasion)
Dzungarian Gate (a pass for invasion);

Dzungarian Basin
Dzungarian Basin;

Dzungarian Alatau Mountains
Dzungarian Alatau Mountains;

Alakol River Mouth (Lake Balkhash)

Russia, Siberia, Western Siberia, Kazakhastan, Turkestan Folder

Turkestan, Kazakhstan
Turkestan literally means land of the Turks; Turks; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Polovets, Kazakhstan (Polotsians)
Polovetsian ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated October 27 ;

Syr Darya River

Syr Darya Source ( confluence of Naryn and Kara Darya Rivers)

Syr Darya River Mouth (Aral Sea)

Russia, Siberia, Southwestern Siberia, Uzbekistan Folder

Uzbekistan (from Syr Darya River to Oxus River)
Uzbekistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Uzbekistan History Folder

Russia, Siberia, Uzbekistan, Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan
Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Timurid Emperor, 1370-1405, Tammerlane aka Timur
Timurid Emperor, 1370-1405, Tammerlane aka Timur ; Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Russia, Siberia, Uzbekistan, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Oxus River from Second Source

Oxus River Mouth (South Aral Sea)

Khwarazm Oasis Region
100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols;

Syr Darya Mouth (Aral Sea)

Naryn River

Naryn River Source (Tian Shan Mountains)

Naryn River Mouth (Syr Darya River Source)

Kara Darya River

Kara Darya River Source (a confluence)

Kara Darya River Mouth (Syr Darya River Source)

Fergana Valley
Fergana Valley; Fergana Range; Tar River (Kyrgystan); Kara Darya River; Naryn River; Syr Darya River;

Tar River

Tar River (Kyrgyzstan) Source (Kegart River)

Tar River (Kyrgyzstan) Mouth (Kara Darya River Source)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Ob River Folder

Ob River

Ob River Source (Biya and Katun River Confluence)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Orb River Source, Katun and Biya Rivers Folder

Katun River

Biya River

Katun River Source (Mt. Belukha Glacier)
Katun River Source (Mt. Belukha Glacier);

Biya River Source (Lake Teletskoye )

Katun River Mouth (Ob River Source)

Biya River Mouth (Ob River Source)

Ob River 1 (Altai Krai)

Altai Krai (near Ob River 1)
Altai Krai;

Ob River 2

Ob River 3

Ob River 4 (Novosibirsk and Sibirsk Crossing of the RWY)

Sibirsk (Siberian Federal District, Ob River 4)
Sibirsk (Siberian Federal District); Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Novosibirsk (Ob River 4), Siberia
Novosibirsk; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30;

Ob River 5 (near Tomsk on Tomsk River)

Russia, Siberia, Westcentral Siberia, Ob River 5, Tom River Folder

Tom River

Abakan Range

Tom River Source (Abakan Range)

Tom River 1

Tom River 2

Tom River 3

Tom River Mouth (Ob River 5)

Tomsk (Tom River Mouth, Ob River 5)
Tomsk;

Ob River 6 (Chulym River)

Russia, Siberia, Westentral Siberia, Ob River 6, Chulym River Folder

Chulym River

Chulym River Source (Abakan Range)

Chulym River 1 (Nazarovo, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Trans-Siberian Road)

Achinsk (Chulym River 1, Ob River)
Achinsk;

Chulym River 2

Chulym River 3 (Asino)

Chulym River 4

Chulym River Mouth (Ob River 6)

Ob River 7

Ob River 12 (Vogul District, near Asyka)

Ob River 13 (Irtysh River Mouth)

Ob River 14 (Vogul District)

Asyka, Vogul District (Ob River 14)
Asyka, Vogul District (Ob River 14); Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yugra or Iuhra (Old Russian ÃÂÂÂÂ®ÃÂÂÂÂ³Ã‘Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ°, c.f. Byzantine Greek ÃŽÂŸÃ¡Â½Â”ÃŽÂ³ÃŽÂ³ÃÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÃŽÂ¿ÃŽÂ¹[clarification needed]) was the name of the lands between the Pechora River and Northern Urals in the Russian annals of the 12thÃ¢Â€Â“17th centuries, as well as the name of the Khanty and partly Mansi tribes inhabiting these territories, later known as Voguls. The KhantyÃ¢Â€Â“Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia is also called Yugra. The name Yugra also gave rise to the modern adjective Ugric.; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ;

Vogul District, Ob River, Siberia (Land of the Vogulians)
Mansi people; Voguls; Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ;

Ob River 16 (Vogul District)

Ob River Mouth (Gulf of Ob, Artic Ocean)
Ob River ;

Khe on the mouth of the Ob
Khe on the mouth of the Ob; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Russia, Siberia, Southern Siberia, Kyrgyzstan Folder, Tarim Basin

Tarim Basin
Tarim Basin;

Kalmyks People in Kyrgyzstan, Tarim Basin
Kalmyks People in Kyrgyzstan; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15;

Toshkan River Mouth (Asku River)

Toshkan River

Yarkand River Mouth (Tarim River Source)

Yarkund River

Hotan River (Summer Only)

Hotan River Mouth (Terin River, Summer Only)

Torugart Pass

Chatyrkol Lake
Chatyrkol Lake;

a River to Kashgar Oasis, China

Kegart River Source (southwest slope of Fergana Range)

Kegart River 1

Fergana Range
Fergana Range;

Tian Shan Mountains
Tian Shan Mountains;

Aksu River Source (Tian Shan Mountains)

Asku River 1

Aksu River (Xinjiang) Mouth (Tarim River Source)

Aksu River

Tarim River Source ( a confluence)

Tarim River Mouth (Tarim Lake)

Tarim River

Russia, Siberia, Northcentral Siberia, Taz River Folder

Taz River

Taz River Source (along the border)

Taz River 1

Taz River 2

Taz River 3 (Mangazeya)

Mangazeya, Siberia (Taz River 3)
Mangazea; Icon of the Mother of God of Abalaka, Commemorated November 26 ; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ;

Taz River 4

Taz River Mouth (Taz Estuary)

Caselka River

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia, Yenisei River Folder

Yenisei River

Ostyak Ket People (Yenisei River, Siberia)
Ostyak Ket People (Yenisei River, Siberia) ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Yenisei (Tungsa) River Source (Mungaragyin-Gol Ridge, Mongolia)

Yenisei River 1

Kyzyl (Yenisei River 1)
Kyzyl

Shagonar (Yenisei River 2)
Shagonar;

Yenisei River 2

Sayanogorsk (Yenisei River 3)
Sayanogorsk;

Yenisei River 3 (Chernogorsk and Abakan)

Chernogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 3)
Chernogorsk (Yenisei River 3) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated on August 22 ;

Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese
Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Near the dvina (a common word for river) When Stephen returned home in 1629 and showed the icon to George Lytkin, he remembered his vision and he set off to the Dvina outskirts to the Chernogorsk monastery (so called because it was built on a hilly and somber place. From of old it had been named "Black Hill", but afterwards the monastery changed the name to "Pretty Hill".

Black Hill or Pretty Hill, Siberia (Yenisei River 3)
Chernogorsk monastery in the Arkhangelsk diocese Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ;

Abakan (Yenisei River 3)
Abakan;

Yenisei River 4 (Trans-Siberian Road, Krasnoyarsk)

Divnogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 4)
Divnogorsk, Siberia (Yenisei River 4) ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the Drowning, Commemorated on February 5;

Krasnoyarsk (Yenisei River 4)
Krasnoyarsk;

Yenisei River 5 (Angora River Mouth)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Folder

Angara River

Baikal Region, Lake Baikal, Siberia
Lake Baikal; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 2;

Angara River Source (Lake Baikal)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Source, Selenga River Folder

Selenga River

Selenga River Delgermoron or Ider headwaters 2

Selenga River Delgermoron or Ider headwaters 1

Selenga River headwaters Khovsgol River

Selenga River Source (Confluence Delgermoron and Ider Rivers)

Selenga River 1

Selenga River 2

Selenga River 3

Selenga River 10 (Orkhon River Mouth)

Selenga River 30 (Buryatia, Trans-Siberian Road)

Buryatia, Siberia (Selenga River 30)
Buryatia; Buryats; Lake Baikal Region; (Upper and Lower) Angara River St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Buryats, Land of the Buryats
Buryats; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Selenga River Mouth (Lake Baikal, Angara River Source)

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River Source, Barguzin River Folder, Buryatia

Barguzin River

Buryatia, Siberia (Land of the Buryats)
Buryatia; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Daurian peoples, Buryatia, Siberia (Land of the Buryats)
Buryatia; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Barguzin Nature Reserve, Siberia
Barguzin Nature Reserve;

Barguzin River Mouth (Lake Baikal, Angara River Source

Upper Angara River

Upper Angara River 1

Upper Angara River 2 (Novy Uoyan)

Upper Angara River Source (Barguzin, Buryatia)

Upper Angara River Mouth (Lake Baikal)

Angara River 1 (Irkutsk)

Irkutsk, Siberia (Angara River 1, Lake Baikal, Trans-Siberian Road 14)
Irkutsk; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30;

Siberian Ukrainian Baroque Churches, St. Sophronius, 1790's
Siberian Ukrainian Baroque Churches, St. Sophronius, 1790's; St. Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Tungusk, Land of the Tunguska People - Angara River 1, Siberia
The Tunguska Rivers including the Angara are the Eastern tributaries of the north flowing Yenisei River. The people of the Tunguska Language are the people of the land of these Tunguska rivers. The Tunguska settlers were moved down to Zeya River that flows south into the Amur River. Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Angara River 2

Angara River 3

Angara River 4 (Bratsk)

Bratsk, Siberia (Angara River 4)
Bratsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, not Bratsk, Siberia, Commemorated September 6 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated December 10 ;

Angara River 5

Russia, Siberia, Central Siberia South, Yenisei River 5, Angara River 5, Ilim River Folder

Ilim River

Ilim River Source (Irkutskaya)

Ilimsk, Siberia (flooded 1970 by Ilim River Reservoir)
Ilimsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Ilim River Mouth (Angara River 5)

Angara River Mouth (Yenisei River 5)

Lesosibirsk (Yenisei River 6)
Lesosibirsk;

Yeniseysk (Yenisei River 6)
Yeniseysk;

Yenisei River 6

Stony Tunguska River Mouth (Yenisei River 8)

Tungus People, Siberia (3 Tunguska Rivers: Angara, Stony and Lower Tanguska)
Tungus People (3 Tunguska Rivers: Angara, Stony and Lower Tanguska rivers: Tributaries of the Yeniesei in Eastern Siberia) ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Turuhan region, Siberia (Yenisei River 10)
Turuhan region; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Tunguska People - From Right Tributaries of the Yenisei River to Pacific Ocean
Tunguska People - From Right Tributaries of the Yenisei River to Pacific Ocean; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Lower Tunguska River Mouth (Yenisei River 11)

Igarka (Yenisei River 13)
Igarka;

Dudinka (Yenisei River 14)
Dudinka;

Yenisei (Tungsa) River Mouth (Artic Ocean)

Russia, Siberia, Far Nortcentral Siberia, Mikhailov Folder

River Sii

Mikhailov Island, Siberia
Mikhailov Island, Siberia ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Mikhailov Penninsula, Siberia
Mikhailov Penninsula ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Russia, Siberia, Eastcentral Siberia, Lena River Folder

Lena River

Verkhoyansk Range
Verkhoyansk Range;

Lena River Source (above Lake Baikal)

Lena River 1

Lena River 2 (Kirensk)

Kirensk, Siberia (Lena River 2)
Kirensk Holy Trinity monastery; Kirensk ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Lena River 3

Lena River 4

Lena River 9 (Yakutsk, Aldan River Mouth)

Yakutsk, Siberia (Lena River 9, Tract from Y to Okhotsk)
Yakutsk; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Yakut People
Yakut People; Yakutsk; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Tract from Yakutsk to Okhotsk
St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Lena River 11 (Aldan River Mouth)

Russia, Siberia, Eastcentral Siberia, Lena River 11, Aldan River Folder

Aldan River

Aldan River Source (Stanovoy Range)

Stanovoy Range (seperates Artic from Pacific drainage)
Stanovoy Range;

Aldan River 1 (Aldan, Russia)

Aldan River 2 (Tommot, Russia)

Aldan River 3 (Ust-Maya, Russia)

Aldan River 4 (Eldikan, Russia)

Aldan River 5 (Khandyga, Russia)

Aldan River Mouth (Lena River 11)
Aldan River; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Lena River 12 (Overview)

Vilyuy River Mouth (Lena River 12)

Lena River Mouth (Lena Delta Artic Ocean)

Artic Sea (Artic Ocean)
Artic Sea (Artic Ocean); St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region Folder

Okhotsk (Okhotska River, Sea of Okhotsk)
Okhotsk, on the Okhotsa River; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Tungusian peoples, Okhotsk Region
Tungusian peoples, Okhotsk Region; Okhotsk, on the Okhotsa River; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk History Folder

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia,Okhotsk, 1603-1671, Hierotheus Khabarov
Hierotheus Khabarov 1603-1671; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1652-1695, China War of the Amur Region
Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin
Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, 1685-1686, Defense of Albazin
Defense of Albazin (1685-1686); Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905
Okhotsk, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905; Port Arthur (Lushunkou District) ; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk River Folder, with Ulya River

Left Okhota River

Left Okhota River Source

Right Okhota River

Right Okhota River Source

Okhaota River

Okhota River Source

Okhota River Mouth (Sea of Okhotsk)

Ulya River

Ulya River Mouth (Sea of Okhotsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region, Amur River Folder

Okhotsk Sea
Sea of Okhotsk; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St. Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29;

Chukchei People (Chukchei Penninsula)
Chukchei People (Chukchei Penninsula) ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Koryak People (Kamchatka Penninsula)
Koryak People (Kamchatka Penninsula, Southeast Siberia); Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Amur (Argun) River

Amur River

Amur River Primary Source (Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area)
Khan Khentii Strictly Protected Area;

Amur River Second Source (Hentiyn Mountains)
Hentiyn Mountains

Armur River A

Armur River B

Armur River C

Armur River D

Armur River E

Armur River F (Selingin)

Selingin, Okhotsk, Siberia (Armur River F) China border
The saint was compelled to spend three years at Selingin on the Chinese border. Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Armur River G

Armur River H

Argun River (Asia) Mouth (Amur River Source)
Russia China Border;

Amur River 1

Albazin, Okhotsk, Siberia (Amur River 1) 1651, Cossacks, 1655 Chernigovsky the Pole, Jaxa
Albazin; is a village (selo) in Skovorodinsky District of Amur Oblast, Russia, noted as the site of Albazin, the first Russian settlement on the Amur River. the arrival of Russians, Albazino belonged to the Daur people, the Mongolic peoples indigenous to this area. The town was originated by prince Albaz as the capital of Solon Khanate. in the 17th century, the town was center of a petty kingdom known as Yagsi. the late 1640s, a team of Russian Cossacks under Yerofey Khabarov arrived to explore Dauria. They were keen to gain a foothold in the proximity of the Amur River and, after several clashes with the Daurs under Prince Albaza or Albaasi, established a Russian fort of Albazin in 1651. The Russians were defeated here by Qing China in 1686 (see below). By the Treaty of Nerchinsk the area was assigned to China. the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 a new Amur Cossack stanitsa appeared on the site. A municipal museum is sited among the remains of the 17th-century Russian fort. 1 The History of Albazin 1.1 Foundation of Jaxa 1.2 The Russian–Chinese conflict over Albazin 2 See also 3 References 4 External links History of Albazin[edit] also: Sino-Russian border conflicts late 1650 Albazin was built as winter quarters by Yerofei Khabarov on the northernmost part of the Amur River, 125 miles downstream from the junction of the Argun and Shilka. Thereafter it was little used as the Russians concentrated on the richer grain-growing lands downriver. In 1652 the Manchus drove the Russians out of the Amur country and the land was left to outlaws and adventurers. of Jaxa[edit] 1655 Nikifor Chernigovsky, a Pole who had been exiled to Siberia after an unsuccessful attempt to run away from the Russian's custody, murdered the voyevoda of Ilimsk in retaliation for the rape of his daughter, and fled to the Amur where he reoccupied the ruins of Albazin and gathered a band of supporters. Chernigovsky soon gained the support of the local Tungusic population, whom he treated with respect, in contrast to several assaults they had suffered under Russian (Cossack) sovereignty. He made a great stronghold on the ruins of Albazin, giving it the name of Jaxa. the coming years, Siberian governors made several failed attempts to regain control over Albazin; however, Chernigovsky was able to keep his position by playing the Russians against the Chinese, and vice versa. From 1669, the Russian tsar received a tribute from the Jaxa country (Albazin and surrounding villages), which impacted the tsar's decision to formally acknowledge Chernigovsky as the lord of Jaxa in 1674. The Chinese government, for its part, communicated with Chernigovsky using Polish as the main language. In 1675, he raided Chinese lands with the help of the local population. This remains the last recorded reference to Chernigovsky in history.[1][2] Russian–Chinese conflict over Albazin[edit] is on the northern loop of the Amur. Nerchinsk is on the lower Shilka' Qing did little about Albazin because their forces were tied up in southern China and because they were concerned about possible Russian backing for their enemies in Mongolia. With the southern problem nearly solved (Taiwan was conquered in 1683), in the spring of 1682 the Kangxi Emperor made a tour through Manchuria and began preparations to deal with the Amur problem. His plan was to build up such a large force that the Russians would withdraw without fighting, for, as he said "The use of force is not a good thing. We use it only under compulsion." Troops were moved up to Aigun and crops were planted to feed them. An attack was delayed due to disagreements among the planners and the difficulty of moving supplies northward. 1681 there were Qing threats against Albazin, talks were held on the Nun River and minor Russian forts were destroyed along the Zeya. By the end of 1683 all Russian bases except Albazin had been eliminated. Moscow responded by making Ivan Vlasov voyevoda of Nerchinsk and appointing Akeksey Tolbuzin to a new voyevodstvo at Albazin (July 1684). An attempt to move men and supplies east failed due to shortages and inefficiency. The siege began on June 23, 1685. On the 26th there was an indecisive day-long battle. The Qing army thereupon piled dry wood along the fort's wooden walls and when they began to light it, Tolbuzin surrendered (exact date uncertain). The 600 or so defenders were allowed to withdraw to Nerchinsk. About 45 opted to go with the Qing army where they joined the Russian colony in Peking. The Qing army burned the fort and withdrew, but did not destroy the crops. When news of the defeat reached Moscow in November it was decided to abandon the Amur and send an ambassador to Peking. The Qing troops constituted of former Southern Ming marines from Taiwan, renowned for their knowledge of nautical warfare.[3][4][5][6][7][8] One day after leaving Albazin, the retreating Russians met a group of reinforcements who brought word that an even larger group under Baiton had reached Nerchinsk. Since the fort was lost they continued their withdrawal. Some time after July 10, 1685, scouts reported that the Qing were gone and the crops still standing. Vlasov sent 669 well-armed men under Tolbuzin to gather the harvest. The crops were gathered, Albazin was refortified with earthen walls and efforts were made to bring the natives back into subjection. The Qing arrived on July 18, 1686, and began a tight siege and a steady cannonade. On the fifth day of the siege Tolbuzin was killed by a cannon ball and replaced by Afanasii Baiton.[9] The Russians had enough food to last until Easter, but were short of water. The siege continued until early winter. In late October messengers arrived in Peking announcing Moscow's desire to negotiate. An order was issued to relax the siege. At this time less than 66 men, out of an original 826, were left alive (most had died of disease, especially scurvy). On December 25 Baiton sent one of his men to request provisions. A few more than twenty men remained in the fort, all ill and undernourished. When, in August 1687, Kangxi heard (incorrectly) that the Russian ambassador had reached Mongolia, he ordered the Qing troops withdrawn. the treaty of Nerchinsk (1689), Albazin was abandoned and destroyed. Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Albazin Icon of the Mother of God “the Word made Flesh” is of great religious significance in the Amur River region. It received its name from the Russian fortress of Albazin (now the village of Albazino) along the Amur river, founded in the year 1650 by the famous Russian frontier ataman Hierotheus Khabarov on the site of a settlement of the Daurian prince Albaza. hue and cry over the Amur Albazinsk fortress became an object of enmity for the Chinese emperor and his generals, who then already dreamed of expanding their influence over all of Russian Siberia. the eve of the Feast of the Annunciation, on March 24, 1652, the first military clash of the Russians with the Chinese occurred at the Amur. Through the prayers of the Most Holy Theotokos the pagans were scattered and fled to their own territory. This victory seemed like a portent for the Russians. But the struggle had only just begun. Many sons of Holy Russia died in the struggle for the Amur, and for the triumph of Orthodoxy in the Far East. June of 1658 an Albazin military detachment, 270 Cossacks under the leadership of Onuphrius Stepanov, fell into an ambush and in a heroic fight they were completely annihilated by the Chinese. enemy burned Albazin, overran Russian lands, and carried off the local population into China. They wanted to turn the fertile cultivated area back into wilderness. these difficult years the Most Holy Theotokos showed signs of Her mercy to the land of Amur. In 1665, when Russians returned and rebuilt Albazin, together with a priest there came to the Amur the Elder Hermogenes from the Kirensk Holy Trinity monastery. He carried with him a wonderworking icon of the Mother of God “the Word made Flesh”, called the Albazinsk Icon since that time. In 1671 the holy Elder built a small monastery on the boundary mark of the Brusyan Stone (one and a half kilometers from Albazin near the Amur), where the holy icon was later kept. was built up. At two churches in the city, the Ascension of the Lord and Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, Albazin priests offered the Bloodless Sacrifice. Not far from the city (along the Amur) another monastery was built, the Spassky. The fertile soil produced bread for Eastern Siberia. The local populace adapted itself to Russian Orthodox culture, peacefully entering into the multi-national Russian state, and found Russian protection from the plundering raids of Chinese feudal war-lords. Moscow they did not forget the needs of the far-away Amur frontier. They strengthened military defenses and improved regional government. In 1682 the Albazin Military-Provincial Government was formed. They concerned themselves about the spiritual nourishment of the Amur region peoples. A local Council of the Russian Church in 1681 adopted a resolution to send “archimandrites, igumens, or priests, both learned and good, to enlighten unbelievers with the law of Christ.” The Daurian and Tungusian peoples as a whole accepted Holy Baptism. Of great significance was the conversion of the Daurian prince Hantimur (renamed Peter) and his eldest son Katana (renamed Paul) to Orthodoxy. servants of the Chinese emperor planned for a new attack. After several unsuccessful forays, on July 10, 1685, they marched against Albazin with an army of 15,000 and encircled the fortress. In it were 450 Russian soldiers and three cannon. The first assault was repulsed. The Chinese then from all sides piled up firewood and kindling against the wooden walls of the fortress and set it on fire. Further resistance proved impossible. With its military standards and holy things, among which was the wonderworking Albazin Icon, the soldiers abandoned the fortress. Mother of God did not withhold Her intercession from Her chosen city. Scouts soon reported that the Chinese suddenly began to withdraw from Albazin, ignoring the Chinese emperor’s command to destroy the crops in the Russian fields. The miraculous intervention of the Heavenly Protectress not only drove the enemy from Russian territories, but also preserved the grain which sustained the city for the winter months. On August 20, 1685 Russians were in Albazin again. year went by, and the fortress was again besieged by Chinese. There began a five-month defense of Albazin, which occupies a most honored place in Russian military history. Three times, in July, in September, and in October, the forces of the Chinese emperor made an assault on the wooden fortifications. A hail of fiery arrows and red-hot cannon balls fell on the town. Neither the city nor its defenders could be seen in the smoke and fire. And all three times, the Mother of God defended the inhabitants of Albazin from their fierce enemy. December 1686, when the Chinese lifted the siege of Albazin, of the city’s 826 defenders only 150 men remained alive. forces were inadequate to continue the war against the Chinese emperor. In August 1690 the last of the Cossacks departed from Albazin under the leadership of Basil Smirenikov. Neither the fortress, nor its holy things, fell into the hands of the enemy. The fortifications were razed and leveled by the Cossacks, and the Albazin Icon of the Mother of God was taken to Sretensk, a city on the river Shilka, which flows into the Amur. even after the destruction of Albazin, God destined its inhabitants to do another service for the good of the Church. By divine Providence the end of the military campaign contributed to the increase of the influence of the grace of Orthodoxy among the peoples of the Far East. During the years of war, a company of about a hundred Russian cossacks and peasants from Albazin and its environs were taken captive and sent to Peking. Chinese emperor even gave orders to give one of the Buddhist temples in the Chinese capital for an Orthodox church dedicated to Sophia, the Wisdom of God. In 1695 Metropolitan Ignatius of Tobolsk sent an antimension, chrism, service books, and church vessels to the Sophia church. In a letter to the captive priest Maximus, 'the Preacher of the Holy Gospel to the Chinese Empire,' Metropolitan Ignatius wrote: 'Be not troubled, nor troubled in soul for yourself and the captives with you, for who is able to oppose the will of God? Your captivity is not without purpose for the Chinese people, so that you may reveal to them the light of Christ’s Orthodox Faith.' preaching of the Gospel in the Chinese Empire soon bore fruit and resulted in the first baptisms of Chinese. The Russian Church zealously looked after the new flock. In 1715 the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Saint Philotheus “the Apostle to Siberia” (+ May 31, 1727), wrote a letter to the Peking clergy and the faithful living under the Peking Spiritual Mission, who continued with the Christian work of enlightening pagans. years went by, and the new epoch brought the Russian deliverance of the Amur. On August 1, 1850, the Procession of the Precious Wood of the Life-Giving Cross, Captain G. I. Nevelsky raised up the Russian Andreev flag at the mouth of the Amur River and founded the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Through the efforts of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, N. N. Muraviev-Amursky (+ 1881), and Saint Innocent, Archbishop of Kamchatka (March 31), and through the spiritual nourishment which obtained in the Amur and coastal regions, in several years the left bank of the Amur was built up with Russian cities, villages and Cossack settlements. year brought important advances in the development of the liberated territory, its Christian enlightenment and welfare. In the year 1857 on the bank of the Amur fifteen way-stations and settlements were established (the Albazin on the site of the old fortress and the Innokentiev, named in honor of Saint Innocent). In a single year, 1858, there were more than thirty settlements, among which were three cities: Khabarovsk, Blagoveschensk and Sophiisk. May 9, 1858, on the Feast of Saint Nicholas, N. N. Muraviev-Amursky and Archbishop Innocent of Kamchatka arrived in the Cossack post at Ust’-Zeisk. Saint Innocent was there to dedicate a temple in honor of the Annunciation of the Mother of God (Blagoveschenie, in Slavonic), the first building in the new city. Because of the name of the temple, the city was also called Blagoveschensk, in memory of the first victory over the Chinese on the Feast of the Annunciation in 1652, and in memory of the Annunciation church at Irkutsk, in which Saint Innocent began his own priestly service. It was also a sign that “from that place proceeded the blessed news of the reintegration of the Amur region territory under Russian sovereignty.” New settlers on the way to the Amur, journeying through Sretensk, fervently offered up their prayers to the Holy Protectress of the Amur region before her Wonderworking Albazin Icon. Their prayers were heard: the Aigunsk (1858) and Peking (1860) treaties decisively secured the left bank of the Amur and coastal regions for Russia. 1868 the Bishop of Kamchatka, Benjamin Blagonravov, the successor to Saint Innocent, transferred the holy icon from Sretensk to Blagoveschensk, thereby returning the famous holy icon to the Amur territory. In 1885, a new period began in the veneration of the Albazin Icon of the Mother of God and is associated with the name of the Kamchatka bishop Gurias, who established an annual commemoration on March 9 and a weekly Akathist. the summer of 1900, during the “Boxer Rebellion” in China, the waves of insurrection reached all the way to the Russian border. Chinese troops suddenly appeared on the banks of the Amur before Blagoveschensk. For nineteen days the enemy stood before the undefended city, raining artillery fire down upon it, and menacing the Russian bank with invasion. shallows of the Amur afforded passage to the adversary. In the Annunciation church services were celebrated continuously, and Akathists were read before the Wonderworking Albazin Icon. The Protection of the Mother of God was again extended over the city, just as it had been in earlier times. Not daring to cross the Amur, the enemy departed from Blagoveschensk. According to the accounts of the Chinese themselves, they often saw a Radiant Woman over the bank of the Amur, inspiring them with fear and rendering their missiles ineffective. more than 300 years the Wonderworking Albazin Icon of the Mother of God watched over the Amur frontier of Russia. Orthodox people venerate it not only as Protectress of Russian soldiers, but also as a Patroness of mothers. Believers pray for mothers before the icon during their pregnancy and during childbirth, 'so that the Mother of God might bestow the gift of abundant health from the Albazin Icon’s inexhaustible well-spring of holiness.' icon depicts Christ as a child standing in a mandorla before His Mother’s breast. Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 1, Shilka River Folder

Shilka River

Shilka River Source (Chita)

Shilka River 1 (Sretensk and Nerchinsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 1, Shilka River 1, Nercha River Folder

Nercha River

Nercha River Source (Barguzin, Buryatia)

Nercha River Mouth (Nerchinsk, Shilka River 1)

Nerchinsk, Okhotsk, Siberia (Nercha Mouth at Shilka River 1)
Nerchinsk, Siberia (Nercha River Mouth at Shilka River1); Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated on September 24 ; Russia China Border; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Sretensk, Okhotsk, Siberia (Shila River 1)
Sretensk; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Shilka River 2

Shilka River 3

Shilka River Mouth (Amur River 1)
Russia China Border;

Amur River 2

Amur Oblast (Amur River Region)
Amur Oblast (Amur River Region); Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Amur River 3

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 3, Zeya River Folder

Zeya River

Zeya River Source (Tokiysky Stanovik Range)

Zeya River 1

Zeya River 2

Zeya River 3

Zeya River 6 (Zeya)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 3, Zeya River 6, Gilyuy River Folder

Gilyuy River

Gilyuy River Upper Gilyuy

Gilyuy River (Tynda)

Gilyuy River Mouth (Zeya River 6)

Zeya River 7 (Svobodny)

Zeya, Zea River Valley
Zea River Valley Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Zeya River 8 (Blagoveshchensk)

Zeya River Mouth (Amur River 3)

Blagoveschensk (Ust-Zeisk), Okhotsk (Zeya River Mouth, Amur River 3)
Blagoveschensk (Ust-Zeisk), Okhotsk, Siberia (Zeya River, Aur River 3); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9;

Innokentiev (Amur River 3.9)
Innokentiev (Amur River 3.9); Icon of the Mother of God, œAlbazin or œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Amur River 5 (Manchuria, Black Dragon River)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 5, Black Dragon River Folder, Manchuria

Port Arthur, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905
Siberia, Russo-Japanese War over Port Arthur 1904-1905; Port Arthur (Lushunkou District) ; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Black Dragon River (Heilongjiang or Amur)

Black Dragon River Source (along the border)

Manchuria, Eastern Siberia (Black Dragon River, Amur Region)
Manchuria or Northeast China; Harbin on the railway to Vladivostok. Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24;

Black Diamond River Mouth (Amur River 5)

Amur River 6 (Amur Crossing at Khabarovsk)

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk, Amur River 6, Ussuri River Folder

Ussuri River

Ussuri River Source (near the coast)

Ussuriysk, Siberia (Ussuri River Source, near Vladivostok, Trans-Siberian RWY)
Ussuriysk; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31;

Ussuri River 1

Ussuri River 2

Ussuri River 3

Ussuri River Mouth (Khabarovsk, Amur river 6)

Khabarovsk (Ussuri River Mouth, Amur River 6)
Khabarovsk (Amur River 6) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Khabarov frontier, Okhotsk Sea (Vladivostok, Khabarovsk River, Amur River 6, Trans-Siberian Road 17)
Khabarovsky District; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ;

Amur River 8 (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)

Amur River Mouth (Tartary Strait, Sea of Oskosh)

Nikolayevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, Siberia
Nikolayevsk-on-Amur; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Lake Orel
Venerable Macarius of Optina;

Strait of Tartary
Strait of Tartary;

Russia, Siberia, Eastern Siberia, Okhotsk Sea Region, Kamchatka Penninsula and Kurile Islands Folder

Kurile Islands, Okhotsk Region, Siberia
Kurile Islands; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28;

Kamchatka Penninsula, Okhotsk Sea, Siberia
Kamchatka Penninsula; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Russia, Vologda Folder, Large area North of the Volga and West of the Urals

Russia, Vologda, History Folder

Russia, Vologda, 1147, Gerasimus of the Vologda Trinity Monastery, First Northern
Gerasimus Vologda Trinity Monastery; Vologda; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Seven ArrowsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 13 "; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated September 30 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16; Malopinega is somewhere in Vologda or on the Vologda River. Saint Sergius of Malopinega (in the world Simeon), was born in 1493. His father, Markian Stephanovich Nekliud, was descended from Novgorod nobles. Together with other fellow citizens they left their native-place setting off "to the side of the icy sea," when Great Novgorod was finally subjugated to the power of Moscow by Ivan III........With apostolic zeal he (Sergius) labored over the conversion of the pagan Chud people; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 27 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cassian the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Vologda, 1263-1303, Procopius of Ustyug, Fool for Christ
Russia, Vologda, 1263-1303, Procopius of Ustyug; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustya, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Vologda, 1351-1456, Therapon of Belozersk, Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery
Russia, Vologda, 1351-1456, Therapon of Belozersk, Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery ; Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery; Theraponov monastery was 50 versts from St Cyril's White Lake Monastery betwee two lakes: St Therapon moved to another place fifteen versts away from Cyril, between two lakes, Borodava and Pava. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Vologda, 1357-1427, St Cyril of White Lake monastery
Mologa Saint, 1357-1427, St Cyril of White Lake monastery, Sheksna, Vologda; St Cyril of White Lake monastery; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Vologda, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki
Russia, Vologda, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Vologda, Vologda River Folder (Sukhona River 1) Komel or Vologda

Vologda River

Vologda River Source (Western Vologda District)

Vologda River 1

Vologda River 2

Vologda River 3 (Komel aka Vologda)

Komel, Vologda (AKA Vologda, Vologda River 3)
Komel (Vologda) is what you find when you look up Komel in Wikipedia; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Seven Arrows", Commemorated on August 13 "; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Vologda (aka Komel, Vologda River 3)
Vologda; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Seven ArrowsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 13 "; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated September 30 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated November 16; Malopinega is somewhere in Vologda or on the Vologda River. Saint Sergius of Malopinega (in the world Simeon), was born in 1493. His father, Markian Stephanovich Nekliud, was descended from Novgorod nobles. Together with other fellow citizens they left their native-place setting off "to the side of the icy sea," when Great Novgorod was finally subjugated to the power of Moscow by Ivan III........With apostolic zeal he (Sergius) labored over the conversion of the pagan Chud people; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 27 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cassian the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Right-believing John the Prince of Uglich, Tonsured As Ignatius, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Makhrishche, Vologda (Komel, Vologda River 3)
Makhrishche, Vologda Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14;

Priluki (Spaso-Prilutsky) Monastery, Komel, Vologda, 1371
Spaso-Prilutsky Monastery; Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ;

Vologda River Mouth (Sukhona (Kuben) River 1)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma Folder (water flows south into Volga)

Kostroma forest
Kostroma forest, much of Kostroma Oblast is forest; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; "œMyrrh-Bearing" Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Russia, Vologda Kostroma History Folder

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, 1330, Hypasian monestary
Hypasian monestary; Hypasians; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, 1350-1375, Saint, Abraham of Galich
Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, 1350-1375, Saint, Abraham of Galich Paisiev Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœChukhlomaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ from Galich, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River Folder

Kostroma (Pisma) River

Kostroma (Pisma) River Source (along the border)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 1 (Soligalich)

Soligalich, Kostroma (Kostroma (Pisma) River 1)
Soligalich; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 1, Chukhloma River Folder, Chukhloma Lake

Chukhloma River (drains northwest, aka River Monza thru Chukhloma Lake)

Chukhloma River Source (Chukhloma Lake , Kostroma Forest)

Chukhloma River 1 (Chukhloma Lake)

Chukhloma, Kostroma (Chukhloma Lake)
Chukhloma (Chukhloma Lake) Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Monza, Kostroma 25 Versts from Galich, at Chukhloma Lake
Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12;

Theraponov Monasteery, Monza, Kostroma 25 Versts from Galich, at Chukhloma Lake, 1597
Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12;

Chukhloma River Mouth (Kostroma River 1)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 2 (near Galich and Chukhom Lake)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 2, Vyoksa River Folder, Galich Salt Mining Center

Vyoksa River

Vyoksa River Source (Lake Galich, Kostroma Forest)

Vyoksa River 1 (Galich Lake)

Galich, Kostroma (Salt Mining Center, Vyoksa River 1, Galich Lake)
Galich (Lake Galich); Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated September 30 ; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10 ; Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Large Mountain with a forest near Galich Lake
Icon of the Mother of God œChukhlomaÂÂÂ from Galich, Commemorated on July 20 ;

Galich Lake, Kostroma
Galich or Chukhom Lake; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Paisiev Monastery of St Paisiev, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God
Paisiev Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God; monastery of St Abraham Galich; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœChukhlomaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ from Galich, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ;

Abraham Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God
Paisiev Monastery of St Abraham, 1350, Chukhloma Icon of Mother of God; monastery of St Abraham Galich; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœChukhlomaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ from Galich, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ;

Vyoksa River Mouth (Buy, Kostroma River 2)

Kostroma (Pisma) River 3 (Obnora, Obnora River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.3, Kostroma River 3, Obnora River Folder

Obnora River

Obnora River Source (Komel Forest)
Komel Forest ;

Obnora River 1 (Nurma River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga 8.3, Kostroma 3, Obnora River 1, Nurma River Folder, Commanded Grove

Nurma River

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River 1

Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery ruins (St Arsenius' Komel Monastery) 1530
Korniliyevo-Komelsky Monastery ruins, 1530 (St Arsenius' Komel Monastery); Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24;

Gryazovetsk District, Kostroma
Gryazovetsk District ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ;

Gryazovetsky District
Gryazovetsky District;

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River 2 (Komel Monastery)

Komel Monastery, Kostroma (Nurma River 2), Vologda, 1414
Komel Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery, Kostroma (Nurma River 2) 1414
Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Commanded Grove, Komel Forest, Kostroma
Commanded Grove is the portion of Komel Forest that Sylvester commanded that it should not be cut down. Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

River Eda Mouth (River Nurma 2)
St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19;

Komel Forest, Kostroma, Vologda
Komel Forest, Vologda; Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Nurma (Gryazovetsk) River Mouth (Obnora River 1)
Nurma River; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7;

Nurma, Kostroma (Nurma River Mouth, Obnora River 1)
Nurma River; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Sergius the Abbot of Nurma and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Vologda, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ;

Obnora River 2 (Obnora)

Obnora, Kostroma, Vologda (Obnora River, Kostroma River 3)
Obnora, Vologda Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Obnora River Mouth (Kostroma River 3)

Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth (Kostroma, Volga River 8.3)

Kostroma, Vologda (Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth, Volga River 8.3)
Kostroma, and Kostroma Region; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; "œMyrrh-Bearing" Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Pisma, Vologda (Kostroma (Pisma) River Mouth, Volga River 8.3)
Kostroma, and Kostroma Region; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka, Commemorated on September 23; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Slovenka; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; ; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Igritsa (Kostroma River Mouth, Volga River 8.3)
Igritsa, not far from Kostroma, Pesochna River Mouth; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ;

Theophany monastery, Kostroma (Volga River 8.3) 1400
Theophany Convent and monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ;

Kostroma, Theodore, or Fyodorovskaya Icon Location
Kostroma, St Theodore, or Fyodorovskaya Icon Location; Theophany Convent and monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated on July 28 ; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Hypasian monestary, Kostroma, 1330
Hypasian monestary; Hypasians; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16;

Makariev Transfiguration monastery, Kostroma, Pisma, 1330
Makariev Transfiguration monastery, near Kostroma; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated January 10 ; St Hypatius of Gangra; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31;

Ipatiev monastery, near Kostroma, 1330
Ipatiev monastery, near Kostroma; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Liubimograd and Kostroma
Liubimograd and Kostroma;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.4, Gridenka River Folder

Nerekhta, Kostroma, Yaroslav, Rostov (River Gridenka, near Volga River 8.4)
Nerekhta; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 8.6, Unzha River Folder

Unzha River

Unzha River Source (along the border)

Unzha River Published Source (a confluence)
Unzha River; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha;

Unzha River 2 (Makaryev)

Makariev (Unzha River 2, Volga River 8.6)
Makariev (Volga River 9); Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Yellow Lake (Unzha River 2)
This is the only lake in the area of Makaryev (Macarius) on the Unzha River. St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25;

Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River 9) 1435
Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Zheltovod, Kostroma, Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River 9) 1435
Macarius Monestary at Yellow Lake (Volga River); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated September 17; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Lyskov, Kostroma, Vologda (Volga River 9)
Lyskov Town; Icon of the Mother of God of Okonsk, Commemorated July 30 ;

Makaryev (Macarius), Kostroma (Unzha River 2, Volga River 8.6)
Makaryev on the Unzha River; Macarius of the Unza; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26;

Miracle of the Moose
Miracle of the Moose ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Nizhegorod District, Kostroma (Oka, Volga and Vetluga Rivers)
Nizhegorod Oblast; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ;

Unzha River Mouth (Yurievets, Volga River 9)

Unzha, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Unzha (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 9) Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Yurievets, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Yurievets; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Yurievets District, Kostroma (Unzha River Mouth, Volga River 8.6)
Yurievets District; Volga Region; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated November 4; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 9.3, Vetluga River Folder

Vetluga River

Vetluga River Source (along the border)

Vetluga River 1

Vetluga River 2

Vetluga River 3

Vetluga River 5 (Vetluga)

Vetluga (Red Hill, Vetluga River 5)
Vetluga; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Vetluga River 6 (Varnavinsk)

Varnavinsk (Vetluga River 6)
Varnavinsk; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Varnavinsky District
Varnavinsky District;

Vetluga River Mouth (Volga River 9)

Russia, Vologda, Kostroma, Volga River 9.6, Mataya Kokshaga River Folder

Malaya Perm, Kostroma (Lesser Perm, Malaya River Area)
Malaya Perm (Lesser Perm); Saint Stephen, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Malaya Kokshaga River

Land of the Cheremis People - Mari El
Land of the Cheremis People - Mari El;

Bolshaya Kuznetsa, 15 Versts from Tsarevokokshiask
Bolshaya Kuznetsa, 15 Versts from Tsarevokokshiask œMyrrh-Bearing Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1;

Tsarevokokshaisk, Kostroma, Vologda (Malaya Kokshaga River 1, near Kazan)
Tsarevokokshaisk ; œMyrrh-Bearing Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1;

Malaya Kokshaga River Source (Mari El)

Malaya Kokshaga River 1 (Tsarevokokshaisk)

Malaya Kokshaga River (Volga River 9.6)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa Folder (water flows south into Volga)

Mologa (now under water)
Mologa (now under water), These rivers flow to the Volga, but are sometimes called Vologda with the rivers that flow to the White Sea and Artic Ocean. ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Ustiuzhena, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa History

Russia, Vologda, Mologda, 1227-1255, Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu Conquest of Russia
Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu (Batu Khan 1227-1255) Battle of Sita River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Vologda, Mologda, 1238, Battle of Sit River
Mologda, Vologda, 1238, Battle of Sit River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, 1357-1427, Saint Cyril of White Lake monastery, Sheksna, Vologda

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora
Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, 1500-1550, Saint, Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, 1625, Finding the Relics of Saint Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Sheksna River Folder, White Lake

Sheksna River

Sheksna River Source (White Lake)

Eastern Regions of White Lake
Eastern Regions of White Lake; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7;

White Lake, Mologa, Vologda, Sheksna River Source
White Lake; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Saints Paul and Theodore of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

New Lake, Mologa, Vologda, Sheksna River Source
White Lake; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Byeloezersk, Mologa (South side, Lake Beloye, White Lake)
Byeloezersk (Lake Beloye, White Lake); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Iloezersk, Mologa (Lake Beloye, White Lake)
Iloezersk (Lake Beloye, White Lake); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Elias Lake
White Lake, Saint Herodion settled at Elias Lake, 20 kilometers from White Lake ;

Elias Lake Ozadsk monastery, White Lake, Mologda, Vologda, 1537
White Lake, Saint Herodion settled at Elias Lake, 20 kilometers from White Lake, and there on a peninsula he built himself a cell and established a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos, marking the beginning of the Elias Lake Ozadsk monastery; Venerable Herodion the Abbot of Iloezersk, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Shug Hill? Shuzhgorsk? (the only hill in the White Lake area)
Shug Hill? Shuzhgorsk? (the only hill in the White Lake area). Turn up the gain by exaggerating Elevation to 3 in Tools Options to see it; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21;

Vorbozomsk monastery, Mologa, Vologda, 1470 approx.
Vorbozomsk monastery, Mologa, Vologda Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Saint Zosimas of Vorbozomsk was the founder of a monastery dedicated to the Annuniciation of the Most Holy Theotokos on an island in Lake Vorbozoma, twenty-three versts south of White Lake.

Lake Vorbozoma
Lake Vorbozoma Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Saint Zosimas of Vorbozomsk was the founder of a monastery dedicated to the Annuniciation of the Most Holy Theotokos on an island in Lake Vorbozoma, twenty-three versts south of White Lake.

White Lake monastery, Mologa (Lake Siverskoye, Sheksna River) 1390
White Lake Monestary; Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; Saints Paul and Theodore of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki; Venerable Ignatius of Loma and Yaroslav, Commemorated December 28 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

St Cyril Belozersky (White Lake) Monestary, Mologda, 1390
St Cyril Belozersky Monestary; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Cyrillov (Kirillov) monastery, Mologa Vologda (Sheksna River, White Lake monastery)1390
Kirillov monastery ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Kirillov (Cyrillov) monastery, Mologa Vologda (Sheksna River, White Lake monastery)1390
Kirillov monastery ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Shuzhgorsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on September 21 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery, Mologda, Vologda, 1398
Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery; Theraponov monastery was 50 versts from St Cyril's White Lake Monastery betwee two lakes: St Therapon moved to another place fifteen versts away from Cyril, between two lakes, Borodava and Pava. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Lake Siverskoye, Mologa (Siversk)

Sheksna River 1 (Cherepovets and White Lake Monastery)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Sheksna River 1, Yagorba River Folder

Yagorba River

Yagorba River Source (Valdai Hills)

Yagorba River Mouth (Cherepovets, Sheksna River 1)

Cherepovetsk district of Novgorod governance
Cherepovetsk district of Novgorod governance; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated July 28 ; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ;

Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, 1362
Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, Yagorba Mouth, Mologa, 1362; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; St Theodosius of Cherepovets, Commemorated ;

Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda
Cherepovets ; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated November 13; St Athanasius, "the Iron Staff" and disciple of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; St Theodosius of Cherepovets, Commemorated ;

Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, 1363
Cherepovets Resurrection monastery, 1363; Saint Athanasius, Ã¢Â€Âœthe Iron StaffÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ and Saint Theodosius of Cherepovets, disciples of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on November 26;

Irap near Novgorod, 45 versts from Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda
Irap near Novgorod, 45 versts from Cherepovets, Yagorba Mouth, Sheksna River 1 , Mologa, Vologda Cherepovets ; Saint Philip, Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14;

Sheksna River Mouth (Volga River 7)

Russia, Vologda, Mologda, Sheksna River Mouth, Sogozha (Sokhota) River Folder, Poshekhonsky District

Sogozha River

Sogozha River Source (along the border)

Sogozha River 1

Sogozha River 2 (Transfiguration Monastery)

Sogozha River 3 (Poshekhonye)

Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Mologa, Vologda (Sogozha River 3)
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Transfiguration of the Lord monastary, Poshekhonye District, Mologa
Transfiguration of the Lord monestary, located at the River Sokhota, 90 versts from the city of Romanov (now Tutaev) in the Yaroslav district. Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye Commemorated on February 26 Saint Sebastian of Sokhota, Poshekhonye, founded a monastery in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord, located at the River Sokhota, 90 versts from the city of Romanov (now Tutaev) in the Yaroslav district. The monks of the monastery themselves cultivated the soil and ate through the work of their own hands. The founder of the monastery taught the ascetics this by his own example and guidance. Saint Sebastian reposed about the year 1500. The Transfiguration monastery on the River Sokhota was later annexed to the Cherepovets Ascension monastery, and in 1764 closed down. In the mid-nineteenth century a stone church was built over the relics of Saint Sebastian. The saint is also commemorated on December 18. . Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Sogozha River Mouth (Sheksna River 7, Volga River 7)

Poshekhonsky District, Yaroslavl, Mologa, Vologda (Mouth of the Sogozha)
Poshekhonsky District; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Mologa River Folder, Glushitsa, Battle of Sita River

Mologa River

Mologa River Source (Valdai Hills)

Mologa River North

Mologa River North Source (along the border)

Mologa River 2 (Bezhetsk)

Bezhetsk, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River 2)(one of five Novgorod Districts)
Bezhetsk (Mologa River 1); St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20;

Mologa River 1 (Krasny Kholm)

Krasny Kholm, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River 1)
Krasny Kholm; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated January 17 ;

Mologa River 3 (Pestovo)

Mologa River 4 (Ustiuzhena and Zhelezny Bor)

Zhelezny Bor (Mologa River 4)
Zhelezny Bor (Mologa River 4); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable James the Abbot of Zhelezny Bor, Commemorated on May 5;

Ustiuzhena, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa 4)
Ustiuzhena; Icon of the Mother of God of Ustiuzhena, Commemorated July 28 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Blue Jay Lake? (a lake 20 Versts from Ustiuzhena)
Blue Jay Lake? (a lake 20 Versts from Ustiuzhena) Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20;

Mologa River Mouth (Volga River 7)

Glushitsa, Mologa, Vologda (Mologa River Mouth, Volga River 7)
Glushitsa, Mologa, Vologda; St. Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushitsa, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1;

Sit River

Sit River Source

Battle of the Sit (Sita) River, 1238
Battle of the Sit (Sita) River; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4;

Sit River Mouth (Mologa River Mouth, Volga River 7)

Russia, Vologda, Mologa, Kouzha River Folder

Kouzha River

Lake Kovzhskoye, Kouzha Source, Mologa, Vologda
Lake Kovzhskoye; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Kouzha River Source (Lake Kovzhskoye)

Kouzha River 1

Oshevensk - the most beautiful village in Russia
Oshevensk - the most beautiful village in Russia, Museum and Exhibition Complex Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.; Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.
Oshevensk, 50 miles northwest of Kargopol on the Churyuga River.; Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Kouzha River Mouth (White Lake)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea Folder (Water goes to White Sea)

White Sea
White Sea; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Vyg River Folder, Karelia

Vyg River

Vyg River - Upper Vyg River
Vyg River - Upper Vyg River; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Upper Vyg River, Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda
Upper Vyg River, White Sea Region, Vologda; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ;

Karelian People
Karelian People; Karelia; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda, Vyg River
Karelia; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Karelia, Republic of Karelia, White Sea Region, Vologda
Republic of Karelia ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated Decimber 4 ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ;

Vyg River Mouth (Solovki, Onega Bay, White Sea)
Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, Commemorated on September 27;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Solovki Folder

Solovki
Solovki prison camp and monestary: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki.; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God "œO All-Hymned Mother", Commemorated on October 6; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Filomonov Wharf, Solovki, White Sea Area
Filomonov Wharf: at the Solovki Prison Camp and Solovetsky monestary seven versts (kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Keretsk, Lake Keretsk, White Sea Region
Lake Keretsk ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ;

Solovetsky Monastery, White Sea, 1436
Solovetsky Monastery ; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated on August 5; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Solovki Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration) cathedral, Solovki, 1556
Solovki Preobrazhensky (Transfiguration) cathedral, Solovki, 1556; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sabbatius of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8;

Solovki prison camp, White Sea
Solovki prison camp: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Kemperpunkt camp, Solovki prison camp, White Sea
Solovki prison camp: seven versts (Kilometers) from Solovki. Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Solovki Islands, White Sea
Solovki Islands; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki ; Second Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki; Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, September 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœO All-Hymned MotherÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 6; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ;

Anzersk Island, Solovki
Anzersk Island, Solovki; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River Folder (Onega Bay)

Onega Lake and River, Land of the Chud People (east of St Petersburg)
Chud People; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Onega River

Onega River Source (Lake Lacha)
Lake Lacha ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River Source, Lake Vozha and Sora River Folder

Sovza River (Sora River?)

Sora, Vologda (Sora River Mouth, Vozhe Lake)
Sora? Since the Sora river of Vologda and Lake Kuben is described as this river, the Sora would probably be this location. Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Lake Vozha, Onega Source, White Sea
Lake Vozha; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk;

Vazheozersk, Vologda
Vazheozersk; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Svid River

Svid River from Vozhe to Lacha

Oshevensk is 50 miles NW of Kargopol on Kouzha River

Kargopol, White Sea, Vologda (Onega River Source, Lake Lacha)
Kargopol; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Kargopolsky District, White Sea Region, Vologda
Kargopolsky District; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated December 8 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20;

Lake Lacha
Lake Lacha ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Chelma Hill, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9;

Onega River 1

Onega River 2 (Pachomiev Monastery, Kena River)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River 2, Kena River Folder

Kena River

Kena River Source (Lake Kenozero)

Keno Lake, Onega River, White Sea, Vologda (Lake Kenozero, Kena River)
Keno Lake (Lake Kenozero, Kena River); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ;

Kena River 1

Pachomiev wilderness monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda, 1493
Pachomiev wilderness monastery somewhere on the short River Kena. Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7; St. Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7;

Ancient church of st. paraskeva. village izmailovskaya .arkhangelsk region, russia
Ancient church of st. paraskeva. village izmailovskaya .arkhangelsk region, russia; St. Paraskeva-Pyatnitsa monastery; Multiplier of Wheat Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 15;

Kena River Mouth (Onega River 2)

Onega River 3

Onega River 4 (near Kozhe Lake)

Onega River 5 (Koza River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Onega River 5, Koza River Folder

Koza River

Koza River 1 (Kozhe Lake)

Kozheozersky Monastery (Onega Basin)
Kozheozersky Monestary; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Kozhe Lake (Lake Kozhozero)
Lake Kozhozero; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Koza River Mouth (Onega River 5)

Koza River Source

Onega River Mouth (Onega Bay, White Sea)
Venerable Sabbatius the Wonderworker of Solovki, Commemorated on September 27; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River Folder

Northern Dvina River

Northern Dvina River Source (Yug and Sukhona (Kuben) Rivers

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Sukhona River Folder, Lake Kuben, Ustiug

Sukhona (Kuben) River

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River Source, Lake Kuben Folder, Kubena,Sora Rivers

Lake Kuben Folder

Lake Kuben
Lake Kuben or Lake Kubenskoye; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21;

Savior-Kamen monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260
Savior-Kamen monastery; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; +- Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Kamenny monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260
Kamenny monastery, Lake Kuben, Vologda, 1260; Blessed Basil of Kubensk, August 2nd ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; +- Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Zaonikev Monastery (Lake Kuben, Kubensk, Vologda, Kamenny Monastery) 1260
Kamenny Monastery; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Kubena River Folder

Kubena River

Kubena River Source (along the border, to the Volga)

Vologda forest (Vologda Region)
Vologda forest; Vologda Oblast is mostly forest, the saints referred to Vologda Region as the whole drainage to the north and east, and sometimes everything north of the Volga. Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma; Venerable Gerasimus of Vologda, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Kubena River Mouth (Lake Kuben)

Kubensk, Vologda (Lake Kuben)
Kubensk, Vologda (Lake Kuben) is not defined in wikipedia, but it is probably right here next to the Kubena River at the mouth of Lake Kuben. If not then Kubensk may be another name for Kamenny Monastery. ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21 ;

Syanzhema River Folder

Syanzhema River

Syanzhemsk River Source (along the border, to the Volga)

Syanzhema River Mouth (Kubena River, Vologda)
Syamzhena River; Venerable Chariton of Syanzhemsk, Vologda;

Syanzhemsk (Sukhona (Kuben) River Source, Syanzhema River Mouth)
Syanzhemsk (Sukhona (Kuben) River Source, Syanzhema River Mouth) Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20;

Sukhona (Kuben) River Source (Lake Kuben)

Sukhona (Kuben) River 1 (Vologda River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 1, Lezha River Folder

Lezha River

Lezha River Source (along the border)

Lezha River Mouth (Sukhona River 1)

Sukhona (Kuben) River 2 (Sodima River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 2, Sodima River Folder

Sodima River

Kadnikova (Sodima and Rabanga Rivers, Vologda)
Kadnikova (Sodima River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15 ;

Rabanga River

Rabanga (Sodima and Rabanga Rivers, Vologda)
Kadnikova (Sodima River); Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15 ;

Sodima River Mouth (Sukhona (Kuben) River 2)

Sukhona river 3 (Dvinista River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina, Sukhona River 3, Dvinista River Folder

Dvinista River

Dvinista River Source (southeast of the town of Kharovsk, to the Volga)

Dvinista River 1

Dvinista River 2

Dvinista River 3

Dvinitsa River Mouth (Sukhona River 3)

Sukhona River 4

Sukhona River 5 (Totma)

Totma Ephraimov (Spaso-Sumorin) monastery, Vologda, 1554 & 1685
Spaso-Sumorin monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Totma, Vologda (Sukhona River 5)
Totma (Sukhona River 5); Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated January 28 ;

Spaso-Sumorin (Totma Ephraimov) monastery, Vologda, 1554 & 1685
Spaso-Sumorin monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Tiksnensk [Totemsk] District (Sukhona River 5)
Totemsk District; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated January 16 ;

Sukhona River 6

Sukhona River 7

Sukhona (Kuben) River Mouth (Ustiug, Yug River Mouth, Northern Dvina River Source)
St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated August 17 ;

Ustiug, Vologda (Skukhona and Yug Rivers, Northern Dvina Source)
Ustiug, Vologda; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated September 29 ; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Yug River Folder, Ustiug

Yug River

Yug River Source (along the border)

Yug River 1 (Sharzhenga River)

Sharzhenga River Mouth (Yug River 1)

Yug River 2 (Volomsk Forest)

Volomsk forest (Yug River 2)
Volomsk forest is 80 versts southwest of Ustiug at Kichmenga River; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28;

Yuga Monastery, Volomsk forest (Yug River 2) 1605
Volomsk forest is 80 versts southwest of Ustiug at Kichmenga River; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28;

Kichmenga River Mouth (at Yug River 2)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina Source, Yug River 3, Luza River Folder

Luza River

Lalsk (Lala River Mouth at Luza River 7)
Lalsk (Lala River Mouth at Luza River 7); Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated July 17 ;

Luza (Luza River 8)
Luza (Luza River 8) ; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated July 17 ;

Luza River Source (along the border)

Luza River 1

Luza River 2

Luza River 3

Luza River 7 (Lalsk, Lala River Mouth)

Luza River 8 (Luza)

Luza River Mouth (Yug River 3)

Yug River Mouth (Ustiug, Skukhona (Kuben) River Mouth, Northern Dvina River Source)

Ustiug, Vologda (Yug and Skukhona Rivers, Northern Dvina Source)
Ustiug, Vologda; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17 ; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated September 29 ; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Gledeno, Troitse-Gledensky Monastery, 1492
Troitse-Gledensky Monastery, 1492; St. Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated on September 29;

Holy Trinity Monastery at Gledeno, 1212
Holy Trinity Monastery at Gledeno, 1212; St. Cyprian of Ustiug, Commemorated on September 29;

Great Ustiug, Vologda (Veliky Ustiug, Northern Dvina Source)
Veliky Ustiug, Vologda (Great Ustiug), the confluence of the Sukhona and Yug Rivers. and the source of the Northern Dvina River; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug ; St Cyprian of Ustiug; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Northern Dvina River 1 (Solvychegodsk, Vychegda River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River Folder

Vychegda River

Vychegda River Source (Central Timan Ridge, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Timan Ridge, Central
Timan Ridge;

Vychegda River 1

Vychegda River 2

Vychegda River 3 (Sysola, Sysola River)

Sysola (Sysola River Mouth, Vychegda River 3)
Syktyvkar or Sysola;

Sysola River Mouth (Vychegda River 3)

Ust-Sysolsk (Sysola)

Zelenets Transmitter (Komi Republic)
Zelenets, Volkhovsky District, Zelenets Trinity Monastery; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Ust-Vym District, Vologda (Centered in Aykino)
Ust-Vym District; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St. Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Ust-Vym, Vologda (Vym River Mouth, Vychegda River 3)
Ust-Vym; St. Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Vym River

Vym River Source (Timan Ridge, South)

Timan Ridge, South
Timan Ridge;

Aykino, Ust-Vym, Vologda (Vychegda River 4)
Aykino, Ust-Vym (Vychegda River 4); St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6;

Vychegda River 4 (Soyga, Yarenga River Mouth, Ust-Vym)

Soyga, Vologda (Vychegda River 4.5) 1541
Soyga (located approximately half-way between Solvychegodsk and Yarensk Soyga is 60k or Versts from Solvychegodsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ;

Soyga Monastery, Vologda (Vychegda River 4.5) 1541
Soyga (located approximately half-way between Solvychegodsk and Yarensk Soyga is 60k or Versts from Solvychegodsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River 4, Yarenga River Folder, Vologda

Yarenga River

Yarenga River Source (Komi Republic)

Yarenga River 1

Yarenga, Vologda, Zyryan (Yarenga River 1)
Yarenga; Venerable Longinus of Yarenga; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Yarenga River 2

Yarenga River 3

Yarenga River Mouth (Vychegda River 4)

Yarenga, Vologda, Zyryan (Yarensk, Yarenga River Mouth)
Yarenga (Yarensk) ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Vychegda River Mouth (Northern Dvina River 1)

Zyrian Church No. 1 (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1)
Zyrian Church No. 1 (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1) ; St. Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Vychegda, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1)
Koryazhemsk monastery, Vychegda, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1); Solvychegodsk (Vychegda River 5) ; Icon of the Mother of God of "St Christopher", Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Solvychegodsk, Vologda (Vychegda River Mouth, Northern Dvina 1)
Solvychegodsk (Vychegda River 5) ; Icon of the Mother of God of "St Christopher", Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 1, Vychegda River Mouth, Koryazhma River Folder

Koryazhma River

Koryazhma River Source (along the border)

Koryazhma River Mouth

Koryazhma, Vologda (Koryazhma River Mouth, near Vychegda River Mouth)
Koryazhma (near Vychegda River Mouth), ; Koryazhemsk monastery; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10 ;

Koryazhemsk monastery, Vologda, 1535
Koryazhemsk monastery; Koryazhma (near Vychegda River Mouth), ; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated February 10;

Northern Dvina River 2

Northern Dvina River 3 (Vaga River Mouth)

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 3, Vaga River Folder

Vaga River

Vaga River Source (along the border west of Pakhtusovo)
Vaga River;

Verkhovazhye (Vega River 1)
Verkhovazhye (Vega River 1); Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18;

Vaga River 1 (Pezhma River)

Pezhma River Mouth (Vaga River 1)

Vaga River 2 (Kuloy River)

Kuloy River Mouth (Vaga River 2)

Vaga River 3 (Vel River and Arkhangelsk Oblast)

Vel River (Arkhangelsk Oblast) Mouth (Vaga River 3)

Vaga River 4 (Ustya River)

Ustya River Mouth (Vaga River 4)

Vaga River 5 (Shenkursk, Puya River Mouth)

Puya River Mouth (Vaga River 5)

Vaga River 6 (Led River)

Shenkursk, White Sea, Vologda (Vaga River 6)
Shenkursk (Vaga River) ; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated January 18 ;

Led River Mouth (Vaga River 6)

Vaga River Mouth (Northern Dvina River 3)

Northern Dvina River 4

Northern Dvina River 5 (Pinega River Mouth)

Kholmogor, White Sea, Vologda (Piinyega River, Northern Dvina 5)
Kholmogor ; Because it has a church, Kholmogor is a selo. St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Northern Dvina River 5, Pinega River Folder

Pinega River

Pinyega, Archangelesk (Pinega River 5)
Pinyega, Archangelesk ; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Pinezhsky District, White Sea, Vologda (Pinega River)
Pinezhsky District; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkhol, Commemorated October 20 ; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Pinega River Source (Belaya and Chyornaya Rivers confluence)

Pinega River 1

Pinega River 2

Pinega River 3

Pinega River 4 (Verkola)

Verkola, village in Pinezhsky Uyezd (Pinega River 4)
village of Verkola in Pinezhsky; Uyezd in Arkhangelsk Governorate; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkhol, Commemorated October 20; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23;

Pinega River 5 (Pinyega)

Pinega River Mouth (Kholmogor, Northern Dvina River 5)

Malopinyega district (Pinyega River and Northern Dvina 5) Malopinyega d probably somewhere near here
Malopinyega (Pinyega River and Northern Dvina 5) Malopinyega probably somewhere near here Saint Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16

Northern Dvina River Mouth (Archangelsk, Dvina Bay of White Sea)
Dvina River;

Archangelsk (Dvina Bay White Sea, Northern Dvina Mouth)
Archangelsk; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Archangelsk monastery, White Sea area, 1520
Archangelsk monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Antonievo-Siysky Monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1520
Antonievo-Siysky Monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14 ;

Mikhailov Island (Northern Dvina River Mouth)
Mikhailov Island; Antonievo-Siysky Monastery; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ;

Karelian Nikolaev monastery, White Sea Region (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1410
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Keurola, Resurrection monastery in the city of Keurola, Probable Location, (Northern Dvina Mouth) 1410
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

The side of the Icy Sea
Karelian Nikolaev monastery; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Siya (Sura), White Sea Region, Vologda (Archangelsk, Northern Dvina Mouth)
Siya; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated December 7 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14;

Russia, Vologda, White Sea, Kola Peninsula Folder

Kola Peninsula, White Sea Region, Vologda
Kola Peninsula; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated January 15 ;

Kola Peninsula - Lapland
Lapland: land of the Sapmi People (Laplanders). Lapland has no capital but Murmansk is its largest city. Above the Artic Circle, it is the northern part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Lapland - Kola Peninsula
Lapland: land of the Sapmi People (Laplanders). Lapland has no capital but Murmansk is its largest city. Above the Artic Circle, it is the northern part of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Sura Lake, White Sea Region, Vologda
Lake Sura

Kola River

Kola River Source

Kola River Mouth
Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17 ; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola;

Murmansk (Kola River, Lapland)
Murmansk (Kola River) is the largest city in Murmansk Oblast and all of Lapland; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Kola (Murmansk, Kola River, Lapland)
Murmansk (Kola River) is the largest city in Murmansk Oblast and all of Lapland; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ;

Novoezersk, Novgorod (nearMurmansk and Kola River in Lapland)
Novoezersk, Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4;

New Lake, Novoezersk (nearMurmansk and Kola River in Lapland)
Novoezersk, Novgorod; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4;

Pechenga River

Pechenga Bay (Barrents Sea)

Pechenga River Source

Pechenga River 1

Pechenga River 2

Pechenga River 3 (Pechenga)

Pechenga, White Sea Region, Vologda (Pechenga River Mouth)
Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk); Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ;

Pechenga Monastery, White Sea Region, Vologda, Kola, 1492 or 1533
Pechenga Monastery; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk); Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated February 4 ;

Pechenga River Mouth (Kola Penninsula)

Russia, Vologda, Pechora River Folder (Artic Ocean)

Pechora River

Pechora River Source (Pechora, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Pechora River 1 (Yugra Land)

Pechora River 2

Pechora River Mouth (Artic Ocean)

Pechora, Komi Republic ( Pechora River Source)
Pechora, Komi Republic; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Zyryani, Lands of the Zyryani people 1 (Komi Republic, Vologda)
Lands of the Zyryani (Komi) people 1 (Komi Republic, Vologda); St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Yugra Land (Land of the Voguls, Pechora River, Vologda)
Yugra Land; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Russia, Vologda, Mezen River Folder (Mezen Bay, White Sea)

Mezen River

Mezen Bay (Mezen Frontier)
Mezen Bay (Mezen Frontier); Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5;

Mezen River Source (North Timan Ridge, Komi Republic)
Komi Republic;

Timan Ridge, North
Timan Ridge;

Mezen River Mouth (Mezen Bay, White Sea)

Ushchelsk, Mezen (Confluence of Ezeg abd Vazhka Rivers)
Ushchelsk (Confluence of Ezeg abd Vazhka Rivers); Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5;

Ezeg River

Ezeg River Source (Komi Republic)

Vazhka River

Vazhka River Source (Komi Republic)

Vazhka River Mouth (Ushchelsk, Mezen River)

Russia, Volhynia Folder, Up the Rivers, in Southwestern Russia

Volhynia Region (western trade route, up rivers, Horyn, Styr, Prypiat, Southern Bug and Western Bug Rivers)
Volhynia (Rivers Horyn, Styr, Prypiat, and Western Bug) ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4 ; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Russia, Volhynia History Folder

Russia, Volhynia, 980-1015, Volhynia Ruler, Vladimir the Great of Kiev
Kiev Rus King, 980-1015, Vladimir the Great ; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated September 30 ; Right-believing Prince Vladimir Yaroslavich the Prince of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 4 ; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Volhynia, 988, Baptism of Rus, August 1st, 988, Vladimir the Great of Kiev
Baptism of Rus, Kiev, August 1st, 988; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Damian the Healer and Clairvoyant of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 5; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 19; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Volhynia, 1019-1054, Rus King, Yaroslav the Wise, trade, Poland to Cherginov, allied w Sweden
Russia, Volhynia, 1019-1054, Rus King, Yaroslav the Wise; Russia, Volhynia, 1054-1078, Rus King, Iziaslav I of Kiev;

Russia, Volhynia, 1040-1054, Prince of Lutsk, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, St Nicholas, Yaroslavich, Y's son
Kiev Rus King, 1040-1077, Sviatoslav II of Kiev, St Nicholas Sviatoslav ; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated on December 13; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Princess Anna of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; Translation of the relics of the Holy Passionbearer Boris, in Holy Baptism Roman, Commemorated on May 2;

Russia, Volhynia, 1054-1078, Rus King, Iziaslav I of Kiev, Y's oldest son, law code, K Caves
Russia, Volhynia, 1054-1078, Rus King, Iziaslav I of Kiev;

Russia, Volhynia, 1078-1087, Rus King, Yaropolk Izyaslavich, I's son
Kiev Rus King, 1078-1087, Yaropolk Izyaslavich; Izyaslavich[2] (died 1087) was a Knyaz (prince) during the eleventh-century in the Kievan Rus' kingdom and was the King of Rus (1076–1078). The son of Grand Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich by a Polish princess named Gertruda, he is visible in papal sources by the early 1070s but largely absent in contemporary Rus sources until his father's death in 1078. his father's exile in the 1070s, Yaropolk can be found acting on his father's behalf in an attempt to gain the favor of the German emperors and the papal court of Pope Gregory VII. His father returned to Kiev in 1077 and Yaropolk followed. his father's death Yaropolk was appointed Prince of Volhynia and Prince of Turov in 1078 by the new Grand Prince, his uncle Vsevolod. 1085 Yaropolk had fallen into a state of enmity with the Grand Prince, and by extension the Grand Prince's son Vladimir Monomakh, forcing him to flee to Poland, his mother's homeland. He returned in 1086 and made peace with Monomakh but was murdered the same year on a journey to Zvenyhorod.[3] was remembered in Rus sources as extremely pious and generous to the church and is recognized as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on January 8; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27;

Russia, Volhynia, 1087-“1099, Volhynia Ruler, David Igorevich, Grandson of Y the Wise, Prince of Tmutarakan
Volhynia Ruler, 1087-“1099, David Igorevich ; Davyd Igorevich of Volhynia (c1075-1112); Igorevich of Volhynia, Prince of Volhynia, Prince of Dorogobuzh, Volhynia, Prince of Busk, was born 1055 to Igor Yaroslavich of Volhynia (1036-1060) and Kunigunde of Orlamünde and died 25 March 1112 in Dorohobuzh, Hoshcha Rayon, Rivne Oblast, Ukraine of unspecified causes. Ancestors are from Russia, Ukraine, Sweden. Contents[show] Igorevich (c.1055-May 25, 1112) - Prince of Volhynia, son of Igor Yaroslavich, grandson of the Grand Prince of Kiev Yaroslav the Wise. The Prince of Tmutarakan (1081-1082). Active participant in princely feuds . years Igorevich was born about 1055. Due to his early death, his father was in the position of an outcast and lived in Volhynia at Yaropolk Izyaslavich's court. In 1081, along with another outcast, Volodar Rostislavich, he fled to Tmutarakan. He drove out the posadnik of Vsevolod I Yaroslavich of Kiev but two years later he was expelled by Oleg Svyatoslavich. Gathering his warriors at the mouth of the Dnieper, Davyd blocked the trade route to Byzantium, and, in order to free it, the Grand Prince of Kiev Vsevolod Yaroslavich gave him, in exchange, the town of Dorogobuzh in Volhynia(1084). In 1086, after the death of Yaropolk Izyaslavich. Davyd received the Principality of Volhynia. In collusion with Svyatopolk Izyaslavich Kiev tried to take the inheritance of Galicia from Volodar and Vasilko Rostislavich. In 1097 he participated in the Council of Lyubech (1097), which approved his rule of the Principality of Volhynia. for the western volosts at Uvetichi princes conclude peace in Uvetichi. Painting by Sergei Vasilyevich Ivanov also: The internecine war in Russia (1097-1100) Davyd Igorevich was the organizer of the blinding in 1097 of Vasilko Rostislavich. Threatened by Volodar Rostislavich he was forced to surrender his advisors to the Rostislaviches to be executed. Further threatened by the princes, Davyd fled to Poland. He soon returned to Vladimir, but when the army of the Grand Prince of Kiev Svyatopolk Izyaslavich besieged the city, Davyd Igorevich was forced to surrender it. to fight for the seat of Volhynia. In 1099, Davyd Igorevich decided to help the Polovtsian Khan Bonyak and with his support, having beaten opponents in the Battle of the Wiar River (1099), received Vladimir and Lutsk. At the Council of Uvetichi (1100), for the blinding of Vasilko, he was deorived of this possession and, instead of Volhynia received the towns of Busk, Ostroh, Dubno and Staryi Chortoryisk, and soon thereafter Dorogobuzh. He made Busk his capital [1], and also founded the town of David-Gorodok. Death died on May 25, 1112 in Dorohobuzh. The remains found in a princely tomb, found in 1937 - 1938 during excavations in the town David-Gorodok founded by him, could belong to Davyd Igorevich. Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Russia, Volhynia, 1099, Ruler, Mstislav Sviatopolkovich, no info on M, but Ruler was brother Yaroslav, lost to GH
Volhynia Ruler, 1099, Mstislav I Sviatopolkovich ; Yaroslav Svyatopolkovich of Volhynia (1111-1123); Svyatopolkovich of Volhynia, Prince of Volhynia, was born circa 1091 to Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich of Kiev (1050-1113) and Daughter of Bohemia (c1060-c1093) and died May 1123 in Vladimir-Volynsky, Volodymyr-Volynskyi Rayon, Volyn Oblast, Ukraine of battle wounds. He married Daughter of Hungary (c1083-c1130) circa 1091 JL . He married Sophia of Poland (c1089-c1112) before 1108 JL . He married Rogneda Mstislavna of Kiev (c1112-c1159) 1112 JL . ancestors include Charlemagne (747-814). Ancestors are from Russia, Ukraine, Germany, France, Belgium, the Byzantine Empire, Sweden. Svyatopolkovich (Yaroslavets) (baptized Ioann) [1], (c1072-May 1123) - Prince of Volhynia (1100-1118). The son of Prince Svyatopolk Izyaslavich of Kiev. researchers believe that he was born from a concubine like his brother Mstislav, others that his mother was the legitimate wife of Svyatopolk Izyaslavich [2].. the decision of the Council of Uvetichi to deprive Davyd Igorevich of Principality of Volhynia for the blinding of Vasilko Rostislavich Terebovly in 1100, he became the viceroy of his father, the Grand Prince of Kiev, in Volhynia. In 1102, Svyatopolk reached an agreement with Vladimir Monomakh, then Prince of Pereyaslavl, about Yaroslav's transfer to Novgorod, and Vladimir's eldest son Mstislav to Volnynia, but the Novgorodians sent the grand prince of Kiev a reply: " If your son has two heads, send him to us ." the Svyatopolk's death and the reign of Vladimir Monomakh (1113) in Kiev, Yaroslav 4 years continued to rule Volhynia, but in 1117 Vladimir Monomakh transferred Mstislav Vladimirovich, who had already become a father-in-law of Yaroslav, from Novgorod to Belgorod-Kievsky, in which historians see the likely cause of the conflict between Yaroslav and Monomakh, as Yaroslav feared for his hereditary rights to Kiev. Yaroslav sent his wife (daughter of Mstislav, granddaughter of Vladimir Monomakh) to Belgorod and began to prepare for the struggle. In 1118, Vladimir Monomakh, in alliance with Rostislavich, expelled Yaroslav from Vladimir-Volynsky, the Volhynian prince became Roman Vladimirovich , and after his death (1119 Andrei V. Good. Yaroslav tried to regain possession with the help of Hungarian and Polish troops, as well as the Rostislavichs who had crossed over to his side, but without success. In 1123 he died under the walls of Vladimir-Volynsky from the wounds inflicted on him by two Polish soldiers during the siege. Martyr Basil of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Russia, Volhynia, 1150-1182, Saint Cyril of Turov, Belarus and Kiev
Russia, Kiev, 1150-1182, Saint Cyril of Turov; St. Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Russia, Volhynia, 1199-1349, Galicia-“Volhynia, Lithuania-Volhynia, Kingdom of Rus, under the Horde, Orthodox
Galicia-“Volhynia, Lithuania-Volhynia, Kingdom of Rus; Kingdom or Principality of Galicia–Volhynia[1] (also known as the Kingdom of Rus from 1253, was a medieval state and vassal of the Golden Horde in the Eastern European regions of Galicia and Volhynia that existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus. The main language was Old East Slavic, a predecessor to Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian, and the official religion was Eastern Orthodoxy. Grand Prince of Kyiv, Roman the Great, united the principalities of Halych and Volhynia into a single state at the turn of the 13th century. Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus (1239 to 1241), Prince Danylo Romanovych was forced to pledge allegiance to Batu Khan of the Golden Horde in 1246 as other princes of Rus did. He strove to rid his realm of the Mongol yoke, by formally drawing closer to Western Europe, however when Batu Khan ordered him to destroy city walls of his eastern cities he did so.[2] He was crowned "Rex Rusiae" by a papal legate in 1253, becoming officially an Orthodox subject of the Vatican. He also unsuccessfully attempted to establish military alliances with other European rulers.[3] The Polish conquest of the kingdom in 1349 ended its vassalage to the Golden Horde but it also ended its autonomy; the principality of Galicia was fully absorbed by Catholic Poland.[4] Upon annexing it, Polish King Casimir III the Great adopted the title of King of Poland and ruler of Ruthenia, and the territory was transformed into the Province of Ruthenia (Latin: Palatinatus Russiae) in 1434. western Galicia–Volhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland, while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes (now in Belarus) and the upper reaches of Southern Bug river in modern-day Ukraine. During its time, the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, the Principality of Kyiv, the Golden Horde, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Poland, the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. Lithuania-Volhynia or Galicia-Volhynia Wars (1340-1392) ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12;

Russia, Volhynia, 1301-1308, Yuri I Galicia, Kng Ruthenia, G P Kiev, Volydymyr-Volhynia, Halych, Lutsk, Dorohochyn
Russia, Volhynia, 1301-1308, Yuri I of Galicia ; I of Galicia (Ukrainian: Ð®Ñ€Ñ–Ð¹ I Ð›ÑŒÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ‡, 24 April 1252 (1257?) – 18 March 1308) was a King of Rus', Prince of Volhynia (Latin: Regis Rusie, Princeps Ladimerie). His full title was Yuri I, King of Ruthenia, Grand Prince of Kiev, Volydymyr-Volhynia, Halych, Lutsk, Dorohochyn. Overview Modern interpretation of the King seal of Yuri I of Halych In 1264-1301 he was a prince of the Duchy of Belz. He was a son of Lev Danylovych (Knyaz of Halych, 1269–1301) and Constance of Hungary, a daughter of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. He married three times. His first wife was Yaroslavna of Tver (died ca. 1286). His second wife was Euphemia of Kuyavia (died 18 March 1308), daughter of Casimir I of Kuyavia. His third wife is unknown. Principality of Galicia-Volynia, Kingdom of Rus, Ukraine; Repose of Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Russia, Volhynia, 1356-1401, Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon
Russia, Volhynia, 1356-1401, Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Russia, Volhynia, 1545-1608, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky, Konstanty Ostrogski, of Turov and Pinsk
Volhynia, 1545-1608, Prince Constantine Ostrozhsky, Konstanty Ostrogski; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Volhynia, 1571-1651, Saint Job of Pochaev
Volhynia, 1571-1651, Saint Job of Pochaev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Volhynia, 1675, Turkish siege Pochaev on July 20-23, 1675
Volynia, Turkish siege on July 20-23, 1675; Crimean-Nogai Raids; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Volhynia, 1675, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Volhynia, Horyn River Folder

Horyn River

Horyn River Source (Ternopil)

Horyn River 1 (Izyaslav)

Izyaslav (Horyn River 1)

Starokostiantyniv Castle, Principality of Turov and Pinsk, (Horyn River 1)
Starokostiantyniv Castle, Principality of Turov and Pinsk; Repose of Venerable Job the Wonderworker, Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Horyn River 2 (Slavuta)

Horyn River 3 (Netishyn)

Horyn River 4 (Ostrog)

Ostrog, Volynia, Ukraine (Horyn River 4)
Ostrog, Ukraine St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ;

Horyn River 5 (Rivne)

Koretsk Region and Korets
Koretsk Region and Korets; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Horyn River 6 (Sarne)

Horyn River 7

Horyn River 8 (Stolin)

Horyn River Mouth (Turov, Pripyat River 3)

Russia, Volhynia, Stry River Folder

Styr River

Styr River Source (near Brody)

Pochaev, Volynia (Styr, Seret, Western Bug, Horyn, and Ikva Rivers Sources)
Pochaev; Pochayiv Lavra; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Pochaev Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volynia Sprirtual Academy, Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volynia Seminary, Lavra Dormition Cathedral, Volhynia, 1527
Pochaev Lavra in Volhynia; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks,1675 Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev,Commemorated September 8 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Volyn Region (Volynia, Styr, Bug, Horyn River Source)
Volyn Region; Location: West Ukraine, East Poland, Southwest Belarus; it is located between the rivers Prypiat and Southern Bug, to the north of Galicia and Podolia. The region is named for the former city of Volyn or Velyn, said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come from the Proto-Slavic root *vol/vel- 'wet.'; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Synaxis of the Saints of Volhynia; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Styr River 1 (Berestechko)

Styr River 2 (Lutsk, Ikva River Mouth)

Lutsk, Volhynia (Styr River 2)
Lutsk; Venerable Nicholas Sviatosha Prince of Chernigov, and Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 14 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Macarius, Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa of Glushetsa, October 12 ; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Glushetsa suburb of Lutsk, Volynia
Glushetsa suburb of Lutsk; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; St Tarasius of Glushetsa of Glushetsa, October 12 ; St Macarius, Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12 ;

Vladimir-Volhynia Diocese, 988
Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; St Stephen, Commemorated October 10 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ;

Russia, Volhynia, Styr River 2, Ikva River Folder

Ikva River

Ikva River Source (On the Border)

Ikva River 1 (Kremenetz, Volhynia)

Kremenetz, Volhynia (Ikva River 1)
Kremenetz - Kremenetz city of Kremenetz district and rests 18 km north-east of the great Pochayiv Lavra ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Ikva River 2 (Dubno, Volhynia)

Dubno, Volynia (Ikva River 2)
Dubno; Rivne Oblast St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev;

Dubensk district of Volhynia, Dubno, Eastern Front WWI, Trade Rte with Poland (Ikva River 2)
Dubno; Rivne Oblast St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev;

Ikva River Mouth (Styr River 2, Lutsk)

Styr River 3 (Kolky)

Styr River 4 (Staryi Chortoryisk)

Styr River 5 (Kuznetsovsk)

Styr River 6 (Zarichne)

Styr River Mouth (Pinsk, Pripyat River 3)

Russia, Volhynia, Pripyat River Folder, Wormwood, Chenoble

Russia, Volhynia, Pripyat River Source, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals; Russia, Poland and Lithuania)

Pripyat River 1 (Pinsk, Styr River)

Pinsk, Volhynia (Pripyat River 1)
Pinsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatitich, Commemorated on November 15; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Pripyat River 2 (Turov and Mazyr, Horn River)

Turov and Pinsk Principality, Volhynia
Principality of Turov and Pinsk; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28;

Turov, Volhynia (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Turov, Volhynia, Ukraine (Horyn River Mouth, Pripyat River 2)
Turov; St Laurence the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, and Bishop of Turov, Near Caves, Commemorated January 29 ; St Cyril the Bishop of Turov, Commemorated on April 28; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Martin of Turov, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River Folder (West to Warsaw Poland)

Western Bug River (to Warsaw in Poland)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River 1, Poltva River Folder, Volhynia

Poltva River

Poltva River Source (Lvov, Western Ukraine or Poland, Bug River 1)

Galicia, Principality of Galicia-Volynia, Kingdom of Rus, High up the Rivers, Ukraine
Principality of Galicia-Volynia, Kingdom of Rus, Ukraine; Repose of Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Galicia, Volhynia, Western Ukraine (Russian Carpathians) Poland to Chernigov trade route
Galicia (Eastern Europe), Ukraine; Repose of Saint Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Galich Kingdom, Volhynia (Western Bug River 1 , 2 and 3)
Galich or Kingdom of Galicia, Volhynia; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12;

Galicia Volhynia, Kingdom of (Western Bug River 1 , 2 and 3)
Galich or Kingdom of Galicia,“Volhynia; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12;

Pokutia (around the corner, from Galicia in Volhynia, Cheremosh R. in Moldovia)
Pokutia (around the corner, from Galicia in Volhynia, Cheremosh R. in Moldovia, but still up the rivers); Repose of Venerable Job the Wonderworker, Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Western Bug River Source (Central Ukraine)

Western Bug River 1 (Poltva River)

Western Bug River 2 (Sokal, Volhynia)

Sokal, Volhynia, Ukraine (Western Bug River 2)
Sokal, Volhynia, Ukraine (Western Bug River 1); Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4;

Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk, Western Ukraine, Eastern Poland
Berezovsk, Belsk district, Smolensk; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Belz, Fortress of Belz (Bug River 2), Eastern Poland, Western Ukraine
Belz, Fortress of Belz; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Western Bug River 3 (Vladimir-Volynsk)

Vladimir, Volhynia (Vladimir-Volynsk, Western Bug River 3)
Vladimir in Volhynia, Vladimir-Volynsk; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated August 24 ; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ;

Vladimir Holy Mountain monastery at Vladimir, Volhynia, Zymne M, 1091
Vladimir Holy Mountain monastery at Volhynia, Zymne Monastery, 1000; Venerable Barlaam, Abbot of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. Because of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery. 1091 Saint Stephen was made Bishop of Vladimir in Volhynia, and he participated in the transfer of the relics of Saint Theodosius from the cave to the monastery (August 14). He also labored to convert the inhabitants of Volhynia to Christianity.

Hrubieszow, Volynia or Poland (Western Bug River 3, Vladimir-Volynsk)
Hrubieszow; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Teratyn, Volynia or Poland (Western Bug River 3, Vladimir-Volynsk)
Teratyn, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Western Bug River 4 (near Kholm Theological Seminary)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug River 4.5, Rata River Folder, Rata Monastery

Rata River

Rata River Source (along the border)

Rata River 1 (Ratne, Novodvorsk Monastery)

Ratne, Volhynia (Rata River 1)
Ratne, Volhynia; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Rata Monastery, Ratne, Volhynia, whose hegumen was Peter of Moscow, 1299 approx.
Ratne, Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Novodvorsk Monastery, Ratne, Volhynia, whose hegumen was Peter of Moscow, 1299 approx.
Ratne, Volhynia; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Rata River Mouth (Bug River 4.5)

Western Bug River 5

Western Bug River 6 (Brest)

Russia, Volhynia, Western Bug 6.5, Mukhavets River Folder, part of Dneiper Bug Canal)

Mukhavets River

Mukhavets River Source

Mukhavets River 1 (Kupyatich, Kobrin)

Kupyatich monastery, Kobrin, Volhynia, 1180, Mukhavets River 1, near Brest
Kupyatich monastery, Kobrin, Belarus, Leposovsky monastery today; Icon of the Mother of God of Kupyatich, Commemorated on November 15;

Mukhavets River Mouth (Brest, Western Bug River 6.5)

Brest-Litovsk (Vohlynia, Western Bug 6.5, Mukhavets River Mouth)
Brest, Belarus (Bug and Mukhavets Rivers) ; Uniates; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ;

Western Bug River 7

Western Bug River 8

Western Bug River Mouth (Warsaw, Narew River 13)

Russia, Volhynia, Southern Bug River Ukraine Folder, Volhynia is the Source

Podolia, Volhynia, area between Southern Bug and Dniester Rivers, North and West of Moldova
Podolia, Southwest Ukraine; Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Russia, Volhynia, Drevlyany Lands Ukraine Folder

Ovruch, Volhynia, Ukraine (the center of Drevlyany Lands)
Ovrucha; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Crimea Folder

Crimea, Gateway to Russia (through Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route or Muravsky Trail)
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Taurida (Taurica, the Crimean Penninsula and surrounding area, including Odessa and Tomis)
Taurida; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Vladimir indulged himself in a wild, sensuous life, he was far from the libertine that they sometimes portray him as being. He “shepherded his land with truth, valor and reason”, as a good and diligent master, of necessity he extended and defended its boundaries by force of arms, and in returning from military campaigns, he made for his companions and for all Kiev liberal and merry feasts. the Lord prepared him for another task. Where sin increases, there, in the words of the Apostle, grace abounds (Rom. 5: 20). “And upon him came visitation of the Most High, and the All-Merciful eye of the Good God gazed upon him, and shone forth the thought in his heart, of understanding the vanity of idolous delusion, and of appealing to the One God, Creator of all things both visible and invisible.” The matter of accepting Baptism was facilitated through external circumstances. The Byzantine Empire was in upheaval under the blows of the mutinous regiments of Bardas Skliros and Bardas Phocas, each of whom sought to gain the imperial throne. In these difficult circumstances the emperors, the coregent brothers Basil the Bulgar-Slayer and Constantine, turned for help to Vladimir. unfolded quickly. In August 987 Bardas Phocas proclaimed himself Emperor and moved against Constantinople, and in autumn of that same year the emissaries of Emperor Basil were at Kiev. “And having exhausted his (Basil’s) wealth, it compelled him to enter into an alliance with the Emperor of the Russians. They were his enemies, but he besought their help,” writes one of the Arab chronicles of events in the 980s. “And the Emperor of the Russians consented to this, and made common cause with him.” a reward for his military help, Vladimir asked for the hand of the emperors’ sister Anna, which for the Byzantines was an unheard of audacity. Princesses of the imperial lineage did not marry “barbarian” rulers, even if they were Christians. At the same time the emperor Otto the Great was seeking the hand of Anna for his son, and he was refused. However, in Vladimir’s case Constantinople was obliged to consent. agreement was concluded, according to which Vladimir had to send the emperors six thousand Varangians, and to accept holy Baptism. Under these conditions he would receive the hand of the imperial daughter Anna. Thus in the strife of human events the will of God directed the entering of Rus into the grace-filled bosom of the Ecumenical Church. Great Prince Vladimir accepted Baptism and sent the military assistance to Byzantium. With the aid of the Russians, the mutineers were destroyed and Bardas Phocas killed. But the Greeks, gladdened by their unexpected deliverance, were in no hurry to fulfill their part of the bargain. at the Greek duplicity, Prince Vladimir “hastened to collect his forces” and he moved “against Korsun, the Greek city,” the ancient Chersonessos. The “impenetrable” rampart of the Byzantine realm on the Black Sea fell. It was one of the vitally important hubs of the economic and mercantile links of the empire. This blow was so much felt, that its echo resounded throughout all the regions of Byzantium. again had the upper hand. His emissaries, the commanders Oleg and Sjbern soon arrived in Constantinople for the imperial daughter. Eight days passed in Anna’s preparation, during which time her brothers consoled her, stressing the significance of the opportunity before her: to enable the enlightening of the Russian realm and its lands, and to make them forever friends of the Byzantine realm. At Taurida Saint Vladimir awaited her, and to his titles there was added a new one: Caesar (Tsar). The haughty rulers of Constantinople had to accede also in this, to bestow upon their new brother-in-law the imperial insignia. In certain of the Greek historians, Saint Vladimir is termed from these times as a “mighty basileios-king”, he coins money in the Byzantine style and is depicted on it with the symbols of imperial might: in imperial attire, and on his head the imperial crown, and in his right hand the sceptre with cross. with the empress Anna, there arrived for the Russian See Metropolitan Michael ordained by holy Patriarch Nicholas II Chrysoberges. He came with his retinue and clergy, and many holy relics and other holy things. In ancient Chersonessos, where each stone brings to mind Saint Andrew the First-Called, there took place the marriage-crowning of Saint Vladimir and Blessed Anna, both reminiscent and likewise affirming the oneness of the Gospel of Christ in Rus and in Byzantium. Korsun, the “empress’s dowry”, was returned to Byzantium. In the spring of 988 the Great Prince and his wife set out through the Crimea, Taman and the Azov lands, which had come into the complexion of his vast realm on the return trip to Kiev. Leading the princely cortege with frequent Services of Thanksgiving and incessant priestly singing they carried crosses, icons and holy relics. It seemed, that the Ecumenical Holy Church was moving into the spacious Russian land, and renewed in the font of Baptism, Holy Rus came forth to meet Christ and His Church. followed an unforgettable and quite singular event in Russian history: the morning of the Baptism of the Kievans in the waters of the River Dneipr. On the evening before, Saint Vladimir declared throughout the city: “If anyone does not go into the river tomorrow, be they rich or poor, beggar or slave, that one shall be my enemy.” The sacred wish of the holy Prince was fulfilled without a murmur: “all our land glorified Christ with the Father and the Holy Spirit at the same time.” is difficult to overestimate the deep spiritual transformation of the Russian people effected by the prayers of Saint Vladimir, in every aspect of its life and world-view. In the pure Kievan waters, as in a “bath of regeneration”, there was realized a sacramental transfiguration of the Russian spiritual element, the spiritual birth of the nation, called by God to unforeseen deeds of Christian service to mankind. “Then did the darkness of the idols begin to lift from us, and the dawn of Orthodoxy appear, and the Sun of the Gospel illumined our land.” In memory of this sacred event, the regeneration of Rus by water and the Spirit, the Russian Church established the custom of an annual church procession “to the water” on August 1. Later, the Feast of the Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Creating Cross of the Lord, which Russia celebrated with the Greek Church, was combined with the Feast of the All-Merciful Savior and the Most Holy Theotokos (established by Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky in the year 1164). In this combination of feasts there is found a precise expression of the Russian theological consciousness, for which both Baptism and the Cross are inseparable. throughout Holy Rus, from the ancient cities to the far outposts, Saint Vladimir gave orders to destroy the pagan sanctuaries, to flog the idols, and in their place to clear land in the hilly woods for churches, in which altars would be consecrated for the Bloodless Sacrifice. Churches of God grew up along the face of the earth, at high elevated places, and at the bends of the rivers, along the ancient trail “from the Variangians to the Greeks” figuratively as road signs and lamps of national holiness. Concerning the famed church-building activity of Saint Vladimir, the Metropolitan of Kiev Saint Hilarion (author of the “Word on Law and Grace”) exclaimed: “They demolished the pagan temples, and built up churches, they destroyed the idols and produced holy icons, the demons have fled, and the Cross has sanctified the cities.” the early centuries of Christianity it was the custom to raise up churches upon the ruins of pagan sanctuaries or upon the blood of the holy martyrs. Following this practice, Saint Vladimir built the church of Saint Basil the Great upon a hill, where a sanctuary of Perun had been located, and he built the stone church of the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos (Desyatinnaya) on the place of the martyrdom of the holy Varangian Martyrs (July 12). The magnificent temple was intended to become the cathedral for the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus, and thus the primal altar of the Russian Church. It was built in five years, and was richly adorned with frescoes, crosses, icons and sacred vessels, brought from Korsun. The day of the consecration of the church of the Most Holy Theotokos, May 12 (in some manuscripts May 11), was ordered by Saint Vladimir to be inserted into the Church calendar as an annual celebration. This event was linked with other events celebrated on May 11, and it provided the new Church a twofold sense of continuity. Under this day in the calendar is noted the churchly Founding of Constantinople “dedicated by the holy emperor Saint Constantine as the new capital of the Roman Empire, the city of Constantine is dedicated to the Most Holy Theotokos (330). On this same day of May 11, the church of Sophia, the Wisdom of God was consecrated at Kiev (in the year 960 under Saint Olga). Saint Vladimir, having had the cathedral church consecrated to the Most Holy Theotokos, followed the example of Saint Constantine in dedicating the capital city of the Russian Land (Kiev) to the Queen of Heaven. a tithe or tenth was bestown on the Church; and since this church had become the center of the All-Russian collection of churchly tithes, they called it the Tithe church. The most ancient text of the grant, or church rule by holy Prince Vladimir spoke thus: “For I do bestow on this church of the Holy Mother of God a tenth of all my principality, and also throughout all the Russian Land from all the princely jurisdiction a tithe of squirrel-pelts, and from the merchant, a tithe of the week, and from households each year, a tenth of every herd and every livelihood, to the wondrous Mother of God and the wondrous Savior.” The grant also specified “church people” as being free from the jurisdictional power of the prince and his “tiuni” (officials) and placed them under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan. chronicle has preserved a prayer of Saint Vladimir, with which he turned to the Almighty at the consecration of the Dormition Tithe church: “O Lord God, look down from Heaven and behold, and visit Your vineyard, which Your right hand has planted. And make this new people, whom You have converted in heart and mind to know You, the True God. And look down upon this Your church, which Your unworthy servant has built in the name of the Mother Who gave birth to Thee, the Ever-Virgin Theotokos. And whoever prays in this church, let his prayer be heard, through the prayers of the All-Pure Mother of God.” the Tithe church and Bishop Anastasius, certain historians have made a connection with the beginnings of Russian chronicle writing. At it were compiled the Life of Saint Olga and the account of the Varangian Martyrs in their original form, and likewise the “Account, How in the Taking of Korsun, Vladimir came to be Baptized.” Here also originated the early Greek redaction of the Lives of the Holy Martyrs Boris and Gleb. the time of Saint Vladimir, the Kiev Metropolitan See was occupied successively by the Metropolitan Saint Michael (September 30), Metropolitan Theophylactus, who transferred to Kiev from the See of Armenian Sebaste (991-997), Metropolitan Leontius (997-1008), and Metropolitan John I (1008-1037). Through their efforts the first dioceses of the Russian Church were opened: at Novgorod (its first representative was Saint Joachim of Korsun (+ 1030), compiler of the Joachimov Chronicle), Vladimir-Volyn (opened May 11, 992), Chernigov, Pereslavl, Belgorod, and Rostov. “And thus throughout all the cities and villages there were set up churches and monasteries, and the clergy increased, and the Orthodox Faith blossomed forth and shone like the sun.” advance the Faith among the newly enlightened people, learned people and schools were needed to help prepare them. Therefore, Saint Vladimir and the holy Metropolitan Michael “commanded fathers and mothers to take their young children and send them to schools to learn reading and writing.” Saint Joachim of Korsun set up such a school at Novgorod, and they did the same in other cities. “And there were a multitude of schools of scholars, and of these were there a multitude of philosophers.” a firm hand Saint Vladimir held in check enemies at the frontiers, and he built fortified cities. He was the first in Russian history to set up a “notched boundary,” a line of defensive points against nomadic peoples. “Volodimir began to set up cities along the Desna, along the Vystra, along the Trubezha, along the Sula and along the Stugna. And he settled them with the Novgorodians, the Smolyani, the Chuds and the Vyatichi. He made war against the Pechenegs and defeated them.” But the real reason for his success was the peaceful Christian preaching among the pagans of the steppes. the Nikol’sk Chronicles under the year 990 was written: “And in that same year there came to Volodimir at Kiev four princes from the Bulgars and they were illumined with Divine Baptism.” In the following year “the Pecheneg prince Kuchug came and accepted the Greek faith, and he was baptized in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and served Vladimir with a pure heart.” Under the influence of the holy prince several apparent foreigners were also baptized. For example, the Norwegian “koenig” (king) Olaf Trueggvason (+ 1000) who lived several years at Kiev, and also the renowned Torvald the Wanderer, founder of a monastery of Saint John the Forerunner along the Dneipr near Polotsk, among others. In faraway Iceland the poet-skalds called God the “Protector of the Greeks and Russians.” addition to the Christian preaching, there were the renowned feasts of Saint Vladimir. After Liturgy on Sundays and Church Feasts there were put out abundant feasting tables for the Kievans, they rang the bells, choirs sang praise, the “transported infirm” sang bylini-ballads and spiritual verses. On May 12, 996, for example, on the occasion of the consecration of the Tithe church, the prince “made a bright feast.” He distributed goods “to many of the poor, and destitute and wanderers, and through the churches and the monasteries. To the sick and the needy he delivered through the streets casks and barrels of mead, and bread, and meat, and fish, and cheese, desiring that all might come and eat, glorifying God”. Feasts were likewise celebrated in honor of the victories of Kievan warriors, and the regiments of Vladimir’s retinue: of Dobrynya, Alexander Popovich, Rogda the Bold. the year 1007 Saint Vladimir transferred the relics of Saint Olga to the Tithe church. Four years later, in 1011, his spouse and companion in many of his undertakings, the Blessed Empress Anna, was also buried there. After her death the prince entered into a new marriage with the young daughter of the German Graf Kuno von Enningen, granddaughter of the emperor Otto the Great. era of Saint Vladimir was a crucial period for the formation of Orthodox Rus. The unification of the Slavic lands and the formation of state boundaries under the domain of the Rurikovichi resulted from a strenuous spiritual and political struggle with neighboring tribes and states. The Baptism of Rus by Orthodox Byzantium was a most important step in its self-definition as a state. The chief enemy of Vladimir became Boleslav the Brave, whose plans included the extensive unification of the West Slavic and East Slavic tribes under the aegis of Catholic Poland. This rivalry arose back when Vladimir was still a pagan: “In the year 6489 (981). Volodimir went against the Lakhs and took their cities, Peremyshl, Cherven, and other cities, which be under Rus.” The final years of the tenth century are likewise filled with the wars of Vladimir and Boleslav. a brief lull (the first decade of the eleventh century), the “great stand-off” entered into a new phase: in the year 1013 a conspiracy against Saint Vladimir was discovered at Kiev. Svyatopolk the Accursed, who was married to a daughter of Boleslav, yearned for power. The instigator of the conspiracy was Boleslav’s cleric, the Kolobzheg Catholic bishop Reibern. conspiracy of Svyatopolk and Reibern was an all-out threat to the historical existence of the Russian state and the Russian Church. Saint Vladimir took decisive measures. All the three involved were arrested, and Reibern soon died in prison. Vladimir did not take revenge on those that “opposed and hated” him. Under the pretense of feigned repentance, Svyatopolk was set free. new misfortune erupted in the North, at Novgorod. Yaroslav, not yet “the Wise,” as he was later to be known, in the year 1010 having become ruler of Novgorod, decided to defect from his father the Great Prince of Kiev. He formed his own separate army, moving on Kiev to demand the customary tribute and tithe. The unity of the Russian land, for which Saint Vladimir had struggled all his life, was threatened with ruin. In both anger and in sorrow Saint Vladimir gave orders to “secure the dams and set the bridges,” and to prepare for a campaign against Novgorod. His powers were on the decline. In the preparations for his final campaign, happily not undertaken, the Baptizer of Rus fell grievously ill and surrendered his soul to the Lord in the village of Spas-Berestov on July 15, 1015. He had ruled the Russian realm for thirty-seven years (978-1015), twenty-eight of these years after his Baptism. for a new struggle for power and hoping for Polish assistance, and to play for time, Svyatopolk attempted to conceal the death of his father. But patriotically inclined Kievan nobles, by night, secretly removed the body of the deceased sovereign from the Berestov court, where Svyatopolk’s people were guarding it, and they conveyed the body to Kiev. At theTithe church the coffin with the relics of Saint Vladimir was met by Kievan clergy with Metropolitan John at the head of the procession. The holy relics were placed in a marble crypt, set within the Saint Clement chapel of the Dormition church beside the marble crypt of Empress Anna. name and deeds of the holy Equal of the Apostles Saint Vladimir, whom the people called the Splendid Sun, is interwoven with all the successive history of the Russian Church. “Through him we too have come to worship and to know Christ, the True Life,” testified Saint Hilarion. His deeds were continued by his sons, and grandsons and descendants, rulers of the Russian land for almost six centuries, from Yaroslav the Wise, who took the first steps towards the independent existence of the Russian Church, down to the last of the Rurikovichi, Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, under whom (in 1589) the Russian Orthodox Church became the fifth independent Patriarchate in the dyptichs of Orthodox Autocephalous Churches. festal celebration of the holy Equal of the Apostles Vladimir was established under Saint Alexander Nevsky, in memory of the intercession of Saint Vladimir on May 15, 1240, for his help in gaining the renowned victory by Nevsky over Swedish crusaders. the first veneration of the holy prince began in Rus rather earlier. The Metropolitan of Kiev Saint Hilarion (+ 1053), in his “Word on Law and Grace,” spoken on the day of memory of Saint Vladimir at the saint’s crypt in the Tithe church, calls him “an apostolic sovereign”, like Saint Constantine, and he compares his apostolic evangelisation of the Russian Land to the evangelisation by the holy Apostles.

Russia, Crimea History Folder

Russia, Crimea, 000, 1st Century History Folder, St Andrew

Russia, Crimea, 000, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle
Crimea, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Crimea, Roman, Crimea, 000, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle
Crimea, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Russia, Crimea, 100-800, 2nd - 9th Century, St Clement

Russia, Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea, Roman Empire
Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea; Cherson, Crimea; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ;

Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries, Cembalo
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries
Crimean Goths; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Crimean Gothic King, 375-383, Jungerich (Athanaric), pagan
Crimean Goths; Gothic King Jungerich (Athanaric) (375-383); Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ;

Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia
Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Mongol, Crimea, 750-969, Khzaria Border, Northern Half of Crimea
Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26

Russia, Crimea, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Crimea, 783-1917, 8th - 20th Century, Christian Crimea

Russia, Crimea, 783, Prince Bravlin, devastated Crimea from Kerch to Sougdai, 783 or so
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15; Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Cherson, Russian Crimea, 783 - Present
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15; Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Korsun, Russian Crimea, 783 - Present
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15; Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Crimea, 783-1917, Crimea in the Russian Empire
Russia, 790, Prince Bravlin, conquered Crimea, and saved by St Steven ; St. Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Sourozh in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15; Crimea, 783-1917, Crimea in the Russian Empire Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea; Cherson, Crimea; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on January 26;

Russia, Crimea and Uzbekistan, 900, 10th Century to 17th Century, Land of the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Russia, Crimea, 980, Byzantine Korsun falls to Russia and Vladimir the Great for the hand of Anna
Korsun, 980, Byzantine Cherson falls to Russia and Vladimir the Great for the hand of Anna; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Crimea, 988, Korsun Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Kiev by Vladimir the Great
Russia, Crimea, 988, Korsun Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Kiev by Vladimir the Great Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Crimea, 989-1030, Kiev Rus Bishop, Joachim the Korsunian
Kiev Rus Bishop, 989-1030, Joachim the Korsunian; Kiev Rus Metropolitan, 988-992, Michael I of Kiev; St Michael the first Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 15; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Russia, Crimea, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde, Conquered Crimea
Scythia, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde; Mongol Empire, 1206-1368, Capital Karakorum ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœof the SignÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, the Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Crimea, 13th to 17th Centuries, Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray
Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray; Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Crimean Khanate 1478-1774
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Crimea, 1500, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray
Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray
Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Crimea, 1774-1776, Independent Crimea
Crimea, 1774-1776, Independent Crimea; Crimea, 1783, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Russia, Crimea, 1783, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
Crimea, 1783, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Russia, Crimea, 1840, Kasperov Icon becomes bright
Russia, Crimea, 1840, Kasperov Icon becomes bright Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Kasperov Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. Tradition says that this holy icon had been brought to Cherson from Transylvania by a Serb at the end of the sixteenth century. Passing down from parent and child, the icon had come to a certain Mrs. Kasperova of Cherson in 1809. night in February of 1840 she was praying, seeking consolation in her many sorrows. Looking at the icon of the Virgin, she noticed that the features of the icon, darkened by age, had suddenly become bright. Soon the icon was glorified by many miracles, and people regarded it as wonderworking.

Russia, Crimea, 1853-1856, Crimean War, Orthodox East v Ottomans and West
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Russia, Crimea, 1854, Kasperov Icon becomes war hero
Russia, Crimea, 1840, Kasperov Icon becomes war hero Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; the Crimean War (1853-1856), the icon was carried in procession through the city of Odessa, which was besieged by enemy forces. On Great and Holy Friday, the city was spared. Since that time, an Akathist has been served before the icon in the Dormition Cathedral of Odessa every Friday.

Azov Lands (Sea of Azov)
Sea of Azov; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ;

Alma River Source

Alma River 1

Alma River Mouth (Black Sea)

Alma River

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning œto dig through)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Tmutarakan, Crimea
Tmutarakan peninsula (on the eastern banks of the Kerchensk straits); Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Kerchensk (Kerch) straits
Kerchensk (Kerch) straits; Venerable Nikon, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Tmutarakan (Taman) Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Taman (Tmutarakan) Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Surozh, Crimea, Russia
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Russian Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Akritian, Cherson, Crimea
Akritian (Anti Moslem Frontier) Cherson; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ;

Korsun, Crimea, Russia, Korsun is the Slavic Name
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Cherson, Crimea, Russia, Cherson is the Greek Name
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Mount Ayu-Dag, Crimea
Mount Ayu-Dag; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Crimea, Cherson, Muravsky Trail Folder

Russia, Crimea, Cherson, Dnieper (Varangian) Trade Route Folder

Dnieper (Varanigan) Trade Route (Varangia to Constantinople)
The chief trade route of Rus, from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, was then called œthe Way from the Varangians to the Greeks.

Russia, St Petersburg Folder, its roads and rivers

St Petersburg, Russia (Peterburg or Petrograd)
St Petersburg; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All who sorrow" (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Converser", Commemorated on August 14; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated September 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œTikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, February 20 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa", Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God"œStaro Rus" Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, "œIt Is Truly Meet..." Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God"œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8 ;

Petrograd (Peterburg, St Petersburg, Neva River)
Petrograd: St Petersburg; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated on July 31; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Finland;

Russia, St Petersburg History Folder

Russia, St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva, over Catholic Swedes, Norwegians and Finns
St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1240-1263, Saint, Alexander Nevsky, battles of Neva and Ice
St Petersburg Saint, 1240-1263, Alexander Nevsky; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated on October 5; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1329-1353, Saint, Herman of Valaam
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Venerable Herman the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1329-1353, Saint, Sergius of Valaam
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Venerable Herman the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Fisherman, Lake Ladoga
Russia, St Petersburg, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Lake Ladoga; Lake Ladoga; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin
Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Stolbovo, 1617 (Treaty of Stolbovo)
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir
Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir ; Svir River; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1721, Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721
Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721; Great Northern War 1700-1721; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1721-1917 , Russian Empire (capital normally St Petersburg)
Russian Empire, Capital St Petersburg except for two years in Moscow of the 200 years of the Empire 1721-1917 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, 1757-1825, Iconographer, Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky
St Petersburg Iconographer, 1757-1825, Vladimir Lukich Borovikovsky; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœOur Lady of SitkaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, St Petersburg, North Side Folder, Karelian Isthmus, Sestra River

Sestra River

Sestra River Source (Karelian Istmus)
The Sestra River is the natural boundary between both Russia and Sweden, and Russia and Finland.

Karelian Isthmus, North Side St Petersburg
Karelian Isthmus; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18;

Vysotsk, North St Petersburg, Russia
Vysotsk; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12

Kakisalmi, Russia (Karelian Isthmus)
Kakisalmi; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7;

Sestra River 1

Sestra River Mouth (Gulf of Finland)

Peter and Paul cathedral, northside St Petersberg, 1712
Peter and Paul Cathedral St. Petersburg; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Petrograd’s Military Medical Academy
Petrograd’s Military Medical Academy; Uncovering of the relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russian Thebaid of the North
Russian Thebaid of the North; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1;

Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg
Kronstadt Island (Kotlin Island, St Petersburg); Kronshtadtsky District; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Russia, St Petersburg, Volkhov River Folder

Volkhov River 5 (Volkhov)

Volkhov, St Petersburg (Volkhov River 5)
Volkhov; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, commemorated August 3;

Zelenets (Green Island), Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District, St Petersburg, 1582
Zelenets, Trinity Zelenets Monestary, Volkhov District, Zelenets (Green Island); Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1;

Russia, St Petersburg, Syas River Folder

Syas River

Syas River Source (Valdai Hills)

Syas River 1

Syas River 2 (Overview)

Syas River 3

Syas River 4

Syas River 6 (Tikhvinka River)

Russia, St Petersburg, Syas River 6, Tikhvin River Folder

Tikhvinka River

Tikhvinka River Source (Lake Yeglino)

Tikhvinka River 1

Tikhvinka River 2 (Tikhvin)

Tikhvin, St Petersburg area (Tikhvinka River 2)
Tikhvin; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Converser, Commemorated on August 14; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated January 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated February 17; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œTikhvin on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Tikhvin Assumption Monastery, 1560
Tikhvin Assumption Monastery; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ;

Dymsk, Novgorod (near Tikhvin, St. Petersburg)
Dymsk on Lake Dyma on the outskirts of Tikhvin; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Dyma Lake, Tikhvin, St Petersburg
but Anthony, shunning glory, left the monastery and settled at the shores of Lake Dyma, on the outskirts of the city of Tikhvin Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24;

Tikhvinka River Mouth (Syas River 6)

Syas River Mouth (Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg)

Russia, St Petersburg, South Side Folder, Winter Palace, Spiritual Academy, Gatchina Road

Izhora River

Trinity-St. Sergius Hermitage (near St Petersburg) 1734
St Sergius Hermitage; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Kopore Fortress (southwest of St Petersburg)
Kopore; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23, The Teutonic Knights remained a dangerous enemy. In a lightning-quick campaign in 1241 St Alexander recaptured the ancient Russian fortress of Kopore, expelling the knights. But in 1242, the Germans succeeded capturing Pskov.;

Orlov (Gatchina Palace)
Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Gatchina Palace, 1766
Gatchina Palace; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ;

Gatchina (Road St Petersburg to Pskov)
Gatchina (Road St Petersburg to Pskov); Gatchina Palace; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Pavlovsk Institute - Pavlovsk Palace, St Petersburg, 1777
Pavlovsk Institute - Pavlovsk Palace; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4

Sophia Cathedral, Pushkin, St Petersburg
Sophia Cathedral, in Sophia, near Pushkin and St. Petersburg ; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23;

Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg
Tsarskoye Selo; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated November 27 ;

Saint Katherine'™s Cathedral, Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg
Saint Katherine'™s Cathedral, Tsarskoye Selo, St Petersburg; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

St. Petersburg University, 1724
St. Petersburg University; St Euthymius (Takaishvili);

Moscow Triumphal Gate, St Petersburg, 1834, for 1829 victory over Turks
Moscow Triumphal Gate; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Metropolitan Philaret was asked to dedicate the new Triumphal Gate in Moscow, and Tsar Nicholas I was also present. Seeing statues of pagan gods on the Gate, the Metropolitan refused to bless it. The Tsar became angry, and many people criticized the saint™s refusal to participate. He felt that he had followed his conscience in this matter, but still felt disturbed by it, and so he prayed until he finally dropped off to sleep. He was awakened around 5 A.M. by the sound of someone opening the door which he usually kept locked. The Metropolitan sat up and saw Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25) leaning over his bed. œDon'™t worry, he said, It will all pass.Then he disappeared.

Resurrection-New Divyevo Monastery, Moskovskiy Ave., 100, St. Petersburg 196084
Resurrection-New Divyevo Monastery, Moskovskiy Ave., 100, St. Petersburg 196084; Moscow Triumphal Gate; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Metropolitan Philaret was asked to dedicate the new Triumphal Gate in Moscow, and Tsar Nicholas I was also present. Seeing statues of pagan gods on the Gate, the Metropolitan refused to bless it. The Tsar became angry, and many people criticized the saint™s refusal to participate. He felt that he had followed his conscience in this matter, but still felt disturbed by it, and so he prayed until he finally dropped off to sleep. He was awakened around 5 A.M. by the sound of someone opening the door which he usually kept locked. The Metropolitan sat up and saw Saint Sergius of Radonezh (September 25) leaning over his bed. œDon'™t worry, he said, It will all pass.Then he disappeared. Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21;

St Petersburg Theological Academy, 1797
St Petersburg Theological Academy; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 3; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ;

St Alexander Nevsky Spiritual Academy, St Petersburg, 1797
St Alexander Nevsky Spiritual Academy; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ;

St Petersburg Naval Academy, 1701
St Petersburg Naval Academy; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26;

Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg, 1801
Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Alexandrovsky (Shuvalov) Palace
Alexandrovsky Shuvalov Palace; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31;

Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St Petersburg, 1710
Alexander Nevsky Lavra ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Trinity Cathedral, Alexander Nevsky Lavra, St Petersburg, 1778
Alexander Nevsky Lavra ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Smolensk cemetery, St Petersburg
Smolensk cemetery; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ;

Vasili Island, St Petersburg
Vasili Island; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7;

Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers"™ School
Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers™ School or Imperial Military Aademy in Saint Petersberg; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Imperial Military Academy
Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers' School or Imperial Military Aademy in Saint Petersberg; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Academy of Arts in St Petersburg, Russia
Academy of Arts in St Petersburg, Russia; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8 ;

Saint Petersburg State University, 1724
Saint Petersburg State University; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20;

Winter Palace Cathedral, southside St Petersburg, 1763
Winter Palace Cathedral; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Winter Palace, southside St. Petersburg, 1732
Winter Palace; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Izhora Plateau
Izhora Plateau;

Izhora River Source (Skvoritsy springs, Izhora Plateau)

Izhora River 1

Izhora River 2

Izhora River Mouth (Neva River)
Izhora River;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda Folder

Lake Onega, Eastern St Petersburg area
Lake Onega; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg area
Lake Ladoga; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated August 9; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga near St Petersburg) settled 1329
Valaam Island (Lake Ladoga); Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Shlisselburg Fortress, 1323, Lake Ladoga
Shlisselburg Fortress; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Valaamo monastery (Valaam Island, Lake Ladoga) 1329
Valaam Monastery ; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

an island, Sala (the Thicket)
Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

The Peninsula of Lake Ladoga
Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Serdobol (near St Petersburg)
Serdobol at the north end of Lake Ladoga. Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ;

Konevits Island, , Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg
Konevits; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Konevits Monestary, Lake Ladoga, St Petersburg, 1393
Konevits Monestary; Konevits; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Svir River Folder

Chud People, Land of the Chud People (east of St Petersburg)
Chud People; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated February 11 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Kizhi Island in Lake Onega, St Petersburg area
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega, St Petersburg area
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Murom monastery, Church of the Ressurection of Lararus, 1360
Mucha (Murom) Island in Lake Onega; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Kizhi Pogost, 1360 & 1690
Kizhi Pogost, 1690; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8;

Pali island in Lake Onega
Pali island in Lake Onega; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Petrozavodsk, Lake Onega, St. Petersburg, Svir River side
Petrozavodsk; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5;

Svir River

Svir River Source (Lake Onega)

Obonezh Pyatina, division of Novgorod Northeast of Novgorod to White Sea, Svir River
Pyatina; Obonezhskaya Pyatina; Obonezhskaya Pyatina was located to the northeast of Novgorod, on the right bank of the Volkhov. This pyatina continued north to Lake Onega and further to the White Sea. In terms of the current administrative division, it included parts of Novgorod, Leningrad, Vologda, and Arkhangelsk Oblasts, and the Republic of Karelia.

Khavronin on the River Svira, St Petersburg
Khavronin on the River Svira; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30;

Svir River 1 (Holy Lakes, Svir)

Holy Lakes
Holy Lakes ; Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; Alexander-Svirsky Monastery was founded in 1487, when a monk of the Valaam Monastery, named Alexander, settled between Roschinsky and Holy lakes, 20 km to the east from Lake Ladoga and 6 km from the Svir River. Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Alexander-Svirsky Monastery of the Holy Trinity, St Petersburg area, 1487
Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; This monastery was orignally the rich estate Andreevschina of Saint Adrian of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Svir (Siya), St Petersburg area (Lake Ladoga, Svir River 1)
Svir River; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Nicander the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on September 24; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Andreevschina Estate
Alexander-Svirsky Monastery ; This monastery was orignally the rich estate Andreevschina of Saint Adrian of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Svir River Mouth (Lake Ladoga)

Mandera (River Oyata Mouth at Svir River near Lake Ladoga)
Mandera (River Oyata Mouth at Svir River near Lake Ladoga); Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated August 30 ;

Olonka River

Olonets Land (Northwestern Imperial Russia, Finland to White Sea)
Olonets Land; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Olonets, near St Petersburg (Olonka River, Lake Ladoka)
Olonets; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Righteous Athanasius of Novolotsk, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Paleostrov and Olonets, Karelia, Russia
Paleostrov and Olonets, Karelia, Russia ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated August 21 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Neva River Folder

Neva River

Neva River Source (Lake Ladoga)

Shlisselburg, Neva River Source, Lake Ladoga
Shlisselburg; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30;

Neva River Mouth (Neva Bay, Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea)

Battle of the Neva, 1240, Orthodox over Catholic Swedes, Norwegians and Finns, and Teutonic Knights
St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Russia, St Petersburg, Lakes Onega and Lagoda, Volda Lake Folder

Ileksa River

Ileksa River Source, Above Vodla Lake

Yuregorsk Monastery?, Mt Yurev? (above Vodla Lake)
Yuregorsk Monastery?, Mt Yurev? This is the location of the only church in the area. Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20;

Ileksa River Mouth (Vodla Lake)
Ileksa River;

Vodla River

Vodla River Source (Vodla Lake)

Vodla Lake, St Petersburg drainage
Lake Vodla or Lake Vodlozero; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated November 20 ;

Vodla River Mouth (Lake Onega)
Vodla River;

Russia, St Petersburg, Luga River Folder

Luga River

Luga River Second Source

Luga River Source (along the border)

Luga River 1 (Oredezh, Oredezh River Mouth)

Russia, St Petersburg, Luga River 1, Oredezh River Folder

Oredezh River

Oredezh River 1

Oredezh River 2 (Vyritsa)

Vyritsa, South of St Petersburg (Oredezh River 2)
Vyritsa; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21;

Oredezh River 3

Oredezh River Mouth (Luga River 2)

Oredezhsk (O River Mouth, Luga River 1)
Oredezhsk; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Luga River 3

Luga River 4

Luga River Mouth (Gulf of Finland)

Batetsky District (basin of Rivers Verenda and Sheldon)
Batetsky District (basin of Rivers Verenda (southeast) and Sheldon (southwest));

Russia, St Petersburg, St Petersburg Roads Folder

Gatchina Road to Peskov

Russia, Kaluga Folder, and its rivers, North side of the Oka, along M Trail

Kaluga district (East European Plain)
Kaluga Oblast ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Kaluga governance
Kaluga governance; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin, Kaluga
Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27;

Russia, Kaluga History Folder

Russia, Kaluga, 800, Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin
Vyatichi, 9th - 12th Century, Slavic People of the Oka Basin; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27;

Russia, Kaluga, 1373-1410, Vladimir the Bold, Prince with Dimitri Donskoi
Kaluga, 1373-1410, Vladimir the Bold, Prince with Dimitri Donskoi, aka Serpukhov prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated on September 12;

Russia, Kaluga, 1380, Battle of Kulikovo Field
Battle of Kulikovo; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius;

Russia, Kaluga, 1480, Great stand on the Ugra river
Kaluga, Great stand on the Ugra river, 1480 ; Russo-Kazan Wars 1438-1552; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23;

Russia, Kaluga,1512, Crimean Tartar War at Kaluga
Crimean Tartar War at Kaluga 1512; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10;

Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.
Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Russia, Kaluga, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk
Russia, Kaluga, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk; Optina Monestary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Kaluga, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy
Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Kaluga, 1857-1911, St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina
Kaluga's St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina, 1857-1911; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 1, Orlov Folder

Oryol, Kaluga (Orel, Oka River 1)
Oryol (Orel, Oka River 1) ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ;

Orel Diocese, Kaluga
Orel Diocese; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ;

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 2, Upa River Folder, Tula

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 3, Zhizdra River Folder, Optima and Shamordino

Zhizdra River

Zhizdra River Source (Lower Valdai Hills)

Zhizdra River 1 (Kozelsk and Optina Monestary)

Optina Monastery, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 1) 1821
Optina Monestary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Kozelsk, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 1, near Optima Monastery)
Kozelsk; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Dolgomost, near Smolensk, referred to, Seige of Kozelsk, 1239
Dolgomost and Kozelsk near Smolensk, Seige of Kozelsk, 1239; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Background[edit] Taking the city of Torzhok on 5 March 1238 after a two-week siege, the Mongols continued to Novgorod. However, they failed to reach the city, mainly because they had difficulties moving in the woods, and after advancing around 100 kilometers at the unknown place designated in the chronicles as the Ignach Cross, they abandoned the plans to conquer Novgorod, turned south, and divided into two groups. Some of the forces led by Kadan and Storms passed over the Eastern route through the Ryazan land. The main forces led by Batu Khan passed through Dolgomost 30 km east of Smolensk, then entered the Chernigov Principality on the upper Gums, burned Vshchizh, but then abruptly turned to the northeast, bypassing the Bryansk and Karachev, at the end of March 1238 went to the Kozelsk on the Zhizdra River.

Zhizdra River 2 (Shamordino Monastery and Convent)

Shamordino monastery, Kaluga (Zhizdra River 2) 1884
Shamordino Manastery ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Shamordino Convent, Kaluga, 1884
Shamordino Convent; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Zhizdra River Mouth (Oka River 3)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 4, Ugra River Folder, City of Kaluga

Ugra River

Ugra River Source (Valdai Hills)

Ugra River Mouth (Oka River 4)

Kaluga (Ugra River Mouth, Oka River 4)
Kaluga; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; Hieromartyr and Venerable Kuksha of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Kaluga Cathedral of the Holy Trinity
Kaluga Cathedral of the Holy Trinity; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on September 2;

Kaluga, 1748, Appearance of the Kaluga Icon in Kaluga
Kaluga, 1748, Appearance of the Kaluga Icon in Kaluga; Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.
Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 5, Protva River Folder, Vereiya and Borovsk

Protva River

Protva River Source (Valdai Hills)

Vereiya, Kaluga
Vereiya; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Protva River 1 (Vereya)

Borovsk, Kaluga (Protva River 1.5)
Borovsk; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Protva River 2 (Borovsk and Maloyaroslavl)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 5, Protva River 2, Luzha River Folder

Luzha (Vepreika) River

Luza River Source (Valdai Hills, Kaluga)

Luzha (Vepreika) River Mouth (Maloyaroslavl, Protva River 2)

Maloyaroslavl, Kaluga (near Luzha River Mouth)
Maloyaroslavl; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated October 12 ; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Medin (a district of Kaluga)
Medin (a district of Kaluga); Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Baryatinsky District, Kaluga - Prince Daniel Baryatinsky
Baryatinsky District, Kaluga - Prince Daniel Baryatinsky; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Bor of Kaluga in Zhukovsky District (Protva River 2.5)
Bor of Kaluga in Zhukovsky District; Icon of the Mother of God “the Seeker of the Lost”, Commemorated on February 5;

Protva River 3 (Protvino)

Protva River Mouth (Oka River 5)

Russia, Kaluga, Oka River 6, Nara River Folder, Serpukhov

Nara River

Nara River Source

Nara River 1

Nara River Mouth (Oka River 6, Serpukhov)

Serpukhov, Kaluga (Nara River Mouth and Oka River 6)
Serpukhov; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Inexhaustible Chalice, Commemorated on May 5; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Serpukhov monastery of St Athanasius, Kaluga, 1373
The monastery of St Athanasius was built near the city of Serpukhov, on the high bank of the River Nara ; Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ;

Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff, Kaluga, 1373
Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ;

monastery of St Athanasius, Kaluga, 1373
The monastery of St Athanasius was built near the city of Serpukhov, on the high bank of the River Nara ; Vysotsky (of the heights) Monastery at Serpouchoff; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ;

Russia, Kaluga, Muravsky Trail Folder, M Trail 6-9 from Livny and Tula to Serpukhov Crossing at Oka 6

Russia, Mordovia Folder, and its rivers on the South side of the Oka

Mordovia (Alatyr, Moksha, Tyosha, and Sura Rivers)
Mordovia; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated October 15 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Repose of St Theodore Yaroslavich the older brother of St Alexander Nevsky in Novgorod, Commemorated on June 5 ;

Russia, Mordovia, 1774-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov
Russia, Mordovia, 1774-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov ; Mordovia; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ;

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River Folder, Oka 12 and 13, south side of the Oka

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River Folder

Moksha River

Moksha River Source

Boldino Heights, Mordovia
Boldino Heights ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Moksha River 1

Moksha River 2 (Tsna River)

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River 2, Tsna River Folder, Tambov

Tsna River (Moksha Basin)

Tsna River Source (along the border)

Tsna River 1 (Tambov, Studenets River Mouth)

Russia, Mordovia, Oka River 12, Moksha River 2, Tsna River 1, Studenets River Folder, Tambov

Studenets River

Studenets River Source (along the border)

Studenets River 1 (Kozlov)

Kozlov, Mordovia (Studenets River 1)
Kozlov, Mordovia; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ;

Studenets River Mouth (Tambov, Tsna River 1)

Tambov, Mordovia (Studenets River Mouth at Tsna River 1)
Tambov; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Tambov Theological Seminary at Kazan Monastery, Tambov, 1670
Tambov Theological Seminary at Kazan Monastery, Tambov; Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov); Tambov; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10;

Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, 1670
Kozlov, Monastery of Our Lady of Kazan (Tambov) 1670; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Tsna River 2 (Moksha basin)

Tebza River

Iron Pines, Mordovia, Moksha River 2, Tsna River 2, Tebza River
In 1392 Saint James of Zhelezny Bor settled in a dense forest near iron mines, at a place which was called the Iron Pines, at the banks of the rivulet Tebza. Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11;

Tsna River Mouth (Moksha River)

Moksha River Mouth (Oka River 12)
Moksha River Mouth (Oka River 14) ;

Russia, Mordovia. Oka River 13, Tyosha River Folder, Sarov and Sanaxar

Tyosha River 1 (Arzamas)

Arzamas, Mordovia (Tyosha River 1, major transit center to the East)
Arzamas; St Nicholas Convent in Arzamas; Icon of the Mother of God "Seraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated November 27 ;

Sarov, Mordovia (Tyosah River 1, near Volga River 9)
Sarov; Sarov Monestary 1910; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Sarov Monastery, Mordovia, 1664
Sarov Monastery, Mordovia, 1664; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7;

Sanaxar, Mordovia (Tyosha River 1, near Volga River 9)
Sanaxar; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Alekseevo, Mordovia (near the Sanaxar Monastery) 1773
Serafimo-Diveyevsky Monastery, Within its immediate vicinity are situated two other cloisters: those of Sarov and Sanaxar ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated October 2 ;

Domition Cathederal, Sarov, 1773
Domition Cathederal, Sarov; Sarov Monestary 1910; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

Sanaxar monastery, Mordovia, 1773
Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof Tenderness" from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated on July 28 ;

Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery, Mordovia, 1773
Seraphim-Diveyevo monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God œSeraphim-Ponetaevka, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated on July 28 ;

Diveyevo women's monastery, Sanazar, Mordovia, 1773
Diveyevo women's monastery; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

St Seraphim's Diveyevo Convent, Mordovia, 1773
St Seraphim's Diveyevo Convent; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated January 2 ;

Murom, Mordovia (Tyosha River Mouth, Oka River 13)
Murom; Venerable Elias of Murom the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated December 19 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Tver Folder, and its rivers

Russia, Tver History Folder

Russia, Tver, 1263-1271, Great Prince, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver) made Tver great power
Vladimir Great Prince, 1263-1271, Yaroslav Yaroslavich (Yaroslav III of Tver); III Yaroslavich (1230-“1271) was the first Prince of Tver and the tenth Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1264 to 1271. Yaroslav and his son Mikhail Yaroslavich presided over Tver's transformation from a sleepy village into one of the greatest centres of power in medieval Russia. All the later dukes of Tver descended from Yaroslav Yaroslavich. was a son of Yaroslav II and younger brother of Alexander Nevsky. In 1247, while still a minor, he received from his uncle the town of Tver. 1252, Yaroslav and his brother Andrey seized Alexander's capital, Pereslavl-Zalessky. Reinforced by Tatar units, Alexander presently fought it back, taking prisoner Yaroslav's children and leaving his wife as a casualty on the field of battle. Yaroslav fled to Ladoga whence he was summoned by Novgorodians to succeed Alexander as their military commander. In 1258 he visited the khan's capital in Sarai, and two years later led the Novgorod army against the Teutonic Knights. Alexander's death in 1263, Yaroslav quarrelled with Andrey as to who should become Grand Duke next. They went to the Golden Horde for arbitration, which was in favour of Yaroslav. The latter, however, settled in Novgorod and married a daughter of one local boyar. Various Novgorodian factions still conspired against him and sought to place his brother Vasily of Kostroma or Alexander's son Dmitri of Pereslavl on the throne. 1270, the armies of three princes stood for a week near the town of Staraya Russa, ready for battle. The metropolitan, however, managed to reconcile them. Yaroslav, on surrendering Novgorod to his nephew, accompanied him to Sarai. He died on his way back to Tver on 9 September 1271 and was succeeded in Tver by his eldest son Svyatoslav and then by a more famous one, Mikhail Yaroslavich. Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3; Venerable Sophronius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 11;

Russia, Tver, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus

Russia, Tver, 1293, Mozhaisk and Tver joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Tver, 1293, Mozhaisk and Tver joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Mill”), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Tver, 1304-1318, G Prince, Mikhail of Tver, Nervsky's b, lost to Yury of M, in Novgorod, while M was in Sarai
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Mikhail Yaroslavich ) (1271-“ 22 November 1318), also known as Michael of Tver, was a Prince of Tver (from 1285) who ruled as Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1304 until 1314 and again from 1315-“1318. He was canonized and counted among the saints of the Russian Orthodox Church. Yaroslavich was the second son of Yaroslav III (Yaroslav Yaroslavich), the younger brother of Aleksandr Nevsky; he succeeded his elder brother Yaroslav as Prince of Tver in 1285. His mother Xenia was the second spouse to Yaroslav III and is known as the saint Xenia of Tarusa. Upon the death of Andrei Aleksandrovich (Aleksandr Nevsky's son and Yaroslav's nephew), Mikhail became the Grand Prince of Vladimir in 1304, as was consistent with the rota system of collateral succession that had been practised in Rus since the time of Yaroslav the Wise. He was confirmed in office by Tokhta, Khan of the Golden Horde.[1] as Grand Prince and Rivalry with Moscow[edit] While he seemed secure in the throne, being the legitimate heir and having been confirmed by the Khan in Sarai, Grand Prince Mikhail suffered a series of setbacks as grand prince which led to him losing the grand princely office for both himself and, in some ways, ultimately for his descendants. He was, like most Grand Princes of Vladimir, accepted as Prince of Novgorod the Great in 1309,[2] but fought with Novgorod, going so far as to withdraw his lieutenants (namestniki) and cut off grain shipments into the city in 1312. Last Words, by Pimen Orlov he was on decent terms with Tokhta Khan, and initially with his successor, Uzbeg Khan (Mikhail paid homage on Uzbeg's accession to the throne in 1313 and remained in Sarai until 1315), he eventually lost influence to Yury of Moscow, who gained influence in Novgorod while the grand prince was away in Sarai. Mikhail did manage to finally take control of the city in 1316 with Mongol aid, but the following year Uzbeg Khan gave the yarlik or patent of office of the Grand Prince of Vladimir to Yury, who also married Uzbeg's sister.[3 granting Yury the iarlyk or patent of office, the Khan sent his army under the Mongol general Kavgadii to help Yuri in his struggle with Mikhail Yaroslavich. On 22 December 1317 Mikhail defeated Yuri at a village called Bortenevo (40 km from Tver). Mikhail captured Yuri's wife, who was the Khan's sister. When she died in Mikhail's custody, he was blamed for her death, although it seems unlikely that he would have killed her knowing how much it would hurt him politically for such little gain. He released Kavgadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by the Khan and executed on 22 November 1318.[4] and the Church[edit] also alienated the Church, particularly Metropolitan Petr (ruled 1308-“1326). When Metropolitan Maksim died in 1305, Mikhail nominated another candidate, but Petr was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Petr sided with Moscow and opposed Mikhail on several occasions. In 1309, he appointed David as Archbishop of Novgorod and David was instrumental in the argument that led Mikhail to withdraw his lieutenants and cut the grain supplies to the city. In 1314, Novgorod called on Yury to be named grand prince and for Mikhail to be deposed. Thus the support of the Church aided Yury to Mikhail's detriment.[5] Despite his having been unfavored by the Russian Orthodox Church during his lifetime, the Church later declared Mikhail a saint because of his piousness during his summons by the Khan which he knew was to certain death and because his relics, when transported to his hometown, were discovered to be incorrupt.[6] Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Tver, 1317, Moscow Intercene (Civil) War with Tver
Tver, 1317, Moscow Intercene (Civil) War with Tver , Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22 ; Prince Yurii Danilovich of Moscow; Yuri was often at the Golden Horde of the new Khan Uzbek, who had accepted Mohammedanism and was distinguished by his cruelty and fanaticism.; In YuriiÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army was a detachment of Tatars sent by Uzbek, with Kavgadi at the head. But the men of Tver, with holy Prince Michael at the head, on December 22, 1317 defeated Yurii. Many captives were taken, including Kavgadi, whom St Michael released, and the Moscow princeÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s wife Konchaka, who unexpectedly died at Tver. Michael released Kavgadii, who returned to Sarai and accused Mikhail of murdering the Khan's sister, withholding tribute, and warring against his Mongol overlord. As a result, Mikhail was summoned to the Horde by the Khan and executed on November 22, 1318.

Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava
Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava ; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1386-1408, Prince Yury of Smolensk, Killed Juliana
Tver, 1386-1408, Prince Yury of Smolensk; St. Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21;

Russia, Tver, 1394-1434, Prince Yury of Zvenigorod
Tver, 1394-1434, Prince Yury of Zvenigorod; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3;

Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk
Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Tver, 1605-1618, Lithuanian invasion of Moscow
Lithuanian invasion of Moscow ; Battle of Klushino; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1610, Battle of Klushino, Tver
Lithuanian invasion of Moscow; Battle of Klushino; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; PolishÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Muscovite War (1605ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“18), Time of Troubles; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), Seige of Tver
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Russia, Tver, Tversta River Folder

Tversta River

Tvertsa River Source (Vyshny Volochyok Reservoir)

Vyshny Volochyok, Tver (Tversta River Source)
Vyshny Volochyok, Tver; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, Tver
Kazan women's monastery near Vyshnii Volochek, not in Wikipedia. Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated October 22 ;

Upper Tvertsa River, Tver (Valdai Hills)
Upper Tvertsa River; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated on July 11; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Arcadius of Novy Torg, Commemorated December 13 ;

Tversta River 1

Tvertsa River 2 (Torzhok)

Boris and Gleb Monastery, Novy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2) 1038
Boris and Gleb Monastery (Tvertsa River 2) 1038; Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Novy Torg, Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Novy Torg, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Torzhok (Novy Torg), Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Torzhok, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Novotorsk (Novy Torg), Tver (Tvertsa River 2)
Novotorsk, an important post on the Moscow to St Petersburg Highway, and key to the source of grain for Novgorod; Venerable Arcadius of Novotorsk, Commemorated July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated on January 28; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2;

Tversta River Mouth (Tver, Volga River 4)

Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Tver
Savior-Transfiguration monastery - Tver is not described by Wikipedia, but it was most likely the monastery from which St Gurias' relics were translated. Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20;

Tver Otroch monastery, 1275 or so
Tver Otroch monastery site; Tver Otroch monastery; Hieromartyr Philip, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9;

Tver (Tversta River Mouth, Volga River 4)
Tver; St. Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Tver, Volga River Tver Folder

Lake Seliger, Tver (near Volga River Source)
Lake Seliger; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Seliger, Lake Seliger, Tver (near Volga River Source)
Lake Seliger; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vladimir of Seligersk, Commemorated December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Stolbensk Lake, Tver (Volga River Source)
Stolbensk Lake; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24 ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Stolobnoye Island, Stolbensk Lake, Tver
Stolobnoye Island; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Nilov Monastery, Stolbensk Lake, Tver, 1594
Stolobnoye Island; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27;

Toropets, Tver, Pskov or Novgorod (Toropa River mouth at Lake Solomeno, Volga Trade Route)
Toropets ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Isaac the Recluse of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on February 14; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Sereml River

Sig Lake

Sereml River Mouth

Ostashkova, Tver (Stolbensk Lake)
Ostashkova, Tver ; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Selizharovo, Tver (Intersection, Volga and Varangian Trade Routes, Volga River 2) 1504
Selizharovo (Trinity Selizharov Monastery); St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ;

Trinity Selizharov Monastery, Selizharovo, Tver (Volga River 2) 1504
Selizharovo (Trinity Selizharov Monastery); St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ;

Rzhev, Tver (Volga River 3)
Rzhev; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3)
Staritsa; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Vladimir of Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3)
Vladimir of Staritsa, Tver (Volga River 3); Staritsa; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated on September 24 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

Russia, Tver, Lake Vladayskoye Folder

Valday Iveron Monastery, Tver, 1653
Valday Iversky Monastery; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Tikhvin Assumption Monastery, Tver, 1560
Tikhvin Assumption Monastery; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Valdai, Tver (Lake Valdayskoye)
Valdai, Tver (Lake Valdayskoye) ; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated October 23; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Valdai Hills (high points of East European Plain, Volga and Other Rivers Source)
Valdai Hills; East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills) only 1,138 ft ; The western boundary of the East European Plain is described well by the Eastern Front of WW1. Its eastern boundaries are the Ural Mountains or the Ural and Kama River Basins. Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills)
East European Plain (highest point Valdai Hills) only 1,138 ft. The western boundary of the East European Plain is described well by the Eastern Front of WW1. Its eastern boundaries are the Ural Mountains or the Ural and Kama River Basins. ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Tver, Lama River Folder

Lama River

Lama River 1 (Volokolamsk)

Volokolamsk monastery, Tver (Lama River Source) 1479
Volokolamsk monastery, Volokolamsk-Exaltation of the Cross monastery; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14;

Volokolamsk, Tver (portage, Lama River 1)
Volokolamsk; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9; Venerable Chariton of Syanzhemsk, Vologda; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated December 4 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27;

Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery, Tver, 1479
Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Lama River Mouth (Volga River 3)

Russia, Tver, Moscow River Folder

Koloch, Tver (Mozhaisk, Moscova River 1, Protva River Source)
Koloch (Mozhaisk, Moscova River 1, Protva River Source); Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ;

Mozhaisk, Tver, Moscow area (Valdai Hills Crossroad, Moscova River 1)
Mozhaisk; Mozhaisk is on the historic road leading to Smolensk and then to Poland. the year 1446 Great Prince Basil (1425-1462) was besieged at the Trinity monastery by the armies of Princes Demetrius Shemyaka and John of Mozhaisk. He barricaded himself into the Trinity cathedral, when he heard that he was being sought, he took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God and with it met Prince John at the southern church doors, saying: œBrother, we kissed the Life-Creating Cross and this icon in this church of the Life-Creating Trinity at this grave of the Wonderworker Sergius, that we would neither intend nor wish any evil to any of our brethren among ourselves. Now I do not know no what will happen to me here. Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9;

Luzhetsky Monastery, Mozhaisk, Tver, 1408
Luzhetsky Monastery, Mozhaisk, Tver, 1408; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27;

Mozhaisk Nicholas Cathedral, 1802
Mozhaisk Nicholas Cathedral; Mozhaisk; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ;

Moscova River 2 (Ruza River)

Russia, Tver, Moscova River 2, Ruza River Folder

Ruza River

Ruza River Source (Valdai Hills)

Saint Leucius Dormition Monastery on the Ruza, approximate location, 1480
Saint Leucius Dormition Monastery on the Ruza, approximate location; St. Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17

Ruza River Mouth (Moscova River 2)
Ruza River Mouth (Moscova River 2); St. Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17;

Moscova River 3 (Zvenigorod)

Zvenigorod, Tver (Svenigorod, Moscova River 3) 1338
Zvenigorod; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated November 17 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ;

Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Tver Sabbatiev wilderness monastery Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver (Moscow River 3) 1398
Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Tver Savvin monastery (Moscow River 3, Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Zvenigorod monastery and convent (Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery) 1398
Tver Savvin monastery; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Storozhev, Cape of Storozhev, Tver (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 3)
Cape of Storozhev (Zvenigorod, Moscova River 2), Steep Banks of the Moscova River; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Tver, Dubna and Sestra Rivers Folder

Dubna River

Dubna River Mouth (Volga River 5)

Sestra River Source (Sennezh Lake)

Boldino Heights, Tver, Sestra River Source
Boldino Heights; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5;

Eletsk Chernigov Monastery, Boldino Heights, Tver, 1060
Boldino Heights; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5;

Sestra River 2 (Klin)

Sestra River Mouth (Dubna River Volga Basin)

Russia, Chuvash Folder (Sura and Sviyazhsk Rivers)

Chuvash Republic - Land of the Chuvash People
Chuvash Republic - Land of the Chuvash People ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Venerable Cassian the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Cheboksarsky District, Chuvash Republic
Chuvash Republic, The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of the European part of Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka region, midway between Nizhny Novgorod and Kazan ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan ;

Chuvash History Folder

Russia, Chuvash, 1551, fortress of Sviyazhsk
fortress of Sviyazhsk (1551) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Chuvash, Sura River Folder

Sura River, Chuvash

Sura River Source (Volga Upland, along the border)
Volga Upland;

Volga Upland
Volga Upland;

Sura River 1

Sura River 2 (Alatyr River)

Russia, Chuvash, Sura River 2, Alatyr River Folder

Alatyr River

Alatyr River Source (Boldino Heights)

Alatyr River (Ardatov)

Alatyr River Mouth (Alatyr, Chuvash Republic, Sura River 2)

Sura River 3

Sura River 4

Sura River Mouth (Chuvash, Volga River 9)

Voroninsk, Chuvash (Sura River Mouth, Volga River 9)
Voroninsk (Sura River Mouth, Volga River 9); Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Chuvash, Sviyazhsk River Folder (across Volga from Kazan)

Sviyazhsk River, Chuvash

Sviyazhsk, Chuvash (Sviyazhsk River Mouth (Volga River 10))
Sviyazhsk; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ;

Sviyazhsk Fortress, across the Volga from Kazan, 1551
fortress of Sviyazhsk (1551) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Rome Folder, Central Italy, its Roman Roads and Tiber rivers

Rome (Aniene River, Tiber River 5)
Rome; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Parasceva of Rome, Commemorated on July 26; Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch, Commemorated on July 29; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Stephen the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 2 ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Pontius, Commemorated on August 5 ; LAURENCE, DEACON AND MARTYR (10 AUGUST 258); Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; Martyr Concordia of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430); CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome, Commemorated on September 17; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia the Roman, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10 ; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated November 10 ; Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15 ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; Martyr Cecilia at Rome, Commemorated on November 22 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Justus at Rome ; Martyr Diomedes who suffered with Hyacinthus ; LUCY, VIRGIN AND MARTYR, abt. 304, Commemorated December 13 ; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome ; Martyr Lucy at Rome, Commemorated December 13 ; Martyr Parasceva of Rome ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter; Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch; Hieromartyr Stephen the Pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome; Martyr Pontius; LAURENCE; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome; Martyr Concordia of Rome; St Macarius the Roman; Martyr Hermes of Rome; St Liberius the Pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy; Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome, Commemorated on September 17 ; Greatmartyr Eustathius (Eustace) Placidas with his wife and children of Rome, Commemorated September 20 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26 ; Martyr Epicharis of Rome, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Nazarius of Milan; Martyr Anastasia the Roman; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; LEO THE GREAT BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461) ; Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; Martyr Cecilia at Rome, Commemorated on November 22; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated December 8 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Synetus of Rome, Commemorated December 12 ; LUCY, VIRGIN AND MARTYR, abt. 304, Commemorated December 13 ; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated December 15; Martyr Marinus of Rome, Commemorated December 16 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "œDeliverer from Potions", Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19 ; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "œDeliverer from Potions", Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated December 30 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated January 10 ; Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated January 12 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250) ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated January 21 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Xenia of Rome, and her two female slaves, Commemorated January 24 ; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304) ; Martyr Felicitas of Rome, and Seven Sons, Commemorated January 25 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated January 29 ; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated Febuary 6 ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, Commemorated February 7; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Sicily, Commemorated on February 9; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro ("œthe Recruit"), Commemorated on February 17; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated February 18; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St Agathon the Pope of Rome, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21 ; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Comemorated February 26 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Hieromartyr Nestor the Bishop of Magydos in Pamphylia, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; Martyr Nestor, Commemorated on March 1 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2 ; Monkmartyr Conon and his son of Iconium, Commemorated on March 6; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; St Emilian of Rome, Commemorated on March 7; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604); Icon "œNot Made by Hands" from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Hieromartyr Alexander of Side, in Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 16; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Chrysanthus and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on March 19; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Drosis the Daughter of the Emperor Trajan, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Philetus the Senator, his wife and sons in Illyria, Commemorated on March 23; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Martyr Basilissa of Rome the Disciple of Apostles Peter and Paul, Commemorated on April 15 ; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Anthony at Rome, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Januarius the Bishop of Benevento, and his companions, at Pozzuoli, Commemorated on April 21; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Martyr Sava Stratelates "œthe General" of Rome, Commemorated on April 24; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT); Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14 ; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167); Martyr Chariton with his wife and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963; Martyr Concordius of Spoleto, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); Martyr Agrippina of Rome, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or "œthe Roman", Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); Holy Wonderworking Unmercenary Physicians Cosmas and Damian at Rome, Commemorated on July 1; Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Italy
Italy; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome, Commemorated on September 17; ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253) ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Comemorated February 26 ; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; St Emilian of Rome, Commemorated on March 7; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 509 BC - 27 BC, Roman Republic
Rome, 509 BC - 27 BC, Roman Republic ;

Rome, 27 BC - 476 AD, Roman Empire (BC 27 - 476AD)
Roman Empire; MATTHEW; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated on January 15; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250) ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21

Rome, 285-476, Western Roman Empire
Rome, 285-476, Western Roman Empire;

Rome, 291- 568, Roman Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Rome, 410, Sack of Rome by Alric the Visgoth
Rome, 410, Sack of Rome by Alric the Visgoth; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Rome, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Rome, 455, Vandal Sack of Rome
North Africa, 455, Vandal Sack of Rome; St. Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23;

Rome, 476, Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 476; Rome, Gothic king, 475-526, Theodoric the Great ; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23;

Rome, 476-800, Dark Ages, Fall of Western Empire to Holy Roman Empire
Rome, 476-800, Dark Ages, Fall of Western Empire to Holy Roman Empire; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597);

Rome, 493-553, Ostrogothic Kingdom
Rome, 493-553, Ostrogothic Kingdom; Rome, Gothic king, 475-526, Theodoric the Great ;

Rome, 568-774, Lombard Kingdom, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774
Rome, Lombard Kingdom, 568-774, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774 ;

Rome, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium
Rome, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium; Charlemagne, a Frank, first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); Charlemagne Building; European Union Constitution, Nov 3, 2009;

Rome, 1303, Philip the Fair, King of France, captured Rome and the Pope
Rome, 1303, Philip the Fair, King of France, captured Rome and the Pope France, 1285-1314, King, Philip the Fair; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Rome, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, Italy a Client State of First French Empire
France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

Rome, 1815-1861, Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy and Nice)
Rome, 1815-1861, Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy and Nice); Rome, 1815-1861, Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy and Nice); Rome, 1815-1861, Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy and Nice); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940;

Rome, 1861-1946, Kingdom of Italy
Rome, 1861-1946, Kingdom of Italy; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940;

Rome, Land of the Latins (Central Italy)
the original latin tribe of central Italy; The meaning of the term latins was later expanded to include all the Roman Catholics like Spain, Portugal, France, Poland, Lithuania, and South America. Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Latium (Latin) Region (Rome, Italy)
Latium Region; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, Central Italy, Roman History Folder

Rome, 509-27BC, Folder, Roman Republic and Roman Empire

Rome, BC 509- BC 27, Roman Republic
Roman Republic, BC 509- BC 27;

Rome, BC 49-44 BC, Julius Caesar, Roman Republic Dictator
Roman Republic Dictator, BC 49-44 BC, Julius Caesar; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT);

Rome, BC 44-31 BC, Mark Anthony (triumvir), Roman Republic Dictator
Roman Republic Dictator, BC 44-31 BC, Mark Anthony; Second Triumvirate ; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT);

Rome, BC 44-33 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir), Roman Republic Dictator
Roman Republic Dictator, BC 44-33 BC, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir); Second Triumvirate ; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT);

Rome, BC 44-27 BC, Gaius Octavius (Augustus) (triumvirate), Roman Republic Dictator
Roman Republic Dictator, BC 44-27 BC, Gaius Octavius (Augustus) (triumvirate); Second Triumvirate ; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT);

Rome, 27BC-476AD, Italy, Roman Empire
Italy, 27BC-476AD, Roman Empire; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Rome, BC 27 - 476AD, Great Rome, Imperial Rome, Lands of the Roman Empire
Great Rome, 27BC - 476AD, Imperial Rome, Lands of the Roman Empire; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Rome, 27BC-14AD, Roman Emperor, Agustus
Roman Emperor, 27BC-14AD, Agustus ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord, Commemorated on December 25; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Ã¢Â€ÂœVilnaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 26; Joseph of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; James of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 2 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2); The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated on February 3; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT); The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT); THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY);

Rome, 000, 1st Century, Folder, Roman Empire, Jesus

Rome, 1-33, Lord Jesus Christ
Jerusalem, 1AD-33 AD, Lord Jesus Christ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Rome, 14-37, Roman Emperor Tiberius
Roman Emperor, 14-37, Tiberius; Luke 3:1-14, The Proclamation of John the Baptist; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT); Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; Apostle Archippus the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord, Commemorated on December 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Ã¢Â€ÂœVilnaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 26; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Joseph of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe MercifulÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; James of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 28; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 30 ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN); Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Euodius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Archippus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Agabus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Olympas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Fortunatus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January) ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated on February 19; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); JOSEPH, GUARDIAN OF OUR LORD (19 MAR NT); Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT); Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Hieromartyr Antipas the Bishop of Pergamum and Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 11; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Rome, 67-96, Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Rome, 30-67, Apostle Paul
Rome, 30-67, Apostle Paul Rome, 30-68, Apostle Peter ; Roman Pope, 66-99, Clement I ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Rome, 30-68, Apostle Peter
Rome, 30-68, Apostle Peter ; Roman Pope, 66-99, Clement I ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Rome, 30-76, Apostle Linus of the Seventy
Rome, 30-76, Apostle Linus of the Seventy; Rome, 67-76, Roman Pope, Linus; Rome, 30-68, Apostle Peter ; Roman Pope, 66-99, Clement I ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Rome, 37-41, Roman Emperor, Caius Caligua, Pagan, sadist, sex pervert, aquaduct construction, assainated
Rome, 37-41, Roman Emperor, Caius Caligua; (31 August 12 AD – 24 January 41 AD), formally known as Gaius (Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus), was the third Roman emperor, ruling from AD 37 to 41. The son of the popular Roman general Germanicus and Augustus's granddaughter Agrippina the Elder, Caligula was born into the first ruling family of the Roman Empire, conventionally known as the Julio-Claudian dynasty. uncle and adoptive father, Tiberius, succeeded Augustus as emperor of Rome in AD 14. Although Gaius was named after Gaius Julius Caesar, he acquired the nickname "Caligula" (meaning little [soldier's] boot) from his father's soldiers during their campaign in Germania. Germanicus died at Antioch in 19, Agrippina returned with her six children to Rome, where she became entangled in a bitter feud with Tiberius. conflict eventually led to the destruction of her family, with Caligula as the sole male survivor. by the deadly intrigues, Caligula accepted an invitation in 31 to join the emperor on the island of Capri, where Tiberius had withdrawn five years earlier. Following the death of Tiberius, Caligula succeeded his adoptive grandfather as emperor in 37. are few surviving sources about the reign of Caligula, though he is described as a noble and moderate emperor during the first six months of his rule. this, the sources focus upon his cruelty, sadism, extravagance, and sexual perversion, presenting him as an insane tyrant. While the reliability of these sources is questionable, it is known that his brief reign, Caligula worked to increase the unconstrained personal power of the emperor, as opposed to countervailing powers within the principate. directed much of his attention to ambitious construction projects and luxurious dwellings for himself, and initiated the construction of two aqueducts in Rome: the Aqua Claudia and the Anio Novus. During his reign, the empire annexed the client kingdom of Mauretania as a province. early 41, Caligula was assassinated as a result of a conspiracy by officers of the Praetorian Guard, senators, and courtiers. The conspirators' attempt to use the opportunity to restore the Roman Republic was thwarted, however. On the day of the assassination of Caligula, the Praetorians declared Caligula's uncle, Claudius, the next Roman emperor. Although the Julio-Claudian dynasty continued to rule the empire until the fall of his nephew Nero in 68, Caligula's death marked the official end of the Julii Caesares in the male line. The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29;

Rome, 41-54, Roman Emperor, Claudius, Pagan
Roman Emperor, 41-54, Claudius; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 11; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT); St Tabitha the Widow, raised from the dead by the Apostle Peter, Commemorated on October 25; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Hieromartyr Marcian the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Hieromartyr Nicander the Bishop of Myra, Commemorated on November 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; Apostle Archippus the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; St Onesimus the Disciple of St Paul, Commemorated on November 22; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe MercifulÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); James of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 28; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 30 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Euodius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Archippus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Agabus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Olympas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Fortunatus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25); SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; TIMOTHY AND TITUS, COMPANIONS OF PAUL (26 JAN NT); LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY) ; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Sicily, Commemorated on February 9; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; St Cyril the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8 ; Hieromartyr Antipas the Bishop of Pergamum and Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Rome, 41-54, All the Jews banished from Rome
Rome, 41-54, All the Jews banished from Rome ; Roman Emperor, 41-54, Claudius; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 11; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT); St Tabitha the Widow, raised from the dead by the Apostle Peter, Commemorated on October 25; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Hieromartyr Marcian the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Hieromartyr Nicander the Bishop of Myra, Commemorated on November 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; Apostle Archippus the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; St Onesimus the Disciple of St Paul, Commemorated on November 22; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe MercifulÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); James of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 28; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 30 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Euodius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Archippus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Agabus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Olympas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Fortunatus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25); SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; TIMOTHY AND TITUS, COMPANIONS OF PAUL (26 JAN NT); LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY) ; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Sicily, Commemorated on February 9; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; St Cyril the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8 ; Hieromartyr Antipas the Bishop of Pergamum and Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Rome, 41-54, Centurion, Cornelius the Centurion
Palestine Centurion, 1st Century, Cornelius the Centurion; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ;

Rome, 54-68, Roman Emperor Nero, Pagan
Roman Emperor, 54-68, Nero ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated on October 7; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT); Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30; Hieromartyr Marcian the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; Hieromartyr Nicander the Bishop of Myra, Commemorated on November 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on November 12; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; Apostle Archippus the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; St Onesimus the Disciple of St Paul, Commemorated on November 22; St Onesimus the Disciple of St Paul, Commemorated on November 22; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); James of Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on December 27; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 30 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Euodius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philemon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Archippus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Amplias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Patrobus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Gaius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Olympas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Zenas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Fortunatus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; TIMOTHY AND TITUS, COMPANIONS OF PAUL (26 JAN NT); LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; CORNELIUS THE CENTURION, (7 FEBRUARY) ; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Sicily, Commemorated on February 9; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; Apostle Philemon the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; St Cyril the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Cephas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8 ; Hieromartyr Antipas the Bishop of Pergamum and Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15; Martyr Basilissa of Rome the Disciple of Apostles Peter and Paul, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Virginmartyr Kerkyra and those with her, Commemorated on April 28; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT) ; Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Peter, Commemorated on June 29; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Rome, 62-63, Gospel of Mark
Rome, 62-63, Gospel of Mark; Gospel of Mark in Wikipedia; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Rome, 62-63, Gospel of Luke and Book of Acts
Rome, 62-63, Gospel of Luke and Book of Acts; Book of Acts; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18;

Rome, 66-99, Roman Pope, Clement I
Roman Pope, 66-99, Clement I ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Rome, 67-76, Roman Pope, Linus
Rome, 67-76, Roman Pope, Linus; Apostle Linus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5;

Rome, 68-69, Roman Emperor, Three Emperors, Galba, Otho, and Vitellius
Roman Emperor, 68-69, Three Emperors, Galba; Roman Emperor, 68-69, Three Emperors, Otho; Roman Emperor, 68-69, Three Emperors, Vitellius; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Evodius (Euodias) of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 7; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated on October 7; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Hieromartyr Nicander the Bishop of Myra, Commemorated on November 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 10; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on November 12; Apostle Archippus the Martyr of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 22; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19;

Rome, 69-79, Roman Emperor, Vespasian
Roman Emperor, 69-79, Vespasian ; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated on October 7; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Mercifu, Commemorated on November 12; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Leontius at Tripoli in Syria, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Rome, 79-81, Roman Emperor, Titus
Roman Emperor, 79-81, Titus ; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Greatmartyr Eustathius (Eustace) Placidas with his wife and children of Rome, Commemorated on September 20; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated on October 7; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19;

Rome, 81-96, Roman Emperor, Dometian, Pagan
Roman Emperor, 81-96, Dometian ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated on October 7; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT); Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 22; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Artemon (Menignus) the Bishop of Seleucia, Commemorated on March 24 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Rome, 89-156, Roman Saint in Smyrna, Polycarp
Rome, 89-156, Roman Saint in Smyrna, Polycarp; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11;

Rome, 96-98, Roman Emperor, Nerva, old, restored liberties, adopted Trajan
Roman Emperor, 96-98, Nerva ; (8 November 30 - 28 January 98) was Roman emperor from 96 to 98. Nerva became emperor when aged almost 66, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial entourage and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65. Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian, respectively. 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy involving members of the Praetorian Guard and several of his freedmen. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate, although it is possible they were approving a decision made by the Praetorian Guard, as rare coins show him speaking with this group. the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been curtailed during the autocratic government of Domitian. brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army. revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 essentially forced him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes on 28 January 98. Upon his death he was succeeded and deified by Trajan. much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Nerva's greatest success was his ability to ensure a peaceful transition of power after his death by selecting Trajan as his heir, thus founding the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19;

Rome, 92-101, 3rd Roman Pope, Clement I, miraculous ebbing of the sea r shrine c his bones, anchor
Roman Pope, 88-99, Clement I ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Titus of the Seventy and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100); Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated on February 17; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Rome, 98-117, Roman Emperor, Trajan, Pagan
Roman Emperor, 98-117, Trajan ; Martyr Hilary of Ancyra, Commemorated July 12 ; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 3 ; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Greatmartyr Eustathius (Eustace) Placidas with his wife and children of Rome, Commemorated on September 20; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated on October 15; IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, BISHOP AND MARTYR (17 OCT 107); St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Erastus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quartus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tychicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Artemas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated on January 29; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29; St Bucolus the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 6; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; POLYCARP, BISHOP OF SMYRNA AND MARTYR (23 FEB 156); Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Drosis the Daughter of the Emperor Trajan, Commemorated on March 22; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Theodotus at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Rome, 100, 2nd Century, Folder, Roman Empire, Pagan Rome, Justin Martyr Apologies

Rome, 100-167. Saint Abercius, Wonderworker, Bishop, Hieropolis, Apostles Equal
Phrygia, 100-167. Saint Abercius the Wonderworker, Bishop of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles ; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Rome, 107-115, Roman Bishop, Pope Alexander I
Rome, 107-115, Roman Bishop, Pope Alexander I; Hieromartyr Alexander the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 16;

Rome, 117-138, Emperor Hadrian, defend and unify, Hadrian's Wall, Temples, k senators, diefied
Roman Emperor, 117-138, Hadrian ; (24 January 76 - 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born into a Roman Italo-Hispanic family that settled in Spain from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. He married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career, before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death. military and Senate approved Hadrian's succession, but four leading senators were unlawfully put to death soon after. They had opposed Hadrian or seemed to threaten his succession, and the senate held him responsible for it and never forgave him. He earned further disapproval among the elite by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, and parts of Dacia. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples. He is known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia. energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests. He visited almost every province of the Empire, accompanied by an Imperial retinue of specialists and administrators. He encouraged military preparedness and discipline, and he fostered, designed, or personally subsidised various civil and religious institutions and building projects. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the vast Temple of Venus and Roma. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the Serapeum of Alexandria. He was an ardent admirer of Greece and sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire, so he ordered the construction of many opulent temples there. His intense relationship with Greek youth Antinous and the latter's untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread cult late in his reign. He suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, but his reign was otherwise peaceful. last years were marred by chronic illness. He saw the Bar Kokhba revolt as the failure of his panhellenic ideal. He executed two more senators for their alleged plots against him, and this provoked further resentment. His marriage to Vibia Sabina had been unhappy and childless; he adopted Antoninus Pius in 138 and nominated him as a successor, on the condition that Antoninus adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at Baiae, and Antoninus had him deified, despite opposition from the Senate. Edward Gibbon includes him among the Empire's "Five Good Emperors", a "benevolent dictator"; Hadrian's own senate found him remote and authoritarian. He has been described as enigmatic and contradictory, with a capacity for both great personal generosity and extreme cruelty and driven by insatiable curiosity, self-conceit, and ambition.[2] Virginmartyr Seraphima (Serapia) of Antioch, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 7 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome, Commemorated on September 17; Martyr Ariadne of Phrygia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Eleutherius the Bishop of Illyria, and His Mother, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; POLYCARP, BISHOP OF SMYRNA AND MARTYR (23 FEB 156); Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; Hieromartyr Alexander the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Philetus the Senator, his wife and sons in Illyria, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Hesperus with his wife and sons at Attalia, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 120-167, Saint, JUSTIN MARTYR
Rome, 120-167, Saint, JUSTIN MARTYR; Roman Debate, 155, First Apology of Justin Martyr with Antonius Pius ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 135, Roman Emperor Hadrian destroys Holy Places in Jerusalem
Roman Emperor, 117-138, Hadrian ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14;

Rome, 138-161, Roman Emperor, Antoninus Pius, Ungrateful Pagan, peace, no revolts, Scots Antonine Wall
Roman Emperor, 138-161, Antoninus Pius ; Pius (19 September 86 - 7 March 161) was Roman emperor from 138 to 161. He was one of the Five Good Emperors in the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.[2] into a senatorial family, Antoninus held various offices during the reign of emperor Hadrian, who adopted him as his son and successor shortly before his death. Antoninus acquired the cognomen Pius after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father,[3] or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.[4] His reign is notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, with no major revolts or military incursions during this time, and for his governing without ever leaving Italy. successful military campaign in southern Scotland early in his reign resulted in the construction of the Antonine Wall. was an effective administrator, leaving his successors a large surplus in the treasury, expanding free access to drinking water throughout the Empire, encouraging legal conformity, and facilitating the enfranchisement of freed slaves. He died of illness in 161 and was succeeded by his adopted sons Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as co-emperors. Martyr Parasceva of Rome, Commemorated on July 26; Martyr Julian of Dalmatia, Commemorated on July 28 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; POLYCARP, BISHOP OF SMYRNA AND MARTYR (23 FEB 156); Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; Hieromartyr Theodore of Perge in Pamphylia, with his Mother, Commemorated on April 21; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Concordius of Spoleto, Commemorated on June 4 ; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202); St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Roman Bishop, 140-155, Pope Pius I
Roman Bishop, 140-155, Pope Pius I ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Concordius of Spoleto, Commemorated on June 4 ;

Rome, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France
Gaul, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France ; Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

Rome, 152-153, Philosopher, Crescens the Cynic
Roman Philosopher, 152-153, Crescens the Cynic; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 155, Debate with Antonius Pius, First Apology of Justin Martyr
Roman Debate, 155, First Apology of Justin Martyr with Antonius Pius ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 161-180, Roman Emperor, Marcus Aurelius, Pagan, Philosopher
Roman Emperor, 161-180, Marcus Aurelius ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Victor at Damascus, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16; Martyr Felicitas of Rome, and Seven Sons, Commemorated on January 25; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; POLYCARP, BISHOP OF SMYRNA AND MARTYR (23 FEB 156); Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ; Martyr Chariton with his wife and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 161, Debate with Senate, Second Apology, Martyr Justin
Roman Debate with Senate, 161, Second Apology, Martyr Justin ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Rome, 177-192, Emperor, Commodus, end of the golden period of peace , Pax Romana, Gladiator, assinated
Roman Emperor, 177-192, Commodus ; Commodus (31 August 161 -“ 31 December 192) was Roman emperor jointly with his father Marcus Aurelius from 176 until his father's death in 180, and solely until 192. His reign is commonly considered to mark the end of the golden period of peace in the history of the Roman Empire known as the Pax Romana. He accompanied his father, Marcus, during the Marcomannic Wars in 172 and on a tour of the Eastern provinces in 176. He was made the youngest consul in Roman history in 177 and elevated to co-augustus with his father, having been given the title imperator in 176. During his solo reign, the Empire enjoyed a period of reduced military conflict compared with the reign of Marcus Aurelius, but intrigues and conspiracies abounded, leading Commodus to an increasingly dictatorial style of leadership that culminated in a god-like personality cult, with him performing as a gladiator in the Colosseum. His assassination in 192 marked the end of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty. He was succeeded by Pertinax, the first emperor in the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors. CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?); Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5;

Rome, 177-190, Pope, Eleutherius of Rome
Roman Pope, 177-190, Eleutherius of Rome; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23;

Rome, 190-202, Roman Pope, Victor I
Roman Pope, 190-202, Victor I; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23;

Rome, 193-211, Emperor, Septimius Severus, many victories east and west, Hadrian's Wall Britain, Scotland
Roman Emperor, 193-211, Septimius Severus; Septimius Severus ( 9 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through the customary succession of offices under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus seized power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 during the Year of the Five Emperors. deposing and killing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus, Severus fought his rival claimants, the Roman generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus in Cilicia. Later that year Severus waged a short punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier, annexing the Kingdom of Osroene (Edessa) as a new province. Severus defeated Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum in Gaul. consolidating his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged another brief, more successful war in the east against the Parthian Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 197 and expanding the eastern frontier to the Tigris. then enlarged and fortified the Limes Arabicus in Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes (Lybia), capturing their capital Garama and expanding the Limes Tripolitanus along the southern desert frontier of the empire. proclaimed as augusti (co-emperors) his elder son Caracalla in 198 and his younger son Geta in 209, both born of his second wife Julia Domna. travelled to Britain in 208, strengthening Hadrian's Wall and reoccupying the Antonine Wall. AD 209 he invaded Caledonia (modern Scotland) with an army of 50,000 men[6] his ambitions were cut short when he fell fatally ill of an infectious disease in late 210. He died in early 211 at Eboracum (today York, England), and was succeeded by his sons, who were advised by their mother and his powerful wife Julia Domna, thus founding the Severan dynasty. It was the last dynasty of the Roman Empire before the Crisis of the Third Century. Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Hermes of Rome, Commemorated on August 18; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 12; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated on February 1; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10; Martyr Conon of Isauria, Commemorated on March 5; PERPETUA, FELICITY AND THEIR COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22;

Rome, 200, 3rd Century, Folder, Roman Empire, Pagans, Goths and Diocletian

Rome, 217-235, Roman Anti Pope and Saint, Hippolytus
Roman Anti Pope and Saint, 217-235, Hippolytus; Martyr Concordia of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30;

Rome, 218-269, Roman Grammarian and Writer Censorinus
Rome, 218-269, Roman Grammarian and Writer Censorinus; Roman Anti Pope and Saint, 217-235, Hippolytus; Martyr Concordia of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30;

Rome, 220-258, Roman Theologian, Novatian
Roman Theologian, 220-258, Novatian ; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Rome, 222-235, Emperor, Severus Alexander, pagan regent, prosperous reign, confronted with Persians and Germans, diplomacy killed him
Roman Emperor, 222-235, Severus Alexander; Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – 19 March 235) was Roman emperor from 222 to 235, and the last from the Severan dynasty. was the heir to his cousin, the 18-year-old Emperor Elagabalus. The latter had been murdered along with his mother Julia Soaemias, by his own guards, who, as a mark of contempt, had their remains cast into the Tiber river.[2] and his cousin were both grandsons of Julia Maesa, sister of empress Julia Domna, who had arranged for Elagabalus' acclamation as emperor by the Third Gallic Legion. was the rumor of Alexander's death that triggered the assassination of Elagabalus and his mother.[3] 13-year reign was the longest reign of a sole emperor since Antoninus Pius.[4] He was also the second-youngest ever sole legal Roman emperor during the existence of the united empire, the youngest being Gordian III. peacetime reign was prosperous. Rome was militarily confronted with the rising Sassanid Empire and growing incursions from the tribes of Germania. He managed to check the threat of the Sassanids. But when campaigning against Germanic tribes, Alexander attempted to bring peace by engaging in diplomacy and bribery. alienated many in the Roman Army, leading to a conspiracy that resulted in the assassination of Alexander, his mother Julia Avita Mamaea, and his advisors. ------------------------------------------------After their deaths, the accession of Maximinus Thrax followed. death marked the epoch event for the Crisis of the Third Century—nearly 50 years of civil wars, foreign invasion, and collapse of the monetary economy. 1 Early reign 2 Domestic achievements 3 Persian War 4 Military discipline 5 Germanic War 6 Death 7 Legacy 8 Personal life 9 Ancestry 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 12.1 Primary 12.2 Secondary 13 External links reign[edit] future emperor Severus Alexander was born on 1 October 208 in Arca Caesarea, Phoenicia.[5] Of his birth name, only two cognomina are known, from literary sources: Bassianus (Greek: Βασσιανός) according to the historian Cassius Dio, and Alexianus (Greek: Αλεξιανός) according to Herodian. It seems likely that Bassianus was his family name, since several of his relatives were also called as such, and Alexianus his actual given name, which was later converted to Alexander.[6] historian Cassius Dio thought Alexianus was the son of Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus, but Icks disputes this, saying the latter could not have married the emperor's mother before 212 and that Alexianus must've been fathered by his mother's first husband, who is of unknown name but of certain existence.[7] Alexander became emperor when he was around 14 years old, making him the youngest emperor in Rome's history, until the ascension of Gordian III. Alexander's grandmother Maesa believed that he had more potential to rule and gain support from the Praetorian Guard than her other grandson, the increasingly unpopular emperor Elagabalus.[8] Thus, to preserve her own position, she had Elagabalus adopt the young Alexander and then arranged for Elagabalus' assassination, securing the throne for Alexander.[9] The Roman army hailed Alexander as emperor on 13 March 222, immediately conferring on him the titles of Augustus, pater patriae and pontifex maximus.[10] his life, Alexander relied heavily on guidance from his grandmother, Maesa, before her death in 224, and mother, Julia Mamaea.[11] As a young, immature, and inexperienced adolescent, Alexander knew little about government, warcraft, or the role of ruling over an empire. In time, however, the army came to admire what Jasper Burns refers to as "his simple virtues and moderate behavior, so different from [Elagabalus]".[12] achievements[edit] of Alexander Severus, Louvre. the influence of his mother, Alexander did much to improve the morals and condition of the people, and to enhance the dignity of the state.[13] He employed noted jurists, such as Ulpian, to oversee the administration of justice.[citation needed] His advisers were men like the senator and historian Cassius Dio, and it is claimed that he created a select board of 16 senators,[14] although this claim is disputed.[15] He also created a municipal council of 14 who assisted the urban prefect in administering the affairs of the 14 districts of Rome.[16] Excessive luxury and extravagance at the imperial court were diminished,[17] and he restored the Baths of Nero in 227 or 229; consequently, they are sometimes also known as the Baths of Alexander after him. his accession he reduced the silver purity of the denarius from 46.5% to 43%—the actual silver weight dropped from 1.41 grams to 1.30 grams; however, in 229 he revalued the denarius, increasing the silver purity and weight to 45% and 1.46 grams. The following year he decreased the amount of base metal in the denarius while adding more silver, raising the silver purity and weight again to 50.5% and 1.50 grams.[18] Additionally, during his reign taxes were lightened; literature, art and science were encouraged;[19] and, for the convenience of the people, loan offices were instituted for lending money at a moderate rate of interest.[20] religious matters, Alexander preserved an open mind. According to the Historia Augusta, he wished to erect a temple to Jesus but was dissuaded by the pagan priests; however, this claim is deemed unreliable due to the book's many untrustworthy information and falsifications.[21][22] He allowed a synagogue to be built in Rome, and he gave as a gift to this synagogue a scroll of the Torah known as the Severus Scroll.[23] legal matters, Alexander did much to aid the rights of his soldiers. He confirmed that soldiers could name anyone as heirs in their will, whereas civilians had strict restrictions over who could become heirs or receive a legacy.[24] He also confirmed that soldiers could free their slaves in their wills,[25] protected the rights of soldiers to their property when they were on campaign,[26] and reasserted that a soldier's property acquired in or because of military service (his castrense peculium) could be claimed by no one else, not even the soldier's father.[27] War[edit] the whole, Alexander's reign was prosperous until the rise of the Sassanids[28] under Ardashir I.[29] In 231 AD, Ardeshir invaded the Roman provinces of the east, overrunning Mesopotamia and penetrating possibly as far as Syria and Cappadocia, forcing from the young Alexander a vigorous response.[30] Of the war that followed there are various accounts. According to the most detailed authority, Herodian, the Roman armies suffered a number of humiliating setbacks and defeats,[31] while according to the Historia Augusta[32] as well as Alexander's own dispatch to the Roman Senate, he gained great victories.[33] Making Antioch his base, he organized in 233 a three-fold invasion of the Sassanian Empire; at the head of the main body he himself advanced to recapture northern Mesopotamia, while another army invaded Media through the mountains of Armenia, and a third advanced from the south in the direction of Babylon. The northernmost army gained some success, fighting in mountainous territory favorable to the Roman infantry, but the southern army was surrounded and destroyed by Ardashir's skilful horse-archers, and Alexander himself retreated after an indecisive campaign, his army wracked by indiscipline and disease.[34][35] Further losses were incurred by the retreating northern army in the inclement cold of Armenia as it retired into winter quarters, due to an incompetent failure to establish adequate supply lines.[36][37] Still, Mesopotamia was retaken, and Ardashir was not thereafter able to extend his conquests, though his son, Shapur, would obtain some success later in the century.[38] the Sassanids were checked for the time,[33] the conduct of the Roman army showed an extraordinary lack of discipline. In 232, there was a mutiny in the Syrian legion, which proclaimed Taurinus emperor.[39] Alexander managed to suppress the uprising, and Taurinus drowned while attempting to flee across the Euphrates.[40] The emperor returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph in 233.[33] discipline[edit] ALEXANDER PIVS AVG. ALEXANDER PIVS AVG. of Severus Alexander reign was also characterized by a significant breakdown of military discipline.[41] In 228, the Praetorian Guard murdered their prefect, Ulpian,[41] in Alexander's presence. Alexander could not openly punish the ringleader of the riot, and instead removed him to nominal post of honor in Egypt and then Crete, where he was "quietly put out of the way" sometime after the excitement had abated.[42] The soldiers then fought a three-day battle against the populace of Rome, and this battle ended after several parts of the city were set on fire.[43] was among those who gave a highly critical account of military discipline during the time, saying that the soldiers would rather just surrender to the enemy.[43] Different reasons are given for this issue; Campbell points to the decline in the prestige of the Severan dynasty, the feeble nature of Alexander himself, who appeared to be no soldier and to be completely dominated by his mother's advice, and lack of real military success at a time during which the empire was coming under increasing pressure."[ 43] on the other hand, was convinced that "the emperor's miserliness (partly the result of his mother's greed) and slowness to bestow donatives" were instrumental in the fall of military discipline under Alexander.[43] War[edit] the Persian war, Alexander returned to Antioch with Origen, one of the Fathers of the Christian Church. Alexander's mother, Julia Mamaea, asked for Origen to tutor Alexander in Christianity.[44] Alexander was being educated in the Christian doctrines, the northern portion of his empire was being invaded by Germanic and Sarmatian tribes. A new and menacing enemy started to emerge directly after Alexander's success in the Persian war. In 234, the barbarians crossed the Rhine and Danube in hordes that caused alarm as far as Rome. The soldiers serving under Alexander, already demoralized after their costly war against the Persians, were further discontented with their emperor when their homes were destroyed by the barbarian invaders.[45] word of the invasion spread, the emperor took the front line and went to battle against the Germanic invaders. The Romans prepared heavily for the war, building a fleet to carry the entire army across. However, at this point in Alexander's career, he still knew little about being a general. Because of this, he hoped the mere threat of his armies would be sufficient to persuade the hostile tribes to surrender.[46] Severus enforced a strict military discipline in his men that sparked a rebellion among his legions.[47] Due to incurring heavy losses against the Persians, and on the advice of his mother, Alexander attempted to buy the Germanic tribes off, so as to gain time.[48] was this decision that resulted in the legionaries looking down upon Alexander. They considered him dishonorable and feared he was unfit to be Emperor. Under these circumstances the army swiftly looked to replace Alexander.[49] Iulius Verus Maximinus was the next best option. He was a soldier from Thrace who had a golden reputation and was working hard to increase his military status.[47] He was also a man with superior personal strength, who rose to his present position from a peasant background. With the Thracian's hailing came the end of the Severan Dynasty,[50] and, with the growing animosity of Severus' army towards him, the path for his assassination was paved. was forced to face his German enemies in the early months of 235. By the time he and his mother arrived, the situation had settled, and so his mother convinced him that to avoid violence, trying to bribe the German army to surrender was the more sensible course of action.[citation needed] According to historians, it was this tactic combined with insubordination from his own men that destroyed his reputation and popularity. Pusillanimity was responsible for the revolt of Alexander's army, resulting in Severus falling victim to the swords of his own men,[51] following the nomination of Maximinus as emperor. was assassinated on 19 March 235, together with his mother, in a mutiny of the Legio XXII Primigenia at Moguntiacum (Mainz) while at a meeting with his generals.[52] These assassinations secured the throne for Maximinus.[13] documents two theories that elaborate on Severus's assassination. The first claims that the disaffection of Mamaea was the main motive behind the homicide. However, Lampridius makes it clear that he is more supportive of an alternative theory, that Alexander was murdered in Sicilia (located in Britain).[53] theory has it that, in an open tent after his lunch, Alexander was consulting with his insubordinate troops, who compared him to his cousin Elagabalus, the divisive and unpopular Emperor whose own assassination paved the way for Alexander's reign. A German servant entered the tent and initiated the call for Alexander's assassination, at which point many of the troops joined in the attack. Alexander's attendants fought against the other troops but could not hold off the combined might of those seeking the Emperor's assassination. Within minutes, Alexander was dead. His mother Julia Mamaea was in the same tent with Alexander and soon fell victim to the same group of assassins.[51] ’s body was buried together with the body of his mother Julia Manaea in a mausoleum in Rome. The actual mausoleum, called Monte di Grano, is the third in size in Rome after the ones of Hadrian and of Augustus. It is still visible in Piazza dei Tribuni, in the Quadraro area in Rome, where it resembles a large earth mound. The large sarcophagus found inside the tomb in the 16th century, and which contained the emperor’s remains, is in the Palazzo dei Conservatori Museum in Rome. According to some sources inside the same sarcophagus in 1582 a precious glass urn was found, the Portland Vase, currently on display at the British Museum in London. Martyr Pontius, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; Martyr Cecilia at Rome, Commemorated on November 22; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated on January 12; Martyr Babylas of Sicily, Commemorated on January 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Rome, 235-238, Roman Emperor, Maximinus Thrax, impious Maximnus
Roman Emperor, 235-238, Maximinus Thrax; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Pontius, Commemorated on August 5; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250); Martyr Babylas of Sicily, Commemorated on January 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Rome, 235-236, Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome
Roman Pope, 235-236, Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250);

Rome, 236-250, Pope and Saint Fabian
Roman Pope, 236-250, Saint Fabian ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250);

Rome, 238-244, Roman Emperor, Gordian III, Christian
Roman Emperor, 238-244, Gordian III ; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250); Martyr Babylas of Sicily, Commemorated on January 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Martyr Nikon in Sicily, Commemorated on March 23; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Rome, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians, take Babylon
Rome, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Rome, 244-249, Roman Emperor, Philip the Arab, Christian
Roman Emperor, 244-249, Philip the Arab; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250); Martyr Babylas of Sicily, Commemorated on January 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Martyr Nikon in Sicily, Commemorated on March 23; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Rome, 249-251, Roman Emperor, Decius, Pagan, revered by troups, k by goths
Roman Emperor, 249-251, Decius ; Decius (atin: Gaius Messius Quintus Traianus Decius; c. 201 -“ June 251) was Roman emperor from 249 to 251. A distinguished politician during the reign of Philip the Arab, Decius was proclaimed emperor by his troops after putting down a rebellion in Moesia. In 249, he defeated and killed Philip near Verona and was recognized as emperor by the Senate afterwards. During his reign, he attempted to strengthen the Roman state and its religion, leading to the Decian persecution, where a number of prominent Christians (including Pope Fabian) were put to death. In the last year of his reign, Decius co-ruled with his son Herennius Etruscus, until they were both killed by the Goths in the Battle of Abritus. Martyr Apollonius of Sardis, Commemorated on July 10; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated August 4; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Carpus at Pergamum, Commemorated on October 13 ; 7 Holy Youths "œSeven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 22; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Greatmartyr Parasceva of Iconium, Commemorated on October 28; Martyr Anastasia the Roman, Commemorated on October 29; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17; Martyr Menignus at Parium, Commemorated on November 22; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24; Martyr Paramon in Bithynia, Commemorated on November 29; Martyr Myrope of Chios, Commemorated on December 2; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 12; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated on December 14; Martyr Themistocles of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 21; 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete, Commemorated on December 23; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250); St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21; Martyr Babylas of Sicily, Commemorated on January 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Martyr Blaise of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 3; Martyr Agatha of Palermo in Sicily, Commemorated on February 5; Martyr Agatha of Palermo in Sicily, Commemorated on February 5; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated on February 9; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Nestor the Bishop of Magydos in Pamphylia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Nestor the Bishop of Magydos in Pamphylia, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Nestor, Commemorated on March 1 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2 ; Virginmartyr Euthalia of Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Nikon in Sicily, Commemorated on March 23; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Adrian of Corinth, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Callinike of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Peter of Ancyra, who suffered under Decius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Theodotus of Ancyra, who suffered under Decius, Commemorated on May 18; Virginmartyr Christina of Ancyra, who suffered under Decius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna in Crete, Commemorated on July 9 ;

Roman Pope, 251-253, Cornelius
Roman Pope, 251-253, Cornelius; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4;

Rome, 251-253, Roman Emperor, Volusian, Pagan, f and b d in plague, k by troups
Roman Emperor, 251-253, Volusian; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Apollonius of Sardis, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Roman Pope, 253-257, St Stephen of Rome
Roman Pope, 253-257, St Stephen of Rome; Hieromartyr Stephen the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 2 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10;

Rome, 253-259, Roman Emperor, Valerian the Elder, Christian suppoter, then Pagan
Roman Emperor, 253-259, Valerian the Elder ; Martyr Apollonius of Sardis, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Marcian of Iconium, Commemorated on July 13 ; Hieromartyr Stephen the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 2 ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Hippolytus of Rome, Commemorated on August 13; LAURENCE, DEACON AND MARTYR (10 AUGUST 258); Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Martyr Nicephorus of Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 9; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Leonidas of Corinth, Commemorated on April 16; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; Martyr Agrippina of Rome, Commemorated on June 23;

Rome, 257-258, Roman Pope, Pope Sixtus II
Roman Pope, 257-258, Pope Sixtus II; Hieromartyr Stephen the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 2 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10;

Rome, 259-268, Emperor, Gallienus, Christian Supporter then Pagan
Roman Emperor, 259-268, Gallienus ; (/ˌɡæliˈɛnəs/; Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus; c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 22 October 253 to spring 260 and alone from spring 260 to September 268. He ruled during the Crisis of the Third Century that nearly caused the collapse of the empire. While he won a number of military victories, he was unable to prevent the secession of important provinces. His 15-year reign was the longest in half a century. Born into a wealthy and traditional senatorial family, Gallienus was the son of Valerian and Mariniana. Valerian became Emperor on 22 October 253 and had the Roman senate elevate Gallienus to the ranks of Caesar and Augustus. Valerian divided the empire between him and his son, with Valerian ruling the east and his son the west. Gallienus defeated the usurper Ingenuus in 258 and destroyed an Alemanni army at Mediolanum in 259. The defeat and capture of Valerian at Edessa in 260 by the Sasanian Empire threw the Roman Empire into the chaos of civil war. Control of the whole empire passed to Gallienus. He defeated the eastern usurpers Macrianus Major and Lucius Mussius Aemilianus in 261–262 but failed to stop the formation of the breakaway Gallic Empire under general Postumus. Aureolus, another usurper, proclaimed himself emperor in Mediolanum in 268 but was defeated outside the city by Gallienus and besieged inside. While the siege was ongoing, Gallienus was stabbed to death by the officer Cecropius as part of a conspiracy. Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Martyr Nicephorus of Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 9; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Rome, 268-270, Emperor, Claudius II, Pagan, success against Goths and Alemanni Germans, died from Cyprian Plague
Roman Emperor, 268-270, Claudius Gothicus; Aurelius Claudius 'Gothicus' (10 May 214 -January 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. his reign he fought successfully against the Alemanni and decisively defeated the Goths at the Battle of Naissus. He died after succumbing to "pestilence", possibly the Plague of Cyprian that had ravaged the provinces of the Empire. Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Marinus of Rome, Commemorated on December 16; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Roman Saint, 269, Saint Valentine of Terni
Roman Saint, 269, Saint Valentine of Terni; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30;

Rome, 270-275, Emperor, Aurelian, unprecedntd series of v, reunited E, Restorer of World
Roman Emperor, 270-275, Aurelian ; Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Paul of Syria, Commemorated August 17 ; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Heliodorus in Pamphylia, Commemorated on November 19; Martyr Philoumenus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 29; Martyr Synetus of Rome, Commemorated on December 12; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Paul and his sister, Commemorated on March 4 ; Martyr Paul and his sister, Commemorated on March 4 ; Monkmartyr Conon and his son of Iconium, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Alexander of Side, in Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 15; Hieromartyr Alexander of Side, in Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 15; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Sava Stratelates œthe General of Rome, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium Commemorated on June 3;

Rome, 276-282, Emperor, Marcus Aurelius Probus, active and successful g, prosperity, w invasions, facade of Senate authority, d Germans, re-erected forts
Roman Emperor, 276-282, Probus, Marcus Aurelius Probus; Aurelius Probus (19 August 232 -September 282) was Roman emperor from 276 to 282. Probus was an active and successful general as well as a conscientious administrator, and in his reign of six years he secured prosperity for the inner provinces while withstanding repeated invasions of barbarian tribes on almost every sector of the frontier.[6] repelling the foreign enemies of the empire Probus was forced to handle several internal revolts, but demonstrated leniency and moderation to the vanquished wherever possible.[7] In his reign the facade of the constitutional authority of the Roman Senate was fastidiously maintained, and the conqueror, who had carried his army to victory over the Rhine, professed himself dependent on the sanction of the Senate.[8] defeating the Germans, Probus re-erected the ancient fortifications of emperor Hadrian between the Rhine and Danube rivers, protecting the Agri Decumates,[9] and exacted from the vanquished a tribute of manpower to resettle depopulated provinces within the empire and provide for adequate defense of the frontiers.[10] Despite his widespread popularity, Probus was killed in a mutiny of the soldiers while in the middle of preparations for the Persian war, which would be carried out under his successor Carus.[11] St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4;

Rome, 277-331, Gregory the Illuminator, Bishop of Greater Armenia
Armenia, 277-331, Gregory the Illuminator, Bishop of Greater Armenia; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Rome, 280-290, Rhipsime or Hripsime
Armenia, 280-290, Rhipsime orHripsime; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14;

Rome, 282-283, Emperor, Carus, success against Germans and Sarmatians, Lightning strike while against Sassanids
Roman Emperor, 282-283, Carus ; Aurelius Carus (c. 222 – July or August 283) was Roman emperor from 282 to 283, and was 60 at ascension. During his short reign, Carus fought the Germanic tribes and Sarmatians along the Danube frontier with success. died while campaigning against the Sassanid Empire and is believed to have died of unnatural causes, as it was reported that he had been struck by lightning.[3] He was succeeded by his sons Carinus and Numerian, creating a dynasty which, though short-lived, provided further stability to the resurgent empire. Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332) ; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Rome, 282-284, Emperor, Carinus, Pagan then Christian after healing
Roman Emperor, 282-284, Carinus ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Holy Wonderworking Unmercenary Physicians Cosmas and Damian at Rome, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Rome, 283-284, Emperor, Numerian, died after sharing power with his brother Carinus
Roman Emperor, 283-284, Numerian ; (3] died 20 November 284) was Roman emperor from 283 to 284 with his older brother Carinus. They were sons of Carus, a general raised to the office of praetorian prefect under Emperor Probus in 282.[4] 1 Early life and Carus' reign 1.1 Numerian and Carinus as Augusti 1.2 After Numerian's death 2 Character 3 Family tree 4 Citations 5 References 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources 6 External links life and Carus' reign[edit] was the younger son of Carus.[4] In 282, the legions of the upper Danube in Raetia and Noricum proclaimed as emperor Numerian's father, the praetorian prefect Marcus Aurelius Carus, after a mutiny against the emperor Probus, in which the latter was killed.[5][6] By one account, Carus had himself rebelled against the emperor, and Probus' army, stationed in Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica, Serbia), decided they did not wish to fight Carus and assassinated their emperor instead.[7] According to the Historia Augusta and the view accepted by Gibbon, Carus was not responsible for Probus's death, and inflicted severe punishment upon the murderers.[8] Carus, already sixty, wished to establish a dynasty[9] and immediately elevated Carinus and Numerian to the rank of Caesar.[10] 283, Carus left Carinus in charge of the West and moved with Numerian and his praetorian prefect Arrius Aper to the East to wage war against the Sassanid Empire. The Sassanids had been embroiled in a succession dispute since the death of Shapur and were in no position to oppose Carus' advance.[11][12] to Zonaras, Eutropius, and Festus, Carus won a major victory against the Persians, taking Seleucia and the Sassanid capital of Ctesiphon (near modern Al-Mada'in, Iraq), cities on opposite banks of the Tigris.[13] In celebration, Numerian, Carus, and Carinus all took the title Persici maximi.[14] Carus died in July or early August of 283,[4] allegedly due to a strike of lightning.[15] and Carinus as Augusti[edit] death of Carus left Numerian and Carinus as the new Augusti. Carinus quickly made his way to Rome from Gaul, arriving in January 284, while Numerian lingered in the East.[16] The Roman retreat from Persia was orderly and unopposed, for the Persian King, Bahram II, was still struggling to establish his authority.[17] March 284, Numerian had only reached Emesa (Homs) in Syria; by November, only Asia Minor.[18] In Emesa he was apparently still alive and in good health, as he issued the only extant rescript in his name there.[19] Coins were issued in his name in Cyzicus at some time before the end of 284, but it is impossible to know whether he was still in the public eye by that point.[20] Emesa, Numerian's staff, including the prefect Aper, reported that Numerian suffered from an inflammation of the eyes and had to travel in a closed coach.[21] When the army reached Bithynia,[16] or Thrace,[22] some of Numerian's soldiers smelled an odor reminiscent of a decaying corpse emanating from the coach.[17] They opened its curtains and found Numerian dead.[23] Gibbon, however, dismisses with derision the report of the stench of Numerian's decay: "Could no aromatics be found in the Imperial house-hold?"[24] Numerian's death[edit] officially broke the news of Numerian's death in Nicomedia (İzmit) in November 284,[25] though Gibbon represents the occurrence of this event at Heraclea, in Thrace, and the discovery, which the prefect attempted to conceal, as due to the forwardness of the soldiery, who forced open the Imperial tent to investigate for themselves the situation of their invisible monarch.[26] Numerian's generals and tribunes called a council for the succession, which met at Chalcedon across the Bosphorus, where they chose as emperor Diocletian, commander of the cavalry arm of the imperial bodyguard,[27] despite Aper's attempts to garner support.[25] The army of the east unanimously saluted their new Augustus. Diocletian accepted the purple imperial vestments and raised his sword to the light of the sun, swearing an oath denying responsibility for Numerian's death. He asserted that Aper had killed Numerian and concealed the deed. In full view of the army, Diocletian then turned and killed Aper, who had been hauled bound before the assembly.[28][29] to the Historia Augusta, Numerian was a man of considerable literary attainments, remarkably amiable, and known as a great orator and poet. Allegedly, the senate raised him a statue, inscribed To the most powerful of orators.[30] St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Chrysanthus and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on March 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Thallelaeus at Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on May 20; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304); Holy Wonderworking Unmercenary Physicians Cosmas and Damian at Rome, Commemorated on July 1; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ;

Rome, 284-305, Emperor, Maximian Hercules, Western Half
Roman Emperor, 284-305, Maximian ; Martyr Bianor of Pisidia, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Timothy of Palestine, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sozon of Cilicia, Commemorated September 7 ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Epicharis of Rome, Commemorated on September 27; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30 ; Martyr Dasius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Sergius in Syria, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Eulampius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 10 ; Martyr Domnina of Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 12 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; Martyr Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 18; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, Commemorated on October 19; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller at Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on October 25; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Lupus, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Hieromartyr Zenobius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated on November 7; Martyr Alexander of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Onesiphorus of Ephesus, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Antoninus of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 13 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Zacchaeus the Deacon of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 18; Martyr Azes of Isauria, Commemorated on November 19; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller of Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Crispina, Commemorated on December 5; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; LUCY, VIRGIN AND MARTYR, abt. 304, Commemorated December 13; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated on December 13; Virginmartyr Lucy of Syracuse, Commemorated on December 13; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 14; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated on December 22; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Zisimus of Martyrs Zosimus the Hermit and Athanasius the Commentarisius (Superintendent of Prisoners), Anchorites, of Cilicia, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated on January 8; St Carterius of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Mertius of Mauretania, Commemorated on January 12; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine, Commemorated on January 12; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 19; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 20; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304) ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated on January 21; Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated on January 21; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304); Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23 ; Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated on January 26; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated on January 29; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated on February 5; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated on February 5; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated on February 5; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 6; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on February 7 ; Martyr Aule, Commemorated on February 7; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Hieromartyr Trophimus of Laodicea, Commemorated on March 16 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Agathopodes the Deacon, and those with him, at Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Januarius the Bishop of Benevento, and his companions, at Pozzuoli, Commemorated on April 21; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; Martyr Diodorus the Deacon at Aphrodisias in Anatolia, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Albian the Bishop of Anaea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Acacius the Centurion at Byzantium, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Eustochius of Ancyra, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna in Crete, Commemorated on July 9 ;

Rome, 284-305, Emperor Diocletian, Eastern Half
Rome, 284-305, Emperor Diocletian ; Martyr Bianor of Pisidia, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Hieromartyr Cindeus the Presbyter of Pamphylia, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Martyr Trophimus and 14 Others in Lycia, Commemorated on July 23; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Leontius of Perge in Pamphylia, Commemorated on August 1; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12 ; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Timothy of Palestine, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sozon of Cilicia, Commemorated September 7 ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Epicharis of Rome, Commemorated on September 27; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30 ; Martyr Dasius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Charitina of Amisus, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Sergius in Syria, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Pelagia of Tarsus, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Eulampius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 10 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; Martyr Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 18; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, Commemorated on October 19; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller at Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on October 25; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Lupus, Commemorated on October 26; Greatmartyr Parasceva of Iconium, Commemorated on October 28; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30; Hieromartyr Zenobius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated on November 7; Martyr Alexander of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Onesiphorus of Ephesus, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Antoninus of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 13 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Zacchaeus the Deacon of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on November 18; Martyr Azes of Isauria, Commemorated on November 19; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28; Martyr Anastasius the Fuller of Salona in Dalmatia, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Crispina, Commemorated on December 5; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; LUCY, VIRGIN AND MARTYR, abt. 304, Commemorated December 13; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated on December 13; Virginmartyr Lucy of Syracuse, Commemorated on December 13; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 14; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18; Martyr Boniface at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Righteous Aglaida (Aglae) of Rome, Commemorated on December 19; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21; Greatmartyr Anastasia the Ã¢Â€ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated on December 22; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Zisimus of Martyrs Zosimus the Hermit and Athanasius the Commentarisius (Superintendent of Prisoners), Anchorites, of Cilicia, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated on January 8; St Carterius of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Mertius of Mauretania, Commemorated on January 12; Martyr Peter Apselamus of Palestine, Commemorated on January 12; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 19; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 20; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304) ; Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated on January 21; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated on January 21; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304); Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated on January 24; Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated on January 26; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated on January 29; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated on February 5 ; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated on February 5; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 6; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on February 7 ; Martyr Aule, Commemorated on February 7; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Agapius at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Hieromartyr Trophimus of Laodicea, Commemorated on March 16 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Agathopodes the Deacon, and those with him, at Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ; Martyr Crescens of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on April 13; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Anthony at Rome, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Januarius the Bishop of Benevento, and his companions, at Pozzuoli, Commemorated on April 21; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; Martyr Diodorus the Deacon at Aphrodisias in Anatolia, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Hieromartyr Albian the Bishop of Anaea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Tarsus, in Asia Minor, Commemorated on May 4; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Virginmartyr Archelais Beheaded at Salerno, Commemorated on June 6; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Kyriake of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13 ; Martyr Modestus at Lucania, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304); Martyr Zeno of Philadelphia, Commemorated on June 22 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ; Martyr Lucy at Rome, Commemorated on July 6; Martyrs at Rome, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna in Crete, Commemorated on July 9 ;

Rome, 284-305, Saint Chrysogonus
Roman Saint, 284-305, Saint Chrysogonus ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated on December 22;

Rome, 284-305, Emperess Alexandra, Prisca, Christian Saint
Rome, 284-305, Emperess Alexandra, Prisca Rome, 284-305, Emperor Diocletian ; Martyr Alexandra the Empress, wife of Diocletian, Commemorated on April 23; Great Martyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24;

Rome, 284-303, Roman Saint, Autonomus the Bishop in Italy and Bithynia
Roman Saint, 284-303, Autonomus the Bishop in Italy and Bithynia; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Rome, 284-305, Saint Zoilus
Roman Saint, 284-305, Saint Zoilus; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated on December 22;

Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy, 291- 568 (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Rome, 293-343, Lycian Saint, Nicholas, Bishop of Myra
Lycian Saint, 293-343, Saint Nicholas, Bishop of Myra; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe ConverserÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 14;

Rome, 293-306, Roman Emperor, Constantius Chlorus
Roman Emperor, 293-306, Constantius Chlorus; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Tarachus at Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 12; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, Commemorated on October 19; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22; St Crispina, Commemorated on December 5; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; LUCY, VIRGIN AND MARTYR, abt. 304, Commemorated December 13; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated on January 19; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304) ; Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated on January 21; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304); Presbyter Ananias in Phoenicia, Commemorated on January 26; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated on January 21; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18 ;

Rome, 296-304, Pope Marcellinus
Roman Pope, 296-304, Pope Marcellinus; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7;

Rome, 300, 4th Century, Folder, R. Empire, Diocletian then Constantine and Legal Christianity

Rome, 303-313, Diocletian Persecution, recinding Christians' rights, d idol worship, Copper Mines
Roman Diocletian Persecution, 303, copper mines at Phaeno in Palestine and Cilicia in Asia Minor ; Hieromartyr Silvanus of Gaza, Commemorated on October 14; Hieromartyr Silvanus the Bishop of Gaza, and with him 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on May 4 ;

Rome, 303-313, Hieromartyrs of Cherson, Diocletian Persecution
Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD; Bosporan Kingdom of the Roman Empire; Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7;

Rome, 305-311, Emperor, Maximian Galerius, Fanatic Pagan, horrible disease, ended D Persecution
Rome, 305-311, Emperor Maximian Galerius Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lucius, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Peter of Anium, at Hieropolis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro ("œthe Recruit"), Commemorated on February 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Rome, 305-313, Emperess, Agusta, Galeria Valeria, Christian convert
Rome, 305-313, Emperess Agusta, Galeria Valeria Roman Emperor, 305-313, Maximian Galerius Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24;

Rome, 305-312, Emperor, Maximinus II Daia, in the East
Roman Emperor, 305-312, Maximinus II Daia; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ;

Rome, 306-312, Emperor, Maxentius, in Rome
Roman Emperor, 306-312, Maxentius ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20;

Rome, 306-337, Emperor, Constantine the Great, declared emperor at York
Roman Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; St Myron the Wonderworker and Bishop of Crete, Commemorated on August 8 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; Hieromartyr Theogenes the Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont, Commemorated on January 2; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20;

Rome, 308-309, Pope Marcellus I
Roman Pope, 308-309, Pope Marcellus I; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7;

Rome, 308-324, Emperor, Licinius, West and East, Fake Christian then Last Pagan
Roman Emperor, 308-324, Licinius ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Hieromartyr Julian of Galatia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15; Hieromartyr Theogenes the Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont, Commemorated on January 2; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "œthe General", Commemorated on February 8; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Rome, 311-314, Pope, Miltiades
Roman Pope, 311-314, Pope Miltiades ; St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2;

Rome, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year
Byzantium, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year; Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ;

Rome, 313 and 323, Edict of Milan
Edict of Milan, 313 Western Roman Empire and 323 extended to the Eastern Roman Empire; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Rome, 314-335, Pope, Sylvester I, famous debate converted 120 Jews, large churches, P supremacy Legend
Roman Pope, 314-335, Pope Sylvester I ; I (also Silvester, died 31 December 335) was the bishop of Rome from 314 until his death. He was the 33rd pope of the Catholic Church.[2] filled the see of Rome at an important era in the history of the Western Church, yet very little is known of him.[3] accounts of his pontificate preserved in the seventh- or eighth-century Liber Pontificalis contain little more than a record of the gifts said to have been conferred on the church by Constantine I,[4] although it does say that he was the son of a Roman named Rufinus.[5] feast is celebrated as Saint Sylvester's Day in Western Christianity on 31 December, while Eastern Christianity commemorates it on 2 January.[6] Large churches were founded and built during Sylvester I's pontificate, including Basilica of St. John Lateran, Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, Old St. Peter's Basilica and several churches built over the graves of martyrs.[5][7] Sylvester did not attend the First Council of Nicaea in 325, where the Nicene Creed was formulated, but he was represented by two legates, Vitus and Vincentius, and he approved the council's decision. One of the Symmachian forgeries, the Vita beati Silvestri (c. 501–508), which has been preserved in Greek and Syriac (and in Latin in the Constitutum Silvestri), is an apocryphal alleged account of a Roman council, including legends of Sylvester's close relationship with the first Christian emperor. These also appear in the Donation of Constantine.[5] after his death, the figure of Sylvester was embroidered upon in a fictional account of his relationship to Constantine, which seemed to successfully support the later Gelasian doctrine of papal supremacy, papal auctoritas (authority) guiding imperial potestas (power), the doctrine that is embodied in the forged Donation of Constantine of the eighth century. In the fiction, of which an early version is represented in the early sixth-century Symmachean forgeries emanating from the curia of Pope Symmachus (died 514), the Emperor Constantine was cured of leprosy by the virtue of the baptismal water administered by Sylvester.[8] Sylvester I and Constantine in a 1247 fresco Emperor, abjectly grateful, not only confirmed the bishop of Rome as the primate above all other bishops, he resigned his imperial insignia and walked before Sylvester's horse holding the Pope's bridle as the papal groom. Pope, in return, offered the crown of his own good will to Constantine, who abandoned Rome to the pope and took up residence in Constantinople. doctrine behind this charming story is a radical one," Norman F. Cantor observes: "The pope is supreme over all rulers, even the Roman emperor, who owes his crown to the pope and therefore may be deposed by papal decree". Such a useful legend quickly gained wide circulation; Gregory of Tours referred to this political legend in his history of the Franks, written in the 580s.[9] Sylvester II, himself a close associate of Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor, chose the name Sylvester in imitation of Sylvester I. of Saint Sylvester in the Abbey of Saint Sylvester in Nonantola the West, the liturgical feast of Saint Sylvester is on 31 December, the day of his burial in the Catacomb of Priscilla.[5] This is the last day in the year and, accordingly, in German-speaking countries and in some others close to them, New Year's Eve is known as Silvester. In some other countries, too, the day is usually referred to as Saint Sylvester's Day or the Feast of Saint Sylvester.[10] In São Paulo, Brazil, a long-distance running event called the Saint Silvester Road Race occurs every year on 31 December.[11] Sylvester I portrayed slaying a dragon and resurrecting its victims, a fresco by Maso di Banco The Donation of Constantine is a document fabricated in the second half of the eighth century, purporting to be a record by the Emperor himself of his conversion, the profession of his new faith, and the privileges he conferred on Pope Sylvester I, his clergy, and their successors. According to it, Pope Sylvester was offered the imperial crown, which, however, he refused.[12] Santu Papa Silvestru", a story in Giuseppe Pitrè's collection of Sicilian fables, recounts the legend as follows: Constantine the king wants to take a second wife, and asks Sylvester. Sylvester denies him permission, calling on heaven as witness; Constantine threatens him, and Sylvester, rather than give in, escapes into the woods. Not long after, Constantine falls ill; when he is desperate of ever regaining his health he has a dream which commands him to send for Sylvester. He obeys, and Sylvester receives Constantine's messengers in his cave and swiftly baptizes them, whereafter (having shown them several miracles) he is led back to Constantine, whom he baptizes also, and cures. In this story, Constantine and his entourage are not pagans but Jews.[13] legend has Sylvester slaying a dragon. He is often depicted with the dying beast.[14][15] St Sylvester the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 2;

Rome, 323-337, Emperor, Constantine the Great sole ruler of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Kaesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Rome, 337-340, Emperor, Constantine II, Orthodox, Gaul, died invading Italy
Roman Emperor, 337-340, Constantine II (emperor); II (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; February 316 – 340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. Son of Constantine the Great and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 337-350, Emperor, Constans, Orthodox, Italy, Illyricum, Africa, then Gaul, u by M
Roman Emperor,;337-350, Constans; Julius Constans (c. 320 – 350) was Roman emperor from 337 to 350. He held the imperial rank of caesar from 333, and was the youngest son of Constantine the Great. After his father's death, he was made augustus alongside his brothers in September 337. Constans was given the administration of the praetorian prefectures of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa.[3] He defeated the Sarmatians in a campaign shortly afterwards.[3] In the civil war that followed, in 340 he defeated his eldest brother and co-emperor Constantine II's invasion of Italy, who was killed in battle with Constans's forces near Aquileia.[3] Constans gained from him the praetorian prefecture of Gaul.[3] Thereafter there were tensions with his remaining younger brother and co-augustus Constantius II (r. 337–361), including over the exiled bishop Athanasius of Alexandria.[3] In the following years he campaigned against the Franks and in 343 visited Roman Britain.[3] In January 350, Magnentius (r. 350–353) the commander of the Jovians and Herculians, a corps in the Roman army, was acclaimed augustus at Augustodunum (Autun) with the support of Marcellinus, the comes rei privatae.[4] Magnentius overthrew and killed Constans.[3][4] Surviving sources, possibly influenced by the propaganda of Magnentius's faction, accuse Constans of misrule and of homosexuality.[3] St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 337-361, Emperor, Constantius II, Greece, Thrace, Asia, Egypt, Orthodox then Arian
Roman Emperor, 324-361, Constantius II, Son of Constantine the Great ; Julius Constantius (Greek: Κωνστάντιος; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361), known as Constantius II, was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death. Constantius was a son of Constantine the Great, who elevated him to the imperial rank of caesar on 8 November 324 and after whose death Constantius became augustus together with his brothers, Constantine II and Constans on 9 September 337. He promptly oversaw the massacre of his father-in-law, an uncle and several cousins, consolidating his hold on power. The brothers divided the empire among themselves, with Constantius receiving Greece, Thrace, the Asian provinces and Egypt in the east. For the following decade a costly and inconclusive war against Persia took most of Constantius's time and attention. In the meantime, his brothers Constantine and Constans warred over the western provinces of the empire, leaving the former dead in 340 and the latter as sole ruler of the west. The two remaining brothers maintained an uneasy peace with each other until, in 350, Constans was overthrown and assassinated by the usurper Magnentius. Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius waged a civil war against the usurper, defeating him at the battles of Mursa Major in 351 and Mons Seleucus in 353. Magnentius committed suicide after the latter battle, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire. In 351, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to the subordinate rank of caesar to rule in the east, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature. Shortly thereafter, in 355, Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin, Gallus' younger half-brother Julian, to the rank of caesar. As emperor, Constantius promoted Arian Christianity, persecuted pagans by banning sacrifices and closing pagan temples and issued laws discriminating against Jews. His military campaigns against Germanic tribes were successful: he defeated the Alamanni in 354 and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians in 357. The war against the Sasanians, which had been in a lull since 350, erupted with renewed intensity in 359 and Constantius traveled to the east in 360 to restore stability after the loss of several border fortresses. However, Julian claimed the rank of augustus in 360, leading to war between the two after Constantius' attempts to persuade Julian to back down failed. No battle was fought, as Constantius became ill and died of fever on 3 November 361 in Mopsuestia, naming Julian as his rightful successor before his death. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 352-366, Pope, St Liberius
Roman Pope, 352-366 , St Liberius ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27;

Rome, 361-363, Emperor Julian the Apostate, Constantinople
Roman Emperor, 361-363, Julian the Apostate, Constantinople; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Icon ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœNot Made by HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose, against Arianism
Rome, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose; Ambrose (born Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 340 – 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose[a], was the Bishop of Milan, a theologian, and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. Ambrose was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperor Theodosius I and the usurper Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting "antiphonal chant", a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other, as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium, an Advent hymn. He also had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Western Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan. Contents 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Bishop of Milan 1.3 Arianism 1.4 Imperial relations 1.5 Attitude towards Jews 1.6 Attitude towards pagans 1.7 Later years and death 1.8 Character 2 Theology 2.1 Giving to the poor 2.2 Mariology 3 Writings 4 Church music 5 Augustine 5.1 Reading 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Works cited 9 External links Life[edit] Early life[edit] Ambrose was born into a Roman Christian family about 340 and was raised in Gallia Belgica, the capital of which was Augusta Treverorum.[3] His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius,[4][5] a praetorian prefect of Gaul;[6] but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an imperial constitution dated 3 February 339 (addressed in a brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, Constantine II, Constantius II, or Constans, in the Codex Theodosianus, book XI.5).[7][8][9] His mother was a woman of intellect and piety[10] and a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi,[11] and thus Ambrose was cousin of the orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. He was the youngest of three children, who included Marcellina and Satyrus (who is the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri), also venerated as saints.[12] There is a legend that as an infant, a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey. His father considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. For this reason, bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology. About the year 354 Ambrosius, the father, died, whereupon the family moved to Rome.[13] There he studied literature, law, and rhetoric. He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. Praetorian Prefect Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus first gave him a place in the council and then in about 372 made him governor of Liguria and Emilia, with headquarters at Milan.[6] In 286 Diocletian had moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum (Milan). Ambrose was the Governor of Aemilia-Liguria in northern Italy until 374, when he became the Bishop of Milan. Ambrose was a very popular political figure, and since he had been the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of Valentinian I. Bishop of Milan[edit] In the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Nicene Church and Arians.[14][15] In 374 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius, an Arian, died, and the Arians challenged the succession. Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place, to prevent an uproar, which was probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly.[15] Ambrose was known to be Nicene Christian in belief, but also acceptable to Arians due to the charity shown in theological matters in this regard. At first he energetically refused the office, for which he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was neither baptized nor formally trained in theology.[6] Upon his appointment, Ambrose fled to a colleague's home seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor Gratian praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals evidently worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated bishop of Milan. As bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister Marcellina (who had become a nun). This raised his popularity even further, giving him considerable political leverage over even the emperor. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a prefecture in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs.[3] In 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon, France, and Paulinus of Nola, who had served as governor of Campania, went to Milan to attend the school of Ambrose.[16] Arianism[edit] Statue of Saint Ambrose with a scourge in Museo del Duomo, Milan. Unknown Lombard author, early 17 century. Ambrose studied theology with Simplician, a presbyter of Rome.[10] Using to his advantage his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, he studied the Old Testament and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.[17] He applied this knowledge as preacher, concentrating especially on exegesis of the Old Testament, and his rhetorical abilities impressed Augustine of Hippo, who hitherto had thought poorly of Christian preachers. In the confrontation with Arians, Ambrose sought to theologically refute their propositions, which were contrary to the Nicene creed and thus to the officially defined orthodoxy. The Arians appealed to many high level leaders and clergy in both the Western and Eastern empires. Although the western Emperor Gratian supported orthodoxy, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.[18] Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position. In the East, Emperor Theodosius I likewise professed the Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions,[10] especially among the higher clergy. In this contested state of religious opinion, two leaders of the Arians, bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that he complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared the consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a synod composed of thirty-two bishops was held at Aquileia in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices.[10] Nevertheless, the increasing strength of the Arians proved a formidable task for Ambrose. In 385[18] or 386 the emperor and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of clergy and laity, especially military, professed Arianism. They demanded two churches in Milan, one in the city (the Basilica of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's), be allocated to the Arians.[18] Ambrose refused and was required to answer for his conduct before the council.[6][page needed] He went, his eloquence in defense of the Church reportedly overawing the ministers of Valentinian, so he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches. The day following, when he was performing divine service in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give up at least the Portian basilica in the suburbs. As he still refused, certain deans or officers of the court were sent to take possession of the Portian basilica, by hanging up in it imperial escutcheons[18] to prepare for the arrival of the emperor and his mother at the ensuing festival of Easter.[19] In spite of Imperial opposition, Ambrose declared, "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it."[19] In 386 Justina and Valentinian received the Arian bishop Auxentius the younger, and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and the imperial order was rescinded.[20 Imperial relations[edit] Saint Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck. National Gallery, London. The imperial court was displeased with the religious principles of Ambrose, though his aid was soon solicited by the Emperor. When Magnus Maximus usurped the supreme power in Gaul, and was meditating a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him from the undertaking, and the embassy was successful.[19] A second later embassy was unsuccessful. The enemy entered Italy and Milan was taken. Justina and her son fled but Ambrose remained at his post and did good service to many of the sufferers by causing the plate of the church to be melted for their relief.[19] Theodosius I, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the kingdom. Theodosius was excommunicated by Ambrose for the massacre of 7,000 people at Thessalonica in 390,[19] after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.[6][page needed] - Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt,[19] and he readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance. This shows the strong position of a bishop in the western part of the empire, even when facing a strong emperor. The controversy of John Chrysostom with a much weaker emperor a few years later in Constantinople led to a crushing defeat of the bishop. In 392, after the death of Valentinian II and the fall of Eugenius, Ambrose supplicated the emperor for the pardon of those who had supported Eugenius after Theodosius was eventually victorious.[19] painting of St. Ambrose Saint Ambrose with scourge and book, a painting in the church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome Attitude towards Jews[edit] In his treatise on Abraham, Ambrose warns against intermarriage with pagans, Jews, or heretics.[21] In 388, Emperor Theodosius the Great was informed that a crowd of Christians, led by their bishop, had destroyed the synagogue at Callinicum on the Euphrates. He ordered the synagogue rebuilt at the expense of the bishop,[22] but Ambrose persuaded Theodosius to retreat from this position.[23] He wrote to the Emperor, pointing out that he was thereby "exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death"; in the letter "the reasons given for the imperial rescript are met, especially by the plea that the Jews had burnt many churches".[24] Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where Magnus Maximus issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people in turn exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that if Theodosius attempted to apply the law to protect his Jewish subjects he'd be viewed similarly.[25] In the course of the letter Ambrose speaks of the clemency that the emperor had shown with regard to the many houses of wealthy people and churches that had been destroyed by unruly mobs, with many then still not restored and then adds: "There is, then, no adequate cause for such a commotion, that the people should be so severely punished for the burning of a building, and much less since it is the burning of a synagogue, a home of unbelief, a house of impiety, a receptacle of folly, which God Himself has condemned. For thus we read, where the Lord our God speaks by the mouth of the prophet Jeremiah: 'And I will do to this house, which is called by My Name, wherein ye trust, and to the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh, and I will cast you forth from My sight, as I cast forth your brethren, the whole seed of Ephraim. And do not thou pray for that people, and do not thou ask mercy for them, and do not come near Me on their behalf, for I will not hear thee. Or seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah?'[Jeremiah 7:14] God forbids intercession to be made for those."[24][26] Yet, Ambrose did not oppose punishing those who were directly responsible for destroying the synagogue. In his exposition of Psalm 1, Ambrose says: "Virtues without faith are leaves, flourishing in appearance, but unproductive. How many pagans have mercy and sobriety but no fruit, because they do not attain their purpose! The leaves speedily fall at the wind's breath. Some Jews exhibit purity of life and much diligence and love of study, but bear no fruit and live like leaves."[27] Attitude towards pagans[edit] Main article: Anti-paganism influenced by Saint Ambrose Under his influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of paganism;[28][b][30][31] Theodosius issued the 391 "Theodosian decrees," which with increasing intensity outlawed pagan practices.[29][32]The Altar of Victory was removed by Gratian. Ambrose prevailed upon Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius to reject requests to restore the altar. Later years and death[edit] Embossed silver urn with the body of Ambrose (with white vestments) in the crypt of Sant'Ambrose, with the skeletons of Gervase and Protase. In April 393 Arbogast, magister militum of the West and his puppet Emperor Eugenius, marched into Italy to consolidate their position in regard to Theodosius I and his son, Honorius, whom Theodosius had appointed Augustus to govern the western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the translation of the relics of Saints Vitalis and Agricola. From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigidus in early September 394.[33] Soon after acquiring the undisputed possession of the Roman Empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by Simplician.[19] Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the church of Saint Ambrogio in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated – along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of Saints Gervase and Protase. Character[edit] Drawing based on a statue of Saint Ambrose Many circumstances in the history of Ambrose are characteristic of the general spirit of the times. The chief causes of his victory over his opponents were his great popularity and the reverence paid to the episcopal character at that period. He used several indirect means to obtain and support his authority with the people.[19] It was his custom to comment severely in his preaching on the public characters of his times; and he introduced popular reforms in the order and manner of public worship. It is alleged, too, that at a time when the influence of Ambrose required vigorous support, he was admonished in a dream to search for, and found under the pavement of the church, the remains of two martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius. The saints, although they would have had to have been hundreds of years old, looked as if they had just died. The applause of the people was mingled with the derision of the court party.[19] Theology[edit] Ambrose joins Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great as one of the Latin Doctors of the Church. Theologians compare him with Hilary, who they claim fell short of Ambrose's administrative excellence but demonstrated greater theological ability. He succeeded as a theologian despite his juridical training and his comparatively late handling of Biblical and doctrinal subjects.[19] Ambrose's intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal ministry, while the prevalent asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian ethics. Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia.[19] Ambrose displayed a kind of liturgical flexibility that kept in mind that liturgy was a tool to serve people in worshiping God, and ought not to become a rigid entity that is invariable from place to place. His advice to Augustine of Hippo on this point was to follow local liturgical custom. "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the church where you are."[34][35] Thus Ambrose refused to be drawn into a false conflict over which particular local church had the "right" liturgical form where there was no substantial problem. His advice has remained in the English language as the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." One interpretation of Ambrose's writings is that he was a Christian universalist.[36] It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of Origen and Didymus the Blind, two other early Christian universalists.[36] quotation cited in favor of this belief is: Our Savior has appointed two kinds of resurrection in the Apocalypse. 'Blessed is he that hath part in the first resurrection,' for such come to grace without the judgment. As for those who do not come to the first, but are reserved unto the second resurrection, these shall be disciplined until their appointed times, between the first and the second resurrection.[37] One could interpret this passage as being another example of the mainstream Christian belief in a general resurrection (that both those in heaven and in hell undergo a bodily resurrection), or an allusion to purgatory (that some destined for heaven must first undergo a phase of purification). Several other works by Ambrose clearly teach the mainstream view of salvation. For example: "The Jews feared to believe in manhood taken up into God, and therefore have lost the grace of redemption, because they reject that on which salvation depends."[38] Giving to the poor[edit] He was also interested in the condition of contemporary Italian society.[39] Ambrose considered the poor not a distinct group of outsiders, but a part of the united, solidary people. Giving to the poor was not to be considered an act of generosity towards the fringes of society but a repayment of resources that God had originally bestowed on everyone equally and that the rich had usurped.[40] Mariology[edit] The theological treatises of Ambrose of Milan would come to influence Popes Damasus, Siricius and Leo XIII. Central to Ambrose is the virginity of Mary and her role as Mother of God.[41] The virgin birth is worthy of God. Which human birth would have been more worthy of God, than the one in which the Immaculate Son of God maintained the purity of his immaculate origin while becoming human?[42] We confess that Christ the Lord was born from a virgin, and therefore we reject the natural order of things. Because she conceived not from a man but from the Holy Spirit.[43] Christ is not divided but one. If we adore him as the Son of God, we do not deny his birth from the virgin. ... But nobody shall extend this to Mary. Mary was the temple of God but not God in the temple. Therefore, only the one who was in the temple can be worshiped.[44] Yes, truly blessed for having surpassed the priest (Zechariah). While the priest denied, the Virgin rectified the error. No wonder that the Lord, wishing to rescue the world, began his work with Mary. Thus she, through whom salvation was being prepared for all people, would be the first to receive the promised fruit of salvation.[45] Ambrose viewed celibacy as superior to marriage and saw Mary as the model of virginity.[46] Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 364-378, Emperor Valentian I in the West, Orthodox
Roman Emperor, 364-378, Valentian I in the West ; Valentinian I (Latin: Flavius Valentinianus; 3 July 321 – 17 November 375), also known as Valentinian the Great,[2][3][4][5] was Roman emperor from 364 to 375. Upon becoming emperor he made his brother Valens his co-emperor, giving him rule of the eastern provinces while Valentinian retained the west. During his reign, Valentinian fought successfully against the Alamanni, Quadi, and Sarmatians. Most notable was his victory over the Alamanni in 367 at the Battle of Solicinium. His brilliant general Count Theodosius defeated a revolt in Africa and the Great Conspiracy, a coordinated assault on Roman Britain by Picts, Scots, and Saxons. Valentinian was also the last emperor to conduct campaigns across both the Rhine and Danube rivers. Valentinian rebuilt and improved the fortifications along the frontiers, even building fortresses in enemy territory. Due to the successful nature of his reign and the rapid decline of the empire after his death, he is often considered to be the "last great western emperor". He founded the Valentinianic dynasty, with his sons Gratian and Valentinian II succeeding him in the western half of the empire. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 364-378, Emperor, Valens in the East, Arian, died and lost to Goths at Adrianople
Roman Emperor, 364-375, Valens in the East ; Flavius Valens (328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378. He was the younger brother of the emperor Valentinian I, who gave Valens the eastern half of the Roman Empire to rule. Before 364, Valens had a largely unremarkable military career. In 378, Valens was defeated and killed at the Battle of Adrianople against the invading Goths, which astonished contemporaries and marked the beginning of barbarian encroachment into Roman territory. As emperor Valens continually faced threats both internal and external.[6] He defeated, after some dithering, the usurper Procopius in 366, and campaigned against the Goths across the Danube in 367 and 369. In the following years, Valens focused on the eastern frontier, where he faced the perennial threat of Persia, particularly in Armenia, as well as additional conflicts with the Saracens and Isaurians. Domestically, he inaugurated the Aqueduct of Valens in Constantinople, which was longer than all the aqueducts of Rome. In 376–77, the Gothic War broke out, following a mismanaged attempt to settle the Goths in the Balkans. Valens returned from the east to fight the Goths in person, but lack of coordination with his nephew, the western emperor Gratian (Valentinian I's son), as well as poor battle tactics, led to Valens and much of the eastern Roman army dying at a battle near Adrianople in 378. Although Valens is described as indecisive, impressionable, a mediocre general and overall "utterly undistinguished", he was also a conscientious and capable administrator,[7] and a notable achievement of his was to significantly relieve the burden of taxation on the population.[8] At the same time, his suspicious and fearful disposition, and excessive concern for personal safety, resulted in numerous treason trials and executions, which heavily stained his reputation. Valens was a Arian Christian – the last Roman emperor to profess this denomination – and unenthusiastically persecuted eastern Catholics while interfering little in the affairs of the pagans.[8][9] AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 366-384, Pope, Damasus I
Pope, 366-384, Pope Damasus I; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 367-420, Roman Saint, Jerome
Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo
Rome, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 375-392, Emperor, Valentian II, figurehead, 4 year old Agustus
Roman Emperor, 375-392, Valentian II ; Valentinian II (Latin: Flavius Valentinianus; 371 – 15 May 392) was Roman emperor from AD 375 to 392. Contents 1 Early life and accession (371-375) 2 Reign from Milan (375–387) 3 Reign from Vienne (388–392) 4 Significance 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Early life and accession (371-375)[edit] Flavius Valentinianus was born to Emperor Valentinian I and his second wife, Justina. He was the half-brother of Valentinian's other son, Gratian, who had shared the imperial title with his father since 367. He had three sisters: Galla, Grata and Justa. The elder Valentinian died on campaign in Pannonia in 375. Neither Gratian (then in Trier) nor his uncle Valens (emperor for the East) were consulted by the army commanders on the scene. Instead of merely acknowledging Gratian as his father's successor, Valentinian I's generals acclaimed the four-year-old Valentinian augustus on 22 November 375. The army, and its Frankish general Merobaudes, may have been uneasy about Gratian's lack of military ability, and so raised a boy who would not immediately aspire to military command.[2][3] Reign from Milan (375–387)[edit] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Valentinian II" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Solidus of Valentinian II Gratian, forced to accommodate the generals who supported his half-brother, governed the trans-alpine provinces (including Gaul, Hispania, and Britain), while Italy, part of Illyricum, and North Africa were under the rule of Valentinian. In 378, their uncle, the Emperor Valens, was killed in battle with the Goths at Adrianople, and Gratian invited the general Theodosius to be emperor in the East. As a child, Valentinian II was under the influence of his Arian mother, the Empress Justina, and the imperial court at Milan, an influence contested by the Nicene bishop of Milan, Ambrose.[4] Justina used her influence over her young son to oppose the Nicean party which was championed by Ambrose. In 385 Ambrose refused an imperial request to hand over the Portian basilica for the celebration of Easter by the Imperial court.[5] When he was summoned to be punished to the Imperial palace, the orthodox populace rioted, and Justina's Gothic troops were prevented by the arch-bishop himself, standing in the doorway, from entering the Basilica. Justina was forced to back down.[6] Afterwards, Justina ordered legislation to rescind the penalties enacted by Gratian and Valentinian against heresy, proclaiming universal toleration.[7] -When Ambrose was found, as no doubt she had intended, to have determinedly infracted the new laws, Justina again tried to have him banished, and Ambrose was forced to barricade himself, with the enthusiastic backing of the people, within the walls of the Basilica. The Imperial troops besieged him, but Ambrose held on, reinforcing the resolution of his followers by allegedly unearthing, beneath the foundations of the church, the bodies of two ancient martyrs.[8] Theodosius, the orthodox emperor of the east, interceded, forcing Justina to again relent.[9] Magnus Maximus was to use the emperor's heterodoxy against him. Valentinian also tried to restrain the despoiling of pagan temples in Rome. Buoyed by this instruction, the pagan senators, led by Aurelius Symmachus, the Prefect of Rome, petitioned in 384 for the restoration of the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, which had been removed by Gratian in 382. Valentinian, at the insistence of Ambrose, refused the request and, in so doing, rejected the traditions and rituals of pagan Rome to which Symmachus had appealed. In 383, Magnus Maximus, commander of the armies in Britain, declared himself Emperor and established himself in Gaul and Hispania. Gratian died while fleeing him. For a time the court of Valentinian, through the mediation of Ambrose, came to an accommodation with the usurper, and Theodosius recognized Maximus as co-emperor of the West. In 386 or 387, Maximus crossed the Alps into the Po valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian II and Justina fled to Theodosius in Thessalonica. The latter came to an agreement, cemented by his marriage to Valentinian's sister Galla, to restore the young emperor in the West.[4] In 388, Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus. Although he was to appoint both of his sons emperor (Arcadius in 383, Honorius in 393), Theodosius remained loyal to the dynasty of Valentinian I. Reign from Vienne (388–392)[edit] A solidus minted by Valentinian II. On the reverse, both Valentinian and Theodosius I are celebrated as victorious. After the defeat of Maximus, Theodosius remained in Milan until 391. Valentinian took no part in Theodosius's triumphal celebrations over Maximus. Valentinian and his court were installed at Vienne in Gaul, while Theodosius appointed key administrators in the West and had coins minted, which implied his guardianship over the 17-year-old.[10] -------------------------------------- Justina had already died, and Vienne was far away from the influence of Ambrose. Theodosius's trusted general, the Frank Arbogast, was appointed magister militum for the Western provinces (bar Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius.[11] While the general campaigned successfully on the Rhine, the young emperor remained at Vienne, in contrast to his warrior father and his older brother, who had campaigned at his age. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was considerable, and the general even murdered Harmonius, a friend of Valentinian suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence.[12] The crisis reached a peak when Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. In explicit rejection of his earlier Arianism, he invited Ambrose to come to Vienne to baptize him. On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Most sources agree, however, that Arbogast murdered him with his own hands, or paid the Praetorians. Zosimus writing in the early sixth century from Constantinople, states that Arbogast had Valentinian murdered;[13] ancient authorities being divided in their opinion.[14][page needed] Ambrose's eulogy is the only contemporary Western source for Valentinian's death.[15] It is ambiguous on the question of the emperor's death, which is not surprising, as Ambrose represents him as a model of Christian virtue. Suicide, not murder, would make the bishop dissemble on this key question.[16] The young man's body was conveyed in ceremony to Milan for burial by Ambrose, mourned by his sisters Justa and Grata. He was laid in a porphyry sarcophagus next to his brother Gratian, most probably in the Chapel of Sant'Aquilino attached to San Lorenzo.[a] He was deified with the consecratio: Divae Memoriae Valentinianus, lit. 'the Divine Memory of Valentinian'.[18] At first Arbogast recognized Theodosius's son Arcadius as emperor in the West, seemingly surprised by his charge's death.[19] After three months, during which he had no communication from Theodosius, Arbogast selected an imperial official, Eugenius, as emperor. Theodosius initially tolerated this regime but, in January 393, elevated the eight-year-old Honorius as augustus to succeed Valentinian II. Civil war ensued and, in 394, Theodosius defeated Eugenius and Arbogast at the Battle of Frigidus River. Significance[edit] Valentinian himself seems to have exercised no real authority, and was a figurehead for various powerful interests: his mother, his co-emperors, and powerful generals. Since the Crisis of the Third Century the empire had been ruled by powerful generals, a situation formalised by Diocletian and his collegiate system which collapsed a year after his abdication in 305. Constantine I and his sons, strong military figures, re-established the practice of hereditary succession adopted by Valentinian I.[contradictory] The obvious flaw in these two competing requirements came in the reign of Valentinian II, a child.[20] His reign was a harbinger of the fifth century, when children or nonentities, reigning as emperors, were controlled by powerful generals and officials in the West and in the East until mid-century. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 375-383, Emperor Gratian in the West, moved seat from Trier to Milan, Orthodox
Roman Emperor, 375-383, Gratian in the West ; Gratian (18 April 359 - 25 August 383) was Roman emperor from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and was raised to the rank of augustus in 367. Upon the death of Valentinian in 375, Gratian took over government of the west while his half-brother Valentinian II was also acclaimed emperor in Pannonia. Gratian governed the western provinces of the empire, while his uncle Valens was already the emperor over the east. Gratian subsequently led a campaign across the Rhine, attacked the Lentienses, and forced the tribe to surrender. That same year, the eastern emperor Valens was killed fighting the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople, which led to Gratian elevating Theodosius to replace him in 379. Gratian favoured Nicene Christianity over traditional Roman religion, issuing the Edict of Thessalonica, refusing the office of pontifex maximus, and removing the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate's Curia Julia. The city of Cularo on the Isure river in Roman Gaul was renamed after him, becoming Grenoble from Latin: Gratianopolis. In 383, faced with rebellion by the usurper Magnus Maximus, Gratian marched his army towards Lutetia (Paris). His army deserted him, he fled to Lyons, and was later murdered. Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 2.1 Junior augustus 2.2 Senior augustus 3 Death and burial 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life[edit] According to the Chronicle of Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale, Valentinian's eldest son Gratian was born on 18 April 359 at Sirmium, now Sremska Mitrovica in Serbia, the capital of Pannonia Secunda, to Valentinian's first wife Marina Severa.[2][3][4][5] Gratian was his parents' only son together.[4][5] At the time of his birth Gratian's father was living in exile.[6] Gratian was named after his grandfather Gratian the Elder, who was a tribune and later comes of Britannia for Constantine the Great (r. 306-“337).[7] Following the death of the emperor Jovian (r. 363-“364), on 26 February 364, Valentinian was proclaimed augustus (emperor).[8] Within a month, motivated by senior officers, he proclaimed his brother Valens, Gratian's uncle, augustus of the Eastern empire.[8] Gratian was appointed consul in 366 and was entitled nobilissimus puer by his father.[a][2][9] Gratian was seven when entitled nobilissimus puer, which indicated he was to be proclaimed augustus.[9] Gratian's tutor was the rhetor Ausonius, who mentioned the relationship in his epigrams and a poem.[2] Reign[edit] In summer 367, Valentinian became ill at Civitas Ambianensium (Amiens), raising questions about his succession. On recovery, he presented his then eight-year-old son to his troops on 27 August, as his co-augustus (r. 367 to “383), passing over the customary initial step of caesar.[3][2][10][11] Solidus of Valentinian I showing Valentinian and Gratian on the reverse, marked: victores augusti ("the Victors Augusti"). A palm bough is between them and Victory crowns each with a wreath Junior augustus[edit] On 24 August 367[contradictory] Gratian received from his father Valentinian the title of augustus.[9] Valentinian, concerned with Gratian's age and inexperience, stated his son would assist commanders with upcoming campaigns.[12] The magister peditum Merobaudes, together with the comes rei militaris Sebastianus, was sent by Valentinian to campaign against the Quadi.[13] Around 370, Gratian's mother Marina Severa died and was interred in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[10] Valentinian married again, wedding Justina.[10] On the 9 April 370, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale, the Church of the Holy Apostles adjoining the Mausoleum of Constantine in Constantinople was inaugurated.[14] In autumn 371, Gratian's half brother, called Valentinian, was born to Justina, possibly at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).[15][16] Gratian, who was then 15, was married in 374 to Constantius II's 13 year-old posthumous daughter Flavia Maxima Constantia at Trier.[2][3][17][18][19] This marriage consolidated the dynastic link to Constantinian dynasty, as had his Valentinian I's second marriage to Justina, with her family connections.[20] When a party of Alamanni visited Valentinian's headquarters to receive the customary gifts towards the end of 364, Ursatius, the magister officiorum made them an offering they considered inferior to that of his predecessor. Angered by Ursatius' attitude, they vowed revenge and crossed over the Rhine into Roman Germania and Gaul in January 365, overwhelming the Roman defences.[21][22] Although at first unsuccessful, eventually Jovinus, the magister equitum in Gaul inflicted heavy losses on the enemy at Scarpona (Dieulouard) and at Catalauni (Châlons-sur-Marne), forcing them to retire.[22] An opportunity to further weaken the Alamanni occurred in the summer of 368, when king Vithicabius was murdered in a coup, and Valentinian and his son Gratian crossed the river Moenus (the Main) laying waste to Alamannic territories.[3][23] Gratian was awarded the victory titles of Germanicus Maximus and Alamannicus Maximus, and Francicus Maximus and Gothicus Maximus in 369.[3] Valentinian fortified the frontier from Raetia in the east to the Belgic channel, but the construction was attacked by Alamanni at Mount Pirus (the Spitzberg, Rottenburg am Neckar). In 369 (or 370) Valentinian then sought to enlist the help of the Burgundians, who were involved in a dispute with the Alamanni, but a communication failure led to them returning to their lands without joining forces with the Romans.[21] It was then that the magister equitum, Theodosius the Elder and his son Theodosius (the Theodosi) attacked the Alamanni through Raetia, taking many prisoners and resettling them in the Po Valley in Italy.[24][21][10] Valentinian made one attempt to capture Macrianus in 372, but eventually made peace with him in 374.[21] The necessity to make peace was the increasing threat from other peoples, the Quadi and the Sarmatians. Valentinian's decision to establish garrisons across the Danube had angered them, and the situation escalated after the Quadi king, Gabinus, was killed during negotiations with the Romans in 374. Consequently, in the autumn, the Quadi crossed the Danube plundering Pannonia and the provinces to the south.[10] The situation deteriorated further once the Sarmatians made common cause inflicting heavy losses on the Pannonica and Moesiaca legions.[10] However on encountering Theodosius' forces on the borders of Moesia in the eastern Balkans, which had previously defeated one of their armies in 373,[24] they sued for peace. Valentinian mounted a further offensive against the Quadi in August 375, this time using a pincer movement, one force attacking from the northwest, while Valentinian himself headed to Aquincum (Budapest), crossed the Danube and attacked from the southeast. This campaign resulted in heavy losses to the enemy, following which he returned to Aquincum and from there to Brigetio (Szany, Hungary) where he died suddenly in November.[25] When his father died on 17 November 375, Gratian inherited the administration of the western empire.[26] Days later, Gratian's half-brother Valentinian was acclaimed augustus by troops in Pannonia.[27] Despite Valentinian being given nominal authority over the praetorian prefectures of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa, Gratian ruled the western Roman empire himself.[28] Following his death, Valentinian's body was prepared for burial and started its journey to Constantinople, where it arrived the following year,[20] on 28 December 376, but was not yet buried.[10] He was deified, as was the custom, becoming known in Latin: Divus Valentinianus Senior, lit. 'the Divine Valentinian the Elder'.[10][26] Detail of drawing of obverse of medal of Valens showing the three reigning emperors: Valens (C), Gratian (R), and Valentinian II (L) and marked: pietas d augustorum[b] Location of the battle of Argentovaria in 378. With the death of Valentinian I, in the east Valens became the senior augustus[10] and the 16 year old Gratian was the only augustus in the western empire. To complicate matters further for Gratian, certain among Valentinian's generals then promoted his four-year-old second son Valentinian II (Gratian's half brother), the army on the Danube acclaiming him augustus in a palatine coup[26] at Aquincum (Budapest) on 22 November 375, despite Gratian's existing prerogatives.[2][16] The young Valentinian II was essentially the subject of the influence of his courtiers and mother, the Arian Christian Justina.[16] Gratian's tutor, Ausonius, became his quaestor, and together with the magister militum, Merobaudes, the power behind the throne.[26] Negotiations eventually left Gratian as the senior western emperor.[26] Valens and Valentinian II were consuls for the year 376, Valens's fifth consulship.[14] Neither Gratian or Valentinian travelled much, which was thought to be due to not wanting the populace to realise how young they were. Gratian is said to have visited Rome in 376, possibly to celebrate his decennalia on 24 August,[3] but whether the visit actually took place is disputed.[26] Under the tutorage of Ausonius, Gratian issued an edict of tolerance at Sirmium in 378.[29] The edict restored bishops exiled by Valens and ensured religious freedoms to all religions.[29] Gratian's uncle Valens, returning from a campaign against the Sasanian Empire, had sent a request to Gratian for reinforcements against the Goths.[30] According to Ammianus Marcellinus, Valens also requested that Sebastianus be sent to him for the war, though according to Zosimus Sebastianus went to Constantinople of his own accord as a result of intrigues by eunuchs at the western court.[13] Once Gratian had put down the invasions in the west in early 378, he notified Valens that he was returning to Thrace to assist him in his struggle against the Goths. Late in July, Valens was informed that the Goths were advancing on Adrianople (Edirne) and Nice, and started to move his forces into the area. However, Gratian's arrival was delayed by an encounter with Alans at Castra Martis, in Dacia in the western Balkans. Advised of the wisdom of awaiting the western army, Valens decided to ignore this advice because he was sure of victory and unwilling to share the glory.[31][2] The forces Gratian sent never reached Valens due to its commander feigning illness.[32] Weeks later, Gratian had arrived in Castra Martis with a few thousand men, by which time Valens was at Adrianople (Latin: Hadrianopolis; Turkish: Edirne).[33] Aware that Gratian's forces were not going to arrive, Valens attacked the Gothic army and as a result thousands[c] of Romans died in the Battle of Adrianople along with Sebastianus and the emperor himself.[32][34][13] After his death, Valens was deified by consecratio as Latin: Divus Valens, lit. 'the Divine Valens'.[14] Marble portrait head of Gratian (Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier) Solidus of Theodosius I showing Theodosius and Gratian on the reverse, marked: victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") Senior augustus[edit] Following the battle of Adrianople, the Goths raided from Thrace in 378 to Illyricum the following year.[36][37] Convinced that one emperor alone was incapable of repelling the inundation of foes on several different fronts, Gratian, now senior augustus following Valens's death,[38] appointed Theodosius I augustus on 19 January 379 to govern the east.[39][40] Theodosius the Elder, who had died in 375, was then deified as: Divus Theodosius Pater, lit. 'the Divine Father Theodosius'.[24] On 3 August that year, Gratian issued an edict against heresy.[3] In 380, Gratian was made consul for the fifth time and Theodosius for the first. In September the augusti Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of Macedonia to Valentinian II.[3][24] The same year, Gratian won a victory, possibly over the Alamanni, that was announced officially at Constantinople.[3] In the autumn of 378 Gratian issued an edict of religious toleration.[3] By 380, the Greuthungi tribe of Goths moved into Pannonia, only to be defeated by Gratian.[36] Consequently, the Vandals and Alemanni were threatening to cross the Rhine, now that Gratian had departed from the region.[41] With the collapse of the Danube frontier[d] under the incursions of the Huns and Goths, Gratian moved his seat from Augusta Treverorum (Trier) to Mediolanum (Milan) in 381,[42] and was increasingly aligned with the city's bishop, Ambrose (374 to 397), and the Roman Senate, shifting the balance of power within the factions of the western empire.[2][20][43] Under the influence of Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum (Milan), took active steps against pagan worship.[44] On 27 February 380, Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica.[45] This edict made Nicene Christianity the only legal form of Christianity and outlawed all other forms of religion.[45] This brought to an end a period of widespread religious tolerance that had existed since the death of Julian.[46] Gratian was then forthright in his promotion of Nicene Christianity. He ordered the removal of the Altar of Victory from the Roman Senate's Curia Julia in the winter of 383/383.[3][2] State endowments for pagan cults were cancelled.[2] According to the late 5th/early 6th-century Greek historian Zosimus, Gratian refused the robe of office of the pontifex maximus, though this story is not creditable, because no such garment was associated with the priesthood.[2] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Gratian's father's remains were eventually interred in the Mausoleum of Constantine, to which the Church of the Holy Apostles was attached, on 21 February 382, beside those of his first wife and the mother of Gratian, Marina Severa.[10] In 382, Gratian issued edicts that removed the statue of the winged goddess Victory from the Senate floor,[47] removed the privileges of Vestal Virgins,[48] and confiscated money designated for sacrifices and ceremonies.[49] Gratian declared that all of the pagan temples and shrines were to be confiscated by the government and that their revenues were to be joined to the property of the treasury.[50] This resulted in protests from the Roman Senate led by Symmachus, which in turn was counter-protested by Christian senators led by Pope Damasus.[51] Sometime in 383, Gratian's wife Constantia died.[3] Gratian remarried, wedding Laeta, whose father was a consularis of Roman Syria.[2] Gratian wife Constantia died in early 383.[18][19] He subsequently married Laeta.[52] Both marriages remained childless.[53] In the summer of 383 Gratian was again at war with the Alamanni in Raetia.[3] Gratian alienated the army by his favouritism towards his Alan deserters whom he made his body-guard and to whom he gave military commands. This favouritism of former enemies and the paganism of the Alans angered his Christian army. By 383 the Roman general Magnus Maximus had raised the standard of revolt in Britain and invaded Gaul with a large army.[54] when a rebellion broke out in Britain under Magnus Maximus (r. 383 to “388), the commander of the Roman troops there. Magnus Maximus, who had served under the comes Theodosius and had won a victory over the Picts in 382, was proclaimed augustus and crossed the channel, encamping near Paris. There, his forces encountered Gratian, but much of the latter's army defected to this usurper, forcing Gratian to flee.[55][3][56][54][57] Reverse of a solidus of Gratian marked: victoria augustorum ("the Victory of the augusti") Death and burial[edit] He was pursued by Andragathius, Maximus' magister equitum and killed at Lugdunum (Lyon) on 25 August 383, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana.[55][3][56][54][57] Maximus then established his court at the former imperial residence in Trier.[58] On the death of Gratian in 383, the 12 year old Valentinian II (r. 375 to “392) became the sole legitimate augustus in the west. The body of Constantia, Gratian's first wife, who had died earlier that year, arrived in Constantinople on 12 September 383 and was buried in the complex of the Church of the Holy Apostles (Apostoleion) on 1 December, the resting place of a number of members of the imperial family, starting with Constantine in 337, under the direction of Theodosius, who had embarked on making the site a dynastic symbol. This was the last occasion that a member of the western imperial family was buried in the east, as a new mausoleum being built at St Peter's Basilica in Rome.[20][3] According to Augustine of Hippo's The City of God and Theodoret's Historia Ecclesiastica, Gratian and Constantia had had a son, who died in infancy before 383 but had been born before 379.[3] It would not be until 387, possibly even after the death of Magnus Maximus, that Gratian's remains were interred at Mediolanum in the imperial mausoleum.[59] Gratian was deified as Latin: Divus Gratianus, lit. 'the Divine Gratian'.[3][60] AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 375-392, Emperor, Theodosius I of the East, son of Elder, Orthodox, accelerated c, persecuted p
Roman Emperor, 375-392, Theodosius I of the East ; I (11 January 347-“ 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395, during Late Antiquity. reign accelerated the Christianization of the Roman Empire, achieved military successes when the frontiers of the empire were threatened by the wars of the Migration Period, and defeated two rival emperors in successive civil wars. He was the first emperor of the Theodosian dynasty (r. 379--“457), and married into the ruling Valentinianic dynasty (r. 364-“455). His decrees made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire and punished Roman paganism, Hellenistic religion, and Arianism. his capital Constantinople he commissioned the honorific Column of Theodosius, the Theodosian Walls, and the Golden Gate, among the greatest works of ancient Roman architecture. a military career and a governorship under his father Theodosius the Elder he became magister equitum and was then elevated to the imperial rank of augustus by the emperor Gratian (r. 367-“383). He replaced the latter's uncle and senior augustus Valens (r. 364-“378), who had been killed in the Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius married Gratian's half-sister Galla, daughter of Valentinian the Great (r. 364-“375), and defeated the rebellion of Magnus Maximus (r. 383-“388) on behalf of his new brother-in-law, Valentinian II (r. 375-“392). When Valentinian II died, Theodosius became the senior emperor, having already made his eldest son Arcadius his co-augustus. Theodosius then defeated the usurper Eugenius (r. 392-“394). accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire. His resources were not sufficient to destroy them or drive them out, which had been Roman policy for centuries in dealing with invaders. By treaty, which followed his indecisive victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the Empire's borders. They were given lands and allowed to remain under their own leaders, not assimilated as had been normal Roman practice. issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire, including the Edict of Thessalonica.[4][5] neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome's Temple of Vesta. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympic Games. his death, Theodosius's young and incapable sons were the two augusti. Arcadius (r. 383-“408) inherited the eastern empire and ruled from Constantinople and Honorius (r. 393-“423) the western empire, an administrative division that endured until the fall of the western Roman empire in the late 5th century. fought two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus in 387-“388 and Eugenius in 394, at great cost to the power of the Empire. His management of the empire was marked by heavy tax exactions, by the compulsory establishment of Christianity, and by a court in which according to Peter Brown "everything was for sale".[6] is considered a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and his feast day is on January 17.[7] 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 Accession 4 Reign 4.1 Early reign: 379–383 4.1.1 Temporary settlement of the Gothic Wars 4.2 First civil war: 383–384 4.3 Middle reign: 384–387 4.4 Second civil war: 387–388 4.5 Religious affairs: 388–391 4.6 Third civil war: 392–394 5 Death 6 Art patronage 7 Religious policy 7.1 Arianism 7.2 Definition of orthodoxy 7.3 Proscription of pagan religion 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links life[edit] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius the Great was born on 11 January 347 or 346.[8] The epitome de Caesaribus places his birthplace at Cauca (Coca, Segovia) in Hispania.[8] According to the traditional texts of the chronicle of Hydatius and Zosimus, he was born at "Cauca in Gallaecia".[9][10][11] These texts are probably corrupted with interpolations, as Cauca was in fact not part of the province of Gallaecia, while according to Themistius, Claudius Claudianus, and Marcellinus Comes, he was born at Italica in Hispania Baetica.[11] These claims were probably fictitious and intended to connect Theodosius with the lineage of his distant predecessor Trajan (r. 98-“117), who had came from Italica.[8] Thedosius's father was Theodosius the Elder and his mother was Thermantia.[8] Theodosius had a brother named Honorius, a sister referred to in Aurelius Victor's De caesaribus but whose name is unknown, and a niece, Serena.[8] career[edit] accompanied his father, the comes rei militaris, on his 368-“369 campaign against the Franks, Scots, and Saxons to restore order and the rule of the emperors Valentinian I (r. 364-“375) and Valens (r. 364-“378) in Roman Britain, which had been threatened in 367 by the Great Conspiracy.[12][13][8] They also defeated the usurpation in Britain by Valentinus.[13] Previous to this in 366, Theodosius the Elder attacked and defeated the Alamanni in Roman Gaul; the defeated prisoners had been resettled in the Po Valley.[14][15] the Elder was made magister equitum in 369, and retained the post until 375.[8] Theodosius and his father son campaigned against the Alamanni 370.[8] The two Theodosi campaigned against Sarmatians in 372/373.[8] The emperors' rule in Roman Africa was disrupted by the revolt of Firmus in 373.[16] Theodosius the Elder moved to defeat the usurpation.[16] In about 373, Theodosius was made dux of the province of Moesia Prima.[17] In 374, the Quadi and their allies the Sarmatians overran the province of Valeria in the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.[18] Theodosius drove the Sarmatians out of the Roman territory and then defeated the Quadi.[19][20] He is reported to have defended his province with marked ability and success.[19] the Elder fell from power in 375, and Theodosius the dux of Moesia Prima retired to his estates in the Iberian Peninsula, where he married Aelia Flaccilla in 376.[8] Their first child, Arcadius, was born around 377.[8] Pulcheria, their daughter, was born in 377 or 378.[8] Theodosius had returned to the Danube frontier by 378, when he was appointed magister equitum.[8] the death of his uncle Valens (r. 364-“378), Gratian, now the senior augustus, sought a candidate to nominate as Valens's successor. On 19 January 379, Theodosius I was made augustus over the eastern provinces at Sirmium.[8][21] His wife, Aelia Flaccilla, was accordingly raised to augusta.[8] The new augustus's territory spanned the Roman praetorian prefecture of the East, including the Roman diocese of Thrace, and the additional dioceses of Dacia and of Macedonia. Theodosius the Elder, who had died in 375, was then deified as: Divus Theodosius Pater, lit. 'the Divine Father Theodosius'.[8] administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395, under Theodosius I. of Valentinian II showing Valentinian and Theodosius I on the reverse, each holding a mappa reign: 379-“383[edit] October 379 the Council of Antioch was convened.[8] On 27 February 380 Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica, making Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.[8] In 380, Theodosius was made Roman consul for the first time and Gratian for the fifth; in September the augusti Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of Macedonia to Valentinian II.[21][8] In autumn Theodosius fell ill, and was baptized.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius arrived at Constantinople and staged an adventus, a ritual entry to the capital, on 24 November 380.[8] issued a decree against Christians deemed heretics on 10 January 381.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, on the 11 January, Athanaric, king of the Gothic Thervingi arrived in Constantinople; he died and was buried in Constantinople on 25 January.[8] 8 May 381, Theodosius issued an edict against Manichaeism.[8] In mid-May, Theodosius convened the First Council of Constantinople, the second ecumenical council after Constantine's First Council of Nicaea in 325; the Constantinopolitan council ended on 9 July.[8] According to Zosimus, Theodosius won a victory over the Carpi and the Scirii in summer 381.[8] On 21 December, Theodosius decreed the prohibition of sacrifices with the intent of divining the future.[8] 21 February 382, the body of Theodosius's father in law Valentinian the Great was finally laid to rest in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] Another Council of Constantinople was held in summer 382.[8] to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a treaty of foedus was reached with the Goths, and they were settled between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains.[8] settlement of the Gothic Wars[edit] Goths and their allies (Vandals, Taifals, Bastarnae and the native Carpians) entrenched in the provinces of Dacia and eastern Pannonia Inferior consumed Theodosius's attention. Gothic crisis was so dire that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of the Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance. major weakness in the Roman position after the defeat at Adrianople was the recruiting of barbarians to fight against other barbarians. In order to reconstruct the Roman Army of the East, Theodosius needed to find able bodied soldiers and so he turned to the most capable men readily at hand: the barbarians recently settled in the Empire. This caused many difficulties in the battle against barbarians since the newly recruited fighters had little or no loyalty to Theodosius. It did not help that Theodosius himself was dangerously ill during many months after his elevation, being confined to his bed in Thessalonica during much of 379.[22] suppressed the incursions into dioceses of Illyria (Pannonia and Dalmatia) by Alathaeus and Saphrax in 380.[23] He succeeded in convincing both to agree to a treaty and be settled in Pannonia.[24] was able finally to enter Constantinople in November 380, after two seasons in the field, having ultimately prevailed by offering highly favorable terms to the Gothic chiefs.[23] His task was rendered much easier when Athanaric, an aged and cautious leader, accepted Theodosius's invitation to a conference in the capital, Constantinople, and the splendor of the imperial city reportedly awed him and his fellow-chiefs into accepting Theodosius' offers.[25] himself died soon after, but his followers were impressed by the honorable funeral arranged for him by Theodosius, and agreed to defending the border of the empire.[25] The final treaties with the remaining Gothic forces, signed 3 October 382, permitted large contingents of barbarians, primarily Thervingian Goths, to settle in Thrace south of the Danube frontier.[26] The Goths now settled within the Empire would largely fight for the Romans as a national contingent, as opposed to being fully integrated into the Roman forces.[26] provinces along the Ister (Danube), showing the Roman dioceses of Thrace, Dacia, Pannonia and Italia Annonaria on the empire's northern frontier civil war: 383-“384[edit] of Theodosius, showing both he and his co-augustus Valentinian II (r. 375-“392) enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") to the Chronicon Paschale, Theodosius celebrated his quinquennalia on 19 January 383 at Constantinople; on this occasion he raised his eldest son Arcadius to co-augustus.[8] Early 383 saw the acclamation of Magnus Maximus as augustus in Britain and the appointment of Themistius as praefectus urbi in Constantinople.[8] On 25 July, Theodosius issued a new edict against gatherings of Christians deemed heretics.[8] unable to do much about Maximus due to his still inadequate military capability, opened negotiations with the Persian emperor Shapur III (r. 383-“388) of the Sasanian Empire.[27] In an attempt to curb Maximus's ambitions, Theodosius appointed Flavius Neoterius as praetorian prefect of Italy.[28] in 383, Gratian's wife Constantia died.[21] Gratian remarried, wedding Laeta, whose father was a consularis of Roman Syria.[29] On the 25 August 383, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Gratian was killed at Lugdunum (Lyon) by Andragathius, the magister equitum of the rebel augustus during the rebellion of Magnus Maximus .[21] Constantia's body arrived in Constantinople on 12 September that year and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles on 1 December.[21] Gratian was deified as Latin: Divus Gratianus, lit. 'the Divine Gratian'.[21] 21 January 384 all those deemed heretics were expelled from Constantinople.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius received in Constantinople an embassy from the Sasanian Empire in 384.[8] In summer 384, Theodosius met his co-augustus Valentinian II in northern Italy.[30][8] Theodosius brokered a peace agreement between Valentinian and Magnus Maximus which endured for several years.[31] of Theodosius, found in 1847 in Almendralejo, Spain reign: 384-“387[edit] second son Honorius was born on 9 December 384 and titled nobilissimus puer (or nobilissimus iuvenis).[8] The death of Aelia Flaccilla, Theodosius's first wife and the mother of Arcadius, Honorius, and Pulcheria, occurred by 386.[8] She died at Scotumis in Thrace and was buried at Constantinople, her funeral oration delivered by Gregory of Nyssa.[8][32] A statue of her was dedicated in the Byzantine Senate.[32] In 384 or 385, Theodosius's niece Serena was married to the magister militum, Stilicho.[8] On 25 May 385, Theodosius repeated the ban on sacrifices that were done in order to predict the future.[8] the beginning of 386, Theodosius's daughter Pulcheria also died.[8] That summer more Goths were defeated, and many were settled in Phrygia.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Roman triumph over the Gothic Greuthungi was then celebrated at Constantinople.[8] The same year, work began on the great triumphal column in the Forum of Theodosius in Constantinople, the Column of Theodosius.[8] On 19 January 387, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arcadius celebrated his quinquennalia in Constantinople.[8] By the end of the month, there was an uprising or riot in Antioch (Antakya).[8] With a peace agreement with Persia in the Roman-“Persian Wars came a division of Armenia.[8] civil war: 387-“388[edit] peace with Magnus Maximus was broken in 387, and Valentinian escaped the west with Justina, reaching Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) in summer or autumn 387 and appealing to Theodosius for aid; Valentinian II's sister Galla was then married to the eastern augustus at Thessalonica in late autumn.[30][8] Theodosius may still have been in Thessalonica when he celebrated his decennalia on 19 January 388.[8] Theodosius was consul for the second time in 388.[8] Galla and Theodosius's first child, a son named Gratian, was born in 388 or 389.[8] 10 March 388, Christians deemed heretics were forbidden from residing in cities.[8] On 14 March, Theodosius banned the intermarriage of Jews and Christians.[8] In summer 388, Theodosius recovered Italy from Magnus Maximus for Valentinian, and in June, the meeting of Christians deemed heretics was banned by Valentinian.[30][8] armies of Theodosius and Maximus fought at the Battle of Poetovio in 388, which saw Maximus defeated. On 28 August 388 Maximus was executed.[33] Now the de facto ruler of the Western empire as well, Theodosius celebrated his victory in Rome on June 13, 389 and stayed in Milan until 391, installing his own loyalists in senior positions including the new magister militum of the West, the Frankish general Arbogast.[33] July, Magnus Maximus was defeated by Theodosius at the Battle of Save; on 28 August, Magnus Maximus was executed by Theodosius.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arbogast killed Flavius Victor (r. 384-“388), Magnus Maximus's young son and co-augustus, in Gaul in August/September that year. Damnatio memoriae was pronounced against them, and inscriptions naming them were erased.[8] affairs: 388-“391[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral, Anthony van Dyck, c. 1620 came into conflict with Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum (Milan), in October 388 over the persecution of Jews at Callincium-on-the-Euphrates (Raqqa).[8] As mentioned in the Panegyrici Latini and in a panegyric of Claudian's on the sixth consulship of Honorius, Theodosius then received another embassy from the Persians in 389.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius staged an adventus on entering Rome on 13 June 389.[8] On 17 June, he issued a decree against Manichaeism.[8] Theodosiushad left Valentinian under the protection of the magister militum Arbogast, who then defeated the Franks in 389.[31][30] 390 the population of Thessalonica rioted in complaint against the presence of the local Gothic garrison. The garrison commander was killed in the violence, so Theodosius ordered the Goths to kill all the spectators in the circus as retaliation, an event known as the Massacre of Thessalonica; Theodoret, a contemporary witness to these events, reports: the anger of the Emperor rose to the highest pitch, and he gratified his vindictive desire for vengeance by unsheathing the sword most unjustly and tyrannically against all, slaying the innocent and guilty alike. It is said seven thousand perished without any forms of law, and without even having judicial sentence passed upon them; but that, like ears of wheat in the time of harvest, they were alike cut down.[34] was excommunicated by the bishop of Milan, Ambrose, for the massacre.[35] Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt; Ambrose readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance.[citation needed] spring 390, possibly in April, the Massacre of Thessalonica was perpetrated by Theodosius's army, leading to a confrontation with Ambrose.[8] Ambrose demanded that the emperor do penance for the massacre.[8] According to the 5th-century church historian Theodoret, on 25 December 390 (Christmas), Ambrose received Theodosius back into the Christian Church in his bishopric of Mediolanum.[8] According to the Chronicon Paschale, on 18 February 391, the head of John the Baptist was translated to Constantinople.[8] On the 24 February, attendance at pagan sacrifices and temples was forbidden by law.[8] In early summer 391, an uprising in Alexandria was suppressed, and the Serapeum of Alexandria was destroyed.[8] On 16 June, pagan worship was prohibited by law.[8] In 391, a delegation from the Roman Senate was snubbed in Gaul because of the reappearance of the Altar of Victory in the Curia Julia.[30] to Zosimus, Theodosius then campaigned against marauding barbarian bandits in Macedonia in autumn 391.[8] Eventually, he came to Constantinople, where according to Socrates Scholasticus's Historia Ecclesiastica he held an adventus, entering the city on 10 November 391.[8] of Eugenius (r. 392-“394), showing both he and Theodosius enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb. Marked: victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") of the Theodosian emperors from the Hoxne Hoard: portraits of Theodosius I (top), Arcadius (left), and Honorius (right) civil war: 392-“394[edit] 15 May 392, Valentinian II died at Vienna in Gaul (Vienne), either by suicide or as part of a plot by the magister militum Arbogast.[30] Valentinian had quarrelled publicly with Arbogast, and was found hanged in his room.[36] Arbogast announced that this had been a suicide.[36] He was deified with the consecratio: Divae Memoriae Valentinianus, lit. 'the Divine Memory of Valentinian'.[30] was then sole adult emperor, reigning with his son Arcadius. Arbogast was unable to assume the role of emperor because of his non-Roman background.[36] Instead, on 22 August at the behest of Arbogast, a magister scrinii and vir clarissimus, Eugenius, was acclaimed augustus at Lugdunum.[8] Eugenius made some limited concessions to the Roman religion; like Maximus he sought Theodosius's recognition in vain.[36] On 8 November 392, all cult worship of the gods was forbidden by Theodosius.[8] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius raised his second son Honorius to augustus on 23 January 393.[8] He cited Eugenius's illegitimacy.[36] 393 was the year of Theodosius's third consulship.[8] On 29 September 393, Theodosius issued a decree for the protection of Jews.[8] According to Zosimus, at the end of April 394, Theodosius's wife Galla died.[8] On 1 August, a colossal statue of Theodosius was dedicated in Constantinople's Forum of Theodosius, an event recorded in the Chronicon Paschale.[8] the last years of Theodosius's reign, one of the emerging leaders of the Goths, named Alaric, participated in Theodosius's campaign against Eugenius in 394, only to resume his rebellious behavior against Theodosius's son and eastern successor, Arcadius, shortly after Theodosius' death. had gathered a large army, including the Goths whom he had settled in the eastern empire as foederati, as well as Caucasian and Saracen auxiliaries, and marched against Eugenius.[37] According to Socrates Scholasticus, Theodosius defeated Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus (the Vipava) on 6 September 394.[8] battle began on 5 September 394, with Theodosius' full frontal assault on Eugenius's forces.[citation needed] Theodosius was repulsed on the first day, and Eugenius thought the battle to be all but over.[citation needed] In Theodosius's camp, the loss of the day decreased morale.[citation needed] It is said[by whom?] that Theodosius was visited by two "heavenly riders all in white" who gave him courage.[citation needed] The next day, the battle began again and Theodosius's forces were aided by a natural phenomenon known as the Bora, which produces cyclonic winds.[38] The Bora blew directly against the forces of Eugenius and disrupted the line.[citation needed] Eugenius's camp was stormed; Eugenius was captured and soon after executed.[38] On 8 September, Arbogast killed himself.[8] to Socrates, on 1 January 395, Honorius arrived in Mediolanum and a victory celebration was held there.[8] suffered from a disease involving severe edema, in Milan.[39] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius died in Mediolanum on 17 January 395.[8] His funeral was held there on 25 February.[8] Ambrose delivered a panegyric titled De obitu Theodosii in the presence Stilicho and Honorius in which Ambrose praised the suppression of paganism by Theodosius.[39] body transferred to Constantinople, where according to the Chronicon Paschale he was buried on 8 November 395 in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] He was deified as: Divus Theodosius, lit. 'the Divine Theodosius'.[8] He was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his work De Ceremoniis.[40] offers a laurel wreath to the victor, on the marble base of the Obelisk of Thutmosis III at the Hippodrome of Constantinople. patronage[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) oversaw the removal in 390 of an Egyptian obelisk from Alexandria to Constantinople.[41] It is now known as the obelisk of Theodosius and still stands in the Hippodrome of Constantinople,[41] the long Roman circus that was the centre of Constantinople's public life and scene of political turmoil. Re-erecting the monolith was a challenge for the technology that had been honed in the construction of siege engines. The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II. Lateran obelisk was shipped to Rome soon afterwards, but the other one then spent a generation lying at the docks due to the difficulty involved in attempting to ship it to Constantinople. Eventually, the obelisk was cracked in transit. The white marble base is entirely covered with bas-reliefs documenting the imperial household and the engineering feat of removing it to Constantinople. Theodosius and the imperial family are separated from the nobles among the spectators in the imperial box, with a cover over them as a mark of their status. The naturalism of traditional Roman art in such scenes gave way in these reliefs to conceptual art: the idea of order, decorum and respective ranking, expressed in serried ranks of faces. This is seen as evidence of formal themes beginning to oust the transitory details of mundane life, celebrated in Roman portraiture. Forum Tauri in Constantinople was renamed and redecorated as the Forum of Theodosius, including a column and a triumphal arch in his honour.[42] of Nazianzus takes his leave of the emperor Theodosius in a miniature from the Paris Gregory, a 9th-century illuminated manuscript of the Homilies of Gregory policy[edit] 325, Constantine I convened the Council of Nicaea, which affirmed the doctrine that Jesus, the Son, was equal to God the Father and "of one substance" with the Father (homoousios in Greek). The Council condemned the teachings of Arius, who believed Jesus to be inferior to the Father. the council's ruling, controversy continued for decades, with several christological alternatives to the Nicene Creed being brought forth. Theologians attempted to bypass the Christological debate by saying that Jesus was merely like (homoios in Greek) God the father, without speaking of substance (ousia). These non-Nicenes were frequently labelled as Arians (i.e., followers of Arius) by their opponents, though not all would necessarily have identified themselves as such.[43] Emperor Valens had favored the group who used the homoios formula; this theology was prominent in much of the East and had under Constantius II gained a foothold in the West, being ratified by the Council of Ariminum, though it was later abjured by a majority of the western bishops (after Constantius II's death in 361). The death of Valens damaged the standing of the Homoian faction, especially since his successor Theodosius steadfastly held to the Nicene Creed which was the interpretation that predominated in the West and was held by the important Alexandrian church. of orthodoxy[edit] Barocci, Saint Ambrose forces Emperor Theodosius I to make penance for the Thessaloniki massacre (1603), left-side nave, Saint Ambrose Altar, Milan Cathedral. 27 February 380, together with Gratian and Valentinian II, Theodosius issued the decree "Cunctos populos", the so-called Edict of Thessalonica, recorded in the Codex Theodosianus xvi.1.2. This declared the Nicene Trinitarian Christianity to be the only legitimate imperial religion and the only one entitled to call itself Catholic; non-Christian religions or those who did not support the Trinity, he described as "foolish madmen".[44] He also ended official state support for the traditional polytheist religions and customs.[45] 26 November 380, two days after he had arrived in Constantinople, Theodosius expelled the Homoian bishop, Demophilus of Constantinople, and appointed Meletius patriarch of Antioch, and Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the Cappadocian Fathers from Cappadocia (today in Turkey), patriarch of Constantinople. Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Ascholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness.[citation needed] May 381, Theodosius summoned a new ecumenical council at Constantinople to repair the schism between East and West on the basis of Nicene orthodoxy.[46] The council went on to define orthodoxy, including the Third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, as equal to the Father and 'proceeding' from Him, whereas the Son was 'begotten' of Him.[47] The council also "condemned the Apollonarian and Macedonian heresies, clarified jurisdictions of the bishops according to the civil boundaries of dioceses and ruled that Constantinople was second in precedence to Rome."[47] of pagan religion[edit] article: Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign in the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated Constantine's ban on some practices of Roman religion, prohibited haruspicy on pain of death, decreed magistrates who did not enforce laws against polytheism were subject to criminal prosecution, broke up some pagan associations and tolerated attacks on Roman temples. 391 and 392 Theodosius promulgated three laws restricting pagan religious practices. The first, issued in June 391 and addressed to the urban prefect of Rome, banned ritual sacrifice and access to temples, with heavy fines for infractors. A similar measure was addressed to Alexandria in June 392. These two laws were apparently aimed at public officials specifically and not binding on the population at large.[48] The third and more extreme law, issued in November 392, prohibited pagan worship in every form, including animal sacrifice and offerings of incense and wine, again threatening offenders with confiscation of property.[49] This measure was addressed specifically to the praetorian prefect of the East, the staunchly Christian Rufinus, and there is seemingly no evidence of its application in the West, where Theodosius himself appointed several pagans to high office to mollify them.[50] He turned pagan holidays into workdays, closed temples, confiscated Temple endowments and disbanded the Vestal Virgins.[51] The practices of taking auspices and witchcraft were punished. Theodosius refused to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by non-Christian senators.[52]:115 392 until his death in 395, while non-Christians continued to request toleration,[53][54] he ordered, authorized, or at least failed to punish, the closure or destruction of many temples, holy sites, images and objects of piety throughout the empire.[55][56][57][58][59] 393 he issued a comprehensive law that prohibited any public non-Christian religious customs,[60] and was particularly oppressive to Manicheans.[61] He is likely to have discontinued the ancient Olympic Games, whose last record of celebration was in 393, though archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held after this date.[62] AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Rome, 379-395, Emperor Theodosius I, Moved from Rome to Viminacium, Moecia Prima, Illuricum, on Roman Road Militarica
Roman Emperor, 379-395, Theodosius I, Moved from Rome to Illuricum ; about 373, Theodosius was made dux of the province of Moesia Prima.[17] In 374, the Quadi and their allies the Sarmatians overran the province of Valeria in the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.[18] Theodosius drove the Sarmatians out of the Roman territory and then defeated the Quadi.[19][20] He is reported to have defended his province with marked ability and success.[19] the Elder fell from power in 375, and Theodosius the dux of Moesia Prima retired to his estates in the Iberian Peninsula, where he married Aelia Flaccilla in 376.[8] Their first child, Arcadius, was born around 377.[8] Pulcheria, their daughter, was born in 377 or 378.[8] Theodosius had returned to the Danube frontier by 378, when he was appointed magister equitum.[8] AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Anthusa at Rome, Commemorated on December 8; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Rome, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman
Rome, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Rome, 395-423, Emperor Honorius in the West, his general Stilicho preserved stability until executed
Roman Emperor, 395-423, Honorius ; Flavius Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423. He was the younger son of emperor Theodosius I and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and brother of Arcadius, who ruled the eastern half of the empire from 395, when their father died, until his death in 408. In 410, during Honorius's reign over the western Roman Empire, Rome was sacked for the first time in almost 800 years.[2] Even by the standards of the rapidly declining Western Empire, Honorius's reign was precarious and chaotic. His reign was supported by his principal general, Stilicho, who was successively Honorius's guardian (during his childhood) and his father-in-law (after the emperor became an adult). Stilicho's generalship helped preserve some level of stability, but with his execution in 408, the western Roman Empire moved closer to collapse. St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Rome, 395-410, Roman Visgoth, Alaric the Visgoth, Sack of Rome in 410
Roman Visgoth, 395-410, Alaric the Visgoth, Sack of Rome in 410; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Rome, 400, 5th - 8th Century, Folder, Fall of Rome, Gothic Empire, Primacy of Roman Pope

Rome, 400-499, 5th Century Folder, Fall of Rome, Ostrogoth Kingdom, Defeat by Byzantines 552

Rome, 401-417, Roman Archbishop, Innocent I, energetic, gifted, defended Chrysostom
Roman Archbishop, 401-417, Innocent ; Innocent I was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. He may have been the son of his predecessor, Anastasius I. the beginning of his papacy, he was seen as the general arbitrator of ecclesiastical disputes in both the East and the West. He confirmed the prerogatives of the Archbishop of Thessalonica, and issued a decretal on disciplinary matters referred to him by the Bishop of Rouen. defended the exiled John Chrysostom and consulted with the bishops of Africa concerning the Pelagian controversy, confirming the decisions of the African synods. Catholic priest-scholar Johann Peter Kirsch, 1500 years later, described Innocent as a very energetic and highly gifted individual "...who fulfilled admirably the duties of his office".[2] Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17 ; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17;

Roman Pope, 418-422, Pope Boniface I, praise from Augustine of Hippo
Roman Pope, 418-422, Pope Boniface I; Boniface I was the bishop of Rome from 28 December 418 to his death on 4 September 422. His election was disputed by the supporters of Eulalius until the dispute was settled by Emperor Honorius. was active in maintaining church discipline, and he restored certain privileges to the metropolitical sees of Narbonne and Vienne, exempting them from any subjection to the primacy of Arles. was a contemporary of Augustine of Hippo, who dedicated to him some of his works. St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8;

Rome, 422-432, Roman Pope, Celestine I, condemned Nestorius, Pelagians, and Novatians
Roman Pope, 422-432, Celestine I ; Celestine I (Latin: Caelestinus I) was the bishop of Rome from 10 September 422 to his death on 1 August 432. Celestine's tenure was largely spent combatting various ideologies deemed heretical. He supported the mission of the Gallic bishops that sent Germanus of Auxerre in 429, to Britain to address Pelagianism, and later commissioned Palladius as bishop to the Scots of Ireland and northern Britain. In 430, he held a synod in Rome which condemned the apparent views of Nestorius. 1 Early life and family 2 Pontificate 3 Death and legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 External links life and family[edit] I was a Roman from the region of Campania.[2] Nothing is known of his early history except that his father's name was Priscus. to John Gilmary Shea, Celestine was a relative of the emperor Valentinian.[1] is said to have lived for a time at Milan with St. Ambrose. The first known record of him is in a document of Pope Innocent I from the year 416, where he is spoken of as "Celestine the Deacon".[3] to the Liber Pontificalis, the start of his papacy was 3 November.[2] However, Tillemont places the date at 10 September.[4] portions of the liturgy are attributed to Celestine I, but without any certainty on the subject. 430, he held a synod in Rome, at which the teachings of Nestorius were condemned. The following year, he sent delegates to the First Council of Ephesus, which addressed the same issue.[1] Four letters written by him on that occasion, all dated 15 March 431, together with a few others, to the African bishops, to those of Illyria, of Thessalonica, and of Narbonne, are extant in re-translations from the Greek; the Latin originals having been lost. actively condemned the Pelagians and was zealous for Roman orthodoxy. To this end he was involved in the initiative of the Gallic bishops to send Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes travelling to Britain in 429 to confront bishops reportedly holding Pelagian views. sent Palladius to Ireland to serve as a bishop in 431. Bishop Patrick continued this missionary work. Celestine strongly opposed the Novatians in Rome; as Socrates Scholasticus writes, "this Celestinus took away the churches from the Novatians at Rome also, and obliged Rusticula their bishop to hold his meetings secretly in private houses."[5] The Novationists refused absolution to the lapsi, but Celestine argued that reconciliation should never be refused to any dying sinner who sincerely asked it.[1] He was zealous in refusing to tolerate the smallest innovation on the constitutions of his predecessors. As St. Vincent of Lerins reported in 434: Pope Celestine also expresses himself in like manner and to the same effect. For in the Epistle which he wrote to the priests of Gaul, charging them with connivance with error, in that by their silence they failed in their duty to the ancient faith, and allowed profane novelties to spring up, he says: "We are deservedly to blame if we encourage error by silence. Therefore rebuke these people. Restrain their liberty of preaching."[6] a letter to certain bishops of Gaul, dated 428, Celestine rebukes the adoption of special clerical garb by the clergy. He wrote: "We [the bishops and clergy] should be distinguished from the common people [plebe] by our learning, not by our clothes; by our conduct, not by our dress; by cleanness of mind, not by the care we spend upon our person" [3] and legacy[edit] died on 26 July 432. He was buried in the cemetery of St. Priscilla in the Via Salaria, but his body, subsequently moved, now lies in the Basilica di Santa Prassede. In art, Saint Celestine is portrayed as a pope with a dove, dragon, and flame, and is recognized by Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, and Catholic Churches as a saint. LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Rome, 423-455, Emperor, Valentinian III, Primacy of the Roman Pope
Roman Emperor, 423-455, Valentinian III; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Rome, 423-455, Emperess, Honoraria
Rome, 423-455, Emperess, Honoraria; Roman Emperor, 423-455, Valentinian III; St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Rome, 432-440, Pope Sixtus III, Holy Pope Sixtus
Pope, 432-440, Pope Sixtus III; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Saint Leo the Great, Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18;

Rome, 440-461, Roman Pope, Pope Leo I, LEO THE GREAT, met Attila the Hun in 452, Tone of Leo
Roman Pope, 440-461, Pope Leo I; I (c. 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Leo the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 until his death. Pope Benedict XVI said that Leo's papacy "was undoubtedly one of the most important in the Church's history."[1] was a Roman aristocrat, and was the first pope to have been called "the Great". He is perhaps best known for having met Attila the Hun in 452 and allegedly persuaded him to turn back from his invasion of Italy. He is also a Doctor of the Church, most remembered theologically for issuing the Tome of Leo, a document which was a major foundation to the debates of the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon. The Council of Chalcedon, the fourth ecumenical council, dealt primarily with Christology, and elucidated the orthodox definition of Christ's being as the hypostatic union of two natures, divine and human, united in one person, "with neither confusion nor division". It was followed by a major schism associated with Monophysitism, Miaphysitism and Dyophysitism.[2] LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18;

Rome, 455, Sack of Rome by Vandals, Genseric
North Africa, 455, Vandal Sack of Rome; St. Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23;

Rome, 455-455, Emperor, Petronius Maximus
Roman Emperor, 455-455, Petronius Maximus; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Rome, 455-456, Emperor, Avitus
Roman Emperor, 455-456, Avitus; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Rome, 457-461, Roman Emperor, Majorian
Roman Emperor, 457-461, Majorian; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Rome, 461-465, Emperor, Libius Severus
Roman Emperor, 461-465, Libius Severus; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461); Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Rome, 465-472, Emperor, Anthemius
Roman Emperor, 465-472, Anthemius ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Rome, 472-472, Emperor, Olybrius
Roman Emperor, 472-472, Olybrius ;

Rome, 473-474, Emperor, Glycerius
Roman Emperor, 473-474, Glycerius ;

Rome, 474-475, Emperor, Julius Nepos, Ruling from Italy, supported by Zeno in the East
Roman Emperor, 474-475, Julius Nepos, Ruling from Italy; Julius Nepos (c. AD 430 – 480) was de jure and de facto Roman emperor of the West from 474 to 475 and then only de jure until his death in 480. Born to a distinguished family, he succeeded his uncle, Marcellinus, as military governor of the province of Dalmatia in 468. With support of the Eastern Empire, Nepos overthrew his predecessor Glycerius without a fight and proclaimed himself western emperor in June 474. Orestes, the Magister Militum, turned his forces on Nepos in August 475, forcing him to flee by ship to Dalmatia.[1] Orestes crowned his son Romulus as Emperor in Nepos's absence, but neither the Eastern Emperor Zeno nor many Western provinces recognized Romulus, regarding him as a usurper.[2][3] Nepos never relinquished his imperial title and sought a compromise with the barbarian king Odoacer who deposed Romulus. Odoacer ambiguously recognized his claim but refused him any role in government outside of Dalmatia.[4] Nepos was assassinated in 480 while plotting his own restoration, and Zeno formally abolished the Western division of the Empire.

Rome, 474-475, 476-491, Emperor in the East, Zeno, allied with Goth Theodoric and Nepos in the West
Rome, 474-475, 476-491, Emperor in the East, Zeno; Zeno (c. 425-“ 9 April 491) was Eastern Roman emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues. His reign saw the end of the Western Roman Empire following the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the death of Julius Nepos, but he contributed much to stabilising the Eastern Empire. In ecclesiastical history, Zeno is associated with the Henotikon or "instrument of union", promulgated by him and signed by all the Eastern bishops, with the design of solving the monophysite controversy. 1 Biography 1.1 Rise to power 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Son-in-law of Leo I 1.2 Reign 1.2.1 First reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476) 1.2.2 End of the Western Empire 1.2.3 Revolt of Marcian (479) 1.2.4 Revolt of Illus (484-“488) 1.2.5 Affairs with the Goths (474-“487) 1.2.6 Promulgation of the Henotikon (482) 1.2.7 Suppressing the Samaritan revolt (484) 1.3 Death and succession 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources 6 External links Biography[edit] Rise to power[edit] Early life[edit] detail of the Missorium of Aspar, depicting the powerful magister militum Aspar and his elder son Ardabur (434 circa). Zeno caused Ardabur's fall, producing treacherous letters that linked him to the Sassanid King; Ardabur later bribed some of Zeno's soldiers into trying to kill him. original name was Tarasis, and more accurately Tarasikodissa in his native Isaurian language (Latin: Trascalissaeus).[2] Tarasis was born in Isauria, at Rusumblada, later renamed Zenopolis in Zeno's honour.[3] His father was called Kodisa (as attested by his patronymic "Tarasicodissa"), his mother Lallis, his brother Longinus. Tarasis had a wife, Arcadia, whose name indicates a relationship with the Constantinopolitan aristocracy, and whose statue was erected near the Baths of Arcadius, along the steps that led to Topoi.[4] Near Eastern and other Christian traditions maintain that Zeno had two daughters, Hilaria and Theopiste, who followed a religious life,[5] but historical sources attest the existence of only one son by Arcadia, called Zenon.[6] According to ancient sources, Zeno's prestigious career”he had fought against Attila in 447 to defend Constantinople and been consul the following year ”was the reason why another Isaurian officer, Tarasis, chose the Greek name Zeno when he married into the Imperial family, thus being known as Zeno when he rose to the throne.[7] Some modern historians suggest that the Isaurian general Zeno was the father of the emperor,[8] but there is no consensus about this, and other sources suggest that Tarasis was a member of Zeno's entourage. Isaurians were a people who lived inland from the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia, in the core of the Taurus Mountains (generally what is now the Konya/Bozkir area of Turkey). Like most borderland tribes, they were looked upon as barbarians by the Romans even though they had been Roman subjects for more than five centuries. However, being Orthodox Christians rather than Arians, as the Goths and other Germanic tribes were, they were not formally barred from the throne.[3] to some scholars, in the mid-460s, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I, wanted to balance the weight of the Germanic component of the army, whose leader was the Alan magister militum Aspar. He thought that Tarasis and his Isaurians could be that counterweight, and called him, with many Isaurians, to Constantinople. This interpretation, however, has been contested.[9] By the mid-460s, Arcadia and Zeno had been living at Constantinople for some time,[4] where Lallis and Longinus also lived, the latter married to a Valeria, possibly a woman of aristocrat rank.[9] to ancient sources, the earliest reference to Tarasis dates back to 464, when he put his hands on some letters written by Aspar's son, Ardabur, which proved that the son of the magister militum had incited the Sassanid King to invade Roman territory, promising to support the invasion. Through these letters, which Tarasis gave to Leo, the Emperor could dismiss Ardabur, who at the time was magister militum per Orientem and patricius, thus reducing Aspar's influence and ambition. As reward for his loyalty, which Leo praised to Daniel the Stylite,[10] Tarasis was appointed comes domesticorum, an office of great influence and prestige.[4] This appointment could mean that Tarasis had been a protector domesticus, either at Leo's court in Constantinople, or attached at Ardabur's staff in Antioch.[9] 465, Leo and Aspar quarrelled about the appointment of consuls for the following year; it was on this occasion that Tarasis' position was strengthened, as he became friend and ally of the Emperor.[11] of Leo I[edit] of Ariadne, elder daughter of Emperor Leo I and wife of Zeno. make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the population of Constantinople, Tarasis adopted the Greek name of Zeno and used it for the rest of his life. In mid-late 466, Zeno married Ariadne, elder daughter of Leo I and Verina; there is no reference to him divorcing Arcadia who evidently died prior to this. The next year their son was born, and Zeno became father of the heir apparent to the throne, as the only son of Leo I had died in his infancy; to stress his claim to the throne, the boy was called Leo.[12] Zeno, however, was not present at the birth of his son, as in 467, he participated in a military campaign against the Goths.[9][13] I, father-in-law of Zeno, Eastern Roman Emperor from 457 to 474. as a member of the protectores domestici, did not take part in the disastrous expedition against the Vandals, led in 468 by Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus. The following year, during which he held the honour of the consulate, he was appointed magister militum per Thracias and led an expedition in Thrace. The sources do not clearly state what enemy he fought there, and historians had proposed either Goths or Huns, or the rebels of Anagastes. Either way, before leaving, Leo and Zeno asked for Daniel the Stylite's opinion about the campaign, and Daniel answered that Zeno would be the target of a conspiracy but would escape unharmed. Indeed, Leo sent some of his personal soldiers with Zeno to protect him, but they were bribed by Aspar to capture him instead. Zeno was informed of their intention and fled to Serdica, and, because of this episode, Leo grew even more suspicious of Aspar.[14] the attack, Zeno did not return to Constantinople, where Aspar and Ardabur were, still with considerable power. Instead, he moved to the "Long Wall" (the Long Wall of the Thracian Chersonese or, less probably, the Anastasian Wall), then to Pylai and from there to Chalcedon. While waiting here for an opportunity to return to the capital, he was appointed magister militum per Orientem. He took the monk Peter the Fuller with him and left for Antioch, his office's see, passing through Isauria, where he put down the rebellion of Indacus. Zeno stayed at Antioch for two years.[15] living in Antioch with his family, Zeno sympathised with the Monophysite views of Peter the Fuller, and supported him against his opponent, the Chalcedonian bishop Martyrius. Zeno allowed the arrival in Antioch of monks from nearby monasteries who increased the number of Peter's followers, and did not effectively repress their violence. Martyrius went to Constantinople to ask Leo for help, but, on returning to Antioch, he was informed that Peter had been elected bishop, and resigned (470). Leo reacted by ordering Peter into exile and addressing to Zeno a law that forbade the monks from leaving their monasteries or fomenting rebellion (1 June 471).[16] In 470/471, Zeno had also to deal with an invasion of Tzanni, who attacked Roman Armenia.[17] Zeno far from Constantinople, Aspar had increased his influence by having his son Patricius appointed Caesar and married to Leo I's younger daughter, Leontia (470). Sources are contradictory on the causes, but clearly state that in 471, Leo I had Aspar and Ardabur treacherously killed. This certainly occurred with Zeno's and Basiliscus' approval, as, on the eve of the murders, the two generals had moved closer to Constantinople (Zeno was at Chalcedon). Thereafter, Zeno returned to Constantinople and was appointed magister militum praesentalis.[18] reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476)[edit] of Leo II, minted in the name of "Leo and Zeno perpetual Augusti"; it belongs to the period when both Zeno and his son were joint emperors, between 9 February and 17 November 474. 25 October 473, Leo I appointed as Caesar his grandson Leo II, the son of Zeno and Ariadne. On 18 January 474, Leo I died; if Leo II had not already been proclaimed co-emperor by his grandfather, he would have become Augustus on that occasion. Since Leo II was seven years old (too young to rule himself) Ariadne and her mother Verina prevailed upon him to crown Zeno, his father, as co-emperor, which he did on 9 February 474. When Leo II became ill and died, Zeno became sole emperor. Zeno had to settle matters with the Vandal King, Genseric, who was conducting raids against the Empire's coastal cities, threatening key commercial sea routes. Zeno sent Genseric a high-ranking officer as ambassador, Severus, who succeeded in stipulating an "eternal" peace between the Vandals and the Empire, which allowed the Romans to pay ransoms for the prisoners in Vandal hands and which ended the Vandal persecution of Orthodox Christians in their territory.[19] this success, Zeno continued to be unpopular with the people and Senate because of his barbarian origins; his right to the throne was limited to his marriage with Ariadne and his relationship to Verina, the dowager Empress. Therefore, he chose to draw support from the Isaurian component of the army, in particular, the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes, both brothers. However, Verina decided to overthrow her son-in-law Zeno and replace him with her lover, the ex-magister officiorum Patricius, with the help of her brother Basiliscus. The conspirators fomented riots in the capital against the Isaurian emperor; Basiliscus succeeded also in convincing Illus, Trocundes and the Ostrogothic general Theodoric Strabo to join the plot.[19] of Basiliscus, who revolted against Zeno in January 475 and held power until Zeno's return in August 476. Basiliscus was Verina's brother; he took power after having Zeno flee from Constantinople, but alienated the people of Constantinople and was captured and put to death by Zeno. January 475, Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople to Isauria with his wife and mother,[20] some Isaurian fellows and the Imperial treasure. Illus and Trocundes were sent to chase him, and Zeno was compelled to shut himself up in a fortress, where Illus besieged him, capturing also Zeno's brother, Longinus and keeping him as an hostage.[19] the conspirators quickly fell in conflict with each other. Basiliscus took the throne for himself, putting to death Verina's lover and candidate, Patricius. He also allowed the mob to kill all of the Isaurians left in Constantinople, an episode that damaged relations with the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes. Basiliscus appointed his nephew Armatus magister militum, thus alienating Theodoric Strabo. Since Zeno had left no money, Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes. Finally, he alienated the Church by supporting the Monophysites. The people of Constantinople also put the blame on him for a great fire that burned several parts of the city. With the secret support of the Senate, and bribes paid by Zeno, Illus agreed to switch sides and united his army with Zeno's, marching on Constantinople. Basiliscus tried to recover popular support and sent another army against Zeno, under his nephew Armatus' command. Zeno succeeded in bribing Armatus too, promising to confirm his rank of magister militum praesentalis for life and promoting his son (also called Basiliscus) to the rank of Caesar; Armatus' army failed to intercept Zeno's troops during their march on Constantinople.[19] August 476, Zeno besieged Constantinople. The Senate opened the gates of the city to the Isaurian, allowing the deposed emperor to resume the throne. Basiliscus fled with his family to the baptistery of Hagia Sophia.[21][22] Betrayed by the Patriarch Acacius, he surrendered himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus and his family were sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where Zeno had them enclosed in a dry cistern, to die from exposure.[21][23][24] his restoration, Zeno fulfilled his promises, letting Armatus keep his title of magister militum praesentalis (possibly even raising him to the rank of patricius) and appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar in Nicaea.[25] 477, however, Zeno changed his mind, probably at Illus' instigation, as the latter stood to gain from the fall of Armatus, and ordered Armatus' death. Zeno confiscated all of Armatus' properties, deposed his son Basiliscus, and had him ordained as a priest.[26][27][28] of the Western Empire[edit] solidus was minted by Odoacer in the name of Zeno. Odoacer ruled Italy under the formal patronage of the Eastern Emperor. western emperor Olybrius died in the autumn of 472. Gundobad, the western magister militum then proclaimed Glycerius, the comes domesticorum (commander of the Imperial guard) as western emperor in Ravenna. Leo I refused to endorse Glycerius and elevated his nephew Julius Nepos to co-emperor for the west in 473. Expecting resistance, Nepos was forced by bad winter weather to delay his voyage until the next year; it was therefore left to Zeno, as Leo's successor, to support Julius Nepos' installation in Ravenna. Nepos arrived in Italy, quickly deposed Glycerius who offered no resistance, and was proclaimed emperor by the Roman Senate in June 474. Julius was on good terms with Zeno, and he even minted coins in the names of Zeno, Leo II and himself.[29] and the Mediterranean Basin at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 August 475, during Basiliscus' reign, while Zeno was in Isauria blocked by Illus' army, Orestes, the western magister militum, revolted, forcing Nepos to flee Italy for Dalmatia; Orestes proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus emperor, but was unable to gain the allegiance of the remnants of the Western Empire outside of Italy.[29] One year later, while Zeno was entering Constantinople to end Basiliscus' brief usurpation, Romulus and Orestes were overthrown by the Chieftain Odoacer. With the support of Odoacer, the Roman Senate sent an envoy to present the imperial insignia to the restored Zeno. They asked Zeno to dissolve the separation of the empire and rule as sole Emperor; also, to appoint Odoacer both patricius and official imperial governor of Italy. At the same time, Zeno received another embassy, sent by Julius Nepos, who asked Zeno to give him the money and the army he needed to resume his control of Italy. Zeno answered that the Roman Senate should welcome back Julius Nepos, their rightful emperor, and that Odoacer should properly receive the patriciate from Nepos, although he allowed that he would also grant it.[30] Odoacer was officially recognised and left in possession of Italy, while Nepos kept his title and the other fragments of the empire's western holdings, but no army. in deference to Zeno, Odoacer recognised Nepos' de jure reign in Italy until his death, ruling and even minting coins in his name, but he never allowed his return. After Nepos' assassination in 480, Odoacer invaded Dalmatia to pursue and punish the assassins (and also to take Dalmatia for himself). Zeno legitimised Odoacer's authority in Dalmatia; Odoacer recognised Zeno as sole emperor of the again unitary Empire, but increasingly started using the title of king for himself.[31] of Marcian (479)[edit] was the son of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius (467-“472) and a grandson of Emperor Marcian (450-“457). He had married Ariadne's sister Leontia, and was therefore Zeno's brother-in-law; he was twice consul, in 467 and 472. 479 Marcian tried to overthrow Zeno and claim the throne for himself. With the help of his brothers Procopius Anthemius and Romulus, he gathered in Constantinople troops composed of both citizens and foreigners in the house of a Caesarius, south of the Forum of Theodosius, and from there they marched at the same time on the imperial palace and on the house of Illus, who was a supporter of Zeno. The emperor almost fell into the hands of the rebels, who, during the day, overwhelmed the imperial troops, who were also attacked by citizens from the roofs of their houses. During the night, however, Illus moved an Isaurian unit, quartered in nearby Chalcedonia, into Constantinople and also corrupted Marcian's soldiers, who allowed Zeno to flee. The following morning, Marcian, understanding that his situation was desperate and that reinforcements from Theodoric Strabo would not arrive in time, took refuge in the church of the Holy Apostles, but was arrested with his brothers.[32] sent Marcian and his brothers to Caesarea in Cappadocia. They tried to flee, but Marcian was captured and obliged to become a monk in Tarsus (Cilicia),[33] or imprisoned in Isauria, in the fortress of Papurius. He tried to escape a second time, and this time he succeeded, but, after gathering new troops and attacking Ancyra, he was defeated and captured by Trocundus, Illus' brother.[32] of Illus (484-“488)[edit] section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) commanding position and popular favour of Illus rendered him an object of suspicion, and Zeno in various ways sought to rid himself of him. Also Verina, the dowager Empress, plotted against his life. Verina's attempt was unsuccessful, and Zeno, equally jealous of her and of Illus, banished her at the suggestion of the latter, confining her in the fort of Papurius. There is some doubt as to the timing of these events. Candidus of Isauria places the banishment of Verina before the revolt of Marcian, and Theodore Lector assigns as the cause of it her share in the revolt of Basiliscus. It is not unlikely, indeed, that this turbulent woman was twice banished, once before Marcian's revolt, for her connection with Basiliscus, and again after Marcian's revolt, for her plot against Illus. her prison she managed to persuade her daughter Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, to attempt to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the Emperor referred her. Illus refused her request. Ariadne, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. Jordanes ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to attempt to end her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed only wounded Illus; the assassin was taken prisoner and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution. with his friend Pamprepius, Leontius and his brother Trocundus,“ now retired from court. They first went to Nicaea and then, on pretence of change of air and of procuring a cure for his wound, into the East where he was made magister militum. Having traversed Asia Minor, they raised the standard of revolt in 484, when Illus declared Leontius Emperor. Zeno sent an army to fight them, but Illus won, obtained possession of Papurius, released Verina, and induced her to crown Leontius at Tarsus. 485 Zeno sent against the rebels a fresh army, said to consist of Macedonians and Scythians (Tillemont conjectures, not unreasonably, that these were Ostrogoths) under John the Hunchback, or, more probably, John the Scythian, and Theoderic the Amal, who was at this time consul. John defeated the rebels near Seleucia and drove them into the fort of Papurius where he blockaded them. After a few months Trocundus died; the fort was taken only after four years of siege, by the treachery of Trocundus's brother-in-law, who had been sent for the purpose from Constantinople by Zeno. Illus and Leontius were beheaded (488) and their heads sent to the Emperor.[34] with the Goths (474-“487)[edit] weight with the name of Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy. Theoderic served under Zeno, fighting against his opponent Theodoric Strabo (476-481), and then was the leader of the army that besieged the fort of Papurius and captured and killed Illus' brother, Trocundus (484). aggressions of the two Ostrogothic leaders, Theoderic the Amal (Theoderic the Great), the son of Theodemir and leader of the Moesian Ostrogoths, and Theodoric Strabo, the leader of the Thracian Ostrogoths, had been a constant source of danger since 472. Although Zeno at times contrived to play them off against each other, they in turn were able to profit by his dynastic rivalries. It was only by offering them pay and high command that he kept them from attacking Constantinople itself. the death of Leo II, Theodoric Strabo rebelled against Zeno. His support was instrumental in overthrowing Zeno and raising Basiliscus to the Byzantine throne (475), but Theodoric and Basiliscus had a falling-out, so when Zeno returned to Constantinople in 476 and defeated Basiliscus, Strabo was reported to have not defended the city.[35][36] 476/477, Zeno allied himself with Strabo's rival, Theoderic the Amal, and ordered him to attack Strabo. The leader of the Thracian Goths sent an embassy to the Emperor, offering peace and blaming the Moesian Theodoric. Zeno understood that this offering was hiding further conspiracies, and convinced the Senate and army to declare Strabo a public enemy.[28] plan was to have the two Theoderics attack each other. He sent the Amal against Strabo, who supported the revolt of Marcian, with the promise of a huge Roman force as reinforcement (478). When Theoderic the Amal arrived through the mountains at Mount Soundis, he did not find the Roman reinforcement army he expected, but instead Theodoric Strabo's army, in a strongly fortified camp. The two Theoderics agreed to put forward a joint request to the Emperor, in order to extend to the south the settlement territory of the Ostrogoths in Moesia.[37] tried to divide the two Theoderics by bribing the Amal, but he refused the bribe. The Imperial army obtained some initial successes, but Zeno did not press his advantage, and allowed the Amal to move westward in Thrace, plundering territories as he went. With the Amal far away, Strabo accepted an agreement with Zeno: Strabo was to be given back his wealth, money to pay 13,000 soldiers, the command of two palatinae units, and the title once more of magister militum.[37] However, the army of Theodoric Strabo, 30,000-men strong was still a menace for Zeno, who convinced the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths in their own base. Strabo defeated the Bulgars in 480/481, and moved towards Constantinople, but he had to deal with problems with his own men, so he could not capitalise upon his victory and was forced to return to Greece. On his way back, he died in an accident.[37] Theodoric Strabo died in 481, the future Theoderic the Great became king of the entire Ostrogoth nation and continued to be a source of trouble in the Balkan peninsula. Zeno allied to Theoderic, whom he appointed magister militum praesentalis and even consul for the year 484, the first time a barbarian who was not a citizen of the Empire reached such a high distinction. Zeno had Theoderic fight against Illus and the usurper Leontius, besieging them at Papurius in 484-“488. However, in 486 Theoderic revolted again and attacked Constantinople, severing the city's water supply. Zeno bought a peace and agreed with Theoderic that the Ostrogoths should have gone to invade Italy to fight Odoacer, who had allegedly supported Leontius, and to establish his new kingdom there (487). This all but eliminated the Germanic presence in the east.[38] of the Henotikon (482)[edit] religious matters, Zeno is famous for his Henotikon, or "Act of Union", issued in 482 to mediate between Chalcedonian and Miaphysite views about the nature of Christ. The Chalcedonians recognised two natures (physis) in Christ, the Miaphysites only one; the Council of Chalcedon (451) had issued the Chalcedonian Creed and condemned the Miaphysite position, but the Miaphysites were still strong, especially in the Eastern provinces of the Empire, and the Patriarch of Alexandria, Peter Mongus, was a Miaphysite. Supporting the Miaphysites was one of the mistakes made by Basiliscus, as the people of Constantinople were Chalcedonian, but Zeno needed the support of the Miaphysite provinces: ”Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor; also, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, was interested in reducing the distance between the two positions. in 482 Zeno issued the Henotikon, a document he had developed with the support of Acacius and addressed to the factions in Egypt. The edict affirmed the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (i.e., the Creed of Nicaea completed at Constantinople) as affording a common, final and united symbol or expression of faith. All other symbola or mathemata were excluded; Eutyches and Nestorius were unmistakably condemned in an anathema, while the twelve chapters of Cyril of Alexandria were accepted. The teaching of Chalcedon was not so much repudiated as passed over in silence; Jesus Christ was described as the "only-begotten Son of God [...] one and not two" and there was no explicit reference to the two natures.[39] bishop of Rome, Pope Felix III, refused to accept the document and excommunicated Acacius (484), thus beginning the Acacian schism, which lasted until 519.[40] 488 the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the Fuller, came to Constantinople to have his right to the Church of Cyprus confirmed. Zeno called the bishop of Cyprus, Anthemius, to answer the accusations. The bishop claimed that before his departure, he had had a vision of St. Barnabas, in which the position of the tomb of the apostle had been revealed to him. In the tomb, Anthemius had found the relics of the apostle and a copy of the Gospel of Matthew written in Hebrew by Barnabas himself. Zeno received the relics and the manuscript, and in exchange he proclaimed the autonomy of the Church of Cyprus.[41] 489 Zeno closed the Persian school of Edessa, Mesopotamia, by request of bishop Cyrus II of Edessa, because it promoted Nestorian teachings, and built a church in its place. The school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, and leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.[42] the Samaritan revolt (484)[edit] Gerizim, where Samaritan sources have Zeno buried. to Samaritan sources, Zeno (whom the sources call "Zait the King of Edom") persecuted the Samaritans. The Emperor went to Sichem (Neapolis), gathered the elders and asked them to convert; when they refused, Zeno had many Samaritans killed, and converted the synagogue to a church. Zeno then took for himself Mount Gerizim, where the Samaritans worshipped God, and built several edifices, among which a tomb for his recently deceased son, on which he put a cross, so that the Samaritans, worshipping God, would prostrate in front of the tomb. According to these same sources, Zeno was buried on Mount Gerizim. in 484, the Samaritans revolted. The rebels attacked Sichem, burnt five churches built on Samaritan holy places and cut off the fingers of bishop Terebinthus, who was officiating the ceremony of Whitsun. They elected Justa (or Justasa/Justasus) as their king and moved to Caesarea, where a significant Samaritan community lived. Here several Christians were killed and the church of St. Sebastian was destroyed. Justa celebrated the victory with games in the circus. According to John Malalas, the dux Palestinae Asclepiades, whose troops were reinforced by the Caesarea-based Arcadiani of Rheges, defeated Justa, killed him and sent his head to Zeno.[43] According to Procopius of Caesarea, Terebinthus went to Zeno to ask for revenge; the Emperor personally went to Samaria to quell the rebellion.[44] historians believe that the order of the facts preserved by Samaritan sources should be inverted, as the persecution of Zeno was a consequence of the rebellion rather than its cause, and should have happened after 484, around 489. Zeno rebuilt the church of St. Procopius in Neapolis (Sichem) and the Samaritans were banned from Mount Gerizim, on whose top a signalling tower was built to alert in case of civil unrest.[45] and succession[edit] Zeno died on 9 April 491,[46] of dysentery[47] or of epilepsy,[48] after ruling for 17 years and 2 months. No sons were to succeed him: Leo had died in 474, Zenon, the first son, in his youth, while living at court.[6] Ariadne then chose a favoured member of the Imperial court, Anastasius, to succeed Zeno, whose brother Longinus revolted, starting the Isaurian War. to a popular legend recorded by two 11th century and 12th century writers, Zeno was buried alive after becoming insensible due to drinking or an illness.[49] For three days cries of "have pity on me!" could be heard from within his verd antique sarcophagus, but because of the hatred of his wife and subjects, Ariadne refused to open the tomb.[50] This tale is not likely, as earlier and contemporary sources do not mention it, even though they too were hostile to his memory.[50] Rome, 474, Emperor, Leo II, infant son of Zeno; Rome, 451-474, Emperor in the East, Leo I the Thracian; Rome, 450-457, Emperor in the East, Marcian;

Rome, 475-480, Emperor, Julius Nepos, Ruling from Dalmatia, supported by Zeno in the East
Roman Emperor, 475-480, Julius Nepos, Ruling from Dalmatia ; Julius Nepos (c. AD 430 – 480) was de jure and de facto Roman emperor of the West from 474 to 475 and then only de jure until his death in 480. Born to a distinguished family, he succeeded his uncle, Marcellinus, as military governor of the province of Dalmatia in 468. With support of the Eastern Empire, Nepos overthrew his predecessor Glycerius without a fight and proclaimed himself western emperor in June 474. Orestes, the Magister Militum, turned his forces on Nepos in August 475, forcing him to flee by ship to Dalmatia.[1] Orestes crowned his son Romulus as Emperor in Nepos's absence, but neither the Eastern Emperor Zeno nor many Western provinces recognized Romulus, regarding him as a usurper.[2][3] Nepos never relinquished his imperial title and sought a compromise with the barbarian king Odoacer who deposed Romulus. Odoacer ambiguously recognized his claim but refused him any role in government outside of Dalmatia.[4] Nepos was assassinated in 480 while plotting his own restoration, and Zeno formally abolished the Western division of the Empire.

Rome, 475-526, Gothic king, Theodoric the G, lived in Constantinople, allied with Zeno and Nepos
Rome, Gothic king, 475-526, Theodoric the Great ; ----------------------------------------- Theodoric the Great (454 -“ 30 August 526), also spelled Theoderic or called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (471-“526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493-“526,[3] regent of the Visigoths (511-“526), and a patrician of the East Roman Empire. As ruler of the combined Gothic realms, Theodoric controlled an empire stretching from the Atlantic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea. As a young child of an Ostrogothic nobleman, Theodoric was taken as a hostage in Constantinople, where he spent his formative years and received an east Roman education. Theodoric returned to Pannonia around 470, and throughout the 470s he campaigned against the Sarmatians and competed for influence among the Goths of the Roman Balkans. The emperor Zeno made him a commander of the Eastern Roman forces in 483, and in 484 he was named consul. Nevertheless, Theodoric remained in constant hostilities with the emperor and frequently raided East Roman lands. At the behest of Zeno, Theodoric attacked Odoacer in 489, emerging victorious in 493. As the new ruler of Italy, he upheld a Roman legal administration and scholarly culture and promoted a major building program across Italy.[4] In 505 he expanded into the Balkans, and by 511 he had brought the Visigothic Kingdom under his direct control and established hegemony over the Burgundian and Vandal kingdoms. Theodoric died in 526 and was buried in a grand mausoleum in Ravenna. BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; St Severus the Presbyter of Interocrea in Italy, Commemorated on June 27;

Rome, 476, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, to Theodoric allied with Zeno in the East
Fall of the Western Roman Empire, 476; Rome, Gothic king, 475-526, Theodoric the Great ; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23;

Rome, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, after Byzantine victory, Lombard Kingdom

Rome, 500-547, Roman Saint, Benedict of Nursia
Roman Saint, 500-547, Benedict of Nursia; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14;

Rome, 527-565, Emperor, Justinian 1, the Great, Restore of E, over Vandals&OGoths,Persia
Rome, Byzantine Emperor, 553-568, Justinian I; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 526-534, Goth King, Athalaric, regency by his m, heavy drinker
Rome, Goth King, 526-534, Athalaric ; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 534-536, Goth King, Theodahad, imprisoned the regent Amalafrida, B intervened
Rome, Goth King, 534-536, Theodahad; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 535-536, Pope Agapetus I, deposed Byzantine Patriarch Anthimus
Rome, 535-536, Pope Agapetus I; St. Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; St. Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ;

Rome, 536-540, Goth King, Vitiges, married queen Amalaswintha's daughter Matasuntha, K Theodahad
Rome, Goth King, 536-540, Vitiges; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 537-555, Pope Vigilius, first Pope of the Byzantine Papacy
Rome, 537-555, Pope Vigilius; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Rome, 540-541, Goth King, Ildibad, lost teritories to Bizantine Empire and Justinian I, after Vitiges and wife taken to C, end of Ostrogoths
Rome, Goth King, 540-541, Ildibad; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 541-541, Goth King, Eraric, made peace with Justinian
Rome, Goth King, 541-541, Eraric; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 541-552, Goth King, Totila the Goth, recovered then lost again in, Battle of Taginae, 552
Rome, Goth King, 541-552, Totila the Goth, Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ;

Rome, 552, Battle of Taginae, Byzantines over Ostrogoths in Italy
Rome, 552, Battle of Taginae, Byzantines over Ostrogoths in Italy; Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 552-553, Goth King, Teia, killed senators, fell during battle at Vesuvius, Ostrogothic k ended
Rome, Goth King, 552-553, Teia; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 555-561, Pope Pelagius I, Emperor' candidate, opposed then adopted Justinian's position
Rome, 555-561, Pope Pelagius I; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Rome, 561-574, Pope John III, Lombard invasion of Italy
Rome, 561-574, Pope John III; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Rome, 568-571, Byzantine Emperor, Justin II, Justinian's nephew
Rome, Byzantine Emperor, 568-571, Justin II; II or Justin the Younger (Latin: Iustinus Iunior; Greek: á¼¸Î¿ÃÂÂ…ÃÂÂƒÃÂÂ„á¿–Î½Î¿ÃÂÂ‚, translit. Ioustînos; c. 520 – 5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 574. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. His reign was marked by war with the Sassanid Empire, and the loss of the greater part of Italy. He presented the Cross of Justin II to Saint Peter's, Rome. GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 568-572, Lombard King, Alboin
Rome, Lombard King, 568-572, Alboin; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 572-574, Lombard King, Cleph
Rome, Lombard King, 572-574, Cleph; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 574-584, Rule of the Lombard Dukes, Lombard Interregnum
Rome, Rule of the Dukes, 574-584, Lombard Dukes, Lombard Interregnum; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 584-590, Lombard King, Authari
Rome, Lombard King, 584-590, Authari; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 590-604, Roman Pope, Gregory I, Gregory Dialogus, the Great, monolingual during his time
Roman Pope, 590-604, Gregory I, Gregory Dialogus, Byzantine Saint; Byzantine Saint, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

Rome, 590-616, Lombard King, Agilulf, Baptised Arian for his wife, then Catholic
Rome, Lombard King, 590-616, Agilulf; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12;

Rome, 600-699, 7th Century Folder, Lombard Kingdom, all Italy from Lombardy near Milan

Rome, 616-626, Lombard King, Adaloald
Rome, Lombard King, 616-626, Adaloald; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30;

Rome, 626-636, Lombard King, Arioald
Rome, Lombard King, 626-636, Arioald; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30;

Rome, 636-652, Lombard King, Rothari
Rome, Lombard King, 636-652, Rothari; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Rome, 641-649, Roman Pope, Theodore, Syrian, from Jerusalem, struggle against Monotheism, planned Lateran Council
Roman Pope, 641-649, Theodore ; Theodore I (Latin: Theodorus I; died 14 May 649) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 642 to his death. His pontificate was dominated by the struggle with Monothelitism. 1 Early career 2 Pontificate 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links career[edit] to the Liber Pontificalis, Theodore was a Greek man from Jerusalem whose father, Theodore, had been a bishop in the city.[2] He was among the many Syrian clergy who fled to Rome following the Muslim conquest of the Levant.[3] He was made a cardinal deacon possibly around 640 and a full cardinal by Pope John IV. I's election was supported by the exarch of Ravenna, who governed Italy in the name of the emperor in Constantinople. He was installed on 24 November 642, succeeding John IV. [4] The main focus of his pontificate was the continued struggle against the heretical Monothelites. He refused to recognize Paul II as the patriarch of Constantinople because Paul's predecessor, Pyrrhus I, had not been correctly replaced. He pressed Emperor Constans II to withdraw the Ecthesis of Heraclius. While his efforts made little impression on Constantinople, it increased the opposition to the teaching in the West; Pyrrhus even briefly recanted Monothelitism in 645, but was excommunicated in 648. Paul was excommunicated in 649. In response, Paul destroyed the Roman altar in the palace of Placidia and exiled or imprisoned the papal apocrisiarius. He also sought to end the issue with the emperor by promulgating the Type of Constans, ordering that the Ecthesis be taken down and seeking to end discussion on the doctrine.[5] planned the Lateran Council of 649 to condemn the Ecthesis, but died before he could convene it. His successor, Martin I, did so instead. Theodore was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. [5] His feast day in the Orthodox Church is on 18 May.[6] Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30 ;

Rome, 649-655, Roman Pope, Pope Martin I
Roman Pope, 649-655, Pope Martin I; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Rome, 649, Lateran Council of 649, condemned Emperor's Monotheism, in Eastern Tradition
Rome, 649, Lateran Council of 649 ; Lateran Council of 649 was a synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran to condemn Monothelitism, a Christology espoused by many Eastern Christians. The Council did not achieve ecumenical status in either East or West, but represented the first attempt of a pope to convene an ecumenical council independent of the Roman emperor. to Andrew Ekonomou, the irony of the council was that the denunciation of the theology of Constantinople came from the "collaboration of a Greco-Palestinian pope and a Constantinopolitan monk employing a style of theological discourse whose tradition was purely Eastern."[1] Although Pope Martin I and Maximus the Confessor were abducted by Constans II and tried in Constantinople for their role in the council (Martin I being replaced as pope before dying in exile), their position was ultimately endorsed by the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ;

Rome, 652-653, Lombard King, Rodoald
Rome, Lombard King, 652-653, Rodoald; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30;

Rome, 653-661, Lombard King, Aripert I
Rome, Lombard King, 653-661, Aripert I; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30;

Rome, 661-688, Lombard King, Perctarit
Rome, Lombard King, 661-688, Perctarit; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30;

Rome, 678-681, Pope, Agathon, Pope Agatho, heard Wilfrid of York, 6th Ecumenical Council, Monothelitism, two wills
Pope, 678-681, Agathon, Pope Agatho; Agatho (died January 681) served as the bishop of Rome from 27 June 678 until his death.[2] heard the appeal of Wilfrid of York, who had been displaced from his See by the division of the Archdiocese ordered by Theodore of Canterbury. Agatho's tenure, the Sixth Ecumenical Council was convened which dealt with the monothelitism controversy. He is venerated as a saint by both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. St Agathon the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 20 ;

Rome, 700-799, 8th Century Folder, Lombards till 774, then Franks and HRE

Rome, 708-716, Pope Gregory II
Pope, 708-716, Pope Gregory II; Translation of the Image "" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16;

Pope731-741, Pope Gregory III, Iconoclasm, Lombards
Pope731-741, Pope Gregory III; Gregory III (Latin: Gregorius III; died 28 November 741) was the bishop of Rome from 11 February 731 to his death. pontificate, like that of his predecessor, was disturbed by Byzantine iconoclasm and the advance of the Lombards, in which he invoked the intervention of Charles Martel, although ultimately in vain. He was the last pope to seek the consent of the Byzantine exarch of Ravenna for his election.

Rome, 774, Siege of Pavia (773–74), Frankish Invasion, Ended Lombard Kingdom
Rome, 774, Siege of Pavia (773–74); Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Rome, 774, Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa, 774-1797
Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Rome, 795-816, Roman Pope, Leo III, Crowned Charlemagne HRE Emperor, but could not help the Iconodules
Roman Pope, 795-816, Leo III ; Leo III (Latin: Leo; fl. 12 June 816) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death. by Charlemagne from the supporters of his predecessor, Adrian I, Leo subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him emperor. The coronation was not approved in Constantinople, although the Byzantines, occupied with their own defenses, were in no position to offer much opposition. Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4 ; Gregory and Joseph fearlessly defended the veneration of holy icons. They preached in the city squares and visited in the homes of the Orthodox, encouraging them against the heretics. The Church of Constantinople was in a most grievous position. Not only the emperor, but also the patriarch were iconoclast heretics. that time the Roman bishops were in communion with the Eastern Church, and Pope Leo III, who was not under the dominion of the Byzantine Emperor, was able to render great help to the Orthodox. The Orthodox monks chose Saint Joseph as a steadfast and eloquent messenger to the Pope. Saint Gregory blessed him to journey to Rome and to report on the plight of the Church of Constantinople, the atrocities of the iconoclasts, and the dangers threatening Orthodoxy. HE DID NOT MAKE IT TO ROME the journey, Saint Joseph was captured by Arab brigands who had been bribed by the iconoclasts. They took him to the island of Crete, where they handed him over to the iconoclasts, who locked him up in prison. enduring all the deprivations, he encouraged the other prisoners. By his prayers, a certain Orthodox bishop who had begun to waver was strengthened in spirit and courageously accepted martyrdom. Joseph spent six years in prison. On the night of the Nativity of Christ in 820 he was granted a vision of Saint Nicholas of Myra, who told him about the death of the iconoclast Leo the Armenian, and the end of the persecution. Nicholas gave him a paper scroll and said, “Take this scroll and eat it.” On the scroll was written: “Hasten, O Gracious One, and come to our aid if possible and as You will, for You are the Merciful One.” The monk read the scroll, ate it and said, “How sweet are Thine oracles to my throat” (Ps 118/119:103). Saint Nicholas bade him to sing these words. this the fetters fell off the saint, the doors of the prison opened, and he emerged from it. He was transported through the air and set down on a large road near Constantinople, leading into the city. he reached Constantinople, Saint Joseph found that Saint Gregory the Dekapolite was no longer among the living, leaving behind his disciple John (April 18), who soon died. Saint Joseph built a church dedicated to Saint Nicholas and transferred the relics of Saints Gregory and John there. A monastery was founded near the church. Joseph received a portion of the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from a certain virtuous man. He built a church in memory of the holy apostle. He loved and honored Saint Bartholomew, and he was distressed that there was no Canon glorifying the holy Apostle. He desired to adorn the Feast of Saint Bartholomew with hymns, but he did not dare to compose them himself. forty days Saint Joseph prayed with tears, preparing for the Feast of the holy apostle. On the eve of the Feast the Apostle Bartholomew appeared to him in the altar. He pressed the holy Gospel to Joseph’s bosom, and blessed him to write church hymns with the words: “May the right hand of the Almighty God bless you, may your tongue pour forth waters of heavenly wisdom, may your heart be a temple of the Holy Spirit, and may your hymnody delight the entire world.” this miraculous appearance, Saint Joseph composed a Canon to the Apostle Bartholomew, and from that time he began to compose hymns and Canons in honor of the Mother of God, of the saints, and in honor of Saint Nicholas, who liberated him from prison. the revival of the iconoclast heresy under the emperor Theophilus (829-842), Saint Joseph suffered a second time from the heretics. He was exiled to Cherson [Chersonessus] for eleven years. The Orthodox veneration of holy icons was restored under the holy empress Theodora (February 11) in 842, and Saint Joseph was made keeper of sacred vessels at Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Because of his bold denunciation of the brother of the empress, Bardas, for unlawful cohabitation, the saint was again sent into exile and returned only after Bardas died in 867.

Rome, 800, 9th Century on, Folder, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom and Republic

Rome, 800-814, Charlemagne, a Frank, Holy Roman Emperor
Roman Emperor, 800-814, Charlemagne, a Frank, Holy Roman Emperor; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Rome, 814-840, HRE Emperor, Louis the Pious, Aquitaine, v over muslim Barcelona, sons civil war
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 814-840, Louis the Pious; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœIveronÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Rome, 844-875, Louis II of Italy, Holy Roman Emperor
Roman Emperor, 844-875, Louis II of Italy, Holy Roman Emperor ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2;

Rome. 855-858, Roman Pope, Pope Benedict III, elected, schism, imprisoned by emperor, restored
Roman Pope. 855-858, Pope Benedict III; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17 ;

Rome, 858-867, Roman Pope, Pope Nicholas I
Roman Pope. 858-867, Pope Nicholas I; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6;

Rome, 867-872, Pope, Adrian II
Pope, 867-872, Adrian II ; holy brothers were then summoned to Rome at the invitation of the Roman Pope. Pope Adrian received them with great honor, since they brought with them the relics of the Hieromartyr Clement. Sickly by nature and in poor health, Saint Cyril soon fell ill from his many labors, and after taking the schema, he died in the year 869 at the age of forty-two. Before his death, he expressed his wish for his brother to continue the Christian enlightenment of the Slavs. Saint Cyril was buried in the Roman church of Saint Clement, whose own relics also rest there, brought to Italy from Cherson by the Enlighteners of the Slavs. Adrian II (792 – 14 December 872) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 867 to his death. He continued the policy of his predecessor, Nicholas I. Despite seeking good relations with Louis II of Italy, he was placed under surveillance, and his wife and daughters were killed by Louis' supporters. 1 Family 2 Pontificate 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links was a member of a noble Roman family. In his youth, he married a woman named Stephania and had a daughter with her.[2] Adrian was selected to become pope on 14 December 867. He was already at an advanced age, and objected to assuming the papacy.[3] His wife and daughter moved with him to the Lateran Palace.[4] II maintained, but with less energy, the policies of his predecessor, Nicholas I. King Lothair II of Lotharingia, who died in 869, left Adrian to mediate between the Frankish kings with a view to secure the imperial inheritance to Lothair's brother Louis II of Italy.[5] Adrian sought to maintain good relations with Louis, since the latter's campaigns in southern Italy had the potential to free the papacy from the threat posed by the Muslims.[6] Photius I of Constantinople, shortly after the council in which he had pronounced sentence of deposition against Pope Nicholas I, was driven from the patriarchate by a new Byzantine emperor, Basil the Macedonian, who favoured Photius' rival, Ignatius. The Fourth Council of Constantinople was convoked to decide this matter. At this council Adrian was represented by legates who presided at the condemnation of Photius as a heretic, but did not succeed in coming to an understanding with Ignatius on the subject of jurisdiction over the Bulgarian Church.[5] Nicholas I, Adrian was forced to submit in temporal affairs to the interference of Emperor Louis II, who placed him under the surveillance of Bishop Arsenius of Orte, his confidential adviser, and Arsenius' nephew Anastasius the Librarian.[5] In 868, Adrian's wife and daughter were carried off and murdered by Arsenius' son Eleutherius, who had forcibly married the daughter.[7] died on 14 December 872, after exactly five years of pontificate.[5] CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2;

Rome, 872-882, Pope, John VIII
Rome, 872-882, Pope, John VIII; John VIII (Latin: Ioannes VIII; died 16 December 882) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 14 December 872 to his death. He is often considered one of the ablest popes of the 9th century.[1] devoted much of his papacy attempting to halt and reverse the Muslim gains in southern Italy and their march northwards. When his efforts to obtain assistance from either the Franks or the Byzantines failed, John strengthened the defenses of Rome. He supported Methodius of Thessalonica in his mission to the Slavs, defended him against the Carolingian rulers and Bavarian clergy, and authorized the translation of the Bible into Slavonic. John also extended diplomatic recognition to the Duchy of Croatia and resolved the Photian schism. John's pontificate ended with his assassination, and the papacy became significantly weaker in the aftermath. 1 Slavonic liturgy 2 Saracen incursions 3 Constantinople problems 4 Death 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links liturgy[edit] VIII's letter to Svatopluk I of Moravia Adrian II consecrated Methodius of Thessalonica as archbishop and supported his mission to the Slavs. Unbeknownst to Rome, Methodius was imprisoned in 870 by the Carolingian King Louis the German and Bavarian bishops, who objected to his use of the Slavonic language in the liturgy and his encroachment on their jurisdiction in Moravia.[2] Adrian II died in 872, and John VIII, a Roman native,[3] was selected to succeed him. When Bishop Anno of Freising visited Rome, John inquired about the whereabouts of the missing Methodius, but Anno lied to him. In the summer of 873, John finally learned the truth. Furious, he forbade the celebration of mass in Bavaria until Methodius was released.[4] After his release, Methodius came to Rome and convinced John to allow him to translate the Bible to Slavonic as well as to perform liturgy in Slavonic. John wrote: "He who made three main languages - Hebrew, Greek, and Roman - also made all other languages to sing his praise and glory."[5] incursions[edit] a young man, John witnessed the Arab raid against Rome. Their expansion into Italy was severely affecting the economy of the Papal States.[3] After the raids against Campania and the Sabine Hills, Pope John asked for military aid from Emperor Charles the Bald and later Count Boso of Provence.[6] His efforts failed and he was forced to pay tribute to the Emirate of Sicily.[7] The threatening Muslim military presence (which he believed was God's punishment against "bad Christians"),[8] coupled with alliances they formed with the local Christians, prompted John to promote "a new and uncompromisingly hostile view of the Saracens." This included a ban on forming alliances with the Muslims. However, his efforts proved unsuccessful,[9] partly because Christian leaders viewed his calls for unity as an excuse to assert papal authority in southern Italy.[8] 876 bull of John VIII 876, John VIII traveled throughout Campania in an effort to form an alliance among the cities of Salerno, Capua, Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi against Muslim raids. By 877, all five cities sent delegates to Traietto to formalize an alliance.[10] Pope John VIII urged Charles to come to his defence in Italy. Charles again crossed the Alps, but this expedition was received with little enthusiasm by the nobles, and even by his regent in Lombardy, Boso, and they refused to join his army. At the same time Carloman of Bavaria, son of Louis the German, entered northern Italy. Charles, ill and in great distress, started on his way back to Gaul, but died while crossing the pass of Mont Cenis on 6 October 877.[11] relatively little support from outside sources, John fell back on what resources he could command. He reinforced the walls previously restored by Pope Leo IV. As the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls was located outside the Aurelian Walls, and had been damaged in a Saracen raid, the pope fortified the basilica, the monastery, and the nearby dwellings of the peasants. He also founded a papal fleet.[5] problems[edit] 879, John recognised the reinstatement of Photios I as the legitimate patriarch of Constantinople. Photius had been condemned in 869 by Adrian II. This was undertaken mainly to appease the Byzantines, since in them he saw the only hope of removing the Arabs from Italy.[12] Some time afterward, John VIII re-confirmed the excommunication of Photius, which eventually enabled Emperor Leo VI to move against Photius.[13] was anxious that the Duchy of Croatia would follow in the steps of Bulgaria, which had recently accepted the spiritual authority of Constantinople rather than that of Rome. After the overthrow of the pro-Byzantine Zdeslav in 879, John thanked the new duke, Branimir, for returning Croatia to papal jurisdiction. In return, John recognized Croatian independence from the Carolingians.[14] VIII was assassinated in 882 by his own clerics; he was first poisoned, and then clubbed to death.[5] The motives may have been his exhaustion of the papal treasury, his lack of support among the Carolingians, his gestures towards the Byzantines, and his failure to stop the Saracen raids.[15] Without the protection of powerful magnates or the Carolingian emperor, the papacy after John VIII's reign became increasingly subject to the machinations and greedy ambition of the rival clans of the local nobility.[5] St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869);

Rome, 896-897, Pope Steven VI, best known for Cadaver Synod, which led to his downfall and death.
Rome, 896-897, Pope Steven VI; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Rome, 901-915, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Blind
Roman Emperor, 901-915, Louis the Blind, Holy Roman Emperor; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Rome, 1032-1048, Holy Roman Pope, Benedict IX, Sold the Papacy early, then reconsidered
Rome, 1048-1049, Holy Roman Pope, Damasus II; St. Procopius, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Rome, 1048-1049, Holy Roman Pope, Damasus II
Rome, 1048-1049, Holy Roman Pope, Damasus II; St. Procopius, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Rome, 1049-1055, Holy Roman Pope, Leo IX
Rome, 1049-1055, Holy Roman Pope, Leo IX; St. Procopius, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Rome, 1055-1057, Holy Roman Pope, Victor II
Rome, 1055-1057, Holy Roman Pope, Victor II;

Rome, 1057-1059, Holy Roman Pope, Stephen IX

Rome, 1059-1061, Holy Roman Pope, Nicholas II
Rome, 1059-1061, Holy Roman Pope, Nicholas II;

Rome, 1061-1073, Holy Roman Pope, Alexander II
Rome, 1061-1073, Holy Roman Pope, Alexander II;

Rome, 1073-1085, Holy Roman Pope, Gregory VII, reformer, investiture c with Henry IV
Roman Pope, 1073-1085, Gregory VII; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10;

Rome, 1084-1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Roman Emperor, 1084-1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3;

Rome, 1088-1099, Pope Urban II
Rome, 1088-1099, Pope Urban II; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May ;

First Crusade, 1096
First Crusade, 1096 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Roman Emperor, 1137-1190, Frederick 1, Rome
Roman Emperor, 1137-1190, Frederick 1, Rome;

Rome, 1195-1242, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake
Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1242, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III; Rome, 1191-1198, Pope, Celestine III; Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Rome, 1130-1143, Pope Innocent II
Rome, 1130-1143, Pope Innocent II; Rome, 1130-1138, Antipope Anacletus II; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rome, 1130-1138, Antipope Anacletus II
Rome, 1130-1138, Antipope Anacletus II; Rome, 1130-1143, Pope Innocent II; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rome, 1145-1153, Pope Eugene III
Rome, 1145-1153, Pope Eugene III ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Rome, 1243-1254, Pope Innocent IV, conflicts w Fred II, burning Talmuds, then not, Lyon
Rome, 1243-1254, Pope Innocent IV ; ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253) Commemorated November 17;

Rome, 1245-1274, Holy Roman Saint, Thomas Aquias
Belgium, 1245-1274, Holy Roman Saint, Thomas Aquias; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Rome, 1254-1261, Pope Alexander IV
Rome, 1254-1261, Pope Alexander IV ; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1261-1265, Pope Urban IV
Rome, 1261-1265, Pope Urban IV; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1265-1271, Pope Clement IV
Rome, 1265-1271, Pope Clement IV; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1271-1276, Pope Gregory X
Rome, 1271-1276, Pope Gregory X; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1276-1276, Pope Innocent V
Rome, 1276-1276, Pope Innocent V; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1276-1276, Pope Adrian V
Rome, 1276-1276, Pope Adrian V; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1276-1277, Pope John XXI
Rome, 1276-1277, Pope John XXI; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1277-1281, Pope Nicholas III
Rome, 1277-1281, Pope Nicholas III; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1281-1285, Pope Martin IV
Rome, 1281-1285, Pope Martin IV ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mount Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1285-1288, Pope Honorius IV
Rome, 1285-1288, Pope Honorius IV; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1288-1294, Pope Nicholas IV
Rome, 1288-1294, Pope Nicholas IV; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1294-1294, Pope Celestine V
Rome, 1294-1294, Pope Celestine V; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1294-1303, Pope Boniface VIII
Rome, 1294-1303, Pope Boniface VIII; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1303-1305, Pope Benedict XI
Rome, 1303-1305, Pope Benedict XI; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1305-1316, Pope Clement V
Rome, 1305-1316, Pope Clement V; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Rome, 1316-1334, Pope Benedict XII
Rome, 1316-1334, Pope Benedict XII;

Rome, 1334-1342, Pope Benedict XII
Rome, 1334-1342, Pope Benedict XII;

Rome, 1342-1352, Pope Clement VI
Rome, 1342-1352, Pope Clement VI ; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Rome, 1367-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA
France, 1367-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA; Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Rome, 1370-1378, Roman Pope, Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon Popes
Pope, 1370-1378, Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon Popes; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Rome, 1378-1389, Roman Pope, Pope Urban VI
Roman Pope, 1378-1389, Pope Urban VI; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ;

Rome, 1389-1404, Pope Boniface IX
Roman Pope, 1389-1404, Pope Boniface IX; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Roman Pope, 1404-1406, Pope Innocent VII
Roman Pope, 1404-1406, Pope Innocent VII; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Roman Pope, 1406-1415, Pope Gregory XII
Roman Pope, 1406-1415, Pope Gregory XII ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Roman Catholic Council, 1431-1444, Council of Florence
Roman Catholic Council, 1431-1444, Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Rome, 1494-1559, Italian Wars
Rome, 1494-1559, Italian Wars;

Rome, 1519-1556, Charles V from Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor
Roman Emperor, 1519-1556, Charles V from Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Rome, 1559-1713, Spanish Domination of Italy
Rome, 1559-1713, Spanish Domination of Italy;

Rome, 1534-1549, Pope, Paul III
Pope, 1534-1549, Paul III ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15;

Rome, 1592-1605, Pope, Clement VIII
Pope, 1592-1605, Clement VIII; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600);

Rome, 1713-1796, Austrian Domination of Italy
Rome, 1713-1796, Austrian Domination of Italy;

Rome, 1796-1814, French Domination of Italy
Rome, 1796-1814, French Domination of Italy;

Rome, 1805-1814, Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)
Rome, 1805-1814, Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic);

Rome, 1846-1878, Pope, Pius IX
Rome, 1846-1878, Pope, Pius IX; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21;

Rome, 1848, Revolutions of 1848, Springtime of Nations, 50 Countries, for democracy, free press, Potato Famine, L forced into exile
Rome, 1848, Revolutions of 1848; Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples[2] or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history. revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states.[citation needed] revolutions spread across Europe after an initial revolution began in France in February. Over 50 countries were affected, but with no significant coordination or cooperation among their respective revolutionaries. of the major contributing factors were widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership, demands for more participation in government and democracy, demands for freedom of the press, other demands made by the working class, the upsurge of nationalism, the regrouping of established government forces,[3] and the European Potato Failure, which triggered mass starvation, migration, and civil unrest.[4] uprisings were led by temporary coalitions of reformers, the middle classes ("the bourgeoisie") and workers.[5] the coalitions did not hold together for long. Many of the revolutions were quickly suppressed; tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more were forced into exile. lasting reforms included the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the introduction of representative democracy in the Netherlands. The revolutions were most important in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the states of the German Confederation that would make up the German Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21;

Rome, 1861-1946, Kingdom of Italy
Rome, 1861-1946, Kingdom of Italy; Kingdom of Italy (Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861 – when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy – until 1946, when civil discontent led an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic. The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Savoy-led Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866 and received the region of Veneto following their victory. Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, thereby ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, following strong disagreements with France about the respective colonial expansions. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste, corners of Austria-Hungary populated by Italians. So during World War I, Italy accepted the British invitation to join the Allied Powers, as the western powers promised territorial compensation (at the expense of Austria-Hungary) for participation that was more generous than Vienna's offer in exchange for Italian neutrality. Victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. "Fascist Italy" is the era of National Fascist Party government from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government. The fascists imposed totalitarian rule and crushed the political and intellectual opposition, while promoting economic modernization, traditional social values and a rapprochement with the Roman Catholic Church. According to Payne (1996), "[the] Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases". The first phase (1923–1925) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a "legally-organized executive dictatorship". Then came the second phase, "the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper, from 1925 to 1929". The third phase, with less activism, was 1929 to 1934. The fourth phase, 1935–1940, was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: war against Ethiopia, launched from Italian Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, which resulted in its annexation;[3] confrontations with the League of Nations, leading to sanctions; growing economic autarky; and the signing of the Pact of Steel. The war itself (1940–1943) was the fifth phase with its disasters and defeats, while the rump Salò Government under German control was the final stage (1943–1945).[4] Italy was an important member of the Axis powers in World War II, battling on several fronts with initial success. However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa and in the Soviet Union and the subsequent Allied landings in Sicily, King Victor Emmanuel III placed Mussolini under arrest, and the Fascist Party in areas (south of Rome) controlled by the Allied invaders was shut down. The new government signed an armistice in September 1943. German forces immediately occupied northern Italy with Fascists' help, setting up the Italian Social Republic, a collaborationist puppet state still led by Mussolini and his Fascist loyalists. As a consequence, the country descended into civil war, with the Italian Co-belligerent Army and the resistance movement contended the Social Republic's forces and its German allies. Shortly after the war and the liberation of the country, civil discontent led to the institutional referendum on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the present-day Italian state. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26 ;

Rome, 1869-1870, First Vatican Council
First Vatican Council (1869-1870); Second Vatican Council ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Rome, 1878-1903, Pope Leo XIII
Rome, 1878-1903, Pope Leo XIII; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21;

Rome, 1958-1963, Roman Pope, Pope John XXIII
Roman Pope, 1958-1963, Pope John XXIII; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 4;

Rome, 1962-1965, Second Vatican Council
Second Vatican Council ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Rome, 1963, Peace on Earth (Pacem in Terris, 1963)
Pacem in Terris (1963); Vatican City ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Rome, Central Italy, Tiber River Folder

Tiber River

Tiber River Source (Mount Fumaiolo)
Mount Fumaiolo;

Apennine Mountains
Apennine Mountains; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12;

Tiber River 1 (Unbria Region, Assisi)

San Damiano, Assisi Church, 1150 or 12th Century
San Damiano, Assisi ; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FRANCIS OF ASSISI;

Umbria Region, Italy (Tiber River 1)
Umbria Region; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30 ; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ;

Assisi, Umbria, Italy (Tiber River 1)
Assisi; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226);

Monte Subasio
Monte Subasio;

Lake Trasimeno

Tiber River 2 (Spoleto)

Tiber River 3 (Nera River Mouth)

Tiber River 4

Tiber River 5 (Rome)

Tiber River 6 (Rome)

Tiber River Mouth (Ostia, Tyrrhenian Sea, Mediterranean Sea)

Ostia (the port city of Rome, Tiber River Mouth)
Ostia (the port city of Rome) ; Virginmartyr Susanna, Commemorated on August 11 ; Martyr Felix Beheaded at Ostia; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ;

Rome, Central Italy, Aniene River Folder

Aniene River

Aniene River Source (Trevi nel Lazio, Monti Ernici Mountains)
Trevi nel Lazio; Monti Ernici Mountains;

Monti Ernici Mountains
Monti Ernici Mountains;

Ferentino (Monti Ernici Mountains)
Ferentino (Monti Ernici Mountains); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Aniene River 1

Aniene River 2 (Subiaco)

Subiaco (Aniene River 2), East of Rome
Subiaco, Lazio; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Benedict of Nursia; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14;

Aniene River 3

Aniene River 4

Aniene River Mouth (Rome, Tiber River 5)

Mausoleum of St Agnes at Rome (Aniene River Mouth area) 306
mausoleum of St Agnes at Rome; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304);

St Agnes Church of Rome (Aniene River Mouth area) 306
mausoleum of St Agnes at Rome; Commemoration of the Weeping Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign" at Novgorod, Commemorated on November 27 ; AGNES OF ROME, MARTYR (21 JAN 304);

Rome, Central Italy, Nera River Folder

Nera River

Sibillini Mountains
Sibillini Mountains;

Nera Rvier Source (Sibillini Mountains)

Nera River 1 (Nurisa)

Nursia (Nera River 1), Northeast of Rome
Nursia; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Benedict of Nursia; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14;

Nera River 2

Trebium (Nera River 2)
Trebium Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18;

Nera River 3

Nera River 4 (near Spoleto)

Spoleto (Nera River 4, foothills Apennine Mountains)
Spoleto; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Concordius of Spoleto, Commemorated on June 4;

Nera River 5

Nera River 9 (Nera River Plain)

Terni (Nera River Plain, NR 9)
Terni (Nera River Plain) ; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated July 30

Interamna, Terni, Italy (Nera River 9)
Interamna; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated July 30

Nera River Mouth (Tiber River 3)

Rome, Italy, Via Salaria Folder

Via Salaria
Via Salaria;

Via Nomentana (ancient road from Rome to Nomentana, only 23 K)
Via Nomentana (ancient road from Rome to Nomentana, only 23 K, probably same route as the longer Via Salaria (Salt Road)); Virginmartyr Agnes of Rome, Commemorated January 21 ;

Via Salaria 1 (Porta Salaria Gate, Aurelain Walls)
Porta Salaria Gate, Gardens of Sallust, Aurelian Walls;

Via Salaria 2 (Rieti)
Rieti;

Interocrea (Antrodoco, between the mountains, Via Salaria)
Interocrea (Antrodoco, between the mountains); St Severus the Presbyter of Interocrea in Italy, Commemorated on June 27;

Via Salaria 3 (Asculum, Ascoli Piceno)
Ascoli Piceno;

Via Salaria 4 (Castrum Truentinum, Adriatic Sea)
Castrum Truentinum;

Adrianium, Italy (Hadrianium)
Adrianium, Italy (Hadrianium) ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30;

Theato, Italy
Theato, Italy; Martyr Eleutherius of Constantinople, Commemorated August 14

Via Salaria 5 (Ancona)
Ancona;

Rome, Italy, Via Aurelia Folder

Via Aurelia (Roman Road - Pisa to Rome)
Via Aurelia;

Via Aurelia 1 (Pisa)
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome; Pisa;

Via Aurelia 2 (Cosa)

Via Aurelia 3 - Aurelian gate, Porta St Pancrazio
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome - Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio. Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

Rome, Italy, Appian Way Folder

Appian Way 336 Miles or 540 Kilometers
Appian Way;

Appian Way Route 2

Terracina (Appian Way, south of Rome)
Terracina, near Rome ; Martyr Julian the Presbyter at Terracina, Commemorated October 7 ;

Appian Way (Rome)
Appian Way;

Appian Way (Naples)

Appian Way (Bari)

Appian Way (Brindisi)

Appian Way (Trullo)

Rome, Italy, Vatican Folder

Vatican City
Vatican City ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda orœthe RomanÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64);

Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, Rome, 1626
Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican; Icon œNot Made by HandsÂÂ from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11 ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64);

Bacilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles, Rome, 560 Approx
Bacilica of the Twelve Holy Apostles; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT);

Porta San Pancrazio
Porta San Pancrazio; Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

St Boniface Church, P.za di Sant'Alessio, 23, 00153 Roma RM, Italy
St Boniface Church, P.za di Sant'Alessio, 23, 00153 Roma RM, Italy; Saint Gregory, Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19;

Piazza Farnese (Rome, near Vatican)
Piazza Farnese, Saint Jerome's hand is enshrined in a Church near Piazza Farnese; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Uniates - Eastern Catholic Churches
Uniates - Eastern Catholic Churches ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5;

Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain, 1540
Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain; St. Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Rome, Italy, Latern Hill Folder

Lateran hill, Rome
Lateran hill; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

Latern Palace
Latern Palace; Latern Council; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21;

Lateran Cathedral, 324
Lateran Cathedral; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22;

church of the holy Martyrs Laurence and Pope Damasus at Rome, 258
church of the holy Martyrs Laurence and Pope Damasus at Rome; Hieromartyr Hippolytus, and those with him, Commemorated on January 30;

Rome, Italy, Coliseum area Folder

Coliseum, Rome
Coliseum; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Comemorated February 26 ;

Mamertine Prison, Rome, 640 BC
Mamertine Prison; Martyr Processus of Rome, Commemorated on April 11;

Roman Senate (Curia Julia)
Roman Senate (Curia Julia); Apostle Pudens of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15;

Basilica (Church) of San Clemente, Rome
Church of San Clemente, Rome; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ;

Church (Basilica) of San Clemente, Rome
Church of San Clemente, Rome; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ;

Saint Sebastian's Basilica (near Rome)
Saint Sebastian's Basilica at the catacombs in Rome; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ;

Rome, Italy, Corsica and Sardinia Islands Folder

Corsica
Corsica; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated July 16 ;

Sardinia
Sardinia ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ;

Romania Folder, its Danube rivers, Southeastern Carpathian Mts, its rivers go south to the Danube

Romania
Romania; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSokolskyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 1; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Wallachia (Ottoman Romania)
Wallachia; St Constantine Brancoveanu(of Wallachia); St Gabriel I the Patriarch; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22;

Romania, 270-900, Romania in the Early Middle Ages
Romania, 270-900, Romania in the Early Middle Ages; Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania
Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422
Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1330-1859, Wallachia, Ottoman till 1774, then Russian
Romanian Land (Wallachia), 1330-1859 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Wallachia)
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Vlachia (Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Wallachia and Moldovia))
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Vlahia (Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Ottoman name for Wallachia and Moldovia))
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Romania, 1774-1859, Romania (Wallachia) under Russian Control
Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes ; Russo-Turkish War (1768-“1774) ;

Romania, 1821, Wallacian Revolution
Romania, 1981, Wallacian Revolution; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania
Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom
Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Wallachian Plain

Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Transylvania, Romania, Ukranian Russia)
Carpathian Mountains; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Romanian Lands
Romanian Lands: Danubian Principalities: the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century;

Danube River in Romania

Romania 50-1989. Romania History Folder

Romania, 000-099, Folder, 1st Century, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew

Romania, 50, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna
Mongol, Scythia, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Romania, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew
Romania, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constan›a in Romania, Commemorated on July 7;

Romania, 270-900, Folder, in the Early Middle Ages, Goths, Huns, and Early Slavs

Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia, Buzau River
Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman
Romania, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Romania, 900-1220, Folder, Part of Cumania

Romania, 1220-1330, Folder, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire

Romania, 1330-1774, Folder, in the Ottoman Empire

Romania, 1330-1859, Wallacia, Ottoman till 1774, then Russian
Romanian Land (Wallachia), 1330-1859 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Wallachia (Romania), 1330-1859
Wallachia (Romania), 1330-1859; St Constantine Brancoveanu(of Wallachia); St Gabriel I the Patriarch; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22;

Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859

Romania, 1386-1418, Romanian Vivode (Governor, Commander), Mircea I of Wallachia, The Elder
Romania, 1386-1418, Romanian Vivode (Governor, Commander), Mircea I of Wallachia, The Elder, The Great; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia. Commemorated on October 14;

Romania, 1394-1397, Wallacian Prince, Vlad I of Wallachia, Vlad the Usurper
Wallacian Prince, 1394-1397, Vlad I of Wallachia, Vlad the Usurper; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2;

Romania, 1436-1447, Wallacian Prince, Vlad II Dracul, impaler or dracula's father
Wallacian Prince, 1436-1447, Vlad II Dracul; Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 -“ November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in the nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II. After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of 1438. John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode. Vlad was released before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the support of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from Târgoviște in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

Romania, 1447-1456,Wallacian Prince, Vladislav II of Wallachia
Wallacian Prince, 1447-1456, Vladislav II of Wallachia; Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in the nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II. After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of 1438. John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode. Vlad was released before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the support of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from Târgoviște in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

Romania, 1456-1477, Wallacian Prince, Vladislav III Dracul, Impaler or Dracula, hero, died fighting Ms, Orthodox
Wallacian Prince, 1456-1477, Vladislav III Dreacul, Vlad the Impaler; Vlad III, most commonly known as Vlad the Impaler (1428/31 -1476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania.[4] was the second son of Vlad Dracul, who became the ruler of Wallachia in 1436. Vlad and his younger brother, Radu, were held as hostages in the Ottoman Empire in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. Vlad's father and eldest brother, Mircea, were murdered after John Hunyadi, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed Vlad's second cousin, Vladislav II, as the new voivode. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and Vladislav accompanied him. Vlad broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but Vladislav returned and Vlad sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. Vlad went to Moldavia in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. between Hungary and Vladislav later deteriorated, and in 1456 Vlad invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support. Vladislav died fighting against him. Vlad began a purge among the Wallachian boyars to strengthen his position. He came into conflict with the Transylvanian Saxons, who supported his opponents, Dan and Basarab Laiota (who were Vladislav's brothers), and Vlad's illegitimate half-brother, Vlad the Monk. Vlad plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them impaled (which inspired his cognomen). Peace was restored in 1460. Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, ordered Vlad to pay homage to him personally, but Vlad had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled. In February 1462, he attacked Ottoman territory, massacring tens of thousands of Turks and Mehmed launched a campaign against Wallachia to replace Vlad with Vlad's younger brother, Radu. Vlad attempted to capture the sultan at Targovia™te during the night of 16-“17 June 1462. The sultan and the main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. Vlad went to Transylvania to seek assistance from Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in late 1462, but Corvinus had him imprisoned. was held in captivity in Visegra¡d from 1463 to 1475. this period, anecdotes about his cruelty started to spread in Germany and Italy. He was released at the request of Stephen III of Moldavia in the summer of 1475. He fought in Corvinus's army against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. Hungarian and Moldavian troops helped him to force Basarab Laiota (who had dethroned Vlad's brother, Radu) to flee from Wallachia in November. Basarab returned with Ottoman support before the end of the year. Vlad was killed in battle before 10 January 1477. describing Vlad's cruel acts were among the first bestsellers in the German-speaking territories. Russia, popular stories suggested that Vlad was able to strengthen central government only through applying brutal punishments, and a similar view was adopted by most Romanian historians in the 19th century. reputation for cruelty and his patronymic inspired the name of the vampire Count Dracula. St. Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Wallacian Prince, 1477-1482, Basarab Tepelus cel Tanar
Wallacian Prince, 1477-1482, Basarab Tepelus cel Tanar;

Wallacian Prince, 1482-1495, Vlad Calugarul
Wallacian Prince, 1482-1495, Vlad Calugarul;

Romania, 1486-1496, Despot, George Brancovich, relinquished, monk, krusedol monastery, Romanian envoy
Serbian Prince, 1486-1496, George Brancovich ; as George; also known as Saint Maksim; b. 1461 “ d. 1516) was the last male member of the Brankovic dynasty, and titular Despot of Serbia from 1486 to 1497. The title was granted to him by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. From 1493, he shared the title with his brother Jovan. In 1497, he relinquished all titles and possessions to his brother, and decided to take monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim. built the Kruskedol monastery, and served as diplomatic envoy for prince Radu IV the Great of Wallachia (1507). 1513, he became Metropolitan of Belgrade. After his death (1516), he was venerated as saint, and canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Romania, 1495-1508, Wallacian Prince, Radu IV the Great, impaler's brother
Wallacian Prince, 1495-1508, Radu IV the Great; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20;

Romania, 1632-1654, Romanian Prince, Matei Basarab
Romanian Prince, 1632-1654, Matei Basarab; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1654-1658, Romanian Prince, Constantin Serban
Romanian Prince, 1654-1658, Constantin Serban; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1688-1714, Prince, Constantine Brincoveanu, inherited L fortune, stolen by Turks, almost w Rus, Martyr
Romanian Prince, 1688-1714, Constantine Brincoveanu; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1690, Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Orthodox over HRE
Romania, Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1714-1716, Stefan Cantacuzino, last prince of Wallacia, exposed CB to the Turks, then Phanorite rule
Romanian Prince, 1714-1716, Stefan Cantacuzino, last prince of Wallacia; Romanian Prince, 1688-1714, Constantine Brincoveanu; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia, laws, taxes, emancipation
Romania, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia; Constantine Mavrocordatos (February 27, 1711 -November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals between 1730 and 1769. As a ruler he issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs and a more humane treatment of slaves. St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War, Moldovia, Ochakov, Crimea, Black and Azov Seas
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Romania, 1774-1859, Folder, under Russian Control, Callinicus of Cernica

Romania, 1800-1821, Romanian Revolutionary, Tudor Vladimirescu
Romanian Revolutionary, 1800-1821, Tudor Vladimirescu; Vladimirescu (c. 1780 - 7 June [O.S. 26 May] 1821) was a Romanian revolutionary hero, the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821 and of the Pandur militia. He is also known as Tudor din Vladimiri (Tudor from Vladimiri) or, occasionally, as Domnul Tudor (Voivode Tudor). 1 Background 2 Uprising 3 Legacy 4 Quotes 5 References 6 External links was born in Vladimiri, Gorj County (in the region of Oltenia) in a family of landed peasants (mazili); his birth year is usually given as 1780, but this is still debated. At the age of 12, he was sent to Craiova, in service to boyar Ioan Glogoveanu, where he would later learn rhetoric, grammar and the Greek language. He became administrator of the boyar's estate and, in 1806, was named vătaf (leader of the local militias) at Cloșani. Tudor's experience as a servant made him familiar with customs, habits and objectives of landowners; this insight helped him walk the fine line between conflicting interests of boyars and peasants in the first months of the uprising against the Phanariotes. While leader of a mainly peasant movement, Tudor did his best not to antagonize the elite, punishing any destruction of property.[1] enrolled in the Russian army and took part in the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812. Consequently, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and given Russian protection and immunity from prosecution under both Wallachian and Ottoman legislation (see Sudiți). This contributed to Tudor's decisions throughout the uprising, alongside his belief that Russia was backing his actions. After the war, Tudor returned to Oltenia. He traveled briefly to Vienna, in 1814, in order to attend a lawsuit involving Glogoveanu's wife's patrimony. The trip coincided with the Peace Congress, and it is believed that Vladimirescu followed the treaties' outcome. in the country in 1815, Tudor learned that Ada Kaleh Ottoman garrison, who roamed Mehedinți and Gorj, had also destroyed his household from Cerneți. 1812 to 1821, Vladimirescu slowly built a follower base. The Pandurs respected his military skills, and many sources point out his charisma and outstanding negotiating abilities. He would also have been familiarised with the outcomes of the First and Second Serbian Uprising. Alexandros Soutzos' death in January 1821 led to the forming of a temporary Comitet de Ocârmuire ("Governing Committee"), three regents - all of them members of the most representative indigenous boyar families, of which the most prominent was Caimacam Grigore Brâncoveanu. The Comitet, motivated against competition and denied Phanariote rulers' favours, decided to quickly manoeuver anti-boyar and anti-Phanariote sentiment in Wallachia (and especially in Oltenia), acting before the newly appointed Scarlat Callimachi could claim his throne. Therefore, an agreement between it and the Pandurs was reached on the 15th: Dimitrie Macedonski was awarded the post of lieutenant to Tudor. very same day, Vladimirescu sent a letter to the Ottoman Court of Mahmud II, stating that his objective was not the rejection of Ottoman rule, but that of the Phanariote regime, and showing his willingness for preservation of the traditional institutions. The statements were meant to buy Tudor time against Ottoman response, as he was already in negotiations with the Greek Anti-Ottoman revolutionary society Philikí Etaireía (having probably been in contact with it from around 1819). Together, they produced a plan for insurrection, with the two Etairist representatives (Giorgakis Olympios and Iannis Pharmakis) assuring the Wallachians of Russian support for the common cause. It is apparent that Tudor was not himself a member of the Etaireía: the rigid command structure of the Brotherhood would have excluded the need for any negotiations. fortifying monasteries in Oltenia (Tismana, Strehaia) that were to serve him in the event of Ottoman intervention, Tudor travelled to Padeș where he issued his first proclamation (23 January). It included references to Enlightenment principles (notably, the right to resist oppression), but was also an almost millenarianist appeal to peasants, promising a "spring" to follow "winter". February the demands were detailed by more documents. They included: the elimination of purchased offices in the administration, with the introduction of meritocratic promotion, the suppression of certain taxes and taxing criteria, the reduction of the main tax, the founding of a Wallachian Army, and an end to internal custom duties. In line with these, Tudor asked for the banishment of some Phanariote families and forbidding future Princes to hold a retinue that would compete with local boyars for offices. Calls by boyars in the Divan for Tudor to cease such activities (expressed by envoy Nicolae Văcărescu) were met with a virulent refusal. Etaireía and Ottomans fighting in Bucharest (August 1821). army, swelled up in numbers as it advanced, occupied Bucharest on 21 March - here, Tudor issued another important proclamation, one that expressed yet again his commitment to peace with the Ottomans. Previously, the Philikí Etaireía under Alexander Ypsilanti had emerged in Moldavia, proclaiming a liberation from Ottoman rule that was backed by the then Moldavian Prince Michael Soutzos (see Greek War of Independence). However, this coincided with Russian reaction against Greek rebellion, with the Russian army entering Moldavia and enforcing Holy Alliance policies. Ypsilanti's army headed south, reaching Pandur-occupied Bucharest. actions in the meanwhile had destroyed his alliance to local boyars. He had started wearing the kalpak (a tall, cylindrical, black leather hat; see Ottoman Clothing) reserved for the Prince, and demanded to be addressed as Domn ("Master", "Prince"; cf. Domnitor) - moving away from subordination to the landowners' cause. meeting between Ypsilanti and Tudor brought a new compromise. Tudor considered himself liberated from the provisions of the January agreement, as Russia was now an enemy of the Etaireía; Ypsilanti tried to persuade him that Russian support was still possible. The country was divided into a Greek administration and a Wallachian one, with Tudor's declaring itself neutral in the face of large Ottoman armies preparing to cross the north of the Danube. Ottoman actions had been prompted by Russian threat of intervention in Wallachia. army retreated towards in Oltenia in May, as the Ottomans occupied Bucharest without meeting resistance. Tudor was no longer capable of maintaining the discipline and cohesion of his own troops, some of whom had resorted to robbery. In an attempt to ensure discipline, he imposed hangings of those found guilty. In the meantime, Etaireía members, led by Alexander Ypsilantis developed a plot to remove Tudor. Following treason, Tudor was arrested in Golești [ro] on 21 May. On the night of 27 to 28 May, following accusations of collaboration with the Ottomans against Etaireía, he was tortured and killed by Etaireía in Târgoviște, his mutilated body being thrown into a cesspit. Tudor's collaboration with the Ottomans was never confirmed.[2] The Etaireía did not succeed in its goal to assume command of Vladimirescu's army: most of it disbanded on the spot. rebellion ensured that Wallachia would stay under military occupation. Although the situation was stabilized by August, Ottoman troops remained present until 1826. However, as they could no longer trust Phanariote rule in the face of its infiltration by Greek nationalism (Ypsilanti himself came from a Phanariote family - see Alexander Ypsilanti, his grandfather, and Constantine Ypsilanti, his father), the Ottomans returned the two Principalities to rule by and through locals (in 1822): Grigore IV Ghica in Wallachia, Ioan Sturdza (Ioniţă Sandu Sturdza) in Moldavia. The changes in the situation were to be confirmed by the Treaty of Adrianople and Russian occupation (at the end of the Russo-Turkish War). the scope of his movement appealed to generations of Romanian nationalists, Tudor Vladimirescu's most favorable treatment came with the official ideology of the Romanian People's Republic (the first period of Communist Romania, lasting from 1948 to 1965). He was considered progressive, and it also contributed that he viewed himself as an ally to the Russian cause—almost as a precursor of the Soviet alliance. The Romanian film Tudor[3] (1962) narrated his life from the return home in 1812 to his death. Tudor, portrayed by Emanoil Petruţ, falls from his horse after being shot in the back, claiming to return "as the grass of spring" - a far easier death than what Vladimirescu had endured in reality. division bearing his name (Divizia Tudor Vladimirescu) was formed by the Red Army with Romanian prisoners of war who had fought on the Eastern Front. They were called on to fight the Ion Antonescu pro-Nazi Germany regime, and were absorbed into the Romanian Army after 1944. The division had its precedent in an artillery battery of the same name, grouping Romanian volunteers in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War.[4] An Order of Tudor Vladmirescu was also created. There are multiple streets and structures in Romania bearing his name, including a metro station in Bucharest. day Vladimirescu entered Bucharest, 21 March, is now celebrated in Oltenia as the Oltenia Day, which was promulgated on 13 April 2017 by the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis.[5] St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, France w Turks, Moldovia and Wallacia, Russian V.
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12) Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia for Orthodoxy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, Turks w Frnch, attack, Russia v, Dardnlles, Bucharest, Moldovia
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12); Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1821, Wallacian Uprising (against Ottomans) Tudor Vladimirescu
Romania, 1981, Wallacian Uprising; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1821, Greek War of Independence
Romania, 1821, Greek War of Independence Romania, 1981, Wallacian Uprising; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1821, Ottoman Phanorites
Romania, 1821, Ottoman Phanorites; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1843-1892, Bishop Melchizedek, Moldovian
Romania, 1843-1892, Bishop Melchizedek; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1;

Romania, 1843-1848, Romanian Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu
Romania, 1843-1848, Romanian Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu; Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei
Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War
Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1853-1856, Crimean War, Orthodox East v Ottomans and West, Russia lost
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Romania, 1859-1881, Folder, as the United Principalities

Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Walachia and Moldovia
Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God œSokolsky, Commemorated on February 1;

Romania, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78) Turks lost
Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1881-1947, Folder, as the Romanian Kingdom

Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom
Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom;

Romania, 1914-1918, World War I
Romania, 1914-1918, World War I; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romanian President, 1944-1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Romanian President, 1944-1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5;

Romania, 1947-1989, Folder, Socialist Romania, Communist Party Controlled

Romanian President, 1965-1989, Nicolae Ceausescu
Romanian President, 1965-1989, Nicolae Ceausescu; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5;

Romania, Western Moldovia Folder, after 1859, Part of Romania

Romania, Moldovia (Western M, Siret and Prut Rivers) Romania, Russia after 1859, United Principalities
Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Valachia (Wallachia or Moldovia)
Valachia;

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River Folder (Western Moldovia)

Carpatian Mountains - Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains
Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains;

Siret River Source (Outer Eastern Carpathians)
Outer Eastern Carpathians;

Siret River 1

Siret River 2

Storozhi, Moldovia (Siret River 2)
Storozhi; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ;

Siret River 3

Bukovina, Moldovia (Siret River 3)
Bukovina, Bukovina is between Siret and Suceava rivers that come together near Suceava; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 5 (Dragomina Monastery)

Dragomirna Monastery, Moldovia (Siret River 5) 1602
Dragomirna Monastery; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 6 (Succava River)

Moldovia, Siret River 6, Suceava River Folder

Suceava River

Suceava River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Suceava River 1 (along the border)

Suceava River 3 (Putna Monastery)

Putna Monastery, Moldovia (Suceava River 3) 1466
Putna Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Suceava River 5 (Radauti)

Radauti, Moldovia (Saccava River 5) Bogdana Monastery
Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monastery of St Laurence, Radauti, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) 1359
monastery of St Laurence, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) in the Civoul de Sus district of Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti (Suceava River 5) 1359
monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Suceava River 6

Succava River 7 (Bukovina)

Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River 7)
Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River7); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Bukovina, Moldovia (Succava River 7)
Bukovina, Moldovia; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Suceava River 8

Suceava River Mouth (Siret River 6)

Siret River 10 (Moldova River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River Folder

Moldova River

Moldova River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Moldova, Romania and Transylvania (Moldova River Source)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Moldova River 1 (Moldovila)

Moldova River 2 (Voronets Monastery)

Voronets Monastery, Moldovia (Moldova River 2) 1488
Voronets Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Moldova River 3 (Neamt River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River 3, Neamt River Folder

Neamt River

Neamt River Source (along the border)

Neamt River 1 (Neamts monestary)

Neamts monestary, Romania and Moldovia (Neamts River of Siret River) 1497
Neamts monestary; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18 Icon of the Mother of God Ã‚ÂœNeamtsÃ‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Neamt River Mouth (Moldova River 3)

Moldova River Mouth (Siret River 10)

Siret River 11 (Bistrita River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 11, Bistrita River Folder

Bistrita River

Bistrita River Source (along the border)

Bistrita River 1 (Tarcau)

Tarcau, Neamnts, Moldovia or Romania (Bistrita River 1)
Tarcau; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Bistrita River 2 (Bistritsa Monastery)

Bistritsa Monastery, Moldovia, 1402
Bistritsa Monastery; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã‚ÂœNeamtsÃ‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Bistrita River Mouth (Siret River 11)

Barlad, Moldovia (on railroad between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12)
Barlad, Moldovia (between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12) Saint Zita was a teacher 10 miles south of Barlad in Tutova

Line Measure 10 miles south of Barlad to Tutova

Siret River 12 (Trotus River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River Folder

Trotus River

Trotus River Source (along the border)

Trotus River 1 (Comanesti)

Trotus River 2 (Tazlau River)

Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River 2, Tazlau River Folder

Tazlau River

Tazlau Mountain
Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlau, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Tazlau River Source (Tazlau Mare and Tazlau Saret Rivers)

Tazlau River 1

Tazlau River Mouth (Trotus River 2)

Tazlau Saret River

Tazlau Saret River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Saret River;

Tazlau Saret River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Tazlau Mare River

Tazlau Mare River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Mare River;

Tazlau, Moldovia or Romania (Tazlau Mare River 1)
Tazlau (Tazlau Mare River); Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tazlau Mare River 1 (Tazlau)

Tazlau Mare River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Trotus River Mouth (Siret River 12)

Siret River 13 (Putna and Milcov Rivers in Romania)

Siret River 14 (Buzau River in Romania)

Siret River Mouth (near Danube River Mouth)

Galats, Moldovia (Siret River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Galats; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Romania, Transylvania Folder, after WWI and II, Part of Romania

Transylvania (Hungro-Wallacia)
Transylvania; Transylvania Proper; Athanaric's "own country"; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania ; St John of Galesh; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Transylvania (over and between the mountains)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Ardeal (Transylvania) (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Dacia (Transylvania)
Dacia; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Thergundian Goth Athanaric's Homeland, Dacia, Transylvania and Romania
Athanaric's Homeland, Dacia, Transylvania and Romania; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Maramures depression 1 (Kurst, Ukraine)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures depression 2 (Prislop Pass, Romania)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania)
Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania) all these transylvanian waters end up in today's Hungary). Transylvania Proper; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Carpathians - Southern Carpathians, between Transylvania and Romania
Southern Carpathians;

Hungary, Transylvania History Folder

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1699, Protestant

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1546, German Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1533-1601, Lithuanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœTendernessÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1586-1601, Transylvanian, Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Bathory
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1586-1601, Sigismund Bathory; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1601-1605, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1601-1605, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1605-1606, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1605-1606, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1607-1608, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1607-1608, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1608-1613, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1608-1613, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1613-1629, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1613-1629, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1629-1648, Wallacian Prince, George I Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1629-1648, George I Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1648-1660, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, George II Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1648-1660, George II Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1661-1662,Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, John Kemeny, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1661-1662, John Kemeny ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1662-1690, Wallacian Prince, Michael I Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1662-1690, Michael I Apafi; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), 1682-1690, Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1690-1699, Wallacian Prince, Michael II Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi, Protestant; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1700-1867, Catholic Austrian Rule

Hungary, Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule, Catholic
Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule; Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River Folder

Mures River

Partos, Romania, Transylvania
Partos, Transylvania, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ;

Mures River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)

Mures River 1 (Tirgu Mures)

Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1)
Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1);

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 1, Aries River Folder

Aries River

Bihor Mountains, Transylvania
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Aries River 1 (Ariesul Mare River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 1, Ariesul Mare River Folder, Laze and Neagra Rivers, Arad

Ariesul Mare River

Ariesul Mare River Source, Bihor Mountains

Ariesul Mare River 1 (Arieseni)

Areisul Mare River 2 (Albae)

Ariesul Mare River 3 (Lazes and Neagra Rivers)

Neagra River

Neagra River Source (Bihor Mountains

Laze River

Laze River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Laze River Mouth (Neagra River Mouth, Ariesul Mare River 3 )

Lazes, near Arad, Transylvania
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Ariesul Mare River Mouth (Aries River 1)

Aries River 2 (Salciuade Jos)

Aries River 3 (Rimetea River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 3, Rimetea River Folder, Rimet Monastery

Rimetea River

Rimetea River Source

Rimetea,Transylvania (Rimet Monastery, Rimet Creek, Rimetea River Source)
Rimetea; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Rimetea River Mouth (Buru, Aries River 3)

Aries River 4 (Turda)

Aries River Mouth (Mures River 1)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 2, Tarnava River Folder

Tarnava River

Tarnava River Source (Tarnava Mare and Tarnava Mica)
Tarnava River;

Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania
Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Tarnava River Mouth (Mures River 2)

Tarnava Mica River

Gurghiu Mountains, Transylvania

Tarnava Mica River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mica River

Tarnava Mica River 1 (Sovata)
Sovata

Tarnava Mare River

Tarnava Mare River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mare River;

Tarnava Mare River 1 (Bisericani Monestary)

Bisericani Monestary Simon Mountain, Transylvania
This location chosen because: This is the only Bisericani Commune in the mountains. Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tarnava Mare River 2 (Sighisoara)
Sighisoara;

Mures River 2 (Alba, Tarnava River)

Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania, Mures River 2)
Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Alba county, Transylvania (Mures River 2)
Alba county, Transylvania; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Salishtea, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Salishtea of Sibiu; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania, Romania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara, Transylvania, Romania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Sofronie of Cioara; Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 3 (Deva)

Prislop Monastery, Transylvania (Western Romania, Mures River 3) 16th Century
Prislop Monastery in Southwest Romania ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Deva, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 3)
Deva, Transylvania (Mures River 3) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Deva Castle, prison of Deva Castle, Transylvania, after 1242
Fortress of Deva; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 4 (Arad)

Lipova, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Lipova in Arad County ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Arad, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Arad ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Mures River Mouth (Szeged, Hungary, Tisza River 12)

Neagra River Mouth (Ariesul River )

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River Folder

Somes River

Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania
Apuseni Mountains; Western border of Transylvania; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania;

Somes River Source 2 (Apuseni Mountains)

Ardeal (Cluj, aka Transylvania, Somes River Source 2)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Somesul Mic River (Somes River from Cluj to Dej)

Somes River 1 (Dej)

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 1, Somesul Mare River Folder, from Rodna to Dej

Somesul Mare River (Somes River from Rodna to Dej)

Rodna Mountains, Transylvania
Rodna Mountains, Transylvania ;

Somes River Source 1 (Rodna Mountains, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova, Source of Somes and Viseu Rivers
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Somesul Mare River (Somes Riveer from Rodna to Dej)

Somes River 2

Somes River 3 (Jibou)

Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary
Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Polish King Stephen Bathory 1579 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5;

Somes River 4

Somes River 5

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 5, Lapus River Folder

Lapus River

Lapus Mountains, Transylvania
Lapus Mountains, Transylvania;

Maramures County, Transylvania (Lapus River)
Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures Mountains Natural Park
Maramures Mountains Natural Park; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River Source (Lapus Mountains)
Lapus Mountains;

Lapus River 1

Lapus River 2

Lapus River 3 (Lapus)

Lapus River 4 (Inau)

Inau, Transylvania (Lapus River 4)
Inau or Targu Lapus Ã‚Â™; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River 5 (Razoare)

Lapus River 6 (Prislop)

Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6)
Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6) ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Lapus River 7

Lapus River 8 (Remecioara)

Lapus River 9 (Coruia, Baia Mare)

Lapus River 10 (Lapusel, Baia Mare)

Baia Mare, Transylvania (Lapus River 10)
Baia Mare, Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31 ;

Lapus River Mouth (Somes River 5)

Somes River 6 (Satu Mare)

Somes River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Hungary, Transylvania, Latorica River Folder

Latorica River

Latorica River Source (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Latorica River;

Latorica River 1

Latorica River 2 (Mukachev)

Mukachev Castle, Romania, Transylvania, Hungary (Latorica River 2)
Mukachev Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Mukachev, Hungary (Transylvania, Latorica River 2, or Western Ukraine)
Mukachev; Nikolsk monastery in the city of Mukachev; contains a venerated copy of Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Saint Nicholas Monastery (Latorica River 2, Hungary) 1090's
Saint Nicholas Monastery (Mukacheve); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ;

Latorica River 3

Latorica River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Banat and Bega River Folder, Timisoara

Poiana Rusca Mountains, Source of the Bega River and Canal

Bega River and Canal in the Banat

Bega Poieni River

Caransebes River in the Banat

Caransebes River in the Banat Source

Caransebes River Mouth (Bega Canal 1)

Bega River Mouth (Tisza River Mouth, Danube River 9) from Timisoara

Lazarevo, Banat, Transylvania, or Serbia (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Banat region, Romania, Transylvania (Timishoara, Bega River and Canal)
Banat region; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Timishoara, Banat Region, Romania, Transylvania, Art Capital of EU
Timishoara, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Bega Luncanilor

Orsova River in the Banat

Orsovo River Source

Orsovo River Mouth (Danube River 10.7)

Bela Crkva River in the Banat

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Source

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Mouth (Danube River 10)

Pancevo River in the Banat

Pancevo River in the Banat Source

Secul, Transylvania, Romania, (Pancevo River 1)
Secul; Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœBeheadingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ) Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast;

Pancevo River in the Banat Mouth (Belgrade, Danube River 9, From Timisoara)

Romania, Danube River 12, Jui River Folder

Jui River

Jui River Source (along the border)

Lainici Monastery, Valley of the Jui River (Juii River Source) 1817
Lainici Monastery; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Jui River 1 (Bumbesti Jui)

Jui River 2 (Targu Jui)

Jui River 3 (Rovinari)

Jui River 4 (Filasi, Secu)

Secu, Romania (Jui River 4)
Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu "œBeheading" Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Jui River 5 (Ramnicu Valcea)

Ramnicu Valcea, Oltenia, Romania (Craiova, Jui River 5)
Ramnicu Valcea, Oltenia, Romania (Craiova, Jui River 5); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Craiova, Oltenia, Romania (Ramnicu Valcea, Jur River 5, close to Olt River 16)
Craiova, Oltenia, Romania (Ramnicu Valcea, Jur River 5); Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated on January 12; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Bucovat Monastery (Jiu River 5.5, built next to Craiova) 1483
Bucovat Monastery (Jiu River 5.5, built next to Craiova) 1483 ; Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated on January 12;

Jui River Mouth (Kozloduy, Bulgaria, Danube River 12)

Romania, Danube River 13, Olt River Folder

Olt River (Olt River 14)

Oltenia, Romania (Land of the Olt River)
Oltenia, Land of the Olt River ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Oltenia, Romania (Along Olt River below sub-Carpatians)
Oltenia (Along Olt River below sub-Carpatians); Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Olt River Source (Hasmas Mountains, Inner Eastern Carpathians)
Hasmas Mountains, Inner Eastern Carpathians;

Hasmas Mountains
Hasmas Mountains;

Olt River 1

Olt River 2

Olt River 3

Olt River 8 (Poiana Marului)

Poiana Marului, Romania (Olt River 8)
Poiana Marului ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Olt River 13 (Sibiu, Cibin River, Canyon through Carpathians)

Romania, Danube River 13, Olt River 13, Cibin River Folder

Cibin River

Cibin River 2nd Source

Salistie, Romania, south Transylvania Plateau (Cibin River Source)
Salistie, The town is situated at the edge of the Cindrel Mountains, on a series of river valleys which flow into the Cibin River in the South part of the Transylvanian Plateau ; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Cibin River Source (Cindrel Mountains)
Cindrel Mountains ;

Cibin River 1 (Sibiu)

Sibiu, Romania (Cibin River 1)
Sibiu (Cibin River) Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ;

Cibin River Mouth (Olt River 13)

Olt River 14 (Rimnicu Vilcea and Muereasca Valcea)

Vilcea county (Olt River 14)
Vilcea county ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23, Saint Anthony the Hesychast was born in the sub-Carpathian Mountains of Vilcea county in Romania;

Cozia Monastery (Olt River 14) 1388
Cozia Monastery;

Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14)
Muereasca-Valcea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Frasinei Skete, Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14)
Frasinei Skete, Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14); Muereasca-Valcea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Rimnicu Vilcea, Romania (Olt River 14)
Rimnicu Vilcea; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Olt River 16 (Oltenia)

Olt River Mouth (Oltenia, Danube River 13)

Romania, Danube River 13.5, Vedea River Folder

Vedea River

Vedea River Source (Cotmeana Plateau)
Vedea River Source (Cotmeana Plateau);

Vedea River 1 (Poiana Lacului)

Vedea River 2 (Rosiori de Vede)

Rosioride de Vede
Rosioride de Vede;

Vedea River 3 (Alexandria, Romania)

Alexandria, Romania (Vedea River 3)

Tiganesti, Teleorman, Romania (Teleorman River Mouth, Vedea River 4)
Teleorman; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Vedea River 4 (Teleorman River Mouth, Tiganesti)

Teleorman River

Vedea (river) Mouth

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River Folder (Bucharest)

Arges River

Arges River Source (Fagaras Mountains)

Moldoveanu Peak, Fagaras Mountains
Moldoveanu Peak; Fagaras Mountains;

Argus River 1

Argesh County, Romania (Arges River 1)
Argesh County; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ;

Curtea de Argesh Monastery (Arges River 1) 1218, 1340
Monastery of Curtea de Argesh ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 , 1218;

Romania, Danube River 14, Argus River 1, Raul Doamnei River Folder

Raul Doamnei River

Raul Doamnei River Source

Raul Doamnei River Mouth (Argus River 1)

Raul Targului River

Raul Targului River Source

Raul Targului River Mouth

Izerul River

Izerul River Source

Mt Iezerul Skete of St Anthony
Mt Iezerul and Iezerul River is up from the Headwaters of Raul Targului River; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Mt Iezerul
Mt Iezerul and Iezerul River is up from the Headwaters of Raul Targului River; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Izerul River Mouth (Raul Targului or Batrana River)
Izerul River;

Argus River 2

Giurgiu, Romania
Giurgiu, Romania; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Argus River 3 (Bucharest)

Comana Monastery, Romania (Arges River 3) 1461
Comana Monastery; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Argus River Mouth (Danube River 14)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Dambovita River Folder

Dambovita River

Dambovita River Source (Fagaras Mountains)

Dambovita River 1

Dambovita River 2

Dambovita River 3

Dambovita River 10 (Bucharest and Pasarea)

Bucharest, Romania (Argus River 3, Dambovita River 10, Sabar River 10)
Bucharest; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Pasarea, Romania (Dambovita River 10)
Pasarea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Cernica (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania)
Cernica; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Saint George's Island (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania)
Saint George's Island (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania); St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

All Saints Monastery, Bucharest, 1705
All Saints Monastery, Bucharest, All Saints Monestary in the center of Bucharest; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Dambovita River Mouth (Arges River 4)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Sabar River Folder

Sabar River

Sabar River Source (Ludesti Village)

Sabar River 1

Saber River 2

Sabar River 3

Sabar River 4

Sabar River 9 (near Ciorogarla)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Sabar River 9, Ciorogarla River Folder

Ciorogarla River

Ciorogarla River 1

Ciorogarla River 2

Ciorogarla River 3 (Ciorogarla)

Ciorogarla, Romania (Sabar River 8, Ciorogarla River 3)
Ciorogarla; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ciorogarla River Mouth (Sabar River 9)

Sabar River 10 (Bucharest)

Sabar River 14 (Overview)

Sabar River Mouth (Arges River 4)

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River Folder

Lalomita River

Lalomita River Source (Bucegi Mountains)

Bucegi Mountains, Romania
Bucegi Mountains; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Lalomita River 1 (Targoviste)

Tirgovishte, Romania (Lalomita River 1)
Tirgovishte, Romania (Lalomita River 1); St. Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lalomita River 2 (Prahova River)

Ghenoaia, Romania (Lalomita River1.5)
Ghenoaia, Romania (Prahova River2); St. Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River 2, Prahova River Folder

Prahova River

Prahova River Source (Predeal)
Prahova River;

Prahova River 1 (Sita (Azuga) River)

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River 2, Prahova River 1, Sita River Folder

Sita (Azuga) River

Sita (Azuga) River Source (Baiu Mountains)

Sita River 1

Sita River 2

Sita River 3

Sita (Azuga) River Mouth (Prahove River)

Prahova River 2 (Campina)

Campina, Romania (on the main Transylvania - Wallachai road, Prahova River 2)
Campina; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Prahova River Mouth (Lalomita River2)

Snagov Monastery, Romania (Prahova River Mouth, Lalomita River2)
Snagov Monastery; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, Danube River 16, Lamolita River 2, Istau Stream Folder

Istau Stream

Istau Stream Source (Tohani Vineyards)

Tohani Buzaului (Vineyards, Istau Stream Source)
Tohani Buzaului (Ciolanu River, Buzau River 10); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Istau Stream 1 (Mizil)

Istau Stream 2 (Caldarushni)

Caldarushani, Romania (Istau Stream 2)
Caldarushani, Romania (Prahova River Mouth, Lalomita River 1); St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ;

Istau Stream Mouth (Lamolita River 2.5)

Baragan Plain (Eastern Wallacian Plain)
Baragan Plain ;

Lalomita River 3 (Buesti, Baragan Plain)

Buesti, Romania (Baragan Plain, Lalomita River 3)
Baragan Plain; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Lalomita River Mouth (Danube River 16)

Dobruja, Romania (near Lalomita River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Dobruja, Romania; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Tomis, Romania (Constantsa, near Lalomita River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Tomis (Constantsa); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River Folder

Buzau River

Buzau River Source (south-eastern Carpathian Mountains)
Its source is in the south-eastern Carpathian Mountains, east of BraÃƒÂ…Ã‚ÂŸov.

Buzau Mountains (Buzau River Area)
Buzau Mountains (Buzau River Area); St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 25;

Buzau River 1

Buzau River 2

Buzau River 3

Buzau River 4 (Casoca)

Basca Rozilier River

Basca Rozilier River Source (Buzeu Mountains)

Buzau River 8 (Balaneasa River)

Buzau River 9 (Ratesti Monastery)

Ratesti Monastery, Romania (Buzau River 9)
Ratesti Monastery; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Buzau River 10 (Slanic and Ciolanu Rivers)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River 10, Ciolanu River Folder

Ciolanu River

Ciolanu River Source

Tohani Buzaului (Vineyards, Ciolanu River Source, Istau Stream Source)
Tohani Buzaului (Ciolanu River, Buzau River 10); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ciolanu Monastery, 1570
Ciolanu Monastery;

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River 10, Slanic River Folder

Slanic River

Slanic River 1

Slanic River 2

Slanic River 3 (Caldarusani)

Caldarusani, Romania (Slanic River 3)
Caldarusani; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Slanic River Mouth (Buzau River 10)

Buzau, Romania (Buzau River 11)
Buzau, Romania; Martyr Sabbas the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Buzau River Mouth (Seret River 14)

Buzau Mountains
Buzau Mountains; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Basca Roziliei River Mouth (Buzau River 4)

Balaneasa River Mouth (Buzau River 8)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 13.5, Rimnicu Sarat River Folder

Rimnicu Sarat River

Rimnicu Sarat River Source (Bazau Mountains)

Rimnicu River 1 (Jitia)

Rimnicu River 2 (Chiojdeni)

Rimnicu Sarat River 3 (Rimnicu Sarat)

Valea Ramnicului (Rimnicu River 3)
Valea Ramnicului; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Rimnicu Sarat, Valea Ramnicului ((Rimnicu River 3)
Valea Ramnicului; Rimnicu Sarat; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Rimnicu Sarat River Mouth (Nanesti)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 13, Putna and Milcov Rivers Folder

Putna River

Vrancea Mountains
Vrancea Mountains;

Putna River Source (Vrancea Mountains)

Putna River Mouth (Siret River 13)

Milcov River

Milcov River Source (Vrancea Mountains)

Milcov River 1

Milcov River 2 (Reghiu River)

Reghiu River Mouth (Milcov River 2)

Arva River Mouth (Milcov River 3)

Milcov River 3 (Mera River)

Mera River (Milcov River 3)

Milcov River 4

Milcov River 5 (Focsani)

Dalhautsi-Focshani Skete, Romania (Milcov River 5)
Dalhautsi-Focshani Skete is probably near or in Foscani or along the Milcov River in the Foscani region. St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Milcov River Mouth (Putna River (Siret River 14))

Danube River Mouth

Saint Georges Island, Danube River Mouth, Romania 45.116667,29.366667
Saint Georges Island, Romania 45.116667,29.366667; Saint Callinicus of Cernica, Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; of the Turks and Saint George's Island Another Pasha came to the monastery of Pasarea in the village of Panteleimon, and kidnapped one of the nuns. Saint Callinicus moved the rest of the nuns from Pasarea to the monastery of Snagov for their safety. He then wrote a letter of protest to the governor, who ordered the Pasha to release the nun. The Pasha swore that he would destroy the monastery of Cernica and take revenge upon Saint Callinicus. Once again, the saint learned of the Pasha’s intentions, and he prayed all night long with his clergy for the monastery to be spared. midnight, the Pasha was prepared to attack the monastery, but first he asked for a cup of coffee. A servant handed him the coffee, and as he did so, he shot the Pasha. The bullet struck the bag of gold coins which he wore under his shirt, and so he was not killed. In gratitude for his deliverance, he sent the gold to Saint Callinicus saying that it should be used to build a well for the monastery. some sort of trickery, the saint told the Turks, “If you wish, and if you are telling the truth, then you yourselves should build the well next to the bridge.” Workmen built the well on the north shore of Saint George’s Island, and it is known as the Well of the Turk, to this very day. another occasion, the monastery cook told Saint Callinicus that they had no more flour. He replied, “Let us place our hope in the Mother of God and in Saint Nicholas, and we shall want for nothing.” The saint went to his cell to pray before the holy icons, asking Saint Nicholas to help them. miracle took place that evening after Vespers. A cart with two drivers came to the monastery with a load of flour. They asked Father Charalampus, the ecclesiarch, where to unload the flour which their master had sent as a gift. When the monk asked for the name of their master, they said that he wished to remain anonymous. Saint Callinicus served a Molieben of Thanksgiving to Saint Nicholas, and then went to bless the flour, which was used to bake bread for the consolation of the brethren. 1827, a certain man came to the monastery when Saint Callinicus was speaking to his Spiritual Father, Pimen. The man asked if he might borrow fifty lei (Romanian currency). An hour after this man had left; a young man came to Saint Callinicus and kissed his hand saying, “Holy Father, my father has died. Before his death he told me to give one thousand lei to the monastery. I do not have the full amount now, but here are five hundred lei, and later on I will bring you another five hundred lei.” Callinicus realized that the person who had requested the loan of fifty lei had been sent by God to test his mercy and his love, and so he received ten times that amount in return. Father Pimen asked him, “What were you thinking, Father Callinicus, when you gave alms to that man?” saint replied, “I wanted to give one hundred lei, but I did not have that much. I gave him fifty and received five hundred. As the Gospel says, ‘Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy’ (Matt. 5:7).” Matins one morning in July of 1829, Saint Callinicus was in his cell reading the Life of Saint Nicholas. When he got to the sixth chapter, he fell asleep from weariness after the all-night Vigil. Suddenly, Saint George appeared in his armor and Saint Nicholas in the vestments of a bishop. Behind them was Father George, the late igumen of Cernica. “Arise,” said Saint Nicholas, “and on this island build a church dedicated to the Holy Great Martyr George.” Saint George told him, “We will send you everything that you require.” Then Igumen George said, “Do not doubt in your heart.” They departed after saying these things. he woke up, Father Callinicus continued reading the Life of Saint Nicholas until he reached the end. Then he went out to visit his Spiritual Father Pimen on the small island of Saint George in order to ask him whether this vision might have been some sort of temptation from the Devil. “No, my child,” Father Pimen replied, “this is not demonic, but is really something from God. These same three individuals also appeared to me three times tonight, ordering the work to begin at once. I have just finished getting dressed so that I could pass on their instructions to you.” that time there were only a few cells on Saint George’s Island, among them was the cell of the late Igumen George, where Father Pimen had now taken up his residence. There was also a small church dedicated to Saint George, a gift from Bratovian. Next to this, Saint Callinicus built a large and beautiful church.

Persia Folder, its roads, and rivers

Persia (Iran)
Persia (Iran); The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated July 12 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated on August 4; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Martyr Aithalas of Persia ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia; Martyr Dada of Persia, Commemorated September 29 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Benjamin the Deacon of Persia, Commemorated October 13 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia,Commemorated on October 28; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 24 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Prophet Malachi, Commemorated January 3 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; Prophet Daniel; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Christina of Persia, Commemorated on March 13; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Zargos Mountains - Around the Fertile Crescent
Zargos Mountains, around the Fertile Crescent;

Persia, 2400, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Jonah
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Jonah; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22;

Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, to Babylonians and Medes
Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, Persia ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire, Babylon
Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Babylon; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian;

Persia, 312 - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Zoroastrian, Fire Worshipers
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni
Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni
Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia
Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Caspian Sea, north of Persia
Caspian Sea; Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Persian Gulf, southwest of Persia
Persian Gulf;

Parthia (Northern Rivers and Tehran Regions, Namek Sink, Northeastern Iran or Persia)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Gulf of Oman, south of Persia
Gulf of Oman;

Persian History Folder

Persia, 25th Century BC - 612 BC, Assyrian Kingdom and Empire History Folder

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC Folder, Assryian Kingdom

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, 13th - 7th Century BC Folder, Assryian Empire

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, Assryian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC Folder, Prophet Jonah

Persia, 727 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel, Northern Kingdom
Persia, 717 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel; Tobit TOBIT 1This book tells the story of Tobit son of Tobiel son of Hananiel son of Aduel son of Gabael son of Raphael of the descendants* of Asiel, of the tribe of Naphtali, 2who in the days of King Shalmaneser* of the Assyrians was taken into captivity from Thisbe, which is to the south of Kedesh Naphtali in Upper Galilee, above Asher towards the west, and north of Phogor. ;

Persia, 712 BC (before 612 BC, Before S.), Conversion of Nineveh (Mosul)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Persia, 705 BC - 681 BC, Assyrian Emperor, Sennacherib, Levant campaign, d Babylon, d Nineva
Persia, Assyrian Emperor, 705 BC - 681 BC, Sennacherib ; Sennacherib (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Sennacherib in the Rassam cylinder column 1 line 25 SÃ®n-ahhÄ«-erÄ«ba[3] or SÃ®n-aá¸¥á¸¥Ä“-erÄ«ba,[4][5] meaning "SÃ®n has replaced the brothers")[6] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sargon II in 705 BC to his own death in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the role he played in the Old Testament of the Bible, which describes his campaign in the Levant.[7] Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of Babylon in 689 BC and his construction of the last great Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings,[8] he faced considerable difficulty in controlling Babylonia, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the Chaldean[9] tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had been Babylon's king until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the Elamites. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the Levant to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and successfully convincing Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia, Bel-ibni, to throw off Sennacherib's rule. After the Babylonians and Elamites captured and executed Sennacherib's eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi, who Sennacherib had proclaimed as his new vassal king in Babylon, Sennacherib campaigned in both regions, successfully subduing Elam. Because Babylon, well within his own territory, had been the target of most of his military campaigns and had caused the death of his son, Sennacherib destroyed the city in 689 BC. The Levantine War of 701 BC was made necessary because several Assyrian vassals in the region had rebelled, either because Marduk-apla-iddina encouraged them or because of the ill omens associated with the battlefield death of Sennacherib's father. Though the northern Levant was subdued relatively quickly, the states in the southern Levant, especially the Kingdom of Judah under King Hezekiah, did not submit as easily. The Assyrians thus invaded Judaea, a campaign recorded not only in Sennacherib's own accounts, but also in the Second Book of Kings in the Hebrew Bible. Though the biblical narrative holds that divine intervention by an angel ended Sennacherib's attack on Jerusalem by destroying the Assyrian army, an outright Assyrian defeat is unlikely as Hezekiah submitted to Sennacherib at the end of the campaign.[10] Contemporary records, even those written by Assyria's enemies, do not mention the Assyrians being defeated at Jerusalem.[11] Sennacherib transferred the capital of Assyria to Nineveh, where he had spent most of his time as crown prince. To transform Nineveh into a capital worthy of his empire, he launched one of the most ambitious building projects in ancient history. He expanded the size of the city, constructed great city walls, numerous temples and a royal garden. His most famous work in the city is the Southwest Palace, which Sennacherib named his "Palace without Rival". After the death of his eldest son and crown prince, Ashur-nadin-shumi, Sennacherib originally designated his second son Arda-Mulissu heir. He later replaced him with a younger son, Esarhaddon, in 684 BC, for unknown reasons. Sennacherib ignored Arda-Mulissu's repeated appeals to be reinstated as heir, and in 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu and another son murdered Sennacherib, hoping to seize power for themselves. Babylonia and the Levant welcomed his death as divine punishment, while the Assyrian heartland probably reacted with resentment and horror. Arda-Mulissu's coronation was postponed, and Esarhaddon raised an army and seized Nineveh, installing himself as king as intended by Sennacherib. Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 612 BC - 550 BC, Babylonian Empire History Folder

Persia, 600 BC, 7th Century BC Folder, Babylonian Empire

Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon, Conquered Egypt, largest Empire ever
Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon; Tobit Chapter 1: Sennacharib's sons kill him and Esarhaddon becomes King 21 But not forty* days passed before two of SennacheribÃ¢Â€Â™s* sons killed him, and they fled to the mountains of Ararat, and his son Esar-haddon* reigned after him. He appointed Ahikar, the son of my brother Hanael* over all the accounts of his kingdom, and he had authority over the entire administration. 22Ahikar interceded for me, and I returned to Nineveh. Now Ahikar was chief cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administration of the accounts under King Sennacherib of Assyria; so Esar-haddon* reappointed him. He was my nephew and so a close relative. ; Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon,[5] Assarhaddon[6] and Ashurhaddon[7] (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Rassam cylinder Ansharpapash.jpg, also Esarhaddon (variation).jpg AÅ¡Å¡ur-aá¸«a-iddina,[8][9] meaning "Ashur has given me a brother"),[5] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sennacherib in 681 BC to his own death in 669. The third king of the Sargonid dynasty, Esarhaddon is most famous for his conquest of Egypt in 671,[5] which made his empire the largest the world had ever seen, and for his reconstruction of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father.[10] After Sennacherib's eldest son and heir Ashur-nadin-shumi had been captured and presumably executed in 694, the new heir had originally been the second eldest son, Arda-Mulissu, but in 684, Esarhaddon, a younger son, was appointed instead. Angered by this decision, Arda-Mulissu and another brother, Nabu-shar-usur, murdered their father in 681 and planned to seize the Assyrian throne. The murder, and Arda-Mulissu's aspirations of becoming king himself, made Esarhaddon's rise to the throne difficult and he first had to defeat his brothers in a six-week long civil war. His brothers' attempted coup had been unexpected and troublesome for Esarhaddon and he would be plagued by paranoia and mistrust for his officials, governors and male family members until the end of his reign. As a result of this paranoia, most of the palaces used by Esarhaddon were high-security fortifications located outside of the major population centers of the cities. Also perhaps resulting from his mistrust for his male relatives, Esarhaddon's female relatives, such as his mother Naqi'a and his daughter Serua-eterat, were allowed to wield considerably more influence and political power during his reign than women had been allowed in any previous period of Assyrian history. Despite a relatively short and difficult reign, and being plagued by paranoia, depression and constant illness, Esarhaddon remains recognized as one of the greatest and most successful Assyrian kings. He quickly defeated his brothers in 681, completed ambitious and large-scale building projects in both Assyria and Babylonia, successfully campaigned in Media, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Levant, defeated and conquered Egypt, and ensured a peaceful transition of power to his two heirs Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin after his death.

Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes
Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes; Cyaxares (Ancient Greek: ÎšÃÂÂÂ…Î±Î¾Î¬ÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ·ÃÂÂÂ‚; Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ºÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾§ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¿ÂÂÂÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾«ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¼ UvaxÅ¡tra;[3][4] Avestan: HuxÅ¡aÎ¸ra "Good Ruler"; Akkadian: UmakiÅ¡tar;[5] Old Phrygian: ksuwaksaros;[6] r. 625â€“585 BC) was the third and most capable king of Media, according to Herodotus, with a far greater military reputation than his father Phraortes or grandfather Deioces. He was the first to divide his troops into separate sections of spearmen, archers, and horsemen.[7] By uniting most of the Iranian tribes of ancient Iran and conquering neighbouring territories, Cyaxares transformed the Median Empire into a regional power.[8] He facilitated the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and according to Herodotus repelled the Scythians from Media.[9] Tobit 14, TobitÃ¢Â€Â™s Final Counsel, and Death of Tobit and Anna;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire History Folder

Persia, 500 BC, 6th Century BC Folder, Archaemenid Cyrus the Great

Persia, 559-530 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cyrus the Great
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great ; II of Persia (Old Persian: ¡;[5][6] New Persian: ; c. 600 --“ 530 BC)[7] commonly known as Cyrus the Great,[8] and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.[9] his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,[9] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.[10] Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Paeonia and Thrace-Macedonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. reign of Cyrus the Great lasted about thirty years. Cyrus built his empire by first conquering the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire, and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception."[11] Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, and was alleged to have died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC.[12][13] but Xenophon said Cyrus did not die in battle and he returned to the capital again.[14] He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to conquer Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered.[15] This became a very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.[9] In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus.[16] What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion. According to Isaiah 45:1 of the Hebrew Bible,[17] God anointed Cyrus for this task, even referring to him as a messiah (lit. 'anointed one') and he is the only non-Jewish figure in the Bible to be called so.[18] the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as his influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations. Having originated from Persis, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian province of Fars, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern Iran.[19][20][21] The Achaemenid influence in the ancient world eventually would extend as far as Athens, where upper-class Athenians adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling class of Achaemenid Persia as their own.[22] is a cult figure amongst modern Iranians, with his tomb serving as a spot of reverence for millions of people.[23] In the 1970s, the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto the Cyrus Cylinder as the oldest known declaration of human rights,[24] and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such.[25][26][27] This view has been criticized by some historians[28] as a misunderstanding[29] of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign.[26][27][30] Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Persia, 559BC-486BC, Pasargadae, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 530BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cambyses II
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 530BC-522 BC, Cambyses II; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17;

Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya, Legitimate Ruler overthrown by Darius with a lie
Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya; (Old Persian: ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾²ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾®ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¡ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¹[1] Bardiya),[2] also known as Smerdis among the Greeks[3](Ancient Greek: Î£Î¼ÎÂÂÃÂÂÂÎ´Î¹ÃÂÂ‚ Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC), was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called GaumÄÂÂta (Old Persian: ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¥ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¶ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾«), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.[4][5]

Persia, 522BC-486BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great) Lied, Marathon, Organizer
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 522BC-486 BC, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great); I (Old Persian: ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾ÂÂÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¹ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾ºÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂ €ÃÂÂ¿ÂÂ, romanized: DÄÂÂrayava(h)uÅ¡; New Persian: داریوش‎; Hebrew: ×“Ö¸Ö¼×¨Ö°×™Ö¸×•Ö¶×©×ÂÂâ€Ž, Modern: DarÉ™yaveÅ¡, Tiberian: DÄÂÂrÇÂÂyÄÂÂweÅ¡; c. 550 – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (Mudrâya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan.[2][3] Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing the legitimate Achaemenid monarch Bardiya, whom he later fabricated to be an imposter named Gaumata. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified.[4] Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezra–Nehemiah. Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 400 BC, 5th Century BC Folder, Achaemenid E., Ester and Malachi

Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I
Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I ; Esther 1:1-4,10-19, King Ahasuerus Deposes Queen Vashti;

Persia, 465BC-424 BC, Achaemenid Emperor, Artaxerxes I of Persia
Persian Achaemenid Emperor, 465BC-424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia; Ezra 7:1-26, The Coming and Work of Ezra, The Letter of Artaxerxes to Ezra; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire History Folder, Helenist

Persia, 300 BC, 4th Century BC Folder, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia

Persia, 247 BC - 224 AD, Parthian Empire of Persia History Folder

Persia, 200 BC, 3rd Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC-651AD, Persian Capital, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7)
Persian Capital, 247BC-651AD, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7); Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 000, 1st Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Musa of Parthia (Empress), Roman Slave, Killed husband
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Musa of Parthia (Empress); (also spelled Mousa), also known as Thea Musa, was queen of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. Originally an Italian slave-girl, she was given as a gift to the Parthian monarch Phraates IV (r. 37 BC -2 BC) by the Roman Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC -“ 14 AD). She quickly became queen and a favourite of Phraates IV, giving birth to Phraataces (Phraates V). In 2 BC, she had Phraates IV poisoned and made herself, along with Phraates V, the co-rulers of the empire. Their reign was shortlived; they were forced to flee to Rome after being deposed by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Musa is the first of only three women to rule in Iranian history, the others being the two 7th-century Sasanian sisters Boran (r. 630-“630, 631-“632) and Azarmidokht (r. 630-“631). Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Phraates V, son of slave girl Musa, peace over A and M, fled to Rome
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Phraates V; V (Parthian: , also known by the diminutive version of his name, Phraataces (also spelled Phraatakes), was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. He was the younger son of Phraates IV (r. 37 BC – 2 BC) and Musa, who ruled with him. Under Phraates V, a war threatened to break out between the Parthian and Roman empires over the control of Armenia and Mesopotamia. Although Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD) had sent his adopted son Gaius Caesar to invade Iran, in 1 AD the two sides agreed a peace treaty, by which once again Armenia was recognized as being in the Roman sphere. Phraates V was in return acknowledged as the rightful Parthian king, which was of high importance to him, due to his insecure position in the country. In 4 AD, Phraates V and his mother fled to Rome after being expelled by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 000, 1st Century AD Folder, Parthia, Kings of E., and Assyrian Empire

Persia, 4-6, Parthian Emperor, Orodes III of Parthia
Persian Parthian Emperor, 4-6, Orodes III of Parthia; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 8-12, Parthian Emperor, Vonones I
Persian Parthian Emperor, 8-12, Vonones I ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 15-116, Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom
Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom, 15-116 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, 31-55, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II) ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14;

Persia, 35, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28);

Persia, 55-116, Adiabene Emperor, Meharaspes
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, -116, Meharaspes; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4;

Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia
Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude
Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia
Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia ; Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persian Sasanian Emperor, 80AD,

Persia, 200-224, 3rd Century AD Folder, Parthian Empire, Anak the Parthian

Persia, 200-252, Armenian Parthian Prince, Anak the Parthian
Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire History Folder, Zoroastrianism, Fire Worshipers

Persia, 224-299, 3rd Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, first capital Estakhr, Parthian Manichaeus, Shapur I

Persia, 224AD-651AD, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 224-226, Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-242, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor; Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

Persia, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Persia, 240-270, Sasanian Emperor, Shapur I
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 240-270, Shapur I; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on October 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6;

Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians, take Babylon
Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Persia, 274-293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram II
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 274-293, Bahram II ; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram III
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293, Bahram III; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293-302, Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Saphor II, Julian's Death

Persia, 302-309, Emperor, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur
Persian Emperor, 302-309, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 309-379, Sasanian Emperor, Alamundar, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 363, Battle of Samarra, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide JulianÃ¢Â€Â™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, JulianÃ¢Â€Â™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 399-438, Persian Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438)
Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438) in Ctesiphon, Persia; Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 399-420, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Izdegerd I, friend to Jews and Christians, Zoros Nobles killed him
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 399-420, Izdegerd I ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Sapor IV

Persia, 418-420, King of Persian Armenia, Sapor IV, Sasanian
Persian Emperor, 420, Sapor IV, Sasanian; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 420-438, Persian Emperor, Bahram V, Barakhranes, raised by eastern Arabs, Lakhmid kings
Persian Emperor, 420-438, Bahram V; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 457-459, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd III
Persian Emperor, 457-459, Hormizd III, Sasanian; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9;

Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian
Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 470-482, Viceroy, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper
Persian Viceroy, 470-482, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Persia, 488-531, Emperor, Kavadh I, Successful, Chosroes Father, BEwar&peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 488-531, Kavadh I ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 500, 6th Century Folder, Sasanian E Failing, Chosroes 1 war with Byzantium after Antioch Earthquake

Persia, 502, War with Georgia, Vakhtang I killed, 7ft10in
Georgia, 502, War with Iran, Vakhtang I killed; Peter accompanied Holy King Vakhtang Gorgasali to war with the Persians in 502. It is written that œthe fatally wounded king Vakhtang summoned the catholicos, the queen, his sons and all the nobility.Saint Peter heard the king'™s last confession, granted the remission of his sins, presided at his funeral service, and blessed the prince Dachi (502-514) to succeed him as king of Kartli. with Iran[edit] of Ujarma, once an Iberian stronghold under Vakhtang espousing pro-Roman policy, Vakhtang further alienated his nobles, who sought Iranian support against the king's encroachments on their autonomy. In 482, Vakhtang put to death his most influential vassal, Varsken, vitaxa of Gogarene, a convert to Zoroastrianism and a champion of Iran's influence in the Caucasus, who had executed his Christian wife, Shushanik, daughter of the Armenian Mamikonid prince Vardan II and a hero of the earliest surviving piece of Georgian literature. By this act, Vakhtang placed himself in open confrontation with his Iranian suzerain. Vakhtang called on the Armenian princes and the Huns for co-operation. After some hesitation, the Armenians under Vardan's nephew Vahan Mamikonian, joined forces with Vakhtang. The allies were routed and Iberia was ravaged by Iranian punitive expeditions in 483 and 484, forcing Vakhtang into flight to Roman-controlled Lazica (modern western Georgia). After Peroz's death in the war with the Hephthalites in 484, his successor Balash reestablished peace in the Caucasus. Vakhtang was able to resume his reign in Iberia, but did not betray his pro-Roman line.[9][10] the Hundred Years Peace between Iran and Rome collapsed, Kavadh I of the Sassanids summoned Vakhtang as a vassal to join in a new campaign against Rome. Vakhtang refused, provoking an Iranian invasion of his kingdom. Then about 60, he had to spend the last years of his life in war and exile, fruitlessly appealing for the Roman aid. The chronology of this period is confused, but by 518 an Iranian viceroy had been installed at the Iberian town of Tiflis, founded (”according to Georgian tradition)”by Vakhtang and designated as the country's future capital. According to the LVG, Vakhtang died fighting an Iranian invading army at the hands of his renegade slave who shot him through an armpit defect of his armor. The wounded king was transported to his castle at Ujarma where he died and was interred at the cathedral in Mtskheta. Javakhishvili puts Vakhtang's death at c. 502. Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 531-579, Emperor, Chosroes I the Elder, allied with Italian Ostrogoths, violated peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 531-579, Chosroes I the Elder; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Image of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake, bathed in Med
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 579-590, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd IV, constant warfare west and east
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 579-590, Hormizd IV ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29;

Persia, 590-628, Chosroes II home, Ctesiphon - last King of Sasanian Empire
Chosroes home, Ctesiphon 590-628 - last King of Sasanian Empire Persia, In the year 614 military forces of the Persian ruler Chosroes fell upon Syria and Palestine, killing ninety thousand Christians and destroying Christian churches; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 590-628, Sasanian Emperor, Khosrau (Chosroes) II, Cross in J, def by M, then a with M
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 590-628, Khosrau (Chosroes) II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire Ends, Jersulam ravaged, Cross carried to Persia

Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628
Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628 ; Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614, Chosroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia, Stole the Cross, Became a Monk
Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate, Cross Returned
Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate; Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ;

Persia, 632-651, Sasanian Emperor, Yazdegerd III
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 632-651, Yazdegerd III ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 632 - Present, History Folder, Muslim Persia

Persia, 632-661, History Folder, Rashdun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia, Ali the Shia

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph, Sunni and Shia
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia
Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia;

Persia, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni, Bashdun Battle of Nahavand in Persia over Sasanians

Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa
Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Persia, 665, Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665
Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665; Battle of Nahavand;

Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf)
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Persia, 864-1041, History Folder, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus

Persia, 864-1041, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus 864-1041
Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Sunni, Persia into Geogria

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty, was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler
Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler; ibn Abi'l-Saj also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian[1] appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death. He was the son of Abi'l-Saj Devdad. Early career Like their father, Muhammad and his brother Yusuf had long and active careers. In 879 Muhammad was appointed by the Saffarid Amr ibn al-Layth as his representative in Mecca, and was later appointed by the Abbasids as the governor of Anbar and Rahba. When the amir of Egypt Ahmad ibn Tulun died in 884, Muhammad was presented an opportunity to capture some of his territories in Syria from his inexperienced son and heir, Khumarawayh. He allied himself with another Abbasid general, Ishaq ibn Kundaj, who had received authorization and some troops from al-Muwaffaq.[2][3][4] Ishaq clashed with the Tulunid governor of Raqqa in April 884,[5] and soon after, the Tulunid governor of Damascus defected, bringing with him Antioch, Aleppo and Hims.[4] Khumarawayh responded by sending troops to Syria, who soon succeeded in recovering the lost cities, before both sides settled into winter quarters.[4] In the spring, al-Muwaffaq's son, Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid), arrived to take control. Ahmad and Ishaq defeated the Tulunids, who were driven back to Palestine, but Ahmad quarrelled with Ishaq and Muhammad, who departed with their troops, and at the Battle of the Mills on 6 April Khumarawayh's general Sa'd al-Aysar routed the Abbasid army.[2][4][6] This signalled the end of the alliance between Muhammad and Ishaq: Muhammad now turned to Khumarawayh, and persuaded him to invade the Jazira. With Egyptian aid, Muhammad crossed the Euphrates, defeated Ishaq's forces in a number of battles in 886–887, and forced him to recognize Tulunid control.[2][7][8] The entire Jazira now became a Tulunid province, a fact recognized by the Abbasid government in a treaty in December 886 that confirmed Khumarawayh in his old and new possessions.[7][9] Ishaq remained as governor of Mosul under Tulunid authority. In 887/8 he tried to rebel but was defeated. Although he re-acknowledged Tulunid suzerainty, he was now stripped of Mosul in favor of Muhammad. Ishaq now concentrated his attentions on defeating Muhammad, and soon managed to secure the favor and support of Khumarawayh: in 888–889 Ishaq defeated Muhammad at Damascus, who then fled to al-Muwaffaq.[2][10] In 889 or 890 Caliph al-Mu'tamid's brother and regent, al-Muwaffaq, appointed Muhammad as governor of Azerbaijan. His first challenge came in the form of 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hamdani, a rebel who had taken control of Maragha. Muhammad convinced him to surrender in 893 by promising his safety, but once 'Abd-Allah did so he was executed by the Sajid. Maragha was afterwards made Muhammad's capital, though he usually resided in Bardaa.[11] Conflict over Armenia When the Bagratid Smbat I came to the throne of Armenia in 890, Muhammad had sent him a crown and presents in the name of the caliph, asserting his own authority over Smbat in the process. When Smbat sent envoys to the Byzantine emperor in 892, Muhammad threatened to attack him, but Smbat managed to convince the Sajid not to carry out his threat through diplomatic means. Three years later, however, the Bagratid invaded Georgia and Albania. In response Muhammad seized Nakhchivan and Dvin, but was then defeated and decided to make peace.[12] At some point in his career Muhammad decided to assert his independence from the caliph, probably by refusing to send the revenue due to Baghdad. In 898 he assumed the title al-Afshin, the title previously used by the rulers of Ushrusana in Transoxiana (Muhammad's family was originally from that province). Soon afterwards he decided to restore his loyalty to the caliph, and was confirmed as governor of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Muhammad launched another campaign against Smbat, taking Kars and capturing Smbat's wife and part of his treasury. Dvin was furthermore brought under control. In 899 Muhammad exchanged Smbat's wife for his son Ashot. Shortly after this he forced the Artsrunid ruler of Vaspurakan, Ashot-Sargis Artsruni, to submit to his authority. In the meantime his loyalty to the caliph again became uncertain. In 900 he invaded Vaspurakan again after Ashot-Sargis's brother, whom Muhammad had taken as a hostage the last time he had invaded, escaped. He left a garrison in Vaspurakan after Ashot-Sargis fled and returned to Bardaa. While preparing another campaign against Smbat, he died of an epidemic in 901.[11] He was succeeded by his son Devdad. Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty (Persian: ساجیان‎), was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran;

Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran;

Persia, 1072-1307, History Folder, Persian-Turk Seljuk Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni

Persia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, Persian-Turk Sultanate of Rome

Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I
Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Persia-Turks, Shamkori, Azerbaijan Georgia Battle over Persia

Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II
Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad
Persia 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq
Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I
Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III
Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Persia, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II
Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II;

Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I
Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Georgia over Azerbaijan Persia
Georgia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Azerbaijan, Georgia over Persia; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din
Persa, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1200-1256, 13th Century Folder, Khwarazms, battles with Georgia, Sunni

Persia, 1203, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum, Georgia over Turk Sultan Rukn al-Din
Georgia, 1202, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum; St. Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Sunni
Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu ; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din, Sunni, attacked Georgia
Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia ; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, History Folder, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni

Persia, 1256-1300, 13th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, 1256- , Georgia under these Mongols

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan
Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan; St. Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan
Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder
Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun
Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu
Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu;

Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu, Sodomite
Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu;

Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan;

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, -1353, Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Damascus

Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1336-1337, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)
Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan);

Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur
Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur;

Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan
Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan;

Persia, 1370-1507, History Folder, Timurid Empire, Tammerlane's Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Timurid Empire

Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur
Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur ; Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Persia, 1501-1736, History Folder, Persain Safarid Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Safarvids in Isfahan and Tabriz, Luther's 95 Theses

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan, Shia
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and G war 1616 Shah Abbas 1 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia
Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia Persian Iman, 1610-1633, Imam-Quli Khan from Georgia ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Persia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Sarafids Capture Tbilisi, Gareji Fathers Martyred by Dagestani

Persia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imeret,i Georgia
Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia
Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia; Shiraz; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, Tabriz, Persia, 1614 ; Safavid dynasty ; Tabriz, Persia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16;

Persia, 1616, Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war, Resetlement of Georgians to mainland Persia
Shah Abbas 1; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war 1616 Shah Abbas 1; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ;

Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia
Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia
Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia
Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia;

Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia
Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, History Folder, Persian Afsharid Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1736-1796, 18th Century Folder, Afsharids, Sunni

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad in Northeast, Nadir only, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Persian Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni, Napoleon of Persia, destroyed Shio's relics
Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni ; Shah Afshar (August 1688[5] - 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian[13] rulers in Iranian history, ruling as Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. of his military genius[14] as evidenced in his numerous campaigns throughout Middle East, Caucasus, Central and South Asia, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevard, Khyber Pass, Karnal and Kars, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia, Sword of Persia,[15] or the Second Alexander. belonged to the Turkoman[16] Afshar tribe, a semi-nomadic tribe settled in Khorasan in northeastern Iran,[17] which had supplied military power to the Safavid dynasty since the time of Shah Ismail I.[18] rose to power during a period of chaos in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Pashtuns had overthrown the weak Shah Sultan Husayn, the arch-enemy of the Safavids, the Ottomans, as well as the Russians had seized Iranian territory for themselves. reunited the Iranian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become Shah himself in 1736. numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its greatest extent, briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Pakistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf, his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.[19] idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. victories during his campaigns briefly made him West Asia's most powerful sovereign, ruling over what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world,[20] his empire and the Afsharid dynasty he founded quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747.[21] turning point in his military career started from his second and third campaigns against the by then revolting Lezgians, as well as other ethnic groups of Dagestan in the northwestern parts of his domain. Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror".[22] Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni
Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, History Folder, Persian Qajar Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1796-1799, 18th Century Folder, Qajars, Shia

Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar
Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors
Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors inside the gates ; Persian Qajar Shah, 1789-1797, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam
Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, Isfahan, Crossroads at Isfahan Folder, Central PER

Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW)
Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW); Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, Isfahan,Zayanderud River Folder

Zayanderud River

Zayanderud River Mouth (Gavkhouni Sink)

Gavkhouni Basin (a sink)

Isfahan Crossroads NS Tehran to Suza and Persian Gulf

Persian Capital - Pasargadae (Daniel Lived Here 559BC-486BC)
Persian Capital - Pasargadae ; Darius Hystaspis (Darius I, Darias the Great) ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Pasargadae,Persia, 559BC-486BC, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Isfahan Crossroads EW Elimais to Merv

Isfahan Crossroads EW Bagdad to Merv

Susa, Persia (Tigris River 10)
Susa, Persia, from Nehemiah Chapter 1; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Elymais (Susa, Persia)
Elymais (Susa), 1 Maccavees Ch 6; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ;

Capital of Persian emperor Darius - Daniel Lived Here
Persian emperor Darius - Susa - Capital of Persia during Darius; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Persia, Tigris River Folder, Western PER, Assyria

Tigris River

Tigris River Route

Tigris River Source (Lake Hazar)

Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia)
Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia) Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Tigris River 1

Tigris River 2 (Martyropolis, Turkey)

Tigris River 3 (Mosul Dam Lake)

Tigris River 4 (Nineveh, Mosul, Arabela, Persia)

Assyria, Assyrian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Nineveh (Mosul), Assyria, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Tobit'™s Youth and Virtuous Life, 3 I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and righteousness all the days of my life. I performed many acts of charity for my kindred and my people who had gone with me in exile to Nineveh in the land of the Assyrians. 4When I was in my own country, in the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of my ancestor Naphtali deserted the house of David and Jerusalem. This city had been chosen from among all the tribes of Israel, where all the tribes of Israel should offer sacrifice and where the temple, the dwelling of God, had been consecrated and established for all generations for ever. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Kaserin, across from Nineveh
Kaserin, across from Nineveh, Tobit Chapter 11: Homeward Journey 11When they came near to Kaserin, which is opposite Nineveh, Raphael said: "˜You are aware of how we left your father. 3Let us run ahead of your wife and prepare the house while they are still on the way." As they went on together Raphael* said to him: "˜Have the gall ready?™ And the dog went along behind them. 5 Meanwhile, Anna sat looking intently down the road by which her son would come. 6When she caught sight of him coming, she said to his father, "˜Look, your son is coming, and the man who went with him" Tobit'™s Sight Restored 7 Raphael said to Tobias, before he had approached his father, " know that his eyes will be opened. 8Smear the gall of the fish on his eyes; the medicine will make the white films shrink and peel off from his eyes, and your father will regain his sight and see the light." 9 Then Anna ran up to her son and threw her arms around him, saying, "˜Now that I have seen you, my child, I am ready to die."™ And she wept. 10Then Tobit got up and came stumbling out through the courtyard door. Tobias went up to him, 11with the gall of the fish in his hand, and holding him firmly, he blew into his eyes, saying, "˜Take courage, father."™ With this he applied the medicine on his eyes, 12and it made them smart.* 13Next, with both his hands he peeled off the white films from the corners of his eyes. Then Tobit* saw his son and* threw his arms around him, 14and he wept and said to him,"˜I see you, my son, the light of my eyes!"™ Then he said, "˜Blessed be God, and blessed be his great name, and blessed be all his holy angels. May his holy name be blessed* throughout all the ages. 15 Though he afflicted me, he has had mercy upon me.* Now I see my son Tobias!"™ So Tobit went in rejoicing and praising God at the top of his voice. Tobias reported to his father that his journey had been successful, that he had brought the money, that he had married Raguel'™s daughter Sarah, and that she was, indeed, on her way there, very near to the gate of Nineveh. 16 Then Tobit, rejoicing and praising God, went out to meet his daughter-in-law at the gate of Nineveh. When the people of Nineveh saw him coming, walking along in full vigour and with no one leading him, they were amazed. 17Before them all, Tobit acknowledged that God had been merciful to him and had restored his sight. When Tobit met Sarah the wife of his son Tobias, he blessed her saying, "˜Come in, my daughter, and welcome. Blessed be your God who has brought you to us, my daughter. Blessed be your father and your mother, blessed be my son Tobias, and blessed be you, my daughter. Come in now to your home, and welcome, with blessing and joy. Come in, my daughter."™ So on that day there was rejoicing among all the Jews who were in Nineveh. 18Ahikar and his nephew Nadab were also present to share Tobit'™s joy. With merriment they celebrated Tobias'™s wedding feast for seven days, and many gifts were given to him.* ;

Arbela, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Arbela, Persia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Arbela, Assyria (Tigris River 4)
Arbela in Assyria; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Tigris River 5 (Assur, Persia)

Tigris River 6 (Samarra, Persia)

Samarra, Persia (Tigris River 6)
Samarra (Tigris River 6); Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Karmanite wilderness, Persia and Mesopotamia (Battle of Samarra, Tigris River 6)
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide JulianÃ¢Â€Â™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, JulianÃ¢Â€Â™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Tigris River 7 (Bagdad, Babylon, Persia)

Seleucia, Persia, Syria and Messopotamia (Tigris River 7)
Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7, Near Bagdad) Sassanian Capitol
Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Tirgis River 8

Tigris River 9

Tigris River 10 (Elymais, Persia)

Tigris River 11

Tigris River Mouth (Kwait, Euphrates River 13)

Persia, Bahu Kalat River Folder, Gulf of Oman, Southeastern PER

Bahu Kalat River

Bahu Kalat River Mouth (Gwadar Bay, Gulf of Oman)

Dashtiari River

Dashtiari River, Iran

Dasht River

Dasht River, Iran

Persia, Kurdustan and Azerbaijan Folder, Tabriz, Northwestern PER

Persian Azerbaijan - Northwest Persia, Tabriz
Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan
Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan; Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Zarrine River (River of Kurdustan)

Gadar River

Gadar River Source (Iran, Turkey and Iraq border)
Zagros Mountains ;

Gadar River (Hajji Firuz Tepe)

Gadar River (Teppe Hasanlu)

Barandouz River 1

Barandouz River 2

Barandouz River, Iran
Barandouz River;

Zarrine River (Miandoab)

Aji Chay River

Quri Chay River

Quri Chay River, Iran

Quri Chay River (Tabriz)

Persia, Artaz Region Folder, Northwestern PER, Zangmar River

Zangmar River

Artaz region, Persia (Mardistan, Armenia)
Mardistan, Armenia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Kelissa Monestary, Artaz Region, Persia, AD 68, Saint Jude
Kelissa Monestary or Qara Kelissa or Saint Thaddeus Monastery; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Zangmar River (Maku)

Zangmar River Mouth (Aras River 9)

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers Folder, North Central PER

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers, Atrek River Folder, Parthia

Atrek River

Atrek River Source

Atrek River 1 (Sumbar River)

Safid River

Safid River Source

Talysh Hills of Alborz Range
Talysh Hills of the main Alborz Range ;

Safid River (Manjil Dam)

Abhar River

Safid River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Shah Rud River

Shah Rud River Source

Alborz (Elburz) Mountains (Manjil Gap)
Alborz (Elburz) Mountains;

Kojoor River

Kojoor River Source

Azad Kuh River

Azad Kuh River Source

Elburz Mountains (over 18,600 ft.)
Elburz Mountains ;

Haraz River

Haraz River Source (Mount Damavand)
Mount Damavand ;

Haraz River (Amol City)

Hyrcania, Persia (South of Caspian Sea)
Hyrcania ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Mazandaran, Persia, provincial capital of Sari
Mazandaran; Sari; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ;

Persia, Namak Lake (sink) Folder, Tehran ( Rey or Rages, Media), North Central PER

Namak Lake (a sink)
Namak Lake;

Parthia (northeastern Iran or Persia, Tehran Region, Namek Sink, Isfahan Crossroad)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Rages, Media, Persia (Rey or Tehran)
Rages, Media, Persia; Tobit; Tobit 4 Tobit Gives Instructions to His Son 4That same day Tobit remembered the money that he had left in trust with Gabael at Rages in Media, 2and he said to himself, ˜Now I have asked for death. Why do I not call my son Tobias and explain to him about the money before I die? Then he called his son Tobias, and when he came to him he said, ˜My son, when I die,* give me a proper burial. Honour your mother and do not abandon her all the days of her life. Do whatever pleases her, and do not grieve her in anything. 4Remember her, my son, because she faced many dangers for you while you were in her womb. And when she dies, bury her beside me in the same grave. 5 ˜Revere the Lord all your days, my son, and refuse to sin or to transgress his commandments. Live uprightly all the days of your life, and do not walk in the ways of wrongdoing; 6for those who act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their activities. To all those who practise righteousness* 7give alms from your possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift when you make it. Do not turn your face away from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be turned away from you. 8If you have many possessions, make your gift from them in proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to the little you have. 9So you will be laying up a good treasure for yourself against the day of necessity. 10For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you from going into the Darkness. 11Indeed, almsgiving, for all who practise it, is an excellent offering in the presence of the Most High. 12 ˜Beware, my son, of every kind of fornication. First of all, marry a woman from among the descendants of your ancestors; do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your father'™s tribe; for we are the descendants of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 13So now, my son, love your kindred, and in your heart do not disdain your kindred, the sons and daughters of your people, by refusing to take a wife for yourself from among them. For in pride there is ruin and great confusion. And in idleness there is loss and dire poverty, because idleness is the mother of famine. 14 ˜Do not keep over until the next day the wages of those who work for you, but pay them at once. If you serve God you will receive payment. Watch yourself, my son, in everything you do, and discipline yourself in all your conduct. 15And what you hate, do not do to anyone. Do not drink wine to excess or let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16Give some of your food to the hungry, and some of your clothing to the naked. Give all your surplus as alms, and do not let your eye begrudge your giving of alms. 17Place your bread on the grave of the righteous, but give none to sinners. 18Seek advice from every wise person and do not despise any useful counsel. 19At all times bless the Lord God, and ask him that your ways may be made straight and that all your paths and plans may prosper. For none of the nations has understanding, but the Lord himself will give them good counsel; but if he chooses otherwise, he casts down to deepest Hades. So now, my child, remember these commandments, and do not let them be erased from your heart. Money Left in Trust with Gabael 20 ˜And now, my son, let me explain to you that I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gabael son of Gabrias, at Rages in Media. 21Do not be afraid, my son, because we have become poor. You have great wealth if you fear God and flee from every sin and do what is good in the sight of the Lord your God.™

Qom River

Qom (River)

Karaj River

Karaj River (Tehran)

Karaj River Mouth (Namak Sink)

Jajrood River

Persia, Halil River Folder (Kerman) South Southeast PER

Halil River

Kerman, Persia (high point, home of Shapur II the Great)
Shapur II the Great; Kerman, Persia; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6;

Hazaran Mountains
Hazaran Mountains ;

Halil River (Jiroft Dam)

Halil River (Jiroft)
Jiroft ;

Jaz Murian Basin ( a sink)

Persia, Shiraz Folder, Southwest PER

Shiraz, Persia
Shiraz; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Bakhtegan Lake (a sink)

Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) Mouth

Persia, Suza and Persian Gulf Folder, South Southwest PER

Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf, Isfahan Crossroads North South)
Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf) ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mond River

Mond River Mouth (Persian Gulf)
Mond River;

Bushehr River

Bushehr River 2

Bishapur, South Southwest Persia (Bushehr River near Kazerun)
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Bushehr, Persia (Bushehr River Mouth)
Bushehr, Persia; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Persia, Media Region of Persia Folder, West Central PER

Media region of Persia, Northwest of Isfahan Crossroads, Ecbatana
Media or Median Empire; Taken Captive to Nineveh: Tobit Chapter 1:10 After I was carried away captive to Assyria and came as a captive to Nineveh, everyone of my kindred and my people ate the food of the Gentiles, 11but I kept myself from eating the food of the Gentiles. 12Because I was mindful of God with all my heart, 13the Most High gave me favour and good standing with Shalmaneser,* and I used to buy everything he needed. 14Until his death I used to go into Media, and buy for him there. While in the country of Media I left bags of silver worth ten talents in trust with Gabael, the brother of Gabri. 15But when Shalmaneser* died, and his son Sennacherib reigned in his place, the highways into Media became unsafe and I could no longer go there. Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16 ;

Diyala River

Diyala River Source (near Sananda)

Diyala River Mouth (Tigris River 7)

Zagros Mountains
Zagros Mountains ;

Karkeheh River (Gihon River)

Ecbatana in Media, Persia
Ecbatana in Media, Persia ; Tobit; Tobit Chapter 3: Sarah Falsely Accused in Ecbatana 7 On the same day, at Ecbatana in Media, it also happened that Sarah, the daughter of Raguel, was reproached by one of her fatherÃ¢Â€Â™s maids. 8For she had been married to seven husbands, and the wicked demon Asmodeus had killed each of them before they had been with her as is customary for wives. So the maid said to her, Ã¢Â€Â˜You are the one who kills* your husbands! See, you have already been married to seven husbands and have not borne the name of* a single one of them. 9Why do you beat us? Because your husbands are dead? Go with them! May we never see a son or daughter of yours!Ã¢Â€Â™

Hamedan, Media, Persia
Hamedan, Iran or Persia; Battle of Nahavand 665; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Persia, Karum River Folder (Chaldeans) West Southwest PER

Karum River

Land of the Chaldeans (far southeastern Messopotamia)
Land of the Chaldeans ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Karun River Source (Zard-Kuh)
Zard-Kuh;

Karun River (Ahvas)
Ahvas;

Karun River (Koohran River Mouth)

Karun River Mouth (Euphrates River Mouth)

Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf)
Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf); Tobit Chapter 2, Tobit back in Nineva, again burying the dead, becomes blind from sparrow droppings, protected by Ahikar his nephew before Ahikar goes to Elymais 7 When the sun had set, I went and dug a grave and buried him. 8And my neighbours laughed and said, Ã¢Â€Â˜Is he still not afraid? He has already been hunted down to be put to death for doing this, and he ran away; yet here he is again burying the dead!Ã¢Â€Â™ 9That same night I washed myself and went into my courtyard and slept by the wall of the courtyard; and my face was uncovered because of the heat. 10I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall; their fresh droppings fell into my eyes and produced white films. I went to physicians to be healed, but the more they treated me with ointments the more my vision was obscured by the white films, until I became completely blind. For four years I remained unable to see. All my kindred were sorry for me, and Ahikar took care of me for two years before he went to Elymais. ;

Poland Folder, and its rivers

Poland (between Oder, Vistula and Narew rivers)
Poland; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Prochorus of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated February 10 ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Uniates, Land of the Uniates (Eastern Europe including Poland and Lithuania) Unia began 1596
Uniates or Eastern Catholics under the Pope of Rome (Eastern Europe, North Afria, Middle East, and India); Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12, says After the emergence of the Unia (1596) the icon passed into the hands of the Catholics and was placed in a church of the Belynich Catholic monastery; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Poland, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Poland, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant
Poland, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates)
Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates), Union of Lublin ; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Poland, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Poland, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Poland History Folder

Poland, 960-999, History Folder, Poland Established, Catholic, Boleslaw the Brave

Poland, 960-992, Mieszko I of Poland, Christian, Establishment of Poland
Poland, 960-992, Mieszko I of Poland, Christian, Establishment of Poland;

Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave, First King of Poland
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Poland, 1000-1099, History Folder, Separated from HRE, Boleslaw Captured Kiev

Poland, 1000, Boleslaw I the Brave, Separated from Holy Roman Empire
Poland, 992-1025, Boleslaw I the Brave; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on July 26;

Poland, 1018, Boleslaw I the Brave, Captured Kiev

Poland, 1025-1031, Mieszko II Lambert
Poland, 1025-1031, Mieszko II Lambert;

Poland, 1031-1032, Bezprym
Poland, 1031-1032, Bezprym;

Poland, 1032-1034, Mieszko II Lambert
Poland, 1032-1034, Mieszko II Lambert;

Poland, 1034-1039, Boleslaw the Forgotten
Poland, 1034-1039, Boleslaw the Forgotten ;

Poland, 1039-1058, Casimir I the Restorer
Poland, 1039-1058, Casimir I the Restorer;

Poland, 1058-1079, Boleslaw II the Generous, The Bold, The Cruel, s by allies, against HRE, deposed
Poland, 1058-1079, Boleslaw II the Generous, The Bold; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Poland, 1079-1102, Wladyslaw I Herman, gravitated to HRE by marriage, Bohemia
Poland, 1079-1102, Wladyslaw I Herman; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Poland, 1100-1199, History Folder, Feudal Fragmentation

Poland, 1102-1107, Zbigniew of Poland
Poland, 1102-1107, Zbigniew of Poland;

Poland, 1107-1138, BolesÃ…Â‚aw III Wrymouth
Poland, 1107-1138, BolesÃ…Â‚aw III Wrymouth;

Poland, 1138-1146, Wladyslaw II the Exile
Poland, 1138-1146, Wladyslaw II the Exile;

Poland, 1146-1173, BolesÃ…Â‚aw IV the Curly
Poland, 1146-1173, BolesÃ…Â‚aw IV the Curly;

Poland, 1173-1227, Mieszko III the Old
Poland, 1173-1227, Mieszko III the Old ;

Poland, 1200-1299, History Folder, Feudal Fragmentation

Poland, 1227-1229, Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks
Poland, 1227-1229, Wladyslaw III Spindleshanks;

Poland, 1229-1232, Konrad I of Masovia
Poland, 1229-1232, Konrad I of Masovia;

Poland, 1232-1238 Henry the Bearded
Poland, 1232-1238 Henry the Bearded;

Poland, 1241-1241, BolesÃ…Â‚aw II Rogatka
Poland, 1241-1241, BolesÃ…Â‚aw II Rogatka;

Poland, 1241-1243, Konrad I of Masovia
Poland, 1241-1243, Konrad I of Masovia;

Poland, 1243-1279, Boleslaw V the Chaste, Christian, adopted Leszek the Black
Poland, 1243-1279, Boleslaw V the Chaste;

Poland, 1279-1288, Leszek II the Black
Poland, 1279-1288, Leszek II the Black;

Poland, 1288-1290, Henryk IV Probus
Poland, 1288-1290, Henryk IV Probus;

Poland, 1290-1296, Przemysl II
Poland, 1290-1296, Przemysl II;

Poland, 1300-1399, History Folder, Teutonic Knights

Poland, 1300-1305, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
Poland, 1300-1305, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia;

Poland, 1305-1306, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia
Poland, 1305-1306, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia;

Poland, 1308-1454, Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Poland)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Poland, 1320-1333, Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high

Poland, 1356-1401, Polish Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon
Czech Land, 1356-1401, Czech Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1386-1434, Polish King, Vladislav (Wladyslaw II Jagiello)
Polish King, 1386-1434, Vladislav (Wladyslaw II Jagiello) ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1389, Czestochowa Icon remains in Czestochowa, Vladislav's dream
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1400-1454, Polish History Folder, Teutonic Knights

Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, 1409-1411
Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War, 1409-1411 ; Battle of Gruenwald; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald, PL overTeutonic Knights
Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Poland, 1440-1492, Grand Duke, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland, Roman Catholic
Lithuanian Grand Duke, 1440-1492, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14 ; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Poland, 1454-1525, Teutonic Order 2nd State Capital (Kaliningrad, Prussia)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Poland, 1454-1523, Polish History Folder, Hapsburgs, Holy Roman Empire

Poland, 1454-1492, Polish Queen, Elizabeth Hapsburg of Hungary, Elizabeth of Austria
Polish Queen, 1454-1492, Elizabeth Hapsburg of Hungary, Elizabeth of Austria; Polish King, 1501-1506, Alexander Jagiellon; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1493-1543, Polish Renaissance Man, Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish Renaissance Man, 1493-1543, Nicolaus Copernicus; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1501-1506, Polish King, Alexander Jagiellon
Polish King, 1501-1506, Alexander Jagiellon; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Poland, 1517-1795, Polish History Folder, House of Vasa, Protestant, Sweden, Lithuania, Poland

Poland, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, 95 Theses, House of Vasa, Bathoy, Brest Union

Poland, 1533-1586, King Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant
Poland, 1533-1586, King Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates)
Poland, 1569-1648, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Uniates), Union of Lublin ; Uniates; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Poland, 1574-1658, Proposed Polish-“Lithuanian-“Muscovite Commonwealth
Poland, 1574-1658, Proposed Polish“Lithuanian“Muscovite Commonwealth;

Poland, 1576-1586, Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Protestant
Polish King, 1579, Stephen Bathory, Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania ; Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov; Commemorated on February 5; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tendernessfrom the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic
Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Poland, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union, Protestant
Poland, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union;

Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic

Poland, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Swedish Empire, Tsar of Russia, Wars with Russia

Poland, 1605-1618, Swedish Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18)
Moscow, 1605-1618, Swedisn Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18) ; Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Poland, 1615, Lisowski of Poland Destroys Zhabyn Monastery, Ryazan
Aleksander Joseph Lisowski; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Poland, 1632-1648, King Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Tsar of Russia at 16 in 1610-13
Poland, 1632-1648, King Wladyslaw IV Vasa; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ;

Poland, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War
Poland, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Poland, 1637-1651, Polish-Lithuanian Count, Nicholas Pototski
Poland, 1637-1651, Polish-Lithuanian Count, Nicholas Pototski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Poland, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Poland, 1654-1667, Russian-Polish War, War for the Ukraine
Russian-Polish War, 1654-1667, War for the Ukraine ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Poland, 1656, Swedish Deluge, Protestant Sweden over Catholic Poland
Poland, 1656, Swedish Deluge ; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa", Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1656, Czestochowa Icon Stops Swedish Deluge
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, 1669-1673, Polish-Lithuanian King, Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki
Poland, 1669-1673, Polish-Lithuanian King, Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War, Ottomans control western Ukraine
Poland, 1672-1676, Polish Ottoman War; Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach, 1672; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1672, Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach
Poland, 1672, Polish-Lithuanian Turkish Treaty of Buchach ; Polish-“Ottoman War (1672-“76); Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski, R Catholic
Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Poland, 1683, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, found in a tree near Lesna
Poland, 1683, Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, found in a tree near Lesna Poland, 1674-1696, Polish-Lithuanian King, John III Sobieski ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Poland, 1795-1807, Polish History Folder, Partitions and Divisions

Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1773-1789, Protectorate of the Russian Empire
Poland, 1772, First Partition of Poland;

Poland, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Poland, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95
Poland, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95 ;

Poland, 1807-1814, Napolion's Duchy of Warsaw

Poland, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw
Poland, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw;

Poland, 1814-1918, Russian and Prussian Rule

Poland, 1814-1918, Congress of Vienna, Russian Prussian Rule
Poland, 1814-1815, Congress of Vienna; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9;

Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule
Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14;

Poland, 1918-1989, Communist Poland

Poland, 1918-1935, Polish Leader, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski
Poland, 1918-1935, Polish Defacto Leader, Marshal Jozef Pilsudski; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Poland, 1936-1941, Polish Leader, Edward Rydz-Smigly
Poland, 1936-1941, Polish Leader, Edward Rydz-Smigly; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Poland, 1942-1989, Polish Leader, Michal Rola Zymierskii, Chief of the Army
Poland, 1942-1989, Polish Leader, Michal Rola Zymierskii, Chief of the Army;

Poland, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist
Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist; George Jeffreys (pastor);

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River Folder

Vistula River

Vistula River Source (Silesian Beskids)

Beskids, Poland
Beskids, Poland;

Silesian Beskids (Vistual River Source, Outer Western Carpatians, Right Side Upper Order River)
Silesian Beskids;

Vistula River 1

Auschwitz, Poland (concentration camp, Vistula River 1.9)
Auschwitz (concentration camp); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Vistula River 2 (Zator, Poland)

University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364
University of Cracow (Vistula River 2.3) 1364; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER. ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Vistula River 3 (Poland)

Vistula River 4 (near Lublin, Polish Lithuania)

Lublin, Poland (Vistula River 4)
Lublin, Poland; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Vistula River 5 (Deblin, Poland)

Vistula River 6 (Warsaw, Poland)

Warsaw University, Poland (Vistula River 6) 1816
Warsaw University; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Pawiak, prison, Warsaw, Poland
Pawiak; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Vistula River 7 (Narew River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River Folder

Narew River

Narew River Source (Bialowieza Forest)

Bialowieza Forest
Bialowieza Forest;

Narew River 1 (Lesna, Poland)

Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River 1)
Lesna, Northeast Poland (Narew River Source) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Narew River 2

Narew River 3

Stara Rus, Poland (Narew River 3)
Stara Rus; St Martyrius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 24;

Narew River 4

Narew River 6 (Bialystok and Suprasl monastery)

Bialystok, Poland (Narew River 6)
Bialystok; Childmartyr Gabriel of Bialystok, Commemorated on April 20;

Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland
Podlaskie Voivodeship, Northeastern Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Suprasl, Poland (Narew River 6)
Suprasl; Suprasl monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ;

Narew River 10 (Overview)

Podlasie, Northeastern Poland
Podlasie, Poland; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Battle of Gruenwald, PL overTeutonic Knights (between Narew 10 and Vistula 11)
Poland, 1410, Battle of Gruenwald ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ;

Ermland Region, Northeastern Poland
Ermland (Warmia) Region, Poland; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Narew River 13 (Bug River Mouth)

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River Folder

Bug River (Western Bug River)

Bug River Source (Central Ukraine)

Bug River 1 (Western Bug River 1) (Vladimir-Volynsk)

Belz, Fortress of Belz (Bug River 1), Eastern Poland, Western Ukraine
Belz, Fortress of Belz; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Poland, Eastern Poland, Vistula River 7, Narew River 13, Western Bug River 1, Poltva River Folder

Lvov, Poland (Poltva River Source, Western Ukraine or Eastern Poland)
Lvov (Poltva River) ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Austrian-Carpatho-Russians, Poland
Austrian-Carpatho-Russians; Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ;

Bug River 2 (near Kholm Theological Seminary)

Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Western Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Chelm (Kholm) Theological Seminary, Poland (Bug River 2)
Kholm (Chelm) Theological Seminary, Poland (in Chelm near Lublin); Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Bug River 3 or Western Bug River 3

Bug River 4 (Brest)

Jableczna, Poland (Bug River 4)
Jableczna, Poland ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Poland, Brest, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals)

Bug River 5

Bug River 6

Bug River 7

Bug River Mouth (Warsaw, Narew River 13)

Narew River Mouth (Vistula River 7, Warsaw)

Warsaw, Poland (Narew River Mouth, Vistula River 7)
Warsaw, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw
Belvedere (Belweder) Palace, Warsaw; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Left Side Neman, Right Side Vistula and Narew Rivers, between Warsaw and Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

East Prussia, Poland, Lithuania (Southeast Baltic Coastal drainage to Kognigsberg or Kaliningrad)
East Prussia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Vistula River 8 (Plock, Poland)

Vistula River 9 (Torun, Poland)

Vistula River 10 (Amber Road, Bydgoszez, Poland)

Vistula River 11 (Amber Road, Grudziadz, Poland)

Teutonic Order 1st State Capital (Malbork, Amber Rd, Poland, 1308-1454)
State of the Teutonic Order; Teutonic Knights; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Vistula River Mouth (Gdansk, Pomerania, Poland, Baltic Sea)

Gothiscandza, Poland
Gothiscandza, first location of the Goths on the Continent from Scandza or Gothland; Goths Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Sava Stratelates ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Rome, Commemorated on April 24;

Pomerania (Lower Left Side Vistula, Lower Right Side Oder, and Warta Rivers)
Pomerania (Lower Vistula, Oder, and Warta Rivers) ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ; Goths migrated to lower Vistula region of Pomerania from Scandinavia. Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ;

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River Folder (Czech Republic, Poland, Germany)

Oder River

Oder River Source (Selesian Beskids)

Oder River 1 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 2 (Czech Republic)

Oder River 3 (Poland)

Oder River 4

Oder River 5

Oder River 6 (Opolsk)

Opolsk, Selesia, Poland (Oder River 6)
Opole or Opolsk on the Oder River (Odra) ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Oder River 7

Selesia, Poland (Left Side Upper Oder River)
Selesia; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

Oder River 10 (Amber Road, Wroclaw, Poland)

Molczyce, Poland (Oder River 11)
Molczyce, Poland; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Oder River 18 (Lusatian River, G P Border)

Oder River 19 (Germany Poland Border)

Oder River 20 (Warta River Mouth)

Poland, Western Poland, Oder River 20, Warta River Folder

Warta River

Warta River Source (near Zawiercie, Southern Poland)

Sosnowiec, Southern Poland (Warta River Source)
Sosnowiec, Southern Poland ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Warta River 1

Warta River 2 (Czestochowa, Poland)

Czestochowa, Poland (Warta River 2)
Czestochowa; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382
Yasna Gora (Jasna Gora) Monastery, Poland, 1382; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Warta River 3 (Dzialoszyn, Poland)

Poland, Western Poland, Order River 20, Warta River3, Liswarta River Folder

Liswarta River

Liswarta River 1

Liswarta River 2

Liswarta River Mouth (Warta River 3)

Warta River 4

Vandal Land - Lugii, Poland
Vandal Land - Lugii; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18 ;

Warta River 5

Ner River Mouth (Warta River 7)

Warta River 7 (Kolo, Poland)

Prosna River Mouth (Warta River 9)

Warta River 9 (Amber Road)

Royal Prussia, Poland (Warta River 10, Amber Road 10)
Royal Prussia; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ;

Obra River Mouth (Warta River 19)

Notec River Mouth (Warta River 20)

Warta River Mouth (Oder River 20)

Oder River 21 (G P Border)

Oder River 22 (G P Border)

Oder River 23 (G P Border)

Oder River 24 (Poland)

Oder River 25 (Poland)

Oder River Mouth (Gulf of Pomerania, Baltic Sea)

Pontine Folder (Pontus, Pontica, Paphlagonia, Lower Black Sea)

Pontine (Pontus, Pontica, Paphlagonia, Lower Black Sea Region)
Pontine (Pontus, Pontica, Paphlagonia, Lower Black Sea Region) ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General", Commemorated February 8 ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Pontica (Pontus, Iris River 2, Amasya)
Pontica; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pontus Region, Pontine - Southern Coast of Black Sea
Pontus Region - Southern Coast of Black Sea ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pontum (Pontus), Polemoniacus District of Pontus
Pontus Polemoniacus; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ;

Pontus, Polemoniacus District of Pontus Region
Pontus Polemoniacus; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ;

Pontus Region

Great Road from Ephesus thru Colossae to the Euphrates at Melitine

Pontine 40-1400, Pontine History Folder

Pontine, 40-636, Pontine of Christian Armenia

Pontine, 40-70, Apostle Philologus of the Seventy
Philologus of Sinope; Pontine, 40-70, Apostle Philologus of the Seventy; Sinope, Turkey (Black Sea); Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated August 9 ; Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Martyr Phocas the Gardener of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Pontine, 40-50, First Century Saint Pancratius
Pontine, 40-50, First Century Saint Pancratius Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily Commemorated on July 9;

Pontine, 220-270, Saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus of Neocaesarea
Pontine Saint, 220-270, Gregory Thaumaturgus of Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St. Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Pontine, 300-319, Pontine Saint, Theodore Stratelates, Theodore the Recruit, from Heraculea
Pontus, 300-319, Pontine Saint, Theodore Stratelates; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe GeneralÂÂ, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe RecruitÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pontine, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus)
Pontine, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Pontine, 350-381, Theosebia, the younger sister (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus)
Cappadocia, 350-381, Theosebia, the younger sister (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus); Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Pontine, 350-379, Byzantine Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great
Byzantine Saint, 350-379, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Pontine, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia/Pontine
Cappadocia, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia; St. Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10;

Pontine, 636-1200, Moslem Armenia, Umayyad Caliphate

Pontine, 1200-1400, Trebizond Empire of Byzantine Empire

Pontine, 1200-1400, Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River); Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Pontine, 1349-1390, Trebizond Emperor, Alexios III Megas Komnenos
Pontine, 1349-1390, Trebizond Emperor, Alexios III Megas Komnenos; Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River); Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Pontine, Paphlagonia Folder, Western Pontine

Paphlagonia Region, Pontaine (Lycus River, Gangra River, Lower Kizilirmak River drainage)
Paphlagonia Region; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Pontine, Paphlagonia, Lycus River Folder, Farwestern Pontine

Lycus River of Bithynia (and Paphlagonia)

Amastris, Paphlagonia, Pontus
Amastridia; Martyr Hyacinthus of Amastris, Commemorated on July 18 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Amastridia, Pontus
Amastridia; Martyr Hyacinthus of Amastris, Commemorated on July 18 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Heraclea Pontica (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea)
Heraclea Pontica (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea) ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General", Commemorated February 8 ; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pontine, Paphlagonia, Lower Kizilirmak River Folder

Kizilirmak River

Mantinea in Paphlagonia Asia Minor
Mantinea Asia Minor is somewhere in the Paphlagonia Region; Mantinea in Greece ; Regions of Ancient Greece - Asia Minor; Asia Minor; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27 ;

Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia
Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia; The exact location of Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia is 45 km north of Kastamonu, to the north of TaÃƒÂ…Ã‚ÂŸkÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¶prÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¼, in the valley of the GÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¶kÃƒÂ„Ã‚Â±rmak (Roman name Amnias, or Amneus). Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7;

Adrianopolis, Paphlogonia
Adrianopolis, Paphlogonia; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1 ;

Black Sea (Varangian Sea, Romania to Georgia)
Black Sea (Varangian Sea, Romania to Georgia); Note: Wikipedia assumes the Varangian Sea was the Baltic Sea, but the stories of the saints refer to the Black Sea as the Varangian Sea. Varangians; Varangian Sea (Black Sea), Both Sides of Varangian Sea (Romania and Georgia); St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10 ; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Varangian Sea (Black Sea, Romania to Georgia)
Black Sea; Note: Wikipedia assumes the Varangian Sea was the Baltic Sea, but the stories of the saints refer to the Black Sea as the Varangian Sea. Varangians; Varangian Sea (Black Sea), Both Sides of Varangian Sea (Romania and Georgia); St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Kizilirmak River 6 (Paphlagonia)

Kizilirmak River 7 (Paphlagonia)

Pontine, Paphlagonia, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Gangra River Folder

Gangra River

Gangra River Source (along the border)

Gangra, Paphlagonia (rich well watered valley, Gangra River)
Gangra; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Gangra River Mouth (Kizilirmak River 7)

Battle of the River Amnia (89 BC)
Battle of the River Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Pontine, Paphlagonia, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Amnia River Folder

Amnia River

Amnia River Region
Amnia River Region is on the Amnia River near the Battle of Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Amnia River Source (Kasaba, Paphlagonia)

Amnia River 1

Amnia River 2

Amnia River 3

Amnia River Mouth (Kizilirmak River 7)

Amnia, Paphlagonia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River)
Amnia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River); Amnia River Region is on the Amnia River near the Battle of Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Kizilirmak River 8 (Paphlagonia)

Kizilirmak River Mouth (Black Sea)

Sinope, Paphlagonia (Pontine Capital, near Kizilirmak River Mouth, Black Sea)
Sinope, Turkey (Black Sea); Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated August 9 ; Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Martyr Phocas the Gardener of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Pontine, Iris Rivers Folder, Central and Southeastern Pontine

Iris (Yesil) River

Iris (Yesil) River Source (Sivas or Sabastea)

Sebastea, Pontine (Iris River Source, Kizilirmak River 1)
Sebastea (Sivas); Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379); 10 Martyred Disciples of Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; St. Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9;

Charsianon Area, Pontine (Kharsian People, Iris River Source)
Charsianon Area and Fortress; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated July 31 ;

Charsianon Fortress, Pontaine (Iris River Source) 638
Charsianon (Charsia); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Malenius Family Home at Charsianon, Pontine
Malenius; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31;

Pontine, Iris River 1, Cekerek River Folder, Heracleopolis

Cekerek River

Cekerek River 1 (Cekerek)

Cekerek River 2 (Heracleopolis)

Heracleopolis, Pontus, Turkey (Cekerek River 1)
Heracleopolis, Turkey ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16;

Cekerek River Mouth (Iris (Yesil) River 1)

Iris (Yesil) River 1 (Tokat, Cekerek River Mouth)

Tokat, Pontaine (Iris or Yesil River 1)
Tokat (Iris or Yesil River) ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ;

Comana Pontica
Comana Pontica, 7 miles from Tokat; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ;

Pontus, City of Pontus (Eupatoria, a crossroads, Isis and Kelkit Rivers)
Eupatoria (Pontus); Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Pontus Polemoniacus Area, Armenia (Kelkit River 2)
Pontus Polemoniacus Area; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ;

Komana (Comana), Pontica (Iris River 1)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Comana (Komana), Pontica (Iris River 1)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Macrina the Younger and Saint Basil (somewhere on Iris River)
MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1

Iris (Yesil) River 2 (Amasea)

Amasea, Pontine (Iris River 2)
Amasea; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Amasya, Pontica (Yesil (Iris) River 2)
Amasea; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated November 17; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22;

Alasium, Pontine (Amasea, Iris River 2)
Alasium or Amasea; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17;

Euchaita, Pontine (Iris River 2)
Euchaita; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated January 30 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃ‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃ‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Iris (Yesil) River Mouth (Black Sea)

Amisus, Pontine (near Iris River Mouth, on the shore of the sea)
Amisus; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Charitina of Amisus, Commemorated October 5 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20;

Pontine, Kelkit River Folder, Eastern Pontine

Kelkit River

Kelkit River Source (Gumushane (Silver House))
Kelkit River, the road from Armenia to Bithynia; North Anatolian Fault;

Kelkit River 1 (Nicopolis, Armenia)

Nicopolis, Pontine (Kelkit River 1)
Nicopolis (Pontus); 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated July 10 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ;

Colonia, Pontine (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis, Kelkit River1)
Colonia in Armenia (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis); St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ;

Kelkit River 2 (Pontus)

Pontus Polemoniacus Area (Kelkit River 2)
Pontus Polemoniacus Area; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ;

Kelkit River 3 (Neocaesarea, Pontus)

Neocaesarea, Pontus, Pontine (Kelkit River 3)
Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Kelkit River Mouth (Yesil River 3)

Pontine, Harsit River Folder, Far Eastern Pontine, Trebizond

Harsit River

Harsit River Source (Pontic Mountains)
Pontic Mountains or Pontine district of Northeast Asia Minor;

Pontic Mountains
Pontic Mountains or Pontine district of Northeast Asia Minor; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17;

Lazeti, Pontine (Harsit River Source)
Lazeti; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Laz People, Harsit River Area, Eastern Pontaine - Land of the Laz People
Land of the Laz People; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Kordila, Pontine (Rize Province Georgia, Harsit River Area Pontine)
Kordila (Rize Province); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Chaneti, Pontine (Harsit River, Eastern Pontine, Rise, formerly of Georgia)
Chaneti ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Harsit River 1

Harsit River 2

Harsit River 3 (Argyropolis)

Argyropolis, Pontine (Harsit River 3)
Argyropolis (Harsit River 4); Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ;

Harsit River 4 (near Zigana Pass)

Zigana Pass, Pontine (Harsit River 4)
Zigana Pass; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Harsit River 5

Harsit River Mouth (Black Sea)

Trebizond, Pontine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River) 1204-1461
Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River); Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Pontine Ethiopia (presently Western Georgia)
Pontine Ethiopia (presently Western Georgia); Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9;

Bulgaria Folder, Danube rivers North, Rila Mountains Center, Roman Roads of Thrace South

Balkan Mountains
Balkan Mountains ;

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Bulgaria (Rila Mountains, Upper Thracian Plain, South of the Danube)
Bulgaria ; Kutmichivitsa Region of Bulgaria; K Triangle, Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; St Theophilus the Confessor of Bulgaria; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria (Sophia)
Bulgaria; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria
Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom
Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom ; Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times
Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Caliphates, Ottoman, Turk, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgarian History Folder

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD Folder, Odrysian kingdom

Bulgaria, 46-681, Folder, Roman Times

Bulgaria, 000, 1st Century, Apostles Andrew, Herman, Centurion Cornelius

Bulgaria, 46, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, First Called
Bulgaria, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Martyr Inna, Disciple of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20;

Bulgaria, 1st Century, Centurion, Cornelius the Centurion
Palestine Centurion, 1st Century, Cornelius the Centurion; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ;

Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy
Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy; Holy Apostle Hermas of the Seventy was bishop at Philippopolis, and died a martyr in the first century. In the Epistle to the Romans, the holy Apostle Paul commands the Romans to greet Hermas (Rom 16:14) (Rom 16:14). Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ;

Bulgaria, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea

Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea
Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13; Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13

Bulgaria, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Sophia the castle of Roman Emperor

Bulgaria, 293-311, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius 293-311
Galerius, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe ), Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 300, 4th Century Folder, Christianity dominant, Gothic Civil Wars

Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 305 approx., Martyr Alexander of Rome at Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Bulgaria, 343, Council of Sardica, in Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria
Council of Sardica ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18;

Bulgaria, 376-382, Fritigern, Gothic War of 376-382
Fritigern; Gothic War (376-“382) ; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Thervingi people;

Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War, 378, Fritgen over Athanaric, both Theringian Goths
Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Bulgaria, 378, Battle of Adrianople, Thrace, Gothic Civil War of 376-382, Valens dies by fire
Bulgaria, Battle of Adrianople, 378, Gothic Civil War of 376-382 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Bulgaria, 600, 7th Century Folder, Bulgars 632-668, Old Great Bularia

Bulgars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668
Bulghars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668; Bulgars, 7th Century; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 22;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, Folder, First Bulgarian Empire Folder

Bulgaria, 681-699, 7th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 700, 8th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 777-803, Bulgarian Tsar, Kardam of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 777-803, Kardam of Bulgaria ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 800-864, 9th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 800-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota, converted by Byzantine captive
Bulgaria, 800-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota; Enravota or Boyan (Боян) was the eldest son of Omurtag of Bulgaria and the first Bulgarian Christian martyr, as well as the earliest Bulgarian saint to be canonized. in the early 9th century, Enravota was the elder brother of Malamir of Bulgaria, who succeeded their father Omurtag to the Bulgarian throne in 831. was possibly deprived of the throne because he favoured Christianity, which the boyars feared might endanger the court. long after the death of Omurtag, Enravota asked his brother to release a pious Byzantine captive who had been imprisoned by Omurtag. The captive's sermons persuaded Enravota to convert to Christianity and be baptized. informed of his brother's deeds, Malamir attempted to make him renounce Christianity, but did not succeed. Enravota was killed on the order of Malamir, around 833. 11th-century chronicler Theophylact of Bulgaria claimed he delivered the following prophetic speech before his death: faith, which I now die for, will spread and increase across the whole Bulgarian land, although you may wish to oppress it with my death. In any case, the Sign of Christ will establish itself and churches of God will be built everywhere and pure priests will serve the pure God and will deliver "sacrifice of praise and confession" to the invigorating Trinity. Idols, and priests as well, and their ungodly temples, will crumble and will turn into nothing, as if they had not existed. Besides, you alone (to Malamir), after many years, will cast away your ungodly soul without receiving anything in reward for your cruelty. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Enravota's feast day is 28 March. Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St. Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 803-814, Bulgarian Tsar, Krum, doubled Bulgaria in size
Bulgarian Tsar, 803-814, Krum ; (Bulgarian: Крум, Greek: Κρούμος/Kroumos)[A], often referred to as Krum the Fearsome (Bulgarian: Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization.[1][2] Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 814-831, Bulgarian Tsar, Omurtag of Bulgaria, 30 year peace w Byzantines, coped w Franks, Builder
Bulgarian Tsar, 814-831, Omurtag of Bulgaria; (or Omortag) was a Great Khan (Kanasubigi)[3] of Bulgaria from 814 to 831. He is known as "the Builder". the very beginning of his reign he signed a 30-year peace treaty with the neighboring Byzantine Empire which remained in force to the end of his life. Omurtag successfully coped with the aggressive policy of the Frankish Empire to take Bulgaria's north-western lands and suppressed the unrest among several Slavic tribes. He made administrative reforms which increased the power and the authority of the central government. His reign was marked with a strong development of Bulgarian architecture with a number of significant construction projects Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Bulgarian Tsar, Malamir, executed Enravota, 20yr? peace ended by Theophilos
Bulgarian Tsar, 831-836, Malamir ; was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836. was a son of Omurtag and a grandson of Krum. His name may be of Slavic origin, which would make him the first Bulgar khan to possess a Slavic name; this has led to the speculation that his mother was a Slav, although that cannot be proven. Another theory is that it was an Iranian name, as there is an Iranian city named Malamir. became ruler of Bulgaria in 831 on the death of his father Omurtag, because his older brother Enravota (Voin) had forfeited his right to the succession by becoming a Christian. It is possible that Malamir was young and inexperienced at the time of his accession, and that affairs of state were managed by his kavhan (kaukhanos) Isbul. 833, Malamir executed his brother Enravota for refusing to renounce Christianity. After the expiration of the original 20-year peace treaty(?) with the Byzantine Empire in 836, emperor Theophilos ravaged the regions inside the Bulgarian frontier. The Bulgarians retaliated, and under the leadership of Isbul they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgarian victories and others to the continuation of construction activities in and near Pliska. Malamir died in 836, allegedly as retribution for his execution of his older brother. several older studies, Malamir is identified with his successor Presian I, and it is assumed that he survived until the 850s as the direct predecessor of Boris I. This is very unlikely, as Malamir is attested as having been succeeded by his nephew (the son of his brother Zvinitsa), while Boris I was preceded by his father Presian I. Zlatarski resolved the problems in the fragmentary sources by determining that Malamir's unnamed nephew and successor was in fact Presian I, and Boris I was the latter's son. 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cagfar Taríxı (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Balamir (i.e., Malamir) as the son of Yomyrčak (i.e., Omurtag), and as the brother of Sabanša (i.e., Zvinica), who was the father of Birdžihan (i.e., Presian I). Knoll on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named for Khan Malamir of Bulgaria. Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Tzar, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan
Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria, Pagan
Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria; Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 852-889, Bulgarian Tsar, Boris I, Christian, autocephalous Bulgarian Church
Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 860-916, Bulgarian Saint, Clement in Bulgaria
Bulgarian Saint, 860-916, Saint Clement of Ohrid; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 864-899, 9th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 889-893, Tsar, Vladimir of Bulgaria, Bulgar Serb Wars
Bulgarian Tsar, 889-893, Vladimir of Bulgaria; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 893-927, Tsar, Simeon I of Bulgaria, won against Byzantines, Serbs and Magyars
Bulgarian Tsar, 893-927, Simeon I of Bulgaria; Simeon ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,[3] during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever,[4] making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern and Southeast Europe.[5] His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.[6] During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriatic and the Black Sea.[7][8] The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillic translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time.[9] It was at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s that the Cyrillic alphabet was developed.[10][11][12] Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (Tsar),[13] having prior to that been styled Prince (Knyaz).[14] Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 896-946, Bulgarian Saint, John of Rila
Bulgarian Saint, 896-946, John of Rila ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 900, 10th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila
Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Bulgaria, 927-969, Bulgarian Tsar, Peter I of Bulgaria, prosperity, well organized
Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; I ( I) (died 30 January 970) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969. Early reign[edit] Peter I was the son of Simeon I of Bulgaria by his second marriage to the sister of George Sursuvul. Peter had been born early in the 10th century, but it appears that his maternal uncle was very influential at the beginning of his reign. In 913 Peter may have visited the imperial palace at Constantinople together with his older brother Michael. For unspecified reasons, Simeon had forced Michael to become a monk and had named Peter as his successor. To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Peter began his reign with a military offensive into Byzantine Thrace in 927 which was the last campaign of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927. Nevertheless, he followed up his quick successes by secretly negotiating a peace treaty before the Byzantine government had a chance to retaliate. The Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos eagerly accepted the proposal for peace and arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch. In October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on 8 November in the church of the Zoödochos Pege. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, the princess was renamed Eirene ("peace"). The extensive Preslav Treasure is thought to represent part of the dowry of the princess. The treaty of 927 actually represents the fruit of Simeon's military successes and diplomatic initiatives, ably continued by his son's government. Peace was obtained with the frontiers restored to those defined in treaties of 897 and 904. The Byzantines recognised the Bulgarian monarch's title of emperor (basileus, tsar) and the autocephalus status of the Bulgarian patriarchate, while the payment of an annual tribute to Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire was renewed.[1] BULGARIA, First Empire. Peter I, with Irina (Maria Lakapena). 927–969. PB Seal (25mm, 13.28 g, 12h). Struck 927-945(?). Facing bust of Christ, raising hand in benediction and holding Gospels / Facing busts of Peter and Irina, holding patriarchal cross on globe between them. Jordanov Type III.3ÃÂa. VF, beige patina. // From the Iconodule Collection. Revolts and incursions[edit] The initial successes of Peter's reign were followed by several minor setbacks. Around 930, Peter faced a revolt led by his younger brother Ivan, who was defeated and sent into exile in Byzantium. Soon afterwards Peter's older brother Michael escaped from his monastery and led a more formidable rebellion, which terminated with his early death. The youngest brother, Benjamin (also called Bojan), was accused of being a werewolf and magician by the Italian Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, but he apparently posed no threat to Peter's authority. Perhaps taking advantage of these challenges to Peter's rule, the Prince of Serbia ÄŒaslav KlonimiroviÄ‡ escaped the Bulgarian capital Preslav in 933 and, with tacit Byzantine support, managed to raise a Serbian revolt against Bulgarian rule.[2] The revolt succeeded and Serbia recovered its independence. Peter may have had to also face the incursions of the Magyars, who had been defeated and forced into Pannonia by his father in 896. Perhaps after an initial defeat, Peter came to terms with the enemy and now used Magyar groups as his allies against Serbia. Various Magyar clans and chieftains appear to have begun to settle in what was still Bulgarian territory north of the Danube, where they may have become Bulgarian federates, enjoying independence from the ÃÂrpád dynasty. This arrangement paved the way for the eventual loss of the region to the Magyars, although that happened over the half-century following Peter's death. Peter apparently allowed these groups to cross Bulgaria and raid Byzantine territories in Thrace and Macedonia, perhaps as an underhanded reaction against Byzantine support for the Serbian rebellion. Domestic rule[edit] Peter I presided over a long and relatively peaceful reign, albeit one poorly illuminated by foreign or native sources. In spite of the challenges he encountered soon after his accession and the critical situation at the very end of his life, Peter's Bulgaria appears to have been prosperous and increasingly well organized, with an administrative apparatus noted by foreign travelers and confirmed by the numerous finds of imperial seals. Peter was particularly generous towards the Church, which he endowed lavishly throughout his reign. The emperor's generosity reached such an extent that it was seen as a corrupting factor by even Orthodox clerics, like Cosmas Presbyter. Others chose a path away from the temptations of the secular world, most notably Saint Ivan of Rila, but their ascetic existence still drew the attention of the monarch. Luxury and social tensions may have contributed to the spread of the Bogomil heresy, which Peter duly undertook to combat, soliciting the advice of famous hermits and even his uncle-in-law, Patriarch Theophylact of Constantinople. Conflict with Byzantium and Rus[edit] Main article: Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Relations with the Byzantine Empire worsened after the death of Peter's wife in the mid-960s. Victorious over the Arabs, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria in 966, complaining of the Bulgarian alliance with the Magyars, and he undertook a show of force at the Bulgarian border. Dissuaded from a direct attack against Bulgaria, Nikephoros II dispatched a messenger to the Rus prince Sviatoslav Igorevich to arrange a Rus attack against Bulgaria from the north. The Death of Emperor Peter I. Sviatoslav readily launched a campaign with a vast force of 60,000 troops, routed the Bulgarians on the Danube, and defeated them in a battle near Silistra, seizing some 80 Bulgarian fortresses in 968. Stunned by the success of his ally and suspicious of his actual intentions, Emperor Nikephoros II hastened to make peace with Bulgaria and arranged the marriage of his wards, the underage emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, to two Bulgarian princesses. Two of Peter's sons were sent to Constantinople as both negotiators and honorary hostages. In the meantime Peter managed to secure the retreat of the Rus forces by inciting Bulgaria's traditional allies, the Pechenegs, to attack Kiev itself. In spite of this temporary success and the reconciliation with Byzantium, Bulgaria faced a new invasion by Sviatoslav in 969. The Bulgarians were defeated again, and Peter suffered a stroke, which led him to abdicate and become a monk. He died on 30 January 970. Reputation[edit] Compared with the military success of his father's reign, Peter has been traditionally considered a weak ruler, who lost lands and prestige, allowed his military forces to decline while his country was ravaged by foreign invaders, and turned Bulgaria into a Byzantine satellite governed by Byzantine agents in the persons of his empress and her retinue. This view has been questioned by more recent scholarship, which emphasizes the affluence and internal peace enjoyed by Bulgarian society during his long reign, re-evaluates the relationship between Bulgaria and its semi-nomadic neighbors (Magyars and Pechenegs), and questions the allegedly sinister role of Romanos' granddaughter and her retinue.[3] While Peter's reign witnessed the spread of the Bogomil heresy, its origins were more demographic (perhaps inspired by Paulicians settled earlier by Byzantine emperors in Thrace) than social, and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint. Peter was considered a good ruler in the Middle Ages, and when Bulgaria fell under Byzantine rule (1018–1185), leaders of attempts to restore Bulgarian independence adopted his name to emphasize legitimacy and continuity (both Peter Delyan and Constantine Bodin adopted the royal name of Peter in their attempts to regain the throne from the Byzantines). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism, heresy
Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 927-972, Bulgarian Patriarch, Damian
Bulgarian Patriarch, 927-972, Damian Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 969-971, Bulgarian Tsar. Boris II of Bulgaria, hostage, lost Thrace to B, fought Sviaslav of Kiev
Bulgarian Tsar, 969-971. Boris II of Bulgaria ; II was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 969 to 977 (in Byzantine captivity from 971). Boris II was the eldest surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria and Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapena, a granddaughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos of Byzantium. Boris had been born by 931, when he had visited Constantinople together with his mother. Nothing else is known of Boris II's life until 968, when he went to Constantinople again to negotiate a peace settlement with Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, and apparently to serve as an honorary hostage. This arrangement was intended to put an end to the conflict between Bulgaria and Byzantium, who would now join forces against Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev, whom the Byzantine emperor had pitted against the Bulgarians. In 969 a new Kievan invasion defeated the Bulgarians again and Peter I abdicated to become a monk. In circumstances that are not entirely clear, Boris II was allowed to return to Bulgaria and sit on his father's throne. (The later Byzantine chronicle of John Skylitzes confounds this with a later event, in which Boris and his brother escaped Constantinople after the so-called rebellion of the Kometopouloi in Macedonia.) The Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces returns in triumph in Constantinople with the captured Boris II and Preslav Icon Boris II was unable to stem the Kievan advance, and found himself forced to accept Sviatoslav of Kiev as his ally and puppet-master, turning against the Byzantines. A Kievan campaign into Byzantine Thrace was defeated at the Battle of Arkadioupolis in 970, and the new Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes advanced northwards. Failing to secure the defense of the Balkan passes, Sviatoslav allowed the Byzantines to penetrate into Moesia and lay siege to the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Although Bulgarians and Ruses joined in defending the city, the Byzantines managed to set afire the wooden structures and roofs by missiles, and took the fortress. Boris II now became a captive of John I Tzimiskes, who continued to pursue the Kievan Army, besieging Sviatoslav in DrÄƒstÄƒr (Silistra), while claiming to act as Boris' ally and protector, and treating the Bulgarian monarch with due respect. After Sviatoslav had come to terms and set out for Kiev, the Byzantine emperor returned to Constantinople in triumph. Far from liberating Bulgaria as he had claimed, John brought along Boris II and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury in 971. In a public ceremony in Constantinople, Boris II was ritually divested of his imperial insignia and was given the Byzantine court title of magistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and lower Moesia now became part of the Byzantine Empire and were placed under Byzantine governors. Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. These remained under the rule of their own governors, and especially of a noble family led by four brothers called the Kometopouloi (i.e., "the sons of the Count"), named David, Moses, Aron, and Samuel. The movement was regarded as a "revolt" by the Byzantine emperor, but it apparently saw itself as a sort of regency for the captive Boris II. As they began to raid neighboring territories under Byzantine rule, the Byzantine government resorted to a stratagem intended to compromise the leadership of this "revolt". This involved allowing Boris II and his brother Roman to escape from their honorary captivity at the Byzantine court, in the hope that their arrival in Bulgaria would cause a division between the Kometopouloi and other Bulgarian leaders. As Boris II and Roman entered the region under Bulgarian control in 977, Boris II dismounted and went ahead of his brother. Mistaken for a Byzantine notable due to his attire, Boris was shot in the chest by a deaf and mute border patrol. Roman managed to identify himself to the other guards and was duly accepted as emperor. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 971-997, Tsar, Roman of Bulgaria, B hostage, Sviatoslav and Tzimiskes pawn, castrated
toBulgarian Tsar, 971-997, Roman of Bulgaria; ( 930s-“997) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 977 to 991, being in Byzantine captivity thereafter still claiming the title. Reign[edit] Roman was the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria by his marriage with Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapene, the granddaughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos.[1] It is possible that he had the double name Roman-Simeon, but this may be due to confusion with another man in the sources. He was born around 930, and had probably visited Constantinople with his mother and older brothers soon after 931. We know nothing about Roman’s life until 968, when he joined his older brother Boris in Constantinople to negotiate a peace agreement between Bulgaria and Byzantium, during which they apparently served as honorary hostages at the Byzantine court. On their father’s abdication in 969, Boris and Roman returned to Bulgaria, where Boris II succeeded as emperor. Roman may have been proclaimed co-emperor in accordance with Byzantine usage, but the evidence for that is vague. In Bulgaria Roman probably shared his brother’s destiny, becoming first a pawn in the hands of Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev and then in those of the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes. After the latter’s victory in 971, Roman was taken to Constantinople together with his brother’s family. To ensure that the Bulgarian dynasty would die out (Boris II apparently had only daughters), the Byzantine emperor had Roman castrated.[2] Boris and Roman remained in honorary captivity at the imperial palace until after the death of the emperor in 976. At this point the raids of the Cometopuli into Byzantine possessions in Macedonia led to a Byzantine stratagem intended to divide the leadership of the still-unconquered Bulgarian lands in the west. Temporarily jailed, Boris and Roman were allowed to escape in 977. During their attempt to cross the Bulgarian border, Boris II was taken for an enemy and killed by a guard. Roman managed to identify himself to the Bulgarian patrols, and was duly recognized by the Bulgarians as emperor. Although Roman was acknowledged as the official Bulgarian ruler, most of the military matters were left in the hands of Samuil, who was the youngest brother of the Cometopuli dynasty, and Roman devoted to church deeds similar to his father Peter in his end of life. During one of his invasions of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II succeeded in capturing Roman in 991. Roman remained in Byzantine captivity until his death in 997, and it was only then that Samuel took the Bulgarian imperial title. Such, at least, is the sequence of events reported by the trustworthy historian Yahya of Antioch. According to the later testimony of the Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes, in 1004 Skopje was surrendered to Basil II by its governor Roman Simeon, who may have been mistaken for Emperor Roman in the text. Roman-Simeon received the title of patrikios and was named military governor or strategos of the theme of Abydos.' Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 997-1014, Tsar, Samuel of Bulgaria, Orthodox
Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, lost empire to Byzantium
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. After his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1018-1185, Folder, Controlled by Byzantium

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Folder, Second Bulgarian Empire

Bulgaria, 1185-1199, 12th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1197-1207, Emperor, Kaloyan, w R Pope, expansionist, took advantage of Fall of C against Latins
Bulgarian Emperor, 1197-1207, Kaloyan of Bulgaria; also known as Kalojan, Johannitsa or Ioannitsa (c. 1170 – October 1207) was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1196 to 1207. was a younger brother of Theodor and Asen who led the anti-Byzantine uprising of the Bulgarians and Vlachs in 1185. uprising ended with the restoration of the independence of Bulgaria. spent years as a hostage in Constantinople in the late 1180s. (who had been crowned emperor under the name Peter) made him his co-ruler after Asen was murdered in 1196. A year later, was also assassinated, and Kaloyan became the sole ruler of Bulgaria. obtain an imperial crown from the Holy See, Kaloyan entered into correspondence with Pope Innocent III, offering to acknowledge papal His expansionist policy brought him into conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Serbia and Hungary. King of Hungary allowed the papal legate who delivered a royal crown to Kaloyan to enter Bulgaria only at the Pope's demand. The legate crowned Kaloyan "King of the Bulgarians and Vlachs" on 8 November 1204, but Kaloyan continued to regard his realm as an empire. took advantage of the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders (or "Latins") in 1204. captured fortresses in Macedonia and Thrace and supported the local population's riots against the crusaders. He defeated Baldwin I, Latin emperor of Constantinople, in the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205. Baldwin was captured; he died in Kaloyan's prison. launched new campaigns against the crusaders and captured or destroyed dozens of their fortresses. He was thereafter known as Kaloyan the Romanslayer, because his troops murdered or captured thousands of Byzantines. He died under mysterious circumstances during the siege of Thessalonica in 1207. Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Thrives

Bulgaria, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to several Empires
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia (Î¦ÃÂÂÂÎ±Î³ÎºÎ¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia (Î›Î±ÃÂÂ„Î¹Î½Î¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Bulgaria, 1207-1218, Emperor, Boril, w Latins&Hungrns, against Ivan Asen II w Thesslnc&Serbia, Asen won
Bulgarian Emperor, 1207-1218, Boril of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: ) was the emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1207 to 1218. He was the son of an unnamed sister of his predecessor, Kaloyan and Kaloyan's brothers, Peter II and Ivan Asen I, who had restored the independent Bulgarian state. Kaloyan died unexpectedly in October 1207, Boril married his widow, a Cuman princess and seized the throne. cousin, Ivan Asen, fled from Bulgaria, enabling Boril to strengthen his position. His other kinsmen, Strez and Alexius Slav, refused to acknowledge him as the lawful monarch. took possession of the land between the Struma and Vardar rivers with the support of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. Alexius Slav secured his rule in the Rhodope Mountains with the assistance of Henry, the Latin Emperor of Constantinople. launched unsuccessful military campaigns against the Latin Empire and the Kingdom of Thessalonica during the first years of his reign. convoked the synod of the Bulgarian Church in early 1211. At the assembly, the bishops condemned the Bogomils for heresy. an uprising broke out against him in Vidin between 1211 and 1214, he sought the assistance of Andrew II of Hungary, who sent reinforcements to suppress the rebellion. made peace with the Latin Empire in late 1213 or early 1214. After Henry died in 1216 and Andrew II left Hungary for a crusade, Ivan Asen returned to Bulgaria. He captured and blinded Boril in Tarnovo in St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II, blinded Bl, defeated Doucas of Thessa, Via trade, return to Orthodoxy
Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria ; Asen II, also known as John Asen II or John Asan II (Bulgarian: ; 1190s -May/June 1241), was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241. He was still a child when his father Ivan Asen I “ one of the founders of the Second Bulgarian Empire “ was killed in 1196. His supporters tried to secure the throne for him after his uncle, Kaloyan, was murdered in 1207, but Kaloyan's other nephew, Boril, overcame them. Ivan Asen fled from Bulgaria and settled in the Rus' principalities. Boril could never strengthen his rule which enabled Ivan Asen to muster an army and return to Bulgaria. He captured Tarnovo and blinded Boril in 1218. Initially, he supported the full communion of the Bulgarian Church with the Papacy and concluded alliances with the neighboring Catholic powers, Hungary and the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He tried to achieve the regency for the 11-year-old Latin Emperor, Baldwin II, after 1228, but the Latin aristocrats did not support Ivan Asen. He inflicted a crushing defeat on Theodore Komnenos Doukas of the Empire of Thessalonica, in the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230. Theodore's empire soon collapsed and Ivan Asen conquered large territories in Macedonia, Thessaly and Thrace. control of the trade on the Via Egnatia enabled Ivan Asen to implement an ambitious building program in Tarnovo and struck gold coins in his new mint in Ohrid. He started negotiations about the return of the Bulgarian Church to Orthodoxy after the barons of the Latin Em,,pire had elected John of Brienne regent for Baldwin II in 1229. Ivan Asen and the Emperor of Nicaea, John III Vatatzes, concluded an alliance against the Latin Empire at their meeting in 1235. During the same conference, the rank of patriarch was granted to the head of the Bulgarian Church in token of its autocephaly (independence). Ivan Asen and Vatatzes joined their forces in attacking Constantinople, but the former realized that Vatatzes could primarily take advantage of the fall of the Latin Empire and broke off his alliance with Nicaea in 1237. After the Mongols invaded the Pontic steppes, several Cuman groups fled to Bulgaria. Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14, Transfer of her relics Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ;

Bulgaria, 1241-1246, Emperor, Kaliman I, Mongols invaded, poisoned?
Bulgarian Emperor, 1241-1246, Kaliman I of Bulgaria; Asen I, also known as Coloman Asen I or Koloman (Bulgarian: Калиман Асен I; 1234-August/September 1246) was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1241 to 1246. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Anna Maria of Hungary. He was only seven when he succeeded his father in 1241. In the following years, the Mongols invaded Bulgaria and imposed a yearly tax on the country. He may have been poisoned, according to contemporaneous rumors about his death.

Bulgaria, 1246-1256, Emperor, Michael Asen I, Epirus' Doucas invaded Bulgaria, m by his noblemen
Bulgarian Emperor, 1246-1256, Michael Asen I of Bulgaria; II Asen (Bulgarian: Михаил II Асен; c. 1239 – December 1256/January 1257),[a] more accurately[citation needed] Michael Asen I,[citation needed] was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1246 to 1256 or 1257. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene Komnene Doukaina. He succeeded his half-brother, Kaliman I Asen. His mother or other relative must have ruled Bulgaria during his minority. John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Michael II of Epirus invaded Bulgaria shortly after Michael's ascension. Vatatzes captured the Bulgarian fortresses along the river Vardar; Michael of Epirus took possession of western Macedonia. In alliance with the Republic of Ragusa, Michael II Asen broke into Serbia in 1254, but he could not occupy Serbian territories. After Vatatzes died, he reconquered most territories lost to Nicea, but Vatatzes's son and successor, Theodore II Laskaris, launched a successful counter-offensive, forcing Michael to sign a peace treaty. Shortly after the treaty, discontented boyars (noblemen) murdered Michael. St. Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14;

Bulgaria, 1256-1256, Emperor, Kaliman Asen II, m cousin hunting, Rostislav to Rus with daughter and emperor title
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1256, Kaliman Asen II of Bulgaria; Asen II (Bulgarian: Калиман Асен II), or commonly, but less accurately Koloman Asen II, ruled as tsar of Bulgaria for a short time in 1256. The year of his birth is unknown. Kaliman Asen II was the son of sebastokrator Alexander, who was the younger brother of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Kaliman Asen II's mother is unknown, and attempts to identify her as a Serbian princess are based on the erroneous identification of Kaliman Asen II with the sebastokrator Kaloyan, who was still alive in 1258/59. In 1256 Kaliman Asen murdered his first cousin Michael Asen I during a hunting party in the environs of the capital Tărnovo and usurped the throne. In the process he married Michael Asen I's widow, the unnamed daughter of Rostislav Mihailovich, but he was unable to maintain himself on the throne. Rostislav advanced on Tărnovo from Belgrade, and Kaliman Asen II fled the capital. Rostislav returned home with his daughter and claiming the title of emperor of Bulgaria, while a brother-in-law of Michael Asen I, Mitso Asen took the throne. In the meantime, Kaliman Asen II had been murdered after being abandoned by most of his supporters.

Bulgaria, 1256-1257, Emperor, Mitso Asen, related to Epirus' Doucas, not Michael Rostislav of Chernigov
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1257, Mitso Asen of Bulgaria; Asen (Bulgarian: Мицо Асен) or Micho Asen (Мичо Асен) was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1256 until 1257. Asen ascended the throne by virtue of his marriage to Maria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria by Irene Komnene of Epirus. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, and his antecedents are unclear, but neither his name (which is found in official contexts and is not the diminutive of "Michael"), nor his career described in the Byzantine sources allow an identification with Michael, the son of the Rus' prince and Hungarian Ban Rostislav Mikhailovich, nor any other member of the house of Chernigov. It is likely that, like his successor Constantine Tikh, Mitso Asen adopted the name Asen after his accession to the throne. He became emperor of Bulgaria after the murder of his wife's cousin, Kaliman Asen II, in 1256. Although he acquired some support in the capital Tărnovo and in Preslav, he was faced by the hostility of much of the provincial nobility. Following an obscure unsuccessful campaign against Theodore II Lascaris of the Empire of Nicaea, Mitso lost control even over the commoners. the nobility proclaimed Constantine Tikh emperor instead, Mitso and his family fled the capital in 1257 and attempted to resist from Preslav and then Mesembria (now Nesebăr). In exchange for asylum and lands, he turned over Mesembria and its environs to Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and sought refuge in Nicaea. He was given lands in the Troad, where he remained with his family. The date of his death is unknown, but it is likely that he was no longer alive in 1277/1278, when his son Ivan Asen III was put forward as a claimant to the Bulgarian throne by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII.

Bulgaria, 1257-77, Emperor, Konstan Tikh, Sofia noble, Nemanja gson, Tarnovo nobles, Nicea, w Mongols, regent wife o union
Bulgarian Emperor, 1257-1277, Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria; Tih (Bulgarian: Константин Тих Асен; fl. 1257–77) or Constantine I Tikh (Константин I), was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277. life[edit] Tih was a wealthy Bulgarian boyar (or nobleman) whose estates were located in the region of Sofia or Skopje.[1][2] Konstantin stated in his charter to the Saint George Monastery near Skopje that Stefan Nemanja of Serbia was his grandfather.[3] The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, described him as a "half-Serbian".[4] He could have been related to the Serbian royal house through either his mother or father.[4] If he was a patrilinear relative of Nemanja, his father, Tih, may have been the son of Nemanja's brother, Tihomir, according to historian Srdjan Pirivatrić.[5] Pirivatrić[6] and other scholars[7][8] also say, Konstantin may have been a son or a nephew of the Bulgarian boyar John Tihomir, who controlled Skopje in the late 12th century. If Konstantin was related to the Serbian royal house through his mother, a daughter or a niece of Nemanja must have been his mother.[9] Tih mounted the Bulgarian throne after the death of Michael II Asen,[10] but the circumstances of his ascension are obscure.[1] Michael Asen was murdered by his cousin, Kaliman in late 1256 or early 1257.[2][1] Before long, Kaliman was also killed, and the male line of the Asen dynasty died out.[2] Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó (who was Michael and Kaliman's father-in-law), and the boyar Mitso (who was Michael's brother-in-law), laid claim to Bulgaria.[1] Rostislav captured Vidin, Mitso held sway over southeastern Bulgaria, but none of them could secure the support of the boyars who controlled Tarnovo.[11] The latter offered the throne Konstantin who accepted the election.[1] divorced his first wife (whose name is unknown), and married Irene Doukaina Laskarina in 1258.[1] Irene was the daughter of Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, and Elena of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[1][12] The marriage with a descendant of the Bulgarian royal family strengthened his position.[1][12] He was thereafter called Konstantin Asen.[12] The marriage also forged an alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea,[10][12] which was confirmed one or two years later, when the Byzantine historian and official George Akropolites came to Tarnovo.[13] with Hungary[edit] Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in 1259.[14] In the following year, Rostislav left his duchy to join the campaign of his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary, against Bohemia.[14][15] Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin.[15] He also sent an army to attack the Banate of Severin, but the Hungarian commander, Lawrence, fought the invaders off.[15][14] Bulgarian invasion of Severin outraged Béla IV.[15] Soon after he concluded a peace treaty with Ottokar II of Bohemia in March 1261, Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Béla IV's son and heir, Stephen.[15] They captured Vidin and besieged Lom on the Lower Danube,[14] but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a pitched battle, because he withdrew to Tarnovo.[15] The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav.[15] with the Byzantine Empire[edit] c.1260 minor brother-in-law, John IV Laskaris, was dethroned and blinded by his former guardian and co-ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, before the end of 1261.[10] Michael VIII's army had occupied Constantinople already in July, thus the coup made him the sole ruler of the restored Byzantine Empire.[10] The rebirth of the empire changed the traditional relations between the powers of the Balkan Peninsula.[16] Furthermore, Konstantine's wife decided to take vengeance of her brother's mutilation and persuaded Konstantine to turn against Michael.[15][17] who still held southeastern Bulgaria, made an alliance with the Byzantines, but another powerful nobleman, Jacob Svetoslav, who had taken control of the southwestern region, was loyal to Konstantine.[18] Benefiting from a war between the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, Achaea and Epirus, Konstantine invaded Thrace and captured Stanimaka and Philippopolis (now Asenovgrad and Plovdiv in Bulgaria) in the autumn of 1262.[18][19] Mitso was also forced to flee to Mesembria (now Nesebar in Bulgaria).[20] After Konstantine laid siege to the town, Mitso sought assistance from the Byzantines, offering to surrender Mesembria to them in exchange for landed property in the Byzantine Empire.[21] Michael VIII accepted the offer and sent Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes to help Mitso in 1263.[20] second Byzantine army stormed into Thrace and recaptured Stanimaka and Philippopolis.[21] After seizing Mesembria from Mitso, Glabas Tarchaneiotes continued his campaign along the Black Sea and occupied Agathopolis, Sozopolis and Anchialos (now Ahtopol, Sozopol and Pomorie in Bulgaria).[20] Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet took control of Vicina and other ports at the Danube Delta.[21] Glabas Tarchaneiotes attacked Jacob Svetoslav who could only resist with Hungarian assistance, thus he accepted Béla IV's suzerainty.[22][23] a consequence of the war with the Byzantines, by the end of 1263, Bulgaria lost significant territories to his two principal enemies, the Byzantine Empire and Hungary.[24] Konstantin could only seek assistance from the Tatars of the Golden Horde to put an end to his isolation.[24] The Tatar khans had been the overlords of the Bulgarian monarchs for almost two decades, although their rule was only formal.[16] A former Sultan of Rum, Kaykaus II, who had been imprisoned at Michael VIII's order, also wanted to regain his throne with the Tatars' help.[24] One of his uncles was a prominent leader of the Golden Horde and he sent messages to him to persuade the Tatars to invade the Byzantine Empire with Bulgarian assistance.[25] According to the Byzantine historian, Nicephorus Gregoras, Kaykaus also approached Konstantin, offering much money to him if he came to release him.[26] of Tatars crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the Byzantine Empire in late 1264.[26][24] Konstantin soon joined them,[27] although he had fallen from a horse and broken his leg.[28] The united Tatar and Bulgarian armies launched a sudden attack against Michael VIII who was returning from Thessaly to Constantinople, but they could not capture the emperor.[29] Konstantin laid siege the Byzantine fortress of Ainos (now Enez in Turkey), forcing the defenders to surrender.[29] The Byzantines also agreed to release Kaykaus (who soon left for the Golden Horde), but his family was kept imprisoned even thereafter.[27][30] Konstantine's alliance with the Tatars strengthened his position.[31] Jacob Svetoslav again accepted his suzerainty.[32][31] Taking advantage of a civil war in Hungary, Jacob Svetoslav also invaded the Banate of Severin.[32][31] The Hungarian civil war ended with the division of the country between Béla IV and Stephen in March 1266.[31] Stephen launched a military campaign against Bulgaria and captured Vidin in June.[31] Konstantin tried to resist, but the Hungarians defeated his army and plundered the region of Tarnovo.[31] The Hungarians captured Pleven and other fortresses on the Danube and forced Jacob Svetoslav to again do homage to Stephen.[33] Thereafter Jacob Svetoslav was styled as "emperor of Bulgaria" in the Hungarian royal charters.[33][32] seal of Konstantin Asen. Inscription in Bulgarian: "+Konstantin, in Christ the God, a faithful tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, Asen." I of Anjou and Baldwin II, the dispossessed Latin Emperor of Constantinople, made an alliance against the Byzantine Empire in 1267.[34] To prevent Bulgaria from joining the anti-Byzantine coalition, Michael VIII offered his niece, Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, to the widowed Konstantin in 1268.[28] The emperor also pledged that he would return Mesembria and Anchialos to Bulgaria as her dowry if she gave birth to a son.[28][35] married Maria, but Michael VIII broke his promise and did not renounce the two towns after the birth of Konstantin and Maria's son, Michael.[35] Outraged by the emperor's betrayal, Konstantin sent envoys to Charles to Naples in September 1271.[35] The negotiations continued during the following years, showing that Konstantin was willing to support Charles against the Byzantines.[35] Konstantin broke into Thrace in 1271 or 1272, but Michael VIII persuaded Nogai, the dominant figure in the westernmost territory of the Golden Horde, to invade Bulgaria.[28][36] The Tatars plundered the country, forcing Konstantin to return and abandon his claim to the two towns.[28][36] Nogai set up his capital in Isaccea near the Danube Delta, thus he could easily attack Bulgaria.[36] Konstantin had been seriously injured after a riding accident and could not move without assistance, because he was paralyzed from the waist down.[37][38] ambitious wife took control of the government.[39] After Michael VIII's envoys accepted Pope Gregory X's proposal to a church union at the Second Council of Lyon in summer 1274, she became one of the leading opponents of the union.[39][38] She even tried to persuade Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, to attack the Byzantine Empire.[40] was also determined to secure the throne to her son.[41] Jacob Svetoslav, however, had a strong claim to succeed Konstantin, because his wife was a granddaughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[41] first adopted Jacob Svetoslav to persuade him to acknowledge her son's right to the throne, but later she had him poisoned.[38] He also had other noblemen captured or executed, which made Konstantin's rule unpopular.[41] The paralyzed Konstantin could not prevent Nogai's Tatars from making regular plundering raids against Bulgaria.[42] The local inhabitants of the regions which were most exposed to the Tatar raids had to organize the defense without the monarch's support.[42] to the expensive and unsuccessful wars, repeated Mongol raids, and economic instability (Constantine was the first Bulgarian ruler to mint his own coins on a vast scale), the government was faced with a revolt in The social and economic aspects of this movement have been stressed by Marxist historians,[44] but its true character is elusive. What is clear is that a swineherd or swine-owner named Ivaylo became a leader of the discontented and attracted many (presumably mostly lower-class)[45] followers, asserting his control over a significant area.[46] Constantine set out against Ivaylo with his guard, but was decisively defeated and slain in his chariot.[47][48]

Bulgaria, 1277-1279, Emperor, Ivaylo, pig farmer, peasant uprising
Bulgarian Emperor, 1277-1279, Ivaylo of Bulgaria; also spelled Ivailo, (Bulgarian: Ивайло), nicknamed Bardokva ("radish" or "lettuce" in Bulgarian) or Lakhanas (Λαχανᾶς, "cabbage") in Greek, was a rebel leader and tsar of Bulgaria.[1] 1277, he spearheaded a peasant uprising and forced the nobles to accept him as emperor. He reigned as emperor from 1278 to 1279, scoring victories against the Byzantines and the Mongols, but beset by foreign and domestic enemies, which included the Bulgarian nobility, he was forced into exile among the Mongols, where he presented himself as a dethroned vassal. --------------------------The Mongols then killed him in 1280 as an enemy of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.[2] career as a monarch has been used as an example of early, anti-feudal class warfare by Marxist historians and as translated through folk songs, traditions and legends served as inspiration to Bulgarian guerrilla (hajduk) freedom fighters during the Ottoman period of Bulgarian history.[3] Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1279-1280, Emperor, Ivan Asen III, set up by Michael VIII, Mongol allies, accepted by Tarnovo nobility, coward
Bulgarian Emperor, 1279-1280, Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria; Asen III (Bulgarian: Иван Асен III, also Йоан Асен III, Ioan Asen III, and in English John Asen III), ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1279–1280. Ivan Asen III was the son of Mitso Asen of Bulgaria and Maria of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene of Thessalonica. He was probably born in about 1259/60, and died in exile in 1303. the rapid success of Ivaylo of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos summoned Ivan Asen to his court, granted him the title of despotēs, and married him to his eldest daughter Irene Palaiologina in 1277 or 1278. VIII then sent several Byzantine armies to attempt to assert Ivan Asen III on the throne of Bulgaria. Although Ivailo defeated several of these attempts, he was blockaded for three months in Drăstăr (Silistra) by the Mongol allies of Michael VIII. In the interval a Byzantine force besieged the Bulgarian capital Tărnovo and, hearing a rumor of Ivailo's death in battle, the local nobility surrendered and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in 1279. strengthen his position in Tarnovo, Ivan Asen III married his sister Maria (Kira Maria) to the Bulgaro-Cuman nobleman George Terter, but failed to assert himself throughout the country. Ivailo reappeared before the walls of the capital and defeated two Byzantine attempts to relieve Ivan Asen III. Despairing of success, Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina secretly fled Tarnovo with choice treasures from the palace treasury, including pieces captured from defeated Byzantine Emperors in former victories. Reaching Mesembria (Nesebăr), the imperial couple sailed for Constantinople, where the enraged Michael VIII refused to receive them for days for their cowardice. 1280 or 1281 Ivan Asen III traveled to the Golden Horde, competing with Ivailo in a bid to win support for restoration in Bulgaria. The Mongol chieftain Nogai Khan eventually had Ivailo murdered, but failed to restore Ivan Asen III in Bulgaria. The latter returned to his family possessions in the Troad, and died in 1303. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1292, Emperor, George I, continuation of decline
Bulgarian Emperor, 1280-1292, George I of Bulgaria; Terter I (Bulgarian: Георги Тертер I), of the Terter dynasty ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1280–1292. The date of his birth is unknown, and he died in 1308/1309. Second Empire. Georgi Terter I, 1280–1292. Groš (Silver, 21 mm, 1.45 g, 6 h), Imitating a grosso of Giovanni Dandolo (1280-1289), uncertain mint. IC XC Christ Pantokrator enthroned facing. Rev. S M VENETI D DΛNDVL Dux and St. Mark standing facing, holding banner of Venice between them. Raduchev & Zhekov Type 1.17.1. Youroukova & Penchev 160. reign of George Terter I represents a continuation of Bulgaria's precipitous decline during the second half of the 13th century. George Terter I managed to maintain himself on the throne for more than a decade (unlike his two immediate predecessors), he appears to have failed to assert himself against the centrifugal forces even in his own capital. This severely limited any possibility of engaging in grand-scale international politics or even standing up to foreign aggression and Mongol raids. the chaotic years preceding George Terter I's accession Bulgaria had lost all of Thrace to the Byzantine Empire, and under his reign its remaining possessions in Macedonia were divided between the Serbians and the Byzantines in 1282–1284. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai, Hesychast, Writer
Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai; Gregory of Sinai (1260s – November 27, 1346) was instrumental in the emergence of "technical" (Athonite) Hesychasm on Athos in the early 14th century. in Smyrna, he was captured by Seljuk Turks as a young man, he was eventually ransomed to Cyprus and became a monk at Saint Catherine's Monastery. Later, he moved to Crete, where he learned the practices of Hesychasm from a monk named Arsenios, in 1310 to Athos, where he remained until 1335. Increasing Muslim raids on Athos pushed Gregory and some disciples into the Bulgarian Empire, where he would find protection under Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander and where he founded a monastery near Paroria, Strandzha mountains in south east Bulgaria. Philokalia includes five works in Greek by Gregory, Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts Texts the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts Stillness: Fifteen Texts Prayer: Seven Texts Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 1292-1298, Emperor, Smilets, wishes of Nogai Khan, Mongol overlordship, but raids continued
Bulgarian Emperor, 1292-1298, Smilets of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Смилец) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1292 to 1298. The date of his birth is unknown. Smilec is credited with being descended "from the noblest family of the Bulgarians", his antecedents are completely unknown. Judging by the landholdings of his brothers Radoslav and Vojsil, the family held extensive lands between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora. ascending the throne replacing George Terter I in 1292, Smilec had married an unnamed Byzantine princess, the daughter of the sebastokratōr Constantine Palaiologos, a half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. from the information that Smilec became emperor of Bulgaria according to the wishes of Nogai Khan, we know nothing of the circumstances of Smilec's accession. He was crowned by Patriarch Joachim III. Joachim III was executed for treason in 1300 by emperor Theodore Svetoslav, George Terter I's son, and historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. theorizes that the alleged treachery might be linked to the obscure period when Smilets overthrew George Terter I.[1] reign of Smilec has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, Mongol raids may have continued, as in 1297 and 1298. these raids pillaged parts of Thrace (then entirely in Byzantine hands), perhaps Bulgaria was not one of their objectives. In fact, in spite of the usually pro-Byzantine policy of Nogai, Smilec was quickly involved in an unsuccessful war against the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of his reign. 1296/1297 Smilec married his daughter Theodora to the future Serbian King Stefan Uroš III Dečanski, and this union produced the Serbian king and later emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan. 1298 Smilec disappears from the pages of history, apparently after the beginning of Chaka's invasion. He may have been killed by Chaka or died of natural causes while the enemy advanced against him. Smilec was briefly succeeded by his young son Ivan II. Point in Antarctica is named after Smilets of Bulgaria. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1298-1299, Emperor, Ivan II, regent mother, Serbian alliance attempt, then exile
Bulgarian Emperor, 1298-1299, Ivan II of Bulgaria; II (Bulgarian: Иван II, or Йоан II, Ioan II, also styled inconsistently Ivan IV or Ioan IV), reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1298 to 1299. The date of his birth is unknown, but probably not much earlier than c. 1290. He died as a monk in exile before 1330. II succeeded his father Smilets as emperor in Tărnovo in 1298. The new ruler was a child, and the government was in the hands of his mother, the unnamed daughter of sebastocrator Constantine Palaiologos and niece of Michael VIII Palaiologos called simply "Smiltsena" ("wife of Smilets"). widowed empress apparently defeated Smilets' brothers Radoslav and Voysil (Vojsil), who sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire and entered into Byzantine service. meet this threat and the invasion of the Mongol prince Chaka, Ivan II's mother sought an alliance with Aldimir (Eltimir), the brother of the former ruler George Terter I. Aldimir was accordingly married to Smilets' daughter Marina (Marija) and, if this had not happened earlier, was given the title of despotēs and invested with an extensive landholding around Krăn. 1299 the Bulgarian government attempted unsuccessfully to make an alliance with Serbian King Stefan Milutin to the exclusion of the latter's projected alignment with the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. regents of Ivan II were unable to strengthen their position, and abandoned Tărnovo to Chaka, who installed himself as emperor in 1299. II and his retinue settled in the possessions of Aldimir, where they may have remained even after the accession of Aldimir's nephew Theodore Svetoslav to the throne in 1300. In 1305 Ivan II's mother was negotiating with the Byzantine government in Constantinople on behalf of either Aldimir or her son, but with Aldimir's subjugation by Theodore Svetoslav in the same year, the family disappears into obscurity. II spent the remainder of his life as an exile in Byzantium, under the name Iōannēs Komnēnos Doukas Angelos Branas Palaiologos, and shortly before his death he became a monk under the name Joasaph. He died before 1330. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1299-1300, Emperor, Chaka, son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan, overlord for b-in-law Theodore Svetoslav
Bulgarian Emperor, 1299-1300, Chaka of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Чака) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. The date of his birth is unknown. was the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan by a wife named Alaka. Sometime after 1285 Chaka married a daughter of George Terter I of Bulgaria, named Elena. In the late 1290s, Chaka supported his father Nogai in a war against the legitimate khan of the Golden Horde Toqta, but Toqta was victorious and defeated and killed Nogai in 1299. about the same time Chaka had led his supporters into Bulgaria, intimidated the regency for Ivan II into fleeing the capital, and imposed himself as ruler in Tărnovo in 1299. It is not completely certain whether he reigned as Emperor of Bulgaria or simply acted as the overlord of his brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav. He is accepted as a ruler of Bulgaria by Bulgarian historiography. did not long enjoy his new position of power, as the armies of Toqta followed him into Bulgaria and besieged Tărnovo. Theodore Svetoslav, who had been instrumental in assisting Chaka's seizure of power, organized a plot in which Chaka was deposed and strangled in prison in 1300. His head was sent to Toqta, which in turn secured Theodore Svetoslav's position as the new emperor of Bulgaria. It seems that Theodore Svetoslav's cooperation contributed to the withdrawal of Mongol interference in Bulgaria. Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1300-1362, 14th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Ends

Bulgaria, 1300-1322, Emperor, Theodor Svetoslav, wise ruler, stability, prosperity, killed traitors r for Mongols
Bulgarian Emperor, 1300-1322, Theodor Svetoslav; Svetoslav (Bulgarian: Тодор Светослав, Todor Svetoslav and also Теодор Светослав, Teodor Svetoslav) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire. Theodore Svetoslav's reign began with the return of Southern Bessarabia to Bulgaria and a few years later he managed to defeat the Byzantines and retake most of northern Thrace occupied by them during the crisis. After 1307 he led a peaceful policy towards all neighbours, which resulted in expanded trade and economy. from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed. life[edit] Svetoslav was the son of George Terter I by Maria. Soon after the accession of Ivan Asen III in 1279 his father divorced his mother in order to marry the sister of the new emperor. Maria and Theodore Svetoslav were sent to the Byzantine Empire as hostages, and settled in Nicaea. accession of George Terter I to the throne in 1280 did not alter matters, but in 1281 Theodore Svetoslav was betrothed (in absentia) to a daughter of the sebastokratōr John I Doukas of Thessaly, as part of a diplomatic alliance. The young bride-to-be arrived in Tărnovo, but never met her intended husband. 1284 George Terter I concluded a new treaty with Andronikos II Palaiologos, and retrieved his first wife, while Theodore Svetoslav at first remained a hostage. The same treaty required the breaking off of the alliance with Thessaly and Theodore Svetoslav's intended bride was also sent to Byzantium. It was only in 1285 that the Patriarch of Bulgaria Joakim III arrived in Constantinople and arranged for the release of Theodore Svetoslav, who was now supposed to marry a daughter of the high court official John Synadenos. We have no information whether this marriage materialized. activities[edit] Bulgaria Theodore Svetoslav was associated as co-emperor by his father, who issued coins representing them side by side. Nevertheless, after particularly devastating Mongol raids, George Terter I dispatched his son as hostage to Nogai Khan, the effective leader of the Mongol Golden Horde in about 1289. Perhaps in connection with the same events, Theodore Svetoslav's unnamed sister married Nogai's son Chaka. During part of his exile, Theodore Svetoslav became impoverished and sought to improve his fortunes by marrying the rich Euphrosyne, the god-daughter of Nogai's wife Euphrosyne Palaiologina, who was herself an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Svetoslav left obscurity in 1298 or 1299, when he accompanied his brother-in-law Chaka in an invasion of Bulgaria. The regency for Ivan II fled Tărnovo in 1299, and Theodore Svetoslav helped convince the Bulgarian nobility to accept Chaka as ruler. However, the armies of the khan of the Golden Horde Toqta entered Bulgaria in pursuit of his enemy Chaka, and Theodore Svetoslav promptly organized a plot, deposing Chaka and having him strangled in prison in 1300. Theodore Svetoslav now became emperor of Bulgaria and sent Chaka's severed head as a present to Toqta, who withdrew his armies from the country. of Bulgaria[edit] Bulgarian Empire under Theodore Svetoslav campaign of Theodore Svetoslav (1303-1304) reign of Theodore Svetoslav is connected with the internal stabilization and pacification of the country, the end of Mongol overlordship, the reassertion of relatively effective central control over outlying provinces, and the recovery of portions of Thrace lost to the Byzantine Empire since the wars against Ivaylo of Bulgaria. Svetoslav pursued a ruthless course of action, punishing all who stood in his way, including his former benefactor, Patriarch Joachim III, who was accused of treason and executed. In the face of the new emperor's brutality, some noble factions sought to replace him with other claimants to the throne, backed by Andronikos II. A new claimant appeared in the person of the sebastokratōr Radoslav Voïsil or Vojsil, from Sredna Gora, a brother of the former emperor Smilets, who was defeated, and captured by Theodore Svetoslav's uncle, the despotēs Aldimir (Eltimir), at Krăn in about 1301. Another pretender was the former emperor Michael Asen II, who unsuccessfully tried to advance into Bulgaria with a Byzantine army in about 1302. Theodore Svetoslav exchanged thirteen high-ranking Byzantine officers captured on Radoslav's defeat for his father George Terter I, whom he settled in a life of luxury in an unidentified city. a consequence of his victories, Theodore Svetoslav felt secure enough to move on to the offensive by 1303 and captured the fortresses of northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria (Nesebăr), Anchialos (Pomorie), Sozopolis (Sozopol), and Agathopolis (Ahtopol) in 1304. The Byzantine counterattack failed at the battle of Skafida near Poros (Burgas), where the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos was turned to flight. Nevertheless, the war continued, with Michael IX and Theodore Svetoslav taking turns pillaging each other's lands. In the following 1305 Theodore Svetoslav's uncle Aldimir appears to have entered into negotiations with the Byzantines, and Theodore Svetoslav annexed his uncle's lands. In 1306 Theodore Svetoslav gained the services of the rebellious Alan mercenaries to the Byzantines, whom he settled in Bulgaria, and made unsuccessful overtures to the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, who had also rebelled against their Byzantine employers. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1307, cemented with a marriage between the widowed Theodore Svetoslav and Theodora, a daughter of the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos. copper coin of Theodore Svetoslav. the end of his life Theodore Svetoslav remained at peace with his neighbors. His reassertion of central control over outlying provinces such as Vidin was probably peaceful, and the sparsely documented recovery of the banate of Severin from the Kingdom of Hungary must have been achieved during the dynastic struggles in that country. In 1318 the Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin visited Tărnovo, in spite of his earlier alliance with Andronikos II and his divorce from Theodore Svetoslav's sister Anna. only possible sign of new hostilities are two Mongol raids into Byzantine Thrace in 1320 and 1321, but these were probably executed with Bulgarian cooperation and are connected with the beginning of the civil war between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. In fact, Theodore Svetoslav sent military support to his brother-in-law Andronikos III, allegedly hoping to ensnare and capture his ally. a surprisingly successful reign (given the misadventures of his youth), Theodore Svetoslav died in early 1322, and was succeeded by his son George Terter II. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1322-1323, Bulgarian Emperor, George II of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1322-1323, George II of Bulgaria; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1323-1330, Michael Shishman of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1323-1330, Michael Shishman of Bulgaria; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1330-1331, Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1330-1331, Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria;

Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Bulgarian Emperor, Tsar Ivan Alexander
Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Bulgarian Emperor, Tsar Ivan Alexander; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe
Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe ;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Folder, Ottoman Bulgaria, The Turks

Bulgaria, 1362-1399, 14th Century Folder, Turks in Adrianople

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Ottoman Caliphate, Turks, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgaria, 1362-1389, Ottoman Sultan, Murad I, a Turk
Ottoman Sultan, 1362-1389, Murad I; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1363-1453, Ottoman Empire, Edirne, Bulgaria (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Edirne, Bulgaria, 1363-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1371, Battle of Marica, (Maritsa River 8)
Battle of Marica; Long list of Serbian-Turkish Conflicts 1371-1526 Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1395, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1395, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1396, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1396, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria;

Bulgaria, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Bulgarian, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Bulgaria, 1413-1453, Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis, Bulgaria, 1413-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II
Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Bulgaria, 1444-1481, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1444-1481, Mehmed the Conqueror; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Matrona of Chios, Commemorated on October 20; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 1700, 18th Century Folder, History of Slav Bulgarians

Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria, Historian, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria ; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Свети Паисий Хилендарски) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1762, Paisius' History of the Slav-Bulgarians, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Свети Паисий Хилендарски) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1800, 19th Century Folder, National Awakening

Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, Early 19th Century
Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, early 19th Century; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians
Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians; Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, Roman Roads Triangle Folder, Via Egnatia, Eastern Triangle

Kutmichevitsa, Southwest Macedonia or Albania (K Triangle Area)
Kutmichevitsa, (K Triangle Area), the northwestern part of the region of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, broadly taken to be the area included in the triangle ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Kutmichevitsa Triangle - K Triangle
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Skopje-Salonik-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Vlora-Saloniki-Skopje

Valona, Albania (Aous River Mouth)
Valona, Albania; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road, K Triangle)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos Durras Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereaŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion Kaekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium
Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium;

Via Egnatia - Claudiana
Via Egnatia - Claudiana ;

Via Egnatia - Bottom of the K Triangle Claudiana to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Thessalonica
Via Egnatia - Thessalonica;

Via Egnatia - Pydna
Via Egnatia - Pydna;

Via Egnatia - Pydna to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Amphipolis
Via Egnatia - Amphipolis;

Via Egnatia - Philippi
Via Egnatia - Philippi;

Via Egnatia - Neapolis
Via Egnatia - Neapolis;

Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis
Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela
Via Egnatia - Kypsela ;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela to Perinthus

Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos
Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos;

Via Egnatia - Enos to Kypsela

Via Egnatia - Apros
Via Egnatia - Apros;

Via Egnatia - Adrianople
Via Egnatia - Adrianople ;

Via Egnatia - Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome)
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea Thracia
Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea;

Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium
Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium;

Via Egnatia - Selymbria
Via Egnatia - Selymbria ;

Via Egnatia - Melantias
Via Egnatia - Melantias;

Via Egnatia - Rhegion
Via Egnatia - Rhegion;

Via Egnatia - Byzantium
Via Egnatia - Byzantium;

Bulgaria, Southeastern Bulgaria, Thracian Penninsula Folder, Via Engnatia

Thracian Penninsula
Thracian Penninsula, also known as Thracian Italy; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe)
Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe); Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna Commemorated on July 23;

Thracia, Bulgaria
Roman Province Thracia; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Heraclea Sintica, Thrace, Bulgaria (Strumitza Mouth, Strymon River 9)
Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ;

Perinth, Thrace, Bulgaria
Perinth; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria (Perinth, Via Egnatia)
Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Selymbria, Thrace (Roman Road Via Engratia, Agean Sea)
Selymbria; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22;

Anastasiopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Anastasiopolis; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Apollonia, Thrace, Bulgaria
Apollonia, Thrace; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19;

Malko Tarnovo (Southeastern Bulgaria, Thrace)
Malko Tarnovo; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ;

Strandzha Mountains
Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Gregory of Sinai Monastery, Strandzha Mountains, 1335
Gregory of Sinai Monastery; Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, Southwestern Bulgaria, Nestos River Folder (Aegean Sea)

Nestos River

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains)
Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains);

Bansk, Southwestern Bulgaria (Bansko, in the Highlands, Nestos River)
Bansko; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Nestos River Mouth (Philippi, Thasos, Thrace)
Nestos River Mouth (Thasos, Thrace);

Rhodope Region
Rhodope Region;

Meglen (Meglena, Almopia), Bulgaria or Macedonia (Axios River Mouth)
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River Folder, south to the Agean Sea, Thrace

Maritsa River

Maritza River Source (Rila Mountains)

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Rila Monastery, Bulgaria (Maritza River Source) 927
Rila Monastery ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Maritza River 1 (Balkan Peninsula)

Maritza River 2

Maritza River 3

Maritza River 4

Maritza River 5 (Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Thrace)

Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 5, Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bitel (Butili) near Kuklen and Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 5, Chepelare River Folder

Chepelare River

Chepelare River Source (along the border)

Petritsoni (now Bachkovo) Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria, 1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bachkovo Monastery (Chepelare River 1)1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Sardica, Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria (Chapelare River, Maritza River 5)
Council of Sardica; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Clement of the Seventy ;

Chepalare River Mouth (Maritza River 5)

Maritza River 8 (Thrace)

Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Egnatia, Maritza River 8)
Thrace; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated August 8 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated August 20; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer" and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Maritza River 9 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 9, Ardiscus River Folder

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River

Rhodope Mountains

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Source (Rhodope Mountains)

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 9)

Maritza River 10 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 10, Tonus River Folder

Tonsus River

Tonsus River Source (Balkan Mountains)

Haemus or Balkan Mountains
Haemus or Balkan Mountains;

Upper Thracian Plain
Upper Thracian Plain;

Dirrachia, Bulgaria (Tonsus River Source)
Dirrachia, Bulgaria ; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ;

Tonsus River 1 (Upper Thracian Plain, Stara Zagora)

Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (Upper Thracian Plain)
Stara Zagora; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated August 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Eski Zagora in the Trnovo region, Bulgaria
Eski Zagora; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Tonsus (Tundzha, Tunca) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 10)

Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Roman Road, Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 6, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Jedrene (Edirne, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, Ã¢Â€Âœthe blind oneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Maritsa (Hebrus) River Mouth (Aegean Sea)

Aenus (Ainos), Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza (Hebrus) River Mouth)
Aenus; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4;

Enos, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River Mouth)
Enos, Thrace; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19;

Trajanopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Egnatia, Maritza River Mouth)
Trajanopolis; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Bulgaria, Northern Bulgaria, Danube Rivers in Bulgaria Folder

Danube River in Bulgaria

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Bulgaria, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius

Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5)
Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5) Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Serdica or Sofia, Bulgaria
Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Sofia, Bulgaria Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, on Roman Road. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 12, Iskar River Folder

Iskar River

Iskar River Source (Dmaga Peak, Rila, Bulgaria)

Iscar River 1 (Sophia)

Sofia, Bulgaria (at the foot of Mt Vitosha, Iskar River 1)
Sofia, occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria
Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia, 1882
Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia; Bulgarian Orthodox Church; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30;

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1882
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Mount Vitosha (overlooking Sophia, Bulgaria)
Mount Vitosha;

Sofia (at the foot of Mt Vitosha)
Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]
Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Sredets (Sofia, Iscar River 1)
Sredets, Sofia; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Iskar River Mouth (Northwest border of Builgaria) at Danube River 12

Vidin, Bulgaria (Iskar River Mouth, Danube River 12)
Vidin, Bulgaria ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia
village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13;

Danube River 13 (Oltenia)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Cherni Osam River Folder

Cherni Osam River

Cherni Osam River Source (along the border)

Cherni Osam River 1 (Cherni Osam)

Cherni Osam River 2 (Moesia)

Moesia, Bulgaria (Cherni Osam River 2)
Moesia; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24;

Cherni Osam River 3 (Slavyanovo)

Cherni Osam River Mouth (Danube River 13, Oltenia)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Yantra River Folder

Yantra River

Yantra River Source (Central Balkan Mountains)
Central Balkan Mountains, Stara Planina;

Yantra River 1

Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1) 1833
Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ;

Gabrovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1)
Gabrovo, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Yantra River 2 (Tarnvo)

Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3)
Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2); New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ;

Potuka, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3, across river from Trnovo)
Potuka; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Trovono Cathedral, 1000, 11th Century
Trovono Cathedral, 11th Century; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14;

Yantra River 3

Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia)
Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia); Moesia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Yantra River 4

Yantra River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Svishtov, Bulgaria (Yantra River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Svishtov, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13.5, Rusenski River Folder

Rusenski Lom River

Ruschuk, Bulgaria (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Ruschuk, Bulgaria; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Basarbov Monastery (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13) 1185
Basarbov Monestary; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Rusenski Lom River Source (Razgrad, Bulgaria)

Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972 (Rivers Source)
Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972; Blessed Peter, King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Rusenski Lom River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Danube River 14 (Bucharest)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 14, Argus River from Bucharest

Dorostolum, Bulgaria (Silistra, Danube River 14.5, Southeast of Bucharest)
Dorostolum (Dorostorum); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14)
Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Danube River 15 (Overview 3)

Bulgaria, Northeastern Bulgaria, Povadiya River Folder, Black Sea

Povadiya River

Epivato Village, Black Sea, Bulgaria
village of Epivato, between Silistra on the Danube and Constantinople; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated October 14 ;

Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria
Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5 ;

Danube River ( North Border of Bulgaria)

Dobrogea, Bulgaria (on the Romania Border above Povadiya River Mouth)
Dobrogea; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Marcianopolis, Northeast Bulgaria (Lake Beloslav)
Marcianopolis (Lake Beloslav); Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ;

Myzean city of Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Varna, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Plisk (first capital of Danubian Bulgaria)
Plisk; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire)
Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid, Bishop of Greater Macedonia, and his companions, Commemorated on July 27;

Provadiya River Source (Studenitsa Monastery)

Provadiya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav, Black Sea)

Devnya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav)

Belgium Folder, and Holy Roman Empire

Belgium (Meuse and Scheldt Rivers, Ardennes Mts)
Belgium; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ; GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Belgium, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium
Belgium, 800-1806, Holy Roman Empire, Revived in 2009, Centered in Belgium; Charlemagne, a Frank, first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); Charlemagne Building; European Union Constitution, Nov 3, 2009;

Belgium, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Popem, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake
Russia, Novgorod, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III; Rome, 1191-1198, Pope, Celestine III; Novgorod, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Pskov Lake, defeat of Teutonic Knights; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Belgium, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Belgium, 1526-1804, Holy Roman Empire, Hapsburg Empire, Austria, Germany and Spain
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire, 1526-1804, Hapsburg Empire, Austria; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Belgium, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy
Austria, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy;

Belgium, 1806, Holy Roman Empire Disolved by Francis 1 after Austerlitz Battle
Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon over Holy Roman Empire, 1805; Austria, Austrian Emperor, 1804-1835, Francis I aka Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor;

Franks, Land of the Franks (Belgium then Paris in 508)
Franks; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Markomannia (Land of the Franks, Belgium)
Markomia, Markomannians were Frankish from the Land of the Franks in lower and middle Rhineland; Franks; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Belgium History Folder

Belgium, 92-99, 1st Century Folder, Lucian of Beauvais

Belgium, 92-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais
Belgium, 98-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Belgium, 300, 4th -8th Century Folder, Francia or Frankland

Belgium, 303-323, Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia
Belgium, 303-323 (about 20 years from his relative Great-martyr George's death in 303), Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia; Francia: the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Belgium, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil, Huns
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Belgium, 349, Black Plague in Belgium
Belgium, 349, Black Plague in Belgium; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Belgium, 481-843, Frankish Empire, Belgium (Francia or Frankland)
Frankish Empire, 481-843, Belgium (Francia or Frankland): the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Belgium, 481-843, Frankland (Francia)
Francia: the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Belgium, 481-843, Francia (Frankland)
Francia: the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Belgium, 486-511, Frankish King, Clovis I
Belgium,486-511, Frankish King, Clovis I; Frankish Empire, 481-843, Belgium (Francia or Frankland): the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks;

Belgium, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Belgium, 774, Siege of Pavia (773–74), Frankish Invasion of Italy, Charlemagne, Ended Lombard Kingdom
Rome, 774, Siege of Pavia (773–74); Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Belgium, 787, Scholastic Philosophy, Scholasticism, Schools in every abby, Charlemagne
Belgium, 787, Scholastic Philosophy, Scholasticism, Schools in every abby, Charlemagne Belgium, 800-814, Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, a Frank, Belgium ; Saint Anthony, Metropolitan of Chqondidi, and Saint Jacob, Elder of Chqondidi, Commemorated on October 13;

Belgium, 800, 9th-11th Century, Holy Roman Empire Folder, HRE Begins

Belgium, 800-899, 9th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne,

Belgium, 800-814, HRE Emperor, Charlemagne, a Frank, Belgium
Belgium, 800-814, Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, a Frank, Belgium ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God "œIveron", Commemorated on February 12; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Belgium, 814-840, HRE Emperor, Louis the Pious, v over muslim Barcelona, sons' civil war
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 814-840, Louis the Pious; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Belgium, 840-855, HRE Emperor, Lothair I, governed Bavaria, civil war led to Ger and Fra
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 840-855, Lothair I; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Belgium, 844-875, HRE Emperor, Louis II of Italy, Carolingian intrvnt, Bari, Benevento, Saracens
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 850-875, Louis II of Italy; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Belgium, 875-877, HRE Emperor, Charles the Bald, heir to Gaul a
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 875-877, Charles the Bald; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Belgium, 877-888, HRE Emperor, Charles III, Charles the Fat, L Carolingian, L Frank
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 877-888, Charles III, Charles the Fat ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 888-891 or 962, HRE Emperor, No Emperor, , Interregum
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 888-891, No Emperor St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 891-894, HRE Emperor, Guy III of Spoleto, fought over Italy, a w Saracens, traitor
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 891-894, Guy III of Spoleto; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 892-898, HRE Emperor, Lambert of Italy, fought over Italy w Guy, Anwulf, and Berangar
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 892-898, Lambert of Italy; St. Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 896-901,HRE Emperor, Arnulf of Carinthia, Carolingian , Interregum
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 896-899, Arnulf of Carinthia; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 900-999, 10th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, Louis the Blind, Benegar, Ottos I II and III

Belgium, 901-915, HRE Emperor, Louis the Blind, Belgium, across Alps to d Berengar, Interregum
Holy Roman Emperor, 899-915, Louis the Blind; Louis the Blind (c. 880 – 5 June 928[2]) was the king of Provence from 11 January 887, King of Italy from 12 October 900, and briefly Holy Roman Emperor, as Louis III, between 901 and 905. He was the son of Boso, the usurper king of Provence, and Ermengard, a daughter of the Emperor Louis II.[3] Through his father, he was a Bosonid, but through his mother, a Carolingian. He was blinded after a failed invasion of Italy in 905. EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Belgium, 915-962, HRE Emperor, Berengar I of Italy, Interregum
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 915-962, Berengar I of Italy; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4;

Belgium, 962-967, HRE Emperor, Otto I, German Ottonian Dynasty, over Hungarian Magyars
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 962-967, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 967-996, HRE Emperor, Otto II, German Ottonian Dy, annexed Italy from Byzantium
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 967-996, Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 996-1014, HRE Emperor, Otto III, German Ottonian, first German Pope after Rmn Rebellion
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 996-1014, Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1000-1099, 11th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, First Crusade in 1096

Belgium, 1014-1027, Henry II, HRE Emperor, Christian, Last Ottonian, North of Alps
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1014-1027, Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1027-1046, Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1027-1046, Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1046-1056, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1046-1056, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor; St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1056-1084, Vacant Emperor Title till Henry IV, German King from 1053
Holy Roman Emperor, 1053-1105, Henry IV; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1084-1105, Henry IV, HRE Emperor, German, appointed commoners, walk to C, Inv c
Roman Emperor, 1084-1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); St Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, Commemorated on October 10; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Belgium, 1096, First Crusade, Holy Roman Empire
First Crusade, 1096 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Belgium, 1100, 12th-14th Century, Holy Roman Empire Folder, Crusades and Avignon Papacy

Belgium, 1100-1199, 12th Century Folder, HRE, 2nd Crusade, 3rd, and Battle of the Ice Crusade

Belgium, 1105-1125, Henry V, German HRE Emperor (Investiture Controversy)
Belgium, 1105-1125, Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Belgium, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen
Belgium, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Belgium, 1125-1137, HRE Emperor, Lothair II
Belgium, 1125-1137, Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Belgium, 1137-1190, HRE Emperor, Frederick 1, long reign, extraordinary org, Red Beard, Italian campgns, R of Law
Belgium, 1137-1190, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick 1, Belgium; Barbarossa (1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I, was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire.[1] He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian;[2] in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which has the same meaning. The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career. his imperial election, Frederick was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III). He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf. therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors. consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. He combined qualities that made him appear almost superhuman to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen and his political perspicacity. contributions to Central European society and culture include the reestablishment of the Corpus Juris Civilis, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the Investiture Controversy. died in 1190 in Asia Minor while leading an army in the Third Crusade. HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); St Balthasar of the Magi, Commemorated on December 25; St Gaspar of the Magi, Commemorated on December 25; St Melchior of the Magi, Commemorated on December 25;

Belgium, 1147-1150, Second Crusade, HRE, after fall of Edessa
Belgium, 1145-1149, Second Crusade, Holy Roman Empire ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Belgium, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, after Jerusalem loss, Angevin England, France and HRE
Belgium, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Holy Roman Empire;

Belgium, 1191-1197, HRE Emperor, Henry VI, well educated, poet, Byzantine ransom, Sicily, d before his Crusade
Belgium, 1191-1197, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI; VI (Heinrich VI) (November 1165 – 28 September 1197), a member of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, was King of Germany (King of the Romans) from 1169 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 until his death. From 1194 he was also King of Sicily. was the second son of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his consort Beatrix of Burgundy. in the Latin language, as well as Roman and canon law, Henry was also a patron of poets and a skilled poet himself. 1186 he was married to Constance of Sicily, the posthumous daughter of the Norman king Roger II of Sicily. Henry, stuck in the Hohenstaufen conflict with the House of Welf until 1194, had to enforce the inheritance claims by his wife against her nephew Count Tancred of Lecce. Henry's attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Sicily failed at the siege of Naples in 1191 due to an epidemic, and following his retreat Empress Constance was captured. Based on an enormous ransom for the release and submission of King Richard I of England, he conquered Sicily in 1194; however, the intended unification with the Holy Roman Empire ultimately failed due to the opposition of the Papacy. threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire after 1194 and succeeded in extracting a ransom, the Alamanikon, from Emperor Alexios III Angelos in return for cancelling the invasion. He made the Kingdom of Cyprus and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia formal subjects of the empire and compelled Tunis and Tripolitania to pay tribute to him. 1195 and 1196, he attempted to turn the Holy Roman Empire from an elective to a hereditary monarchy, the so-called Erbreichsplan, but met strong resistance from the prince-electors and abandoned the plan. pledged to go on crusade in 1195 and began preparations. A revolt in Sicily was crushed in 1197. The Crusaders set sail for the Holy Land that same year but Henry died of illness at Messina on 28 September 1197 before he could join them. death plunged the Empire into the chaos of the German throne dispute for the next 17 years. DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Belgium, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake

Belgium, 1200-1299, 13th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, 4th-9th and Northern Crusades

Belgium, 1198-1215, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV
Belgium, 1198-1215, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226);

Belgium, 1202-1204, Fourth Crusade, HRE, Sack of Constantinople
Belgium, 1122-1124, Fourth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire;

Belgium, 1200-1205, Fourth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire
Belgium, 1200-1205, Fourth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire;

Belgium, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, 1202-1204
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Belgium, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia (Î¦ÃÂÂÂÎ±Î³ÎºÎ¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia (Î›Î±ÃÂÂ„Î¹Î½Î¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Belgium, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople; Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the Image Ã¢Â€ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third Ã¢Â€ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Belgium, 1209-1229, Sixth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire, Albigensian
Belgium, 1209-1229, Sixth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire

Belgium, 1204-1226, Holy Roman Saint, Francis of Assisi
Belgium, 1204-1226, Holy Roman Saint, Francis of Assisi; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226);

Belgium, 1206-1221, Holy Roman Saint, Dominic
Belgium, 1206-1221, Holy Roman Saint, Dominic; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226);

Belgium, 1214-1253, Holy Roman Saint, Clare of Assisi
Belgium, 1214-1253, Holy Roman Saint, Clare of Assisi; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226);

Belgium, 1216-1250, HRE Emperor, Frederick II, 6th and Northern Crusades, King of Jrslm, pope conflicts, interregnum
Belgium, 1216-1250, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231); THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Belgium, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II of Hungary
Hungary, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II of Hungary ; Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Belgium, 1223-1280, Holy Roman Saint, Albertus Magnus, Dominican
Belgium, 1223-1280, Holy Roman Saint, Albertus Magnus, Dominican; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Belgium, 1242, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake

Belgium, 1245-1274, Holy Roman Saint, Thomas Aquias
Belgium, 1245-1274, Holy Roman Saint, Thomas Aquias; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Belgium, 1248-1254, Seventh Crusade, Holy Roman Empire, Louis captured, ransomed, 1259 Karyes?
Belgium, 1248-1254, Seventh Crusade, Holy Roman Empire; The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. Louis' Christian army was defeated by the Ayyubid army led by Fakhr al-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh and their allies, the Bahriyya Mamluks, led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun. Shaykh al-Shuyukh was killed in the war, and Louis was captured. Approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in ransom for his return.[3][4][5]

Belgium, 1250-1273, Holy Roman Interregnum, No Emperor, several weak kings, anti kings, Avignon Papacy
Belgium, 1250-1273, Holy Roman Interregnum, No Emperor; There were many imperial interregna in the history of the Holy Roman Empire, when there was no emperor. Interregna in which there was no emperor-elect (king of the Romans) were rarer. Among the longest periods without an emperor were between 924 and 962 (38 years), between 1245 and 1312 (67 years), and between 1378 and 1433 (55 years). The crisis of government of the Holy Roman Empire and the German kingdom thus lasted throughout the late medieval period, and ended only with the rise of the House of Habsburg on the eve of the German Reformation and the Renaissance. The term Great Interregnum is occasionally used for the period between 1250 (death of Frederick II) and 1273 (accession of Rudolf I). Great Interregnum[edit] Or three leopards sable.svg Staufen party Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg Frederick II (1245–50) Arms of the Holy Roman Emperor (Hohenstaufen).svg Conrad IV (1245–54) Royal Coat of Arms of the Crown of Castile (1284-1390).svg Alfonso X of Castile (1257–75) Arms of Rudolph I of Germany.svg Rudolf of Habsburg (1273–75) Coat of arms of the House of Welf-Brunswick (Braunschweig).svg Welf party Thuringia armor.svg Henry of Thuringia (1246–47) Wapen graafschap Holland.svg William II of Holland (1247–56) Richard of Cornwall Arms.svg Richard of Cornwall (1257–72) Blason Bo Bohême.svg Ottokar II of Bohemia Result: compromise Unanimous election of Rudolf in 1273 Alfonso X of Castile renounced claim in 1275 After the deposition of Frederick II by Pope Innocent IV in 1245, Henry Raspe, Landgrave of Thuringia was set up as anti-king to Frederick's son Conrad IV (d. 1254). Henry was killed in 1247 and succeeded as anti-king by William of Holland (died 1256). After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. After Richard's death in 1273, Rudolf I of Germany, a minor pro-Staufen count, was elected. He was the first of the Habsburgs to hold a royal title, but he was never crowned emperor. After Rudolf's death in 1291, Adolf and Albert were two further weak kings who were never crowned emperor. Albert was assassinated in 1308. Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next King of the Romans.[1] Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope Clement V (established at Avignon in 1309), and that his prospects of bringing the empire into the orbit of the French royal house were good. He lavishly spread French money in the hope of bribing the German electors.[2] Although Charles of Valois had the backing of Henry, Archbishop of Cologne, a French supporter, many were not keen to see an expansion of French power, least of all Clement V.[2][3] The principal rival to Charles appeared to be Rudolf, the Count Palatine. Instead, Henry VII, of the House of Luxembourg, was elected with six votes at Frankfurt on 27 November 1308.[2] Given his background, although he was a vassal of king Philip,[2] Henry was bound by few national ties, an aspect of his suitability as a compromise candidate among the electors,[4] the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, and who were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. Henry of Cologne's brother, Baldwin, Archbishop of Trier, won over a number of the electors, including Henry, in exchange for some substantial concessions.[2] Henry VII was crowned king at Aachen on 6 January 1309, and emperor by Pope Clement V on 29 June 1312 in Rome, ending the interregnum. LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274); Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Belgium, 1270, Eighth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire, Disease
Belgium, 1270, Eighth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire; The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the Hafsid dynasty in 1270. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade. The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia, with his disease-ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards.[1]

Belgium, 1271-1272, Nineth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire
Belgium, 1271-1272, Nineth Crusade, Holy Roman Empire ; Lord Edward's crusade,[1] sometimes called the Ninth Crusade,[2] was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of the future King Edward I of England in 1271–1272. It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there. The Ninth Crusade saw Edward clash with Baibars, with both achieving limited victories. The Crusaders were ultimately forced to withdraw, since Edward had pressing concerns at home and felt unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant Outremer territories. It is arguable that the Crusading spirit was nearly "extinct" by this period as well.[3] It also foreshadowed the imminent collapse of the last remaining crusader strongholds along the Mediterranean coast. Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5 ;

Belgium, 1272, Union of Lyons, convoked 1272, convened 1274, Peace among Christians, revoked
France, 1272, Union of Lyons 1272; The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arles (in modern France), in 1274.[1] Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.[2] The council was attended by about 300 bishops, 60 abbots[3] and more than a thousand prelates or their procurators, among whom were the representatives of the universities. Due to the great number of attendees, those who had come to Lyon without being specifically summoned were given "leave to depart with the blessing of God" and of the Pope. Among others who attended the council were James I of Aragon, the ambassador of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos with members of the Greek clergy and the ambassadors of Abaqa Khan of the Ilkhanate. Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route at Fossanova Abbey. Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July 1274. As at the First Council of Lyon, Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain.[4] In addition to Aragon, which James represented in person, representatives of the kings of Germany, England, Scotland, France, the Spains and Sicily[5] were present, with procurators also representing the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Bohemia, the "realm of Dacia" and the duchy of Poland. In the procedures to be observed in the council, for the first time the nations appeared as represented elements in an ecclesiastical council, as they had already become represented in the governing of medieval universities. This innovation marks a stepping-stone towards the acknowledgment of coherent ideas of nationhood, which were in the process of creating the European nation-states. The main topics discussed at the council were the conquest of the Holy Land and the union of the Eastern and Western Churches. The first session took place on 7 May 1274 and was followed by five additional sessions on 18 May 1274, 4 or 7 June 1274, 6 July 1274, 16 July 1274, and 17 July 1274. By the end of the council, 31 constitutions were promulgated. In the second session, the fathers approved the decree Zelus fidei, which contained no juridical statutes but rather summed up constitutions about the perils of the Holy Land, the means for paying for a proposed crusade, the excommunication of pirates and corsairs and those who protected them or traded with them, a declaration of peace among Christians, a grant of an indulgence for those willing to go on crusade, restoration of communion with the Greeks, and the definition of the order and procedure to be observed in the council. The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque (two words added to the Nicene Creed), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II,[2] heir to Michael VIII. The council also recognized Rudolf I as Holy Roman Emperor, ending the interregnum.[2] 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10;

Belgium, 1273-1291, Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf I of Germany
Belgium, 1273-1291, Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolf I of Germany; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274); Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Belgium, 1284, Zographou Monestary, Mt Athos, Crusaders, 26 Martyrs
Zographou Monastery; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Akathist" of the Zographou Monastery, Commemorated October 10 ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Belgium, 1291-1298, Holy Roman Emperor, Adolf of Germany
Belgium, 1291-1298, Holy Roman Emperor, Adolf of Germany; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4;

Belgium, 1298-1308, Holy Roman Emperor, Albert I of Germany
Belgium, 1298-1308, Holy Roman Emperor, Albert I of Germany; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4;

Belgium, 1300-1399, 14th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, Avignon Papacy

Belgium, 1308-1313, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VII of Luxembourg
Belgium, 1308-1313, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VII of Luxembourg ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Belgium, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy
France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy; Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Belgium, 1337-1453, 100 Years War between France and England for France
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Belgium, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA
France, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA; Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Belgium, 1355-1378, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV of Luxembourg
Belgium, 1355-1378, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV of Luxembourg; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Belgium, 1378-1437, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxembourg
Belgium, 1378-1437, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund of Luxembourg; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415 ;

Belgium, 1400, 15th-17th Century, Holy Roman Empire Folder, Protestant Cathilic Moslem Wars, Napoleon

Belgium, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, HRE, Agincourt, 100 Yrs War, Council of Florence, Priinting

Belgium, 1414-1418, Council of Constance (Lake Constance)
Council of Constance, 1414-1418 (Lake Constance); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Belgium, 1415, Holy Roman Empire, Battle of Agincourt, England V, 100 Yrs War
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Belgium, 1431-1444, Holy Roman Empire Council, Council of Florence
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire Council, 1431-1444, Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Belgium, 1433-1437, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1433-1437, Sigismund ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Belgium, 1437-1508, HRE Emperor, Frederick III, first Hapsburg
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1437-1493, Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor; III (21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death. was the first emperor of the House of Habsburg, and the fourth member of the House of Habsburg to be elected King of Germany after Rudolf I of Germany, Albert I in the 13th century and his predecessor Albert II of Germany. He was the penultimate emperor to be crowned by the Pope, and the last to be crowned in Rome. to his imperial coronation, he was duke of the Inner Austrian lands of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola from 1424, and also acted as regent over the Duchy of Austria (as Frederick V) from 1439. He was elected and crowned King of Germany (as Frederick IV) in 1440.[1] He was the longest-reigning German monarch when in 1493, after ruling his domains for more than 53 years, he was succeeded by his son Maximilian I. his reign, Frederick concentrated on re-uniting the Habsburg "hereditary lands" of Austria and took a lesser interest in Imperial affairs. by his dynastic entitlement to Hungary as well as by the Burgundian inheritance, he laid the foundations for the later Habsburg Empire. Mocked as "Arch-Sleepyhead of the Holy Roman Empire" (German: Erzschlafmütze) during his lifetime,[2] he is today increasingly seen as an effective ruler. THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated on October 21; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Belgium, 1500-1599, 16th Centory Folder, HRE, Luther's 95 Theses, Hapsburg Empire,

Belgium, 1508-1519, HRE Emperor, Maximilian I, second Hapsbgh, married Burgendy, Jews cancelled, lost Swis&Italy
Holy Roman Emperor, 1486-1519, Maximilian I ; I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky. He was instead proclaimed emperor elect by Pope Julius II at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. He ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of the latter's reign, from c. 1483 until his father's death in 1493. expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, though he also lost his family's original lands in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy. marriage of his son Philip the Handsome to eventual queen Joanna of Castile in 1498, Maximilian helped to establish the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, which allowed his grandson Charles to hold the thrones of both Castile and Aragon.[2] 1 Background and childhood 2 Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands 3 Reign in the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 Peaceful Recapture of Austria 3.2 Italian and Swiss wars 3.3 Banning of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews 3.4 Reforms 4 Tu felix Austria nube 5 Succession 6 Death and legacy 7 Ancestry 8 Official style 8.1 Chivalric order 9 Marriages and offspring 10 Triumphal woodcuts 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links and childhood[edit] III and Eleanor of Portugal. was born at Wiener Neustadt on 22 March 1459. His father, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, named him for an obscure saint, Maximilian of Tebessa, who Frederick believed had once warned him of imminent peril in a dream. his infancy, he and his parents were besieged in Vienna by Albert of Austria. One source relates that, during the siege's bleakest days, the young prince wandered about the castle garrison, begging the servants and men-at-arms for bits of bread.[3] The young prince was an excellent hunter, his favorite hobby was hunting for birds as a horse archer. the time, the dukes of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal family, with their sophisticated nobility and court culture, were the rulers of substantial territories on the eastern and northern boundaries of France. The reigning duke, Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent of Maximilian's father Frederick III. Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and, to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles' only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), he was successful. The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on 19 August 1477.[4] in Burgundy and the Netherlands[edit] hommage ceremony of the estates to the emperor (depiction from the Liber missarum of Margaret of Austria, 1515) gold-and-silver coin featuring the bust of a crowned man in armour, holding a sceptre and a sword. The bust is surrounded with the text 'Maximilianus Dei Gra Rex & Imper Augustus'. A gold-and-silver coin featuring five coats of arms, three crowned, and the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The coin is surrounded by text. coin with the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece wife had inherited the large Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. Already before his coronation as the King of the Romans in 1486, Maximilian decided to secure this distant and extensive Burgundian inheritance to his family, the House of Habsburg, at all costs.[5] Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law,[6] with Louis XI of France vigorously contesting the Habsburg claim to the Burgundian inheritance by means of military force. Maximilian undertook the defence of his wife's dominions from an attack by Louis XI and defeated the French forces at Guinegate, the modern Enguinegatte, on 7 August 1479.[7] and Mary's wedding contract stipulated that their children would succeed them but that the couple could not be each other's heirs. Mary tried to bypass this rule with a promise to transfer territories as a gift in case of her death, but her plans were confounded. After Mary's death in a riding accident on 27 March 1482 near the Wijnendale Castle, Maximilian's aim was now to secure the inheritance to his and Mary's son, Philip the Handsome.[5] of the Netherlander provinces were hostile to Maximilian, and, in 1482, they signed a treaty with Louis XI in Arras that forced Maximilian to give up Franche-Comté and Artois to the French crown.[6] They openly rebelled twice in the period 1482–1492, attempting to regain the autonomy they had enjoined under Mary. Flemish rebels managed to capture Philip and even Maximilian himself, but they were defeated when Frederick III intervened.[8][9] Maximilian continued to govern Mary's remaining inheritance in the name of Philip the Handsome. After the regency ended, Maximilian and Charles VIII of France exchanged these two territories for Burgundy and Picardy in the Treaty of Senlis (1493). Thus a large part of the Netherlands (known as the Seventeen Provinces) stayed in the Habsburg patrimony.[6] in the Holy Roman Empire[edit] Recapture of Austria[edit] was elected King of the Romans on 16 February 1486 in Frankfurt-am-Main at his father's initiative and crowned on 9 April 1486 in Aachen. Much of Austria was under Hungarian rule, as a result of the Austrian-Hungarian War (1477-1488). After the death of king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, the Habsburgs were able to occupy the Austrian territories without military conflict. Maximilian entered Vienna without siege in 1490. The peaceful Habsburg annexation of Austrian territories was possible after Maximilian and the newly elected Hungarian King Vladislaus II signed the peace treaty of Pressburg. Maximilian became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1493. and Swiss wars[edit] of Maximilian I, c. 1490–95, by Lorenz Helmschmid, Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Golden Roof" residence in Innsbruck, Tyrol the Treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had secured borders in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan. In 1499/1500 he conquered it and drove the Sforza regent Lodovico il Moro into exile.[10] This brought him into a potential conflict with Maximilian, who on 16 March 1494 had married Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan.[6][10] However, Maximilian was unable to hinder the French from taking over Milan.[10] The prolonged Italian Wars resulted[6] in Maximilian joining the Holy League to counter the French. In 1513, with Henry VIII of England, Maximilian won an important victory at the battle of the Spurs against the French, stopping their advance in northern France. His campaigns in Italy were not as successful, and his progress there was quickly checked. situation in Italy was not the only problem Maximilian had at the time. The Swiss won a decisive victory against the Empire in the Battle of Dornach on 22 July 1499. Maximilian had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on 22 September 1499 in Basel that granted the Swiss Confederacy independence from the Holy Roman Empire. addition, the County of Tyrol and Duchy of Bavaria went to war in the late 15th century. Bavaria demanded money from Tyrol that had been loaned on the collateral of Tyrolean lands. In 1490, the two nations demanded that Maximilian I step in to mediate the dispute. In response, he assumed control of Tyrol and its debt. Because Tyrol had no law code at this time, the nobility freely expropriated money from the populace, which caused the royal palace in Innsbruck to fester with corruption. After taking control, Maximilian instituted immediate financial reform. In order to symbolize his new wealth and power, he built the Golden Roof, a canopy overlooking the town center of Innsbruck, from which to watch the festivities celebrating his assumption of rule over Tyrol. The canopy is made entirely from golden shingles. Gaining theoretical control of Tyrol for the Habsburgs was of strategic importance because it linked the Swiss Confederacy to the Habsburg-controlled Austrian lands, which facilitated some imperial geographic continuity. of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews[edit] 1496, Maximilian issued a decree which expelled all Jews from Styria and Wiener Neustadt.[11] Similarly, in 1509 he passed the "Imperial Confiscation Mandate" which ordered the destruction of all Jewish literature apart from the Bible.[12] However he still conducted financial business with Jews like Abraham of Bohemia. article: Imperial Reform personally led his troops at the battle of Wenzenbach in 1504. the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian faced pressure from local rulers who believed that the King's continued wars with the French to increase the power of his own house were not in their best interests. There was also a consensus that deep reforms were needed to preserve the unity of the Empire.[13] The reforms, which had been delayed for a long time, were launched in the 1495 Reichstag at Worms. A new organ was introduced, the Reichskammergericht, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance it, the Gemeine Pfennig, though its collection was never fully successful.[13] The local rulers wanted more independence from the Emperor and a strengthening of their own territorial rule. This led to Maximilian agreeing to establish an organ called the Reichsregiment, which met in Nuremberg and consisted of the deputies of the Emperor, local rulers, commoners, and the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502.[10] to the difficult external and internal situation he faced, Maximilian also felt it necessary to introduce reforms in the historic territories of the House of Habsburg in order to finance his army. Using Burgundian institutions as a model, he attempted to create a unified state. This was not very successful, but one of the lasting results was the creation of three different subdivisions of the Austrian lands: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, and Vorderösterreich.[10] was always troubled by financial shortcomings; his income never seemed to be enough to sustain his large-scale goals and policies. For this reason he was forced to take substantial credits from Upper German banker families, especially from the Baumgarten, Fugger and Welser families. Jörg Baumgarten even served as Maximilian's financial advisor. The Fuggers, who dominated the copper and silver mining business in Tyrol, provided a credit of almost 1 million gulden for the purpose of bribing the prince-electors to choose Maximilian's grandson Charles V as the new Emperor. At the end of Maximilian's rule, the Habsburgs' mountain of debt totalled six million gulden, corresponding to a decade's worth of tax revenues from their inherited lands. It took until the end of the 16th century to repay this debt. 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope Julius II, took the title Erwählter Römischer Kaiser ("Elected Roman Emperor"), thus ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the Pope. felix Austria nube[edit] Weisskunig: Maximilian on horseback in besieged town part of the Treaty of Arras, Maximilian betrothed his three-year-old daughter Margaret to the Dauphin of France (later Charles VIII), son of his adversary Louis XI. Under the terms of Margaret's betrothal, she was sent to Louis to be brought up under his guardianship. Despite Louis's death in 1483, shortly after Margaret arrived in France, she remained at the French court. The Dauphin, now Charles VIII, was still a minor, and his regent until 1491 was his sister Anne.[14][15] shortly after signing the Treaty of Le Verger, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, left his realm to his daughter Anne. In her search of alliances to protect her domain from neighboring interests, she betrothed Maximilian I in 1490. About a year later, they married by proxy.[16][17][18] Charles and his sister wanted her inheritance for France. So, when the former came of age in 1491, and taking advantage of Maximilian and his father's interest in the succession of their adversary Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary,[19] Charles repudiated his betrothal to Margaret, invaded Brittany, forced Anne of Brittany to repudiate her unconsummated marriage to Maximilian, and married Anne of Brittany himself.[20][21][22] then remained in France as a hostage of sorts until 1493, when she was finally returned to her father with the signing of the Treaty of Senlis.[23][24] the same year, as the hostilities of the lengthy Italian Wars with France were in preparation,[25] Maximilian contracted another marriage for himself, this time to Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, with the intercession of his brother, Ludovico Sforza,[26][27][28][29] then regent of the duchy after the former's death.[30] talking to German knights (depiction from the contemporary Weisskunig) later, in order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. There they arranged for Maximilian's granddaughter Mary to marry Louis, the son of Ladislaus, and for Anne (the sister of Louis) to marry Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand (both grandchildren being the children of Philip the Handsome, Maximilian's son, and Joanna of Castile).[31][32] The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526.[33][34] Both Anne and Louis were adopted by Maximilian following the death of Ladislaus.[citation needed] Maximilian through his own marriages and those of his descendants (attempted unsuccessfully and successfully alike) sought, as was current practice for dynastic states at the time, to extend his sphere of influence.[34] The marriages he arranged for both of his children more successfully fulfilled the specific goal of thwarting French interests, and after the turn of the sixteenth century, his matchmaking focused on his grandchildren, for whom he looked away from France towards the east.[34][35] These political marriages were summed up in the following Latin elegiac couplet: Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe/ Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus, "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee."[36] policies in Italy had been unsuccessful, and after 1517 Venice reconquered the last pieces of their territory. began to focus entirely on the question of his succession. His goal was to secure the throne for a member of his house and prevent Francis I of France from gaining the throne; the resulting "election campaign" was unprecedented due to the massive use of bribery.[37] The Fugger family provided Maximilian a credit of one million gulden, which was used to bribe the prince-electors.[38] However, the bribery claims have been challenged.[39] At first, this policy seemed successful, and Maximilian managed to secure the votes from Mainz, Cologne, Brandenburg and Bohemia for his grandson Charles V. The death of Maximilian in 1519 seemed to put the succession at risk, but in a few months the election of Charles V was secured.[10] and legacy[edit] cenotaph, Hofkirche, Innsbruck 1501, Maximilian fell from his horse and badly injured his leg, causing him pain for the rest of his life. Some historians have suggested that Maximilian was "morbidly" depressed: from 1514, he travelled everywhere with his coffin.[40] Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip the Handsome having died in 1506. For penitential reasons, Maximilian gave very specific instructions for the treatment of his body after death. He wanted his hair to be cut off and his teeth knocked out, and the body was to be whipped and covered with lime and ash, wrapped in linen, and "publicly displayed to show the perishableness of all earthly glory".[41] Although he is buried in the Castle Chapel at Wiener Neustadt, an extremely elaborate cenotaph tomb for Maximilian is in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck, where the tomb is surrounded by statues of heroes from the past.[42] Much of the work was done in his lifetime, but it was not completed until decades later.[citation needed] was a keen supporter of the arts and sciences, and he surrounded himself with scholars such as Joachim Vadian and Andreas Stoberl (Stiborius), promoting them to important court posts. Many of them were commissioned to assist him complete a series of projects, in different art forms, intended to glorify for posterity his life and deeds and those of his Habsburg ancestors.[43][44] He referred to these projects as Gedechtnus ("memorial"),[44][45] which included a series of stylised autobiographical works: the epic poems Theuerdank and Freydal, and the chivalric novel Weisskunig, both published in editions lavishly illustrated with woodcuts.[43] In this vein, he commissioned a series of three monumental woodblock prints: The Triumphal Arch (1512–18, 192 woodcut panels, 295 cm wide and 357 cm high – approximately 9'8" by 11'8½"); and a Triumphal Procession (1516–18, 137 woodcut panels, 54 m long), which is led by a Large Triumphal Carriage (1522, 8 woodcut panels, 1½' high and 8' long), created by artists including Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer and Hans Burgkmair.[46][47] had a great passion for armour, not only as equipment for battle or tournaments, but as an art form. The style of armour that became popular during the second half of his reign featured elaborate fluting and metalworking, and became known as Maximilian armour. It emphasized the details in the shaping of the metal itself, rather than the etched or gilded designs popular in the Milanese style. Maximilian also gave a bizarre jousting helmet as a gift to King Henry VIII – the helmet's visor features a human face, with eyes, nose and a grinning mouth, and was modelled after the appearance of Maximilian himself.[48] It also sports a pair of curled ram's horns, brass spectacles, and even etched beard stubble.[48] had appointed his daughter Margaret as both Regent of the Netherlands and the guardian and educator of his grandsons Charles and Ferdinand (their father, Philip, having predeceased Maximilian), and she fulfilled this task well. Through wars and marriages he extended the Habsburg influence in every direction: to the Netherlands, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Italy. This influence lasted for centuries and shaped much of European history. The Habsburg Empire survived as the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it was dissolved 3 November 1918 – 399 years 11 months and 9 days after the passing of Maximilian. Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Belgium, 1516-1556, HRE Emperor Charles V, Hapsburg, Charles I of Spain
Spanish King, 1516-1556. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I of Spain ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Belgium, 1519-1556, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium
Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-1556, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Belgium, 1526-1804, Holy Roman Empire, Hapsburg Empire, Austria
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire, 1526-1804, Hapsburg Empire, Austria; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Brussels-“Scheldt Maritime Canal (est. 1550)
Brussels-“Scheldt Maritime Canal ;

Belgium, 1556-1564, HRE Emperor, Ferdinand I, Spaniard, Bohemian, German, wars w M's and P's
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556-1564, Ferdinand I; I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503-“ 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1527, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.[1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Ferdinand was able to defend his realm and make it somewhat more cohesive, but he could not conquer the major part of Hungary. His flexible approach to Imperial problems, mainly religious, finally brought more result than the more confrontational attitude of his brother.[3] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[4] Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated on August 14; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Belgium, 1564-1576, HRE Emperor, Maximilian II, H AUS, Bohemian, GER, C unity, wars with H Spain and Ms
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1564-1576, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor; II (31 July 1527 -“ 12 October 1576), a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death. He was crowned King of Bohemia in Prague on 14 May 1562 and elected King of Germany (King of the Romans) on 24 November 1562. On 8 September 1563 he was crowned King of Hungary and Croatia in the Hungarian capital Pressburg (Pozsony in Hungarian; now Bratislava, Slovakia). On 25 July 1564 he succeeded his father Ferdinand I as ruler of the Holy Roman Empire.[1][2] rule was shaped by the confessionalization process after the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. Though a Habsburg and a Catholic, he approached the Lutheran Imperial estates with a view to overcome the denominational schism,[further explanation needed] which ultimately failed. He also was faced with the ongoing Ottoman-“Habsburg wars and rising conflicts with his Habsburg Spain cousins. According to Fichtner, Maximilian failed to achieve his three major aims: rationalizing the government structure, unifying Christianity, and evicting the Turks from Hungary.[3] TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20;

Belgium, 1576-1612, HRE Emperor, Rudolf II, SPN, Vienna, Prague, B, 30Y war, Art, occult, science
Holy Roman Emperor, 1576-1612, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor; II (18 July 1552 -“ 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576-1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572-“1608), King of Bohemia (1575-“1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576-“1608). He was a member of the House of Habsburg. legacy has traditionally been viewed in three ways:[1] an ineffectual ruler whose mistakes led directly to the Thirty Years' War; a great and influential patron of Northern Mannerist art; and an intellectual devotee of occult arts and learning which helped seed what would be called the scientific revolution. life[edit] Rudolf, aged 15, painted by Alonso Sinchez Coello. was born in Vienna on 18 July 1552. He was the eldest son and successor of Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia, and King of Hungary and Croatia; his mother was Maria of Spain, a daughter of Charles V and Isabella of Portugal. He was the elder brother of Matthias who was to succeed him as king of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor. spent eight formative years, from age 11 to 19 (1563-“1571), in Spain, at the court of his maternal uncle Philip II, together with his younger brother Ernest, future governor of the Low Countries.[2] After his return to Vienna, his father was concerned about Rudolf's aloof and stiff manner, typical of the more conservative Spanish court, rather than the more relaxed and open Austrian court; but his Spanish mother saw in him courtliness and refinement.[3] In the years following his return to Vienna, Rudolf was crowned King of Hungary (1572), King of Bohemia and King of the Romans (1575)[4] when his father was still alive. would remain for the rest of his life reserved, secretive, and largely a recluse who did not like to travel or even partake in the daily affairs of state.[3] He was more intrigued by occult learning such as astrology and alchemy, which was mainstream in the Renaissance period, and had a wide variety of personal hobbies such as horses, clocks, collecting rarities, and being a patron of the arts. He suffered from periodic bouts of "melancholy" (depression), which was common in the Habsburg line. These became worse with age, and were manifested by a withdrawal from the world and its affairs into his private interests. life[edit] portrait bust of Rudolf II in the collection of the Antwerp City Hall, Belgium by Martino Rota. Elizabeth I of England (who was born 19 years before he was), Rudolf dangled himself as a prize in a string of diplomatic negotiations for marriages, but never in fact married. During his periods of self-imposed isolation, Rudolf reportedly had affairs with his court chamberlain, Wolfgang von Rumpf, and a series of valets. One of these, Philip Lang, ruled him for years and was hated by those seeking favour with the emperor.[5] addition, Rudolf was known to have had a succession of affairs with women, some of whom claimed to have been impregnated by him.[3] He had several illegitimate children with his mistress Catherina Strada. Their eldest son, Don Julius Caesar d'Austria, was likely born between 1584 and 1586 and received an education and opportunities for political and social prominence from his father.[6] In 1607, Rudolf sent Julius to live at Krumlov in Bohemia (in what is now the Czech Republic), a castle which Rudolf purchased from Peter Vok/Wok von Rosenberg, the last of the House of Rosenberg, after he fell into financial ruin. Julius lived at Krumlov when in 1608 he reportedly abused and murdered the daughter of a local barber, who had been living in the castle, and then disfigured her body. Rudolf condemned his son's act and suggested that he should be imprisoned for the rest of his life. However, Julius died in 1609 after showing signs of schizophrenia, refusing to bathe, and living in squalor; his death was apparently caused by an ulcer that ruptured.[6] artworks commissioned by Rudolf are unusually erotic.[7] The emperor was the subject of a whispering campaign by his enemies in his family and the Catholic Church in the years before he was deposed. Sexual allegations may well have formed a part of the campaign against him.[8] succeeded his father Maximilian II on 12 October 1576.[4] In 1583 he moved the court to Prague.[9] have traditionally blamed Rudolf's preoccupation with the arts, occult sciences, and other personal interests as the reason for the political disasters of his reign.[1] More recently historians have re-evaluated this view and see his patronage of the arts and occult sciences as a triumph and key part of the Renaissance, while his political failures are seen as a legitimate attempt to create a unified Christian empire, which was undermined by the realities of religious, political and intellectual disintegrations of the time.[1] by Aegidius Sadeler (1603). of Rudolf II as a young man by Martino Rota. raised in his uncle's Catholic court in Spain, Rudolf was tolerant of Protestantism and other religions including Judaism.[3] He largely withdrew from Catholic observances, even in death refusing the last sacramental rites. He had little attachment to Protestants either, except as counter-weight to papal policies. He put his primary support behind conciliarists, irenicists and humanists. When the papacy instigated the Counter-Reformation, using agents sent to his court, Rudolf backed those whom he thought were the most neutral in the debate, not taking a side or trying to effect restraint, thus leading to political chaos and threatening to provoke civil war.[1] conflict with the Ottoman Empire was the final cause of his undoing. Unwilling to compromise with the Turks, and stubbornly determined that he could unify all of Christendom with a new Crusade, he started a long and indecisive war with the Turks in 1593.[10] This war lasted till 1606, and was known as "The Long War".[1] By 1604 his Hungarian subjects were exhausted by the war and revolted, led by Stephen Bocskay (Bocskai Uprising). In 1605 Rudolf was forced by his other family members to cede control of Hungarian affairs to his younger brother Archduke Matthias. By 1606 Matthias forged a difficult peace with the Hungarian rebels (Peace of Vienna) and the Turks (Peace of Zsitvatorok). Rudolf was angry with his brother's concessions, which he saw as giving away too much in order to further Matthias' hold on power. So Rudolf prepared to start a new war with the Turks. But Matthias rallied support from the disaffected Hungarians and forced Rudolf to cede the crowns of Hungary, Austria, and Moravia to him. At the same time, seeing a moment of royal weakness, Bohemian Protestants demanded greater religious liberty, which Rudolf granted in the Letter of Majesty in 1609. The Bohemians continued to press for further freedoms, and Rudolf used his army to repress them. The Bohemian Protestants then appealed to Matthias for help; Matthias' army then held Rudolf prisoner in his castle in Prague until 1611, when Rudolf ceded the crown of Bohemia to his brother. Crown of Rudolf II later became the imperial crown of the Austrian Empire. scepter and globus cruciger of Rudolf II. died in 1612, nine months after he had been stripped of all effective power by his younger brother, except the empty title of Holy Roman Emperor, to which Matthias was elected five months later. In May 1618 with the event known as the Defenestration of Prague, the Protestant Bohemians, in defence of the rights granted them in the Letter of Majesty, threw imperial officials out of the window and thus the Thirty Years' War (1618-“1648) started. collecting and patronage[edit] moved the Habsburg capital from Vienna to Prague in 1583. Rudolf loved collecting paintings, and was often reported to sit and stare in rapture at a new work for hours on end.[3] He spared no expense in acquiring great past masterworks, such as those of Durer and Brueghel. He was also patron to some of the best contemporary artists, who mainly produced new works in the Northern Mannerist style, such as Bartholomeus Spranger, Hans von Aachen, Giambologna, Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Aegidius Sadeler, Roelant Savery, and Adrian de Vries, as well as commissioning works from Italians like Veronese. Rudolf's collections were the most impressive in the Europe of his day, and the greatest collection of Northern Mannerist art ever assembled.[1] The adjective Rudolfine, as in "Rudolfine Mannerism" is often used in art history to describe the style of the art he patronized. love of collecting went far beyond paintings and sculptures. He commissioned decorative objects of all kinds and in particular mechanical moving devices. Ceremonial swords and musical instruments, clocks, water works, astrolabes, compasses, telescopes and other scientific instruments, were all produced for him by some of the best craftsmen in Europe. patronized natural philosophers such as the botanist Charles de l'Ecluse, and the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler both attended his court. Tycho Brahe developed the Rudolphine Tables (finished by Kepler, after Brahe's death), the first comprehensive table of data of the movements of the planets. As mentioned before, Rudolf also attracted some of the best scientific instrument makers of the time, such as Jost Burgi, Erasmus Habermel and Hans Christoph Schissler. They had direct contact with the court astronomers and, through the financial support of the court, they were economically independent to develop scientific instruments and manufacturing techniques.[11] painted as Vertumnus, Roman God of the seasons, by Giuseppe Arcimboldo (1590-“91). Rudolf greatly appreciated the work. poet Elizabeth Jane Weston, a writer of Renaissance Latin poetry, was also part of his court and wrote numerous odes to him. kept a menagerie of exotic animals, botanical gardens, and Europe's most extensive "cabinet of curiosities"[3] (Kunstkammer) incorporating "the three kingdoms of nature and the works of man". It was housed at Prague Castle, where between 1587 and 1605 he built the northern wing to house his growing collections.[12] A lion and a tiger were allowed to roam the castle, documented by the account books which record compensation paid to survivors of attacks, or to family members of victims.[13] was even alleged by one person to have owned the Voynich manuscript, a codex whose author and purpose, as well as the language and script and posited cipher remain unidentified to this day. According to hearsay passed on in a letter written by Johannes Marcus Marci in 1665, Rudolf was said to have acquired the manuscript at some unspecified time for 600 gold ducats. No evidence in support of this single piece of hearsay has ever been discovered. The Codex Gigas was also in his possessions. was typical of the time, Rudolf II had a portrait painted in the studio of the renowned Alonso Sanchez Coello. Completed in 1567, the portrait depicted Rudolf II at the age of 15. This painting can be seen at the Lobkowicz Palace in the Rozmberk room. ornamented celestial globe with clockwork, made for the Kunstkammer of Rudolf II, 1579 1597, the collection occupied three rooms of the incomplete northern wing. When building was completed in 1605, the collection was moved to the dedicated Kunstkammer. Naturalia (minerals and gemstones) were arranged in a 37 cabinet display that had three vaulted chambers in front, each about 5.5 metres wide by 3 metres high and 60 metres long, connected to a main chamber 33 metres long. Large uncut gemstones were held in strong boxes.[14] Kunstkammer was not a typical "cabinet of curiosities" “ a haphazard collection of unrelated specimens. Rather, the Rudolfine Kunstkammer was systematically arranged in an encyclopaedic fashion. In addition, Rudolf II employed his polyglot court physician, Anselmus Boetius de Boodt, to curate the collection. Anselmus was an avid mineral collector and travelled widely on collecting trips to the mining regions of Germany, Bohemia and Silesia, often accompanied by his Bohemian naturalist friend, Thaddaeus Hagecius. Between 1607 and 1611, Anselmus catalogued the Kunstkammer, and in 1609 he published Gemmarum et Lapidum, one of the finest mineralogical treatises of the 17th century.[14] Castle in 1595 by Joris Hoefnagel. was customary at the time, the collection was private, but friends of the Emperor, artists, and professional scholars were allowed to study it. The collection became an invaluable research tool during the flowering of 17th-century European philosophy, the "Age of Reason". successors did not appreciate the collection and the Kunstkammer gradually fell into disarray. Some 50 years after its establishment, most of the collection was packed into wooden crates and moved to Vienna. The collection remaining at Prague was looted during the last year of the Thirty Years War, by Swedish troops who sacked Prague Castle on 26 July 1648, also taking the best of the paintings, many of which later passed to the Orleans Collection after the death of Christina of Sweden. In 1782, the remainder of the collection was sold piecemeal to private parties by Joseph II. One of the surviving items from the Kunstkammer is a "fine chair" looted by the Swedes in 1648 and now owned by the Earl of Radnor at Longford Castle in England;[15] others survive in museums.[16][17] sciences[edit] coat of arms, 1605 and alchemy were regarded as mainstream scientific fields in Renaissance Prague, and Rudolf was a firm devotee of both. His lifelong quest was to find the Philosopher's Stone and Rudolf spared no expense in bringing Europe's best alchemists to court, such as Edward Kelley and John Dee. Rudolf even performed his own experiments in a private alchemy laboratory.[3] When Rudolf was a prince, Nostradamus prepared a horoscope which was dedicated to him as 'Prince and King'. In the 1590s Sendivogius was active at Rudolph's court.[18] gave Prague a mystical reputation that persists in part to this day, with Alchemists' Alley on the grounds of Prague Castle a popular visiting place and tourist attraction. is also the ruler in many of the legends of the Golem of Prague, either because of, or simply adding to, his occult reputation. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27;

Belgium, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, HRE, 30 Yrs War, Karlowitz Treaty ending Ottoman Control Hungary, Balkans

Belgium, 1612-1619, Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias, from Protestant Prague
Holy Roman Emperor, 1612-1619, Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor ; (24 February 1557 - 20 March 1619) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1612 to 1619, Archduke of Austria from 1608 to 1619, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1608 to 1618, and King of Bohemia from 1611 to 1617. His personal motto was Concordia lumine maior (Unity is stronger than light).[2][3] played a significant role in the familial opposition of the Habsburgs against his brother Emperor Rudolf II. After gaining power, he showed little political initiative of his own. The course of his politics was determined by Cardinal Klesl until his fall in 1618. As a consequence of his failed religious and administrative policies the Bohemian Revolt, the initial theatre of the Thirty Years War set off during the final year of his reign.[4] Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Belgium, 1618-1648, Holy Roman Empire, Thirty Year's War, Protestant Catholic
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire, 1618-1648, Thirty Year's War, Protestant Catholic ;

Belgium, 1619-1637, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, devout Catholic
Holy Roman Emperor, 1619-1637, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Belgium, 1637-1657, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1637-1657, Ferdinand III; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on August 28; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Belgium, 1658-1705, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on August 28; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Belgium, 1700, 18th-21st Century, HRE Folder, Napoleon, HRE Disolved then Revived 2009

Belgium, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Holy Roman Empire, Bach, Handel, French Revolution

Belgium, 1705-1711, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1705-1711, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28;

Belgium, 1711-1740, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI
Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Belgium, 1740-1745, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VII, German House of Wittelsbach
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor ; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Belgium, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I
Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Belgium, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperess, Maria Theresa, War of Austrian Succession
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperess, 1745-1765, Maria Theresa; Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Belgium, 1765-1790, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph II, Francis and Theresa's son, enlightened absolutism
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-1790, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Belgium, 1790-1792, Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II, brother of Joseph II, enlightened absolutism, no capital punishment
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1790-1792, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor;

Belgium, 1792-1806, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II, Last HRE, attacked and lost to Napoleon
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1792-1806, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; Damien of DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Belgium, 1800-1899, 19th Centory Folder, Napoleon, Austerlitz, HRE Disolved

Belgium, 1806-1830, First French Republic and Netherlands
Belgium, 1806-1830, First French Republic, and Netherlands;

Belgium, 1804-1835, Austrian Emperor, Francis I aka Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria, Austrian Emperor, 1804-1835, Francis I aka Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Belgium, 1830, Belgium Revolution, Independent Belgium

Belgium, 1860-1889, Damien of Molokai
Belgium, 1860-1889, Damien of Molokai; Damien of DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Belgium, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, WWI Battles Verdun, Messines Ridge, HRE Revived in 2009

Belgium, Battle of Verdun, 1916 (on the road to Paris)
Battle of Verdun (on the road to Paris);

Belgium, 1917, Messines Ridge (Battle in 1917), Belgium
Messines Ridge (Battle in 1917); GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, aka Woodbine Willie, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ;

Belgium, Holy Roman Empire Revived, Nov 3, 2009, Centered in Belgium
Holy Roman Empire Revived, Nov 3, 2009, Centered in Belgium; European Union Constitution, Nov 3, 2009; Charlemagne Building;

Belgium, West Belgium, Scheldt River Folder

Scheldt River

Scheldt River Source (Gouy, France)
Scheldt River;

Scheldt River 1

Scheldt River 2

Scheldt River 3

Scheldt River 6 (Gaunt, Lys River Mouth)

Belgium, Scheldt River 6, Lys River Folder (France and Belgium)

Lys River

Lys River Source (Pas de Calais, near Agincourt, France)
Lys River;

Lys River 1

Lys River 2 (Western Front WWI)

Lys River 3 (Messines Ridge)

Messines Ridge, Belgium (Lys River 3)
Messines Ridge (Battle in 1917); GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY, aka Woodbine Willie, PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8 ;

Lys River 4

Lys River 5

Lys River Mouth (Gaunt, Belgium, Scheldt River 6)

Gaunt (Ghent), Belgium (Lys River Mouth, Scheldt River 6
Gaunt; England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince JOHN WYCLIF, Commemorated October 30 ;

Scheldt River 7 (Antwerp)

Antwerp, Belgium (Scheldt River 7)
WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE] TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Scheldt River Mouth (North Sea)

Belgium, North Central Belgium, Brussels-Scheldt Canal Folder

Brussels-Scheldt Canal

Brussels, Belgium (Scheldt Canal)
Brussels; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ;

Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium, 1425
Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven, 1425; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

University of Louvain, Belgium, 1817
University of Louvain; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ;

Belgium, East Belgium, Muse River Folder (France, Belgium, Germany and Netherlands)

Meuse River

Meuse River Mouth at North Sea

Meuse River Source (Langres plateau, France)
Langres plateau; The Meuse rises in Pouilly-en-Bassigny, commune of Le ChÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢telet-sur-Meuse on the Langres plateau in France from where it flows northwards past Sedan (the head of navigation) and Charleville-MÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â©ziÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¨res into Belgium.[3] At Namur it is joined by the River Sambre. Beyond Namur the Meuse winds eastwards, skirting the Ardennes, and passes LiÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¨ge before turning north. The river then forms part of the Belgian-Dutch border, except that at Maastricht the border lies further to the west. In the Netherlands it continues northwards through Venlo closely along the border to Germany, then turns towards the west, where it runs parallel to the Waal river and forms part of the extensive RhineÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“MeuseÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Scheldt delta, together with the Scheldt river in its south and the Rhine river in the north. The river has been divided near Heusden into the Afgedamde Maas on the right and the Bergse Maas on the left. The Bergse Maas continues under the name of Amer, which is part of the Biesbosch. The Afgedamde Maas joins the Waal, the main stem of the Rhine at Woudrichem, and then flows under the name of Boven Merwede to Hardinxveld-Giessendam, where it splits into Nieuwe Merwede and Beneden Merwede. Near Lage Zwaluwe, the Nieuwe Merwede joins the Amer, forming the Hollands Diep, which splits into Grevelingen and Haringvliet, before finally flowing into the North Sea.

Ardennes Forest, Belgium (Meuse River)
Ardennes Forest ;

Ardennes Department, Belgium (Meuse River)
Ardennes Department;

Meuse River (Leige, Belgium)

Aachen, Belgium (Charlemagne's Capital, a spa town, near Meuse River)
Aachen; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Meuse River (Roermond, Netherlands)
Roermond; Meuse River;

Meuse River Mouth (North Sea, Netherlands)

Bithynia Folder, its rivers and mountains

Bithynia Province (Lower Sakarya River at its center)
Bithynia Province (southwest coast of the Black Sea); Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Hilary of Ancyra, Commemorated July 12 ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Straton of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Callista with her brothers at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery ; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated November 28 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated November 28 ; Martyr Paramon in Bithynia, Commemorated on November 29 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 28 ; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 19 ; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated January 20 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated February 1 ; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia,Commemorated February 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29 ; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium Commemorated on June 3 EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Connecting Rivers Route (Akarcay and Sakarya Rivers)

Bithynia, 284-1413, Bithynia History Folder

Bithynia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Italian and Bithynian Saint Autonomus

Bithynia, 284-303, Italian and Bithynian Saint Autonomus
Bithynia, 284-303, Italian and Bithynian Saint Autonomus; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Bithynia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Great Martyr George and First E Council

Bithynia, 300-311, Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora
Bithynia, 300-311, Martyrs Menodora, Metrodora, and Nymphodora; Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Bithynia, 303, Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303
Great Martyr George, died in Nicomedia, 303; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Bithynia, 325, First Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia
Bithynia, 325, First Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326); St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31 ; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Bithynia, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia
Bithynia, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Bithynia, 388-430, Bithynian Historian and Bishop, Palladius
Bithynian Historian and Bishop, 388-430, Palladius; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Bithynia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Mt St Auxentius, Earthquakes, 4th E Council

Bithynia, 420-473, Saint Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Bithynia, 420-450, Hypatius of Bithynia, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Bithynia, 420-450, Hypatius of Bithynia, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Bithynia, 434-447, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, Trisagion Prayer
Constantinople, 434-447, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, Trisagion Prayer; Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20;

Bithynia, 451, Fourth Ecumenical Council, Chalcedon, Bithynia (451)
Fourth Ecumenical Counci; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated February 18; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Council of Chalcedon (451, 4th Ecum. Council)
Council of Chalcedon Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ;

Bithynia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Hand of Forerunner to Chalcedon after fall of Antioch

Bithynia, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, Iron Bridge Battle
Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, When the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later (in 637), a deacon named Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. From there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. ; Battle of the Iron Bridge; In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge.;

Bithynia, 700, 8th Century Folder, 7th E. Council, St Joannicius the Great

Bithynia, 772-846, Saint, Joannicius The Great
Bithynia, 772-846, Saint, Joannicius The Great; St. Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated on July 28;

Bithynia, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia
Bithynia, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated on September 3; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated December 26 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem (Spiritual Meadow), Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11;

Bithynia, 800, 9th Century Folder, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios, Iconodules

Bithynia, 813, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios
Bithynia, 800, 9th Century Folder, Saints Cosmos and Auxentios; Saint Cosmas, Bishop of Chalcedon, and his fellow ascetic, Saint Auxentius Commemorated on April 18 ;

Bithynia, 1000, 11th 14th Century Folder, Sultanate of Rum

Sultanate of Rum, 1077-1307, Nicaea, Bithynia (Iznik), Sunni
Sultanate of Rum, 1077-1307, Nicaea, Bithynia (Iznik), Sunni; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bithynia, 1204-1261, Nicean Empire Folder, temporary Roman (Byzantine) Empire

Bithynia, 1204-1261, Nicean Empire, temporary Roman Empire after Crusaders took Constatninople
Empire, temporary Roman Empire after Crusaders took Constatninople Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire[1] is the conventional historiographic name for the largest of the three Byzantine Greek[2][3] rump states founded by the aristocracy of the Byzantine Empire that fled after Constantinople was occupied by Western European and Venetian forces during the Fourth Crusade. the Empire of Trebizond and the Empire of Thessalonica, it claimed to be the continuation of the Roman Empire. by the Laskaris family,[3] it lasted from 1204 to 1261, when the Nicaeans restored the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople. Nicea (Nicaea);

Bithynia, 1299, 13th 14th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire in Bithynia

Bithynia, 1299-1335, Ottoman Empire, Sogut, (Sunni, Turkey, the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Sogut, Bithynia 1299-1335 (Sunni, Turkey, the Turks); Turks; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated September 21 ; The Martyrs of Armenia, 24 April 1915 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia;

Bithynia, 1299-1326, Ottoman Sultan, Osman 1, Sogut, Bithynia
Ottoman Sultan, 1299-1326, Osman 1, Sogut, Bithynia ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Bithynia, Ottoman Empire Prusa,1335-1413, (Sunni, Turkey, The Turks)
Ottoman Empire Prusa, Bithnia, 1335-1413, (Sunni, Turkey, The Turks); Moslem sultan Bayazet; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Moslem sultan Bayazet 1389-1402 - Ottoman, Turks - Fortress at Bursa
Ottoman Empire, Prusa, Bithnia (1335-1413); Moslem sultan Bayazet; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Bithynia, Lower Sakarya River Folder, Central BIT

Sakarya River

Sakarya River 5 (Phrygia and Bythnia)

Sogut, Bithynia (Sakarya River 5.4)
Sogut, Bithynia; St. Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Sakarya River 6 (Nicaea, Bithynia)

Nicaea, Bithynia (on Lake Ascanius in Lower Sakarya)
Nicea (Nicaea); Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia, Commemorated on July 29; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Fathers of the First Six Councils; First Council of Nicaea; Second Council of Nicaea; Martyr Theodota in Bithynia; Saint Sava I, first Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 and January 14; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Antonina of Nicea, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Lake Ascanius
Lake Ascanius; Martyr Antonina of Nicea, in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 1;

Sakarya River 7 (Nicomedia, Bithynia)

Nicomedia, Bithynia (Gulf of Ismid, Lower Sakarya)
Nicomedia; Hieromartyr Hermolaus at Nicomedia, Commemorated July 26 ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Anicetus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Diomedes the Physician of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Straton of Nicomedia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Callista with her brothers at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 1 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 3 ; Martyr Basilissa of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Babylas of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Theodore of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; St Coronatus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated September 12 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2 ; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 28 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus ; Martyr Eulampius at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; 200 Martyrs with Eulampius and Eulampia at Nicomedia, Commemorated October 10 ; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Dasius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Virginmartyr Juliana of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 21 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated December 28; 20,000 Martyrs of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 28 ; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Apostle Prochorus the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Theopemptus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Euphrasia of Nicomedia, Commemorated January 19 ; Martyr Bassus at Nicomedia, Commemorated January 20 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; 1,003 Martyrs of Nicomedia,Commemorated February 7 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Theophylactus lived at Constantinople in the eighth century during the time of the Iconoclast heresy. After the death of the iconoclast emperor Leo IV the Khazar (775-780), Emperor Constantine VI (780-797) ascended the throne. At the same time, the holy Patriarch Paul (August 30), not having the strength to continue guiding the flock in the face of iconoclasm, voluntarily resigned his office (784). Saint Tarasius (February 25) was chosen in his place. At that time, he was an eminent imperial counselor. Under the supervision of the new Patriarch the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787) was convened to condemn the Iconoclast heresy. A relatively peaceful time began for the Church, and monasteries again began to fill with monks. Theophylactus, a gifted disciple of Saint Tarasius, with the blessing of the Patriarch, went to a monastery on the coast of the Black Sea with Saint Michael (May 23). The zealous ascetics by their God-pleasing labors and intense prayer were granted the gift of wonderworking by God. During a drought, when the workers in the field were weakened by thirst, the saints prayed and an empty vessel became filled with enough water to last the entire day. several years in the monastery, they were both consecrated as bishops by Patriarch Tarasius. Saint Michael was made Bishop of Synada, and Saint Theophylactus was made Bishop of Nicomedia. the Church of Nicomedia, Saint Theophylactus cared for the flock entrusted to him. He built churches, hospices, homes for wanderers, he generously distributed alms, was the guardian of orphans, widows and the sick, and personally attended those afflicted with leprosy, not hesitating to wash their wounds. the iconoclast Leo the Armenian (813-820) came to the imperial throne, the terrible heresy burst forth with renewed strength. the iconoclast emperor was not able to influence Saint Nicephorus (June 2), the successor of Patriarch Tarasius, who with the other bishops vainly urged Leo not to destroy the peace of the Church. Saint Theophylactus was present at the negotiations of the emperor with the Patriarch. Denouncing the heretics, Saint Theophylactus predicted a speedy death for Leo the Armenian. For his bold prophecy the saint was sent into exile to the fortress Strobil (in Asia Minor). He languished for thirty years until his death, which took place around the year 845. the restoration of icon-veneration in the year 847 under the empress Saint Theodora (February 11) and her son Michael, the holy relics of Saint Theophylactus were returned to Nicomedia. Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18; Martyr Pancharius at Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 19; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Victor of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Christopher at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Isaac of Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 21; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Martyr Eusebius and Others, at Nicomedia, Commemorated on April 24; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium, Commemorated on June 3; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Sakarya River Mouth (Bithynia, Pontus and Black Sea)
Northwest Bithynia, on the coast of the Black Sea, Monk Martyrs Epictetus and Astion, at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Bithynia, Northwest Bithynia on the Coast of the Black Sea
Northwest Bithynia, on the coast of the Black Sea, Monk Martyrs Epictetus and Astion, at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Bithynia, Sakkoudion River Folder (Mysia, Mt Olympus), Southern BIT

Mysia Region
Mysia Region; Paul'™s Vision of the Man of Macedonia;

Sakkoudion (Sagarista) River

Sakkodian River (Lower Sakkodian)

Sakkoudion River Source (Mount Olympus)

Mt. Olympus, Bithynia in Asia Minor
Mt. Olympus in Asia Minor; Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; St Peter of Atroe, Commemorated September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1;

Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia
Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Olympos Monastery, Bithynia
Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; Sakkoudion Monastery on Mt Olympos in Bithynia; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; 16Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated December 10 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Abgar monastery, Bithynia (on Olympos, Asia Minor)
Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Abgar monastery (on Olympos in Asia Minor); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Sakkodian River 1 (Prusa and Caesarea)

Prusa, Bithynia (Proussa, Sakkoudion River 1)
Prusa or Plusias, or Cius in Bithynia Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Patrick the Bishop of Prusa with his companions, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Plusias, Bithynia
Prusa or Plusias, or Cius in Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Atroa, Bithynia (Plain of Prusa)
Atroa, Bithynia; Saints Michael and and Arsenius of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3;

Pelecete Monastery near Prusa, Bithynia, 709
Pelecete Monastery near Prusa and Bursa; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Saints Michael and and Arsenius of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Pelekete monestary is a former name of the Church Hagios Sergios. Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10;

Apamea, Bithynia (Medikion Monastery, Triglia)
Apamea in Bithynia ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ;

Apamea, Bithynia (only Costal city beginning with an A)
Apamea in Bithynia ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ;

Caesarea, Bithynia (upper Sakkoudion River Mouth, neak Lake Uluabat)
Caesarea, in Bithynia; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3;

Sakkodian River 2 (Ulabat Lake, Apollonia)

Upper Sakkoudion River Mouth (Uluabat Lake)

Apollonia, in Bithynia (Uluabat Lake, Upper Sakkoudion River Mouth)
Apollonia, in Bithynia , a promentory on the northeast shore near Golyazi ; Martyr Thyrsus at Caesarea, in Bithynia, Commemorated August 17 ; Martyr Thyrsus of Apollonia, Commemorated December 14 ; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20;

Uluabat Lake

Lower Sakkodian River Source (Uluabat Lake)

Sakkodian River Mouth (Marmara Sea)

Pelekete Monastery, Bithynia, 709
Pelekete Monastery; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelekete, Commemorated on March 28;

Tryglia monestary, Bithynia, near Constantinople, 780
Tryglia in Turkey, or Tryglia monestary near Constantinople; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Medikion Monastery, Ampamea, Bithynia, 780
Medikion Monastery; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3;

Moudania, Bithynia (Chenolakkos [by the goose-pond])
Moudania, Bithynia, Asia Minor; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ;

Chenolakkos Monastery Bithynia (Chenolakkos [by the goose-pond])
Moudania, Bithynia, Asia Minor; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ;

Triglia, Bithynia (east of Sakkoudion River Mouth)
Triglia, Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7;

Batheos (Vatheos) Ryakos (near Triglia, Bithynia)
Batheos (Vatheos) Ryakos (near Triglia, Bithynia); Triglia, Bithynia; Venerable Luke the Abbot, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on September 7;

Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720
Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Triglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Khenolakkos Monastery, Triglia, Bithynia (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720
Triglia Monastery (now Fatih Mosque, Tirilye) 720; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Triglia, Commemorated on March 28;

Bithynia, Bosphoras Strait Folder (Chalcedon), Western BIT

Bosphorus Strait, Bithynia and Constantinople
Bosphorus;

Chalcedon, Bithynia (Bosphorus Strait)
Chalcedon; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461) ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated November 25 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Council of Chalcedon, Commemorated July 17 ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Chenolaklos Monastery, Near Chalcedon, Commemorated January 14 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Trichinarion Monastery, at the foot of Ausentius, Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia
Mt St Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Mt Oxia near Chalcedon (Mt Kayisdag)
Mt Oxia near Chalcedon (Mt Kayisdag), named after Auxentius of Bithynia; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated February 14;

Chrysopolis, Bithynia
Chrysopolis; Chrysopolis Monastery Chrysopolis in Macedonia? Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ;

Symbola, Bosporus, Bythnia (across bridge from Symbola Bosphorus Hotel)
Symbola, Bosporus, Bythnia (Symbola Bosphorus Hotel); Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated on February 21;

Chrysopolis monastery (at Skutari or Uskudar)
Chrysopolis monastery (at Skutari or Uskudar); Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated August 13 ;

Helenopolis, Bithynia (Gulf of Ismid near Nicomedia)
Helenopolis, Bithynia; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16 ;

Prote Island, Bithynia
Prote Island; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Halki seminary, Bithynia, 1844
Halki seminary; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Bithynia, Lycus River Folder, Eastern BIT

Lycus River of Bithynia

Bithyninum, Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Bithyninum, Bithynia ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable John Calabytes Ã¢Â€Âœthe Hut-DwellerÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 15;

Monastery of the Unsleeping Ones, Gommon, Northeastern Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Bithyninum, Bithynia ; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable John Calabytes “the Hut-Dweller”, Commemorated on January 15;

Claudiopolis, Bithynia (near Lycus River)
Claudiopolis (Bithynia); Martyr Tation (Tatio) of Claudiopolis, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated September 12 ;

Soreus, Bithynia (Bolu (Bithynium) near Lycus River of Bithynia)
Soreus, Bithynia (Bolu (Bithynium)); Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Limna, Bithynia near Soreus near Claudiopolis near Bolu
Limna, Bithynia near Soreus near Claudiopolis near Bolu; Hieromartyr Autonomus the Bishop in Italy, Commemorated on September 12;

Lycus (river of Bithynia) Mouth (Black Sea)

Neapolis, Bithynia, Metroon, in Asia Minor (Lycus River Mouth)
Neapolis, Bithynia, Metroon, in Asia Minor; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated October 21 ;

Constantinople Folder, Byzantium and Istanbul

Constantinople (Bosphorus Strait, Golden Horn)
Constantinople; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara, Commemorated on July 11 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3 ; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory the Iconographer of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 11 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14 ; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated on August 16 ; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-Hands of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7 ; WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS, PRIEST, 8 October 1926; Monkmartyr Andrew of Crete, Commemorated on October 17 ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople ; First Council of Constantinople; Second Council of Constantinople ; Third Council of Constantinople ; (Quinisext Council Council in Trullo ); Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople ; Martyr Eleutherius of Constantinople ; Martyr Julian of Constantinople ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs ; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23 ; St George Limniotes the Confessor of Mt. Olympus, Commemorated on August 24 ; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30 ; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2 St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the Tomb the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17 ; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Martyr Anna, Commemorated November 28 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete, Commemorated on December 23; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople; St Bassian of Constantinople, Commemorated October 10 ; WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus "of the Four Days in the Tomb" the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople ; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; a href="http://oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?FSID=103131">St Maura of Constantinople; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Anna; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; St Stephen the œNew Light of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Eleutherius at Constantinople, Commemorated December 15 ; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated December 16 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; 10 Holy Martyrs of Crete, Commemorated on December 23 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated on December 29; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated December 30 ; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated December 30 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated January 8 ; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable Anthony of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated January 22 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; St Ephraim the Bishop of Pereyaslavl, Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Commemorated Janaury 28 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30 ; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated February 11; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated February 12 ; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated February 12 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; New Martyr Theodore; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Basil the Confessor, companion of the Venerable Procopius at Decapolis, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; 1st Saturday of Great Lent: The Miracle of the Boiled Wheat, Commemorated March 8; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Memorial Saturday of Meatfare, Commemorated on March 9; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604); Icon œNot Made by Hands from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Euschemon the Confessor and Bishop of Lampsacus, Commemorated on March 14; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyr Trophimus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 18 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; 1st Saturday of Great Lent: The Miracle of the Boiled Wheat, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Anthusa the Virginmartyr of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14 ; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Nicephorus the Abbot of Catabad, Commemorated on April 19; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Martyr Acacius the Centurion at Byzantium, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St George the Confessor, with his wife and children of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, œIt Is Truly Meet... Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Martyr Aquilina of Byblos in Syria, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St John of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Juliana of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 22; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles, Commemorated on June 30; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Blessed Constantine the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, œIt Is Truly Meet... Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Juliana of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 22 ; Martyr Agrippina of Rome, Commemorated on June 23; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Dymsk, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Synaxis of the Holy, Glorious and All-Praised Twelve Apostles, Commemorated on June 30; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople)
Deutera Rome (Second Rome, Constantinople); Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25;

Byzantium, 376-382, Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Byzantium, 667 BC-330 (Greek and Roman Empire)
Byzantium; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17;

Byzantium, 330-1453 (Bryzantine Empire, Constantinople)
Byzantium; Byzantine Empire; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Nestor the Chronicler of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 27 ; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; St Justinian the Emperor; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Eleutherius at Constantinople, Commemorated on December 15; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated December 29 ; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable John Calabytes "œthe Hut-Dweller", Commemorated on January 15; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated February 11; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on February 23; Byzantium Emperor Marcian (450-457); Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Acacius the Centurion at Byzantium, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Martyr Lucillian and those who suffered with him at Byzantium, Commemorated on June 3; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2;

Constantinople, 1453-1922, Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, Sunni (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire in Constantinople, 1453-1922, Sunni (the Turks) ; Fall of Constantinople (1453); Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Walls of Constantinople - Outer Wall around the shoreline, 8 miles
Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall, Blachernae and Studion
Walls of Constantinople - Mesoteichion Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

Seventh Hill

Sixth Hill

Fifth Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Constantine's Wall
Walls of Constantinople - Constantine's Wall;

Fourth Hill

Third Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Severan Wall
Walls of Constantinople - Severan Wall;

Second Hill

Walls of Constantinople - Downtown Byzantium
Walls of Constantinople - Downtown Byzantium; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11;

First Hill

Lycus River

Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos DurrÃƒÂ«s Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela Ã„Â°psala Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi (Apros, Apris, AprÃ„Â«) Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereÃ„ÂŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion KÃƒÂ¼ÃƒÂ§ÃƒÂ¼kÃƒÂ§ekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

A Patch

Constantinople History Folder

Constantinople, 000, 1st Century Folder, St Andrew

Constantinople, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, Byzantium
Constantinople, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, Byzantium ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Constantinople, 1st Century, Saint Thomas the Apostle, Byzantium
Constantinople, 1st Century, Saint Thomas the Apostle, Byzantium; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Constantinople, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia

Constantinople, 200, 3rd-6th Century, Folder, Byzantine Period before Islam, heresies

Constantinople, 200-299, 3rd Century, Folder, Arian Historian Eusebius

Constantinople, 272-303, Byzantine Patriarch, Dometius of Byzantium
Byzantine Patriarch, 272-303, Dometius of Byzantium ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4;

Byzantium, 276-336, Byzantine Arian, Arias
Byzantine Arian, 276-336, Arias ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Byzantium, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, Arian
Palestine, 280-340, Eusebius, Church Historian, Arian; FABIAN, BISHOP AND MARTYR (20 JANUARY 250);

Byzantium, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus)
Byzantium, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (somewhere on Iris River) ; Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ;

Byzantium, 292-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia, Armenia, Nino's Kin
Cappadocia, 290-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Byzantium, 293-330, Helena, Saint Helen, Mother of Constantine the Great
Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Roman Emperor, 293-306, Constantine Chlorus; Byzantine Emperor 306-337, Constantine the Great ; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Constantinople, 300-399, 4th Century, Folder, B. Empire, Legal Christianity, Arians, Goths

Constantinople, 303-306, Byzantine Patriarch, Probus
Byzantine Patriarch, 303-306, Probus ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4;

Byzantium, 305-312, Roman Emperor, Maximinus II Daia, in the East
Roman Emperor, 305-312, Maximinus II Daia; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ;

Byzantium, 305-313, Emperor Maximian Galerius, sack Persian capital, Across the Danube, Edict of Toleration
Byzantium, 305-313, Emperor Maximian Galerius ; (/ɡəˈlɛəriəs/; Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus; c. 258 – May 311) was Roman emperor from 305 to 311. his reign he campaigned, aided by Diocletian, against the Sassanid Empire, sacking their capital Ctesiphon in 299. He also campaigned across the Danube against the Carpi, defeating them in 297 and 300. Although he was a staunch opponent of Christianity, Galerius ended the Diocletianic Persecution when he issued an Edict of Toleration in Serdica in 311. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Martyr Paul at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated July 16 ; Martyr and Archdeacon Euplus of Catania, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lucius, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Martyr Adrian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on August 26 ; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Hieromartyr Anthimus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 3; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; 156 Martyrs in Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 4 ; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Cyrenia in Cilicia, Commemorated on November 1; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; NICHOLAS OF MYRA, FRIEND OF CHILDREN, GIVER OF GIFTS, CLIMBER OF CHIMNEYS, ETC. (6 DEC 326) ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6; St Sophronius the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 9; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Martyr Elias in Cilicia, Commemorated on December 19; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; Martyr Peter of Anium, at Hieropolis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Martyr Julian of Emesa, Commemorated on February 6; Virginmartyr Ennatha of Palestine, Commemorated on February 10; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated on February 11; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (Ã¢Â€Âœthe RecruitÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Archippus of the Seventy Apostles, Commemorated on February 19; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Martyr Maurice at Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9; Martyr Urpasianus of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 9 ; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16; Martyr Papas of Lyconia, Commemorated on March 16; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Hesychius of Antioch, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Marcellinus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Priscilla of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; Martyr Doulas of Cilicia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Methodius the Bishop of Patara, Commemorated on June 20; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Constantinople, 306-326, Byzantine Patriarch, Metrophanes of Byzantium
Byzantine Patriarch, 306-326, Metrophanes of Byzantium; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373);

Byzantium, 306-337, Emperor, Constantine the Great, Legal Christianity
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of CÃƒÂ¦sarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Byzantium, 308-324, Emperor, Licinius, Fake Christian then Last Pagan
Byzantine Emperor, 308-324, Licinius ; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Byzantium, 308-324, Emperess, Flavia Julia Constantia, Constantine's half sister, Arian
Byzantine Emperess, 308-324, Flavia Julia Constantia; Byzantine Emperor, 308-324, Licinius ; 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated July 10 ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Hieromartyr Julian of Galatia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; St Philogonius the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on December 20; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Hieromartyr Theogenes the Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont, Commemorated on January 2; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates 'œthe General', Commemorated on February 8; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10;

Byzantium, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year
Byzantium, 312, Indiction, Constantine's vision of the Cross, somewhere, Church New Year; Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ;

Constantinople, 313-323, Byzantine Patriarch, Macarius I, Arian
Byzantine Patriarch, 313-323, Macarius I, Arian ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Constantinople, 318-373, Saint, Athanasius of Alexandria
Byzantine Saint, 318-373, Athanasius of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18;

Constantinople, 320-337, Saint, Eustathius of Antioch, Orthodox
Byzantium, 320-337, Byzantine Saint, Eustathius of Antioch; St. Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21;; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24;

Constantinople, 320-341, Bishop Eusebius of Nicomedia, Arian
Byzantium, 339-341, Byzantine Saint, Eusebius of Nicomedia; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24;

Byzantium, 320-356, Byzantine Arian, Arias
Byzantine Arian, 320-356, Arias ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397);

Byzantium, 323-337, Emperor, Constantine the Great sole ruler in Constantinople
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Constantinople, 325-340, Byzantine Patriarch, Alexander of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 325-340, Alexander of Constantinople; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Constantinople, 325-382, Gothic Bishop, Theophilus, First Gothic Bishop
Byzantine Period, Gothic Bishop, 376-382, Theophilus, First Gothic Bishop; Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4;

Constantinople, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Paphnutius the Ascetic
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Constantinople, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints
Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Constantinople, 326-373, Saint, Ephrem the Syrian
Syria, 326-373, Saint, Ephrem the Syrian; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28;

Byzantium, 330-1453, Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire, the Roman Empire of Late Anitquity and Middle Ages; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess, one of the 5
Byzantium, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess; Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Byzantium, 337-350, Byzantine Patriarch, Paul I of Constantinople, Paul the Confessor
Byzantine Patriarch, 337-350, Paul I of Constantinople; Martyr Marcian the Notary of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 25 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Gaul, 337-340, Emperor, Constantine II, Orthodox, Gaul, died invading Italy
Roman Emperor, 337-340, Constantine II (emperor); II (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; February 316 – 340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. Son of Constantine the Great and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 337-361, Emperor, Constantius II, Greece, Thrace, Asia, Egypt, Orthodox then Arian
Roman Emperor, 324-361, Constantius II, Son of Constantine the Great ; Julius Constantius (Greek: Κωνστάντιος; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361), known as Constantius II, was Roman emperor from 337 to 361. His reign saw constant warfare on the borders against the Sasanian Empire and Germanic peoples, while internally the Roman Empire went through repeated civil wars, court intrigues and usurpations. His religious policies inflamed domestic conflicts that would continue after his death. Constantius was a son of Constantine the Great, who elevated him to the imperial rank of caesar on 8 November 324 and after whose death Constantius became augustus together with his brothers, Constantine II and Constans on 9 September 337. He promptly oversaw the massacre of his father-in-law, an uncle and several cousins, consolidating his hold on power. The brothers divided the empire among themselves, with Constantius receiving Greece, Thrace, the Asian provinces and Egypt in the east. For the following decade a costly and inconclusive war against Persia took most of Constantius's time and attention. In the meantime, his brothers Constantine and Constans warred over the western provinces of the empire, leaving the former dead in 340 and the latter as sole ruler of the west. The two remaining brothers maintained an uneasy peace with each other until, in 350, Constans was overthrown and assassinated by the usurper Magnentius. Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler, Constantius waged a civil war against the usurper, defeating him at the battles of Mursa Major in 351 and Mons Seleucus in 353. Magnentius committed suicide after the latter battle, leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire. In 351, Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to the subordinate rank of caesar to rule in the east, but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature. Shortly thereafter, in 355, Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin, Gallus' younger half-brother Julian, to the rank of caesar. As emperor, Constantius promoted Arian Christianity, persecuted pagans by banning sacrifices and closing pagan temples and issued laws discriminating against Jews. His military campaigns against Germanic tribes were successful: he defeated the Alamanni in 354 and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians in 357. The war against the Sasanians, which had been in a lull since 350, erupted with renewed intensity in 359 and Constantius traveled to the east in 360 to restore stability after the loss of several border fortresses. However, Julian claimed the rank of augustus in 360, leading to war between the two after Constantius' attempts to persuade Julian to back down failed. No battle was fought, as Constantius became ill and died of fever on 3 November 361 in Mopsuestia, naming Julian as his rightful successor before his death. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 349-390, Saint, Gregory of Nazianzus, the Theologian
Byzantine Saint, 349-390, Gregory of Nazianzus; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or 'œthe Roman', Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (on Iris River in near Pontus and Neocaserea) of the 5
Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ;

Byzantium, 350-379, Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great, of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 350-379, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 351, Vision of the Cross, Miraculous Portent
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Byzantium, 355-395, Byzantine Saint, Gregory of Nyssa, one of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 355-395, Gregory of Nyssa; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RomanÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 360-391, St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, of the 5
Cappadocia, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia; St. Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10;

Byzantium, 360-381, Saint, Meletius of Antioch
Byzantine Saint, 360-381, Meletius of Antioch; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12;

Byzantium, 360-397, Saint Ambrose, against Arianism
Byzantium, 360-397, Saint Ambrose; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397)

Byzantium, 360-370, Byzantine Archbishop, Eudoxius of Antioch
Byzantine Archbishop, 360-370, Eudoxius of Antioch; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17;

Byzantium, 361-363, Emperor, Julian the Apostate
Byzantine Emperor, 361-363, Julian the Apostate ; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Simeon œthe Ancient of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated on February 19; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Icon œNot Made by Hands from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Martyr Cyril the Deacon of Heliopolis, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 363, Battle of Samarra v Persia, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian's army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian'™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Byzantium, 363-365, Council of Laodicea 363-364
Council of Laodicea 363-364; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8 ;

Byzantium, 363-364, Emperor, Jovian, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor, 363-364, Jovian, Christian; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Simeon œthe Ancient of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Hieromartyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on March 22 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Byzantium, 364-378, Emperor, Valens or Valentinian, Arian
Byzantine Emperor, 364-378, Valens, Arian ; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25 ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Urban and 79 Companions at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon œthe Ancient of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 364-383, Saint, Isaac of Dalmatius Monastery, Constantinople
Byzantium, 364-383, Saint, Isaac of Dalmatius Monastery, Constantinople; Byzantium, 364-440, Byzantine Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22;

Byzantium, 364-440, Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople
Byzantium, 364-440, Byzantine Saint, Dalmatius of Constantinople; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22;

Byzantium, 367-420, Byzantine Saint, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza, Archbishop
Byzantium, 367-420, Byzantine Saint, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza; St. Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26;

Byzantium, 369-382, Gothic General, Athanaric, Pagan, Loser
Byzantine Period, Gothic General, 369-382, Athanaric, Pagan, Loser; Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Constantinople, 370-380, Patriarch, Lupus aka Demophilus of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 370-380, Lupus aka Demophilus of Constantinople; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25;

Byzantium, 374-397, Saint, Bishop, Ambrose of Milan
Northern Italy, Milan Bishop, 374-397, Ambrose ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4;

Byzantium, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo
Rome, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 375-383, Emperor, Gratian, Christian, in the West
Byzantine Emperor, 375-383, Gratian ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon "œthe Ancient" of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer" and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Byzantium, 376-382, Gothic Civil War, Eastern Roman Empire
Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Byzantium, 376-382, Gothic General, Fritigern, Christian, Victor, Arian
Byzantine Period, Gothic General, 376-382, Fritigern, Christian, Victor Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Byzantium, 376-382, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 376-382, Nicetas the Goth; Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Byzantium, 379-395, Emperor, Theodosis 1, the Great, with Christian Goths, anti Pagan
Byzantine Emperor, 379-395, Theodosis 1, the Great ; I (11 January 347-“ 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395, during Late Antiquity. reign accelerated the Christianization of the Roman Empire, achieved military successes when the frontiers of the empire were threatened by the wars of the Migration Period, and defeated two rival emperors in successive civil wars. He was the first emperor of the Theodosian dynasty (r. 379--“457), and married into the ruling Valentinianic dynasty (r. 364-“455). His decrees made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire and punished Roman paganism, Hellenistic religion, and Arianism. his capital Constantinople he commissioned the honorific Column of Theodosius, the Theodosian Walls, and the Golden Gate, among the greatest works of ancient Roman architecture. a military career and a governorship under his father Theodosius the Elder he became magister equitum and was then elevated to the imperial rank of augustus by the emperor Gratian (r. 367-“383). He replaced the latter's uncle and senior augustus Valens (r. 364-“378), who had been killed in the Battle of Adrianople. Theodosius married Gratian's half-sister Galla, daughter of Valentinian the Great (r. 364-“375), and defeated the rebellion of Magnus Maximus (r. 383-“388) on behalf of his new brother-in-law, Valentinian II (r. 375-“392). When Valentinian II died, Theodosius became the senior emperor, having already made his eldest son Arcadius his co-augustus. Theodosius then defeated the usurper Eugenius (r. 392-“394). accepting his elevation, he campaigned against Goths and other barbarians who had invaded the Empire. His resources were not sufficient to destroy them or drive them out, which had been Roman policy for centuries in dealing with invaders. By treaty, which followed his indecisive victory at the end of the Gothic War, they were established as foederati, autonomous allies of the Empire, south of the Danube, in Illyricum, within the Empire's borders. They were given lands and allowed to remain under their own leaders, not assimilated as had been normal Roman practice. issued decrees that effectively made Nicene Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire, including the Edict of Thessalonica.[4][5] neither prevented nor punished the destruction of prominent Hellenistic temples of classical antiquity, including the Temple of Apollo in Delphi and the Serapeum in Alexandria. He dissolved the order of the Vestal Virgins in Rome's Temple of Vesta. In 393, he banned the pagan rituals of the Olympic Games. his death, Theodosius's young and incapable sons were the two augusti. Arcadius (r. 383-“408) inherited the eastern empire and ruled from Constantinople and Honorius (r. 393-“423) the western empire, an administrative division that endured until the fall of the western Roman empire in the late 5th century. fought two destructive civil wars, successively defeating the usurpers Magnus Maximus in 387-“388 and Eugenius in 394, at great cost to the power of the Empire. His management of the empire was marked by heavy tax exactions, by the compulsory establishment of Christianity, and by a court in which according to Peter Brown "everything was for sale".[6] is considered a saint by the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox churches, and his feast day is on January 17.[7] 1 Early life 2 Military career 3 Accession 4 Reign 4.1 Early reign: 379–383 4.1.1 Temporary settlement of the Gothic Wars 4.2 First civil war: 383–384 4.3 Middle reign: 384–387 4.4 Second civil war: 387–388 4.5 Religious affairs: 388–391 4.6 Third civil war: 392–394 5 Death 6 Art patronage 7 Religious policy 7.1 Arianism 7.2 Definition of orthodoxy 7.3 Proscription of pagan religion 8 See also 9 References 10 Sources 11 Further reading 12 External links life[edit] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius the Great was born on 11 January 347 or 346.[8] The epitome de Caesaribus places his birthplace at Cauca (Coca, Segovia) in Hispania.[8] According to the traditional texts of the chronicle of Hydatius and Zosimus, he was born at "Cauca in Gallaecia".[9][10][11] These texts are probably corrupted with interpolations, as Cauca was in fact not part of the province of Gallaecia, while according to Themistius, Claudius Claudianus, and Marcellinus Comes, he was born at Italica in Hispania Baetica.[11] These claims were probably fictitious and intended to connect Theodosius with the lineage of his distant predecessor Trajan (r. 98-“117), who had came from Italica.[8] Thedosius's father was Theodosius the Elder and his mother was Thermantia.[8] Theodosius had a brother named Honorius, a sister referred to in Aurelius Victor's De caesaribus but whose name is unknown, and a niece, Serena.[8] career[edit] accompanied his father, the comes rei militaris, on his 368-“369 campaign against the Franks, Scots, and Saxons to restore order and the rule of the emperors Valentinian I (r. 364-“375) and Valens (r. 364-“378) in Roman Britain, which had been threatened in 367 by the Great Conspiracy.[12][13][8] They also defeated the usurpation in Britain by Valentinus.[13] Previous to this in 366, Theodosius the Elder attacked and defeated the Alamanni in Roman Gaul; the defeated prisoners had been resettled in the Po Valley.[14][15] the Elder was made magister equitum in 369, and retained the post until 375.[8] Theodosius and his father son campaigned against the Alamanni 370.[8] The two Theodosi campaigned against Sarmatians in 372/373.[8] The emperors' rule in Roman Africa was disrupted by the revolt of Firmus in 373.[16] Theodosius the Elder moved to defeat the usurpation.[16] In about 373, Theodosius was made dux of the province of Moesia Prima.[17] In 374, the Quadi and their allies the Sarmatians overran the province of Valeria in the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum.[18] Theodosius drove the Sarmatians out of the Roman territory and then defeated the Quadi.[19][20] He is reported to have defended his province with marked ability and success.[19] the Elder fell from power in 375, and Theodosius the dux of Moesia Prima retired to his estates in the Iberian Peninsula, where he married Aelia Flaccilla in 376.[8] Their first child, Arcadius, was born around 377.[8] Pulcheria, their daughter, was born in 377 or 378.[8] Theodosius had returned to the Danube frontier by 378, when he was appointed magister equitum.[8] the death of his uncle Valens (r. 364-“378), Gratian, now the senior augustus, sought a candidate to nominate as Valens's successor. On 19 January 379, Theodosius I was made augustus over the eastern provinces at Sirmium.[8][21] His wife, Aelia Flaccilla, was accordingly raised to augusta.[8] The new augustus's territory spanned the Roman praetorian prefecture of the East, including the Roman diocese of Thrace, and the additional dioceses of Dacia and of Macedonia. Theodosius the Elder, who had died in 375, was then deified as: Divus Theodosius Pater, lit. 'the Divine Father Theodosius'.[8] administrative divisions of the Roman Empire in 395, under Theodosius I. of Valentinian II showing Valentinian and Theodosius I on the reverse, each holding a mappa reign: 379-“383[edit] October 379 the Council of Antioch was convened.[8] On 27 February 380 Theodosius issued the Edict of Thessalonica, making Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.[8] In 380, Theodosius was made Roman consul for the first time and Gratian for the fifth; in September the augusti Gratian and Theodosius met, returning the Roman diocese of Dacia to Gratian's control and that of Macedonia to Valentinian II.[21][8] In autumn Theodosius fell ill, and was baptized.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius arrived at Constantinople and staged an adventus, a ritual entry to the capital, on 24 November 380.[8] issued a decree against Christians deemed heretics on 10 January 381.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, on the 11 January, Athanaric, king of the Gothic Thervingi arrived in Constantinople; he died and was buried in Constantinople on 25 January.[8] 8 May 381, Theodosius issued an edict against Manichaeism.[8] In mid-May, Theodosius convened the First Council of Constantinople, the second ecumenical council after Constantine's First Council of Nicaea in 325; the Constantinopolitan council ended on 9 July.[8] According to Zosimus, Theodosius won a victory over the Carpi and the Scirii in summer 381.[8] On 21 December, Theodosius decreed the prohibition of sacrifices with the intent of divining the future.[8] 21 February 382, the body of Theodosius's father in law Valentinian the Great was finally laid to rest in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] Another Council of Constantinople was held in summer 382.[8] to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a treaty of foedus was reached with the Goths, and they were settled between the Danube and the Balkan Mountains.[8] settlement of the Gothic Wars[edit] Goths and their allies (Vandals, Taifals, Bastarnae and the native Carpians) entrenched in the provinces of Dacia and eastern Pannonia Inferior consumed Theodosius's attention. Gothic crisis was so dire that his co-Emperor Gratian relinquished control of the Illyrian provinces and retired to Trier in Gaul to let Theodosius operate without hindrance. major weakness in the Roman position after the defeat at Adrianople was the recruiting of barbarians to fight against other barbarians. In order to reconstruct the Roman Army of the East, Theodosius needed to find able bodied soldiers and so he turned to the most capable men readily at hand: the barbarians recently settled in the Empire. This caused many difficulties in the battle against barbarians since the newly recruited fighters had little or no loyalty to Theodosius. It did not help that Theodosius himself was dangerously ill during many months after his elevation, being confined to his bed in Thessalonica during much of 379.[22] suppressed the incursions into dioceses of Illyria (Pannonia and Dalmatia) by Alathaeus and Saphrax in 380.[23] He succeeded in convincing both to agree to a treaty and be settled in Pannonia.[24] was able finally to enter Constantinople in November 380, after two seasons in the field, having ultimately prevailed by offering highly favorable terms to the Gothic chiefs.[23] His task was rendered much easier when Athanaric, an aged and cautious leader, accepted Theodosius's invitation to a conference in the capital, Constantinople, and the splendor of the imperial city reportedly awed him and his fellow-chiefs into accepting Theodosius' offers.[25] himself died soon after, but his followers were impressed by the honorable funeral arranged for him by Theodosius, and agreed to defending the border of the empire.[25] The final treaties with the remaining Gothic forces, signed 3 October 382, permitted large contingents of barbarians, primarily Thervingian Goths, to settle in Thrace south of the Danube frontier.[26] The Goths now settled within the Empire would largely fight for the Romans as a national contingent, as opposed to being fully integrated into the Roman forces.[26] provinces along the Ister (Danube), showing the Roman dioceses of Thrace, Dacia, Pannonia and Italia Annonaria on the empire's northern frontier civil war: 383-“384[edit] of Theodosius, showing both he and his co-augustus Valentinian II (r. 375-“392) enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") to the Chronicon Paschale, Theodosius celebrated his quinquennalia on 19 January 383 at Constantinople; on this occasion he raised his eldest son Arcadius to co-augustus.[8] Early 383 saw the acclamation of Magnus Maximus as augustus in Britain and the appointment of Themistius as praefectus urbi in Constantinople.[8] On 25 July, Theodosius issued a new edict against gatherings of Christians deemed heretics.[8] unable to do much about Maximus due to his still inadequate military capability, opened negotiations with the Persian emperor Shapur III (r. 383-“388) of the Sasanian Empire.[27] In an attempt to curb Maximus's ambitions, Theodosius appointed Flavius Neoterius as praetorian prefect of Italy.[28] in 383, Gratian's wife Constantia died.[21] Gratian remarried, wedding Laeta, whose father was a consularis of Roman Syria.[29] On the 25 August 383, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Gratian was killed at Lugdunum (Lyon) by Andragathius, the magister equitum of the rebel augustus during the rebellion of Magnus Maximus .[21] Constantia's body arrived in Constantinople on 12 September that year and was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles on 1 December.[21] Gratian was deified as Latin: Divus Gratianus, lit. 'the Divine Gratian'.[21] 21 January 384 all those deemed heretics were expelled from Constantinople.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius received in Constantinople an embassy from the Sasanian Empire in 384.[8] In summer 384, Theodosius met his co-augustus Valentinian II in northern Italy.[30][8] Theodosius brokered a peace agreement between Valentinian and Magnus Maximus which endured for several years.[31] of Theodosius, found in 1847 in Almendralejo, Spain reign: 384-“387[edit] second son Honorius was born on 9 December 384 and titled nobilissimus puer (or nobilissimus iuvenis).[8] The death of Aelia Flaccilla, Theodosius's first wife and the mother of Arcadius, Honorius, and Pulcheria, occurred by 386.[8] She died at Scotumis in Thrace and was buried at Constantinople, her funeral oration delivered by Gregory of Nyssa.[8][32] A statue of her was dedicated in the Byzantine Senate.[32] In 384 or 385, Theodosius's niece Serena was married to the magister militum, Stilicho.[8] On 25 May 385, Theodosius repeated the ban on sacrifices that were done in order to predict the future.[8] the beginning of 386, Theodosius's daughter Pulcheria also died.[8] That summer more Goths were defeated, and many were settled in Phrygia.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, a Roman triumph over the Gothic Greuthungi was then celebrated at Constantinople.[8] The same year, work began on the great triumphal column in the Forum of Theodosius in Constantinople, the Column of Theodosius.[8] On 19 January 387, according to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arcadius celebrated his quinquennalia in Constantinople.[8] By the end of the month, there was an uprising or riot in Antioch (Antakya).[8] With a peace agreement with Persia in the Roman-“Persian Wars came a division of Armenia.[8] civil war: 387-“388[edit] peace with Magnus Maximus was broken in 387, and Valentinian escaped the west with Justina, reaching Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) in summer or autumn 387 and appealing to Theodosius for aid; Valentinian II's sister Galla was then married to the eastern augustus at Thessalonica in late autumn.[30][8] Theodosius may still have been in Thessalonica when he celebrated his decennalia on 19 January 388.[8] Theodosius was consul for the second time in 388.[8] Galla and Theodosius's first child, a son named Gratian, was born in 388 or 389.[8] 10 March 388, Christians deemed heretics were forbidden from residing in cities.[8] On 14 March, Theodosius banned the intermarriage of Jews and Christians.[8] In summer 388, Theodosius recovered Italy from Magnus Maximus for Valentinian, and in June, the meeting of Christians deemed heretics was banned by Valentinian.[30][8] armies of Theodosius and Maximus fought at the Battle of Poetovio in 388, which saw Maximus defeated. On 28 August 388 Maximus was executed.[33] Now the de facto ruler of the Western empire as well, Theodosius celebrated his victory in Rome on June 13, 389 and stayed in Milan until 391, installing his own loyalists in senior positions including the new magister militum of the West, the Frankish general Arbogast.[33] July, Magnus Maximus was defeated by Theodosius at the Battle of Save; on 28 August, Magnus Maximus was executed by Theodosius.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Arbogast killed Flavius Victor (r. 384-“388), Magnus Maximus's young son and co-augustus, in Gaul in August/September that year. Damnatio memoriae was pronounced against them, and inscriptions naming them were erased.[8] affairs: 388-“391[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral, Anthony van Dyck, c. 1620 came into conflict with Ambrose, bishop of Mediolanum (Milan), in October 388 over the persecution of Jews at Callincium-on-the-Euphrates (Raqqa).[8] As mentioned in the Panegyrici Latini and in a panegyric of Claudian's on the sixth consulship of Honorius, Theodosius then received another embassy from the Persians in 389.[8] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius staged an adventus on entering Rome on 13 June 389.[8] On 17 June, he issued a decree against Manichaeism.[8] Theodosiushad left Valentinian under the protection of the magister militum Arbogast, who then defeated the Franks in 389.[31][30] 390 the population of Thessalonica rioted in complaint against the presence of the local Gothic garrison. The garrison commander was killed in the violence, so Theodosius ordered the Goths to kill all the spectators in the circus as retaliation, an event known as the Massacre of Thessalonica; Theodoret, a contemporary witness to these events, reports: the anger of the Emperor rose to the highest pitch, and he gratified his vindictive desire for vengeance by unsheathing the sword most unjustly and tyrannically against all, slaying the innocent and guilty alike. It is said seven thousand perished without any forms of law, and without even having judicial sentence passed upon them; but that, like ears of wheat in the time of harvest, they were alike cut down.[34] was excommunicated by the bishop of Milan, Ambrose, for the massacre.[35] Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt; Ambrose readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance.[citation needed] spring 390, possibly in April, the Massacre of Thessalonica was perpetrated by Theodosius's army, leading to a confrontation with Ambrose.[8] Ambrose demanded that the emperor do penance for the massacre.[8] According to the 5th-century church historian Theodoret, on 25 December 390 (Christmas), Ambrose received Theodosius back into the Christian Church in his bishopric of Mediolanum.[8] According to the Chronicon Paschale, on 18 February 391, the head of John the Baptist was translated to Constantinople.[8] On the 24 February, attendance at pagan sacrifices and temples was forbidden by law.[8] In early summer 391, an uprising in Alexandria was suppressed, and the Serapeum of Alexandria was destroyed.[8] On 16 June, pagan worship was prohibited by law.[8] In 391, a delegation from the Roman Senate was snubbed in Gaul because of the reappearance of the Altar of Victory in the Curia Julia.[30] to Zosimus, Theodosius then campaigned against marauding barbarian bandits in Macedonia in autumn 391.[8] Eventually, he came to Constantinople, where according to Socrates Scholasticus's Historia Ecclesiastica he held an adventus, entering the city on 10 November 391.[8] of Eugenius (r. 392-“394), showing both he and Theodosius enthroned on the reverse, each crowned by Victory and together holding an orb. Marked: victoria augg ("the Victory of the Augusti") of the Theodosian emperors from the Hoxne Hoard: portraits of Theodosius I (top), Arcadius (left), and Honorius (right) civil war: 392-“394[edit] 15 May 392, Valentinian II died at Vienna in Gaul (Vienne), either by suicide or as part of a plot by the magister militum Arbogast.[30] Valentinian had quarrelled publicly with Arbogast, and was found hanged in his room.[36] Arbogast announced that this had been a suicide.[36] He was deified with the consecratio: Divae Memoriae Valentinianus, lit. 'the Divine Memory of Valentinian'.[30] was then sole adult emperor, reigning with his son Arcadius. Arbogast was unable to assume the role of emperor because of his non-Roman background.[36] Instead, on 22 August at the behest of Arbogast, a magister scrinii and vir clarissimus, Eugenius, was acclaimed augustus at Lugdunum.[8] Eugenius made some limited concessions to the Roman religion; like Maximus he sought Theodosius's recognition in vain.[36] On 8 November 392, all cult worship of the gods was forbidden by Theodosius.[8] to Polemius Silvius, Theodosius raised his second son Honorius to augustus on 23 January 393.[8] He cited Eugenius's illegitimacy.[36] 393 was the year of Theodosius's third consulship.[8] On 29 September 393, Theodosius issued a decree for the protection of Jews.[8] According to Zosimus, at the end of April 394, Theodosius's wife Galla died.[8] On 1 August, a colossal statue of Theodosius was dedicated in Constantinople's Forum of Theodosius, an event recorded in the Chronicon Paschale.[8] the last years of Theodosius's reign, one of the emerging leaders of the Goths, named Alaric, participated in Theodosius's campaign against Eugenius in 394, only to resume his rebellious behavior against Theodosius's son and eastern successor, Arcadius, shortly after Theodosius' death. had gathered a large army, including the Goths whom he had settled in the eastern empire as foederati, as well as Caucasian and Saracen auxiliaries, and marched against Eugenius.[37] According to Socrates Scholasticus, Theodosius defeated Eugenius at the Battle of the Frigidus (the Vipava) on 6 September 394.[8] battle began on 5 September 394, with Theodosius' full frontal assault on Eugenius's forces.[citation needed] Theodosius was repulsed on the first day, and Eugenius thought the battle to be all but over.[citation needed] In Theodosius's camp, the loss of the day decreased morale.[citation needed] It is said[by whom?] that Theodosius was visited by two "heavenly riders all in white" who gave him courage.[citation needed] The next day, the battle began again and Theodosius's forces were aided by a natural phenomenon known as the Bora, which produces cyclonic winds.[38] The Bora blew directly against the forces of Eugenius and disrupted the line.[citation needed] Eugenius's camp was stormed; Eugenius was captured and soon after executed.[38] On 8 September, Arbogast killed himself.[8] to Socrates, on 1 January 395, Honorius arrived in Mediolanum and a victory celebration was held there.[8] suffered from a disease involving severe edema, in Milan.[39] According to the Consularia Constantinopolitana, Theodosius died in Mediolanum on 17 January 395.[8] His funeral was held there on 25 February.[8] Ambrose delivered a panegyric titled De obitu Theodosii in the presence Stilicho and Honorius in which Ambrose praised the suppression of paganism by Theodosius.[39] body transferred to Constantinople, where according to the Chronicon Paschale he was buried on 8 November 395 in the Church of the Holy Apostles.[8] He was deified as: Divus Theodosius, lit. 'the Divine Theodosius'.[8] He was interred in a porphyry sarcophagus that was described in the 10th century by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus in his work De Ceremoniis.[40] offers a laurel wreath to the victor, on the marble base of the Obelisk of Thutmosis III at the Hippodrome of Constantinople. patronage[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) oversaw the removal in 390 of an Egyptian obelisk from Alexandria to Constantinople.[41] It is now known as the obelisk of Theodosius and still stands in the Hippodrome of Constantinople,[41] the long Roman circus that was the centre of Constantinople's public life and scene of political turmoil. Re-erecting the monolith was a challenge for the technology that had been honed in the construction of siege engines. The obelisk, still recognizably a solar symbol, had been moved from Karnak to Alexandria with what is now the Lateran obelisk by Constantius II. Lateran obelisk was shipped to Rome soon afterwards, but the other one then spent a generation lying at the docks due to the difficulty involved in attempting to ship it to Constantinople. Eventually, the obelisk was cracked in transit. The white marble base is entirely covered with bas-reliefs documenting the imperial household and the engineering feat of removing it to Constantinople. Theodosius and the imperial family are separated from the nobles among the spectators in the imperial box, with a cover over them as a mark of their status. The naturalism of traditional Roman art in such scenes gave way in these reliefs to conceptual art: the idea of order, decorum and respective ranking, expressed in serried ranks of faces. This is seen as evidence of formal themes beginning to oust the transitory details of mundane life, celebrated in Roman portraiture. Forum Tauri in Constantinople was renamed and redecorated as the Forum of Theodosius, including a column and a triumphal arch in his honour.[42] of Nazianzus takes his leave of the emperor Theodosius in a miniature from the Paris Gregory, a 9th-century illuminated manuscript of the Homilies of Gregory policy[edit] 325, Constantine I convened the Council of Nicaea, which affirmed the doctrine that Jesus, the Son, was equal to God the Father and "of one substance" with the Father (homoousios in Greek). The Council condemned the teachings of Arius, who believed Jesus to be inferior to the Father. the council's ruling, controversy continued for decades, with several christological alternatives to the Nicene Creed being brought forth. Theologians attempted to bypass the Christological debate by saying that Jesus was merely like (homoios in Greek) God the father, without speaking of substance (ousia). These non-Nicenes were frequently labelled as Arians (i.e., followers of Arius) by their opponents, though not all would necessarily have identified themselves as such.[43] Emperor Valens had favored the group who used the homoios formula; this theology was prominent in much of the East and had under Constantius II gained a foothold in the West, being ratified by the Council of Ariminum, though it was later abjured by a majority of the western bishops (after Constantius II's death in 361). The death of Valens damaged the standing of the Homoian faction, especially since his successor Theodosius steadfastly held to the Nicene Creed which was the interpretation that predominated in the West and was held by the important Alexandrian church. of orthodoxy[edit] Barocci, Saint Ambrose forces Emperor Theodosius I to make penance for the Thessaloniki massacre (1603), left-side nave, Saint Ambrose Altar, Milan Cathedral. 27 February 380, together with Gratian and Valentinian II, Theodosius issued the decree "Cunctos populos", the so-called Edict of Thessalonica, recorded in the Codex Theodosianus xvi.1.2. This declared the Nicene Trinitarian Christianity to be the only legitimate imperial religion and the only one entitled to call itself Catholic; non-Christian religions or those who did not support the Trinity, he described as "foolish madmen".[44] He also ended official state support for the traditional polytheist religions and customs.[45] 26 November 380, two days after he had arrived in Constantinople, Theodosius expelled the Homoian bishop, Demophilus of Constantinople, and appointed Meletius patriarch of Antioch, and Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the Cappadocian Fathers from Cappadocia (today in Turkey), patriarch of Constantinople. Theodosius had just been baptized, by bishop Ascholius of Thessalonica, during a severe illness.[citation needed] May 381, Theodosius summoned a new ecumenical council at Constantinople to repair the schism between East and West on the basis of Nicene orthodoxy.[46] The council went on to define orthodoxy, including the Third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit, as equal to the Father and 'proceeding' from Him, whereas the Son was 'begotten' of Him.[47] The council also "condemned the Apollonarian and Macedonian heresies, clarified jurisdictions of the bishops according to the civil boundaries of dioceses and ruled that Constantinople was second in precedence to Rome."[47] of pagan religion[edit] article: Persecution of pagans under Theodosius I persecution of pagans under Theodosius I began in 381, after the first couple of years of his reign in the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 380s, Theodosius I reiterated Constantine's ban on some practices of Roman religion, prohibited haruspicy on pain of death, decreed magistrates who did not enforce laws against polytheism were subject to criminal prosecution, broke up some pagan associations and tolerated attacks on Roman temples. 391 and 392 Theodosius promulgated three laws restricting pagan religious practices. The first, issued in June 391 and addressed to the urban prefect of Rome, banned ritual sacrifice and access to temples, with heavy fines for infractors. A similar measure was addressed to Alexandria in June 392. These two laws were apparently aimed at public officials specifically and not binding on the population at large.[48] The third and more extreme law, issued in November 392, prohibited pagan worship in every form, including animal sacrifice and offerings of incense and wine, again threatening offenders with confiscation of property.[49] This measure was addressed specifically to the praetorian prefect of the East, the staunchly Christian Rufinus, and there is seemingly no evidence of its application in the West, where Theodosius himself appointed several pagans to high office to mollify them.[50] He turned pagan holidays into workdays, closed temples, confiscated Temple endowments and disbanded the Vestal Virgins.[51] The practices of taking auspices and witchcraft were punished. Theodosius refused to restore the Altar of Victory in the Senate House, as asked by non-Christian senators.[52]:115 392 until his death in 395, while non-Christians continued to request toleration,[53][54] he ordered, authorized, or at least failed to punish, the closure or destruction of many temples, holy sites, images and objects of piety throughout the empire.[55][56][57][58][59] 393 he issued a comprehensive law that prohibited any public non-Christian religious customs,[60] and was particularly oppressive to Manicheans.[61] He is likely to have discontinued the ancient Olympic Games, whose last record of celebration was in 393, though archeological evidence indicates that some games were still held after this date.[62] Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated on July 25; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Hieromartyr Marcellus the Bishop of Apamea, Commemorated on August 14; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; NINIAN OF GALLOWAY, BISHOP, MISSIONARY TO SCOTLAND (16 SEP 430) ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 8; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Marcian of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœComfortÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ or Ã¢Â€ÂœConsolationÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 21; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Simeon Ã¢Â€Âœthe AncientÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃ‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Constantinople, 379-390, Patriarch, Gregory the Theologian
Constantinople Patriarch, 379-390, Gregory the Theologian; Righteous Nonna the mother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on August 5 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25;

Constantinople, 381, Second Ecumenical Council 381
Constantinople, 381, Second Ecumenical Council 381, First Council of Constantinople; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated November 23 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 12; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386) ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Constantinople, 381-397, Patriarch, Holy Patriarch Nectarius
Constantinople Patriarch, 381-397, Holy Patriarch Nectarius; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Byzantium, 383, Saturninus (consul 383)
Byzantium, 383, Saturninus (consul 383); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Byzantium, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia
Byzantium, 386-446, Saint, Hypatius of Bithynia; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Byzantium, 395-408, Emperor, Arcadius in the East, weak, Eudoxia, Alaric, Chrysostom
Byzantine Emperor, 395-408, Arcadius in the East; Arcadius ( 1 January 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to 408. He was the eldest son of the augustus Theodosius I (r. 379–395) and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and the brother of Honorius (r. 393–423). Arcadius ruled the eastern half of the empire from 395, when their father died, while Honorius ruled the west. A weak ruler, his reign was dominated by a series of powerful ministers and by his wife, Aelia Eudoxia.[2] Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes "œthe Hut-Dweller", Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Icon of the Mother of God "œComfort or œConsolation", Commemorated on January 21; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 395-404, Emperess Aelia Eudoxia in the East, conflict with John Chrysostom
Byzantium, 395-404, Emperess Aelia Eudoxia in the East ; Eudoxia (died 6 October 404) was a Roman Empress consort by marriage to the Roman Emperor Arcadius. marriage was the source of some controversy, as it was arranged by Eutropius, one of the eunuch court officials, who was attempting to expand his influence. Empress, she came into conflict with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, who was popular among the common folk for his denunciations of imperial and clerical excess. She had five children, four of whom survived to adulthood, including her only son and future emperor Theodosius II, but she had two additional pregnancies that ended in either miscarriages or stillbirths and she died as a result of the latter one. Byzantine Emperess, 395-408, Eudoxia in the East; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; Repose of St John Chrysostom, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-Dweller, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Mausimas the Syrian, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 395-423, Emperor, Honorius in the West, weak, Rome sacked
Byzantine Emperor, 395-423, Honorius in the West; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-Dweller, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Palladius the Hermit, of Antioch, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Constantinople, 396-444, Saint, Cyril of Alexandria
Byzantine Saint, 396-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18;

Byzantium, 397-407, Saint, John Chrysostom
Byzantine Saint, 369-407, John Chrysostom; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Maron the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 14; St Flavian, Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 16; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer" and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20;

Byzantine Saint, 399-420, Maruthas of Martyropolis
Byzantine Saint, 399-420, Maruthas of Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Constantinople, 400-499, 5th Century, Folder, Nestorius, Nestorianism

Synod of the Oak (403), Constantinople, against Chrysostom
Synod of the Oak (403) illegally condemned Saint John Chrysostrom ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, 406-425, Patriarch, Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople, Opposed J Chry, then
Constantinople Patriarch, 406-425, Archbishop Atticus of Constantinople; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Byzantium, 408-450, Emperor, Theodosius II, Younger, Eastern half, T Law Code, 2 heresies, University, Walls
Byzantine Emperor, 408-450, Theodosius II the Younger ; II (10 April 401 – 28 July 450), commonly called Theodosius the Younger[2] or the Calligrapher, was Roman emperor for most of his life, proclaimed augustus as an infant in 402 and ruling as the eastern Empire's sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408. His reign was marked by the promulgation of the Theodosian law code and the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great Christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated August 2 ; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated August 4; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; 7 Holy Youths œSeven Sleepers of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable James the Solitary of Syria, Commemorated on November 26; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 3 ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable John Calabytes œthe Hut-Dweller, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 27; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the œUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17 ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Mares the Singer in Syria, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Peter the Hermit of Galatia Near Antioch, in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the œUnsleeping Ones, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Byzantium, 414-453, Emperor, Emperess Pulcheria, Virgin, significant influence, ecumenical councils
Byzantine Emperess, 414-453, Pulcheria ; Pulcheria (19 January 398 or 399 – July 453)[1] was an empress who advised her brother Theodosius II during his minority and then became wife to Marcian from November 450 to her death in 453. was the second (and oldest surviving) child of Eastern Roman Emperor Arcadius and Empress Aelia Eudoxia. In 414, the fifteen-year old Pulcheria became the chief guardian of her younger brother Theodosius II[2] and was also proclaimed "augusta". had significant, though changing, influence and political power during her brother's reign. When Theodosius II died on 26 July 450, Pulcheria married Marcian on 25 November 450, while simultaneously not violating her vow of virginity. She died three years later, in July 453. greatly influenced the Christian Church and its theological development by guiding two of the most important ecumenical councils in ecclesiastical history, namely those of Ephesus and Chalcedon, in which the Church ruled on christological issues. The Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church subsequently recognized her as a saint.[3] 7 Holy Youths "Seven Sleepers" of Ephesus, Commemorated August 4; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable John Calabytes Ã¢Â€Âœthe Hut-DwellerÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Macedonius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on January 24; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the Ã¢Â€ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Constantinople, 412-444, Egyptian Patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria, C of Ephesus 431, anti Nestor, Novat and Jew
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers. Roman Emperor Theodosius II, however, condemned him for behaving like a "proud pharaoh", and the Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church."[1] is well known for his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late. is also known for his expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and for inflaming tensions that led to the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by a Christian mob. Historians disagree over the extent of his responsibility in this. tried to oblige the pious Christian emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450) to himself by dedicating his Paschal table to him.[2] It is also important to note that Cyril's Paschal table was provided with a Metonic basic structure in the form of a Metonic 19-year lunar cycle adopted by him around AD 425, which was very different from the first Metonic 19-year lunar cycle invented around AD 260 by Anatolius, but exactly equal to the similar lunar cycle which had been introduced around AD 412 by Annianus; the julian equivalent of this Alexandrian lunar cycle adopted by Cyril and nowadays referred to as the 'classical (Alexandrian) 19-year lunar cycle' would only much later emerge again: a century later in Rome as the basic structure of Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table (AD 525) and two more centuries later in England as the one of Beda's Easter table (AD 725).[3] Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February. This date is used by the Western Rite Orthodox Church. Yet the 1969 Catholic Calendar revision moved it to 27 June, considered to be the day of the saint's death, as celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[4] The same date has been chosen for the Lutheran calendar. The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Byzantium, 423-455, Emperor, Valentian III, Western half, dominated by generals, civil wars, Atilla
Byzantine Emperor, 423-455, Valentian III ; III (Latin: Placidus Valentinianus; 2 July 419 – 16 March 455) was Roman emperor in the West from 425 to 455. emperor in childhood, his reign over the Roman Empire was one of the longest, but was dominated by powerful generals vying for power amid civil wars and the invasions of Late Antiquity's Migration Period, including the campaigns of Attila the Hun. was the son of Galla Placidia and Constantius III, and as the great-grandson of Valentinian the Great (r. 364–375) he was the last emperor of the Valentinianic dynasty. As a grandson of Theodosius the Great (r. 379–395), Valentinian was also related to the Theodosian dynasty, to which his wife, Licinia Eudoxia, also belonged. A year before assuming the rank of augustus, Valentinian was given the imperial rank of caesar by his half-cousin and co-emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450). The augusta Galla Placidia had great influence during her son's rule. During his early reign Aetius, Felix, and the comes africae, Bonifacius all competed for power within the western empire. Eventually Aetius would defeat Felix and Bonifacius. Aetius would go on to campaign against the many Germanic tribes invading the empire. Valentinian's reign the Huns invaded the Roman Empire. Eventually Aetius would defeat the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. Once the Huns returned, Pope Leo I and two other senators convinced Attila to leave. Valentinian himself killed Aetius, and in response Aetius's bodyguards assassinated Valentinian. Valentinian's reign was marked by the ongoing collapse of the western empire. Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable John Calabytes Ã¢Â€Âœthe Hut-DwellerÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 15; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the Ã¢Â€ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 29; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8 ; Blessed Child Musa of Rome, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Constantinople, 426-427, Patriarch, Sisinius
Constantinople Patriarch, 426-427, Sisinius ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ;

Constantinople, 428-431, Patriarch, Nestorius and Nestorianism
Constantinople Patriarch, 428-431, Nestorius ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21;

Constantinople, 431-434, Patriarch, Maximian
Constantinople Patriarch, 431-434, Maximian ; St Maximian the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 21;

Constantinople, 434-446, Patriarch, Proclus of Constantinople, disciple of J Chry
Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18;

Constantinople, 434-446, Devastating Earthquakes, boy lifted up, Trisagion Prayer
Constantinople, 434-446, Devastating Earthquakes throughout B. Empire, Trisagion Prayer; Constantinople Patriarch, 434-446, Proclus of Constantinople; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20;

Constantinople, 446-449, Patriarch, Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 446-449, Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18;

Constantinople, 449-458, Patriarch, Anatolius of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 449-458, Anatolius of Constantinople; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3;

Byzantium, 450-457, Emperor, Marcian, pious, married Emperor's sister Pulcheria, d Huns Atilla
Byzantine Emperor, 450-457, Marcian ; ( c. 392 – 26 January 457) was Roman emperor of the East from 450 to 457. little of his life before becoming emperor is known, other than that he was a domesticus (personal assistant) who served under the commanders Ardabur and his son Aspar for fifteen years. After the death of Emperor Theodosius II on 28 July 450, Marcian was made a candidate for the throne by Aspar, who held much influence because of his military power. a month of negotiations Pulcheria, Theodosius' sister, agreed to marry Marcian. Flavius Zeno, a military leader whose influence was similar to Aspar's, may have been involved in these negotiations, as he was given the high-ranking court title of patrician upon Marcian's accession. was elected and inaugurated on 25 August 450. reversed many of the actions of Theodosius II in the Eastern Roman Empire's relationship with the Huns under Attila and in religious matters. almost immediately revoked all treaties with Attila, ending all subsidy payments to him. 452, while Attila was raiding Italy, then a part of the Western Roman Empire, Marcian launched expeditions across the Danube into the Great Hungarian Plain, defeating the Huns in their own heartland. This action, accompanied by the famine and plague that broke out in northern Italy, allowed the Western Roman Empire to bribe Attila into retreating from the Italian peninsula. Attila's death in 453, Marcian took advantage of the resulting fragmentation of the Hunnic confederation by settling Germanic tribes within Roman lands as foederati ("federates" providing military service in exchange for benefits). also convened the Council of Chalcedon, which declared that Jesus had two "natures": divine and human. This led to the alienation of the population of the eastern provinces of Syria and Egypt, as many of them were miaphysites, rejecting the new official Christology. died on 26 January 457, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire with a treasury surplus of seven million solidi coins, an impressive achievement considering the economic ruin inflicted upon the Eastern Roman Empire by the Huns and Theodosius' tribute payments. his death, Aspar passed over Marcian's son-in-law, Anthemius, and had a military commander, Leo I, elected as emperor. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; St Bassian of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 10 ; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the Ã¢Â€ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 29; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Byzantium, 455-455, Emperor, Petronius Maximus. Vandals Sack Rome
Byzantine Emperor, 455-455, Petronius Maximus. Vandals Sack Rome; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 457-474, Emperor, Leo I the Thracian, the Great, recovered Western territories, Placing Robe at Blachernae
Byzantine Emperor, 457-474, Leo I the Thracian ; I (c. 401 – 18 January 474) was Eastern Roman emperor from 457 to 474. native of Dacia Aureliana near historic Thrace,[2] he was known as Leo the Thracian. He was called Leo the Great probably to distinguish him from his young grandson and co-augustus Leo II ("the Small").[3] the Eastern Empire for nearly 20 years, Leo proved to be a capable ruler. He oversaw many ambitious political and military plans, aimed mostly at aiding the faltering Western Roman Empire and recovering its former territories. is notable for being the first Eastern Emperor to legislate in Koine Greek rather than Late Latin.[4] is commemorated as a saint in the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on 20 January.[5][6] St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Icon of the Mother of God "Jerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Matrona the Abbess of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on December 29; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; St Marcian the Presbyter in Constantinople, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Philon, Bishop of Kolpasteia, Crete, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Auxentius of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Baradates, Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 22; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Virginmartyr Domnina of Syria, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 458, Placing Mother of God's Honorable Robe at Blachernae, Constantinople
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Constantinople, 458-471, Patriarch, Gennadius, Placing Robe at Blachernae
Constantinople Patriarch, 458-471, Gennadius; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified
Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St SavaÃ¢Â€Â™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Byzantium, 474-477, Commander, Armatus, son of Basiliscus, Icon of Armatia
Byzantium, 474-477, Commander, Armatus, son of Basiliscus; Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21;

Byzantium, 474, Emperor, Leo II, May have been poisoned by his Mother
Byzantine Emperor, 474, Leo II ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the Ã¢Â€ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable John the Silent of St SavaÃ¢Â€Â™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 474-491, Emperor, Zeno, Leo II's Father, Stabilized Eastern Empire, only begotten son of (one) God
Byzantine Emperor, 474-491, Zeno ; Zeno (; Greek: ; c. 425 -“ 9 April 491) was Eastern Roman emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491. Domestic revolts and religious dissension plagued his reign, which nevertheless succeeded to some extent in foreign issues. His reign saw the end of the Western Roman Empire following the deposition of Romulus Augustus and the death of Julius Nepos, but he contributed much to stabilising the Eastern Empire. ecclesiastical history, Zeno is associated with the Henotikon or "instrument of union", promulgated by him and signed by all the Eastern bishops, with the design of solving the monophysite controversy. 1 Biography 1.1 Rise to power 1.1.1 Early life 1.1.2 Son-in-law of Leo I 1.2 Reign 1.2.1 First reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476) 1.2.2 End of the Western Empire 1.2.3 Revolt of Marcian (479) 1.2.4 Revolt of Illus (484-“488) 1.2.5 Affairs with the Goths (474-“487) 1.2.6 Promulgation of the Henotikon (482) 1.2.7 Suppressing the Samaritan revolt (484) 1.3 Death and succession 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources 6 External links -----------------------------------Rise to power[edit] -----------------------------------Early life[edit] detail of the Missorium of Aspar, depicting the powerful magister militum Aspar and his elder son Ardabur (434 circa). caused Ardabur's fall, producing treacherous letters that linked him to the Sassanid King; Ardabur later bribed some of Zeno's soldiers into trying to kill him. original name was Tarasis, and more accurately Tarasikodissa in his native Isaurian language (Latin: Trascalissaeus).[2] was born in Isauria, at Rusumblada, later renamed Zenopolis in Zeno's honour.[3] His father was called Kodisa (as attested by his patronymic "Tarasicodissa"), his mother Lallis, his brother Longinus. had a wife, Arcadia, whose name indicates a relationship with the Constantinopolitan aristocracy, and whose statue was erected near the Baths of Arcadius, along the steps that led to Topoi.[4] Eastern and other Christian traditions maintain that Zeno had two daughters, Hilaria and Theopiste, who followed a religious life,[5] but historical sources attest the existence of only one son by Arcadia, called Zenon.[6] to ancient sources, Zeno's prestigious career ”he had fought against Attila in 447 to defend Constantinople and been consul the following year ”was the reason why another Isaurian officer, Tarasis, chose the Greek name Zeno when he married into the Imperial family, thus being known as Zeno when he rose to the throne.[7] Some modern historians suggest that the Isaurian general Zeno was the father of the emperor,[8] but there is no consensus about this, and other sources suggest that Tarasis was a member of Zeno's entourage. Isaurians were a people who lived inland from the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia, in the core of the Taurus Mountains (generally what is now the Konya/Bozkir area of Turkey). Like most borderland tribes, they were looked upon as barbarians by the Romans even though they had been Roman subjects for more than five centuries. However, being Orthodox Christians rather than Arians, as the Goths and other Germanic tribes were, they were not formally barred from the throne.[3] to some scholars, in the mid-460s, the Eastern Roman Emperor, Leo I, wanted to balance the weight of the Germanic component of the army, whose leader was the Alan magister militum Aspar. He thought that Tarasis and his Isaurians could be that counterweight, and called him, with many Isaurians, to Constantinople. This interpretation, however, has been contested.[9] the mid-460s, Arcadia and Zeno had been living at Constantinople for some time,[4] where Lallis and Longinus also lived, the latter married to a Valeria, possibly a woman of aristocrat rank.[9] to ancient sources, the earliest reference to Tarasis dates back to 464, when he put his hands on some letters written by Aspar's son, Ardabur, which proved that the son of the magister militum had incited the Sassanid King to invade Roman territory, promising to support the invasion. Through these letters, which Tarasis gave to Leo, the Emperor could dismiss Ardabur, who at the time was magister militum per Orientem and patricius, thus reducing Aspar's influence and ambition. reward for his loyalty, which Leo praised to Daniel the Stylite,[10] Tarasis was appointed comes domesticorum, an office of great influence and prestige.[4] This appointment could mean that Tarasis had been a protector domesticus, either at Leo's court in Constantinople, or attached at Ardabur's staff in Antioch.[9] 465, Leo and Aspar quarrelled about the appointment of consuls for the following year; it was on this occasion that Tarasis' position was strengthened, as he became friend and ally of the Emperor.[11] of Leo I[edit] of Ariadne, elder daughter of Emperor Leo I and wife of Zeno. make himself more acceptable to the Roman hierarchy and the population of Constantinople, Tarasis adopted the Greek name of Zeno and used it for the rest of his life. In mid-late 466, Zeno married Ariadne, elder daughter of Leo I and Verina; there is no reference to him divorcing Arcadia who evidently died prior to this. The next year their son was born, and Zeno became father of the heir apparent to the throne, as the only son of Leo I had died in his infancy; to stress his claim to the throne, the boy was called Leo.[12] however, was not present at the birth of his son, as in 467, he participated in a military campaign against the Goths.[9][13] I, father-in-law of Zeno, Eastern Roman Emperor from 457 to 474. as a member of the protectores domestici, did not take part in the disastrous expedition against the Vandals, led in 468 by Leo's brother-in-law Basiliscus. following year, during which he held the honour of the consulate, he was appointed magister militum per Thracias and led an expedition in Thrace. The sources do not clearly state what enemy he fought there, and historians had proposed either Goths or Huns, or the rebels of Anagastes. way, before leaving, Leo and Zeno asked for Daniel the Stylite's opinion about the campaign, and Daniel answered that Zeno would be the target of a conspiracy but would escape unharmed. Indeed, Leo sent some of his personal soldiers with Zeno to protect him, but they were bribed by Aspar to capture him instead. Zeno was informed of their intention and fled to Serdica, and, because of this episode, Leo grew even more suspicious of Aspar.[14] the attack, Zeno did not return to Constantinople, where Aspar and Ardabur were, still with considerable power. Instead, he moved to the "Long Wall" (the Long Wall of the Thracian Chersonese or, less probably, the Anastasian Wall), then to Pylai and from there to Chalcedon. While waiting here for an opportunity to return to the capital, he was appointed magister militum per Orientem. He took the monk Peter the Fuller with him and left for Antioch, his office's see, passing through Isauria, where he put down the rebellion of Indacus. Zeno stayed at Antioch for two years.[15] living in Antioch with his family, Zeno sympathised with the Monophysite views of Peter the Fuller, and supported him against his opponent, the Chalcedonian bishop Martyrius. allowed the arrival in Antioch of monks from nearby monasteries who increased the number of Peter's followers, and did not effectively repress their violence. Martyrius went to Constantinople to ask Leo for help, but, on returning to Antioch, he was informed that Peter had been elected bishop, and resigned (470). ----------------------------Leo reacted by ordering Peter into exile and addressing to Zeno a law that forbade the monks from leaving their monasteries or fomenting rebellion (1 June 471).[16] In 470/471, had also to deal with an invasion of Tzanni, who attacked Roman Armenia.[17] Zeno far from Constantinople, Aspar had increased his influence by having his son Patricius appointed Caesar and married to Leo I's younger daughter, Leontia (470). are contradictory on the causes, but clearly state that in 471, Leo I had Aspar and Ardabur treacherously killed. This certainly occurred with Zeno's and Basiliscus' approval, as, on the eve of the murders, the two generals had moved closer to Constantinople (Zeno was at Chalcedon). Thereafter, Zeno returned to Constantinople and was appointed magister militum praesentalis.[18] reign and Basiliscus' revolt (475-“476)[edit] of Leo II, minted in the name of "Leo and Zeno perpetual Augusti"; it belongs to the period when both Zeno and his son were joint emperors, between 9 February and 17 November 474. On 25 October 473, I appointed as Caesar his grandson Leo II, the son of Zeno and Ariadne. On 18 January 474, Leo I died; if Leo II had not already been proclaimed co-emperor by his grandfather, he would have become Augustus on that occasion. Leo II was seven years old (too young to rule himself) Ariadne and her mother Verina prevailed upon him to crown Zeno, his father, as co-emperor, which he did on 9 February 474. When Leo II became ill and died, Zeno became sole emperor. had to settle matters with the Vandal King, Genseric, who was conducting raids against the Empire's coastal cities, threatening key commercial sea routes. sent Genseric a high-ranking officer as ambassador, Severus, who succeeded in stipulating an "eternal" peace between the Vandals and the Empire, which allowed the Romans to pay ransoms for the prisoners in Vandal hands and which ended the Vandal persecution of Orthodox Christians in their territory.[19] this success, Zeno continued to be unpopular with the people and Senate because of his barbarian origins; his right to the throne was limited to his marriage with Ariadne and his relationship to Verina, the dowager Empress. he chose to draw support from the Isaurian component of the army, in particular, the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes, both brothers. Verina decided to overthrow her son-in-law Zeno and replace him with her lover, the ex-magister officiorum Patricius, with the help of her brother Basiliscus. conspirators fomented riots in the capital against the Isaurian emperor; Basiliscus succeeded also in convincing Illus, Trocundes and the Ostrogothic general Theodoric Strabo to join the plot.[19] of Basiliscus, who revolted against Zeno in January 475 and held power until Zeno's return in August 476. Basiliscus was Verina's brother; he took power after having Zeno flee from Constantinople, but alienated the people of Constantinople and was captured and put to death by Zeno. January 475, Zeno was forced to flee Constantinople to Isauria with his wife and mother,[20] some Isaurian fellows and the Imperial treasure. Illus and Trocundes were sent to chase him, and Zeno was compelled to shut himself up in a fortress, where Illus besieged him, capturing also Zeno's brother, Longinus and keeping him as an hostage.[19] the conspirators quickly fell in conflict with each other. Basiliscus took the throne for himself, putting to death Verina's lover and candidate, Patricius. He also allowed the mob to kill all of the Isaurians left in Constantinople, an episode that damaged relations with the Isaurian generals Illus and Trocundes. appointed his nephew Armatus magister militum, thus alienating Theodoric Strabo. Zeno had left no money, Basiliscus was forced to levy heavy taxes. he alienated the Church by supporting the Monophysites. people of Constantinople also put the blame on him for a great fire that burned several parts of the city. the secret support of the Senate, and bribes paid by Zeno, Illus agreed to switch sides and united his army with Zeno's, marching on Constantinople. Basiliscus tried to recover popular support and sent another army against Zeno, under his nephew Armatus' command. Zeno succeeded in bribing Armatus too, promising to confirm his rank of magister militum praesentalis for life and promoting his son (also called Basiliscus) to the rank of Caesar; Armatus' army failed to intercept Zeno's troops during their march on Constantinople.[19] August 476, Zeno besieged Constantinople. The Senate opened the gates of the city to the Isaurian, allowing the deposed emperor to resume the throne. Basiliscus fled with his family to the baptistery of Hagia Sophia.[21][22] Betrayed by the Patriarch Acacius, he surrendered himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. Basiliscus and his family were sent to a fortress in Cappadocia, where Zeno had them enclosed in a dry cistern, to die from exposure.[21][23][24] his restoration, Zeno fulfilled his promises, letting Armatus keep his title of magister militum praesentalis (possibly even raising him to the rank of patricius) and appointing his son Basiliscus Caesar in Nicaea.[25] 477, however, Zeno changed his mind, probably at Illus' instigation, as the latter stood to gain from the fall of Armatus, and ordered Armatus' death. Zeno confiscated all of Armatus' properties, deposed his son Basiliscus, and had him ordained as a priest.[26][27][28] of the Western Empire[edit] solidus was minted by Odoacer in the name of Zeno. Odoacer ruled Italy under the formal patronage of the Eastern Emperor. western emperor Olybrius died in the autumn of 472. Gundobad, the western magister militum then proclaimed Glycerius, the comes domesticorum (commander of the Imperial guard) as western emperor in Ravenna. I refused to endorse Glycerius and elevated his nephew Julius Nepos to co-emperor for the west in 473. Expecting resistance, Nepos was forced by bad winter weather to delay his voyage until the next year; it was therefore left to Zeno, as Leo's successor, to support Julius Nepos' installation in Ravenna. Nepos arrived in Italy, quickly deposed Glycerius who offered no resistance, and was proclaimed emperor by the Roman Senate in June 474. Julius was on good terms with Zeno, and he even minted coins in the names of Zeno, Leo II and himself.[29] and the Mediterranean Basin at the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 August 475, during Basiliscus' reign, while Zeno was in Isauria blocked by Illus' army, Orestes, the western magister militum, revolted, forcing Nepos to flee Italy for Dalmatia; Orestes proclaimed his own son Romulus Augustus emperor, but was unable to gain the allegiance of the remnants of the Western Empire outside of Italy.[29] year later, while Zeno was entering Constantinople to end Basiliscus' brief usurpation, Romulus and Orestes were overthrown by the Chieftain Odoacer. the support of Odoacer, the Roman Senate sent an envoy to present the imperial insignia to the restored Zeno. They asked Zeno to dissolve the separation of the empire and rule as sole Emperor; also, to appoint Odoacer both patricius and official imperial governor of Italy. the same time, Zeno received another embassy, sent by Julius Nepos, who asked Zeno to give him the money and the army he needed to resume his control of Italy. Zeno answered that the Roman Senate should welcome back Julius Nepos, their rightful emperor, and that Odoacer should properly receive the patriciate from Nepos, although he allowed that he would also grant it.[30] Odoacer was officially recognised and left in possession of Italy, while Nepos kept his title and the other fragments of the empire's western holdings, but no army. in deference to Zeno, Odoacer recognised Nepos' de jure reign in Italy until his death, ruling and even minting coins in his name, but he never allowed his return. Nepos' assassination in 480, Odoacer invaded Dalmatia to pursue and punish the assassins (and also to take Dalmatia for himself). Zeno legitimised Odoacer's authority in Dalmatia; Odoacer recognised Zeno as sole emperor of the again unitary Empire, but increasingly started using the title of king for himself.[31] of Marcian (479)[edit] was the son of the Western Roman Emperor Anthemius (467-“472) and a grandson of Emperor Marcian (450-“457). He had married Ariadne's sister Leontia, and was therefore Zeno's brother-in-law; he was twice consul, in 467 and 472. 479 Marcian tried to overthrow Zeno and claim the throne for himself. With the help of his brothers Procopius Anthemius and Romulus, he gathered in Constantinople troops composed of both citizens and foreigners in the house of a Caesarius, south of the Forum of Theodosius, and from there they marched at the same time on the imperial palace and on the house of Illus, who was a supporter of Zeno. The emperor almost fell into the hands of the rebels, who, during the day, overwhelmed the imperial troops, who were also attacked by citizens from the roofs of their houses. During the night, however, Illus moved an Isaurian unit, quartered in nearby Chalcedonia, into Constantinople and also corrupted Marcian's soldiers, who allowed Zeno to flee. The following morning, Marcian, understanding that his situation was desperate and that reinforcements from Theodoric Strabo would not arrive in time, took refuge in the church of the Holy Apostles, but was arrested with his brothers.[32] sent Marcian and his brothers to Caesarea in Cappadocia. They tried to flee, but Marcian was captured and obliged to become a monk in Tarsus (Cilicia),[33] or imprisoned in Isauria, in the fortress of Papurius. He tried to escape a second time, and this time he succeeded, but, after gathering new troops and attacking Ancyra, he was defeated and captured by Trocundus, Illus' brother.[32] of Illus (484-“488)[edit] section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) commanding position and popular favour of Illus rendered him an object of suspicion, and Zeno in various ways sought to rid himself of him. Verina, the dowager Empress, plotted against his life. Verina's attempt was unsuccessful, and Zeno, equally jealous of her and of Illus, banished her at the suggestion of the latter, confining her in the fort of Papurius. There is some doubt as to the timing of these events. Candidus of Isauria places the banishment of Verina before the revolt of Marcian, and Theodore Lector assigns as the cause of it her share in the revolt of Basiliscus. It is not unlikely, indeed, that this turbulent woman was twice banished, once before Marcian's revolt, for her connection with Basiliscus, and again after Marcian's revolt, for her plot against Illus. her prison she managed to persuade her daughter Ariadne, the wife of Zeno, to attempt to obtain her release, first from Zeno, and then from Illus, to whom the Emperor referred her. Illus refused her request. Ariadne, like her mother, attempted to assassinate Illus. ascribes her hatred to another cause: he says that Illus had infused jealous suspicions into Zeno's mind which had led Zeno to attempt to end her life, and that her knowledge of these things stimulated her to revenge. The assassin whom she employed only wounded Illus; the assassin was taken prisoner and Zeno, who appears to have been privy to the affair, was unable to prevent his execution. ” with his friend Pamprepius, Leontius and his brother Trocundus “ now retired from court. They first went to Nicaea and then, on pretence of change of air and of procuring a cure for his wound, into the East where he was made magister militum. Having traversed Asia Minor, they raised the standard of revolt in 484, when Illus declared Leontius Emperor. sent an army to fight them, but Illus won, obtained possession of Papurius, released Verina, and induced her to crown Leontius at Tarsus. 485 Zeno sent against the rebels a fresh army, said to consist of Macedonians and Scythians (Tillemont conjectures, not unreasonably, that these were Ostrogoths) under John the Hunchback, or, more probably, John the Scythian, and Theoderic the Amal, who was at this time consul. John defeated the rebels near Seleucia and drove them into the fort of Papurius where he blockaded them. After a few months Trocundus died; the fort was taken only after four years of siege, by the treachery of Trocundus's brother-in-law, who had been sent for the purpose from Constantinople by Zeno. Illus and Leontius were beheaded (488) and their heads sent to the Emperor.[34] with the Goths (474-“487)[edit] weight with the name of Theoderic the Great, King of the Ostrogoths and ruler of Italy. served under Zeno, fighting against his opponent Theodoric Strabo (476-“481), and then was the leader of the army that besieged the fort of Papurius and captured and killed Illus' brother, Trocundus (484). aggressions of the two Ostrogothic leaders, Theoderic the Amal (Theoderic the Great), the son of Theodemir and leader of the Moesian Ostrogoths, and Theodoric Strabo, the leader of the Thracian Ostrogoths, had been a constant source of danger since 472. Although Zeno at times contrived to play them off against each other, they in turn were able to profit by his dynastic rivalries. It was only by offering them pay and high command that he kept them from attacking Constantinople itself. the death of Leo II, Theodoric Strabo rebelled against Zeno. His support was instrumental in overthrowing Zeno and raising Basiliscus to the Byzantine throne (475), but Theodoric and Basiliscus had a falling-out, so when Zeno returned to Constantinople in 476 and defeated Basiliscus, Strabo was reported to have not defended the city.[35][36] 476/477, Zeno allied himself with Strabo's rival, Theoderic the Amal, and ordered him to attack Strabo. The leader of the Thracian Goths sent an embassy to the Emperor, offering peace and blaming the Moesian Theodoric. Zeno understood that this offering was hiding further conspiracies, and convinced the Senate and army to declare Strabo a public enemy.[28] plan was to have the two Theoderics attack each other. He sent the Amal against Strabo, who supported the revolt of Marcian, with the promise of a huge Roman force as reinforcement (478). When Theoderic the Amal arrived through the mountains at Mount Soundis, he did not find the Roman reinforcement army he expected, but instead Theodoric Strabo's army, in a strongly fortified camp. The two Theoderics agreed to put forward a joint request to the Emperor, in order to extend to the south the settlement territory of the Ostrogoths in Moesia.[37] tried to divide the two Theoderics by bribing the Amal, but he refused the bribe. The Imperial army obtained some initial successes, but Zeno did not press his advantage, and allowed the Amal to move westward in Thrace, plundering territories as he went. With the Amal far away, Strabo accepted an agreement with Zeno: Strabo was to be given back his wealth, money to pay 13,000 soldiers, the command of two palatinae units, and the title once more of magister militum.[37] However, the army of Theodoric Strabo, 30,000-men strong was still a menace for Zeno, who convinced the Bulgars to attack the Thracian Goths in their own base. Strabo defeated the Bulgars in 480/481, and moved towards Constantinople, but he had to deal with problems with his own men, so he could not capitalise upon his victory and was forced to return to Greece. On his way back, he died in an accident.[37] Theodoric Strabo died in 481, the future Theoderic the Great became king of the entire Ostrogoth nation and continued to be a source of trouble in the Balkan peninsula. Zeno allied to Theoderic, whom he appointed magister militum praesentalis and even consul for the year 484, the first time a barbarian who was not a citizen of the Empire reached such a high distinction. Zeno had Theoderic fight against Illus and the usurper Leontius, besieging them at Papurius in 484-“488. However, in 486 Theoderic revolted again and attacked Constantinople, severing the city's water supply. Zeno bought a peace and agreed with Theoderic that the Ostrogoths should have gone to invade Italy to fight Odoacer, who had allegedly supported Leontius, and to establish his new kingdom there (487). This all but eliminated the Germanic presence in the east.[38] of the Henotikon (482)[edit] religious matters, Zeno is famous for his Henotikon, or "Act of Union", issued in 482 to mediate between Chalcedonian and Miaphysite views about the nature of Christ. The Chalcedonians recognised two natures (physis) in Christ, the Miaphysites only one; the Council of Chalcedon (451) had issued the Chalcedonian Creed and condemned the Miaphysite position, but the Miaphysites were still strong, especially in the Eastern provinces of the Empire, and the Patriarch of Alexandria, Peter Mongus, was a Miaphysite. Supporting the Miaphysites was one of the mistakes made by Basiliscus, as the people of Constantinople were Chalcedonian, but Zeno needed the support of the Miaphysite provinces ”Egypt, Syria, Palestine and Asia Minor; also, the Patriarch of Constantinople, Acacius, was interested in reducing the distance between the two positions. in 482 Zeno issued the Henotikon, a document he had developed with the support of Acacius and addressed to the factions in Egypt. The edict affirmed the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed (i.e., the Creed of Nicaea completed at Constantinople) as affording a common, final and united symbol or expression of faith. All other symbola or mathemata were excluded; Eutyches and Nestorius were unmistakably condemned in an anathema, while the twelve chapters of Cyril of Alexandria were accepted. The teaching of Chalcedon was not so much repudiated as passed over in silence; Jesus Christ was described as the "only-begotten Son of God [...] one and not two" and there was no explicit reference to the two natures.[39] bishop of Rome, Pope Felix III, refused to accept the document and excommunicated Acacius (484), thus beginning the Acacian schism, which lasted until 519.[40] 488 the patriarch of Antioch, Peter the Fuller, came to Constantinople to have his right to the Church of Cyprus confirmed. Zeno called the bishop of Cyprus, Anthemius, to answer the accusations. The bishop claimed that before his departure, he had had a vision of St. Barnabas, in which the position of the tomb of the apostle had been revealed to him. In the tomb, Anthemius had found the relics of the apostle and a copy of the Gospel of Matthew written in Hebrew by Barnabas himself. received the relics and the manuscript, and in exchange he proclaimed the autonomy of the Church of Cyprus.[41] 489 Zeno closed the Persian school of Edessa, Mesopotamia, by request of bishop Cyrus II of Edessa, because it promoted Nestorian teachings, and built a church in its place. The school relocated to its original home of Nisibis, becoming again the School of Nisibis, and leading to a wave of Nestorian immigration into Persia.[42] the Samaritan revolt (484)[edit] Gerizim, where Samaritan sources have Zeno buried. According to Samaritan sources, Zeno (whom the sources call "Zait the King of Edom") persecuted the Samaritans. The Emperor went to Sichem (Neapolis), gathered the elders and asked them to convert; when they refused, Zeno had many Samaritans killed, and converted the synagogue to a church. Zeno then took for himself Mount Gerizim, where the Samaritans worshipped God, and built several edifices, among which a tomb for his recently deceased son, on which he put a cross, so that the Samaritans, worshipping God, would prostrate in front of the tomb. According to these same sources, Zeno was buried on Mount Gerizim. in 484, the Samaritans revolted. rebels attacked Sichem, burnt five churches built on Samaritan holy places and cut off the fingers of bishop Terebinthus, who was officiating the ceremony of Whitsun. They elected Justa (or Justasa/Justasus) as their king and moved to Caesarea, where a significant Samaritan community lived. Here several Christians were killed and the church of St. Sebastian was destroyed. Justa celebrated the victory with games in the circus. to John Malalas, the dux Palestinae Asclepiades, whose troops were reinforced by the Caesarea-based Arcadiani of Rheges, defeated Justa, killed him and sent his head to Zeno.[43] According to Procopius of Caesarea, Terebinthus went to Zeno to ask for revenge; the Emperor personally went to Samaria to quell the rebellion.[44] historians believe that the order of the facts preserved by Samaritan sources should be inverted, as the persecution of Zeno was a consequence of the rebellion rather than its cause, and should have happened after 484, around 489. rebuilt the church of St. Procopius in Neapolis (Sichem) and the Samaritans were banned from Mount Gerizim, on whose top a signalling tower was built to alert in case of civil unrest.[45] and succession[edit] died on 9 April 491,[46] of dysentery[47] or of epilepsy,[48] after ruling for 17 years and 2 months. No sons were to succeed him: Leo had died in 474, Zenon, the first son, in his youth, while living at court.[6] then chose a favoured member of the Imperial court, Anastasius, to succeed Zeno, whose brother Longinus revolted, starting the Isaurian War. to a popular legend recorded by two 11th century and 12th century writers, Zeno was buried alive after becoming insensible due to drinking or an illness.[49] For three days cries of "have pity on me!" could be heard from within his verd antique sarcophagus, but because of the hatred of his wife and subjects, Ariadne refused to open the tomb.[50] This tale is not likely, as earlier and contemporary sources do not mention it, even though they too were hostile to his memory.[50] Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; Venerable Marcellus the Abbot of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6;

Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus
Byzantium, 475-476, Emperor, Basiliscus; Flavius Basiliscus (died 476/477) was Eastern Roman emperor from 475 to 476. A member of the House of Leo, he came to power when Emperor Zeno was forced out of Constantinople by a revolt. Basiliscus was the brother of Empress Aelia Verina, who was the wife of Emperor Leo I (457-“474). His relationship with the Emperor allowed him to pursue a military career that, after minor initial successes, ended in 468, when he led the disastrous Roman invasion of Vandal Africa, in one of the largest military operations of Late Antiquity. Basiliscus succeeded in seizing power in 475, exploiting the unpopularity of Emperor Zeno, the "barbarian" successor to Leo, and a plot organised by Verina that had caused Zeno to flee Constantinople. However, during his short rule, Basiliscus alienated the fundamental support of the Church and the people of Constantinople, promoting the Miaphysite christological position in opposition to the Chalcedonian faith. Also, his policy of securing his power through the appointment of loyal men to key roles antagonised many important figures in the imperial court, including his sister Verina. So, when Zeno tried to regain his empire, he found virtually no opposition, triumphantly entering Constantinople, and capturing and killing Basiliscus and his family. The struggle between Basiliscus and Zeno impeded the Eastern Roman Empire's ability to intervene in the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which happened in early September 476. When the chieftain of the Heruli, Odoacer, deposed Western Emperor Romulus Augustus, sending the imperial regalia to Constantinople, Zeno had just regained his throne, and was in no position to take any action but appoint Odoacer dux of Italy, thereby ending the Western Roman Empire. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21;

Byzantium, 491-518, Emperor, Anastasius I, better govrnmt, econ, but heratic
Byzantine Emperor, 491-518, Anastasius I ; Anastasius I (Greek:431 -“ 9 July 518) was Byzantine emperor from 491 to 518. He made his career as a government administrator. He came to the throne at the age of 61 after being chosen by the wife of his predecessor, Zeno. His religious tendencies caused tensions throughout his reign. He is often recognized as the first Byzantine emperor.[4] His reign was characterised by improvements in the government, economy, and bureaucracy in the Eastern Roman empire.[5] He is noted for leaving the imperial government with a sizeable budget surplus of 23,000,000 solidi due to minimisation of government corruption, reforms to the tax code, and the introduction of a new form of currency.[6] He is venerated as a saint by the Syriac Orthodox Church on 29 July. BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Vendemianus the Hermit of Bithynia, Commemorated on February 1; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Venerable John, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Moses, Ascetic of the Syrian Deserts, Commemorated on February 23; St Asclepius of Syria, Commemorated on February 27; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5 ; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; St Severus the Presbyter of Interocrea in Italy, Commemorated on June 27;

Constantinople, 500-599, 6th Century, Folder, Monophysites

Byzantium, 510-556, Saint Romanos the Melodist
Byzantium, 510-556, Saint Romanos the Melodist; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer", Commemorated on October 1;

Byzantium, 518-527, Emperor, Justin I, elected at 70, Justinian dynasty, no pagan symbols
Byzantine Emperor, 518-527, Justin I ; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; St Ephraim the Patriarch of Antioch, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Byzantium, 525-620, Byzantine Saint, Dorotheus of Gaza
Byzantine Saint, 525-620, Dorotheus of Gaza; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19;

Byzantium, 526-597, Saint, Simeon Stylites the Younger
Syrian Saint, 526-597, Simeon Stylites the Younger; Syria - 526 Antioch earthquake; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Zosimus of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on June 8;

Byzantium, 527-565, Emperor, Justinian 1, t Great, Restore of E o Vandals&OGoths,Persia, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor, 527-565, Justinian 1 (the Great) ; BENEDICT. FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer", Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated on January 5; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated on February 19; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26; St Sampson the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 27; Venerable Martha the Mother of the Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Byzantium, 527-548, Empress Theodora, Wife of Justinian I, chief adviser, Miaphysite, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor, 527-548, Empress Theodora, Wife of Justinian I; ( c. 500 – 28 June 548) was an Eastern Roman empress by marriage to emperor Justinian. She became empress upon Justinian's accession in 527 and was one of his chief advisers, albeit from humble origins. Along with her spouse, Theodora is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and in the Oriental Orthodox Church, commemorated on 14 November and 28 June respectively. main historical sources for her life are the works of her contemporary Procopius. The historian offered three contradictory portrayals of the empress. The Wars of Justinian, largely completed in 545, paints a picture of a courageous and influential empress who saved the throne for Justinian. he wrote the Secret History, which survives in only one manuscript suggesting it was not widely read during the Byzantine era. The work has sometimes been interpreted as representing a deep disillusionment with the emperor Justinian, the empress, and even his patron Belisarius. is depicted as cruel, venal, prodigal and incompetent; as for Theodora, the reader is given a detailed portrayal of vulgarity and underage sex, combined with shrewish and calculating mean-spiritedness; even claims both are demons whose heads were seen to leave their bodies and roam the palace at night. Alternatively, scholars versed in political rhetoric of the era have viewed these statements from the Secret History as formulaic expressions within the tradition of invective. Buildings of Justinian, written about the same time as the Secret History, is a panegyric which paints Justinian and Theodora as a pious couple and presents particularly flattering portrayals of them. Besides her piety, her beauty is praised within the conventional language of the text's rhetorical form. Although Theodora was dead when this work was published, Justinian was alive, and perhaps commissioned the work.[1] contemporary John of Ephesus writes about Theodora in his Lives of the Eastern Saints and mentions an illegitimate daughter.[2] other historians presented additional information on her life. Theophanes the Confessor mentions some familial relations of Theodora to figures not mentioned by Procopius. Victor Tonnennensis notes her familial relation to the next empress, Sophia. the Syrian, the Chronicle of 1234 and Bar-Hebraeus place her origin in the city of Daman, near Kallinikos, They contradict Procopius by making Theodora the daughter of a priest, trained in the pious practices of Miaphysitism since birth. These are late Miaphysite sources and record her depiction among members of their creed. The Miaphysites have tended to regard Theodora as one of their own and the tradition may have been invented as a way to improve her reputation and is also in conflict with what is told by the contemporary Miaphysite historian John of Ephesus.[3] These accounts are thus usually ignored in favor of Procopius.[2] years[edit] according to Michael Grant, was of Greek Cypriot descent.[4] There are several indications of her possible birthplace. According to Michael the Syrian, her birthplace was in Mabbug, Syria;[5] Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopoulos names Theodora a native of Cyprus, while the Patria, attributed to George Codinus, claims Theodora came from Paphlagonia. was born c. 500 AD. Her father, Acacius, was a bear trainer of the hippodrome's Green faction in Constantinople. Her mother, whose name is not recorded, was a dancer and an actress.[6] Her parents had two more daughters, the eldest named Comito and the youngest Anastasia.[7] her father's death, when Theodora was four,[8] her mother brought her children wearing garlands into the hippodrome and presented them as suppliants to the Blue faction. From then on, Theodora would be their supporter. to Procopius, (in his Secret History) Theodora followed her sister Comito's example from an early age and worked in a Constantinople brothel serving low-status customers; later, she performed on stage.[9] Theodora, in Procopius's account, made a name for herself with her salacious portrayal of Leda and the Swan.[10] Employment as an actress at the time would include both "indecent exhibitions on stage" and providing sexual services off stage. During this time, she met the future wife of Belisarius, Antonina, who would become a part of the women's court led by Theodora. the age of 16, Theodora traveled to North Africa as the concubine of a Syrian official named Hecebolus when he went to the Libyan Pentapolis as governor.[11] She stayed with him for almost four years before returning to Constantinople. ---------------------------------------------Abandoned and maltreated by Hecebolus, on her way back to the capital of the Byzantine Empire, she settled for a while in Alexandria, Egypt. is speculated by some to have met Patriarch Timothy III in Alexandria, who was Miaphysite, and it may be at that time that she converted to Miaphysite Christianity. Alexandria, she went to Antioch, where she met a Blue faction's dancer, Macedonia, who was perhaps an informer of Justinian. Justinian sought to marry Theodora, he could not: a Roman law from Constantine's time prevented anyone of senatorial rank from marrying actresses. In 524, Justin passed a new law, which decreed that reformed actresses could thereafter legally marry outside their rank if approved by the emperor. The same law stated that daughters of these actresses would also be free to marry a man of any rank, which would have allowed her illegitimate daughter (whose name has been lost) to marry one of the previous emperor Anastasius' relatives. Soon thereafter, Justinian married Theodora.[11] as Empress[edit] of Justinian from a contemporary portrait mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna Justinian succeeded to the throne in 527, two years after the marriage, Theodora was crowned Augusta and became empress of the Eastern Roman Empire. She shared in his plans and political strategies, participated in state councils, and Justinian called her his "partner in my deliberations."[12] This was in Novel 8.1 (AD 535), an anti-corruption legislation, where provincial officials had to take an oath to her as well as the emperor. She had her own court and official entourage. She was often present when the emperor held court. The emperor sought her views on many matters before issuing orders. Nika riots[edit] were two rival political factions in the Empire, the Blues and the Greens, who started a [[riot in January 532 during a chariot race in the hippodrome. The riots stemmed from many grievances, some of which had resulted from Justinian's and Theodora's own actions.[13] rioters set many public buildings on fire, and proclaimed a new emperor, Hypatius, the nephew of former emperor Anastasius I. Unable to control the mob, Justinian and his officials prepared to flee. At a meeting of the government council, Theodora spoke out against leaving the palace and underlined the significance of someone who died as a ruler instead of living as an exile or in hiding, reportedly saying, "royal purple is the noblest shroud".[14] the emperor and his counsellors were still preparing their project, Theodora interrupted them and claimed: lords, the present occasion is too serious to allow me to follow the convention that a woman should not speak in a man's council. Those whose interests are threatened by extreme danger should think only of the wisest course of action, not of conventions. In my opinion, flight is not the right course, even if it should bring us to safety. It is impossible for a person, having been born into this world, not to die; but for one who has reigned it is intolerable to be a fugitive. May I never be deprived of this purple robe, and may I never see the day when those who meet me do not call me empress. If you wish to save yourself, my lord, there is no difficulty. We are rich; over there is the sea, and yonder are the ships. Yet reflect for a moment whether, when you have once escaped to a place of security, you would not gladly exchange such safety for death. As for me, I agree with the adage that the royal purple is the noblest shroud."[15] determined speech convinced them all, including Justinian himself, who had been preparing to run. As a result, Justinian ordered his loyal troops, led by the officers, Belisarius and Mundus, to attack the demonstrators in the hippodrome, killing (according to Procopius) over 30,000 rebels. Despite his claims that he was unwillingly named emperor by the mob, Hypatius was also put to death, apparently at Theodora's insistence.[16] that Justinian never forgot that it was Theodora who had saved his throne depend on seeing Procopius' account as a straightforward report, and not framed to impugn Justinian with the implication that he was more cowardly than his wife. The wording of her famous speech is devised by Procopius, changing the term "tyranny" from an ancient saying to "royal purple", which likely reflects Procopius' desire to link Justinian to ancient tyrants. life[edit] the Nika revolt, Justinian and Theodora rebuilt and reformed Constantinople, building or rebuilding aqueducts, bridges and more than twenty five churches. The most famous of these is Hagia Sophia, considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. was punctilious about court ceremony. According to Procopius, the Imperial couple made all senators, including patricians, prostrate themselves before them whenever they entered their presence, and made it clear that their relations with the civil militia were those of masters and slaves. even the government officials could approach the Empress without expending much time and effort. They were treated like servants and kept waiting in a small, stuffy room for an endless time. After many days, some of them might at last be summoned, but going into her presence in great fear, they very quickly departed. They simply showed their respect by lying face down and touching the instep of each of her feet with their lips; there was no opportunity to speak or to make any request unless she told them to do so. The government officials had sunk into a slavish condition, and she was their slave-instructor. also carefully supervised the magistrates, possibly to reduce bureaucratic corruption. also created her own centers of power. The eunuch Narses, who in old age developed into a brilliant general, was her close ally, as was the praetorian prefect Peter Barsymes. John the Cappadocian, Justinian's chief tax collector, was identified as her enemy, because of his independent and great influence, and was brought down by a plot devised by Theodora and Antonina. She engaged in matchmaking, forming a network of alliances between the old powers, represented by emperor Anastasius' family and the pre-existing nobility, and the new, who were Justinian's and her relatives. According to Secret History, she attempted to marry her grandson Anastasius to Joannina, Belisarius' and Antonina's daughter and heiress, against her parents' will, although the couple would eventually fall in love with each other. The marriages of her sister Comito to general Sittas and her niece Sophia to Justinian's nephew Justin II, who would succeed to the throne, are suspected to have been engineered by Theodora. gave reception and sent letters and gifts to Persian and foreign ambassadors and the sister of Khosrow I.[17] involvement in helping underprivileged women was substantial, being "known for buying girls who had been sold into prostitution, freeing them, and providing for their future."[18] She closed brothels and made pimping a criminal offense. She created a convent on the Asian side of the Dardanelles called the Metanoia (Repentance), where the ex-prostitutes could support themselves.[11] Procopius' Secret History maintained that instead of preventing forced prostitution (as in Buildings 1.9.3ff), Theodora is said to have 'rounded up' 500 prostitutes, confining them to a convent. They sought to escape 'the unwelcome transformation' by leaping over the walls (SH 17). On the other hand, chronicler John Malalas who wrote positively about the court, declared she "freed the girls from the yoke of their wretched slavery."[19] A century later, John of Nikiu observed its positive impact, noting that Theodora "put an end to the prostitution of women, and gave orders for their expulsion from every place." legislations also expanded the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, instituted the death penalty for rape, forbade exposure of unwanted infants, gave mothers some guardianship rights over their children, and forbade the killing of a wife who committed adultery. Though her specific involvement in these legal reforms is not recorded,[20] Procopius, in Wars, mentioned that she was naturally inclined to assist women in misfortune, and according to Secret History, she championed the wives' causes when their husbands charged them with adultery (SH 17). policy[edit] Theodora Mosaic of Theodora - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna, Italy).jpg Theodora and attendants (mosaic from Basilica of San Vitale, 6th century) in Orthodox Church Catholicism Orthodox Church shrine of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople modern day Istanbul, Turkey November in the Eastern Orthodox Church, 28 June in the Syriac Orthodox Church Vestment worked against her husband's support of Chalcedonian Christianity in the ongoing struggle for the predominance of each faction.[21] As a result, she was accused of fostering heresy and thus undermined the unity of Christendom. spite of Justinian being Chalcedonian, Theodora founded a Miaphysite monastery in Sykae and provided shelter in the palace for Miaphysite leaders who faced opposition from the majority of Chalcedonian Christians, like Severus and Anthimus. Anthimus had been appointed Patriarch of Constantinople under her influence, and after the excommunication order he was hidden in Theodora's quarters for twelve years, until her death. When the Chalcedonian Patriarch Ephraim provoked a violent revolt in Antioch, eight Miaphysite bishops were invited to Constantinople and Theodora welcomed them and housed them in the Hormisdas Palace adjoining the Great Palace, which had been Justinian and Theodora's own dwelling before they became emperor and empress. Egypt, when Timothy III died, Theodora enlisted the help of Dioscoros, the Augustal Prefect, and Aristomachos the duke of Egypt, to facilitate the enthronement of a disciple of Severus, Theodosius, thereby outmaneuvering her husband, who had intended a Chalcedonian successor as patriarch. But Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria, even with the help of imperial troops, could not hold his ground in Alexandria against Justinian's Chalcedonian followers. When he was exiled by Justinian along with 300 Miaphysites to the fortress of Delcus in Thrace, Theodora rescued him and brought him to the Hormisdas Palace. He lived under her protection and, after her death in 548, under Justinian's. Pope Silverius refused Theodora's demand that he remove the anathema of Pope Agapetus I from Patriarch Anthimus, she sent Belisarius instructions to find a pretext to remove Silverius. When this was accomplished, Pope Vigilius was appointed in his stead. Nobatae, south of Egypt, the inhabitants were converted to Miaphysite Christianity about 540. Justinian had been determined that they be converted to the Chalcedonian faith and Theodora equally determined that they should be Miaphysites. Justinian made arrangements for Chalcedonian missionaries from Thebaid to go with presents to Silko, the king of the Nobatae. But on hearing this, Theodora prepared her own missionaries and wrote to the duke of Thebaid that he should delay her husband's embassy, so that the Miaphysite missionaries should arrive first. The duke was canny enough to thwart the easygoing Justinian instead of the unforgiving Theodora. He saw to it that the Chalcedonian missionaries were delayed. When they eventually reached Silko, they were sent away, for the Nobatae had already adopted the Miaphysite creed of Theodosius. death is recorded by Victor of Tonnena, with the cause uncertain but the Greek terms used are often translated as "cancer." The date was 28 June 548 at the age of 48.[22] Later accounts frequently attribute the death to breast cancer, although it was not identified as such in the original report where the use of the term "cancer" probably referred to "a suppurating ulcer or malignant tumor".[22] Other sources report that she died at 51.[23] Her body was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, in Constantinople. During a procession in 559, Justinian visited and lit candles for her tomb.[24] Theodora and Justinian are represented in mosaics that exist to this day in the Basilica of San Vitale of Ravenna, Italy, which was completed a year before her death. influence[edit] Miaphysites believed her influence on Justinian to be so strong that after her death, when he worked to bring harmony between the Monophysites and the Chalcedonian Christians in the Empire, and kept his promise to protect her little community of Monophysite refugees in the Hormisdas Palace, the Miaphysites suspected Theodora's memory to be the driving factor. Theodora provided much political support for the ministry of Jacob Baradaeus, and apparently personal friendship as well. Diehl attributes the modern existence of Jacobite Christianity equally to Baradaeus and to Theodora.[25] in Cyrenaica renamed itself Theodorias after Theodora. (It was a common event that ancient cities renamed themselves to honor an emperor or empress.) The city, now called Qasr Libya, is known for its splendid sixth-century mosaics. Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer", Commemorated on October 1; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated on January 5; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Gobnata of Ballyvourney, Commemorated on February 11 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated on February 19; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Isaac the Syrian, Abbot of Spoleto, Commemorated on April 12; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 535-536, Patriarch, Anthimus I of Constantinople, heretic
Constantinople, 535-536, Patriarch, Anthimus I of Constantinople, heretic; St. Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25;

Constantinople, 536-552, Patriarch, Menas of Constantinople, excommunicated by Roman Pope, Hagia Sophia
Constantinople Patriarch, 536-552, Menas of Constantinople; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 25; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer", Commemorated on October 1; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Byzantium, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Constantinople, 552-565, Patriarch, Eutychius of Constantinople, against Justinian's Aphthartodocetae
Constantinople Patriarch, 552-565, Eutychius of Constantinople; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6;

Constantinople, Fifth Ecumenical Council, 553
Constantinople, Fifth Ecumenical Council (553), Second Council of Constantinople; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Byzantium, 560-604, Byzantine Saint, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome
Byzantine Saint, 560-604, Gregory Dialogus, Pope of Rome; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ;

Byzantium, 565-574, Emperor, Justin II, Younger, lost Italy, war w Sassanid Empire, mental breakdown
Byzantine Emperor, 565-574, Justin II, the Younger; II or Justin the Younger (c. 520 – 5 October 578) was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 to 574. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian Dynasty. reign was marked by war with the Sassanid Empire, and the loss of the greater part of Italy. He presented the Cross of Justin II to Saint Peter's, Rome. Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5;

Byzantium, 574-582, Emperor, Tiberius II Constantine, adopted son, before breakdown,
Byzantine Emperor, 574-582, Tiberius II Constantine ; II Constantine (520 – 14 August 582) was Eastern Roman emperor from 574 to 582. rose to power in 574 when Justin II, prior to a mental breakdown, proclaimed Tiberius Caesar and adopted him as his own son. In 578, Justin II, before he died, gave him the title of Augustus, under which title he reigned until his death on 14 August 582. Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb, Commemorated on October 3 ; Restoration of the Temple of the 40 Martyrs, Commemorated on August 9; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Byzantium, 580-608, Byzantine Patriarch, Eulogius of Alexandria
Byzantine Patriarch, 580-608, Eulogius of Alexandria; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 582-602, Emperor, Mauricius, Orthodox, successful, Persia, Lombards, Danube
Byzantine Emperor 582-602, Mauricius ; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597);

Byzantium, 582-602, Emperor, Maurice, Orthodox, successful, with Chores II, Killed by Phocus
Byzantine Emperor 582-602, Mauricius ; Venerable Pimen of Palestine, Commemorated August 27 ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Stephen of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 27 ; St James the Faster of Phoenicia, Syria, Commemorated on March 4; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of Ã¢Â€Âœthe LadderÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597);

Constantinople, 582-595, Patriarch, John IV the Faster
Constantinople Patriarch, 582-595, John IV the Faster ; St John the Faster the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 2; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Constantinople, 595-606, Patriarch, Cyriacus II of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 595-606, Cyriacus II of Constantinople; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; St Pausicacus the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Constantinople, 600, 7th Century-1453, Folder, Byzantine Period after Islam, Iconoclasts

Constantinople, 600-699, Folder, 7th Century, Monotheites

Byzantium, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus, Sinai, Egypt
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"; Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 600-662, Saint Maximus the Confessor, against Monotheism, tounge and right hand mutilated
Byzantium, 600-662, Saint Maximus the Confessor; the Confessor (Greek: Μάξιμος ὁ Ὁμολογητής), also known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople (c. 580 – 13 August 662), was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar. his early life, Maximus was a civil servant, and an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. He gave up this life in the political sphere to enter the monastic life. had studied diverse schools of philosophy, and certainly what was common for his time, the Platonic dialogues, the works of Aristotle, and numerous later Platonic commentators on Aristotle and Plato, like Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus. When one of his friends began espousing the Christological position known as Monothelitism, Maximus was drawn into the controversy, in which he supported an interpretation of the Chalcedonian formula on the basis of which it was asserted that Jesus had both a human and a divine will. Maximus is venerated in both the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches. He was eventually persecuted for his Christological positions; following a trial, his tongue and right hand were mutilated. was then exiled and died on 13 August 662, in Tsageri in present-day Georgia. However, his theology was upheld by the Third Council of Constantinople and he was venerated as a saint soon after his death. It is highly uncommon among the saints that he has two feast days: 13 August and 21 January. His title of "Confessor" means that he suffered for the Christian faith, but was not directly martyred. St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ;

Byzantium, 602-610, Emperor, Phocas, Rebel, Killed, then Killed by, incompetent
Byzantine Emperor 602-610, Phocas; Phocas (547-“ 5 October 610) was Eastern Roman emperor from 602 to 610. early life of Phocas is largely unknown, but he rose to prominence in 602, as a leader in the revolt against Emperor Maurice. captured Constantinople and overthrew Maurice on 23 November 602, and declared himself emperor on the same day. deeply mistrusted the elite of Constantinople, and therefore installed his relatives in high military positions, and brutally purged his opponents. is widely regarded as an incompetent leader, both of the administration and army. his reign the Byzantine Empire was threatened by multiple enemies, with frequent raids in the Balkans from the Avars and Slavs, and a Sassanid invasion of the eastern provinces. of Phocas' incompetence and brutality, the Exarch of Africa, Heraclius the Elder, rebelled against him. Heraclius the Elder's son, Heraclius, succeeded in taking Constantinople on 5 October 610, and executed Phocas on the same day, before declaring himself the emperor. St Eustolia of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ;

Byzantium, 602-628, Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628
Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12;

Constantinople, 607-610, Patriarch, Thomas I, Saint
Constantinople Patriarch, 607-610, Thomas I ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Byzantium, 610-641, Emperor Heraclius, Monothelite, K Phocus, Persia to C then 627, Muslim Cs
Byzantine Emperor 610-641, Heraclius ; (Greek: Iraklios; c. 575 - February 11, 641) was the Byzantine emperor from 610 to 641. His rise to power began in 608, when he and his father, Heraclius the Elder, the exarch of Africa, led a revolt against the unpopular usurper Phocas. Heraclius's reign was marked by several military campaigns. The year Heraclius came to power, the empire was threatened on multiple frontiers. Heraclius immediately took charge of the Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628. The first battles of the campaign ended in defeat for the Byzantines; the Persian army fought their way to the Bosphorus but Constantinople was protected by impenetrable walls and a strong navy, and Heraclius was able to avoid total defeat. Soon after, he initiated reforms to rebuild and strengthen the military. Heraclius drove the Persians out of Asia Minor and pushed deep into their territory, defeating them decisively in 627 at the Battle of Nineveh. The Persian king Khosrow II was overthrown and executed by his son Kavad II, who soon sued for a peace treaty, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territory. This way peaceful relations were restored to the two deeply strained empires. Heraclius lost many of his newly regained lands to the Muslim conquests. Emerging from the Arabian Peninsula, the Muslims quickly conquered the Sasanian Empire. In 634 the Muslims marched into Roman Syria, defeating Heraclius's brother Theodore. Within a short period of time, the Arabs conquered Mesopotamia, Armenia and Egypt. Heraclius entered diplomatic relations with the Croats and Serbs in the Balkans. He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the Monophysites, by promoting a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism. The Church of the East (commonly called Nestorian) was also involved in the process.[1] Eventually this project of unity was rejected by all sides of the dispute. Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22 ; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16;

Constantinople, 610-638, Patriarch, Sergius I, Monothelite
Constantinople Patriarch, 610-638, Sergius I, Monothelite ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Constantinople, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine “Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Constantinople, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch, Iron Bridge Battle
Syria, 637, Arab Moslem Conquest of Antioch; When the Moslems seized Antioch centuries later (in 637), a deacon Job brought the holy hand of the Forerunner from Antioch to Chalcedon. From there, on the eve of the Theophany of the Lord, it was transferred to Constantinople (956) and kept thereafter. named Battle of the Iron Bridge; In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge.;

Constantinople, 638-641, Patriarch, Pyrrhus of Constantinople, Monotheite converted to Othodox
Constantinople, 638-641, Patriarch, Pyrrhus of Constantinople; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13;

Byzantium, 641-641, Emperor, Constantine III, tuberculosis
Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Constantine III; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 641-641, Emperor, Heraklonas, mutilated and exiled by a general
Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Heraklonas; Heraclius ( 626-“641), commonly known by the diminutive Heraklonas or Herakleonas. was the son of Heraclius and his niece Martina. father had stipulated in his will that both of his sons, Heraklonas and Constantine III, should rule jointly upon his death. Heraclius also specified that his wife, Martina, was to be called "Mother and Empress" insofar as she might have influence at court as well.[2] The emperor Heraclius died in February 641 from edema. Martina did make the late Emperor's will public she faced staunch resistance to her playing any active role in government, but both Heraklonas and Constantine were proclaimed joint-emperors in February 641 without incident. Constantine died of tuberculosis in April/May 641, Heraklonas became sole emperor, under the regency of his mother due to his young age. He reigned from April/May -“ September/October 641, when he was overthrown by Valentinus, a general and usurper of Armenian extract, who installed Constans II, the son of Constantine III. Valentinus had Heraklonas' nose cut off, then exiled him to Rhodes, where he is believed to have died in the same year. Byzantine Emperor 641-641, Constantine III; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30;

Byzantium, 641-668, Emperor, Constans II, Monotheite
Byzantine Emperor 641-668, Constans II; II ( 7 November 630 – 15 September 668), also called Constantine the Bearded, was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 641 to 668. was the last emperor to serve as consul, in 642.[1][2] is a nickname given to the Emperor, who had been baptized Herakleios and reigned officially as Constantine. The nickname established itself in Byzantine texts and has become standard in modern historiography. Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Zosimus the Bishop of Syracuse, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Constantinople, 641-654, Patriarch, Paul, Monothelite
Constantinople, 641-654, Patriarch, Paul, Monothelite; St. Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Byzantium, 668-685, Emperor, Constantine IV, checked islamic expansion, ended Monotheism, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor 668-685, Constantine IV ; IV ( c. 652 -“ 14 September 685), called the Younger (Greek: )[1][2] and sometimes incorrectly Pogonatos (Greek: "the Bearded") out of confusion with his father,[3] was Byzantine Emperor from 668 to 685. reign saw the first serious check to nearly 50 years of uninterrupted Islamic expansion, while his calling of the Sixth Ecumenical Council saw the end of the monothelitism controversy in the Byzantine Empire. St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23; St Agathon the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 20 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ;

Constantinople, 674-678, First Arab Muslim Siege of Constantinople
Constantinople, 674-678, First Arab Muslim Siege of Constantinople ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ;

Constantinople, 676-679, 683-686, Patriarch Theodore I of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 676-679, 683-686, Theodore I of Constantinople ; I (? – 28 January 687) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 677 to 679. He had been preceded by Constantine I of Constantinople.[1] During this cataclysmic period, the Byzantine military overcame the Arab incursion against its walls in the Arab siege of Constantinople (674-678). He was emphatically succeeded by His All-Holliness Patriarch George I of Constantinople.[2] St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ;

Constantinople, 680, Sixth Ecumenical Council
Sixth Ecumenical Council (680); Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on January 23 ; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Byzantium, 685-711, Emperor, Justinian II
Byzantine Emperor, 685-711, Justinian II; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4;

Constantinople, 692, Council of Trullo
Council of Trullo; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Sixth Ecumenical Council, Commemorated January 23 ;

Constantinople, 693-705, Patriarch, Callinicus I of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 693-705, Callinicus I of Constantinople; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23;

Byzantium, 695-698, Emperor, Leontios
Byzantine Emperor, 695-698, Leontios ; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23;

Byzantium, 695-717, Emperor, Twenty Years Anarchy
Byzantine Emperor, 695-717, Twenty Years Anarchy ; or Philippicus was Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 711 to 713. was originally named Bardanes; he was the son of the patrician Nikephorus, who was of Armenian extraction from an Armenian colony in Pergamum.[1] Relying on the support of the Monothelite party, he made some pretensions to the throne on the outbreak of the first great rebellion against Emperor Justinian II; these led to his relegation to Cephalonia by Tiberius Apsimarus, and subsequently to his banishment to Cherson by order of Justinian. Here Bardanes, taking the name of Philippicus, successfully incited the inhabitants to revolt with the help of the Khazars. The successful rebels seized Constantinople, and Justinian fled; Philippikos took the throne. Justinian was subsequently seized and beheaded; his son Tiberius was likewise apprehended by Philippikos's officers, Ioannes and Mauros, and killed in a church. Justinian's principal officers, such as Barasbakourios, were also massacred. his first acts were the deposition of the orthodox patriarch Cyrus of Constantinople, in favour of John VI, a member of his own sect, and the summoning of a conciliabulum of Eastern bishops, which abolished the canons of the Sixth Ecumenical Council. In response the Roman Church refused to recognize the new Emperor and his patriarch. Meanwhile, Tervel of Bulgaria plundered up to the walls of Constantinople in 712. When Philippicus transferred an army from the Opsikion theme to police the Balkans, the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I made inroads across the weakened defenses of Asia Minor. late May 713 the Opsikion troops rebelled in Thrace. Several of their officers penetrated the city and blinded Philippicus on June 3, 713 while he was in the hippodrome.[2] He was succeeded for a short while by his principal secretary, Artemius, who was raised to the purple as Emperor Anastasius II. He died in the same year. St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Constantinople, 700-799, Folder, 8th Century, Iconoclasts, Iconodules

Constantinople, 715-730, Patriarch, Germanus I of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 715-730, Germanus I of Constantinople; I (c. 634 -“ 733 or 740) was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 715 to 730. He is regarded as a saint, by both the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches, with a feast day of 12 May.[1] He had been ecumenically preceded by Patriarch John VI of Constantinople, and was succeeded in Orthodox rite by patriarch Constantine II of Constantinople.[2] Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 717-741, Emperor, Leo III, Iconoclast, John Damascas' hand, Arabic, Muslim Iconoclasm, d Umayyads
Byzantine Emperor 717-741, Leo the Isaurian, aka Leo III the Syrian; III the Isaurian (Greek: , romanized: Leon ho Isauros; c. 685-18 June 741), also known as the Syrian, was Byzantine Emperor from 717 until his death in 741 and founder of the Isaurian dynasty.[1] put an end to the Twenty Years' Anarchy, a period of great instability in the Byzantine Empire between 695 and 717, marked by the rapid succession of several emperors to the throne. He also successfully defended the Empire against the invading Umayyads and forbade the veneration of icons.[2] life[edit] whose original name was Konon, was born in Germanikeia in the Syrian province of Commagene (modern Kahramanmaraş in Turkey). Some, including the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes, have claimed that Konon's family had been resettled in Thrace, where he entered the service of Emperor Justinian II, when the latter was advancing on Constantinople with an army of loyalist followers, and horsemen provided by Tervel of Bulgaria in 705. Leo was fluent in Arabic,[3] possibly as a native language,[4] and was described by Theophanes as "the Saracen minded."[5] the victory of Justinian II, Konon was dispatched on a diplomatic mission to Alania and Lazica to organize an alliance against the Umayyad Caliphate under Al-Walid I. According to the Chronicle of Theophanes Justinian wanted to get rid of Konon and took back the money that had been given to him to help advance Byzantine interests, thus leaving Konon stranded in Alania. The chronicle describes the mission as successful and Konon returning eventually to Justinian after crossing the Caucasus mountains in May with snowshoes and taking the fortress of Sideron (associated with Tsebelda) on the way.[6][7] was appointed commander (stratēgos) of the Anatolic Theme by Emperor Anastasius II. On his deposition, Konon joined with his colleague Artabasdus, the stratēgos of the Armeniac Theme, in conspiring to overthrow the new Emperor Theodosius III. Artabasdus was betrothed to Anna,[8] daughter of Leo as part of the agreement. of Constantinople[edit] article: Siege of Constantinople (717–718) entered Constantinople on 25 March 717 and forced the abdication of Theodosios III, becoming emperor as Leo III. The new emperor was immediately forced to attend to the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, which commenced in August of the same year. The Arabs were Umayyad forces sent by Caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik and serving under his brother Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik. They had taken advantage of the civil discord in the Byzantine Empire to bring a force of 80,000 to 150,000 men and a massive fleet to the Bosphorus.[9] preparations, begun three years earlier under Anastasius II, and the stubborn resistance put up by Leo wore out the invaders. An important factor in the victory of the Byzantines was their use of Greek fire.[10] The Arab forces also fell victim to Bulgarian reinforcements arriving to aid the Byzantines. Leo was allied with the Bulgarians but the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor was uncertain if they were still serving under Tervel of Bulgaria or his eventual successor Kormesiy of Bulgaria. to continue the siege in the face of the Bulgarian onslaught, the impenetrability of Constantinople's walls, and their own exhausted provisions, the Arabs were forced to abandon the siege in August, 718. Sulayman himself had died the previous year and his successor Umar II would not attempt another siege. The siege had lasted 12 months. section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Empire 717 AD. 1. Ravenna 2. Venetia and Istria 3. Rome 4. Naples 5. Calabria 6. Hellas 7. Thrace 8. Opsikion 9. Thrakesion 10. Anatolikon 11. Karabisianoi 12. Armeniakon. Hatched area: Frequently invaded by Umayyad Caliphate. thus saved the Empire from extinction, Leo proceeded to consolidate its administration, which in the previous years of anarchy had become completely disorganized. In 718 he suppressed a rebellion in Sicily and in 719 did the same on behalf of the deposed Emperor Anastasios II. secured the Empire's frontiers by inviting Slavic settlers into the depopulated districts and by restoring the army to efficiency; when the Umayyad Caliphate renewed its invasions in 726 and 739, as part of the campaigns of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, the Arab forces were decisively beaten, particularly at Akroinon in 740. His military efforts were supplemented by his alliances with the Khazars and the Georgians. undertook a set of civil reforms including the abolition of the system of prepaying taxes which had weighed heavily upon the wealthier proprietors, the elevation of the serfs into a class of free tenants and the remodelling of Family law, maritime law and criminal law, notably substituting mutilation for the death penalty in many cases. The new measures, which were embodied in a new code called the Ecloga (Selection), published in 726, met with some opposition on the part of the nobles and higher clergy. The Emperor also undertook some reorganization of the theme structure by creating new themata in the Aegean region. of the miliaresion silver coins, first struck by Leo III to commemorate the coronation of his son, Constantine V, as co-emperor in 720. most striking legislative reforms dealt with religious matters, especially iconoclasm ("icon-breaking," therefore an iconoclast is an "icon-breaker").[11] After an apparently successful attempt to enforce the baptism of all Jews and Montanists in the empire (722), he issued a series of edicts against the veneration of images (726–729).[12] This prohibition of a custom, which had been in use among Christians for centuries, may have been inspired by Islamic influence as well as the desire to appease those who had not been Christians, and received the support of the official aristocracy. A majority of the theologians and all the monks opposed these measures with uncompromising hostility, and in the western parts of the Empire the people refused to obey the edict. revolt which broke out in Greece, mainly on religious grounds, was crushed by the imperial fleet in 727 (cf. Agallianos Kontoskeles). In 730, Patriarch Germanos I of Constantinople resigned rather than subscribe to an iconoclastic decree. Leo had him replaced by Anastasios,[13] who willingly sided with the Emperor on the question of icons. Thus Leo suppressed the overt opposition of the capital. the Italian Peninsula, the defiant attitude of Popes Gregory II and later Gregory III on behalf of image-veneration led to a fierce quarrel with the Emperor. The former summoned councils in Rome to anathematize and excommunicate the iconoclasts (730, 732); in 740 Leo retaliated by transferring Southern Italy and Illyricum from the papal diocese to that of the patriarch of Constantinople.[14] The struggle was accompanied by an armed outbreak in the exarchate of Ravenna in 727, which Leo finally endeavoured to subdue by means of a large fleet. But the destruction of the armament by a storm decided the issue against him; his southern Italian subjects successfully defied his religious edicts, and the Exarchate of Ravenna became effectively detached from the Empire. have discussed the mutual influence of Muslim and Byzantine iconoclasm, noting that Caliph Yazid II had issued an iconoclastic edict, also targeting his Christian subjects, already in 721.[15] III died of dropsy on 18 June 741. He was succeeded by his son, Constantine V. his wife Maria, Leo III had four known children: his successor, Constantine V; Anna, who married Artabasdus; Irene; and Kosmo. Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands" on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16; Hieromartyr Hypatius the Bishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Basil the Confessor, companion of the Venerable Procopius at Decapolis, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands", Commemorated on June 28;

Constantinople, 717-718, 2nd Arab Seige of Constantinople
Constantinople, 717-718, 2nd Arab Seige of Constantinople;

Constantinople, 730-754, Patriarch, Anastasius, an iconoclast
Constantinople Patriarch, 730-754, Anastasius, an iconoclast; Martyr Julian of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 9 ; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29;

Constantinople, 740, Great Earthquake at Constantinople
Constantinople, 740, Great Earthquake at Constantinople; Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 26

Byzantium, 741-775, Emperor Constantine V Copronymos, Iconoclast, used Arab Civil War
Byzantium, 741-775, Emperor Constantine V Copronymos, Iconoclast; Martyr Theokteristus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21 ; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Basil the Confessor the Bishop of Parium, Commemorated on April 12; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 750, died in 750, Saint, Basil the Confessor
Constantinople, 750, died in 750, Saint, Basil the Confessor; St. Basil the Confessor the Bishop of Parium, Commemorated on April 12;

Byzantium, 775-780, Emperor Leo IV the Khazar, Iconodule, Irene's husband, had TB
Byzantium, 775-780, Emperor Leo IV the Khazar ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Byzantium, 780-818, Saint Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Iconodule
Byzantium, 780-818, Saint Theophanes the Confessor, Iconodule; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 780-797, Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast, short reign, blinded by mother
Byzantium, 780-797, Byzantine Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast ; VI (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Ϛ΄, Kōnstantinos VI; 771 – before 805[1]) was Byzantine Emperor from 780 to 797. The only child of Emperor Leo IV, Constantine was named co-emperor with him at the age of five in 776 and succeeded him as sole Emperor in 780, aged nine. His mother Irene exercised control over him as regent until 790, assisted by her chief minister Staurakios. The regency ended when Constantine reached maturity, but Irene sought to continue her participation in government. After a few years of sole rule Constantine named his mother Empress in 792, making her his official colleague. Constantine suffered military defeats and made controversial decisions, such as illicitly marrying his mistress, Theodote. Taking advantage of her son's unpopularity, Irene had Constantine deposed, blinded and imprisoned in 797 and seized power for herself, becoming the first Empress regnant of the Empire. Constantine likely died shortly thereafter. Constantine VI was the final ruler to be universally recognized as Roman emperor, being recognized as such by both the Empire which he ruled in the east, the papacy and the Western European powers over which the pope held suzerainty. With his mother becoming Empress regnant upon his deposition, the papacy crowned Charlemagne as a new Emperor in Western Europe, asserting that a woman could not be Empress in her own right. This laid the foundations of a new polity, independent of the East, that would evolve into the Holy Roman Empire.[2] Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on October 16 ;

Byzantium, 780-802, Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule, mother of Constantine VI
Byzantium, 780-802, Byzantine Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule; of Athens (Greek: Εἰρήνη ἡ Ἀθηναία, Eirénē ē Athēnaía; c. 752 – 9 August 803), surnamed Sarantapechaina (Σαρανταπήχαινα), was Byzantine empress by marriage to Emperor Leo IV from 775 to 780, regent during the minority of their son Constantine VI from 780 until 790, co-regent from 792 until 797, and finally sole ruler and first empress regnant of the Byzantine Empire from 797 to 802. A member of the politically prominent Sarantapechos family, she was selected as Leo IV's bride for unknown reasons in 768. Even though her husband was an iconoclast, she harbored iconophile sympathies. During her rule as regent, she called the Second Council of Nicaea in 787, which condemned iconoclasm as heretical and brought an end to the first iconoclast period (730–787). As Irene's son Constantine reached maturity, he began to move out from under the influence of his mother. In the early 790s, several revolts tried to proclaim him as sole ruler. One of these revolts succeeded, but in 792, Irene was re-established in all imperial powers as co-ruler with Constantine. In 797, Irene organized a conspiracy in which her supporters gouged out her son's eyes, maiming him severely. He was imprisoned and probably died shortly afterwards. With him out of the way, Irene proclaimed herself sole ruler. Irene's alleged unprecedented status as a female ruler of the Roman Empire led Pope Leo III to proclaim Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on Christmas Day of 800 under the pretext that a woman could not rule and so the throne of the Roman Empire was actually vacant. A revolt in 802 overthrew Irene and exiled her to the island of Lesbos, supplanting her on the throne with Nikephoros I. Irene died in exile less than a year later. Byzantium, 780-797, Byzantine Emperor, Constantine VI, Iconoclast ; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on October 16 ; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 784-806, Patriarch, Tarasios of Constantinople, Iconoclast-dule
Constantinople, 784-806, Patriarch, Tarasios of Constantinople; St. George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Saint Tarasius, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 25; Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople was of illustrious lineage. He was born and raised in Constantinople, where he received a fine education. He was rapidly promoted at the court of the emperor Constantine VI Porphyrogenitos (780-797) and Constantine’s mother, the holy Empress Irene (August 7), and the saint attained the rank of senator. these times the Church was agitated by the turmoil of the Iconoclast disturbances. The holy Patriarch Paul (August 30) although he had formerly supported Iconoclasm, later repented and resigned his office. He withdrew to a monastery, where he took the schema. When the holy Empress Irene and her son the emperor came to him, Saint Paul told them that the most worthy successor to him would be Saint Tarasius (who at this time was still a layman). refused for a long time, not considering himself worthy of such high office, but he then gave in to the common accord on the condition, that an Ecumenical Council be convened to address the Iconoclast heresy. through all the clerical ranks in a short while, Saint Tarasius was elevated to the patriarchal throne in the year 784. In the year 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council was convened in the city of Nicea, with Patriarch Tarasius presiding, and 367 bishops attending. The veneration of holy icons was confirmed at the council. Those bishops who repented of their iconoclasm, were again received by the Church. Tarasius wisely governed the Church for twenty-two years. He led a strict ascetic life. He spent all his money on God-pleasing ends, feeding and giving comfort to the aged, to the impoverished, to widows and orphans, and on Holy Pascha he set out a meal for them, and he served them himself. holy Patriarch fearlessly denounced the emperor Constantine Porphyrigenitos when he slandered his spouse, the empress Maria, the granddaughter of Saint Philaretos the Merciful (December 1), so that he could send Maria to a monastery, thus freeing him to marry his own kinswoman. Saint Tarasius resolutely refused to dissolve the marriage of the emperor, for which the saint fell into disgrace. Soon, however, Constantine was deposed by his own mother, the Empress Irene. Tarasius died in the year 806. Before his death, devils examined his life from the time of his youth, and they tried to get the saint to admit to sins that he had not committed. “I am innocent of that of which you accuse me,” replied the saint, “and you falsely slander me. You have no power over me at all.” by the Church, the saint was buried in a monastery he built on the Bosphorus. Many miracles took place at his tomb.

Byzantium, 787, Byzantine Empire, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia, for Icons
Byzantine Empire, 787, Seventh Ecumenical Council, Nicaea, Bythnia ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on July 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated on September 3; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Icon of Our Lord Jesus Christ in Beret, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated December 26 ; St Tarasius the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated February 25; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem (Spiritual Meadow), Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11;

Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theophanes the Branded, Iconodule
Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theophanes the Branded, Iconodule; Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules; St. Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Theodore Graptus, Ã¢Â€Âœthe branded,Ã¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4;

Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules
Byzantium, 795-845, Saints Theodorus and Theophanes, Iconodules; St. Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded," Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4;

Byzantium, 797-802, Empress, Irene of Athens, Iconodule, first woman E-ship elevated Charlemagne
Byzantium, 797-802, Byzantine Empress Irene of Athens, Iconodule ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; The Venerable Anthusa of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 797-842, Saint, Gregory of Dekapolis
Constantinople Saint, 797-842, Gregory of Dekapolis; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Constantinople, 800-899, Folder, 9th Century, Iconoclasts, Iconodules

Byzantium, 802-811, Emperor, Nicephorus, Iconoclast, Irene's finance m. led coup
Byzantine Emperor 802-811, Nicephorus ; I or Nicephorus I (Greek: Νικηφόρος Α΄; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine Emperor from 802 to 811, when he was killed in the Battle of Pliska. Prior to his accession, he had served as genikos logothetēs, whence he is sometimes surnamed "the Logothete" (ὁ Λογοθέτης) and "Genikos" or "Genicus" (ὁ Γενικός). Both Syriac sources such as Michael the Syrian and Arabic ones like al-Tabari and Mas'udi hold that the emperor was of a Ghassanid Arab origin.[1][2][3] Byzantine chronicles, however, although generally hostile to him, make no explicit mention about his ethnic background.[1] On the other hand, al-Tabari claims that he learned of Nikephoros' Arab origins from Byzantine sources.[4] Some scholars, like Paul Julius Alexander, accept al-Tabari's account, citing a Byzantine apocalyptic text in which the emperor is said to be "from the race of Gopsin".[5] The word "Gopsin" could be a Greek rendering of the name "Ghassan", or the name "Gafna", the eponym of the Ghassanids.[6] Reign[edit] The Byzantine Empire at the beginning of the reign of Nikephoros I, in 802 AD. A patrician from Seleucia Sidera, Nikephoros was appointed finance minister (logothetēs tou genikou) by the Empress Irene. With the help of the patricians and eunuchs he contrived to dethrone and exile Irene, and to be chosen as Emperor in her stead on 31 October 802. He crowned his son Staurakios co-emperor in 803. His rule was endangered by Bardanes Tourkos, one of his ablest generals, who revolted and received support from other commanders, notably the later emperors Leo V the Armenian and Michael II the Amorian in 803. But Nikephoros gained over the latter two, and by inducing the rebel army to disperse achieved the submission of Bardanes, who was blinded and relegated to a monastery. A conspiracy headed by the patrician Arsaber had a similar result. Nikephoros embarked on a general reorganization of the Roman Empire, creating new themes in the Balkans (where he initiated the re-Hellenization by resettling Greeks from Anatolia) and strengthening the frontiers. Needing large sums to increase his military forces, he set himself with great energy to increase the Empire's revenue. By his rigorous tax imposts he alienated his subjects, especially the clergy, whom he otherwise sought to control firmly. Although he appointed an iconodule, Nikephoros, as patriarch, Emperor Nikephoros was portrayed as a villain by ecclesiastical historians like Theophanes the Confessor. Khan Krum feasts while a servant brings the skull of Nikephoros I fashioned into a drinking cup. In 803, Nikephoros concluded a treaty, called the "Pax Nicephori", with Charlemagne, but refused to recognize the latter's imperial dignity. Relations deteriorated and led to a war over Venice in 806–810. In the process, Nikephoros had quelled a Venetian rebellion in 807, but suffered extensive losses to the Franks. The conflict was resolved only after Nikephoros' death, and Venice, Istria, the Dalmatian coast and South Italy were assigned to the East, while Rome, Ravenna and the Pentapolis were included in the Western realm. By withholding the tribute which Irene had agreed to pay to the caliph Hārūn al-Rashīd, Nikephoros committed himself to a war against the Arabs.[7] Compelled by Bardanes' disloyalty to take the field himself, he sustained a severe defeat at the Battle of Krasos in Phrygia (805).[7] In 806 a Muslim army of 135,000 men invaded the Empire. Unable to counter the Muslim numbers, Nikephoros agreed to make peace on condition of paying 50,000 nomismata immediately and a yearly tribute of 30,000 nomismata. With a succession struggle enveloping the caliphate on the death of Hārūn al-Rashīd in 809, Nikephoros was free to deal with Krum, Khan of Bulgaria, who was harassing his northern frontiers and had just conquered Serdica (Sofia). In 811, Nikephoros invaded Bulgaria, defeated Krum twice, and sacked the Bulgarian capital Pliska. The Chronicle of the 12th-century patriarch of the Syrian Jacobites, Michael the Syrian, describes the brutalities and atrocities of Nikephoros: "Nikephoros, emperor of the Byzantine empire, walked into the Bulgarians' land: he was victorious and killed great number of them. He reached their capital, seized it and devastated it. His savagery went to the point that he ordered to bring their small children, got them tied down on earth and made thresh grain stones to smash them." During Nikephoros' retreat, the imperial army was ambushed and destroyed in Varbishki mountain passes on 26 July by Krum. Nikephoros was captured during the battle and sent to Pliska, where Krum ordered his decapitation. Krum is said to have made a drinking-cup of Nikephoros' skull. New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Athanasius of Medikion Monastery, Commemorated on October 26 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on December 24; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1;

Constantinople, 806-815, Patriarch, Nikephoros I of Constantinople, Iconodule
Constantinople, 806-815, Patriarch, Nikephoros I of Constantinople ; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Translation of the relics of Saint Nicephorus, Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; Nicephorus was a dignitary at the court of the empress Irene (797-802), and then after receiving monastic tonsure, he became known for his piety. In the year 806 he was elevated to the patriarchal throne. The saint was a zealous defender of the holy Icons. When the Iconoclast emperor Leo the Armenian (813-820) came to rule, the saint in 815 was exiled to Prokonnis, where he died in the year 828. the year 846 the holy relics of Patriarch Nicephorus were opened, and were found incorrupt and fragrant. They transferred them from Prokonnis to Constantinople and placed them for one day in Hagia Sophia, and then transferred them to the Church of the Holy Apostles. The saint’s hands are preserved in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos. saint left behind three writings against Iconoclasm. The main Feast of Saint Nicephorus is celebrated on June 2, but today we commemorate the finding and transfer of his holy relics. Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Byzantium, 811-813, Emperor, Michael I Rangabe, Kuropalatos, Iconodule, reduced taxes, supported army&church
Byzantine Emperor 811-813, Michael I Rangabe, Kuropalatos ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded", Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26;

Byzantium, 813-820, Emperor, Leo V the Armenian, forced M.l to abdicate, resumed iconoclasm, assinated by M
Byzantine Emperor 813-820, Leo V the Armenian; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated on December 18 ; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded," Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated on December 29; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated on January 5; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on January 8; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Athanasius the Confessor of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; St Nicetas the Confessor the Archbishop of Apollonias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Stephen the Wonderworker the Abbot of Tryglia, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Cosmas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18 ; St George the Confessor and Bishop of Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on April 19; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St John Psichaita the Confessor, of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 26; St Nicetas the Bishop of Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Constantinople, 815-821, Patriarch, Theodotus I of Constantinople, Iconoclast
Constantinople Patriarch, 815-821, Theodotus I of Constantinople, Theodotus of Melissinea; St Peter Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Byzantium, 820-829, Emperor Michael II the Stammerer, Balbos, Iconoclast
Byzantine Emperor 820-829, Michael II the Stammerer ; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 29; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "œthe branded,"Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; St George the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14;

Byzantium, 820-867, Bardas, Co-ruler, Iconodule, missnary, attacked Bulgaria, assinated by Basil
Byzantine Co-ruler, 820-867, Bardas ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12;

Byzantium, 829-842, Emperor Theophilus, Iconoclast, personally led army, justice champion
Byzantium, 829-842, Emperor Theophilus, Iconoclast ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Hieromartyr Euthymius the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on December 26; Venerable Theodore Graptus, œthe branded, Confessor, Commemorated on December 27; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6 ; Icon œNot Made by Hands from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12 ; St Euschemon the Confessor and Bishop of Lampsacus, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St George the Confessor, with his wife and children of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 838, Sack of Amorium, Phrygia
Phrygia, 838, Sack of Amorium; Ammoria, Phrygia (Sakarya River 3); Sack of Amorium August 838; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Byzantium, 842-855, Empress Theodora , Wife of Theophilos, bride show, Iconodule, regent, righteous
Byzantium, 842-855, Empress Theodora , Wife of Theophilos, Iconodule ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Lazarus the Iconographer, of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 17; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Byzantium, 842-867, Emperor, Michael III, Iconodule, fond of uncle Bardas, war with Bul E
Byzantium, 842-867, Emperor, Michael III; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 842-867, Historian, George Hamartolos
Constantinople, 842-867, Historian, George Hamartolos; Hamartolos or Hamartolus was a monk at Constantinople under Michael III (842–867) and the author of a chronicle of some importance. is not his name but the epithet he gives to himself in the title of his work: "A compendious chronicle from various chroniclers and interpreters, gathered together and arranged by George, a sinner. It is a common form among Byzantine monks. Krumbacher (358) protests against the use of this epithet as a name and proposes (and uses) the form Georgios Monachos ("George the Monk"). is known about him except from the internal evidence of his work, which establishes his period (in the preface he speaks of Michael III as the reigning emperor) and his calling (he refers to himself several times as a monk). 1 Chronicle 2 Editions 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links chronicle consists of four books. first treats of profane history from Adam to Alexander the Great; second, of the history of the Old Testament; third, of Roman history from Julius Caesar to Constantine; the fourth down to the author's own time, to the death of the emperor Theophilus (842), whose widow Theodora restored the veneration of icons in the same year. chronicle is potentially the only original contemporary authority for the years 813–842, the other being (depending on its dating) the Scriptor Incertus. Because of this fact, it is indispensable. usually in the case of such medieval chronicles, the only part to be taken seriously is the account of more or less contemporary events. The rest is interesting as an example of Byzantine ideas on the subjects, and of the questions that most interested Byzantine monks. describes his ideal and principles in the preface. He has used ancient Greek and modern Greek sources, has especially consulted edifying works, and has striven to relate such things as were useful and necessary, with a strict adherence to truth, rather than to please the reader by artistic writing or pretensions to literary style. But of so great a mass of material he has chosen only what is most useful and necessary. In effect, the questions that seemed most useful and necessary to ecclesiastical persons at Constantinople in the ninth century are those that are discussed. There are copious pious reflections and theological excursuses. writes of how idols were invented, the origin of monks, the religion of the Saracens, and especially of the Iconoclast controversy that had just ended. Like all monks, he hated iconoclasts. The violence with which he speaks of them shows how recent the storm had been and how the memory of iconoclast persecutions was still fresh when he wrote. He writes out long extracts from Greek Fathers. first book treats of an astonishingly miscellaneous collection of persons — Adam, Nimrod, the Persians, Chaldees, Brahmins, Amazons, etc. the second book, too, although it professes to deal with Bible history only, he has much to say about Plato and philosophers in general. Hamartolus ended his chronicle with the year 842, as a colophon in most manuscripts attests. people, among them notably "Symeon Logothetes", who is probably Symeon Metaphrastes, the famous writer of saints' lives (tenth century, see Krumbacher, 358), continued his history to later dates — the longest continuation reaches to 948. these additions, religious questions are relegated to the background, more attention is devoted to political history, and the language is more popular. Still further continuations of little value go down to 1143. spite of his crude ideas and the violent hatred of iconoclasts that makes him always unjust towards them, his work has considerable value for the history of the last years before the schism of Photius. It was soon translated into Church Slavonic and also in Georgian by Arsen of Iqalto. In these versions it became a sort of fountain-head for all early Slavonic historians, most notably Nestor. a very popular and widely consulted book of large circulation it has been constantly re-edited, corrected, and rearranged by anonymous scribes, so that the reconstruction of the original work is "one of the most difficult problems of Byzantine philology" (Krumbacher, 355). Saint Arsenius of Iqalto, Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Constantinople, 847-858, Patriarch, Ignatios of Constantinople, Iconodule
Constantinople Patriarch, 847-858, Ignatios of Constantinople; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Constantinople, 848-852, Patriarch, Tarasios of Constantinople, Iconodule
Constantinople Patriarch, 848-852, Tarasios of Constantinople; St Theophylactus the Bishop of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 8;

Byzantium, 850-885, Byzantine Saints, Cyril and Methodius
Byzantine Saints, 850-885, Cyril and Methodius; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Byzantium, 855-867, Emperor Michael III, Iconodule, regency, B resurgence, uncle Bardas, a Bulgaria
Byzantine Emperor 855-867, Michael III ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; St Stephen the New Light of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Paul the Confessor the Bishop of Plusias in Bithynia, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Methodius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 14; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 858-886, Patriarch, Photius 1, Iconodule, tutored Mike III and Cyril, rejected pope
Constantinople Patriarch, 858-886, Photius 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 860, Rus-Byzantine War (860)
Rus-“Byzantine War (860), Russians seize Constantinople ; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Constantinople, 860, Deliverance by Mother of God's Robe from Askold to Baptism of the Rus in 88 by Askold
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Byzantium, 867-886, Emperor, Basil I, Macedonian, Iconodule, poor, blessed by Mike II, killed Mike III
Byzantine Emperor, 867-886, Basil I, the Macedonian; I, called the Macedonian (Greek: ; 811-August 29, 886), was a Byzantine Emperor who reigned from 867 to 886. Born a simple peasant in the theme of Macedonia, he rose in the Imperial court. He entered into the service of Theophilitzes, a relative of Emperor Michael III (r. 842-867), and was given a fortune by the wealthy Danielis. He gained the favour of Michael III, whose mistress he married on the emperor's orders, and was proclaimed co-emperor in 866. He ordered the assassination of Michael the next year. Despite his humble origins, he showed great ability in running the affairs of state. He was the founder of the Macedonian dynasty. He was succeeded upon his death by his son (perhaps actually Michael III's son) Leo VI. Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; St Ignatius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 23 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St Stephen the "œNew Light" of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Synod of 869, Constantinople
Synod of 869; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated February 6; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 886-893, Patriarch , Stephen I
Constantinople Patriarch, 886-893 , Stephen I ; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17;

Byzantium, 886-912, Emperor, Leo VI, Wise, c R of Letters, l ground to Bulgrs and Arabs, d Senate
Byzantine Emperor, 886-912, Leo VI the Wise ; VI, called the Wise or the Philosopher (Greek: , romanized: Len ho Sophos, 19 September 866 -11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well-read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; but the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. His reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the Roman consul and Senate (in this period also known as the Byzantine Senate), which continued to exist in name only and lost much of their original functions and powers. Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the Tomb the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; St Stephen the œNew Light of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Byzantium, 886-912, Emperess, Theophano, Orthodox, Iconodule, falsely accused, Ascetic Saint, Rplcd by Zoe
Byzantium, 886-912, Emperess, Theophano, Orthodox, Iconodule, falsely accused w husband, Saint, Ascetic; Martinakia (866/67 - 10 November 897[1]) was a Byzantine Empress by marriage to Leo VI the Wise. She is venerated as a saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church. Byzantine Emperor, 886-912, Leo VI the Wise ; VI, called the Wise or the Philosopher (19 September 866-“ 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), was very well-read, leading to his epithet. During his reign, the renaissance of letters, begun by his predecessor Basil I, continued; the Empire also saw several military defeats in the Balkans against Bulgaria and against the Arabs in Sicily and the Aegean. reign also witnessed the formal discontinuation of several ancient Roman institutions, such as the Roman consul and Senate (in this period also known as the Byzantine Senate), which continued to exist in name only and lost much of their original functions and powers. Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus œof the Four Days in the Tomb the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; St Stephen the œNew Light of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 9; Venerable Thomas of Bithynia, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Empress Theophano, Commemorated on December 16; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Eustathius (Eustace) the Confessor, Bishop of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Constantinople, 890-936, Saint Andrew of Constantinople, Fool for Christ
Constantinople, 890-936, Saint Andrew of Constantinople, Fool for Christ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2;

Eighth Ecumenical Council (879-880), Constantinople, rejected Pope's support of Ignatius, for Photius
Eighth Ecumenical Council; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6 ;

Constantinople, 893-901, Patriarch, Antony II
Constantinople Patriarch, 893-901, Antony II ; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Constantinople, 895-901, Patriarch, Nicholas 1, Nicholas Mystikos
Constantinople, 895-901, Patriarch, Nicholas 1, Nicholas Mystikos; St. Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3;

Constantinople, 900-999, Folder, 10th Century, Russian Incursion and Treaty

Constantinople, 907, Russian incursion into Greece, Oleg the Wise
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus-Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said,"œThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God."Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Byzantium, 910s-968, General, Bardas Phokas the Elder, f of Nikephoros II Phokas, Caesar
Byzantium, 910s-968, Byzantine General, Bardas Phokas the Elder, father of Nikephoros II Phokas; Phokas (Greek:) (c. 878- 968) was a notable Byzantine general in the first half of the 10th century, and father of Byzantine emperor Nikephoros II Phokas and the kouropalates Leo Phokas the Younger. was the scion of the Phokas family, one of the great houses of the Anatolian military aristocracy, his father was Nikephoros Phokas the Elder, an eminent Byzantine general with a distinguished record of service in Italy. In 917, he participated under the orders of his elder brother Leo in the disastrous Battle of Acheloos. 941, he was governor of the Theme of Armeniakon, in the area previously known as Paphlagonia. In this year the Rus' navy under the leadership of Igor I of Kiev attacked the Empire. Driven off from Constantinople, the Rus' landed in Bithynia and ravaged it. Bardas kept the attackers from doing too much damage with his local militia levies until the larger Byzantine army under John Kourkouas came and drove the Rus' out. 945 he was appointed supreme commander of the Byzantine armies of the East by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. In this command he did not make much progress against the Arab forces, being repeatedly defeated by Sayf al-Daula, emir of Aleppo. In 953, he was defeated and severely wounded by Sayf and after further defeats, he was replaced by his son Nikephoros in 954/955. Nikephoros came to the throne he made his father Caesar, only a step below the imperial title. He died about 968 at the age of 90. of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Byzantium, 913-959, Emperor, Constantine VII, Geoponica (ag lore), born in the purple, regents, Writer
Byzantine Emperor 913-959, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ; VII Flavius Porphyrogenitus (Byzantine Greek:, romanized: ; 17/18 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Karbonopsina, and the nephew of his predecessor Emperor Alexander. Most of his reign was dominated by co-regents: from 913 until 919 he was under the regency of his mother, while from 920 until 945 he shared the throne with Romanos Lekapenos, whose daughter Helena he married, and his sons. Constantine VII is best known for the Geoponika (), an important agronomic treatise compiled during his reign, and his four books, De Administrando Imperio (bearing in Greek the heading).[3][4] The epithet porphyrogenitus alludes to the Purple chamber of the imperial palace, decorated with porphyry, where legitimate children of reigning emperors were normally born. Constantine was also born in this room, although his mother Zoe had not been married to Leo at that time. Nevertheless, the epithet allowed him to underline his position as the legitimate son, as opposed to all others, who claimed the throne during his lifetime. Sons born to a reigning Emperor held precedence in the Eastern Roman line of succession over elder sons not born "in the purple". Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Nikon Ã¢Â€ÂœMetanoeite,Ã¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Paul of Latros, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century;

Byzantium, 910s-991, General, Bardas Skleros, Asian Rebellion
Byzantium, 910s-991, Byzantine General, Bardas Skleros, Asian Rebellion ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Byzantium, 919-944, Emperor, Romanus, the Elder, Orthodox
Byzantine Emperor 919-944, Romanus ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Basil the New, Anchorite, Near Constantinople, Commemorated on March 26; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19; Icon of the Mother of God œEconomissa, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Constantinople, 928-931, Patriarch, Tryphon of Constantinople
Constantinople, 928-931, Patriarch, Tryphon of Constantinople; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19;

Constantinople, 933-956, Patriarch, Theophylact of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 933-956, Theophylact of Constantinople; St Tryphon the Patriarch of Constantinople; Commemorated on April 19; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Byzantium, 938-986, Saint, Symeon the Studite
Byzantium, 938-986, Saint, Symeon the Studite; Byzantium, 969-1022, Saint, Symeon the New Theologian; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 944, Russia, Treaty of Igor, with Russia
Treaty of Igor (of Kiev) with the Greeks in the year 944; Translation of the "Image Not-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16 ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Byzantium, 944-959, Emperor, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
Byzantine Emperor, 944-959, Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos ; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nikon Metanoeite,"the Preacher of Repentance", Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Constantinople, 950, Appearance of Theotokos at Blachernae church
Constantinople, 950, Appearance of Theotokos at Blachernae church; Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Byzantium, 956, Transfer of John the Baptist's Right Hand, From Antioch
Byzantium, 956, Transfer of John the Baptist's Right Hand, From Antioch; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7 ;

Byzantium, 960-1025, Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, civil war with 2 Bardas gens, Expansion, over Bulgarian E
Byzantine Emperor, 960-1025, Basil II ; II Porphyrogenitus (Greek: Î’Î±ÃÂƒÎ¯Î»ÎµÎ¹Î¿ÃÂ‚ ÃÂ€Î¿ÃÂÃÂ†ÃÂ…ÃÂÎ¿Î³ÎÂÎ½Î½Î·ÃÂ„Î¿ÃÂ‚, romanized: Basileios porphyrogennÄ“tos;[note 2] c. 958 – 15 December 1025), nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer (Greek: á½Â Î’Î¿ÃÂ…Î»Î³Î±ÃÂÎ¿ÎºÃÂ„ÃÂŒÎ½Î¿ÃÂ‚, romanized: ho Boulgaroktonos),[note 3] was the senior Byzantine Emperor for almost 50 years (10 January 976 – 15 December 1025), having been a junior colleague to other emperors since 960. He and his brother Constantine[note 4] were named as co-rulers before their father Romanos II died in 963. The throne went to two generals, Nikephoros Phokas (r. 963–969) then John Tzimiskes (r. 969–976), before Basil became senior emperor. His influential great-uncle Basil Lekapenos was the de facto ruler of the Byzantine Empire until 985.[note 5] Basil II then held power for forty years. The early years of Basil's reign were dominated by civil wars against two powerful generals from the Anatolian aristocracy; first Bardas Skleros and later Bardas Phokas, which ended shortly after Phokas' death and Skleros' submission in 989. Basil then oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the eastern frontier of the Byzantine Empire and the complete subjugation of the First Bulgarian Empire, its foremost European foe, after a prolonged struggle. Although the Byzantine Empire had made a truce with the Fatimid Caliphate in 987–988, Basil led a campaign against the Caliphate that ended with another truce in 1000. He also conducted a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate that gained the Byzantine Empire part of Crimea and a series of successful campaigns against the Kingdom of Georgia. Despite near-constant warfare, Basil distinguished himself as an administrator, reducing the power of the great land-owning families who dominated the Empire's administration and military, filling its treasury, and leaving it with its greatest expanse in four centuries. Although his successors were largely incapable rulers, the Empire flourished for decades after Basil's death. One of the most important decisions taken during his reign was to offer the hand of his sister Anna Porphyrogenita to Vladimir I of Kiev in exchange for military support, thus forming the Byzantine military unit known as the Varangian Guard. The marriage of Anna and Vladimir led to the Christianization of the Kievan Rus' and the incorporation of later successor states of Kievan Rus' within the Byzantine cultural and religious tradition. Basil is seen as a Greek national hero but as a despised figure among Bulgarians. Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17; St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Nikon Ã¢Â€ÂœMetanoeite,Ã¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Byzantium, 962-1028, Emperor, Constantine VIII, Basil II's brother
Byzantine Emperor, 962-1028, Constantine VIII ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17; Venerable Nikon "œMetanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated on January 19; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Byzantium, 963-969, Emperor, Nikephorus Phokas, Orthodox, brilliant Military exploits
Byzantine Emperor, 963-969, Nikephorus Phokas ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œQuick to Hear", Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Byzantium, 969-1022, Saint, Symeon the New Theologian
Byzantium, 969-1022, Saint, Symeon the New Theologian; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 969-976, Byzantine Emperor, John I Tzimiskes
Byzantine Emperor, 969-976, John I Tzimiskes; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Byzantium, 976-1025, Emperor, Basil II, Bulgar Slayer, with Rus over First B Empire and Georgia
Byzantine Emperor, 976-1025, Basil II ; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on November 12; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 24; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28;

Constantinople, 984-996, Patriarch, Nicholas Chrysoberges, Nicholas II of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 984-996, Nicholas II of Constantinople; Icon of the Mother of God œIt Is Truly Meet, Commemorated on July 13;

Constantinople, 1000-1099, Folder, 11th Century, Zoe's Husbands, Official East West Church Split

Byzantium, 1028-1034, Emperor, Romanos III Argyros, forced to divorce, then killed by Zoe
Byzantine Emperor, 1028-1034, Romanos III Argyros; III Argyros (968 – 11 April 1034), or Romanus III Argyrus, was Byzantine Emperor from 15 November 1028 until his death. was a Byzantine noble and senior official in Constantinople when the dying Constantine VIII forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughter Zoe. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne. Romanos has been recorded as a well meaning but ineffective emperor. disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around his sister-in-law Theodora. spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover, Michael IV. Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful", Commemorated on December 27; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Byzantium, 1034-1041, Michael IV the Paphlagonian, became emperor then death by Zoe's affairs
Byzantine Emperor, 1034-1041, Michael IV the Paphlagonian; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe MercifulÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Byzantium, 1042-1054, Emperor, Constantine IX Monomachos, Zoe's third, Church Split
Byzantine Emperor, 1042-1054, Constantine IX Monomachos ; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14; Princess Anna Vsevolodna, Commemorated on November 3; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe MercifulÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Appearance of the Smolensk ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDirectressÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Constantinople, 1043-1059, Patriarch, Michael I Cerularius, Great Schism 1054
Constantinople, 1043-1059, Patriarch, Michael I Cerularius, Great Schism 1054; Byzantine Emperor, 1042-1054, Constantine IX Monomachos ; Saint Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on October 21;

Byzantium, 1057-1059, Emperor, Isaac I Komnenos, Komnenian Dy, raised at Studion
Byzantine Emperor, 1057-1059, Isaac I Komnenos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Byzantium, 1057-1059, Byzantine Commander in Chief, John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools)
Byzantine Commander in Chief, 1057-1059, John Komnenos (Domestic of the Schools); Byzantine Emperor, 1057-1059, Isaac I Komnenos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Byzantium, 1059-1067, Emperor, Constantine X Doukas, Doukid Dy, lost Italy and Balkans
Byzantine Emperor, 1059-1067, Constantine X Doukas; St Joachim of Osogovo, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Byzantium, 1071-1078, Emperor, Michael VII Doukas, Doukid Dy, not interested
Byzantine Emperor, 1071-1078, Michael VII Doukas; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14;

Constantinople, 1078, Master Builders come from Greece to Kiev with Theotokos Icon
Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. Because of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery. Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Byzantium, 1078-1081, Emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates, famous General, coup by Alexios
Byzantium, 1078-1081, Emperor, Nikephoros III Botaneiates; III Botaneiates, Latinized as Nicephorus III Botaniates (1002 - 10 December 1081), was Byzantine emperor from 7 January 1078 to 1 April 1081. was born in 1002, and became a general during the reign of Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, serving in the Pecheneg revolt of 1048–1053. His actions in guiding his forces away from the Pechenegs following the Battle of Zygos Pass, in which they suffered eleven days of harassment before finally reaching the Byzantine city of Adrianople, attracted the attention of fellow officers, and he received the title of magistros as a reward. served in the revolt of Isaac I Komnenos against the Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas, leading forces at the decisive Battle of Petroe. Emperor Constantine X Doukas he was made doux of Thessalonica, where he remained until c. 1065, when he was reassigned as doux of Antioch. doux of Antioch, he repelled numerous incursions from the Emirate of Aleppo. When Constantine X died in 1067, his wife, Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa, considered taking Nikephoros as husband and emperor, but instead chose Romanos IV Diogenes. need for an immediate successor was made pressing by the constant Seljuk raids into Byzantine Anatolia, and Eudokia, Patriarch John VIII of Constantinople, and the Byzantine Senate agreed that their top priority was the defense of the empire and that they needed an emperor to lead troops to repel the Turks. was the favorite candidate of the senate, but was in the field leading troops in Antioch and was still married. once chosen to be emperor, exiled Nikephoros to his holdings in the Anatolic Theme, where he remained until he was brought out of retirement by Emperor Michael VII and made kouropalates and governor of the Anatolic Theme. came into conflict with Michael in 1078 when he pleaded with the emperor to address the worsening situation in Byzantine Anatolia, insulting Michael with his frankness. order to protect himself, Nikephoros gathered an army of native troops and Turkish mercenaries and declared himself emperor on 7 January 1078. Nikephoros gathered a strong support base due to his military acumen and family renown, allowing him to enter Constantinople on 24 March 1078 and seize the throne. As emperor, Nikephoros faced numerous revolts, including those of Nikephoros Bryennios, Nikephoros Basilakes, and Constantine Doukas, as well as an attempted assassination by the Varangian Guard. embraced the trappings of emperor, performing many acts to increase his legitimacy and support, such as spending large amounts on donatives for the army and his supporters, forgiving all debt in arrears, and instituting minor legal reforms. Nikephoros secured the submission of Theodore Gabras and Philaretos Brachamios, governors of Trebizond and Antioch, respectively, who had become de facto independent of the Byzantine Empire due to the constant incursions of the Seljuks into Byzantine Anatolia. 1081, the Norman Duke Robert Guiscard of Apulia prepared to invade the Byzantine Empire under the pretext of defending the succession of Constantine Doukas, who had been engaged to Robert's daughter Helena. Alexios I Komnenos was entrusted with an army and sent to defeat the Norman threat, but instead conspired with his relative John Doukas to seize the throne. Alexios raised a rebellion against Nikephoros and was able to quickly encircle Constantinople and besiege it, due to the lack of a defensive army. Nikephoros was unable to secure the support of either the Seljuk Turks or Nikephoros Melissenos, his traditional rivals, and therefore was forced to prepare for abdication. Nikephoros decided that his only choice was to abdicate in favor of Melissenos, who was nearby in Damalis in Anatolia, and sent messengers to him across the Bosphorus; however, these messengers were intercepted by George Palaiologos, a general of Alexios, who persuaded them to support Alexios. Alexios and his forces broke through the walls of Constantinople on 1 April 1081 and sacked the city. Nikephoros fled and sought sanctuary inside of the Hagia Sophia. Nikephoros was taken from there to the Monastery of Peribleptus, where he abdicated and became a monk. Nikephoros died later that year, on 10 December 1081. Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27;

Byzantium, 1081-1118, Emperor, Alexios I, Komenian restoration, curbed B decline, appealed west, normans and turks
Byzantine Emperor, 1081-1118, Alexios I Komnenos; I Komnenos (1048-15 August 1118), Latinized Alexius I Comnenus, was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118. he was not the founder of the Komnenian dynasty, it was during his reign that the Komnenos family came to full power. a collapsing empire and faced with constant warfare during his reign against both the Seljuq Turks in Asia Minor and the Normans in the western Balkans, Alexios was able to curb the Byzantine decline and begin the military, financial, and territorial recovery known as the Komnenian restoration. basis for this recovery were various reforms initiated by Alexios. His appeals to Western Europe for help against the Turks were also the catalyst that likely contributed to the convoking of the Crusades. Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful", Commemorated on November 12; Transfer of the Relics of St Barbara, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Merciful", Commemorated on December 27; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Byzantium, 1096, Emperor expells Jews from Korsun, Crimea
Byzantium, 1096, Emperor expells Jews from Korsun, Crimea; 1096 the Polovetsians captured Kiev and ravaged the monastery of the Caves, doing away with many of the monks. Saint Eustratius was taken into captivity, and was sold into slavery with thirty monastic laborers and twenty inhabitants of Kiev to a certain Jew living in Korsun. impious Jew tried to make the captives deny Christ, threatening to kill those who refused by starving them. Saint Eustratius encouraged and exhorted his brother Christians, “Brothers! Let none of us who are baptized and believe in Christ betray the vows made at Baptism. Christ has regenerated us through water and the Spirit. He has freed us from the curse of the Law by His Blood, and He has made us heirs of His Kingdom. If we live, we shall live for the Lord. If we die, we shall die in the Lord and inherit eternal life.” by the saint’s words, the captives resolved to die of starvation, rather than renounce Christ, Who is the food and drink of Eternal Life. Exhausted by hunger and thirst, some captives perished after three days, some after four days, and some after seven days. Saint Eustratius remained alive for fourteen days, since he was accustomed to fasting from his youth. Suffering from hunger, he still did not touch food nor water. The impious Jew, seeing that he had lost the money he had paid for the captives, decided to take revenge on the holy monk. radiant Feast of the Resurrection of Christ drew near, and the Jewish slave owner was celebrating the Jewish Passover with his companions. He decided to crucify Saint Eustratius. The cruel tormentors mocked the saint, offering to let him share their Passover meal. The Martyr replied, "The Lord has now bestown a great grace upon me. He has permitted me to suffer on a cross for His Name just as He suffered." The saint also predicted a horrible death for the Jew. this, the enraged Jew grabbed a spear and stabbed Saint Eustratius on the cross. The martyr’s body was taken down from the cross and thrown into the sea. Christian believers long searched for the holy relics of the martyr, but were not able to find them. But through the Providence of God the incorrupt relics were found in a cave and worked many miracles. Later, they were transferred to the Near Caves of the Kiev Caves monastery. prediction of the holy Martyr Eustratius that his blood would be avenged was fulfilled soon after his death. The Byzantine Emperor issued a decree expelling all Jews from Korsun, depriving them of their property, and putting their elders to death for torturing Christians. The Jew who crucified Saint Eustratius was hanged on a tree, receiving just punishment for his wickedness. Korsun, Crimea ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson;

Constantinople, 1100-1199, Folder, 12th Century, Allied with Holy Roman Empire

Constantinople, 1111-1134, Patriarch, John IX, Library, P over Monastics
Constantinople Patriarch, 1111-1134, John IX ; Library A lifelong scholar, he sought to reclaim the great, but dispersed, collection of books within the capital, as there was no central library. He made it a practice to acquire the book collections of deceased powerful men, and then had the patriarchal staff recopy them. His measures greatly expanded the range of titles held in the Great Church to which teachers were attached. Clergy over Monastics Within religious matters, he pushed the trend of making the patriarchal clergy, rather than the monastic community, the authoritative voice of Orthodoxy.[4] He also convened a synod in Constantinople in 1117 which condemned the doctrine of Eustratius of Nicaea as Nestorian, despite the defence offered by the Patriarch.[5] During his patriarchate some efforts were made by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to bridge the schism between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church but these failed, as Pope Pascal II in late 1112 pressed the demand that the Patriarch of Constantinople recognise the Pope's primacy over "all the churches of God throughout the world". This was something the patriarch could not do in face of opposition from the majority of secular clergy, the monastic world, and the laity.[6] St Niphon the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 8;

Byzantium, 1118-1143, Emperor, John II Komnenos, Allied with HRE, Komnenian Restoration
Byzantine Emperor, 1118-1143, John II Komnenos; he was the eldest son of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina and the second emperor to rule during the Komnenian restoration of the Byzantine Empire. John was a pious and dedicated monarch who was determined to undo the damage his empire had suffered following the Battle of Manzikert, half a century earlier. Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Byzantium, 1143-1180, Emperor, Manuel I Komnenos, last of Komnenian restoration
Byzantine Emperor, 1143-1180, Manuel I Komnenos; His reign saw the last flowering of the Komnenian restoration, during which the Byzantine Empire had seen a resurgence of its military and economic power, and had enjoyed a cultural revival. Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 1180-1183, Emperor, Alexios II Komnenos, Maria's regency, married Anna, they were 11 and 10
Byzantine Emperor, 1180-1183, Alexios II Komnenos; of Maria and Alexios[edit] Manuel I died in 1180, Alexios II succeeded him as emperor. At this time, however, he was an uneducated, barely-teenaged boy with only amusements in mind. Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13;

Byzantium, 1183-1185, Emperor, Andronikos I Komnns, Licentious, m Anna at 65, killed Alexios, k Latins
Byzantine Emperor, 1183-1185, Andronikos I Komnenos; In 1183, sixty-five year old Andronikos married twelve-year-old Agnes of France,[1] daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adale of Champagne.” Agnes had been betrothed to Alexios II.[8] 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten-year-old son Alexios II, who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria of Antioch.[1] Latin origins and culture led to creeping resentment from her Greek subjects. They had felt insulted by the Western tastes of Manuel, and being ruled by his Western wife built tensions to an explosion of rioting that almost became a full civil war.[citation needed] gave Andronikos the opportunity to seize the crown for himself, leaving his retirement in 1182 and marching to Constantinople with an army that (according to non-Byzantine sources) included Muslim contingents.[5] defection of the commander of the Byzantine navy, megas doux Andronikos Kontostephanos, and the general Andronikos Angelos, played a key role in allowing the rebellious forces to enter Constantinople.[6] arrival of Andronikos Komnenos was soon followed by a massacre of the city's Latin inhabitants,[1] who virtually controlled its economy, resulting in the deaths of thousands of Westerners. 1183, sixty-five year old Andronikos married twelve-year-old Agnes of France,[1] daughter of King Louis VII of France and his third wife Adale of Champagne.” Agnes had been betrothed to Alexios II.[8] Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22;

Byzantium, 1185-1204, Emperor, Isaac II Angelos, Komnemoi, Killed father, marrigs Serb, Ita, Hun
Byzantine Emperor, 1185-1204, Isaac II Angelos; Isaac II Angelos strengthened his position as emperor with dynastic marriages in 1185 and 1186. His niece Eudokia Angelina was married to Stefan, son of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. Isaac's sister Theodora was married to the Italian marquis Conrad of Montferrat. In January 1186, Isaac himself married Margaret of Hungary (renamed Maria), daughter of King BÃƒÂ©la III.[3] Hungary was one of the Empire's largest and most powerful neighbours, and Margaret also had the benefit of high aristocratic descent, being related to the royal families of Kiev, the Holy Roman Empire, Italy, Provence, and earlier Byzantine dynasties. Venerable Barlaam the Abbot of Khutyn, Novgorod, Commemorated on November 6; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, 1200-1299, Folder, 13th Century, 4th Crusade sacks Constantinople

Byzantium, 1203-1204, Byzantine Prince, Alexios IV Angelos, diverted the 4th Crusade to Constantinople so he could regain
Byzantine Prince, 1203-1204, Alexios IV Angelos; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Byzantium, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Constantinople, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Holy Roman Crusaders rule Constantinople; Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the Image Ã¢Â€ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third Ã¢Â€ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia (Î¦ÃÂÂÂÎ±Î³ÎºÎ¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia (Î›Î±ÃÂÂ„Î¹Î½Î¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Byzantium, 1205-1215, Emperor, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, rebelled, fled to Turks, Diverted 4th Crusade to C to regain power
Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Byzantium, 1215-1230, Emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, Latin, Nicean, Epirus, Serbian, Theslnc Empires
Byzantine Emperor, 1215-1230, Theodore Komnenos Doukas; Komnenos Doukas (died c. 1253) was ruler of Epirus and Thessaly from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica and most of Macedonia and western Thrace from 1224 to 1230. He was also the power behind the rule of his sons John and Demetrios over Thessalonica in 1237–1246. was the scion of a distinguished Byzantine aristocratic family related to the imperial Komnenos, Doukas, and Angelos dynasties. nothing is known about Theodore's life before the conquest of Constantinople and dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. the fall of Constantinople, he served Theodore I Laskaris, founder of the Empire of Nicaea, for a few years ----------------------------------before being called to Epirus, where his bastard half-brother Michael I Komnenos Doukas had founded an independent principality. Michael died in 1215, Theodore sidelined his brother's underage and illegitimate son Michael II and assumed the governance of the Epirote state. continued his brother's policy of territorial expansion. with Serbia, he expanded into Macedonia, threatening the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica. capture of the Latin Emperor Peter II of Courtenay in 1217 opened the way to the gradual envelopment of Thessalonica, culminating in the city's fall in 1224. ruler of Thessalonica, Theodore quickly declared himself emperor, challenging the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes's claims to the Byzantine imperial throne. 1225, he advanced to the outskirts of Constantinople, but his final attack against the seat of the much-reduced Latin Empire was delayed until 1230. that year, Theodore amassed an army to besiege Constantinople, but then diverted it against Bulgaria, an ambivalent ally which threatened his northern flank. was defeated and captured at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, and spent the next seven years in captivity. the meantime, he was succeeded by his brother Manuel. Manuel quickly lost Thrace, most of Macedonia, and Albania to the Bulgarian Emperor John Asen II. Thessalonica itself became a Bulgarian vassal, while in Epirus proper power was seized by Michael II, returning from exile. was released in 1237 when his daughter Irene married John Asen II, and quickly managed to regain control of Thessalonica, ousting Manuel. been blinded during his captivity and thus disqualified from occupying the throne again, he installed his eldest son John as emperor, but remained the de facto regent of the state. Manuel tried to regain Thessalonica with Nicaean support, but a negotiated settlement was reached which gave him Thessaly and left Thessalonica and its environs to Theodore and John. In 1241, John III Vatatzes invited Theodore to visit Nicaea. He was welcomed and treated with great honour, but was effectively detained there until the spring of next year, when Vatatzes marched on Thessalonica with Theodore in tow. Theodore was sent in to negotiate with his son and convince him to accept demotion to the rank of Despot and to recognize the suzerainty of Nicaea. died in 1244 and was succeeded by Theodore's younger son Demetrios. In 1246, Vatatzes overthrew the unpopular Demetrios and annexed Thessalonica. Theodore influenced his nephew Michael II to launch an attack on Thessalonica in 1251, but in 1252, Vatatzes campaigned against them and forced Michael to come to terms. Theodore was taken prisoner and sent into exile in Nicaea, where he died around 1253. St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver", Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Byzantium, 1259-1282, Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, The Apostate, Empire of Nicea, conflict w other successor states
Byzantine Emperor, 1259-1282, Michael VIII Palaiologos, The Apostate; VIII Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek:, romanized: Mikhae“l VIII Palaiologos; 1223 -“ 11 December 1282) reigned as the co-emperor of the Empire of Nicaea from 1259 to 1261, and as Byzantine Emperor from 1261 until his death. VIII was the founder of the Palaiologan dynasty that would rule the Byzantine Empire until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. He recovered Constantinople from the Latin Empire in 1261 and transformed the Empire of Nicaea into a restored Byzantine Empire.[2] reign would see considerable recovery of Byzantine power, including the enlargement of the Byzantine army and navy. It would also include the reconstruction of the city of Constantinople, and the increase of its population.[3] reestablished the University of Constantinople, which would lead to what is regarded as the Palaiologan Renaissance between the 13th and 15th centuries.[3] would also be at this time that the focus of the Byzantine military shifted to the Balkans, against the Bulgarians, leaving the Anatolian frontier neglected.[3] His successors could not compensate for this inadequacy, and both the Arsenite schism and two civil wars (cf. Byzantine civil war of 1321-“1328, Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347) would undermine further efforts toward territorial consolidation and recovery, draining the empire's strength, economy, and resources. conflict between Byzantine successor states such as the Empire of Thessalonica, Trebizond, Epirus and Serbia resulted in permanent fragmentation of former Byzantine territory and opportunity for increasingly successful conquests of expansive territories by post-Seljuk Anatolian beyliks, most notably that of Osman, later called the Ottoman Empire. Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1;

Byzantium, 1260-1263, Crusaders capture Constantinople, Right Hand of John
Byzantium, 1260-1263, Crusaders capture Constantinople, Right Hand of John; In the year 1200, the Russian pilgrim Dobrynya, who later became Saint Anthony, Archbishop of Novgorod (February 10), saw the right hand of the Forerunner in the imperial palace. From the Lives of the Saints we learn that in the year 1263, during the capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, the emperor Baldwin gave one bone from the wrist of Saint John the Baptist to Ottonus de Cichon, who then gave it to a Cistercian abbey in France. ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7 ;

Byzantium, 1282-1328, Emperor, Andronicus II P, Orthodox, B decline of BE, Turks in EPH, Civil War
Byzantine Emperor 1282-1328, Andronicus II Paleologos ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Nicephorus of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on May 4; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13, Iveron founded middle of 10th Century;

Constantinople, 1289-1330, Patriarch Athanasius I, opposed R Catholic re-union, elevated Peter of Moscow
Constantinople, 1250-1330, Patriarch Athanasius I of Constantinople ; I (1230 – 28 October 1310) was the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople for two terms, from 1289 to 1293 and 1303 to 1309. He was born in Adrianople and died in Constantinople. Chosen by the emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus as patriarch, he opposed the reunion of the Greek and Roman Churches and introduced an ecclesiastic reform that evoked opposition within the clergy. He resigned in 1293 and was restored in 1303 with popular support. The pro-Union clerical faction forced him into retirement in early 1310. He is commemorated as a saint in the Orthodox Church with his feast day observed annually on 28 October.[1] St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Constantinople, 1300-1399, Folder, 14th Century, Hesychasts, Black Death, Turks

Byzantium, 1328-1341, Emperor, Andronikos III Palaiologos, Barlaamite (Anti-Hesychast)
Byzantine Emperor 1328-1341, Andronikos III Palaiologos; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14;

Constantinople, 1341-1347, Patriarch, John XIV Kalekos, anti-hesychast, with John V's mother in Civil War
Constantinople, 1341-1347, Patriarch, John XIV Kalekos ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Byzantium, 1341-1391, Emperor John V Paleologos. Civil War, Black Death, Civil War, Serbs, Turks
Byzantine Emperor 1341-1391, John Paleologos ; Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed", Commemorated on January 21; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Byzantium, 1347, Black Death Plague hits Constantinople, began 1332-21 years
Byzantium, 1347, Black Death Plague hits Constantinople, began 1332 and lasted 21 years;

Constantinople, 1347-1350, Patriarch, Isadore, Hesychast, Palamite, restored Gregory Palamas
Constantinople, 1347-1350, Patriarch, Isadore, restored Gregory Palamas; Byzantine Emperor 1347-1354, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Byzantium, 1347-1354, Co-Emperor, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos, regend deposed by his ward
Byzantine Emperor 1347-1354, John Cantacuzene, John Kantakouzenos ; Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14;

Constantinople, 1354-55, 1364-76, Patriarch, Philotheus I of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 1354-55, 1364-76, Philotheus I of Constantinople; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25;

Byzantium, 1354-1391, Emperor, John V Palaiologos. Civil War, Black Death, Civil War, Serbs, Turks
Byzantine Emperor 1354-1391, John V Palaiologos; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Marcella of Chios, Commemorated on July 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Constantinople, 1362-1389, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murad I, Kosovo Field Battle, Turks
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1362-1389, Murad I; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Constantinople, 1380-1388, Patriarch, Nilus, Hesychast, chose H Cyprian for Moscow M
Constantinople, 1380-1388, Patriarch, Nilus of Constantinople, Hesychast Saint Theodore, Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28;

Constantinople, 1389-1403, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Bayezid I
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1389-1403, Bayezid I;

Byzantium, 1391-1425, Emperor, Manuel II Palaiologos, help from R of Venice, later England and Europe
Byzantine Emperor, 1391-1425, Manuel II Palaiologos; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 22 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1397-1405, Patriarch, Matthew I of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1397-1405, Matthew I of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 1397, part of The Robe was transferred from C to Rus by St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Constantinople, 1400-1453, Folder, 15th Century, Ottoman Civil War, C. of Florence

Constantinople, 1402-1413, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1402-1413, Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7;

Byzantine Patriarch, 1405-1410, N/A
Byzantine Patriarch, 1405-1410, N/A Byzantine Patriarch, 1397-1405, Matthew I of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Uniate

Byzantine Patriarch, 1410-1416, Euthymius II of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1410-1416, Euthymius II of Constantinople; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople, 1413-1421, Sultan, Mehmed I, restorer, Anatolia, conquest of Wallacia, Venice desstroyed fleet
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1413-1421, Mehmed I; I (1389 – 26 May 1421), also known as Mehmed Çelebi or Krisci,[3] was the Ottoman sultan from 1413 to 1421. fourth son of Sultan Bayezid I and Devlet Hatun, he fought with his brothers over control of the Ottoman realm in the Ottoman Interregnum (1402–1413). Starting from the province of Rum he managed to bring first Anatolia and then the European territories (Rumelia) under his control, reuniting the Ottoman state by 1413, and ruling it until his death in 1421. The Restorer, he reestablished central authority in Anatolia, and expanded the Ottoman presence in Europe by the conquest of Wallachia in 1415. Venice destroyed his fleet off Gallipoli in 1416, as the Ottomans lost a naval war.[4] St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Byzantium, 1412-1444, Byzantine Saint, Mark of Ephesus
Byzantine Saint, 1412-1444, Mark of Ephesus; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Constantinople, 1416-1439, Patriarch, Joseph II of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1416-1439, Joseph II of Constantinople; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Murat II, economic development, could have invaded Europe
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1421-1451, Murat II; II (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى‎, romanized: Murād-ı sānī, Turkish: II. Murad, 16 June 1404[1][2] – 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451. II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe.[4] St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Byzantium, 1425-1448, Emperor, John VIII Palaiologos, consented to union with Roman Church
Byzantine Emperor, 1425-1448, John VIII Palaiologos; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed", Commemorated on January 21; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Byzantium, 1431-1449, Byzantine and Holy Roman Council, Council of Florence
Byzantine Council, 1431-1449, Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Constantinople, 1439-1450, Patriarch, Gregory III of Constantinople
Constantinople, 1439-1450, Patriarch, Gregory III of Constantinople ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Constantinople, 1444-1481, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1444-1481, Mehmed the Conqueror; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Matrona of Chios, Commemorated on October 20; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Byzantium, 1449-1453, Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, died at fall of C
Byzantine Emperor, 1449-1453, Constantine XI Palaiologos; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2;

Constantinople, 1453-1922, Folder, Ottoman Period, The Turks

Constantinople, 1453-1499, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Fall of Constantinople

Constantinople, 1453, Fall of Constantinople
Constantinople, Fall of Constantinople (1453); Ottoman Empire; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, 1481-1521, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Bayezid II, resettled Jews, consolidated E, thwarted Safavid rebellion
Constantinople, 1481-1521, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Bayezid II; Bayezid II ( December 1447 -26 May 1512, Turkish: II. Bayezid) was the eldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid II consolidated the Ottoman Empire and thwarted a Safavid rebellion soon before abdicating his throne to his son, Selim I. He is most notable for evacuating Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree, and resettling them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica. St. Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12;

Constantinople, 1486-1502, Patriarch, Nephon II of Constantinople
Byzantine Patriarch, 1486-1502, Nephon II of Constantinople; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Constantinople, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Suleiman the Magnificent

Constantinople, 1512-1520, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Selim I, Islam Calif
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1512-1520, Selim I, Islam Calif; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St Stephen Stiljianovitch of Serbia, Commemorated on October 4; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Constantinople, 1520-1566, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Suleiman the Magnificent, Islam Calif, Lawgiver, apex of power
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1520-1566, Suleiman the Magnificent, Islam Calif ; I (6 November 1494 – 6 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver in his realm, was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.[2]:541–45 Under his administration, the Ottoman caliphate ruled over at least 25 million people. succeeded his father as sultan in September 1520 and began his reign with campaigns against the Christian powers in central Europe and the Mediterranean. fell to him in 1521 and the island of Rhodes in 1522–23. At Mohács, in August 1526, Suleiman broke the military strength of Hungary. became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's economic, military and political power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade and Rhodes as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[3]:61 the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major judicial changes relating to society, education, taxation and criminal law. His reforms, carried out in conjunction with the empire's chief judicial official Ebussuud Efendi, harmonized the relationship between the two forms of Ottoman law: sultanic (Kanun) and religious (Sharia).[4] was a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Hürrem Sultan, a woman from his harem, an Orthodox Christian of Ruthenian origin who converted to Islam, and who became famous in the West by the name Roxelana, due to her red hair. son Selim II succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. other potential heirs, Mehmed and Mustafa, had died; the former had died from smallpox, and the latter had been strangled to death 13 years earlier at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid was executed in 1561 on Suleiman's orders, along with Bayezid's four sons, after a rebellion. scholars prefer "crisis and adaptation" rather than decline after his death,[6][7][8] the end of Suleiman's reign was a watershed in Ottoman history. the decades after Suleiman, the empire began to experience significant political, institutional, and economic changes, a phenomenon often referred to as the Transformation of the Ottoman Empire.[9]:11 [10] Hieromartyr Nicodemus of Meteora, Commemorated August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; St Bessarion, Archbishop of Larissa, Commemorated on September 15; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated on February 23; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1559-1602, Patriarch, Metropolitan Neophytus of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 1559-1602, Metropolitan Neophytus of Constantinople; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on September 8;

Constantinople, 1566-1574, Sultan, Selim II, Viser controlled, HRE Treaty, Don Canal war, Rus treaty, Lepanto loss to HRE
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1566-1574, Selim II; II (30 May 1524 – 15 December 1574), also known as Sarı Selim (Selim the Blond) or Sarhoş Selim (Selim the Drunk),[3] was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574. was a son of Suleiman the Magnificent and his wife Hurrem Sultan. Selim had been an unlikely candidate for the throne until his brother Mehmed died of smallpox, his half-brother Mustafa was strangled to death by the order of his father, his brother Cihangir died of grief at the news of this latter execution, and his brother Bayezid was killed on the order of his father after a rebellion against Selim. died on 15 December 1574 and was buried in Hagia Sophia. 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Character 4 Family 5 References 6 Sources 7 Further reading 8 External links life[edit] was born in Constantinople (Istanbul), on 30 May 1524,[1] during the reign of his father Suleiman the Magnificent. His mother was Hurrem Sultan, a slave and concubine who was born an Orthodox priest's daughter in contemporary Ukraine,[4] and later was freed and became Suleiman's legal wife.[5] 1545, at Konya, Selim married[citation needed] Nurbanu Sultan, whose background is disputed. It is said that she was originally named Cecelia Venier Baffo, or Rachel, or Kale Katenou. She was the mother of Murad III, Selim's successor. Hatun, a famous poet of the sixteenth century, was a lady-in-waiting to him. ascends the throne. II gained the throne after palace intrigue and fraternal dispute, succeeding as sultan on the 7th of September 1566. Grand Vizier, Mehmed Sokollu and wife, Nurbanu Sultan, a native of what is now Bosnia and Herzegovina, controlled much of state affairs, two years after Selim's accession succeeded in concluding at Constantinople a treaty (17 February 1568) with the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, whereby the Emperor agreed to pay an annual present of 30,000 ducats and granted the Ottomans authority in Moldavia and Walachia.[citation needed] Agha (d. 1602), a friend to Selim and to the writer Mustafa Ali, was castrated so he could serve in Selim's harem. (Gazanfer's younger brother Cafer was also castrated, but did not survive.)[6] plan had been prepared in Constantinople for uniting the Volga and Don by a canal in order to counter Russian expansion toward the Ottomans' northern frontier. the summer of 1569 a large force of Janissaries and cavalry were sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and begin the canal works, while an Ottoman fleet besieged Azov. However, a sortie from the Astrakhan garrison drove back the besiegers. A Russian relief army of 15,000 attacked and scattered the workmen and the Tatar force sent for their protection. The Ottoman fleet was then destroyed by a storm. in 1570 the ambassadors of Ivan IV of Russia concluded at Istanbul a treaty that restored friendly relations between the Sultan and the Tsar.[citation needed] in the Hejaz and Yemen were more successful,[further explanation needed] the conquest of Cyprus in 1571,[7] led to the naval defeat[how?] against Spain and Italian states in the Battle of Lepanto in the same year. the historic Battle of Naupaktos or Battle of Lepanto, on 7 October 1571, the Holy League defeated the Ottoman navy decisively; the Holy League sank or destroyed 50 Ottoman ships and captured 117 galleys and 20 galliots, 30,000 Turks were lost in battle, 10,000 Turks were taken prisoners, and many thousands of Christian slaves were rescued. The Holy League lost about 7,500 men. Empire's shattered fleets were soon restored (in just six months, it consisted of about 150 galleys and eight galleasses), and the Ottomans maintained control of the eastern Mediterranean (1573). In August 1574, months before Selim's death, the Ottomans regained control of Tunis from Spain, which had captured it in 1572. is known for restoring to Mahidevran Sultan her status and her wealth. He also built the tomb of his eldest brother, Şehzade Mustafa, who was executed in 1553. the famine of 1573, due to severe cold the farmers of that time did not provide good for the people. Selim gave people food and vegetables in the food kitchen. [8] In April 1574, a fire broke in the printing house of Topkapi Palace and burned many rooms including the cooks and maids were burned and the kitchen was also burned. [8] A few days later the captain, the Janissary, Istanbul lord and Mimar Sinan determined the location and size of the new kitchens to come to the fire. Mimar Sinan Ağa cleaned the fireplace of the building of the official building (design) of Üsub-ı ahar. The construction of the new Matbalı- Amir, which is broader and longer than the previous one, was taken from Divan-ı Ali Square. [8] Selim II receiving the Safavid ambassador in the palace at Edirne in 1567. century copy of the 1569 Capitulations between Charles IX and Selim II. is introduced as a generous monarch who is fond of pleasure and entertainment in the sources of the period, who is fond of drink councils, enjoys the presence of scholars and poets around him, as well as musicians, wrestlers, and connoisseurs, who do not want to break the hearts of anyone. it is stated that he did not appear much in public, that his father often went to Friday and he went public and he neglected this and spent time in the palace.[1] St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated on December 17; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated on February 23; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1574-1595, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Murad III, strangled 5 brothers, wars 2 fronts, financial stress
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1574-1595, Murad III; III (4 July 1546 – 16 January 1595) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595. 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 War with the Safavids 4 Financial Affairs 5 English Pact 6 Palace life 7 Children 8 Women at court 9 Eunuchs at court 10 Murad and the arts 11 Death 12 Family 13 In fiction 14 In popular culture 15 References 16 External links life[edit] in Manisa on 4 July 1546,[1] Şehzade Murad was the oldest son of Şehzade Selim and his powerful wife Nurbanu Sultan. He received a good education and learned Arabic and Persian language. After his ceremonial circumcision in 1557, Murad's grandfather, the Sultan Suleiman I, appointed him sancakbeyi (governor) of Akşehir in 1558. the age of 18 he was appointed sancakbeyi of Saruhan. Suleiman died (1566) when Murad was 20, and his father became the new sultan, Selim II. Selim II broke with tradition by sending only his oldest son out of the palace to govern a province, assigning Murad to Manisa.[2]:21–22 died in 1574 and was succeeded by Murad, who began his reign by having his five younger brothers strangled.[3] authority was undermined by harem influences – more specifically, those of his mother and later of his favorite wife Safiye Sultan, often to the detriment of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha's influence on the court.[4] Selim II power had only been maintained by the genius of the powerful Grand Vizier, Mehmed Sokollu, who remained in office until his assassination in October 1579. Murad's reign the northern borders with the Habsburg Monarchy were defended by the Bosnian governor Hasan Predojević. The reign of Murad III was marked by exhausting wars on the empire's western and eastern fronts. The Ottomans also suffered defeats in battles such as the Battle of Sisak. with the Safavids[edit] Ottoman Empire reached its greatest extent in the Middle East under Murad III. Ottomans had been at peace with the neighbouring rivaling Safavid Empire since 1555, per the Treaty of Amasya, that for some time had settled border disputes. in 1577 Murad declared war, starting the Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–90), seeking to take advantage of the chaos in the Safavid court after the death of Shah Tahmasp I. also tried to explore North America and make the ideas of colonizing America be more possible. However, he later abandoned all of these ideas after the Spanish navy responded by a naval attack on the Ottoman ships trying to explore North America.[citation needed] was influenced by viziers Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha and Sinan Pasha and disregarded the opposing counsel of Grand Vizier Sokollu. Murad also fought the Safavids which would drag on for 12 years, ending with the Treaty of Constantinople (1590), which resulted in temporary significant territorial gains for the Ottomans.[2]:198–199 Affairs[edit] reign was a time of financial stress for the Ottoman state. To keep up with changing military techniques, the Ottomans trained infantrymen in the use of firearms, paying them directly from the treasury. By 1580 an influx of silver from the New World had caused high inflation and social unrest, especially among Janissaries and government officials who were paid in debased currency. from the resulting rebellions, coupled with the pressure of over-population, was especially felt in Anatolia.[2]:24 Competition for positions within the government grew fierce, leading to bribery and corruption. and Habsburg sources accuse Murad himself of accepting enormous bribes, including 20,000 ducats from a statesman in exchange for the governorship of Tripoli and Tunisia, thus outbidding a rival who had tried bribing the Grand Vizier.[2]:35 his period, excessive inflation was experienced, the value of silver money was constantly played, food prices increased. 400 dirhams should be cut from 600 dirhams of silver, while 800 was cut, which meant 100 percent inflation. For the same reason, the purchasing power of wage earners was halved, and the consequence was an uprising. [5] Pact[edit] envoys and letters were exchanged between Elizabeth I and Sultan Murad III.[6]:39 In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that Islam and Protestantism had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.[6]:40 To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition from the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.[6]:41 This diplomacy would be continued under Murad's successor Mehmed III, by both the sultan and Safiye Sultan alike. life[edit] the example of his father Selim II, Murad was the second Ottoman sultan who never went on campaign during his reign, instead spending it entirely in Constantinople. During the final years of his reign, he did not even leave Topkapı Palace. For two consecutive years he did not attend the Friday procession to the imperial mosque—an unprecedented breaking of custom. The Ottoman historian Mustafa Selaniki wrote that whenever Murad planned to go out to Friday prayer, he changed his mind after hearing of alleged plots by the Janissaries to dethrone him once he left the palace.[7] Murad withdrew from his subjects and spent the majority of his reign keeping to the company of few people and abiding by a daily routine structured by the five daily Islamic prayers. Murad's personal physician Domenico Hierosolimitano described a typical day in the life of the sultan: the morning he rises at dawn to say his prayer for half an hour, then for another half-hour he writes. Then he is given something pleasant as a collation, and afterwards sets himself to read for another hour. Then he begins to give audience to the members of the Divan on the four days of the week that this occurs, as had been said above. Then he goes for a walk through the garden, taking pleasure in the delight of fountains and animals for another hour, taking with him the dwarves, buffoons and others to entertain him. Then he goes back once again to studying until he considers the time for lunch has arrived. He stays at table only half an hour, and rises (to go) once again into the garden for as long as he pleases. Then he goes to say his midday prayer. Then he stops to pass the time and amuse himself with the women, and he will stay one or two hours with them, when it is time to say the evening prayer. Then he returns to his apartments or, if it pleases him more, he stays in the garden reading or passing the time until evening with the dwarfs and buffoons, and then he returns to say his prayers, that is at nightfall. Then he dines and takes more time over dinner than over lunch, making conversation until two hours after dark, until it is time for prayer [...] He never fails to observe this schedule every day.[2]:29–30 sedentary lifestyle and lack of participation in military campaigns earned him the disapproval of Mustafa Âlî and Mustafa Selaniki, the major Ottoman historians who lived during his reign. Their negative portrayals of Murad influenced later historians.[2]:17–19 Both historians also accused Murad of sexual excess. St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated on December 17; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26;

Constantinople, 1595-1603, Ottoman, Sultan Mehmed III, k 19 brothers, cruel, war Austria, a England
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1595-1603, Mehmed III ; Mehmed III ( 26 May 1566-“ 22 December 1603) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death in 1603. Early life[edit] Mehmed was born at the Manisa Palace in 1566, during the reign of his great-grandfather, Suleiman the Magnificent. He was the son of Murad III, himself the son of Selim II, who was the son of Sultan Suleiman and Hurrem Sultan. His mother was Safiye Sultan, an Albanian from the Dukagjin highlands.[1] His great-grandfather died the year he was born and his grandfather became the new sultan, Selim II. His grandfather Selim II died when Mehmed was eight, and Mehmed's father, Murad III, became sultan in 1574. Murad died in 1595, when Mehmed was 28 years old. Mehmed spent most of his time in Manisa with his father Murad and mother Safiye, his first teacher Ibrahim Efendi. His circumcision took place on 29 May 1582 when he was 16 years old.[2] Reign[edit] Fratricide[edit] Upon ascending to the throne, Mehmed III ordered that all of his nineteen brothers be executed.[3][4] They were strangled by his royal executioners, many of whom were deaf, mute or 'half-witted' to ensure absolute loyalty.[5] Fratricidal successions were not unprecedented, as sultans would often have dozens of children with their concubines. Mehmed III remains notorious even in Ottoman history for his cruelty. Power struggle in Constantinople[edit] Mehmed III was an idle ruler, leaving government to his mother Safiye Sultan, the valide sultan.[6][unreliable source] His first major problem was the rivalry between two of his viziers, Serdar Ferhad Pasha and Koca Sinan Pasha, and their supporters. His mother and her son-in-law Damat Ibrahim Pasha supported Koca Sinan Pasha and prevented Mehmed III from taking control of the issue himself. The issue grew to cause major disturbances by janissaries. On 7 July 1595, Mehmed III finally sacked Serdar Ferhad Pasha from the position of Grand Vizier due to his failure in Wallachia and replaced him with Sinan.[7] Austro-Hungarian War[edit] Mehmed III accepting the surrender of Eger, 1596 The major event of his reign was the Austro-Ottoman War in Hungary (1593-“1606). Ottoman defeats in the war caused Mehmed III to take personal command of the army, the first sultan to do so since Suleiman I in 1566. Accompanied by the Sultan, the Ottomans conquered Eger in 1596. Upon hearing of the Habsburg army's approach, Mehmed wanted to dismiss the army and return to Istanbul.[8] However, the Ottomans eventually decided to face the enemy and defeated the Habsburg and Transylvanian forces at the Battle of Keresztes[9] (known in Turkish as the Battle of Hasova), during which the Sultan had to be dissuaded from fleeing the field halfway through the battle. Upon returning to Istanbul in victory, Mehmed told his viziers that he would campaign again.[10] The next year the Venetian Bailo in Istanbul noted, "the doctors declared that the Sultan cannot leave for a war on account of his bad health, produced by excesses of eating and drinking".[11][unreliable source?] In reward for his services at the war, Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha was made Grand Vizier in 1596. However, with pressure from the court and his mother, Mehmed reinstated Damat Ibrahim Pasha to this position shortly afterward.[7] However, the victory at the Battle of Keresztes was soon set back by some important losses, including the loss of Gyr (Turkish: Yankale) to the Austrians and the defeat of the Ottoman forces led by Hafhmet Pasha by the Wallachian forces under Michael the Brave in Nikopol in 1599. In 1600, Ottoman forces under Tiryaki Hasan Pasha captured Nagykanizsa after a 40-day siege and later successfully held it against a much greater attacking force in the Siege of Nagykanizsa.[12] Jelali revolts[edit] Another major event of his reign was the Jelali revolts in Anatolia. Karayazlhalim, a former Ottoman official, captured the city of Urfa and declared himself a sultan in 1600. The rumors of his claim to the throne spread to Constantinople and Mehmed ordered the rebels to be treated harshly to dispel the rumors, among these, was the execution of Hseyin Pasha, whom Karayaz Abdlhalim styled as Grand Vizier. In 1601, Abdlhalim fled to the vicinity of Samsun after being defeated by the forces under Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha, the governor of Baghdad. However, his brother, Deli Hasan, killed Sokulluzade Hasan Pasha and defeated troops under the command of Had Hsrev Pasha. He then marched on to Kahya, captured and burned the city.[7][12] Relationship with England[edit] In 1599, the fourth year of Mehmed III's reign, Queen Elizabeth I sent a convoy of gifts to the Ottoman court. These gifts were originally intended for the sultan's predecessor, Murad III, who had died before they had arrived. Included in these gifts was a large jewel-studded clockwork organ that was assembled on the slope of the Royal Private Garden by a team of engineers including Thomas Dallam. The organ took many weeks to complete and featured dancing sculptures such as a flock of blackbirds that sung and shook their wings at the end of the music.[13][14] Also among the English gifts was a ceremonial coach, accompanied by a letter from the Queen to Mehmed's mother, Safiye Sultan. These gifts were intended to cement relations between the two countries, building on the trade agreement signed in 1581 that gave English merchants priority in the Ottoman region.[15] Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power. Elizabeth's gifts arrived in a large 27-gun merchantman ship that Mehmed personally inspected, a clear display of English maritime strength that would prompt him to build up his fleet over the following years of his reign. The Anglo-Ottoman alliance would never be consummated, however, as relations between the nations grew stagnant due to anti-European sentiments reaped from the worsening Austro-Ottoman War and the deaths of Safiye Sultan's interpreter and the pro-English chief Hasan Pasha.[15][16] Death[edit] Mehmed died on 22 December 1603 at the age of 37. According to one source, the cause of his death was the distress caused by the death of his son, žehzade Mahmud.[17] According to another source, he died either of plague or of stroke.[18] He was buried in Hagia Sophia Mosque. He was succeeded by his son Ahmed I as the new sultan. St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Constantinople, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Sunni Shia (Ottoman Sarafid) War

Constantinople, 1603-1617, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ahmed I, ended royal fratricide, didn't execute brothers, c Blue Mosque
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1603-1617, Ahmed I ; I (April 1590 - 22 November 1617) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617. reign is noteworthy for marking the first breach in the Ottoman tradition of royal fratricide; henceforth Ottoman rulers would no longer systematically execute their brothers upon accession to the throne.[2] He is also well known for his construction of the Blue Mosque, one of the most famous mosques in Turkey. Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Constantinople, 1612-1638, Partiarch, Cyril 1
Constantinople Partiarch, 1612-1638, Cyril 1 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Mustafa I, the Mad, Mother was regent
Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I; I (c. 1591 - 20 January 1639), called Mustafa the Saint (Veli Mustafa) during his second reign and often called Mustafa the Mad (Deli Mustafa) by modern historians, was the son of Mehmed III and was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. 1 Early life 2 First reign (1617–1618) 3 Deposition 4 Alleged mental instability 5 Second reign (1622–1623) 6 Deposition and last years 7 Death 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links life[edit] was born in the Manisa Palace, as the younger brother of Ahmed I (1603–1617). His mother was Halime Sultan, an Abkhazian lady.[1] 1603 it was customary for an Ottoman Sultan to have his brothers executed shortly after he gained the throne (Mustafa's father Mehmed III had executed 19 of his own brothers). But when the thirteen-year-old Ahmed I was enthroned in 1603, he spared the life of the twelve-year-old Mustafa.[2] factor in Mustafa's survival is the influence of Kosem Sultan (Ahmed's favorite consort), who may have wished to preempt the succession of Osman, Ahmed’s first-born son from another concubine. Osman became Sultan, he would likely try to execute his half-brothers, the sons of Ahmed and Kosem. (This scenario later became a reality when Osman II executed his brother Mehmed in 1621.[3]) However, the reports of foreign ambassadors suggest that Ahmed actually liked his brother.[4] Ahmed's death in 1617, Mustafa lived in the Old Palace, along with his mother, and grandmother Safiye Sultan.[5] reign (1617–1618)[edit] death created a dilemma never before experienced by the Ottoman Empire. Multiple princes were now eligible for the Sultanate, and all of them lived in Topkapı Palace.[3] court faction headed by the Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi and Sofu Mehmed Pasha (who represented the Grand Vizier when he was away from Constantinople) decided to enthrone Mustafa instead of Ahmed's son Osman. Mehmed argued that Osman was too young to be enthroned without causing adverse comment among the populace. The Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha objected, citing Mustafa's mental problems, but he was overruled.[6] Mustafa's rise created a new succession principle of seniority that would last until the end of the Empire. It was the first time an Ottoman Sultan was succeeded by his brother instead of his son. His mother Halime Sultan became the Valide Sultan as well as a regent and wielded great power. Due to Mustafa's mental conditions, she acted as a regent and exercised power more directly. was hoped that regular social contact would improve Mustafa's mental health, but his behavior remained eccentric. He pulled off the turbans of his viziers and yanked their beards. Others observed him throwing coins to birds and fish. The Ottoman historian İbrahim Peçevi wrote "this situation was seen by all men of state and the people, and they understood that he was psychologically disturbed."[7] was never more than a tool of court cliques at the Topkapı Palace.[8] In 1618, after a short rule, another palace faction deposed him in favour of his young nephew Osman II (1618–1622), and Mustafa was sent back to the Old Palace. conflict between the Janissaries and Osman II presented him with a second chance. After a Janissary rebellion led to the deposition and assassination of Osman II in 1622, Mustafa was restored to the throne and held it for another year.[9] mental instability[edit] according to Baki Tezcan, there is not enough evidence to properly establish that Mustafa was mentally imbalanced when he came to the throne. Mustafa "made a number of excursions to the arsenal and the navy docks, examining various sorts of arms and taking an active interest in the munitions supply of the army and the navy." One of the dispatches of Baron de Sancy, the French ambassador, "suggested that Mustafa was interested in leading the Safavid campaign himself and was entertaining the idea of wintering in Konya for that purpose."[10] one contemporary observer provides an explanation of the coup which does not mention the incapacity of Mustafa. Baron de Sancy ascribes the deposition to a political conspiracy between the grand admiral Ali Pasha and Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha, who were angered by the former's removal from office upon Sultan Mustafa's accession. They may have circulated rumors of the sultan's mental instability subsequent to the coup in order to legitimize it.[11] reign (1622–1623)[edit] commenced his reign by executing all those who had taken any share in the murder of Sultan Osman. Hoca Ömer Efendi, the chief of the rebels, the kızlar Agha Suleiman Agha, the vizier Dilaver Pasha, the Kaim-makam Ahmed Pasha, the defterdar Baki Pasha, the segban-bashi Nasuh Agha, and the general of the janissaries Ali Agha, were cut into pieces.[12][non-primary source needed] epithet "Veli" (meaning "saint") was used in reference to him during his reign.[13] mental condition unimproved, Mustafa was a puppet controlled by his mother and brother-in-law, the grand vizier Kara Davud Pasha. He believed that Osman II was still alive and was seen searching for him throughout the palace, knocking on doors and crying out to his nephew to relieve him from the burden of sovereignty.[14] "The present emperor being a fool" (according to English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe), he was compared unfavorably with his predecessor.[7] In fact, it was his mother Halime Sultan the de facto-co-ruler as Valide Sultan of the Ottoman empire. and last years[edit] instability was generated by conflict between the Janissaries and the sipahis (Ottoman cavalry), followed by the Abaza rebellion, which occurred when the governor-general of Erzurum, Abaza Mehmed Pasha, decided to march to Istanbul to avenge the murder of Osman II. The regime tried to end the conflict by executing Kara Davud Pasha, but Abaza Mehmed continued his advance. Clerics and the new Grand Vizier (Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha) prevailed upon Mustafa's mother to allow the deposition of her son. She agreed, on condition that Mustafa's life would be spared.[3][15] 11-year-old Murad IV, son of Ahmed I and Kösem, was enthroned on 10 September 1623. In return for her consent to his deposition, the request of Mustafa's mother that he be spared execution was granted.[16] Mustafa was sent along with his mother to the Eski (old) Palace.[17] source states that Mustafa was executed by the orders of his nephew, Sultan Murad IV on 20 January 1640 in order to end the Ottoman dynasty and prevented to give power to his mother Kösem Sultan. Another source states that he died of epilepsy which was caused by being imprisoned for 34 years out of his 48 years of life. He is buried in the courtyard of the Haghia Sophia.[18]

Constantinople, 1618-1622, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Osman II. educated, then no mother, polish c, g winter, J coffee houses, Killed by Js
Constantinople, 1618-1622, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Osman II; II (3 November 1604 - 20 May 1622), also known as Osman the Young, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622. 1 Early life 2 Reign 2.1 Great winter of 1621 3 Death 4 Family 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links life[edit] II was born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–17) and one of his consorts Mahfiruz Hatun. According to later traditions, at a young age, his mother had paid a great deal of attention to Osman's education, as a result of which Osman II became a known poet and would have mastered many languages, including Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, and Italian; this has been refuted since.[2] was born eleven months after his father Ahmed Ahmed's transition to the throne. He was trained in the palace. According to foreign observers, he was one of the most cultured of Ottoman princes. [3] failure to capture the throne at the death of his father Ahmed may have been caused by the absence of a mother to lobby in his favour; his own mother was probably already dead or in exile. Ottoman Empire in 1622, the year of the regicide of Osman II II ascended the throne at the age of 14 as the result of a coup d' etat against his uncle Mustafa I the Intestable (1617–18, 1622–23). his youth, Osman II soon sought to assert himself as a ruler, and after securing the empire's eastern border by signing a peace treaty (Treaty of Serav) with Safavid Persia, he personally led the Ottoman campaign against Poland and king Sigismund III during the Moldavian Magnate Wars.[4] to sign a humiliating peace treaty with the Poles after the Battle of Khotyn (Chocim) in September- October, 1621, Osman II returned home to Constantinople in shame, blaming the cowardice of the Janissaries and the insufficiency of his statesmen for his humiliation.[5] basic and exceptional weakness from which Osman II suffered was the conspicuous absence of a female power basis in the harem. From 1620 until Osman's death, a governess (daye hatun, lit. wet-nurse) was appointed as a stand-in valide, and she could not counterbalance the contriving of Mustafa I's mother in the Old Palace. he did have a loyal chief black eunuch at his side, this could not compensate for the absence of what in the politics of that period was a winning combination, valide sultan–chief black eunuch, especially in the case of a young and very ambitious ruler.[6] According to Piterberg, Osman II did not have haseki sultan, opposite with Peirce who claim that Ayse was Osman's haseki. But it is clear that Ayse could not take valide's role during her spouse's reign.[citation needed] the autumn of 1620, Ozi Beylerbeyi Iskender Pasha seized the secret letter sent by Transylvanian Prince Bethlen Gabor to Istanbul and sent it to Poland, and Osman also became a veteran of the people around him. decided to embark on a Polish expedition. [7] Continuing preparations for the Polish campaign, neither cold nor famine nor the British ambassador John Eyre could deter Osman. The ambassador of Sigismund III, the King of Poland, was brought into Istanbul despite the severe colds. The janissaries and army were not willing to go on a campaign, regardless of their conditions.[8] winter of 1621[edit] II on horseback the murder of Sehzade Mehmed on 12 January 1621, a severe snow started in Istanbul. The people of Istanbul were drastically affected by the cold, which increased local violence on 24 January 1621, more so than the palace murder. This is the biggest natural disaster that concerns the capital in Osman's four-year short reign. Bostanzade Yahya Efendi, one of those who lived through this cold, tells that the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were covered with ice in the end of January-beginning of February: Between Uskudar and Besiktas, the men walk around and go to Uskudar. [8] They came from Istanbul on foot. And the year became a gala (famine).[8] was snowing for 15 days, that the frosts were frozen from the severity of the cold, but that the river was open between Sarayburnu and Uskudar.[8] For this natural disaster, froze in thirty thousand froze between Uskudar and Istanbul from the cold, Hasimi Celebii, The road became Uskudar, the Mediterranean froze a thousand thirty. As a result of the inconvenience of the Zahire ships, there was a complete famine in Istanbul, and 75 dirhams of bread jumped to one akche, and the oak of the meat to 15 akches.[8] Osman the Young was strangled in Yedikule Zindans in 1622 Fortress in 1685 of the entrances of the Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul, where Osman II was strangled to death by revolting Janissaries Fortress in 1827 a counterweight to Janissary influence, Osman II closed their coffee shops (the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne) and started planning to create a new and more loyal army consisting of Anatolian sekbans.[9] result was a palace uprising by the Janissaries, who promptly imprisoned the young sultan in Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul, where Osman II was strangled to death. Osman's death, his ear was cut off and represented to Halime Sultan and Sultan Mustafa I to confirm his death and Mustafa would no longer need to fear his nephew. It was the first time in the Ottoman history that a Sultan was executed by the Janissaries.[10] This disaster is one of the most discussed topics in Ottoman history. Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Constantinople, 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I, 2nd reign, the Mad, Mother as regent
Constantinople, 1617-1618 and 1622 - 1623, Mustafa I; I (c. 1591 - 20 January 1639), called Mustafa the Saint (Veli Mustafa) during his second reign and often called Mustafa the Mad (Deli Mustafa) by modern historians, was the son of Mehmed III and was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. 1 Early life 2 First reign (1617–1618) 3 Deposition 4 Alleged mental instability 5 Second reign (1622–1623) 6 Deposition and last years 7 Death 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links life[edit] was born in the Manisa Palace, as the younger brother of Ahmed I (1603–1617). His mother was Halime Sultan, an Abkhazian lady.[1] 1603 it was customary for an Ottoman Sultan to have his brothers executed shortly after he gained the throne (Mustafa's father Mehmed III had executed 19 of his own brothers). But when the thirteen-year-old Ahmed I was enthroned in 1603, he spared the life of the twelve-year-old Mustafa.[2] factor in Mustafa's survival is the influence of Kosem Sultan (Ahmed's favorite consort), who may have wished to preempt the succession of Osman, Ahmed’s first-born son from another concubine. Osman became Sultan, he would likely try to execute his half-brothers, the sons of Ahmed and Kosem. (This scenario later became a reality when Osman II executed his brother Mehmed in 1621.[3]) However, the reports of foreign ambassadors suggest that Ahmed actually liked his brother.[4] Ahmed's death in 1617, Mustafa lived in the Old Palace, along with his mother, and grandmother Safiye Sultan.[5] reign (1617–1618)[edit] death created a dilemma never before experienced by the Ottoman Empire. Multiple princes were now eligible for the Sultanate, and all of them lived in Topkapı Palace.[3] court faction headed by the Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi and Sofu Mehmed Pasha (who represented the Grand Vizier when he was away from Constantinople) decided to enthrone Mustafa instead of Ahmed's son Osman. Mehmed argued that Osman was too young to be enthroned without causing adverse comment among the populace. The Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha objected, citing Mustafa's mental problems, but he was overruled.[6] Mustafa's rise created a new succession principle of seniority that would last until the end of the Empire. It was the first time an Ottoman Sultan was succeeded by his brother instead of his son. His mother Halime Sultan became the Valide Sultan as well as a regent and wielded great power. Due to Mustafa's mental conditions, she acted as a regent and exercised power more directly. was hoped that regular social contact would improve Mustafa's mental health, but his behavior remained eccentric. He pulled off the turbans of his viziers and yanked their beards. Others observed him throwing coins to birds and fish. The Ottoman historian İbrahim Peçevi wrote "this situation was seen by all men of state and the people, and they understood that he was psychologically disturbed."[7] was never more than a tool of court cliques at the Topkapı Palace.[8] In 1618, after a short rule, another palace faction deposed him in favour of his young nephew Osman II (1618–1622), and Mustafa was sent back to the Old Palace. conflict between the Janissaries and Osman II presented him with a second chance. After a Janissary rebellion led to the deposition and assassination of Osman II in 1622, Mustafa was restored to the throne and held it for another year.[9] mental instability[edit] according to Baki Tezcan, there is not enough evidence to properly establish that Mustafa was mentally imbalanced when he came to the throne. Mustafa "made a number of excursions to the arsenal and the navy docks, examining various sorts of arms and taking an active interest in the munitions supply of the army and the navy." One of the dispatches of Baron de Sancy, the French ambassador, "suggested that Mustafa was interested in leading the Safavid campaign himself and was entertaining the idea of wintering in Konya for that purpose."[10] one contemporary observer provides an explanation of the coup which does not mention the incapacity of Mustafa. Baron de Sancy ascribes the deposition to a political conspiracy between the grand admiral Ali Pasha and Chief Black Eunuch Mustafa Agha, who were angered by the former's removal from office upon Sultan Mustafa's accession. They may have circulated rumors of the sultan's mental instability subsequent to the coup in order to legitimize it.[11] reign (1622–1623)[edit] commenced his reign by executing all those who had taken any share in the murder of Sultan Osman. Hoca Ömer Efendi, the chief of the rebels, the kızlar Agha Suleiman Agha, the vizier Dilaver Pasha, the Kaim-makam Ahmed Pasha, the defterdar Baki Pasha, the segban-bashi Nasuh Agha, and the general of the janissaries Ali Agha, were cut into pieces.[12][non-primary source needed] epithet "Veli" (meaning "saint") was used in reference to him during his reign.[13] mental condition unimproved, Mustafa was a puppet controlled by his mother and brother-in-law, the grand vizier Kara Davud Pasha. He believed that Osman II was still alive and was seen searching for him throughout the palace, knocking on doors and crying out to his nephew to relieve him from the burden of sovereignty.[14] "The present emperor being a fool" (according to English Ambassador Sir Thomas Roe), he was compared unfavorably with his predecessor.[7] In fact, it was his mother Halime Sultan the de facto-co-ruler as Valide Sultan of the Ottoman empire. and last years[edit] instability was generated by conflict between the Janissaries and the sipahis (Ottoman cavalry), followed by the Abaza rebellion, which occurred when the governor-general of Erzurum, Abaza Mehmed Pasha, decided to march to Istanbul to avenge the murder of Osman II. The regime tried to end the conflict by executing Kara Davud Pasha, but Abaza Mehmed continued his advance. Clerics and the new Grand Vizier (Kemankeş Kara Ali Pasha) prevailed upon Mustafa's mother to allow the deposition of her son. She agreed, on condition that Mustafa's life would be spared.[3][15] 11-year-old Murad IV, son of Ahmed I and Kösem, was enthroned on 10 September 1623. In return for her consent to his deposition, the request of Mustafa's mother that he be spared execution was granted.[16] Mustafa was sent along with his mother to the Eski (old) Palace.[17] source states that Mustafa was executed by the orders of his nephew, Sultan Murad IV on 20 January 1640 in order to end the Ottoman dynasty and prevented to give power to his mother Kösem Sultan. Another source states that he died of epilepsy which was caused by being imprisoned for 34 years out of his 48 years of life. He is buried in the courtyard of the Haghia Sophia.[18]

Constantinople, 1623-1640, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murad IV
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1623-1640, Murad IV; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Constantinople, 1623, Partiarch, Anthimus II
Constantinople Partiarch, 1623, Anthimus II ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Constantinople, 1634-1652, Athanasius III, St. Athanasius of Lubensk, writer, urged Tsar unite with Cossack's
Constantinople, 1634-1652, Athanasius III of Constantinople, St. Athanasius of Lubensk; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; At the request of Patriarch Nikon, Athanasius wrote The Ordo of the Episcopal Liturgy in the East, which underlined the Muscovian edited Archieratikon of the Episcopal Service, which is used by the Russian Church to date.[2] Athanasius delivered the Tsar a notebook in which he stated his main reason for his visit to Moscow; that is, to arouse the Tsar unite with Moldavia and the Cossack Hetmanate for a future war with the Turks, after which the Tsar should become the new Roman Emperor, and the Moscow Patriarch Ã¢Â€Â“ the new Ecumenical Patriarch.

Constantinople, 1640-1648, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1640-1648, Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1648-1687, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Mehmed IV, long reign, empire reached height of its territorial expansion in Europe.
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1648-1687, Mehmed IV; IV (Ottoman Turkish: Ù…ØÙ…Ø¯ رابع‎ Meá¸¥med-i rÄbiÊ¿; Modern Turkish: IV. Mehmet; also known as AvcÄ± Mehmet, Mehmed the Hunter; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the age of six after his father was overthrown in a coup. Mehmed went on to become the second longest reigning sultan in Ottoman history after Suleiman the Magnificent.[1] While the initial and final years of his reign were characterized by military defeat and political instability, during his middle years he oversaw the revival of the empire's fortunes associated with the Köprülü era. Mehmed IV was known by contemporaries as a particularly pious ruler, and was referred to as gazi, or "holy warrior" for his role in the many conquests carried out during his long reign.[2] Under his reign the empire reached the height of its territorial expansion in Europe. From a young age he developed a keen interest in hunting, for which he is known as avcÄ± (translated as "the Hunter").[1] In 1687 Mehmed was overthrown by soldiers disenchanted by the course of the ongoing War of the Holy League. He subsequently retired to Edirne, where he resided until his natural death in 1693.[1] Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœQuick to HearÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 9; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, 1657, Patriarch, Gabriel II of Constantinople
Constantinople Patriarch, 1657, Gabriel II of Constantinople; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Constantinople, 1687-1691, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Suleiman II
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1687-1691, Suleiman II; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1691-1695, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Ahmed II, before reign in prison 43 years, grand vizier Pasha, executed previous officials, recap Belgrade, then lost Transyl and Romania
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1691-1695, Ahmed II; II (25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642[1] – 6 February 1695) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695. 1 Early life 2 Reign 3 Family 4 References 4.1 Works cited 5 Further reading 6 External links life[edit] II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed along with his brothers Mehmed and Suleiman were circumcised. [2] the reigns of his older brothers, Ahmed was imprisoned in Kafes, and he stayed there almost 43 years. mausoleum of Ahmed II is located inside the türbe of Suleiman the Magnificent. (In the above picture, his tomb is seen side by side with Suleiman II and Suleiman the Magnificent). section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) his reign, Sultan Ahmed II devoted most of his attention to the wars against the Habsburgs and related foreign policy, governmental and economic issues. Of these, the most important were the tax reforms and the introduction of the lifelong tax farm system (malikane) (see tax farming). Following the recovery of Belgrade under his predecessor, Suleiman II, the military frontier reached a rough stalemate on the Danube, with the Habsburgs no longer able to advance south of it, and the Ottomans attempting, ultimately unsuccessfully, to regain the initiative north of it. the most important features of Ahmed's reign was his reliance on Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha. Following his accession to the throne, Sultan Ahmed II confirmed Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha in his office as grand vizier. In office from 1689, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was from the Köprülü family of grand viziers, and like most of his Köprülü predecessors in the same office, was an able administrator and military commander. Like his father Köprülü Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier 1656–61) before him, he ordered the removal and execution of dozens of corrupt state officials of the previous regime and replaced them with men loyal to himself. He overhauled the tax system by adjusting it to the capabilities of the taxpayers affected by the latest wars. He also reformed troop mobilization and increased the pool of conscripts available for the army by drafting tribesmen in the Balkans and Anatolia. In October 1690 he recaptured Belgrade, a key fortress that commanded the confluence of the rivers Danube and Sava; in Ottoman hands since 1521, the fortress had been conquered by the Habsburgs in 1688. ıl Mustafa Pasha's victory at Belgrade was a major military achievement that gave the Ottomans hope that the military debacles of the 1680s—which had led to the loss of Hungary and Transylvania, an Ottoman vassal principality ruled by pro-Istanbul Hungarian princes— could be reversed. However, the Ottoman success proved ephemeral. On 19 August 1691, Fazıl Mustafa Pasha suffered a devastating defeat at the Battle of Slankamen at the hands of Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden, the Habsburg commander in chief in Hungary, nicknamed “Türkenlouis” (Louis the Turk) for his victories against the Ottomans. In the confrontation, recognized by contemporaries as “the bloodiest battle of the century,” the Ottomans suffered heavy losses: 20,000 men, including the grand vizier. With him, the sultan lost his most capable military commander and the last member of the Köprülü family, who for the previous half century had been instrumental in strengthening the Ottoman military. Fazıl Mustafa Pasha's successors, the Ottomans suffered further defeats. In June 1692 the Habsburgs conquered Várad (Oradea, Romania), the seat of an Ottoman governor (beylerbeyi) since 1660. In 1694 they attempted to recapture Várad, but to no avail. On 12 January 1695, they surrendered the fortress of Gyula, the center of an Ottoman sanjak or subprovince since 1566. With the fall of Gyula, the only territory still in Ottoman hands in Hungary was to the east of the River Tisza and to the south of the river Maros, with its center at Temesvár. Three weeks later, on 6 February 1695, Ahmed II died in Edirne Palace. Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Constantinople, 1695-1703, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Mustafa II
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1695-1703, Mustafa II; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Constantinople, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Alliances with France and Prussia agaiinst Russia

Constantinople, 1703-1730, Ottoma Sultan, Ahmed III, reformer
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1703-1730, Ahmed III; III (Ottoman Turkish:‎, ) (30 December 1673 – 1 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87). His mother was Gülnuş Sultan, originally named Evmenia Voria, who was an ethnic Greek.[1][2][3][4][5] He was born at Hacıoğlu Pazarcık, in Dobruja. succeeded to the throne in 1703 on the abdication of his brother Mustafa II (1695–1703).[6] Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the Sultan's daughter, Fatma Sultan (wife of the former) directed the government from 1718 to 1730, a period referred to as the Tulip Era. first days of Ahmed III's reign passed with efforts to appease the janissaries who were completely disciplined. However, he was not effective against the janissaries who made him sultan. Çorlulu Ali Pasha, who Ahmed brought to the Grand Vizier, tried to help him in administrative matters, made new arrangements for the treasury and Sultan. He supported Ahmed in his fight with his rivals. St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1730-1754, Ottoman Sultan , Mahmud I, reformer deposed, Hunchback, Took over, good relations with Persia
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1730-1754 , Mahmud I ; I (Ottoman Turkish: محمود اول‎, Turkish: I. Mahmud, 2 August 1696 – 13 December 1754), known as The Hunchback, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754. He took over the throne after the Patrona Halil rebellion and he kept good relations with Mughal and Safavid Empires. life[edit] was born at Edirne Palace on 2 August 1696, the son of Mustafa II (1664–1703); his mother was Saliha Sabkati Valide Sultan. Mahmud I was the older brother of Osman III (1754–57). He developed a humped back. father Mustafa II mostly lived in Edirne. Mahmud passed his childhood in Edirne. On 18 May 1702 he started his education in Edirne. When his father deposed himself from the throne he was brought to Istanbul and locked up in Kafes where he spent 27 years of his life. [1] is not known what kind of culture he acquired during this time, since he continued to play chess, write poetry, and deal with music. In addition for childhood and youth, there were dangers, especially for the Kafes life. [1] 28 September 1730, Patrona Halil with a small group of fellow Janissaries aroused some of the citizens of Constantinople who opposed the reforms of Ahmed III.[2] Sweeping up more soldiers Halil led the riot to the Topkapı Palace and demanded the death of the grand vizer, Nevşehirli Damat İbrahim Pasha and the abdication of Ahmed III. Ahmed III acceded to the demands, had İbrahim Pasha strangled, and agreed to his nephew, Mahmud, becoming sultan.[2] real reign began on 25 November 1730, after this incident. First of all, Istanbul was taken under strict control. Measures were taken. About two thousand suspicious people were captured, some were executed, some were exiled. [3] ’s rule[edit] I was recognized as sultan by the mutineers as well as by court officials but for some weeks after his accession the empire was in the hands of the insurgents. Halil rode with the new sultan to the Mosque of Eyüb where the ceremony of girding Mahmud I with the Sword of Osman was performed; many of the chief officers were deposed and successors to them appointed at the dictation of the bold rebel who had served in the ranks of the Janissaries and who appeared before the sultan bare-legged and in his old uniform of a common soldier. A Greek butcher, named Yanaki, had formerly given credit to Halil and had lent him money during the three days of the insurrection. Halil showed his gratitude by compelling the Divan to make Yanaki Hospodar of Moldavia. However, Yanaki never took charge of this office. Khan of the Crimea assisted the Grand Vizier, the Mufti and the Aga of the Janissaries in putting down the rebellion. On 24 November 1731, Halil was strangled by the sultan's order[2] and in his presence, after a Divan in which Halil had dictated that war be declared against Russia. His Greek friend, Yanaki, and 7,000 of those who had supported him were also put to death.[citation needed] The jealousy which the officers of the Janissaries felt towards Halil, and their readiness to aid in his destruction, facilitated the exertions of Mahmud I's supporters in putting an end to the rebellion after it had lasted over a year. Austrian ambassador, who came to Istanbul in August 1740, was given a dinner in Davudpaşa. Çavuşbaşı took the ambassador and took him to his mansion prepared in Beyoğlu. On the day of the Ulufe Court, he presented his name to the Sultan. Various demonstrations were held in places where welcome and farewell ceremonies were held for the ambassador from Yeniköy Pier. [4] rest of Mahmud I's reign was dominated by wars in Persia, with the collapsing Safavid dynasty and the ascendance of Nader Shah. Mahmud also faced a notable war in Europe—the Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739). I entrusted government to his viziers and spent much of his time composing poetry. of 1750[edit] fire that started at the Ayazma gate in January 1750 lasted for 19 hours. Numerous shops, houses, and mansions burned until Vefa. sultan dismissed Boynueğri Abdullah Pasha and appointed Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha on 9 January In the second fire that broke out on 31 March 1750, Bitpazan, Abacılar, Yorgancılar, Yağlıkcılar, Haffaflar were completely burned. The fire spread to Fingerkapi and Tatlikuyu. The sultan, with the help of the treasury, repaired the burned down and Ağakapısı. [5] I started the construction of the Cağaloğlu Bath, called Yeni Hamam, in the spring of 1740 on the land of Cağaloğlu Palace, which covers a large Foundation houses were built on the remaining empty lands and a neighborhood was established. The benevolent sultan opened the one in the courtyard of the Hagia Sophia Mosque, the first of the three libraries it established in Istanbul, with a ceremony and made four thousand volumes. the library, Sahih-i Buharf reading of ten inhabitants every day was one of the conditions of the foundation. Mahmud also came to the Rosary Gate of Hagia Sophia several times, sat in the library and listened to the commentary of tafsir. famine, which appeared due to the heavy winter, became heavier and heavier at the end of spring. [6] with the Mughal Empire[edit] Shah's devastating campaign against the Mughal Empire, created a void in the western frontiers of Persia, which was effectively exploited by the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud I, who initiated the Ottoman–Persian War (1743–46), in which the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah closely cooperated with the Ottomans and their ambassador Haji Yusuf Agha, these relations between the two empires continued until Muhammad Shah's death in 1748.[7] with Safavid Empire[edit] March 1741, the ambassador of Nadir Shah from Iranian government, Hacı Han, came to Istanbul with three thousand people and his guards unit to prolong the peace in between them. Among his gifts were fabrics embroidered with jewels, ten elephants, and valuable weapons. Hacı Han was given a banquet in Fener Bahçesin. It was also a problem to pass the elephants brought by hand to Istanbul, and wide shakes were laid on the barges, and wooden curtains were laid around them so that elephants could not be scared. [8] relations of Iran and Ottoman Empire became increasingly tense, reached a new dimension in February 1743, and Shah Safi, who was one of Shah Hussein's princes and held hostage on Chios Island, was condemned and Nader Shah's inability to complete. Sailor's head of the crest, including the personality crown, was put on destar. He was sent to the Iranian border with the troops that joined him. [9] Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated on January 21; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated on February 12; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1754-1757, Ottoman Sultan, Osman III, prisoner, peculiar, angry, modest
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1754-1757 , Osman III; III (Ottoman Turkish: 2 January 1699-“ 30 October 1757) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.[3] III lived most of his life as a prisoner in the palace, and as a consequence, he had some behavioural peculiarities when he took the throne. Unlike previous sultans, he hated music, and banished all musicians from the palace. According to Baron de Tott, Osman III was an angry and modest type of ruler.[6] Audience of French ambassador Charles de Vergennes with Sultan Osman III in 1755. III's first activity was to choose government officials to work with. During his reign, the changes he made in high-level government duties, especially Grand Vizier, can be considered as attempts to reduce the extremely weighted role of the charitable authority in the previous sultan's era.[5] the severe storm of March 1756, an Egyptian galleon ran ashore in Kumkapa at dusk. Due to the storm, 600 passengers could not be evacuated. The sultan, who came to the shore, took all the passengers by bringing barges from the shipyard. He ordered the construction of the Lighthouse in Istanbul to prevent such incidents. [7] first procession of his enthronement was held on 14 December 1754. The historians of that time didn'™t write the events happening in the empire because of severe and freezing cold of January 1755. [8] was responsible for a firman in 1757 that preserved the Status Quo of various Holy Land sites for Christians, Muslims, and Jews.[9] the second year of his reign, Osman lost his mother, žehsuvar Sultan, who had been in contact with his religiousness. Afterward, the oldest prince, Mehmed, died of illness on December 22, 1756. According to various sources, the funeral of the prince, controlled by the quarry, grand vizier and sheikh al-Islam, was attended by 5,000 people. Some contemporary sources said that the prince was poisoned and killed on the initiative of Mustafa Pasha, the next sultan of the third sultan, Mustafa Pasha.[5] is noted that, in this period, provisions were sent against banditry in Anatolia and Rumelia, and especially the movements of headless beams, and that the sultan was also interested in these issues. Some measures were taken against the tribes of Bozulus and Cihanbeyli, the Armenians due to the turmoil in Iran, the bandits around Erzurum and Sivas, and the famous leader KaraosmanoŸlu Hac Mustafa. The latter was captured and executed, and his head was brought to Istanbul on 5 December 1755.[5] is famous for building Nuruosmaniye Mosque, whose construction started during the reign of Mahmud I. Nuruosmaniye Complex, also known as Osmaniye for a while, consisted of three schools, madrasahs, a factory, a library, a mausoleum, a temporary room, a mesh house, a fountain, an inn, and shops. Osman built a new neighborhood in 1755-56 where Palace and Garden was located, along with houses and shops. He also built the Ihsaniye Mosque and its masjids, both of which stand today as hsaniye.[5] III built a fountain in his name in 1755-56; it was destroyed 122 years after its construction. [10] III died on the night of 30 October 1757. In the early morning, a ceremony was held and his cousin Mustafa III was placed on the throne. The new sultan ordered Osman to be buried in the New Mosque Mausoleum, not in Nuruosmaniye. [11] Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1757-1761, Partiarch, Seraphim II of Constantinople
Constantinople Partiarch, 1757-1761, Seraphim II of Constantinople; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Constantinople, 1757-1774, Ottoman Sultan, Mustafa III, justice, prosperity, aquaducts, a Ger, w Rus
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1757-1774, Mustafa III; III 28 January 1717 -“ 21 January 1774) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III (1703-“30), and his consort MihriÅŸah KadÄ±n. He was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I (1774-“89). ascended the throne on 30 October 1757, after the death of his cousin Osman III, the son of Sultan Mustafa II.[5] of Mustafa's rule[edit] after his accession to the throne, Mustafa demonstrated a special care for justice. He took a number of measures to increase prosperity in Istanbul. He regulated coinage, built large grain stores, maintained aqueducts, and established a strict fiscal policy.[6] He traveled frequently and checked whether the laws he had enforced were followed.[7] with Prussia[edit] much admired Frederick the Great's generalship, and in 1761 established a peace treaty with Prussia. Frederick wanted an alliance against the Habsburgs, and Mustafa wanted to modernize his state and army. Mustafa preferred recruiting his officers in Berlin, rather than in Paris and London, to re-organize his army. In 1763, the two countries exchanged their diplomats for the first time.[8] War (1768-“1774)[edit] article: Russo-Turkish War (1768-“1774) Rag Pasha, who remained grand vizier until 1763, pursued a peace policy towards neighboring countries. But the increasing influence of Russia over the Caucasus and its intention to control Poland created tension between the Ottomans and Russia. Rag Pasha's successor Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha also preferred to remain at peace, and Mustafa's insistence on war with Russia led to his resignation in 1768. The Sultan expected to gain an easy victory over the Russians, but in fact the Ottomans were unprepared for a long war. During the war, military reforms were undertaken, with the assistance of French officer Fransois Baron de Tott. They included the modernization of artillery corps and the foundation of the Naval Engineering School in 1773. The war was disastrous for the Ottoman Empire. The Russian armies occupied the Crimea, Romania and parts of Bulgaria.[9] Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Monkmartyr Cosmas of St Anne Skete, Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 3; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated on December 3; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1774-1789, Ottoman Sultan, Abdul Hamid I, Pacifist, reformed military, lost Crimea and Ochakov
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1774-1789, Abdul Hamid I; ülhamid I, Abdul Hamid I or Abd Al-Hamid I (20 March 1725 – 7 April 1789)[1] was the 27th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning over the Ottoman Empire from 1774 to 1789. 1 Early life 2 Reign 2.1 Accession 2.2 Rule 2.3 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 2.4 Relations with Tipu Sultan 3 Architecture 4 Character 5 Family 6 Death 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links life[edit] was born on 20 March 1725 in Constantinople, a younger son of Sultan Ahmed III (reigned 1703–1730) and his consort Şermi Kadın.[3] III abdicated in favor of his nephew Mahmud I, who was succeeded by his brother Osman III, and Osman[3] by Ahmed's elder son Mustafa III. a potential heir to the throne, Abdul Hamid was imprisoned in comfort by his cousins and older brother, as was customary. This lasted until 1767. this period, he received his early education from his mother Rabia Şermi, who taught him history and calligraphy.[3] the day of Mustafa's death on 21 January 1774 , Abdul Hamid ascended to the throne with a ceremony held in the palace. The next day Mustafa III's funeral procession was held. new sultan sent a letter to the Grand Vizier and Serdar-ı Ekrem Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha on the front and informed him to continue his duty. On 27 January 1774, the sword was armed in Eyup Sultan. the time, the Ottoman-Russian front wars continued, the army was at once, and there was a shortage of food in Istanbul. [4] Hamid's long imprisonment had left him indifferent to state affairs and malleable to the designs of his advisors.[citation needed] Yet he was also very religious and a pacifist by nature. his accession the financial straits of the treasury were such that the usual donative could not be given to the Janissary Corps. The new Sultan told the Janissaries "There are no longer gratuities in our treasury, as all of our soldier sons should learn." Ottoman Army advances from Sofia, its largest garrison in Rumelia, in the year 1788. Hamid now sought to reform the Empire's armed forces. He enumerated the Janissary corps and tried to renovate it, and also the navy. He established a new artillery corps. He was also credited with the creation of the Imperial Naval Engineering School.[1] Hamid tried to strengthen Ottoman rule over Syria, Egypt, and Iraq.[1] However, slight successes against rebellions in Syria and the Morea could not compensate for the loss of the Crimean Peninsula, which had become nominally independent in 1774, but was in practice now controlled by Russia. repeatedly exploited its position as protector of Eastern Christians to interfere in the Ottoman Empire, and explicitly. Finally the Ottomans declared war against Russia in 1787. Austria soon joined Russia. Turkey held its own in the conflict, at first, but on 6 December 1788, Ochakov fell to Russia (all of its inhabitants being massacred). It is said that this sad defeat broke Abdul Hamid's spirit, as he died four months later. spite of his failures, Abdul Hamid was regarded as the most gracious Ottoman Sultan.[citation needed] He personally directed the fire brigade during the Constantinople fire of 1782. He was admired by the people for his religious devotion, and was even called a Veli ("saint"). He also outlined a reform policy, supervised the government closely, and worked with statesmen. Hamid I turned to internal affairs after the war with Russia ended in this way. He tried to suppress internal revolts through Algerian Gazi Hasan Pasha, and to regulate the reform works through Silâhdar Seyyid Mehmed Pasha (Karavezir) and Halil Hamid Pasha. in Syria, the rebellion of Zahir al-Omar, who cooperated with the admirals of the Russian navy in the Mediterranean, benefiting from the confusion caused by the Russian expedition of the 1768 Russian campaign, and suppressed the rebellion in Egypt in 1775, as well as the Kölemen who were in rebellion in Egypt. was brought to the road. On the other hand, the confusion in Peloponnese was ended, and calm was achieved. Kaptanıderyâ Gazi Hasan Pasha and Cezzâr Ahmed Pasha played an important role in suppressing all these events. [5] of Küçük Kaynarca[edit] his pacific inclinations, the Ottoman Empire was forced to renew the ongoing war with Russia almost immediately. This led to complete Turkish defeat at Kozludzha and the humiliating Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, signed on 21 July 1774. The Ottomans ceded territory to Russia, and also the right to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox Christians in the Empire. the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the territory left, as well as Russia's ambassador at Istanbul level and an authorized representative, this ambassador's participation in other ceremonies at the state ceremonies, the right to pass through the Straits to Russia, as the envoys of the Russian envoy were given immunity. Marketing opportunities for all kinds of commodities in Istanbul and other ports, as well as the full commercial rights of England and France were given. It was also in the treaty that the Russian state had a church built in Ga lata. Under the circumstances, this church would be open to the public, referred to as the Russo-Greek Church, and forever under the protection of Russian ambassadors in Istanbul. [6] with Tipu Sultan[edit] 1789, Tipu Sultan, ruler of the Sultanate of Mysore sent an embassy to Abdul Hamid, urgently requesting assistance against the British East India Company, and proposed an offensive and defensive alliance. Abdul Hamid informed the Mysori ambassadors that the Ottomans were still entangled and exhausted from the ongoing war with Russia and Austria.[citation needed] Hamid I left many architectural works, mostly in Istanbul. The most important of these is the current in Sirkeci in 1777. It is the building built by the Vakıf Inn. He built a fountain, an elementary school, a madrasah and a library next to this building. The books in the library are kept in the Süleymaniye Library today and the madrasah is used as a stock exchange building. During the construction of the Vakıf Inn, the fountain was removed by construction and the fountain was transferred to the corner of Zeynep Sultan Mosque opposite Gülhane Park. [5] addition to these works, in 1778, he built a mosque with a mosque on the beach of Beylerbeyi on behalf of Râbia Şermi Kadın, and built fountains in Çamlıca Kısıklı Square, other than places such as İskele Square, Çınarönü, Havuzbaşı and Car Square. In addition, he had the Beylerbeyi Mosque substantially repaired, built a mosque, a fountain and a bath and shops around Emirgi in Emirgân in 1783, and another one for Hümâşah Sultan and his son Mehmed. The fountain has been built more. In addition to these, there is a fountain next to Neslişah Mosque in Istinye, and another fountain on the embankment between Dolmabahçe and Kabataş. [5] wrote down the troubles he saw before, to the grand vizier or to the governor of his empire. He accepted the invitations of the and his grand vizier and went to his mansions, followed by the reading of Quran. He was humble and a religious Sultan.[7] is known that Abdul Hamid I was fond of his children, was interested in family life, spent the summer months in Karaağaç, Beşiktaş with his consorts, sons and daughters. His daughter Esma Sultan's dressing styles, her passion for entertainment, her journey to the objects with her journeymen and concubines have set an example for Istanbul ladies.[8] St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1789-1807, Ottoman Sultan, Selim III, poet, musician, education, military
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1789-1807, Selim III; III (24 December 1761 – 28 July 1808) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. regarded as an enlightened ruler,[1] the Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV. Selim was subsequently killed by a group of assassins. III was the son of Sultan Mustafa III and his wife Mihrişah Sultan. mother Mihrişah Sultan originated in Georgia, and when she became the Valide Sultan, she participated in reforming the government schools and establishing political corporations. father Ottoman Sultan Mustafa III was very well educated and believed in the necessity of reforms. Mustafa III attempted to create a powerful army during the peacetime with professional, well-educated soldiers. This was primarily motivated by his fear of a Russian invasion. the Russo-Turkish War, he fell ill and died of a heart attack in 1774. Sultan Mustafa was aware of the fact that a military reform was necessary. He declared new military regulations and opened maritime and artillery academies. Mustafa was very influenced by mysticism. predicted his son Selim would be a world-conqueror, so he organized a joyous feast lasting seven days. was very well educated in the palace. Sultan Mustafa III bequeathed his son as his successor; however, Selim's uncle Abdul Hamid I ascended the throne after Mustafa's death. Sultan Abdul Hamid I took care of Selim and put great emphasis on his education. Abdul Hamid's death, Selim succeeded him on 7 April 1789, not yet 27 years old. Selim III was very fond of literature and calligraphy; many of his works were put on the walls of mosques and convents. He wrote many poems, especially about Crimea's occupation by Russia. He spoke Arabic, Persian and Serb-Bulgar fluently. III showed great importance to patriotism and religion. He demonstrated his skills in poetry, music and was fond of fine arts and the army. St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Ottoman E., Balkan Revolt and Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Constantinople, 1805-1848, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Constantinople, 1808-1839, Ottoman, Sultan Mahmud II, westernztn, reforms, admin, military, fiscal, revolts
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1808-1839, Mahmud II ; II (20 July 1785 - 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. His reign is recognized for the extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms he instituted, which culminated in the Decree of Tanzimat ("reorganization") that was carried out by his sons Abdulmejid I and Abdülaziz. described as "Peter the Great of Turkey",[1] Mahmud's reforms included the 1826 abolition of the conservative Janissary corps, which removed a major obstacle to his and his successors' reforms in the Empire. reforms he instituted were characterized by political and social changes, which would eventually lead to the birth of the modern Turkish Republic.[2] II is the last sultan who used his political (non-judgmental) execution authority.[clarification needed] his domestic reforms, Mahmud's reign was also marked by nationalist uprisings in Ottoman-ruled Serbia and Greece, leading to significant loss of territory for the Empire following the emergence of an independent Greek state. the general structure of the Ottoman Empire, Mahmud's reign was characterized by showing major interest to Westernization; institutions, palace order, daily life, clothing, music and many other areas saw radical reform as the Ottoman Empire opened up to the modernisation.[3] Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; New Martyr John of Crete, Commemorated September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; Icon of the Mother of God œTinos, Commemorated on January 30; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated on February 17; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Constantinople, 1821-1839, Ottoman Empire, Greek War of Independence
Ottoman, Greek War of Independence, 1821-1839; Icon of the Mother of God, "œTinosÃ", Commemorated on January 30; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31;

Constantinople, 1839-1861, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulmecid I, rise of nationalism, non-muslim integration failed
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1839-1861, Abdulmecid I ; I (25 April 1823-25 June 1861), was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on 2 July 1839.[4] reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories. Abdulmejid wanted to encourage Ottomanism among secessionist subject nations and stop rising nationalist movements within the empire, but despite new laws and reforms to integrate non-Muslims and non-Turks more thoroughly into Ottoman society, his efforts failed. tried to forge alliances with the major powers of Western Europe, namely the United Kingdom and France, who fought alongside the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War against Russia. In the following Congress of Paris on 30 March 1856, the Ottoman Empire was officially included among the European family of nations. biggest achievement was the announcement and application of the Tanzimat (reorganization) reforms which were prepared by his father and effectively started the modernization of the Ottoman Empire in 1839. For this achievement, one of the Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire, the March of Abdulmejid, was named after him. Icon of the Mother of God the œDeliveress", Commemorated on October 17 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated on January 12; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Constantinople, 1861-1876, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdulaziz, admired West, Composer, Deposed and Killed
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1861-1876, Abdulaziz of the Ottoman Empire; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, 1876-1876, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Murad V, admired West, so deposed, mentally ill
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1876-1876, Murad V ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, 1876-1909, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Abdul Hamid II, rebellions, period of decline
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1876-1909, Abdul Hamid II ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping Ã¢Â€ÂœTikhvinÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Constantinople, 1900-1922, 20th Century Folder, Ottoman E. Ends in WWI

Constantinople, 1909-1918, Ottoman Empire, Sultan Mehmed V
Sultan Ottoman Empire, 1909-1918, Mehmed V ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ;

Constantinople, Sea of Marmora Folder

Sea of Marmora, Constantinople
Sea of Marmora; Translation of the Image "Not-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "Feast of the Savior in August" ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Prokonnesos Island, Sea of Marmora
Prokonnesos Island; Martyr Philetairus of Nicomedia, Commemorated December 30 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13;

Aphousia Island, Sea of Marmora
Aphousia; Venerable Macarius the Monk of Pelekete, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Akrita, Cape of Akrita (Sea of Marmora)
Cape of Akrita (Sea of Marmora), this cape chosen as Akrita by process of elimination (the others are too close to Constantinople and Nicaea). St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Gregory of Crete, Commemorated January 5 ;

Alona Island (an Island not far from Cyzicus)
Alona Island (an Island not far from Cyzicus); Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21;

Kyzikos (Sea of Marmara, between Constantinople and Troy)
Kyzikos (on the Sea of Marmara); Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 20 ; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ;

Cyzikus (Sea of Marmara, between Troy and Constantinople)
Cyzicus St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Sisinius the Bishop of Cyzicus, Commemorated on November 23 ; St Emilian the Confessor, Bishop of Cyzicus, January 8 ; Martyr Tryphaina at Cyzicus, Commemorated January 31; Virginmarty Fausta at Cyzicus, Commemorated February 6 ; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7 ; Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Nikon in Sicily, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12;

Constantinople, Southwest Side, Studion Monastery Folder

Studion Monastery, Constantinople, 462
The Studion Monestary ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on August 14; Venerable Theodosius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated September 2 ; St Athanasius of Serpukhov, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Evarestus of the Studion Monastery, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Thaddeus the Confessor of the Studion, Commemorated December 29 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion ; Venerable Timothy of Symbola in Bithynia, Commemorated February 21 ; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St James the Confessor the Bishop of Catania, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Titus the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 2; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves Monastery, and Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6;

Peribleptos monastery, Constantinople
Peribleptos monastery; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15;

Constantinople, Northwest Side, Blachernae Folder

Blachernae church, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Anastasia Gate
Anastasia Gate; Virginmartyr Theodosia the Nun of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 29;

Church of Saint Mary of Blachernae, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDirectressÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-SingerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Church of the Holy Theotokos of Blachernae, Constantinople, 420
Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul); Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia, Commemorated on July 10 ; Appearance of the Smolensk ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDirectressÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated on September 9; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-SingerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Monkmartyr and Confessor Stephen the New of Mt St Auxentius, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated June 11 ; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Blachernae, Constantinople
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Blachernae Palace, Constantinople, 500
Blachernae Palace ; Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated September 10 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Chora monastery, Constantinople
Chora monastery in Constantinople; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12;

Patriarchal Academy, Constantinople, near Blachernae, 1454
Patriarchal Academy; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Cosmos and Damian Monastery (Kosmidion, Blachernae) 450 approx
Cosmos and Damian Monastery (Kosmidion); St. Elizabeth the Wonderworker of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 24;

Constantinople, Phanar Golden Horn Greek Quarter Folder

Phanar, Constantinople (Neighborhood on Golden Horn, Greek Quarter)
Phanar (Greek Quarter of Constantinople); Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Phanariots, members of prominent Greek families in Phanar, Wallacian Rulers (Romania and Moldovia)
Phanariots, members of prominent Greek families in Phanar; Phanar (Greek Quarter of Constantinople); Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Phanar Greek Orthodox College, Constantinople
Phanar Greek Orthodox College, Constantinople; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ;

Patriarchal Academy, Constantinople, Phanar Greek Neighborhood, 1454
Patriarchal Academy; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Pantocrator monastery in Constantinople, Greek Quarter, 1118
Pantocrator monastery in Constantinople ; The Holy Empress Irene, tonsured Xenia; Repose of Saint Stephen of Decani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ;

Dalmatian Monastery (Probably at Church of the Holy Apostles, 330)
Dalmatian Monastery (Probably at Church of the Holy Apostles); Isaac of Dalmatia, founder of the Dalmatus Monastery, not from Dalmatia; Venerable Hilarion the New, Abbot of the Dalmatian Monastery, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Church of the Holy Apostles, Constantinople, 330
Church of the Holy Apostles; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated October 20 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Timothy of the Seventy, Commemorated January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13;

Church of St. Polyeuctus, Constantinople, 524
Church of St. Polyeuctus; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Constantinople, Galata, North Shore of Golden Horn Folder

Golden Horn
Golden Horn; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unbreakable WallÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on May 28;

Galata, Constantinople (north shore of Golden Horn)
Galata (north shore of the Golden Horn Harbor on the outskirts of Constantinople ; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26;

Galatea (Constantinople)
Galatea (Constantinople); Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated July 4 ;

Constantinople, Downtown Folder, Byzantium, Hagia Sophia, Imperial Palace, Sultan's Palace

Byzantium (downtown Constantinople)
Byzantium; Byzantine Empire; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31;

Gate of Eugenius (the Ottoman YaAkosku kapAsA)
Gate of Eugenius (the Ottoman Yalkosku kap); Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated on February 22; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Topkap Palace (Sultans Residence, Ottoman Empire, 1465-1856)
Topkap Palace (Sultans Residence, Ottoman Empire, 1465-1856);

Armatia Monastery
Armatian monestary is somewhere in Constantinople. Icon of the Mother of God of Armatia, Commemorated on August 17 ;

Imperial Palace, Constantinople, 330 - 1081, Emperor's Residence
Imperial Palace, Constantinople, 330; Great Palace of Constantinople (Greek: ; Latin: Palatium Magnum, Turkish: Bak Saray), also known as the Sacred Palace (Greek:; Latin: Sacrum Palatium), was the large Imperial Byzantine palace complex located in the south-eastern end of the peninsula now known as Old Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), in modern Turkey. It served as the main royal residence of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine emperors until 1081 and was the centre of imperial administration for over 690 years. Only a few remnants and fragments of its foundations have survived into the present day. Saint Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9;

Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568
Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9 and November 25;

Daphne Monastery of St Phocus, Constantinople, 568
Daphne Palace, Constantinople, 568; Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9 and November 25;

Chalke (entrance to the Imperial Palace)
Chalke; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Mangana Monastery, Constantinople, 1050
Mangana Monastery; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6;

Santa Sophia Cathedral, Great Church (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Great Church (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Saviorin August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, 537
Hagia Sophia; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated July 2; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. The time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. At the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior" in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, "œSweet-Singer", Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Sophia, Patriarch's house, Downtown Constantinople
Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Constantinople's Chalcoprateia district Church, 100 meters west of Hagia Sophia
Constantinople's Chalcoprateia district Church, 100 meters west of Hagia Sophia; Hagia Sophia; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Pantocrator Monastery (Hagia Sophia), Constantinople, 537
Christ Pantocrator; Hagia Sophia; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1; St Menas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 25 ; Blessed Nicetas the Hidden of Constantinople, Commemorated September 9 ; Venerable Romanus the Melodist, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-SingerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated November 13 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated December 27 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Hagia Eirene, church of Hagia Eirene, Constantinople
Hagia Eirene; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated November 6 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ;

Sublime Porte
Sublime Porte; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ottoman Porte (Ottoman central government)
Ottoman Porte; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

Constantinople, Walls of Constantinople
Walls of Constantinople, Golden Horn Wall: The wall facing towards the Golden Horn; Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius;; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

Constantinople, Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall
Walls of Constantinople, Golden Horn Wall: The wall facing towards the Golden Horn; Gate of Eugenius: the last gate of the Golden Horn wall was the Gate of Eugenius;; Uncovering of the relics of the Holy Martyrs at the Gate of Eugenius at Constantinople, Commemorated February 22 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ;

monastery of the holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia)
monastery of the holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus (Little Hagia Sophia); Saint Gregory, Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Ergat-Bazara, near the Bedestan, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul, 1455
Ergat-Bazara, near the Bedestan, Grand Bazaar, Istanbul; New Martyr John Kalphes, the Apprentice, Commemorated on February 26;

Chrysovolantou Monastery, Constantinople (somewhere in Constantinople)
monastery Chrysovolantou; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated July 28 ;

Constantinople, Kagithane River Folder

Kagithane River

Kagithane River Mouth (Golden Horn Estuary)

Bosphorus Strait, Constantinople and Bithynia
Bosphorus;

Thracian Penninsula
Thracian Penninsula, also known as Thracian Italy; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ;

Czech Lands Folder (Bohemia, Great Moravia, Czech Silesia)

Czech Lands (Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia)
Czech Lands; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Bohemia, Western Czech Republic
Bohemia; Gorazd (Pavlik); St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Moravia (Morava River, eastern Czech Republic)
Moravia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated November 24 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; John Wesley of JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, Czech Silesia, Northern Czech Republic
Czech Lands, Czech Silesia; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16;

Czech Lands, Great Moravia
Great Moravia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Czech Republic
Czech Republic; is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. The country has been traditionally divided into lands, namely Bohemia proper (ÃƒÂ„Ã‚ÂŒechy) in the west, Moravia (Morava) in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Czech Lands 833-1922, Czech Lands History Folder

Czech Lands, 800, 9th Century History Folder, Great Moravia, Saints Cyril and Methodius

Czech Lands, 833-907, Great Moravia (West Salvic: Moravia, Selecia, Poland and Hungary)
Czech Lands, 833-907, Great Moravia (West Salvic: Moravia, Selecia, Poland and Hungary); Moravia; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Czech Lands, 846-870, Duke, Rastislav, repelled Frankish attacks, asked for C and M, Slovonic books and alpha
Rastislav of Moravia 846-870; the year 862 began the chief exploit of the holy brothers. At the request of Prince Rostislav, the emperor sent them to Moravia to preach Christianity in the Slavic language. Saints Cyril and Methodius by a revelation from God compiled a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel, Epistles, the Psalter and many Service books into the Slavonic language. They introduced divine services in Slavonic. or Rostislav, also known as St. Rastislav, was the second known ruler of Moravia (846–870).[2][3] he started his reign as vassal to Louis the German, king of East Francia, he consolidated his rule to the extent that after 855 he was able to repel a series of Frankish attacks.[4] his initiative two brothers, Cyril and Methodius. sent by the Byzantine Emperor Michael III in 863, translated the most important Christian liturgical books into Slavonic.[5] was dethroned by his nephew Svatopluk I of Moravia, who handed him over to the Franks.[6] St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Czech Lands, 862-885, Saints, Saints Cyril and Methodius
Czech Land Saints, 862-885, Saints Cyril and Methodius; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Czech Lands, 870-871, Ruler, Svyatopolk, Svatopluk I of Moravia, dethroned R, opposed Slovonic, for Latin
Czech Land, 870-871, Ruler, Svatopluk I of Moravia; I or Svätopluk I, also known as Svatopluk the Great was a ruler of Great Moravia, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894).[2][3] career started in the 860s, when he governed a principality within Moravia, the location of which is still a matter of debate among historians, under the suzerainty of his uncle, Rastislav.[4][5] 870 Svatopluk dethroned Rastislav, who was a vassal of Louis the German, and betrayed him to the Franks. Within a year, however, the Franks also imprisoned Svatopluk.[6][7] After the Moravians rebelled against the Franks, Svatopluk was released and led the rebels to victory over the invaders.[8] Although he was obliged to pay tribute to East Francia under the peace treaty concluded at Forchheim (Germany) in 874, he was able to expand his territories outside the Franks' sphere of interest in the following years.[8][9] His forces even invaded the March of Pannonia within East Francia in 882.[9][10] established a good relationship with the popes, and he and his people were formally taken under the protection of the Holy See in 880.[5][8] Pope Stephen V even addressed him as "King" in a letter written in 885.[11] Svatopluk seems to have wanted to appease the German clergy who opposed the conducting of the liturgy in Old Church Slavonic, and he expelled the disciples of Methodius from Moravia in 886, after their teacher's death.[10][12][13] state was a loose assemblage of principalities and also included conquered territories.[14] long after his death Svatopluk's realm of Great Moravia collapsed in the midst of a power struggle between his sons and the intensifying Hungarian raids.[15][16] whose empire encompassed parts of the territory of modern Czech Republic (Moravia and Bohemia), Slovakia, Poland and Hungary, has occasionally been erroneously and anachronistically presented as a "Slovak King" in Slovak literary works since the 18th century, the period of the Slovak national awakening.[17] St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Czech Lands, 900, 10th Century History Folder, Hungarian Invasions of Europe, Saint Wenceslaus, Orthodox

Czech Lands, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia
Czech Land, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia;

Czech Lands, 915-921, Prince, Bratislav, Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia, Father of Wenceslas
Czech Lands, 915-921, Prince, Bratislav, Vratislaus I, Duke of Bohemia, ; Czech Prince and Saint, 921-935, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4;

Czech Lands, 921-935, Prince and Saint, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
Czech Prince and Saint, 921-935, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4;

Czech Lands, 1000, 11th Century History Folder, Hungary and Moravia join HRE

Czech Lands, 1001, Hungary and Moravia become Western Christian, Holy Roman Empire
Czech Land, 1001, Hungary and Moravia become Western Christian, Holy Roman Empire; Czech Land, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia;

Czech Lands, 1100, 12th Century History Folder, Hungary and Moravia in HRE

Czech Lands, 1200, 13th Century History Folder, Hungary and Moravia in HRE

Czech Lands, 1300, 14th Century History Folder, Orthodox Czestochowa Icon, John Hus

Czech Lands, 1356-1401, Czech Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon
Czech Land, 1356-1401, Czech Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœCzestochowaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Czech Lands, 1392-1415, Saint, JOHN HUS
Czech Land Saint, 1392-1415, JOHN HUS; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415, Commemorated July 6;

Czech Lands, 1400, 15th-16th Century History Folder, Bohemian Brethern, Moravian Church, Protestant, Hussite Wars

Czech Land, 1400-1722, Bohemian Brethern, Moravian Church, Protestant
Czech Land, 1400-1722, Bohemian Brethern, Moravian Church, Protestant; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Czech Lands, 1419-1434, Bohemia, Hussite Wars
Bohemia, 1419-1434, Hussite Wars; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Czech Land, 1457, Moravian Brethren Church organized in Prague
Czech Lands, 1457, Moravian Church organized in Prague; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10

Czech Lands, 1500, 16th Century History Folder, House of Hapsburg, HRE

Czech Lands, 1600, 17th Century History Folder, 30 years War

Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) Thirty Years War, 1620
Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora) Thirty Years War, 1620 ; Catholic Cathedral of St Vico in Prague, St Roch; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18;

Czech Lands, 1900, 20th Century History Folder, Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia, 1918-1992, Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia
Czechoslovakia, 1918-1992, Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16;

Czech Lands, Western Czech Lands, Vltava and Upper Elbe Rivers Folder (Bohemia, Sudetenland)

Elbe River

Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains)

Sudetes Mountains (NW Carpathians)
Sudetes Mountains, which later to the southeast become the Carpathian Mountains of Romania; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ;

Sudetenland (Upper Elbe River, South Side Sudetes Mts, Czech Republic)
Sudetenland; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Krkonose (Sudetes) Mountains
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River Source (Krkonose Mountains)
Krkonose Mountains;

Elbe River 1 (Sudetenland, Sudetes Mountains)

Elbe River 2 (Hradee Kralove, Czech Republic)

Mravin, Czech Republic (Elbe River 2)
Mravin; Jeni¡ovice (Chrudim District); St Philotheus the Presbyter in Asia Minor, Commemorated September 15 ;

Elbe River 3 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 4 (Prague, Vltava River Mouth)

Czech Lands, Western Czech Lands, Elbe River 4, Vltava River Folder, Bohemia, Prague

Bohemia, Western Czech Republic
Bohemia; Gorazd (Pavlik); St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated September 16 ; St Procopius, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Vltava River

Bohemian Forest (Bohmerwald Mountains, Czech Lands)
Bohemian Forest;

Vtalva River Source (Bohemian Mountains)
Bohemian Mountains, Bohmerwald Mountains;

Vtalva River 1

Vtalva River 2

Vtalva River 3 (Prague, Bohemia, Czech Republic)

Prague, Bohemia, Czech Lands (Vltava River 3, Elbe River 4)
Prague, Czech Republic (Vltava River 3) ; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Gorazd of Prague, Bohemia and Moravo-Cilezsk, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Right-believing Prince Wenceslaus of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Vitus at Lucania, Commemorated on May 16; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Charles University, Prague, 1348
Charles University, Prague; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

St. Vitas Cathedral, Prague, 920
St. Vitas Cathedral, Prague ; St. George's Basilica, Prague; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18;

St. George's Basilica, Prague, 920
St. George's Basilica, Prague; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18;

Catholic Cathedral of St Vico in Prague (Bila Hora) 1680
Catholic Cathedral of St Vico in Prague (Bila Hora) 1680; Catholic Cathedral of St Vico in Prague, St Roch; Battle of White Mountain (Bila Hora, Statue of St. Vico in Prague) Thirty Years War ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18;

Vltava River Mouth (Elbe River 4)

Czech Lands, Northern Czech, Oder River Folder ( Selesia, Poland)

Moravo-Cilezsk (Moravian-Selesian) Region
Moravo-Cilezsk (Selesia) Region;

Silesia, Czech Silesia, Northern Czech Republic
Czech Lands, Czech Silesia; St Procopius, Commemorated on September 16;

Czech Lands, Eastern Czech Lands, Morava River Folder (Moravia, Slovakia)

Morava River, Moravia
Morava (river), Moravia;

Morava River Source (Kralicky Sneznik Mountain)

Moravia (Morava River, Eastern Czech Republic, and Western Carpathian Mts)
Moravia; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 28 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Morava River 1 (Krupa River)

Krupa River

Krupa River Source

Krupa River Mouth (Morava River 1)

Morava River 2 (Desna River)

Desna River Source

Desna River Mouth (Morava River 2)

Morava River 3

Morava River 4 (Olomouc, Oscava River)

Oscava River

Oscava River Source

Oscava River Mouth (Morava River 4)

Morava River 5 (Becva River)

Becva River

Becva River Source

Becva River Mouth (Morava River 5)

Morava River 6 (Drevnice River)

Drevnice River

Drevnice River Source

Drevnice River Mouth (Morava River 6)

Velehrad, Czech Lands, Capital of Moravia (Morava River 6.5)
Velehrad, the old capital of Moravia, the capital of Great Moravia; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; CYRIL AND METHODIUS; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ;

Morava River 7 (Velehrad)

Morava River 8 (Dyje (Thaya) River)

Dyje (Thaya) River

Dyje (Thaya) River Source (a confluence)

Dyje (Thaya) River Mouth (Morava River 8)

Moravian Thaya River

Moravian Thaya River Source (2k southeast of Trest)

Moravian Thaya River 1

Moravian Thaya River 2

Moravian Thaya River Mouth (Dyje (Thaya) River Source)

German Thaya River

German Thaya Source (southwest of Schweiggers, Austria)

German Thayer River 1 (Vitis, Austria)

German Thaya Mouth (Dyje (Thaya) River Source)

Thaya (Dyje) River Mouth (Morava River 8)

Morava River 9

Morava River Mouth (Danube River 5)

Czech Lands, Central Czech Lands, Amber Road Folder

Sweden Folder, its rivers, including Norway, and the Baltics

Sweden
Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, Land of the Northmen (Goths, Varangians, Vandals, Lombards)
Northmen; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Sweden, Gothland, Sweden
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Thervingi people; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated November 15 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Sweden, Land of the Visigoths, they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal
Visigoths; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Land of the Ostrogoths, they went to Italy
Land of the Ostrogoths; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Land of the Greuthungi (Crimean) Goths
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Sweden, Land of the Thervingian Goths, they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica, Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Sweden, Land of the Vandals - Vendel, Sweden, they went to Southern Spain and Northern Africa
Sweden, Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Sweden, Land of the Lombards, Southern Scandinavia, to Lombardy and Italy
Sweden, Lombards, Southern Scandinavial

Sweden, Land of the Varangians, Varangian Peninsula, Norway, They went to Russia
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Sweden, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III, Battle of the Ice, Pskov Lake

Sweden, 1240, Battle of the Neva, Russian Victory
St Petersburg, 1240, Battle of the Neva; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Xenophon the Abbot of Robeika, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, Russian defeat of Teutonic Knights
Pskov, 1242, Great Battle of the Ice of Lake Chud, defeat of Teutonic Knights; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant
Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Sweden, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union, Protestant
Sweden, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union;

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War, Protestant
Swedish Empire, 1611-1721, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Sweden, Goths, and Norway History Folder

Sweden, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Clement's Church in Cherson, Crimea

Sweden, Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea
Crimea, 101-867, Angelic Church of Pope Clement, Cherson, Crimea; Cherson, Crimea; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ;

Sweden, 291-568, Goths and Vandal History Folder

Sweden, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Ostrogoths in Italy 291-568

Sweden, 291-568, Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy, (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae;

Sweden, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Crimea and Visigothic, Ostrogothic and Thervingian Goths

Sweden, Crimea, 300 4th to 16th Centuries, Crimean Goths, Cembalo
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 331-383, Goth Bishop Wulfilas or Ulfilas , Arian
Arian bishop Wulfilas 311-383 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Sweden, 359-381, Goth King, Antharic of the Visigothic Thervingian Goths
Goth King, 359-381, Antharic of the Thervingian Goths; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Sweden, Crimea, 375-383, Crimean Gothic King, Jungerich (Athanaric)
Crimean Goths; Gothic King Jungerich (Athanaric) (375-383); Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ;

Sweden, 400, 5th Century History Folder, Visigoths in Spain, Vandals in N Africa

Swedenl, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom in Spain
Spain, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom; St. Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14;

Sweden, 435-534, Vandal Kingdom, Hippo then Carthage in 439
Vandal Kingdom, 435-534, Hippo then Carthage in 439 ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Sweden, 428-477, Vandal King, Genseric
Vandal King, 428-477, Genseric ; Vandal Kingdom, 435-534, Hippo then Carthage in 439 ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Sweden, 500, 6th Century History Folder, Ostrogoth Totila in Rome and Naples Italy

Sweden, 541-552, Goth King, Totila the Goth, Battle of Taginae, 552
Goth King, 541-552, Totila the Goth, Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Battle of Taginae, 552 ; Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540);

Sweden, 600, 7th Century History Folder, Temporary Byzantine Reconquest of Italy

Sweden, 700, 8th Century History Folder, Crimean Goth St John of Gothia

Sweden, Crimea, 741-791, Crimean, Goth, Saint, John of Gothia
Crimean, Goth, 741-791, Saint, John of Gothia; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 995-1000, Olf Tryggvason, King of Norway, History Folder

Sweden, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway
Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Sweden, 280-1523, Catholic Nobility, History Folder

Sweden, 1195-1350, Northern Crusades, ordered by Pope Celestine III

Sweden, 1216-1222, King John I of Sweden, House of Sverker, strengthened c church, died of fever
Sweden, 1216-1222, King John I of Sweden, House of Sverker;

Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden, Eric Erickson, lisp and lame, eastward expansion
Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1222-1266, Prince (Jarl) Birger, Jarl is second to the King, Birger Jarl to Eric VI and Valdemar his son
Sweden, 1222-1250, Eric XI of Sweden; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Sweden, 1250-1275, Valdemar, King of Sweden, Birger's son
Sweden, 1250-1275, Valdemar, King of Sweden;

Swedish Nobility, 1280-Present, includes Finnish Nobility
Swedish Nobility, 1280-Present, includes Finnish Nobility; Sweden, 1523-1654, House of Vasa ruling Sweden, Poland and Russia, Protestant;

Sweden, 1319-1364, Magnus IV of Sweden, King of Sweden, bought pawned Norway
Sweden, 1319-1364, Magnus IV of Sweden, King of Sweden; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28;

Sweden, 1435, Riksdag of the Estates established
Sweden, 1435, Riksdag of the Estates established;

Sweden, 1523-1611, History Folder, Protestant Nobility, Union w Poland Lithuania

Sweden, 1523-1560, Swedish King, Gustav I, liberated Sweden from Denmark Norway's Kalmer Union, centralization, Lutheran
Swedish King, 1523-1560, Gustav I ; I, born Gustav Eriksson of the Vasa noble family and later known as Gustav Vasa (12 May 1496[1] - 29 September 1560), was King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560,[2] previously self-recognised Protector of the Realm from 1521, during the ongoing Swedish War of Liberation against King Christian II of Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Gustav rose to lead the rebel movement following the Stockholm Bloodbath, where his father was executed. Gustav's election as king on 6 June 1523 and his triumphant entry into Stockholm eleven days later marked Sweden's final secession from the Kalmar Union.[3] king, Gustav proved an energetic administrator with a ruthless streak not inferior to his predecessor's, brutally suppressing subsequent uprisings (three in Dalarna – which had once been the first region to support his claim to the throne – one in Västergötland, and one in Småland). He worked to raise taxes and bring about a Reformation in Sweden, replacing the prerogatives of local landowners, noblemen and clergy with centrally appointed governors and bishops. His 37-year rule, which was the longest of a mature Swedish king to that date (subsequently passed by Gustav V and Carl XVI Gustav) saw a complete break with not only the Danish - Norwegian supremacy but also the Roman Catholic Church, whose assets were nationalised, with the Lutheran Church of Sweden established under his personal control. He became the first truly autocratic native Swedish sovereign and was a skilled bureaucrat and propagandist, with tales of his largely fictitious adventures during the liberation struggle still widespread to this day. In 1544, he abolished Medieval Sweden's elective monarchy and replaced it with a hereditary monarchy under the House of Vasa, which held the Swedish throne until 1654. Thus, three of his sons, Eric XIV, John III and Charles IX, all held the kingship at different points.[4] I has subsequently been labelled the founder of modern Sweden, and the "father of the nation". Gustav liked to compare himself to Moses, whom he believed to have also liberated his people and established a sovereign state. As a person, Gustav was known for ruthless methods and a bad temper, but also a fondness for music and had a certain sly wit and ability to outmaneuver and annihilate his opponents. He founded one of the now oldest orchestras of the world, the Kungliga Hovkapellet (Royal Court Orchestra). Royal housekeeping accounts from 1526 mention twelve musicians including wind players and a timpanist but no string players.[5] Today the Kungliga Hovkapellet is the orchestra of the Royal Swedish Opera.[6][7] St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Sweden, 1527, Lutheranism established by Riksdag of the Estates
Sweden, 1527, Lutheranism established by Riksdag of the Estates ;

Sweden, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583), the Livonian War, R lost to Stefan Batory
Sweden, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583); Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. the period 1558–1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, while Sweden and Denmark both intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek, which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein. Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state Kingdom of Livonia, which nominally existed until his defection in 1576. 1576, Stefan Batory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned the tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden. This was followed by an extended campaign through Russia culminating in the long and difficult siege of Pskov. Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski, which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed the Truce of Plussa with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Sweden, 1560-1568, King, Eric XIV, intelligent, but mentally unstable, deposed
Swedish King, 1560-1568, Eric XIV of Sweden; XIV (Swedish: Erik XIV; 13 December 1533 - 26 February 1577) was King of Sweden from 1560 until he was deposed in 1568. Eric XIV was the eldest son of Gustav I (1496–1560) and Catherine of Saxe-Lauenburg (1513–35). He was also ruler of Estonia, after its conquest by Sweden in 1561. he has been regarded as intelligent and artistically skilled, as well as politically ambitious, early in his reign he showed signs of mental instability, a condition that eventually led to insanity. Some scholars claim that his illness began early during his reign, while others believe that it first manifested with the Sture murders. having been deposed and imprisoned, was most likely murdered. An examination of his remains in 1958 confirmed that he probably died of arsenic poisoning.[1]

Sweden, 1568-1592, Swedish King, John III of Sweden, close the P and C gap, Polish wife
Swedish King, 1568-1592, John III of Sweden; III (20 December 1537 - 17 November 1592) was King of Sweden from 1569 until his death. He was the son of King Gustav I of Sweden and his second wife Margaret Leijonhufvud. He was also, quite autonomously, the ruler of Finland, as Duke John from 1556 to 1563. In 1581 he assumed also the title Grand Prince of Finland. He attained the Swedish throne after a rebellion against his half-brother Eric XIV. is mainly remembered for his attempts to close the gap between the newly established Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Catholic church, as well as his conflict with, and murder of, his brother. first wife was Catherine Jagellonica of the Polish-Lithuanian ruling family, and their son Sigismund eventually ascended both the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish thrones. Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Sweden, 1592-1599, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic, inherited thrones uniting Poland Sweden, enlightened, deposed
Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic ; III Vasa (20 June 1566 - 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1587 to 1632 as well as King of Sweden and Grand Duke of Finland from 1592 to 1599. was the first Polish sovereign from the House of Vasa. A religious zealot, he imposed Roman Catholic doctrine across the vast realm, and his crusades against neighbouring states marked Poland's largest territorial expansion. As an enlightened despot, he presided over an era of prosperity and achievement, further distinguished by the transfer of the country's capital from Kraków to Warsaw. was the son of John III of Sweden and his first wife, Catherine Jagiellon, daughter of King Sigismund I of Poland. Elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he sought to unify Poland and Sweden under one Catholic kingdom, and briefly succeeded upon the creation of the Polish–Swedish union in 1592. The staunch indoctrination of largely Protestant Sweden with Polish ideals caused a war of independence headed by Sigismund's uncle Charles IX, who deposed him in 1599. attempted to hold absolute power in all his dominions and undermined parliament. He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the Jesuits, whom he employed as advisors and spies during the Counter-Reformation. He actively interfered in the affairs of neighbouring countries; he took advantage of a period of civil unrest in Muscovy, known as the Time of Troubles, and invaded Russia, holding Moscow for two years and Smolensk thereafter. Sigismund's army also defeated the Ottoman forces in southeastern Europe, which systematically led to the demise of Sultan Osman II. However, the Polish–Swedish conflict had a less favourable outcome. After a series of skirmishes ending in a truce, Gustavus II Adolphus launched a campaign against the Commonwealth which resulted in the partial loss of Polish Livonia and in Sigismund's claim to the Swedish crown.[1] remains a highly controversial figure in Poland. One of the country's most recognisable monarchs, his long reign coincided with the Polish Golden Age, the apex in the prestige, power and economic influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the other hand, it was also during his rule that the seeds of decline surfaced; considerable contributions to the arts and architecture as well as military victories were tarnished by intrigues and religious persecutions.[2] Despite this, he was commemorated in Warsaw by Sigismund's Column, one of the city's chief landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in modern history.[3] It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, Władysław IV. St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Sweden, 1599-1611, Swedish King, Charles IX of Sweden, protestant, Thirty Years War, Reformation and Counter R
Swedish King, 1599-1611, Charles IX of Sweden; IX, also Carl (Swedish: Karl IX; 4 October 1550 - 30 October 1611), was King of Sweden from 1604 until his death. He was the youngest son of King Gustav I and his second wife, Margaret Leijonhufvud, brother of Eric XIV and John III, and uncle of Sigismund who was king of both Sweden and Poland. By his father's will he got, by way of appanage, the Duchy of Södermanland, which included the provinces of Närke and Värmland; but he did not come into actual possession of them till after the fall of Eric and the succession to the throne of John in 1568. Charles and one of his predecessors, Eric XIV (1560–68), took their regnal numbers according to a fictitious history of Sweden. He was actually the third Swedish king called Charles. came into the throne by championing the Protestant cause during the increasingly tense times of religious strife between competing sects of Christianity. In just over a decade, these would break out as the Thirty Years' War. These conflicts had already caused the dynastic squabble rooted in religious freedom that deposed his nephew and brought him to rule as king of Sweden. reign marked the start of the final chapter (dated 1648 by some) of both the Reformation and Counter-Reformation. With his brother's death in November 1592, the throne of Sweden went to his nephew and Habsburg ally, Sigismund of Poland and Sweden. During these tense political times, Charles viewed the inheritance of the throne of Protestant Sweden by his devout Roman Catholic nephew with alarm. Thus, several years of religious controversy and discord followed. the period, Charles and the Swedish privy council ruled in Sigismund's name while he stayed in Poland. After various preliminaries, the Riksdag of the Estates forced Sigismund to abdicate the throne to Charles IX in 1595. This eventually kicked off nearly seven decades of sporadic warfare as the two lines of the divided House of Vasa both continued to attempt to remake the union between the Polish and Swedish thrones with opposing counter-claims and dynastic wars. likely, the dynastic outcome between Sweden and Poland's House of Vasa exacerbated and radicalized the later actions of Europe's Catholic princes in the German states such as the Edict of Restitution. In fact, it worsened European politics to the abandonment or prevention of settling events by diplomacy and compromise during the vast bloodletting that was the Thirty Years' war. St. John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Sweden, 1605-1618, Swedish Polish Lithuanian Moscovite War
Sweden, 1605-1618, Swedish Polish Lithuanian Moscovite War;

Sweden, 1611-1632, Swedish King, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, Gustav II, Protestant, great M Commander, inherited 3 wars
Swedish King, 1611-1632, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden; Adolphus (19 December [O.S. 9 December] 1594 - 16 November [O.S. 6 November] 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph,[1] was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power. During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. He was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.[2][3][4] is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms.[5] His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631). With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader,[6] but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen (1632). He was assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who also acted as regent after his death. Adolphus inherited three simultaneous and ongoing wars of his father at the age of sixteen. Two of these were border wars with Russia and Denmark, and a more personal war (at least for his father) with Gustavus' first cousin, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland.[7] Of these three wars that were passed onto his rule, the Danish war was the most acute one.[8] During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a Baltic Sea basin regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government.[citation needed] Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare",[9] or the first modern general. He taught a number of other military commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to expand the boundaries and the power of Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting Jesuit collections.[10] contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began parish registration of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people.[11] Historian Christer Jorgensen argues that his actions in the fields of economic reform, trade, modernization, and the creation of a modern bureaucracy were as significant as his actions in war.[citation needed] His domestic reforms, starting from a medieval economy and society, were the foundation for his victories in Germany as well as the creation and survival of the Swedish Empire.[12][failed verification] is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him, including the Gustav-Adolf-Werk. He became a symbol of Swedish pride. St. John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Protestant, Great Northern War, History Folder

Sweden, 1611-1632, King Gustav II, Adolphus, Lutheran, Protestant, greaat m commander, inherited 3 wars, 30 Yrs War
Swedish King, 1611-1632, Gustav II, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden; Adolphus (19 December [O.S. 9 December] 1594 - 16 November [O.S. 6 November] 1632), also known in English as Gustav II Adolf or Gustav II Adolph,[1] was the King of Sweden from 1611 to 1632, and is credited for the rise of Sweden as a great European power. During his reign, Sweden became one of the primary military forces in Europe during the Thirty Years' War, helping to determine the political and religious balance of power in Europe. was formally and posthumously given the name Gustavus Adolphus the Great by the Riksdag of the Estates in 1634.[2][3][4] is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history, with use of an early form of combined arms.[5] His most notable military victory was the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631). With his resources, logistics, and support, Gustavus Adolphus was positioned to become a major European leader,[6] but he was killed a year later at the Battle of Lützen (1632). He was assisted in his efforts by Count Axel Oxenstierna, the Lord High Chancellor of Sweden, who also acted as regent after his death. Adolphus inherited three simultaneous and ongoing wars of his father at the age of sixteen. Two of these were border wars with Russia and Denmark, and a more personal war (at least for his father) with Gustavus' first cousin, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland.[7] Of these three wars that were passed onto his rule, the Danish war was the most acute one.[8] During his reign, Sweden rose from the status of a Baltic Sea basin regional power to one of the great powers of Europe and a model of early modern era government.[citation needed] Gustavus Adolphus is known as the "father of modern warfare",[9] or the first modern general. He taught a number of other military commanders, such as Lennart Torstensson, who would go on to expand the boundaries and the power of Swedish Empire after Gustavus Adolphus's death. Spoils meant he became a successful bookraider in Europe, targeting Jesuit collections.[10] contributions to Sweden's rise in power included reformation of the administrative structure. For example, he began parish registration of the population, so that the central government could more efficiently tax and conscript the people.[11] Historian Christer Jorgensen argues that his actions in the fields of economic reform, trade, modernization, and the creation of a modern bureaucracy were as significant as his actions in war.[citation needed] His domestic reforms, starting from a medieval economy and society, were the foundation for his victories in Germany as well as the creation and survival of the Swedish Empire.[12][failed verification] is widely commemorated by Protestants in Europe as the main defender of their cause during the Thirty Years' War, with multiple churches, foundations and other undertakings named after him, including the Gustav-Adolf-Werk. He became a symbol of Swedish pride. St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Sweden, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Swedish Empire, 1611-1721, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Sweden, 1612, Swedish Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612, Moscow Kremlin
Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Sweden, 1617, Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Sweden, 1632-1654, Swedish King, Christina, Queen of Sweden, learned, peacenik, abdicated, converted to C
Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden; (Swedish: Kristina; 18 December 1626 - 19 April 1689), a member of the House of Vasa, was Queen of Sweden from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.[note 1] She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Lutzen, but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of 18.[7] argued for peace in the Thirty Years' War and received indemnity. The Peace of Westphalia allowed her also to establish an academy or university when and wherever she wanted.[8] The Swedish queen is remembered as one of the most learned women of the 17th century.[9] She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the "Athens of the North". She caused a scandal when she decided not to marry,[10] and in 1654 when she abdicated her throne and converted to Catholicism. financial extravagance brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and the financial difficulties caused public unrest after ten years of ruling. At the age of 28, the "Minerva of the North" relinquished the throne to her cousin and moved to Rome.[11] Pope Alexander VII described Christina as "a queen without a realm, a Christian without faith, and a woman without shame."[10] Notwithstanding, she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical community and protected many Baroque artists, composers, and musicians. the guest of five consecutive popes,[12] and a symbol of the Counter Reformation, she is one of the few women buried in the Vatican grotto. Her unconventional lifestyle and masculine dressing have been featured in countless novels, plays, operas, and film. In all the biographies about Christina, her gender and cultural identity play an important role.[13]

Sweden, The Baltics, 1645,13 Aug, Treaty of Bromsebro, ended part 30 Yrs War
Sweden, The Baltics, 1645,13 Aug, Treaty of Bromsebro; Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date; Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date
Sweden, The Baltics, 1645, July 1, 1645 NS: Reuben's Seal Date; Swedish King, 1632-1654, Christina, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, 1654-1660, Swedish King, Charles X Gustav of Sweden
Swedish King, 1654-1660, Charles X Gustav of Sweden; Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Sweden, 1660-1697, Swedish King, Charles XI of Sweden
Swedish King, 1660-1697, Charles XI of Sweden;

Sweden, 1680, Absolue Monarchy established by Riksdag of the Estates
Sweden, 1680, Absolue Monarchy established by Riksdag of the Estates ;

Swedish King, 1697-1718, Charles XII of Sweden
Swedish King, 1697-1718, Charles XII of Sweden;

Sweden, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Moscow)
Sweden, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Moscow); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1718-1720, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
Swedish King, 1718-1720, Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden;

Sweden, 1720-Present, Alliance wtih the Ottomans, History Folder

Swedish King, 1720-1751, Frederick I of Sweden
Swedish King, 1720-1751, Frederick I of Sweden;

Sweden, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741Ã¢Â€Â“43)
Sweden, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741Ã¢Â€Â“43) ; Moscow Empress, 1741-1761, Elizabeth ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1751-1771, Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden
Swedish King, 1751-1771, Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1771-1792, Gustav III of Sweden
Swedish King, 1771-1792, Gustav III of Sweden;

Sweden, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788Ã¢Â€Â“90)
Sweden, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788Ã¢Â€Â“90) ; Moscow Empress, 1762-1796, Catherine the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Swedish King, 1792-1809, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1792-1809, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1809-1818, Charles XIII of Sweden
Swedish King, 1809-1818, Charles XIII of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1818-1844, Charles XIV John of Sweden
Swedish King, 1818-1844, Charles XIV John of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1844-1859, Oscar I of Sweden
Swedish King, 1844-1859, Oscar I of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1859-1872, Charles XV of Sweden
Swedish King, 1859-1872, Charles XV of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1872-1907, Oscar II of Sweden
Swedish King, 1872-1907, Oscar II of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1907-1950, Gustaf V of Sweden
Swedish King, 1907-1950, Gustaf V of Sweden;

Sweden, 1937, Conference on Faith and Order (Lund, Sweden, 1937)
Conference on Faith and Order (Lund, Sweden, 1937) ; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12;

Swedish King, 1950-1973, Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1950-1973, Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden;

Swedish King, 1973-Present, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Swedish King, 1973-Present, Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden;

Sweden, Varangia Folder, Varanger Peninsula and 10 Russian Varantian Cities

Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Blessed Olga (in Baptism Helen), Princess of Russia, Commemorated on July 11; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Sweden, Goths Folder (from Gothland, Sweden)

Gothland (Sweden)
Gothland; Goths; Wielbark culture; Totila the Goth; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Thervingi people; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated November 15 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ;

Goths, Island of Gothland, Sweden
Goths; Wielbark culture; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ;

Goths, Land of the Visigoths (Sweden), they went to Gaul, Spain and Portugal
Visigoths; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Goths, Land of the Ostrogoths (Sweden), they went to Italy
Land of the Ostrogoths; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Goths, Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Hungary, Transylvania, Pontica and Scythia
Land of the Thervingian Goths (Sweden), they went to Scythia; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Goths, Transylvania, Ukraine, Romania (Thervingi Goths)
Goths of Transylvania, Ukraine, Romania (Thervingi Goths and Cherniakhiv Culture); Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Goths, Ostrogoths in Italy, 291- 568 (absorbed by Lombards)
Ostrogoths; BENEDICT, FOUNDER OF WESTERN MONASTICISM (11 JULY 540); Totila the Goth; Battle of Taginae;

Swedish Goths in Crimea Folder, 300-900's, 4th to 10th Century

Swedish Goth Crimea, 4th - 10th Century
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the Ã¢Â€ÂœDonÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Swedish Crimea History

Swedish Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries, Cembalo
Land of the Crimean Goths - Cembalo; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Swedish Crimean Goths, 300-1500's, 4th to 16th Centuries
Crimean Goths; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Swedish Crimea, 375-383, Gothic King, Jungerich (Athanaric)
Crimean Goths; Gothic King Jungerich (Athanaric) (375-383); Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ;

Mongol Crimea and Uzbekistan - Land of the Crimean Tatars - 10th Century on
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Tatars, 13th to 17th Centuries
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai
Mongol Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray
Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray; Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Khanate 1478-1774
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol Crimea, 1500, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray
Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray
Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol Crimean War, 1853-1856, East v Ottomans and West
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Cherson, Swedish Goth Crimea
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning Ã¢Â€Âœto dig throughÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Taman Peninsula, Crimea
Taman Peninsula; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23;

Surozh, Crimea, Swedish Goths
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Swedish Goth Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Taurida (Taurica, the Crimean Penninsula)
Taurida; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Korsun, Crimea, Swedish Gothl Lands
Korsun, Crimea ; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Korsun, , the Greek name for Cherson; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6 ; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Sweden, Fyris River and Lake Malaren Folder, Vandal Land, Stockholm, Uppsala

Fyris River

Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals
Sweden, Vendel, Sweden - Land of the Vandals; St Leo the Great the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on February 18; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Uppsala University, 1477
Uppsala University ; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ;

Uppsala, Sweden
Uppsala; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Fyris River Mouth (Uppsala Flatlands, Lake Malaren)

Outflow from Lake Malaren (fresh water)

Stockholm, Sweden
Stockholm; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; At Stockholm in 1925, Nathan Sodeblom organized the Universal Christian Council on Life and Work. Meanwhile, a chiefly Anglican group had formed an inter-denominational Conference on Faith and Order. In 1948 the two groups merged to form the World Council of Churches. GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden
Sweden, Viking Land - Roslagen Sweden ; Vikings from Roslagen in other names section; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Stockholm archipelago
Stockholm archipelago;

Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea)
Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea) ; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12 ;

Sweden, Norway Folder

Norway (included in the Sweden Folder)
Norway; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Norway, 790-1066, Viking Age (Global Cooling after Global Warming)
Global Cooling after Global Warming in Middle Age; Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway
Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Oslo, Norway
Oslo, Norway; Norway; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Viken, Norway (Vikings)
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Vikings
Viken, Norway (Vikings); Vikings; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Varanger Peninsula, Norway (Land of the Varangians)
Varanger Peninsula (Land of the Varangians); 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Martyr Theodore and his son of Kiev, Commemorated on July 12;

Samaria Folder

Samaria
Samaria; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Martyr Marinus the Soldier at Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on August 7; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER); Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Samaria, 931BC - 722BC, Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated October 17 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Samaria History (Israelite Kings) Folder

Samaria, 1146 BC - 869 BC, Israeilite Kings Folder, Samuel - Ahab

Samaria, 1146 BC, Shiloh, Ephraim, Samaria, Tabernacle Location
Samaria, 1146BC, Tabernacle Location, Shiloh, Ephriam, Samaria ; Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9;

Samaria, 1146 BC, Israelite Judge, Samuel
Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9;

Samaria, 1060 BC-1012 BC, King, Saul
Samaria, 1060 BC-1012 BC, King, Saul Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20;

Samaria, 1000BC-960BC, Israelite Prophet, Ahijah
Samaria, Israelite Prophet, 1000BC-960BC, Ahijah; Prophet Ahijah, Commemorated on November 12;

Samaria, 931BC-910BC, Israelite King, Jereboam
Samaria, Israelite King, 931BC-910BC, Jereboam, First King of Israel's Northern Kingdom ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Ahijah, Commemorated on November 12; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Samaria, 930 BC - 720 BC, Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17; Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19 ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias);

Samaria, 930 BC, Prophet Joad
Jerusalem, 930 BC, Prophet Joad; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Samaria, Israelite King, 910BC-909BC, Nadab of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 910BC-909BC, Nadab of Israel ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Samaria, Israelite King, 909BC-877BC, Baasha of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 909BC-877BC, Baasha of Israel ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Samaria, Israelite King, 877BC-876BC, King Elah
Samaria, Israelite King, 877BC-876BC, King Elah ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17;

Samaria, Israelite King, 876BC, Zimri (king)
Samaria, Israelite King, 876BC, Zimri (king) ; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17;

Samaria, Israelite King, 876BC-869BC, Omri
Samaria, Israelite King, 876BC-869BC, Omri; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17;

Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab
Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 869-786 BC, Israelite Kings Folder, Ahab to Joash (83 years)

Samaria, 869-800 BC, Israelite Prophet, Obadiah
Samaria, 9th Century BC, Israelite Prophet, Obadiah; Prophet Obadiah (Abdia), Commemorated on November 19;

Samaria, 869-850 BC, Israelite King, Ahab
Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 869-850 BC, Israelite King, Ahab's Wife Jezebel
Samaria, 869-850 BC, Israelite King, Ahab's Wife Jezebel Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 869-850 BC, Israelite Prophet, Micah
Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 869-850 BC approx, Israelite Prophet, Elijah (Elias)
Samaria, Israelite Prophet, 869BC-850BC approx, Elijah; Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 869-800 BC, Israelite Prophet, Elisha
Samaria, Israelite Prophet, 869BC-850BC, Elisha ; Samaria, Israelite King, 869BC-850BC, Ahab; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 850-849 BC, Israelite King, Ahaziah of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 850BC-849BC, Ahaziah of Israel ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, Israelite King, 849BC-842BC, Jehoram of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 849BC-842BC, Jehoram of Israel ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, Israelite King, 842BC-815BC, Jehu
Samaria, Israelite King, 842BC-815BC, Jehu; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, Israelite King, 815BC-801BC, Jehoahaz of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 815BC-801BC, Jehoahaz of Israel ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, Israelite King, 801BC-786BC, Joash or Jehoash of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 801BC-786BC, Joash or Jehoash of Israel ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Samaria, 792-686 BC, Israelite Prophet, Hosea
Samaria, Israelite King, Samaria, 9th Century BC, Israelite Prophet, Hosea; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17;

Samaria, 786 BC - 753 BC, Israelite Kings Folder, Jeroboam II and The Earthquake -

Samaria, 786BC-753BC, Israelite King, Jeroboam II
Samaria, Israelite King, 786BC-753BC, Jeroboam II ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15, two years before the earthquake; The Earthquake in Amos;

Samaria, 760-755 BC, Prophet, Amos
Samaria, 760-755 BC, Prophet, Amos; Samaria, The Earthquake in Amos, 753 BC; Samaria, Israelite King, 786BC-753BC, Jeroboam II ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15, two years before the earthquake;

Samaria, 753 BC, The Earthquake in Amos
Samaria, The Earthquake in Amos, 753 BC; Samaria, Israelite King, 786BC-753BC, Jeroboam II ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15, two years before the earthquake;

Samaria, Israelite King, 753BC-745BC, Zechariah of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 753BC-745BC, Zechariah of Israel ;

Samaria, Israelite King, 745BC-745BC, Shallum of Israel
Samaria, Israelite King, 745BC-745BC, Shallum of Israel ;

Samaria, Israelite King, 745BC-735BC, Menahem
Samaria, Israelite King, 745BC-735BC, Menahem ;

Samaria, 740 BC, Israel Assyrian Captivity, Gozan, Syria, Chebar River
Gozan, Syria, Assyrian captivity, 740 BC 2 Kings 17:5-8,13-18, Israel Carried Captive to Assyria;

Samaria, Israelite King, 735BC-733BC, Pekahiah
Samaria, Israelite King, 735BC-733BC, Pekahiah ;

Samaria, Israelite King, 733BC-732BC, Pekah
Samaria, Israelite King, 733BC-732BC, Pekah ;

Samaria, Israelite King, 732BC-721BC, Hoshea
Samaria, Israelite King, 732BC-721BC, Hoshea ;

Samaria, 30-33 AD, The time of Jesus' Ministry

Samaria, 30-33, Holy Martyr Photina (Svetlana) the Samaritan Woman at Jacob's Well
Samaria, 30-33, Holy Martyr Photina (Svetlana) the Samaritan Woman at Jacob's Well; Jacob's Well; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20;

Samaria, Road to Gilgal Folder

Samaria (West Bank)
Samaria;

Road to Gilgal - Galilee to Jericho Road

Harosheth Haggoyim, Samaria
Harosheth-ha-goiim or Harosheth Haggoyim; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Bethulia above The Passes (near Dothan)
Bethulia and Betomesthaim (area of many springs) near Dothan, ordered to sieze the high places above the passes into the Hill Country and out of Jesreel Valley; Bethulia and Betomesthaim, which faces Esdraelon opposite the plain near Dothan. The area of many springs are between Jenin and Dothan. Esdraelon (Jesreel Valley); Dothan (from the stories of both Joseph and Judith); Judith 4:1-15, Judea on the Alert;

Dothan
Dothan;

Sebaste, Samaria
Sebaste, Samaria; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, August 9; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, August 24th; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ;

Sebastia, Samaria
Sebastia, Samaria; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated August 29 ;

Mt Ebal, Samaria
Mt Ebal; Joshua 8:30-35, Joshua Renews the Covenant; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1;

Nablus, Samaria (Flavia Neapolis , Shechem)
Flavia Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem); JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167); St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Flavia Neapolis, Samaria (Nablus, Shechem)
Flavia Neapolis (Nablus, Shechem); JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167); St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jacob's Well, Samaria (near the Road to Gilgal)
Jacob's Well; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Martyr Kyriake of Rome, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Mt Gerizim, Samaria
Mt Gerizim; Joshua 8:30-35, Joshua Renews the Covenant; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1;

Sichem, Samaria (Shechem)
Sychem, Sichem or Shechem ; Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated November 19 ; Martyr Justin the Philosopher and those with him at Rome, Commemorated on June 1; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167);

Mount Ephraim, Samaria
Mount Ephraim, Timnath-heres (among the mountains of Ephraim); Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Marda; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20, He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. ;

Marda, Samaria
Marda; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20, He withdrew into the Rouba desert and settled on Mt. Marda, near the Dead Sea. ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Shiloh, Samaria
Shiloh; Tabernacle; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated August 20; Prophet Ahijah, Commemorated on November 12 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ;

Temple - Samaria, 1146 BC, Shiloh, Ephraim, Samaria, Tabernacle Location
Samaria, 1146BC, Tabernacle Location, Shiloh, Ephriam, Samaria ; Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9;

Spain and Portugal Folder, its rivers, roads and mountains

Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, Philip II, King Spain, PRT, ENG, IRE, NAP, SIC, Milan, Neth, prudent, Golden Age
Spanish King, 1556-1598. Philip II of Spain; II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain[note 1] (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558).[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555 he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. The son of Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Spanish kingdoms Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip was called Felipe el Prudente ('Philip the Prudent') in the Spanish kingdoms; his empire included territories on every continent then known to Europeans, including the Philippines, named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age. Philip led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. Deeply devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584 Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Calvinists. In 1588 he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain.[3][4] Under Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as much as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5] Philip was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."[6] Besides Mary I, Philip was married three other times and widowed four times. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain
Spain; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11; Martyr Stephanida of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS); Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ; VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia)
Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal, not Georgia) ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ;

Iberian System (Range)
Iberian System Range;

Pyrenees Mountains (Spain and France)
Pyrenees Mountains;

Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain
Sierra Nevada Mountains, Spain;

Spain and Portugal History Folder

Spain and Portugal, 218 BC - 400, Folder, Roman Spain, Carthaginian and Roman Hispania

Spain and Portugal, 000, 1st Century History Folder, Dionysius the Areopagite, Apostle Paul, Emperor Trajan

Spain and Portugal, 80-96, of Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul
Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul ; St. Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23;

Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle James, brother of John the Theologian, The Great
Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle James, brother of John the Theologian Spain and Portugal, 60-70 approximately, Apostle Paul ; St. Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23;

Spain and Portugal, 98-117, Emperor Trajan from Andalusia, Spain
Emperor Trajan (98-117); St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Eudokia of Heliopolis, Commemorated on March 1;

Spain and Portugal, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Emperor Marcus Aurelius

Spain and Portugal, 161-180, Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius birthplace, Spain
Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) Home of and birthplace in Andalusia, Spain; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23;

Spain and Portugal, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Saint Hosius of Corduba

Spain and Portugal, 276-359, Saint Hosius of Corduba, Spain
Spain, 276-359, Saint Hosius of Corduba; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated on August 27;

Spain and Portugal, 418 - 720, Folder, Visigothic Spain

Spain and Portugal, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom
Spain, 418-720, Visigothic Kingdom; St. Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14;

Spain and Portugal, 418-720, Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain, Barcelona)
Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain) ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain, Commemorated on November 1 ;

Spain and Portugal, 418-720 , Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain, Toledo)
Goths in Spain (Visigothic Spain) ; Martyr Hermeningilda the Goth of Spain, Commemorated on November 1 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4 ;

Spain and Portugal, 589, Third Council of Toledo
Third Council of Toledo (589); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Spain and Portugal, 618 or 619, Second Council of Seville
Second Council of Seville (618 or 619); St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Spain and Portugal, 656, Council of Toledo
Council of Toledo in 656; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25;

Spain and Portugal, 711, Battle of Guadalete (Near a body of water)
Battle of Guadalete 711 (Near a body of water);

Spain and Portugal, 711 - 1492, Folder, Islamic Spain and Portugal

Arab Muslim Conquest of Hispania 711-718
Arab Muslim Conquest of Hispania 711-718;

Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal
Al-Andalus, 711-1492, Islamic Iberia, Islamic Spain and Portugal; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 711-1492, Muslim Spain, Al Andalus
Spain, Muslim Spain, Al Andalus, 711-1492 ; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spain, 1190-1221, Saint Dominic, Founder of the Dominicans
Spain, 1190-1221, Saint Dominic, Founder of the Dominicans; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Spain and Portugal, 1475 - 1700, Folder, Spanish Empire, Hapsburgs, HRE

Spain and Portugal, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, Jews sent packing, Columbus, Ferdinand and Isabella, Inquisition

Spain, 1475-1516, Spanish King, Ferdinand and Isabella
King of Spain, 1475-1516, Ferdinand and Isabella; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Spain, 1475-1504, Spanish King, Ferdinand II of Aragon
Spanish King, 1475-1504, Ferdinand II of Aragon; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain, 1474-1504, Spanish King, Isabella I of Castile
Spanish King, 1474-1504, Isabella I of Castile; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain, 1478-1834, Spanish Inquisition
Spain, 1478-1834, Spanish Inquisition ; King of Spain, 1475-1516, Ferdinand and Isabella; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Spain and Portugal, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Spanish Empire, Jesuits, Luther's 95 Theses, Carmelites

Spain and Portugal, 1500, 16th 17th and 18th Centuries, Spanish Empire
Spain, Spanish Empire, 16th 17th and 18th Centuries BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1504-1555, Spanish King. Queen Joanna I, Joanna of Castile
Spanish King, 1504-1555. Queen Joanna I, Joanna of Castile; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits
France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

Spain and Portugal, 1516-1556, Spanish King. Charles V, HRE Emperor, Charles I of Spain
Spanish King, 1516-1556. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles I of Spain ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Spain and Portugal, 1521-1557, King John III of Portugal
Portugal, 1521-1557, King John III of Portugal; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552. Commemorated December 3;

Spain and Portugal, 1529-1553, Spanish Theologian. Michael Servetus
Spanish Theologian, 1529-1553. Michael Servetus; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Spain and Portugal, 1535-1582, Teresa of Avila, Founder of the Discalced Carmelites
Spain, 1535-1582, Teresa of Avila, Founder of the Discalced Carmelites; Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582);

Spain and Portugal, 1540, Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain, 1540
Jesuits, Society of Jesus, Originated in Spain; St. Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, King, Philip II of Spain, S golden age, debt leveraged, C defender, armadas
Spain and Portugal, 1556-1598, King, Philip II of Spain; II (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain[note 1] (1556–1598), King of Portugal (1580–1598, as Philip I, Portuguese: Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554 to 1558).[1] He was also Duke of Milan from 1540.[2] From 1555 he was Lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. son of Emperor Charles V and Isabella of Portugal, Philip inherited his father's Spanish Empire, including territories on every continent then known to Europeans. The Philippines were named in his honor by Ruy López de Villalobos. During his reign, the Spanish kingdoms reached the height of their influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age. led a highly debt-leveraged regime, seeing state defaults in 1557, 1560, 1569, 1575, and 1596. This policy was partly the cause of the declaration of independence that created the Dutch Republic in 1581. devout, Philip saw himself as the defender of Catholic Europe against the Ottoman Empire and the Protestant Reformation. In 1584 Philip signed the Treaty of Joinville funding the French Catholic League over the following decade in its civil war against the French Calvinists. In 1588 he sent an armada to invade Protestant England, with the strategic aim of overthrowing Elizabeth I and re-establishing Catholicism there, but his fleet was defeated in a skirmish at Gravelines (northern France) and then destroyed by storms as it circled the British Isles to return to Spain. The following year Philip's naval power was able to recover after the failed invasion of the English Armada into Spain.[3][4] Philip, an average of about 9,000 soldiers were recruited from Spain each year, rising to as much as 20,000 in crisis years. Between 1567 and 1574, nearly 43,000 men left Spain to fight in Italy and the Low Countries (modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands).[5] was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and round-faced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive. ... He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."[6] Philip was married four times; all his wives predeceased him. THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597) ;

Spain and Portugal, 1593, Discalced Carmelites
Discalced Carmelites; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1598-1621, Philip III, King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Milan, the pious, 30Y war
Spanish King, 1598-1621. Philip III of Spain ; III (Spanish: Felipe; 14 April 1578 -“ 31 March 1621) was King of Spain. He was also, as Philip II, King of Portugal, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia and Duke of Milan from 1598 until his death in 1621. member of the House of Habsburg, Philip III was born in Madrid to King Philip II of Spain and his fourth wife and niece Anna, the daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II and Maria of Spain. Philip III later married his cousin Margaret of Austria, sister of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. also known in Spain as Philip the Pious,[1] Philip's political reputation abroad has been largely negative “ an 'undistinguished and insignificant man,' a 'miserable monarch,' whose 'only virtue appeared to reside in a total absence of vice,' to quote historians C. V. Wedgwood, R. Stradling and J. H. Elliott.[2] In particular, Philip's reliance on his corrupt chief minister, the Duke of Lerma, drew much criticism at the time and afterwards. For many, the decline of Spain can be dated to the economic difficulties that set in during the early years of his reign. Nonetheless, as the ruler of the Spanish Empire at its height and as the king who achieved a temporary peace with the Dutch (1609-“1621) and brought Spain into the Thirty Years' War (1618-“1648) through an (initially) extremely successful campaign, Philip's reign remains a critical period in Spanish history. Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ; Rosa De Lima of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ;

Spain and Portugal, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder. 30 Years War- Protestants v. HRE. Treaty of Nijmegen

Spain, 1621-1665, Spanish King. Philip IV of Spain
Spanish King, 1621-1665. Philip IV of Spain; Martin De Porres of MARTIN DE PORRES, ROSA DE LIMA, 23 August 16 1639, 1617 ;

Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I
Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on August 28; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1;

Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain
Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain;

Spain and Portugal, 29 Apr 1678 OS, Treaty of Nijmegen
Spain and Portugal, 29 Apr 1678 OS, Treaty of Nijmegen; Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date; Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain; Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ;

Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date
Spain and Portugal, May 9, 1678 NS: Gad's Seal Date; Spanish King, 1665-1700. Charles II of Spain; Spain, Holy Roman Emperor, 1658-1705, Leopold I ;

Spain and Portugal, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, War of Spanish Succession

Spanish King, 1700-1746. Philip V of Spain
Spanish King, 1700-1746. Philip V of Spain;

Spain, 1701-1715, War of the Spanish Succession
Spain, 1701-1715, War of the Spanish Succession;

Spanish King, 1746-1759. Ferdinand VI of Spain
Spanish King, 1746-1759. Ferdinand VI of Spain;

Spanish King, 1759-1788. Charles III of Spain
Spanish King, 1759-1788. Charles III of Spain;

Spanish King, 1788-1808. Charles IV of Spain
Spanish King, 1788-1808. Charles IV of Spain;

Spain and Portugal, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Overthrown by Napoleon, 1st Spanish Republic, Spanish Amerian War

Spanish King, 1808-1808. Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spanish King, 1808-1808. Ferdinand VII of Spain;

Spanish King, 1808-1813. Joseph Bonaparte
Spanish King, 1808-1813. Joseph Bonaparte;

Spanish King, 1813-1833. Ferdinand VII of Spain
Spanish King, 1813-1833. Ferdinand VII of Spain;

Spanish King, 1833-1868. Queen Isabel II of Spain
Spanish King, 1833-1868. Queen Isabel II of Spain;

Spanish King, 1868-1883. Amadeo I of Spain
Spanish King, 1868-1883. Amadeo I of Spain;

Spanish King, 1873-1873. President Estanislao Figueras, 1st Spanish Republic
Spanish King, 1873-1873. President Estanislao Figueras, 1st Spanish Republic;

Spain, 1873-1874, 1st Spanish Republic
Spain, 1873-1874, 1st Spanish Republic;

Spanish King, 1874-1885, Alfonso XII of Spain
Spanish King, 1874-1885, Alfonso XII of Spain;

Spanish King, 1886-1931, Alfonso XIII of Spain
Spanish King, 1886-1931, Alfonso XIII of Spain;

Spain, 1898, Spanish American War
Spain, 1898, Spanish American War;

Spain and Portugal, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, 2nd Spanish Republic, Spanish Civil War

Spanish Prime Minister, 1910-1918, Manuel GarcÃƒÂ­a-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas
Spanish Prime Minister, 1910-1918, Manuel GarcÃƒÂÂÂÂa-Prieto, 1st Marquis of Alhucemas;

Spanish Dictator, 1923-1930, Miguel Primo de Rivera
Spanish Dictator, 1923-1930, Miguel Primo de Rivera;

Spain, 1931-1939, 2nd Spanish Republic
Spain, 1931-1939, 2nd Spanish Republic;

Spain, 1936-1939, Spanish Civil War
Spain, 1936-1939, Spanish Civil War;

Spanish General and Dictator, 1936-1975, Francisco Franco
Spanish General, 1936-1975, Francisco Franco;

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Way of St James (Camino Real) Folder

Way of Saint James (Compostela)
Way of Saint James; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ;

Compostela, Spain
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Santiego d' Compostela, Spain (Way of Saint James)
Compostela; JAMES BAR-ZEBEDEE, APOSTLE (25 JULY 41) ; PARENTS OF THE VIRGIN MARY, (26 JULY NT) ;

Galicia (Spain)
Galicia (Spain); Priestmartyr John Kochurov ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6;

Way of St James (Ponferrada)

Way of St James (Astorga)

Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain
Mayorga, Valladolid Province, Spain; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Way of St James (Leon)

Leon, Spain (Way of St James)
Leon, Spain; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain
VII Gemina Legion, Founded in 74, in Leon, Spain; St. Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated on January 21;

Way of St James (Burgos)

Way of St James (Logrono)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina-Gares)

Way of St James (Pampelune)

Pamplona Basin

Pamplona, Northern Spain (Ebro River 4, Pamplona Basin)
Pamplona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Way of St James (Roncevaux)

Way of St James (Ostabat)

Way of St James (Camino Real)

Way of St James (Puente la Reina de Jaca)

Way of St James (Jaca)

Way of St James (Oloron)

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, East of Oloron, France on Way of St James, Spain)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River Folder

Ebro River

Ebro River Source (Fontibre, Green Spain)
Ebro River Source1 (Fontibre, Green Spain);

Ebro River 1

Ebro River 2

Ebro River 3

Ebro River 4 (Pamplona Basin)

Ebro River 6 (Gallego River)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 6, Gallego River Folder, Zaragosa

Gallego River

Gallego River Source (near Col du Pourtalet (pass))
Col du Pourtalet;

Gallego River 1 (Tena Valley)
Tena Valley;

Gallego River Mouth (Elbro River 6)

Zaragossa, Spain (Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Saragossa, Spain (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Saragossa (Ebro River 6); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Augustopolis AKA Saragossa (Gallego River, Ebro River 6)
Augustopolis (now Saragossa, Spain); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Aragon (Zaragoza, Gallego River Mouth, Ebro River 6)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Ebro River 7 (Cinca and Segre Rivers)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Cinca River Folder

Cinca River

Cinca River Source (Circo de Pineta)
Circo de Pineta in Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park;

Cinca River 1 (Barossa River Mouth)
Cinca River (Aragon);

Cinca River Mouth (near Segre River Mouth)

Barossa River

Barossa River Source (Pyrenees Mountains)

Barossa River Mouth (Cinca River 1)

Spain and Portugal, Northeast Spain, Ebro River 7, Segre Rivers Folder

Segre River

Segre River Source (north slope Pic del Segre, Pyranees Mountains)

Segre River 1 (Catalan Depression, Catalonia)

Catalan Central Depression
Catalan Central Depression;

Catalonia, Spain (Caalan Depression, Segre River 1)
Catalonia; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Cardener River

Segre River 2 (Noguera Ribagorcana)

Spain and Portugal, Segre River 2, Noguera River Folder

Noguera Ribagorcana River

Noguera Ribagorcana River Source (Pyrenees Mts)
Noguera RibagorÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â§ana;

Noguera Ribagorcana River Mouth (Segre River 2)

Segre River Mouth (Cinca River and Elbro River 7)

Ebro River Mouth (Balearic Sea)

Tarragona, Spain (Elbro River Mouth, Balearic Sea)
Tarragona, Spain (Balearic Sea) ; St Fructuosis of Tarragona, Spain, Commemorated January 21 ;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers Folder, Duero and Tagus Rivers

Portugal
Portugal; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Duero River Folder

Duero River

Duero River Source (Picos de Urbion)

Picos de Urbion (Iberian System)
Picos de Urbion;

Duero River 1

Duero River 2 (Osma)

Osma, Spain (Duero River 2)
Osma; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Osma Cathedral, 1232
Osma Cathedral, 1232; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Duero River 3

Duero River 4 (Castile and Leon, Adaja River Mouth)

Castile and Leon, Spain (Duero River 4)
Castile and Leon; Kingdom of Leon; Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Spain and Portugal, Portugese Rivers, Duero River 4, Adaja River Folder

Adaja River

Adaja River Source (Gredos Mountain Range)

Adaja River 1 (Avila)

Avila, Spain (at Portugal and Spain's Adaja River 1)
Avila (Adaja River); TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582);

Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph, Spain
Monestary Dedicated to St Joseph; Discalced Carmelites; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Fontiveros, Spain (Adaja River 1)
Fontiveros, Spain; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ;

Adaja River Mouth (Duero River 4)

Duero River 5

Duero River 6 (Tormes River)

Spain and Portugal, Portugesse Rivers, Duero River 6, Tormes River Folder

Tormes River

Tormes River Source (Mountain range of Gredos)

Tormes River 1 (El Barco de Avila)

Tormes River 2

Tormes River 3

Tormes River 4 (Salamanca)

University of Salamanca, Spain
University of Salamanca, Spain ; TORIBIO DE MOGROVEJO, Commemorated 23 August, 1606;

Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4)
Salamanca, Spain (Tormes River 4); IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Castile (Historical Region, Central Spain)
Castile (Hitorical Region, Central Spain) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Castile (historical region);

Tormes River 5

Tormes River Mouth (Duero River)

Duero River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People
Galatia - Northern Portugal - Land of the Galatian People;

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River Folder

Tagus River

Tagus River Source (Teruel, Albarracin Mountains)

Albarracin Mountains
Albarracin Mountains;

Aragon (Northeastern Spain)
Aragon; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); VINCENT OF SARAGOSSA, DEACON AND MARTYR (22 JAN 304) ;

Tagus River 1 (Sacedon)

Tagus River 2 (near Madrid. Jarama River)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River Folder

Jarmama River

Jarama River Source (Sierra de Ayllon)

Jarama River 1 (Madrid, Henares River Mouth)

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 2, Jarama River 1 , Henares River Folder

Henares River

Henares River Source (Sierra Ministra)

Henares River (Overview)

Henares River 1

Henares River 2

Henares River 3 (Guadalajara)

Henares River 4 (Alcala)

Alcala, Spain (Henares River 4)
Alcala; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Henares River Mouth (Madrid, Jarama River 1)

Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Madrid, Spain (Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1); BARTOLOME DE LAS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18;

Carpetania, Spain (near Madrid, Hanares Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Carpetania; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15;

Castile, Spain (Madrid, Henares River Mouth, Jarama River 1)
Crown of Castile (court of Ferdinand and Isabella, the rulers of Spain); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Jarama River Mouth (Tagus River 2)

Tagus River 3 (Toledo)

Toledo, Spain (a crossroads, Tagus River 3)
Toledo, Spain; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Castile-La Mancha, Spain (down near Toledo, Tagus River 3)
Kingdom of Castile; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

Spain and Portugal, Central Spain, Portugese Rivers, Tagus River 3, El Escorial River Folder

El Escorial River

Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial River Source)
Order of Saint Augustine Headquarters (El Escorial); MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Tagus River 4 (Talavera de la Reina)

Tagus River 5 (Valdeverdeja)

Tagus River 6 (Alcantara Dam, Spain)

Tagus River 7 (Vila Velha de Radao, Portugal)

Tagus River 8 (Santarem)

Tagus River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon)

Lisbon, Portugal
Lisbon, Portugal; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ;

Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal (Tagus River Mouth)
Lumiar District of Lisbon, Portugal; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated on February 1;

Spain and Portugal, West Portugal, Azores Folder

Azores, Portugal
Azores, Portugal; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, North Spain, Green Spain Folder, Bay of Biscay

Green Spain
Green Spain;

Old Castile (Santander (now Cantabria) Green Spain)
Old Castile; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Biscay Region, Spain and France (Bay of Biscay)
Biscay Region; Basque People; FRANCIS XAVIER Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

Gipozkoa, Basque province of Gipozkoa, Green Spain
Gipozkoa IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556) ;

Spain and Portugal, Barcelona Folder, Besos and Llobregat Rivers, Northeast of Ebro River

Llobregat River

Llobregat River Source (along the border)

Llobregat River Valley
Llobregat River Valley;

Montserrat Mountaiin (near Barcelona)
Montserrat Mountain (near Barcelona) ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Besos River

Besos River Source (along the border)

Besos River Valley
Besos River Valley;

Barcelona, Northeastern Spain (Mouth of Besos and Llobregat Rivers)
Barcelona; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Virginmartyr Eulalia of Barcelona, Commemorated on August 22; St Felix of Spain, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ;

Niverta Islands
Since these are the only Islands off the Spanish mainland, Niverta Island must be one of these Balearic Islands. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Spain and Portugal, Guadiana, Guadelete and Guadalquivir Rivers Folder, Gibraltar, Vandalusia

Guadiana River

Guadiana River Source (Villarrubia de los Ojos)

Guadiana River Mouth

Guadalquivir River

Guadalquivir River Source (Sierra de Cazorla)

Ubeda, Spain (Guadalquivir River Source)
Ubeda, Spain; JOHN OF THE CROSS, MYSTIC AND MONASTIC REFORMER, 1591, Commemorated December 14;

Sierra de Cazorla
Sierra de Cazorla;

Guadalquivir River 1 (Cordova)

Cordova, Spain (Guadalquivir River 1)
Cordova; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ;

Guadalquivir River 2 (Seville)

Seville, Spain (Guadalquivir River 2)
Seville; BARTOLOME DE LOS CASAS, MISSIONARY PRIEST, DEFENDER OF THE OPPRESSED, 1566, Commemorated July 18 ; St Isidore the Bishop of Seville, Commemorated on April 4;

Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Vandalusia, Spain (Andalusia - Land of the Vandals)
Andalusia, Spain (Vandalusia - Land of the Vandals); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Guadalquivir River Mouth (Gulf of Cadiz)

Guadalete River

Guadalete River Source (Sierra de Grazalema)

Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park
Sierra de Grazalema Natural Park;

Guadalete (river)

Guadalete River Mouth (Cadiz, Gulf of Cadiz)

Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

British Empire - Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory
Gibraltar, British Overseas Territory ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

Cadiz, Spain (Guadalete River Mouth, Gibraltar)
Cadiz; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

Spain and Portugal, East and Southeast Spain, Gulf of Valencia

Valencia (Gulf of Valencia, south of Elbrow River mouth)
Valencia (Gulf of Valencia); Martyr Vincent of Spain, Commemorated November 11 ;

Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Montserrat, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain
Manresa, Gulf of Valencia, Spain; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Serbia Folder, its Danube rivers North, Balkan mountains, and Kosovo Rivers South

Serbia (Belgrade)
Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands"on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 ; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated July 19 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia; Serbian Hierarchs; St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch; St Gabriel I the Patriarch; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; St Stephen Stiljianovitch of Serbia, Commemorated October 4 ; St Stephen of Serbia, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe blind oneÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated December 10 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilkgiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Synaxis of the Saints of Siberia, Commemorated on June 10; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia)
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Yugoslavia (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia) 1918-1992
Yugoslavia; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1196-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia
Serbia, 1459-1800, Ottoman Serbia; Ottoman Empire, 1299-1923; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ;

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbian History Folder

Serbia, 46 BC - 500 AD, Folder, Roman Serbia

Serbia, 000, 1st Century Folder, Adronicus and Junia, Paul's kin

Serbia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Roman Emperor Decius from Serbia

Roman Emperor Decius (249-251) from Serbia
Roman Emperor Decius (249-251); Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27;

Serbia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Roman Gothic and Byzantine victory over the Huns at Bassianae

Serbia, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Serbia, 500-1459, Folder, Slavic Serbia, Kingdom and Empire, Orthodox

Serbia, 800, 9th-11th Century Folder, Before Christianization

Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs
Serbia, 500-1100, Slavic Serbia, White (unbaptised) Serbs; Saint Clement, Bishop of Ochrid, Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Serbia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Prince Stefan Nemanja, King Stefan Nemanjic, Hilandar Mt. Athos

Serbia, 1166-1196, Prince and Saint, S Nemanja, Empire, Church, Hilandar, Myrrh
Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Nemanja (ca 1113 - 13 February 1199) was the Grand Prince of the Serbian Grand Principality from 1166 to 1196. member of the Vukanović dynasty, Nemanja founded the Nemanjić dynasty, is remembered for his contributions to Serbian culture and history, founding what would evolve into the Serbian Empire, as well as the national church. to the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Nemanja is also among the most remarkable Serbs for his literary contributions and altruistic attributes.[1] 1196, after three decades of warfare and negotiations which consolidated Serbia while distinguishing it from both Western and Byzantine spheres of influence, Nemanja abdicated in favor of his middle son Stefan Nemanjić, who became the first King of Serbia. ultimately went to Mount Athos, where he became a monk and took the name of Symeon, joining his youngest son (later known as Saint Sava), who had already become the first archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church. with his son Sava, Nemanja restored the Hilandar Monastery at Mount Athos from 1198–1199, and issued the "Charter of Hilandar". The monastery later became the cradle of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Serbian Orthodox Church canonized Stefan Nemanja shortly after his death under the name Saint Simeon the Myrrh-streaming (Свети Симеон Мироточиви) after numerous miracles. Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia
Serbia, 1166-1196, Queen and Saint, Anastasia of Serbia ; Serbian Prince and Saint, 1166-1196, Stefan Nemanja ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1196-1228, K S Nemanjic, the First-Crowned, son and brother
Serbian King, 1196-1228, Stefan Nemanjic, the First-Crowned; Nemanjic or Stefan the First-Crowned (around 1165-24 September 1228) was Grand Prince of Serbia from 1196, and the King of Serbia from 1217 until his death in 1228. was the first Rascian king, and through his promotion of the Serbian Grand Principality into a kingdom and helping his brother Saint Sava in establishing the Serbian Church, he is regarded one of the most important of the Nemanjic dynasty. Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Venerable Anastasia of Serbia, Commemorated on June 21;

Serbia, 1198, Founding of Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian and Bulgarian)
Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands" on Mt Athos; Icon of the Mother of God the "Milk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands" on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver", Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Akathist", Commemorated on March 27; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands", Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Serbia, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Serbian Kingdom, St Sava

Serbia, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to Serbian Kingdom and Empire

Serbia, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185-“1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081-“1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Serbia, 1205-1479, Serbia with Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople
Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom
Serbia, 1217-1346, Serbian Kingdom ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1219-1235, Saint Sava I, Metropolitan of Zica, Son of Nemanja, Hilandar, Law, Constttn
Serbian Saint, 1219-1235, Saint Sava, Metropolitan of Zica; Sava (1174 -14 January 1236), known as the Enlightener, was a Serbian prince and Orthodox monk, the first Archbishop of the autocephalous Serbian Church, the founder of Serbian law, and a diplomat. Sava, born as Rastko, was the youngest son of Serbian Grand Prince Stefan Nemanja (founder of the Nemanjić dynasty), and ruled the appanage of Hum briefly in 1190–92. then left for Mount Athos, where he became a monk with the name Sava (Sabbas). Athos he established the monastery of Hilandar, which became one of the most important cultural and religious centres of the Serbian people. In 1219 the Patriarchate exiled in Nicea recognized him as the first Serbian Archbishop, and in the same year he authored the oldest known constitution of Serbia, the Zakonopravilo nomocanon, thus securing full independence; both religious and political. Sava is regarded as the founder of Serbian medieval literature.[6][7][8] is widely considered as one of the most important figures of Serbian history. Saint Sava is venerated by the Serbian Orthodox Church as its founder on January 27 [O.S. January 14]. Many artistic works from the Middle Ages to modern times have interpreted his career. He is the patron saint of Serbia, Serbs, and Serbian education. The Church of Saint Sava in Belgrade is dedicated to him, built where the Ottomans burnt his remains in 1594 during an uprising in which the Serbs used icons of Sava as their war flags; the church is one of the largest church buildings in the world. St Sava I, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver", Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Serbia, 1221-1271, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201–1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjić dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan Uroš I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and Uroš I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica, r by Komnenos Doukas d of Epirus, v Crusader Latin Empire of C
Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica; Empire of Thessalonica is a historiographic term used by some modern scholars[1] to refer to the short-lived Byzantine Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (sensu stricto until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of Epirus. At the time of its establishment, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204. ----------------------------------------------------------- Thessalonica's ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured. Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly. The rulers of Thessalonica bore the imperial title from 1225/7 until 1242, when they were forced to renounce it and recognize the suzerainty of the rival Empire of Nicaea. The Komnenodoukai continued to rule as Despots of Thessalonica for four more years after that, but in 1246 the city was annexed by Nicaea. Greece, 1224-1230, Empire of Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas ; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Serbia, 1228-1233, King, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia, w Epirus Ruler against Crusaders' Latin Empire of C
Serbian King, 1228-1233, Stefan Radoslav of Serbia; Stefan Radoslav was the King of Serbia from 1228 to 1233. was the only known son of Stefan Nemanjic (r. 1196-“1228) by his first wife Eudokia Angelina.[1] His maternal grandparents were the Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos (r. 1195-“1203) and Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamaterina.[2] He reportedly had two unnamed sisters, the first of whom married first the Albanian prince Dhimit Progoni and secondly the Greco-Albanian lord Gregorios Kamonas, while the second married the sebastokrator Alexander Asen,[1] whom George Acropolites identifies as a son of Tsar Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria (r. 1189-“96). It is uncertain if his mother was Maria or Helena, respectively the first and second wife of Ivan Asen I. Alexander was the father of Kaliman II of Bulgaria (r. 1256).[3] to the historian John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr., Eudokia was repudiated on grounds of adultery in c. 1200-“01. Fine summarizes a passage of Niketas Choniates to state "She left on foot with only the clothes on her back". Eudokia sought refuge with her brother-in-law Vukan Nemanjic, Prince of Zeta. Vukan provided her with hospitality for a while and then arranged for her transportation to Durras, where she boarded a Byzantine ship heading for Constantinople and returned safely to her father.[4] This indicates Stefan Radoslav was born either in the 1190s or the early 1200s (decade).[1] considers the treatment of Eudokia to be an indication of a decline in the prestige the Byzantine Empire held at the time. The senior Stefan was evidently unafraid of a military confrontation with his former father-in-law which could have occurred in retaliation for his actions. The alliance with the Empire had apparently outlived its use to the Serbian rulers. Stefan Nemanjic had ongoing border disputes with both Vukan Nemanjic and Emeric of Hungary, though outright war had not started yet. The Byzantines had failed to provide him with any military support and Stefan had apparently despaired of any help arriving from that direction. At the same time the senior Stefan was negotiating submitting himself and his subjects to the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for Pope Innocent III declaring him a King. He had reasons to distance himself from the Byzantines and the Eastern Orthodox Church associated with them.[4] father was later remarried to Anna Dandolo.[1] She was a daughter of Ranier Dandolo and granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice.[5] Stefan Radoslav had three paternal half-brothers from this marriage. They were Serbian Archbishop Saint Sava II, Stefan Vladislav and Stefan Uros I.[1] His mother would proceed to marry secondly to Alexios V Doukas and thirdly to Leo Sgouros, ruler of Nafplion. However, there were no known children by either marriage. Stefan Radoslav consequently had no maternal half-siblings.[6] of Zachlumia[edit] Visoki Deani to "The Realm of the Slavs" (1601) by Mavro Orbin, Stefan Radoslav served as ruler of Zachlumia during the reign of his father. However the sources Orbin used for his history of Zachlumia are not identified by name. They are considered lost and Orbin remains our earliest extant source for several of the events mentioned. to it Miroslav, the Great was succeeded by his son Andrew (Andrija), only ten-years-old. ----------------------------------------Missing from the text is Toljen, a son of Miroslav who was mentioned as heir apparent in other sources. With Andrew being underage, the local nobility proceeded to depose him. They offered the crown to Peter (Petar), whose relation to his predecessors is not mentioned by Orbin. Fine notes that later scholars tend to assume Peter was another son of Miroslav and brother or half-brother to Andrew. Some time later, the cause of the exiled Andrew was taken up by Stefan Nemanjic who invated Zachlumia. Peter was forced to retreat to the areas west and north of the river Neretva. The rest of Zachlumia fell into the control of Nemanjic. Fine points that the areas supposedly held by Peter would not be uncontested. They are known from other sources to have been claimed by Andrew, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia since 1198. Orbin next claims that Nemanjic divided Zachlumia between his cousin Andrew, son of Miroslav and his own son, Radolslav. Andrew was given control of Popovo and coastal Hum. The mainland was granted to Radoslav. Orbin then claims that Radoslav died and Nemanjic granted his area to Andrew. Fine points that Radoslav could not have predeceased his father. We know from other sources that he went on to succeed him. Nemanjic could have simply removed him for his position of authority for reasons lost to us. Orbin continues his account but Radoslav is not mentioned again.[7] points that the reliability of the above account is at times difficult to determine because the lack of further sources. There are some obvious inaccuracies at times but the basics of the story could be true. A succession crisis in Zachlumia with the existence of rival heirs would be quite plausible. Nemanjic would have reason to get involved. His ongoing rivalry with his brother in the late 1190s would require him to secure control over Zachlumia, in order to prevent Vukan from claiming control for himself. However his activities in the area are otherwise unrecorded. His motivation for backing Andrew against Peter is also unclear. Either of the two could serve as rulers of a puppet state. Installing Radoslav as ruler of eastern Zachlumia would be a way to secure tighter control of the region.[8] does not actually provide dates for the events of his account. Fine proceeds to estimate them, based on sources recording other events in the wider region. He estimates the death of Miroslav to 1198. Explaining why Andrew of Croatia and Dalmatia chose that year to attack. He acquired control over areas of Zachlumia northwest of the Neretva. By 1203, this Andrew was involved in conflict with his own brother, Emeric of Hungary. The ongoing conflict would allow Peter to claim the areas northwest of the Neretva for himself. He could have either taken advantage of Andrew's troops already withdrawing or using his own forces to drive them out. Either way, Andrew could probably not afford maintaining two fronts of war at the same time. Securing the area as his powerbase, Peter could then drive his brother from eastern Zachlumia. The amount of time between the time Andrew of Zachlumia went into exile and the decision of Nemanjic to intervene is left unclear in the account by Orbin. Fine suggests it could have been more than a decade. He suggests it could be as late as 1216, just a year before Nemanjic was declared a King by Pope Honorius III. Nemanjic could by then devote his forces to securing eastern Zachlumia for Andrew, his intended puppet ruler. He could then attempt to secure even tighter control by appointing Radoslav in the areas directly bordering Ra¡ka. The area could have stayed under his control for longer than Orbin indicates. Fine points that Andrew seems to have "disappeared from the scene" by 1218 when Peter is recorded to have taken over the coastal areas. There seems to be no indication of Peter extending his control to the areas supposedly ruled by Radoslav.[9] and deposition[edit] of Stefan Radoslav elsewhere mentions Radoslav acting as governor of the Principality of Zeta for part the reign of his father. In a charter variously dated to 1222 or 1228, Radoslav appears as co-founder of the monastery of Zeta with his father.[10] Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[11] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Å½iÄÂÂa by Archbishop Sava, his uncle.[11] The younger sons, Vladislav and UroÅ¡ I, received appanages.[11] The youngest of the brothers, Sava II, was appointed Bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as Archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[11] The Church and state were thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[12] According to biographer and monk Theodosius, Radoslav was a good ruler at first, but then fell under the influence of his wife, who was the daughter of the ruler of Epirus and Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas (r. 1215–1230).[12] Radoslav was most likely not beloved by the Serbian nobility due to this Greek influence.[13] Radoslav used his Greek name, Stephanos Doukas, on his coinage, in several Greek documents and even once in his signature.[14] Radoslav was probably safe from domestic rebellion as long as his father-in-law Theodore remained strong.[12][13] In 1230, however, Theodore was defeated and captured by Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Asen II, after which Radoslav's position seems to have weakened; some of his nobility revolted in autumn 1233.[12] Theodosius said that the nobility had left the support of Radoslav and stood itself behind the younger Vladislav.[15] Radoslav fled the country between 1 September 1233 and 4 February 1234, and was unable to regain the kingdom, but eventually returned as a monk.[12] Radoslav fled to Dubrovnik (1233) with his wife, and there are indications that Radoslav had organized some actions against Vladislav and that he thought that he would manage to return to the throne - this is evident from an dated 4 February 1234, regarding a promise to Ragusan trading privileges once he had returned to Serbia.[15] Because of this, Vladislav began threatening Ragusa, which then had to turn to Bosnian Ban Ninoslav for help, and as the action against Vladislav was unsuccessful, Radoslav found refuge with the Epirote ruler Michael II Komnenos Doukas in Dyrrhachium.[15] According to Theodosius, Radoslav's wife Anna had left him for a commander of the fortress, a Frank.[15] However, this account has been proven to be false,[16] as there was no Frankish commander in Dyrrachium in Radoslav's time.[16] After some time, Radoslav and his wife returned together to Serbia and took monastic vows.[15][16] Radoslav and Anna are believed to have had a son during their exile, the veliki kaznac Jovan Dragoslav (fl. 1290–1315). His parentage has not been fully confirmed. Vladislav was crowned King upon Radoslav's flight.[15] Vladislav married the daughter of Ivan Asen II,[12] much thanks to Sava.[15] Sava then abdicated in favour of his apprentice Arsenije in the end of 1233.[12][15] Sava died while heading home from a Holy Land trip, while visiting the Bulgarian court in 1235, and was respectfully buried at the Holy Forty Martyrs Church in Tarnovo.[12][15] Sava's body was returned to Serbia after a series of requests,[12] and was then buried in the MileÅ¡eva monastery, built by Vladislav in 1234.[12][15] Sava was canonized and his relics were miraculous; his cult remained important throughout the Middle Ages and the Ottoman occupation.[12] Radoslav added a narthex to the church in the Studenica Monastery According to Fine both Radoslav and Anna retired into monastic life following their deposition. His monastic name was Jovan. The time and circumstances of his death are unknown.[10] The relations between Vladislav and Radoslav after he had returned and became a monk are not fully known, but he did not disturb his brother. There is a hypothesis that Radoslav even received a part of Serbian land to administrate. In any case, Radoslav continued the rest of his life in peace.[15] The Europäische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der Europäischen Staaten (1978) by Detlev Schwennicke, reports Radoslav betrothed to Theodora Komnene c. 1217. She was a daughter of Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus. Both of his wives were members of the Melissenos family. Uncertain which of the two was her mother. Fine indicates Radoslav would instead marry her first cousin Anna Doukaina Angelina in 1219/1220. She was a daughter of Theodore Komnenos Doukas and Maria Petraliphaina. The Europäische Stammtafeln reports the marriage resulting in the birth of a single child. The name is not listed and Charles Cawley, a modern genealogist, has been unable to find primary sources on the existence of the child.[17] Icon of the Mother of God the Ã¢Â€ÂœMilkgiverÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 12; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1234-1243, King, Stefan Vladislav, energetic, reliable, hot tempered, w Epiris and Bulgaria, abdicated
Serbian King, 1234-1243, Stefan Vladislav of Serbia; Vladislav (Serbian Cyrillic:1198-“ after 1264) was the King of Serbia from 1234 to 1243. He was the middle son of Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjia dynasty, who ruled Serbia from 1196 to 1228. the eldest son of Stefan the First-Crowned, was ousted by the Serbian nobility due to increasing Epirote influence through his marriage alliance to Theodore Komnenos Doukas; Vladislav was appointed as his successor. He is celebrated as Saint Vladislav by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Vladislav's reign, his uncle Archbishop Sava went on a pilgrimage and died in Bulgaria while on his way home. Vladislav obtained the remains and buried them in the Mileaeva monastery, which he had built intended to be his burial place. was politically aligned with Bulgaria at the time, since Vladislav was married to Beloslava, the daughter of Ivan Asen II. Vladislav secured Hum, a maritime province under attack by Hungarian crusaders. the death of Ivan Asen II, there was unrest in Serbia. The Mongols, led by Kadan, invaded Hungary and devastated the Balkans, at which time the Serbian nobility rose up against Vladislav. In 1243, he abdicated in favour of his younger brother, but remained the ruler of Zeta. was described as very energetic, reliable, and hot-tempered. The Serbian Orthodox Church venerates him as a saint on September 24 [O.S. October 7]. Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 12;

Serbia, 1243-1276, King, Stefan Uros I, Venetian wife, nobility, trade, military, mines, lit, unity, but Dragutin
Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Uroš I (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Урош I; c. 1223 – May 1, 1277), known as Uroš the Great (Урош Велики)[a] was the King of Serbia from 1243 to 1276, succeeding his brother Stefan Vladislav. He was one of the most important rulers in Serbian history.[1] life[edit] Uroš was the youngest son of Stefan the First-Crowned and Anna, the granddaughter of Enrico Dandolo, Doge of Venice. Uroš inherited many personality traits from his mother and paternal grandfather Stefan Nemanja, who raised him along with his two older brothers (Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav).[1] (Note that "Stefan" is a high-ranking title, not only a name). have argued that Bulgarian influence had been strong and unpopular, causing opposition that led to Vladislav's deposition after the death of Asen.[2] The revolting nobility had chosen Uroš as their candidate for king; from 1242 to spring 1243, a war for the throne was fought, which ended with Vladislav being forced to give up the crown in favour of Uroš.[3] It seems that Uroš quickly captured Vladislav and held him in prison. The main resistance against Uroš was led by Vladislav's wife, Beloslava.[3] The hostilities did not last long, and the brothers quickly settled.[3] Uroš was courteous towards Vladislav, gave him the administration of Zeta, and allowed him to use the title of "king".[3] It is not known exactly why the nobility revolted against Vladislav, nor are the details of the conflict between the two brothers.[3] 25 years of age, very young, he took the throne from his brother Vladislav, and despite not having support from in-laws as was the case with his brothers, he immediately ruled energetic and determined.[1] Prior to his accession, the land had been looted by the Tatars and there were widespread internal conflicts;[1] Uroš managed in a short time to resolve all important issues in the state and in its foreign policy.[4] situation in Europe and in the Balkans were quite favorable for Serbia, which he very cleverly used for his benefit. During his reign Serbia significantly strengthened itself and progressed in every way.[4] Uroš correctly determined the direction in political pretensions through penetrating the south in Macedonia and conflict with Hungary in Podunavlje.[4] The land was politically and militarily prepared for serious politics and definitive fortification of Serbia and the Serb people in the Vardar valley and the middle Podunavlje.[4] Apart from this, Uroš also correctly determined the direction of Serbian trade politics, as he on several occasions in his fight against the Republic of Ragusa wanted to eliminate Ragusan brokerage and exploitation in his state.[4] significance in his domestic politics is that he strongly stressed the state principle above all else, and subordinated the churches (both Orthodox and Catholic) to state interests.[4] He was instrumental in the definite solution to the conflict between the archbishoprics of Bar and Dubrovnik regarding power in Serbia, resolved in favour of Bar.[4] š was the first to begin exploiting the mines, which would later become one of the main sources of material wealth and power of the Serbian state in the Middle Ages. As a first result of the opening of mines came the forging of Serbian coins, which he first minted on the Venetian model.[4] protected and assisted literature and writers; i.e. gave impetus to the preparation of a new, more comprehensive and ornate biography of his grandfather Nemanja, whom he fully modeled himself after.[4] to Helen of the French royal family, he lived a modest patriarchal life, happy and content within his family, and he in contrast to the splendor of the Byzantine court, proudly emphasized modesty to the Byzantine deputies, which dominated at his court, where everyone had to work.[4] foreign policy Uroš skillfully used to his advantage the conflict between the Despotate of Epirus and the Empire of Nicaea, two Greek states, both of which sought to inherit the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople from the Latin Empire.[4] But when the Latin Empire fell, and Emperor Michael Palaiologos of Nicaea took Constantinople, Uroš began to coalite with his wife's cousin, Charles of Anjou, who wanted to recapture Constantinople, and through that alliance take as much Byzantine land as possible.[4] Via Charles, who had family ties with the Hungarian kings, Uroš at the end of his reign also approached Hungary, with whom he long had been in a bad relation with, and married his eldest son and heir, Stefan Dragutin, to Catherine, the daughter of Hungarian King Stephen V.[4] by his in-laws, with the help of the army he received from Hungary, Dragutin, unhappy with not getting more participation in the government, revolted and defeated his father and took over the throne.[4] Uroš retired with his loyals to Hum, where, disappointed, dissatisfied and angry, he died soon thereafter.[4] development[edit] Stefan Uroš I, Serbia became a significant power in the Balkans, partly due to economic development through opening of mines.[5] The mines were developed by the "Sasi" (Saxons), who were experienced in the extracting of ore.[5] Their settlements, located by the mines, had privileged status – they lived under their own laws and were allowed to adhere to Catholicism and build their churches.[5] Important mines were located at Novo Brdo, Brskovo and Rudnik. prosperity was also fostered by the related intensification of trade with the Dalmatian cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor. The increase in the mining of silver and in trade naturally led to the introduction of larger quantities of royal coinage, modeled after the Venetian standard. operations[edit] with Ragusa[edit] 1252–1253, Uroš I was at war with the Republic of Ragusa, which bordered the Hum, which was held by his kinsman Radoslav Andrijić. Radoslav swore to fight Ragusa as long as it was in conflict with Serbia, at the same time boasting relations with Béla IV of Hungary. Ragusa took up an alliance with Bulgaria. Peace was ensured in a charter dated May 22, 1254, and the crisis ended. the second half of the 1260s a new war broke out with Ragusa, which was secretly favored by the Serbian queen. A treaty was signed in 1268, specifying the amount of protection money that Dubrovnik was expected to supply annually to the Serbian king. The arrangement remained largely unbroken for the next century. with Hungary[edit] of Serbia in 1265. 1268 the Serbian king invaded the Hungarian possessions south of the Danube in Mačva, what is now western central Serbia. In spite of some initial success, Stefan Uroš was captured by the Hungarians and forced to purchase his release. A peace treaty was signed between the two kingdoms, and Stefan Uroš's son Stefan Dragutin of Serbia was married to Catherine, the daughter of the future king Stephen V of Hungary. with Dragutin[edit] the end of his reign, Stefan Uroš apparently succeeded in suppressing the autonomy of Zahumlje, where the local princes became virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the nobility. In his effort to achieve centralization, the king appears to have alienated his eldest son by refusing to grant him an appanage. The conflict between father and son exacerbated, and the king apparently considered making his younger son, the future Stefan Milutin, his heir. about the inheritance and his very life, Stefan Dragutin finally demanded the throne in 1276. When Stefan Uroš refused, Dragutin rebelled and received help from his Hungarian relatives. The allies defeated the Serbian king and Stefan Uroš was forced to abdicate and retire to an unidentified monastery in Hum where he died a year or two later. His remains were later moved to his monastic foundation of Sopoćani. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou
Serbia, 1256-1276, Saint Helen of Serbia, Helen of Anjou; Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1263-1270, Serbian Saint, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia
Serbian Saint, 1221-1271, Sava II, Archbishop of Serbia; Sava II (1201–1271) was the third archbishop of the Serbian Orthodox Church, serving from 1263 until his death in 1271. He was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned of the Nemanjić dynasty and his Byzantine wife Eudokia Angelina. He had two brothers, Stefan Radoslav and Stefan Vladislav, and a sister, Komnena. Predislav took the monastic name of Sava, after his uncle, Saint Sava, the first Serbian archbishop. The Serbian Orthodox Church celebrates him as a saint and his feast-day is 21 February. as Predislav in c. 1198, he was the middle son of King Stefan the First-Crowned and Eudokia Angelina. He had brothers Stefan Radoslav (b. 1192), Stefan Vladislav (b. 1198), and half-brother Stefan Uroš I (b. 1223). He also had two sisters, Komnena being the only one whose name is known. Stefan the First-Crowned, who had become ill, took monastic vows and died in 1227.[1] Radoslav who was the eldest son succeeded as King, crowned at Zica by Archbishop Sava,[1] his uncle. The younger sons, Vladislav and Uroš I, received appanages.[1] Sava II (Predislav) was appointed bishop of Hum shortly thereafter, later serving as archbishop of Serbia (1263-1270).[1] The Church and state was thus dominated by the same family and the ties between the two as well as the family's role within the Church continued.[2] Serbian King, 1243-1276, Stefan Uros I of Serbia; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Serbia, 1276-1282, King, Stefan Dragutin, rebelled father with Hungarian and noblemen support, Belgrade
Serbian King, 1276-1282, Stefan Dragutin of Serbia; Dragutin (c. 1244 -12 March 1316) was King of Serbia from 1276 to 1282. 1282, he ruled a separate kingdom which included northern Serbia, and (from 1284) the neighboring Hungarian banates (or border provinces), for which he was unofficially styled "King of Syrmia". He was the eldest son of King Stefan Uros¡ I of Serbia and Helen of Anjou. Dragutin married Catherine of Hungary, likely after his father concluded a peace treaty with her grandfather, Bacla IV of Hungary, in 1268. By 1271, he received the title of "young king" in recognition of his right to succeed his father. He rebelled against his father, and with Hungarian assistance, forced him to abdicate in 1276. abandoned Uros I's centralizing policy and ceded large territories to his mother in appanage. After a riding accident, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Milutin, in 1282, but he retained the northern regions of Serbia along the Hungarian border. Two years later, his brother-in-law, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, granted him three banaesa Matva (or Sirmia ulterior), Usora and Solia him. He was the first Serbian monarch to rule Belgrade. With his brother's support, he also occupied the Banate of Branievo in 1284 or 1285. theory, Dragutin was a vassal both to his brother (for his Serbian territories), and to the Hungarian monarchs (for the four banates), but in practice he ruled his realm as an independent ruler from the 1290s. His conflicts with Milutin developed into open war in 1301, and he frequently raided the neighboring Hungarian lords from 1307. Most of the Serbian noblemen supported Dragutin, but he was forced to make peace with Milutin after Milutin's mercenaries routed him in 1311 or 1312. Before his death, he entered a monastery and died as the monk Teoktist. On the list of Serbian saints, Dragutin is venerated on 12 November or 30 October (Old Style and New Style dates). Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Milutin; Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1281-1321, King Stefan Uros II Milutin, Resisted Byzantine Roman Catholicism
Serbian King, 1281-1321, Stefan Uros II Milutin; Uroš II Milutin (Serbian Cyrillic: Стефан Урош II Милутин; c. 1253 – 29 October 1321), known as Stefan Milutin (Стефан Милутин), was the King of Serbia between 1282–1321, a member of the Nemanjić dynasty. was one of the most powerful rulers of Serbia in the Middle Ages. Milutin is credited with strongly resisting the efforts of Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to impose Roman Catholicism on the Balkans after the Union of Lyons in 1274. his regin, Serbian economic power grew rapidly, mostly due to the development of mining. He founded Novo Brdo, which became an internationally important silver mining site. As most of the Nemanjić monarchs, he was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church with a feast day on October 30.[1] Milutin appears in the Dante Alighieri's narrative poem Divine Comedy. Serbian Kingdom, 1217-1346; St Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11;

Serbia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Serbian Empire, Battle of Kosovo Field

Serbia, 1324-1337, Archbishop Daniel II, biography writer, Hilandar Crusaders, Serbian arbitrator
Serbia, 1324-1337, Archbishop Daniel II ; II (Serbian Cyrillic: II) was the Archbishop of Serbs 1324 to 1337, under the rule of Kings Stephen Uro III (1321-“1331) and Duan the Mighty (1331-“1355, crowned Emperor in 1345). As a Serbian monk, he was also a chronicler, active in court and Church politics, holding the office during the zenith of the Nemanji- dynasty-era; he wrote many biographies which are considered part of the most notable medieval Serbian literature. He was proclaimed Saint Danilo II ( II) of the Serbian Orthodox Church, and is celebrated on the same day as Saint Ignatius of Antioch on 2 January [O.S. 20 December]. it was time to choose the igumen for the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, Saint Daniel received the appointment. The saint was igumen at a most difficult time for the Holy Mountain. After the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, they joined with the Arabs to plunder and loot the Athonite monasteries, not sparing anything sacred. the internecine war of Kings Milutin and Dragutin and Stephen of Dechani (November 11), the ascetic was summoned to Serbia, where he reconciled the adversaries. St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Serbia, 1322-1331, King, Stefan Decanski, lived in Khan's court till 1299, then B 5 years, d by son
Serbia, 1322-1331, Serbian King, Stefan Decanski ; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11; Saint Nicholas (December 6) appeared to him in the church of Ovche Polje (Sheep Pasture) and said, Ã¢Â€ÂœDo not be afraid. Your eyes have been given to me, and I shall return them to you at the appropriate time.Ã¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ At the end of the five years, Saint Nicholas appeared to him again. Making the Sign of the Cross over his eyes, he restored StephenÃ¢Â€Â™s sight. In gratitude for this miracle, Stephen built the DeÃ„ÂÂÂÂani Monastery in Serbia.

Serbia, 1331-1346, King Stephen Uros IV Dusan the mighty, drowned his father, first emperor, Dunstan's Code
Serbian King, 1331-1346, Stephen Uros IV Dusan of Serbia; Stefan UroÅ¡ IV DuÅ¡an (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂÂ¡Ñ‚ÃÂÂµÑ„ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ£Ñ€ÃÂÂ¾Ñˆ IV ÃÂÂ”ÑƒÑˆÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½, pronounced [stÃªfaËÂÂn ûroʃ tÊƒÄ›tÊ‹rÌ©ËÂÂtiËÂÂ dÇ”Êƒan] (About this soundlisten)), known as DuÅ¡an the Mighty (Serbian: ÃÂÂ”ÑƒÑˆÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ¡ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ»ÃÂÂ½ÃÂÂ¸ / DuÅ¡an Silni; circa 1308 – 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Tsar (or Emperor) and autocrat of the Serbs and Greeks (or Romans) from 16 April 1346 until his death. DuÅ¡an conquered a large part of southeast Europe, becoming one of the most powerful monarchs of the era. Under DuÅ¡an's rule, Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and an Eastern Orthodox multi-ethnic and multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube in the north to the Gulf of Corynth in the south, with its capital in Skopje.[1] He enacted the constitution of the Serbian Empire, known as DuÅ¡an's Code, perhaps the most important literary work of medieval Serbia. DuÅ¡an promoted the Serbian Church from an archbishopric to a patriarchate, finished the construction of the Visoki DeÄÂÂani monastery (now a UNESCO site), and founded the Monastery of the Holy Archangels, among others. Under his rule, Serbia reached its territorial, political, economic, and cultural peak.[2] DuÅ¡an died in 1355, seen as the end of resistance against the advancing Ottoman Empire and the subsequent fall of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the region.[3] St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire
Serbia, 1346-1371, Serbian Empire ; The Serbian Empire (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¡Ñ€ÃÂÂ¿ÑÂÂÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¾ Ñ†ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ÑÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ¾ / Srpsko carstvo, pronounced [srÌ©Ì‚pskoËÂÂ tsÃ¢ËÂÂrstÊ‹o]) is a historiographical term for the empire in the Balkan peninsula that emerged from the medieval Serbian Kingdom. It was established in 1346 by King Stefan DuÅ¡an, known as "the Mighty", who significantly expanded the state. Under DuÅ¡an's rule Serbia was the major power in the Balkans, and a multi-lingual empire that stretched from the Danube to the Gulf of Corinth, with its capital in Skopje.[1] He also promoted the Serbian Archbishopric to the Serbian Patriarchate. His son and successor, UroÅ¡ the Weak, lost most of the territory conquered by DuÅ¡an, hence his epithet. The Serbian Empire effectively ended with the death of UroÅ¡ V in 1371 and the break-up of the Serbian state. Some successors of Stefan V claimed the title of Emperor in parts of Serbia until 1402, but the territory in Greece was never recovered.

Serbia, 1346-1354, Serbian King, Stefan Uros V, the weak, lost ground
Serbian King, 1346-1354, Stefan Uros V; Upon the death of his father (+ 1355), Saint Stephen Urosh became the independent and actual ruler of Serbia. He was faithful to the Lord; like a father he provided for widows and orphans, he pacified quarrels and maintained peace, he was charitable to the poor, and he defended the downtrodden. In the interests of peace in Serbia and indeed for the preservation of his own life, Saint Stephen was obliged to flee to his kinsman, Prince Lazar. Saint Stephen’s uncle, Vulkashin, immediately seized the throne, but his fear of rivals gave him no peace. Through his sister, Saint Stephen’s mother, he invited his nephew to come to the city of Skopje, on the pretext of a reconciliation. Greeting him with honor, as Tsar, he invited him to go hunting. When Saint Stephen, weary from the hunt, went off with his horse to a well and bent over to take a sip of water, Vulkashin struck him a mortal blow on the head with a mace. Saint Stefan UroÅ¡ V (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¡ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂµÑ‚ÃÂÂ¸ ÃÂÂ¡Ñ‚ÃÂÂµÑ„ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ£Ñ€ÃÂÂ¾Ñˆ V pronounced [stÃªfaËÂÂn ûroʃ peËÂÂti] (About this soundlisten); 1336 – 2/4 December 1371), known in historiography and folk tradition as UroÅ¡ the Weak (ÃÂÂ£Ñ€ÃÂÂ¾Ñˆ ÃÂÂÂÃÂÂµÑ˜ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¸/UroÅ¡ Nejaki), was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355–1371), and before that he was Serbian King and co-ruler (since 1346) with his father, Emperor Stefan DuÅ¡an.[1] St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Serbia, 1355-1371, Serbian Emperor, Stefan Uros V, The Weak, lost ground
Serbia, 1355-1371, Serbian Emperor, Stefan Uros V; Upon the death of his father (+ 1355), Saint Stephen Urosh became the independent and actual ruler of Serbia. He was faithful to the Lord; like a father he provided for widows and orphans, he pacified quarrels and maintained peace, he was charitable to the poor, and he defended the downtrodden. In the interests of peace in Serbia and indeed for the preservation of his own life, Saint Stephen was obliged to flee to his kinsman, Prince Lazar. Saint Stephen’s uncle, Vulkashin, immediately seized the throne, but his fear of rivals gave him no peace. Through his sister, Saint Stephen’s mother, he invited his nephew to come to the city of Skopje, on the pretext of a reconciliation. Greeting him with honor, as Tsar, he invited him to go hunting. When Saint Stephen, weary from the hunt, went off with his horse to a well and bent over to take a sip of water, Vulkashin struck him a mortal blow on the head with a mace. Saint Stefan UroÅ¡ V (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¡ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂµÑ‚ÃÂÂ¸ ÃÂÂ¡Ñ‚ÃÂÂµÑ„ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ£Ñ€ÃÂÂ¾Ñˆ V pronounced [stÃªfaËÂÂn ûroʃ peËÂÂti] (About this soundlisten); 1336 – 2/4 December 1371), known in historiography and folk tradition as UroÅ¡ the Weak (ÃÂÂ£Ñ€ÃÂÂ¾Ñˆ ÃÂÂÂÃÂÂµÑ˜ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¸/UroÅ¡ Nejaki), was the second Emperor (Tsar) of the Serbian Empire (1355–1371), and before that he was Serbian King and co-ruler (since 1346) with his father, Emperor Stefan DuÅ¡an.[1] St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Serbia, 1373-1403, Moravian Serbia or Serbian Despotate, Great Morava River, not Czech M, Orthodox
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Serbia (Serbian: ÃÂÂœÃÂÂ¾Ñ€ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ²ÑÂÂÃÂÂºÃÂÂ° ÃÂÂ¡Ñ€ÃÂÂ±ÃÂÂ¸Ñ˜ÃÂÂ° / Moravska Srbija) or Realm of Prince Lazar is the name used in historiography for the largest and most powerful Serbian principality to emerge from the ruins of the Serbian Empire (1371).[1] Moravian Serbia is named after Morava, the main river of the region.[2] Independent principality in the region of Morava was established in 1371, and attained its largest extent in 1379 through the military and political activities of its first ruler, prince Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡. In 1402 it was raised to the Serbian Despotate, which would exist until 1459 (de jure until the 1560s). The adjective Moravian does not imply that the state (Moravian Serbia) is affiliated in any way with the region of Moravia in the present-day Czech Republic. The term Moravian Serbia refers to the fact that the state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers in present-day central Serbia. History[edit] Further information: History of Serbia Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡ was born in around 1329 in the fortress of Prilepac, near the town of Novo Brdo in the region of Kosovo, Kingdom of Serbia. Lazar was a courtier at the court of Serbian Tsar Stefan UroÅ¡ DuÅ¡an, and at the court of DuÅ¡an's successor, Tsar Stefan UroÅ¡ V (r. 1356–1371).[3] UroÅ¡'s reign was characterized by the weakening of the central authority and the gradual disintegration of the Serbian Empire. Powerful Serbian nobles became practically independent in the regions they controlled.[4] Lazar left the court Tsar UroÅ¡ in 1363 or 1365, and became a regional lord. He held the title of prince since at least 1371.[4] His territory initially developed in the shadow of stronger regional lords. The strongest were the MrnjavÄÂÂeviÄ‡ brothers, VukaÅ¡in and Jovan UgljeÅ¡a. They were defeated and killed by the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of MariÄÂÂa in 1371, after which Lazar took a part of their territory. Lazar and Tvrtko I, the Ban of Bosnia, jointly defeated in 1373 another strong noble, Nikola AltomanoviÄ‡. Most of AltomanoviÄ‡'s territory was acquired by Lazar. About that time, Lazar accepted the suzerainty of King Louis I of Hungary,[5] who granted him the region of MaÄÂÂva, or at least a part of it. With all these territorial gains, Lazar emerged as the most powerful Serbian lord.[6] The state he then created is known in historiography as Moravian Serbia.[7] Moravian Serbia attained its full extent in 1379, when Lazar took BraniÄÂÂevo and KuÄÂÂevo, ousting the Hungarian vassal RadiÄÂÂ BrankoviÄ‡ RastislaliÄ‡ from these regions.[8] Lazar's state was larger than the domains of the other lords on the territory of the former Serbian Empire. It also had a better organized government and army. The state comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava Rivers, extending from the source of South Morava northward to the Danube and Sava Rivers. Its north-western border ran along the Drina River. Besides the capital KruÅ¡evac, the state included important towns of NiÅ¡ and UÅ¾ice, as well as Novo Brdo and Rudnik, two richest mining centres of medieval Serbia. Of all the Serbian lands, Lazar's state lay furthest from Ottoman centres, and was least exposed to the ravages of Turkish raiding parties. This circumstance attracted immigrants from Turkish-threatened areas, who built new villages and hamlets in previously poorly inhabited and uncultivated areas of Moravian Serbia. There were also spiritual persons among the immigrants, which stimulated the revival of old ecclesiastical centres and the foundation of new ones in Lazar's state.[6][7] A Turkish raiding party, passing unobstructed through territories of Ottoman vassals, broke into Moravian Serbia in 1381. It was routed by Lazar's nobles Crep VukoslaviÄ‡ and Vitomir in the Battle of Dubravica, fought near the town of ParaÄ‡in.[7] In 1386, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I himself led much larger forces that took NiÅ¡ from Lazar. It is unclear whether the encounter between the armies of Lazar and Murad at PloÄÂÂnik, a site southwest of NiÅ¡, happened shortly before or after the capture of NiÅ¡. Lazar rebuffed Murad at PloÄÂÂnik.[9] After the death of King Louis in 1382, a civil war broke out in the Kingdom of Hungary. Lazar briefly participated in the war as one of the opponents of Prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, and he sent some troops to fight in the regions of Belgrade and Syrmia. These fights ended with no territorial gains for Lazar, who made peace with Sigismund in 1387.[10] In the Battle of Kosovo fought on 15 June 1389, Lazar led the army which confronted a massive invading army of the Ottoman Empire commanded by Sultan Murad I. Both Prince Lazar and Sultan Murad lost their lives in the battle. Although the battle was tactically a draw, the mutual heavy losses were devastating only for the Serbs.[7][11] Lazar was succeeded by his eldest son Stefan LazareviÄ‡. As he was still a minor, Moravian Serbia was administered by Lazar's widow, Milica. She was attacked from north, five months after the battle, by troops of the Hungarian King Sigismund. When Turkish forces, moving toward Hungary, reached the borders of Moravian Serbia in the summer of 1390, Milica accepted Ottoman suzerainty.[11] Stefan LazareviÄ‡ participated as an Ottoman vassal in the Battle of Karanovasa in 1394, the Battle of Rovine in 1395, the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396, and in the Battle of Angora in 1402. After Angora, he visited Constantinople, the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, where he was given the title of Despot, and since then his state became known as the Serbian Despotate in 1402.[12] Rulers[edit] Commons has media related to Principality of Serbia (late medieval). Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡ (1371–1389) Stefan LazareviÄ‡ (1389–1402) Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1373-1389, Prince, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Moravian Serbia
Serbian Prince, 1373-1389, Lazar of Serbia, First Prince of Serbian Empire in Kosovo; Prince Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡ (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂÂ›ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ·ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ ÃÂÂ¥Ñ€ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ±ÃÂÂµÑ™ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ¸Ñ›; ca. 1329 – 15 June 1389) was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire. Lazar's state, referred to by historians as Moravian Serbia, comprised the basins of the Great Morava, West Morava, and South Morava rivers. Lazar ruled Moravian Serbia from 1373 until his death in 1389. He sought to resurrect the Serbian Empire and place himself at its helm, claiming to be the direct successor of the NemanjiÄ‡ dynasty, which went extinct in 1371 after ruling over Serbia for two centuries. Lazar's programme had the full support of the Serbian Orthodox Church, but the Serbian nobility did not recognize him as their supreme ruler. He is often referred to as Tsar Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡ (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¦ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ ÃÂÂ›ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ·ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ ÃÂÂ¥Ñ€ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ±ÃÂÂµÑ™ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ¸Ñ› / Car Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡); however, he only held the title of prince (Serbian: ÃÂÂºÃÂÂ½ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ· / knez). Lazar was killed at the Battle of Kosovo in June 1389 while leading a pan-Christian army assembled to confront the invading Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Murad I. The battle ended without a clear victor, though both sides endured heavy losses, which were more devastating for the less numerous Serbs and their Christian allies. Lazar's widow, Milica, who ruled as regent for their adolescent son Stefan LazareviÄ‡, Lazar's successor, accepted Ottoman suzerainty in the summer of 1390. Lazar is venerated in the Orthodox Christian Church as a martyr and saint, and is highly regarded in Serbian history, culture and tradition. In Serbian epic poetry, he is referred to as Tsar Lazar (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¦ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ ÃÂÂ›ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ·ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ / Car Lazar). Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1382-1388, Patriarch, St Spyridon the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1382-1388, St Spyridon the Patriarch; St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389, Serb Orthodox v. Sunni Muslim Turks, fall of Serb Empire
Serbia, 1389, Battle of Kosovo Field 1389 (Kosovo Field, 5km northwest of Pristina) ; The Battle of Kosovo (Serbian: ÃÂÂšÃÂÂ¾ÑÂÂÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÑÂÂÃÂÂºÃÂÂ° ÃÂÂ±ÃÂÂ¸Ñ‚ÃÂÂºÃÂÂ°) took place on 15 June 1389[A] between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡ and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr. The battle was fought on the Kosovo field in the territory ruled by Serbian nobleman Vuk BrankoviÄ‡, in what is today Kosovo,[a] about 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) northwest of the modern city of Pristina. The army under Prince Lazar consisted of his own troops, a contingent led by BrankoviÄ‡, and a contingent sent from Bosnia by King Tvrtko I, commanded by Vlatko VukoviÄ‡.[11] Prince Lazar was the ruler of Moravian Serbia and the most powerful among the Serbian regional lords of the time, while BrankoviÄ‡ ruled the District of BrankoviÄ‡ and other areas, recognizing Lazar as his overlord. Reliable historical accounts of the battle are scarce.[12] The bulk of both armies were wiped out, and Lazar, Murad and BrankoviÄ‡ were killed. Although the Ottomans managed to annihilate the Serbian army, they also suffered huge casualties that delayed their progress. The Serbs were left with too few men to effectively defend their lands, while the Turks had many more troops in the east. Consequently, the Serbian principalities that were not already Ottoman vassals became so consecutively in the following years. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1389-1427, Serbian Prince, Stefan Lazarevic, fine knight and leader, Battle of Nicopolis d
Serbian Prince, 1389-1427, Stefan Lazarevic ; Stefan LazareviÄ‡ (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂÂ¡Ñ‚ÃÂÂµÑ„ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ›ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ·ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ¸Ñ›, c. 1377 – 19 July 1427), also known as Stefan the Tall (Serbian: ÃÂÂ¡Ñ‚ÃÂÂµÑ„ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ½ ÃÂÂ’ÃÂÂ¸ÑÂÂÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂºÃÂÂ¸ / Stefan Visoki), was the ruler of Serbia as prince (1389–1402) and despot (1402–1427). The son of Prince Lazar HrebeljanoviÄ‡, he was regarded as one of the finest knights and military leaders at that time. After the death of his father at Kosovo (1389), he became ruler of Moravian Serbia and ruled with his mother Milica (a NemanjiÄ‡), until he reached adulthood in 1393. Stefan led troops in several battles as an Ottoman vassal, until asserting independence after receiving the title of despot from the Byzantines in 1402. Becoming an Hungarian ally in 1403–04, he received large possessions, including the important Belgrade and Golubac Fortress. He also held the superior rank in the chivalric Order of the Dragon. During his reign there was a long conflict with his nephew ÄÂÂuraÄ‘ BrankoviÄ‡, which ended in 1412. Stefan also inherited Zeta, and waged war against Venice. Since he was childless, he designated his nephew ÄÂÂuraÄ‘ as heir in 1426, a year before his death. On the domestic front, he broke the resistance of the Serbian nobles, and used the periods of peace to strengthen Serbia politically, economically, culturally and militarily. In 1412 he issued the Code of Mines, with a separate section on governing of Novo Brdo – the largest mine in the Balkans at that time. This code increased the development of mining in Serbia, which had been the main economic backbone of the Serbian Despotate. At the time of his death, Serbia was one of the largest silver producers in Europe. In the field of architecture, he continued development of the Morava school. His reign and personal literary works are sometimes associated with early signs of the Renaissance in the Serbian lands. He introduced knightly tournaments, modern battle tactics, and firearms to Serbia. He was a great patron of the arts and culture by providing shelter and support to scholars and refugees from neighboring countries that had been taken by the Ottomans. In addition, he was himself a writer, and his most important work is A Homage to Love, which is characterized by the Renaissance lines. During his reign the Resava School was formed. Serbian Empire, 1346-1371 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, 1400-1459, 15th Century Folder, Turks take over Serbia

Serbia, 1402-1459, Serbian Despotate of Hungary, cultural and political renaissance before Ottomans in 57
Serbia, Serbian Despotate, 1402-1459 ; The Serbian Despotate was a medieval Serbian state in the first half of the 15th century. Although the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered the end of medieval Serbia, the Despotate, a successor of the Serbian Empire and Moravian Serbia, lasted for another 60 years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. Before its conquest the Despotate nominally had a suzerain status to the Ottoman Empire, Byzantine Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.[1] After being fully subjugated to the Ottoman Empire in 1459, it continued to exist in exile in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary until the mid-16th century. Pavle Bakia was the last Despot of Serbia to be recognized by both the Ottoman and the Habsburg Monarchy. Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1405, Despot Stephen Tower, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; The Despot Stefan Tower is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan Lazarevic. May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society Ruder Boskovic and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks
Serbia, 1457, Serbia Seized by the Turks; Despot Stephen Tower; Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

Serbia, 1458-1459, Despot, Prince Stephen Brancovich (Stephen the Blind)
Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1458-1520, Saint Saint Angelina of Serbia and Albania
Serbian Saint, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia; St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Serbia, 1459-1800, Folder, Ottoman Serbia

Serbia, 1459-1499, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia in Bosnia, Kingdom of Hungary in the North

Serbia, 1461-1463, P, Stephen Tomasevic, Bosnia, R Catholic, lost Bosnia, Serbia to Mehemed, killed by M
Serbian Prince, 1461-1463, Stephen Tomasevic of Bosnia ; Tomasevic or Stephen II ( died on 25 May 1463) was the last sovereign from the Bosnian Kotromani dynasty, reigning as Despot of Serbia briefly in 1459 and as King of Bosnia from 1461 until 1463. Stephen's father, King Thomas, had great ambitions for him. An attempt to expand into Croatia by marrying Stephen to a wealthy noblewoman failed, and negotiations for a marital alliance with the Sforzas of Milan were abandoned when a more prestigious opportunity presented itself: marriage to the heiress Maria of Serbia. in April 1459, it made Stephen the ruler of the remnants of the neighbouring country. The intent was to unite the Kingdom of Bosnia and the Serbian Despotate under Stephen to combat the expanding Ottoman Empire. Catholicism made him unpopular in Orthodox Serbia. ruling it for merely two months, he surrendered it to the encroaching Ottoman forces and fled back to his father's court, which earned him the contempt of the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus and other Christian rulers in Europe. Stephen succeeded his father on the throne following the latter's death in July 1461 and became the first Bosnian king to receive a crown from the Holy See. kingdom's existence, however, was increasingly threatened by the Ottomans. King Stephen had the unanimous support of his noblemen in resistance to the Ottomans, but not of the common people. He maintained an active correspondence with Pope Pius II, who forgave him for the loss of Serbia and worked with him to preserve Bosnia for Christendom. Hungarian king was placated, but all Western monarchs contacted by Stephen refused to assist him. that at least Matthias would come to his aid, Stephen refused to deliver the customary tribute to the Ottoman sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, which provoked an invasion. May 1463, Mehmed marched into Bosnia, meeting little effective resistance, and captured Stephen, who was then beheaded. The execution marks the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia to the Ottoman Empire. 1 Family 2 Marriage 3 Despotism 4 Kingship 4.1 Accession and coronation 4.2 Ottoman invasion 4.3 Capture and death 5 Assessment and legacy 6 Family tree 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1486-1496, Despot, George Brancovich, relinquished, monk, krusedol monastery, Romanian envoy
Serbian Prince, 1486-1496, George Brancovich ; as George; also known as Saint Maksim; b. 1461 “ d. 1516) was the last male member of the Brankovic dynasty, and titular Despot of Serbia from 1486 to 1497. The title was granted to him by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. From 1493, he shared the title with his brother Jovan. In 1497, he relinquished all titles and possessions to his brother, and decided to take monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim. built the Kruskedol monastery, and served as diplomatic envoy for prince Radu IV the Great of Wallachia (1507). 1513, he became Metropolitan of Belgrade. After his death (1516), he was venerated as saint, and canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1496-1502, Despot, John Brancovich, received d from b Geo, Hilandar and Krusedol
Serbian Prince, 1496-1502, John Brancovich ; Brankovich, born c. 1465 - died 10 December 1502) was the titular Despot of Serbia from 1493 until his death in 1502. Title of despot was given to him by Hungarian king Vladislas II of Hungary. From 1493 to 1497 he held the title together with his elder brother George, who was despot since 1486. In 1497, George relinquished the title, and Jovan remained the sole Despot of Serbia, until his death in 1502. Jovan was the last Serbian Despot of the Brankovich dynasty. Brothers built the Kruckedol monastery, and made various donations to Hilandar and other Eastern Orthodox monasteries. He was proclaimed a saint by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Serbia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Light from grave attracts Turks, St Macarius the Patriarch

Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks
Serbia, 1515, Saint Stephen Stiljianovitch, Light from his grave attracts Turks;

Serbia, 1557-1574, Serbian Patriarch, St Macarius the Patriarch
Serbian Patriarch, 1557-1574, St Macarius the Patriarch; St Macarius the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Ottoman Serbia, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1657, Serbian Patriarch, Gabriel II of Constantinople
Serbian Patriarch, 1657, Gabriel II of Constantinople; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War
Serbia, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Serbia, 1700, 18th Century Folder, temporary Hapsburg Serbian Kingdom then back to Ottoman in 39

Serbia, 1800-Present, Folder, Uprising, Russia Turkish War

Serbia, 1800, 19th Century Folder, First Serbian Uprising, Karageorgea's Revolt, Russo-Turkish War

Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising (against the Turks)
Serbia, 1804-1813, First Serbian Uprising; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1804-1813, Karageorgea's town, Topola, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge's revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1811-1813, President, Karadorde, Black George, Orthodox, with Ottomans, then against, Jihad, k by rival
Serbia, President, 1811-1813, Karadorde; ÄÂorÄ‘e PetroviÄ‡ OSA (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂ‚ÃÂ¾Ñ€Ñ’ÃÂµ ÃÂŸÃÂµÑ‚Ñ€ÃÂ¾ÃÂ²ÃÂ¸Ñ›, pronounced [dÃÂ¡Ê‘Ã´ËÂrdÃÂ¡Ê‘e pÄ›troÊ‹itÃÂ¡É•]), better known by the sobriquet Black George, or KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂšÃÂ°Ñ€ÃÂ°Ñ’ÃÂ¾Ñ€Ñ’ÃÂµ, pronounced [kÃ¢radÃÂ¡Ê‘oËÂrdÃÂ¡Ê‘e]; 16 November [O.S. 3 November] 1768 – 26 July [O.S. 14 July] 1817), was a Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for his country's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising of 1804–1813. Born into an impoverished family in the Å umadija region of Ottoman Serbia, KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e distinguished himself during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791 as a member of the Serbian Free Corps, a militia of Habsburg and Ottoman Serbs, armed and trained by the Austrians. Fearing retribution following the Austrians' and Serb rebels' defeat in 1791, he and his family fled to the Austrian Empire, where they lived until 1794, when a general amnesty was declared. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e subsequently returned to Å umadija and became a livestock merchant. In 1796, the rogue governor of the Sanjak of Vidin, Osman PazvantoÄŸlu, invaded the Pashalik of Belgrade, and KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e fought alongside the Ottomans to quash the incursion. In early 1804, following a massacre of Serb chieftains by renegade Ottoman janissaries known as Dahis, the Serbs of the Pashalik rebelled. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e was unanimously elected to lead the uprising against the Dahis at an assembly of surviving chiefs in February 1804. Within six months, most of the Dahi leaders had been captured and executed by KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e's forces, and by 1805, the final remnants of Dahi resistance had been crushed. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e and his followers demanded far-reaching autonomy, which Sultan Selim interpreted as but the first step towards complete independence. Selim promptly declared jihad against the rebels and ordered an army to march into the Pashalik. The Ottomans suffered a string of defeats at the hands of KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e's forces. By 1806, the rebels had captured all the major towns in the Pashalik, including Belgrade and Smederevo, and expelled their Muslim inhabitants. Burdened by the demands of the Russo-Ottoman War of 1806–1812, Selim offered the Serbs extensive autonomy, but KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e refused in light of Russia's avowal to aid the rebels should they continue fighting. Frequent infighting, together with Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812, weakened the rebels, and the Ottomans were able to reverse many of their gains. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e was forced to flee Serbia in October 1813 and Belgrade fell later that month, bringing the First Serbian Uprising to a close. He and his followers sought refuge in the Austrian Empire, but were arrested and detained. Despite Ottoman requests for his extradition, the Austrians handed KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e over to the Russians, who offered him refuge in Bessarabia. There, he joined the Greek secret society known as Filiki Eteria, which planned to launch a pan-Balkan uprising against the Ottomans. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e returned to Serbia in secret in July 1817, but was killed shortly thereafter by agents of MiloÅ¡ ObrenoviÄ‡, a rival rebel leader, who was concerned that KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e's reappearance would cause the Ottomans to renege on the concessions that they had agreed to following the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815. KaraÄ‘orÄ‘e is considered the founder of the KaraÄ‘orÄ‘eviÄ‡ dynasty, which ruled Serbia in several intervals during the 19th and 20th centuries. His murder resulted in a violent, decades-long feud between his descendants and those of ObrenoviÄ‡, with the Serbian throne changing hands several times. New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1814, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; GligorijeviÄ‡, known simply as HadÅ¾i-Prodan (Serbian Cyrillic: ÃÂ¥ÃÂ°ÑŸÃÂ¸-ÃÂŸÑ€ÃÂ¾ÃÂ´ÃÂ°ÃÂ½ ÃÂ“ÃÂ»ÃÂ¸ÃÂ³ÃÂ¾Ñ€ÃÂ¸Ñ˜ÃÂµÃÂ²ÃÂ¸Ñ›; 1760 – 1825) was a Serbian voivode (military commander) in the First Serbian Uprising of the Serbian Revolution, then the Greek War of Independence, against the Ottoman Empire. He led an unsuccessful rebellion in 1814, dubbed HadÅ¾i Prodan's Revolt. Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date
Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Congress of Berlin, 1878;

Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78)
Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878
Serbia, 1878, Treaty of Berlin 1878; Serbia, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Serbia, 1875, June 26 1875: Issachar's Seal Date;

Serbia, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Communist Leader Tito, St Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid

Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica
Serbia, 1901-1956, Saint Nikolai Velimirovich of Ohrid and Zica; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz
Serbia, 1943-1980, Yugoslav Communist Leader, Tito, Josip Broz; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, Kosovo Folder, Rivers flow South

Serbia, 1373-1403, Moravian Serbia (Great Morava River Serbia, Danube 10, not Czech Moravia)
Serbia, Moravian Serbia, 1373-1403; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Serbia, Kosovo, Eastern Kosovo Folder, Kosovo Field

Kosovo, Serbia
Kosovo; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on September 3; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Battle of Kosovo, Serbia, 1389
Battle of Kosovo; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389
Kosovo battle with Turks, 1389; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Kosovo Pole (Blackbird Field)
Kosovo Pole St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated August 30 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Kosovo Sink Hole - Smaller View

Kosovo Sink Hole - Larger View

Goljak Mountains
Goljak Mountains;

Serbia, Kosovo, Unjimir River Folder, Central Kosovo

Unjimir River
Unjimir River between Kosovo and Pec;

Unjimir River Source (on the divide)

Unjimir River 1 (Unjimir, Kosovo)

Unjimir, Kosovo (Unjimir River 1)
Unjimir (between Kosovo and Pec); St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; Saint Peter was born in 1211 in the village of Unjimir between the city of Pech and the Field of Kosovo.

Unjimir River Mouth ( Pec River 4)

Serbia, Kosovo, Pec River Folder, Western Kosovo

Pec River

Pec River Source (on the divide)

Pec River 1 (Rugova Canyon and Caves)

Rugova Canyon monastic caves
Rugova Canyon monastic caves; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8;

Pec River 2 (Pech)

Pech (Pec), Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 2)
Pech; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Sava II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on February 8; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Pec Rive 3 (Dechani)

Dechani, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 3)
Dechani, Serbia; Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Vysokie Dechani Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Dechani (Vysokie) Monastery, Serbia, 1327
Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327
Patriarchate of Pec (monastery), Serbia, 1327; Vysokie Dechani, Serbia; Saint Gabriel I, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Saint Macarius, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Pec River 4 (Unjimir River)

Pec River 5 (Prizren, Korisha)

Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Prizren; St Joannicius the first Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated September 3 ; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Korisha, Kosovo, Serbia (Pec River 5)
Korisha; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia
Archangelsk monastery, Prizren, Kosovo, Serbia; Saint Spyridon, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30;

Serbia, Danube Rivers Folder, Rivers flow North

Danube River in Serbia

Danube River 9 (Belgrade, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava River Folder

Sava River

Sava River Source (Julian Alps, Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 1 (Kranjska Gora, Slovenia)

Sava River 2 (Slovenia)

Sava River 3 (Slovenia)

Sava River 4 (Slovenka, Slovenia)

Sora River Mouth (Sava River 4)

Sava River 5 (Slovenia)

Sava River 9 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Sava River 10 (Zagreb, Croatia)

Sava River 11 (Croatia)

Sava River 12 (Dubica, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 13 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 14 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 15 (border Croatia and Bosnia)

Sava River 16 (border Slavonia (Croatia) and Bosnia)

Sava River 17 (Vrsani, Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Sava River 18 (Drina River, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina River Folder

Drina River

Drina River Source (Maglic Mountain)
Maglic Mountain;

Drina River 1

Drina River 2

Drina River 3 (Overview)

Drina River 4

Drina River 5 (Lim River)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River Folder

Lim River

Lim River Source (Lake Plav, Northeast Montenegro

Lim River 1 (Budimlje, Serbia, aka Berane, Montenegro)

Budimlje, Serbia aka Berane, Montenegro (Lim River 1)
Budimlje aka Berane (; Repose of Saint Stephen of DeÃ„ÂÂÂÂani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11

Lim River 2 (Montenegro-Serbia Border, Brodarevo)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 18, Drina 5, Lim River 2, Milesevka River Folder

Milesevka River

Milesevka River Source (Mount Jadovnik)

Milesevka River 1

Milesevka River 2

Milesevka River 3

Milesevka River Mouth (Lim River 2)

Mileshevsk monastery, Serbia (Mileshevsk River, Lim River 2) 1236
Mileshevsk (Milesheva) monastery ; St Vladislav of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ;

Lim River 3 (Milesevka River and Monestary)

Banja Monastery (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ€ Ð‘Ð°ÑšÐ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Banja district (Lim River 3.7, south of Prboj)
Banja Monastery Monastery (Serbian Cyrillic: ÐœÐ°Ð½Ð°ÑÑ‚Ð¸Ñ€ Ð‘Ð°ÑšÐ°) is a Serbian Orthodox Monastery located near Priboj, Serbia. Monastery Banja presents Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance in Serbia.[1] History 1890s photograph. Time of founding of the monastery is unknown, but the first historical sources (Studenica Typicon) mention it in the 12th century.[1] In 1220 Banja became center of Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Dabar.[2] There are three churches within the monastery, the Church of St. Nicholas, of St. Eliah and the Church of Ascension of the Holy Virgin. St. Nicholas Church, the main monastery church, was founded by King Stefan DeÄanski (r. 1322–31) in 1329. The original church was burned during the Ottoman invasion.[3] The church was restored in 1570 and gained its present look in 1904 when the last restoration took place. The monastery was not only center of the bishopric but the mausoleum of VojnoviÄ‡ noble family. Saint Daniel II, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Lim River 4 (Pribo)

Lim River 5 (Rudo)

Lim River Mouth (Drina River 5)

Laze, Serbia (Drina River 6)
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Chelije Monastery, Serbia, 1280's
Chelije Monastery; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Lelich, Serbia (Drina River 9.5, 3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery)
Lelich, Serbia (3 mile walk from Chelije Monastery); Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Drina River 12 (Pech Monastery)

Tavna monastery, Serbia (Drina River 12) 1316
Tavna monastery Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ;

Drina River Mouth (Sirmium, Pannonia, Sava River 18)

Sava River 19 (Srem Plain, Serbia)

Serbia, Danube 9, Sava 19, Srem Plain Region Folder, Pannonia

Srem Plain Region (divided Croatia west and Serbia east, between Sava and Danube Rs.)
Srem Region, between Drava, Sava and Danube, divided between Croatia in the West and Serbia in the east ; Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509
Krushedol Monastery, Ravenica, Srem Plain, 1509; Ravenica monestary, 1377; Frushka Gora Mountain; St Stephen of Serbia, "the blind one", Commemorated October 9 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Ravenica monastery, Serbia (Srem Plain, near Danube River 8) 1377
Ravenica monestary; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Frushka Gora, Serbia (Srem Plain); Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Sirmium, Serbia (Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Sava River 19)
Sirmium; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Martyr Manuel, Commemorated on March 27; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Pannonia Secunda, Srem Plain, Serbia, Roman Province, 296-476
Pannonia Secunda ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Hieromartyr Erasmus the Bishop of Formia in Campania, Commemorated on May 4;

Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469
Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Pannonia (Sava River Drainage)
Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Kupinovo, Serbia (Srem Plain, Sava River 19, capitol Moravian Serbia and Serbian Despotate)
Kupinovo; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Dechani, Serbia (Srem Plain)
Repose of St Stephen of Dechani, Serbia;

Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade, Serbia (Srem Plain), 1600 17th Century
Rakovica Monastery, Belgrade; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia (south of Belgrade, Sava Mouth, Danube 9)
Mount Abul (Avala), Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2;

Sava River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Belgrade, Serbia (Sava Mouth and Danube River 9)
Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Icon of the Mother of God Three Hands on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Blessed Stephen the King of Serbia, With His Mother, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17 ; Martyr Hermylus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; Martyr Stratonicus of Belgrade, Commemorated January 13 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Saint Sava Seminary and Church, Belgrade, 1895
Saint Sava Seminary and Church, 1895; Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Serbia, Despot Stephen Tower, 1405, fortress in Belgrade
Despot Stephen Tower; The Despot Stefan Tower (Serbian: ÃÂÂ”ÃÂÂµÑÂÂÃÂÂ¿ÃÂÂ¾Ñ‚ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ° ÃÂÂºÑƒÃÂÂ»ÃÂÂ°; Despotova kula) or Dizdar Tower (ÃÂÂ”ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂ·ÃÂÂ´ÃÂÂ°Ñ€ÃÂÂµÃÂÂ²ÃÂÂ° ÃÂÂºÑƒÃÂÂ»ÃÂÂ°; Dizdareva kula) is a structure in Belgrade, Serbia, built ca. 1405, a couple of years after the city became the capital of Serbian Despotate under Despot Stefan LazareviÄ‡. In May 1963, representatives of the city administration, Institute for the protection of the cultural monuments and members of the astronomical societies, agreed to adapt the Dizdar Tower into an observatory. Works began in May, instruments were to be installed by autumn, and the observatory was to become operational in October 1963.[1] Today, the tower is the seat of the Astronomical Society RuÄ‘er BoÅ¡koviÄ‡ and houses its Popular Observatory. The Observatory has two instruments: refractor Zeiss (110/2200mm) and reflector Tall 200 K (200/2200mm), both of which are used mainly for observations at night. Four panoramic telescopes are also mounted on the tower, which can be used to observe the panorama of Belgrade.[2] Turkish Yoke Ottoman Empire ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10;

New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh, Srem Plain, Serbia
New Ravanica on Mount Thruzh; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Lazarevo, Serbia, Transylvania or Hungary (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Danube River 10 (Great Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Folder

Great Morava River (final section of the Morava Rivers of Serbia)
Great Morava River;

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava River Folder

West Morava River

West Morava River Source

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Children's River Folder

Childrens (Detinja) River

Childrens (Detinja) River Source (Mt Zlatibor)
Mt Zlatibor;

Mount Zlatibor
Mt Zlatibor;

Childrens River 1

Childrens River 2

Childrens River 3

Childrens (Detinja) River Mouth (West Morava River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava Source, Golija River Folder

Golija Morava River

Golija Morava River Source (Mt Golija)
Golija Mountain;

Golija Mountain
Golija Mountain;

Golija Morava River 1

Golija Morava River 2

Golija Morava River 3

Sveti Arhanteli Monestary
Sveti Arhanteli Monestary is at the north end of the Ivanjica depression.

Golija Morava River Mouth (West Morava River)

West Morava River 1

West Morava River 2 (Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monasteries)

Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries (30)
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

Annunciation monastery in Trnava, one of the 30 Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries
Ovcar-Kablar Gorge Monestaries, Ovcar-Kablar Gorge; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 3

Cacak, Serbia (West Morava River 3)
Cacak, West Central Serbia (West Morava River 3); Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, commemorated December 17 ;

West Morava River 4

West Morava River 5 (Ibar River)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava Source, West Morava 5, Ibar River Folder

Ibar River

Ibar River Source (Hajla Mountain, Prokletije Range, Dinaric Alps)
Hajla Mountain;

Ibar River 1

Ibar River 2 (Crna Reka)

Crna Reka (Black River, Ibar River 2)
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Crna Reka Monastery
Crna Reka Monastery; St Peter of Korisha, Commemorated on June 5;

Ibar River 3

Ibar River 4

Zhicha, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5)
Zhicha, Serbia; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Zhicha monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Konchul monastery, Serbia (Ibar River, West Morava River 5) 1192
Zhicha monastery; ---------------------------------------------The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. Repose of St Arsenius the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes, Ibar River, West Morava River 5)
cell of St Sava of Serbia (at Karyes); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Ras, home of Serbian Kings (high point, Ibar River 6)
Stari Ras, home of Serbian Princes (high point, Ibar River 6);

Tracts or Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170
Pillars of St George Monastery, 1170; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated on September 24;

Ibar River 8 (Studenica Monastery)

Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Saint Stephen's (Nemanja) Studenica monastery, Serbia (Ibar River 8) 1196
Studenica monastery, Serbia ; Holy King Stephen of Serbia, Commemorated September 24 ;

Ibar River Mouth (West Morava River 5)

Konchul, Serbia (near Ibar River Mouth, West Morava River 5)
The description of Kraljevo agrees with the description of Konchul in the following: St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia; The monestary at Konchul then could be Zhicha Monestary. St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

West Morava River 6 (Ljubostinja monestary)

Ljubostinja monastery, Serbia (West Morava 6) 1388
Ljubostinja monastery; St. Militsa of Serbia, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

West Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River Source)

Serbia, Danube 10, Great Morava River Source, South Morava River Folder

South Morava River

Black Mountain of Skopje
Black Mountain of Skopje: Skopska Crna Gora;

South Morava River Source (Black Mt of Skopje)

South Morava River 1
South Morava River 1: Gnjilane Valley

South Morava River 2

South Morava 2 tributary

South Morava River 3
South Morava River 3: Vranje Valley

Pcinja District, Southeast Serbia (South Morava River 3)
Pcinja District; Venerable Prochorus of Pcinja;

South Morava River 4: Leskovac Valley

South Morava River 5 (Nish, Serbia)
South Morava River 5: Nis Valley

Nish, Serbia, Constantine's Birthplace (South Morava River 5)
Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

South Morava River 6: Aleksinac Valley

South Morava River 7: Stalac Gorge

South Morava River Mouth (Great Morava River)

Great Morava River Source (West and South Morava Rivers)

Great Morava River 1 (Ravenica Monastery)

Ravanica Monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1375
Ravanica Monastery; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Great Morava River 2 (Manasija Monastery)

Manasija monastery, Serbia (Great Morava River 1) 1406
Manasija monastery; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ;

Great Morava River 3

Banja, Serbia (Arandelovac Springs)
Banja (Arandelovac Springs); St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Topola, Serbia, Karageorgea'™s town, Karageorgea's revolt 1804-1813
Serbia, Karageorge'™s town, Topola, Karageorge'™s revolt 1804-1809, First Serbian Uprising against the Turks from Constantinople, 1804, Collapse 1813 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ;

Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814
Hadj-Prodan Gligorijevic's town, Nevede, Serbia, Hadj-Prodan's Revolt 1814 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17;

Great Morava River 4

monastery of St Stephen or Koporin, Serbia (Great Morava River 4)
monastery of St Stephen or Koporin Monestary; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ;

Great Morava (Velika) River Mouth (Danube River 10)

Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), Serbia, on Via Militarius, Theodocius I in Illiricum
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Danube River 11

Serbia, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

USA Folder, US Capital, Washington, D.C., America

United States of America (USA)
United States; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII, (28 NOV 1864) ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America; FRANCIS ASBURY, Evangelist, 1816; William Lloyd Garrison of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879, Commemorated December 17 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

Washington, DC, US Capital
US Capital, Washington, DC; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898); SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Maria Steward of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879 Commemorated December 17 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13 ;

US Presidents Folder, 1893-1921

US President, 1893-1897 Grover Cleveland
US President, 1893-1897 Grover Cleveland; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19 ; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27;

US President, 1897-1901, William McKinley
US President, 1897-1901, William McKinley; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US, 1898, Spanish-American War
Spanish-American War, 1898; Philippine-Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“American War 1899-1902; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922;

US President, 1901-1909, Theodore Roosevelt
US President, 1901-1909, Theodore Roosevelt ; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Walter Rauschenbusch of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President, 1909-1913, William Howard Taft
US President, 1909-1913, William Howard Taft; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US President, 1913-1921, Woodrow Wilson
President, 1913-1921, Woodrow Wilson ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; William J. Seymour, Pentecostal Saint, Commemorated September 28, 1922; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Walter Rauschenbusch of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

America (United States)
America (United States); Repose of St Nikolai of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

US Presidents Folder, 1789-1841, 1776 Declaration of Independence

US History, Before the Presidents

United States - 13 Colonies North America area

Mississippi River Folder, 1673

Mississippi River

Mississippi River Route

Mississippi River Source (Lake Itaska, MN)

Mississippi River 1 (Crow Wing and Fort Ripley, MN)

Mississippi River 2 (Minneapolis and Saint Paul, MN)

Mississippi River 3 (La Crosse, WI)

Mississippi River 4 (Dubuque, IA)

Mississippi River 5 (Quad Cities, IA & IL)

Mississippi River 6 (Des Moines, IA and Hannibal, MO)

Mississippi River 7 (St. Louis, MO)

Mississippi River 8 (Cape Girardeau, MO)

Mississippi River 9 (Memphis, TN)

Mississippi River 10 (Little Rock, AR)

Mississippi River 11 (Jackson, MS)

Mississippi River 12 (Natches, MS)

Mississippi River 13 (Baton Rouge, LA)

Mississippi River 14 (New Orleans, LA)

Mississippi River Mouth (M. Delta, Gulf of Mexico)

US, 1740, Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening
Great Awakening of 1740, First Great Awakening; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

Wilderness Road Folder, 1775 (Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, to Ohio)

Wilderness Road 1 (Kingsport, Tennessee)

Wilderness Road 2 (Moccasin Gap of Cinch Mt, VA)

Wilderness Road 3 (Kanes Gap, VA)
Wilderness Road 3 (Kanes Gap - 36.7326ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â°N 82.8241ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â°W)

Wilderness Road 4 (Cumberland Gap, TN)
Cumberland Gap of Wilderness Road;

Wilderness Road South Fork 6 (Nashville, TN)

Wilderness Road South to Nashville from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road North Fork 5 - Boonesborough (Boones' Lick for salt)

Wilderness Road North Fork to Boonesborough (for salt) from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road West Fork 5 (Falls of the Ohio, Louisville)
Falls of the Ohio;

Wilderness Road West Fork to Louisville, Falls of the Ohio from Cumberland Gap

Wilderness Road (Knoxville, Tennessee)

Wilderness Road - Gaps of the Allegheny Folder - only 5 ways west

1 of the 5 ways west, Around the top, Level Water Route to the Great lakes from Hudson River

2 of the 5 ways west - Gaps of the Allegheny Front Folder, Pennsylvania RWY

1 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Blair Gap, Gallitzin, PA
1 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Blair Gap, Gallitzin, PA;

2 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Gap

3 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Run Gap
3 of the 3 Allegheny Front Gaps, Kittanning Run Gap;

3 of the 5 ways west, Cumberland Narrows (National Road Route)
3 of the 5 ways west, Cumberland Narrows;

4 of the 5 ways West, Cumberland Gap (Wilderness Road Route)
4 of the 5 ways West, Cumberland Gap;

5 of 5 ways west, Around the bottom (plains or Piedmont area) in Georgia
5 of 5 ways west, Around the bottom (plains or Piedmont area) in Georgia;

US, 1776, 1 Dec 1776 NS, United States Declaration of Independence
US, 1776, 1 Dec 1776 NS, United States Declaration of Independence ; US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh
US, 1776, December 1, 1776: Seal Date for the tribe of Manasseh;

US President, 1789-1797, George Washington
US President, 1789-1797, George Washington ; PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US President, 1797-1801, John Adams
US President, 1797-1801, John Adams; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US President, 1801-1809, Thomas Jefferson
US President, 1801-1809, Thomas Jefferson; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26;

US 1804-1806, Lewis and Clark Expedition Folder

Lewis and Clark Expedition 1 (St Charles, Mo)
Lewis and Clark Expedition;

Lewis and Clark 2 (La Charrette, MO (near Marthasville))

Lewis and Clark 3 (Kansas City, MO)

Lewis and Clark 4 (Omaha, NB)

Lewis and Clark 5 (Sioux City, IA, Floyds Bluff)

Lewis and Clark 6 (Fort Mandan, ND)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Yellowstone River Mouth)

Marias River

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Marias River Source)

Lewis and Clark Expedition (Marias River Mouth)

Missouri River Source (Brower's Spring)

Missouri River 1

Lewis and Clark 7 (Lemhi Pass, Continental Divide)

Selway River Source (southeast of Stripe Mountain)

Clearwater River Middle Fork (Selway and Lochsa Rivers)

Lewis and Clark Return Trip Camp Chopunnish (Kamiah, ID)
Camp Chopunnish;

Lewis and Clark 8 (Canoe Camp)
In October 1805, the Lewis and Clark Expedition descended the Clearwater River in dugout canoes, putting in at "Canoe Camp," five miles (8 km) downstream from Orofino.

Lewis and Clark 9 (Clearwater River Mouth, Snake River, Lewiston, ID)

Lewis and Clark 10 (Snake River Mouth, Columbia River, Pasco, WA)

Lewis and Clark 11 (Celilo Falls, The Dalles)

Lewis and Clark 12 (Portland, Willamett River Mouth)

Lewis and Clark 13 (Fort Clatsop, Astoria, OR)

Lewis and Clark Expedition

US President, 1809-1817, James Madison
US President, 1809-1817, James Madison ; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; PAUL CUFFEE, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE SHINNECOCK, 1812, Commemorated March 4; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

National Road Folder, 1811-Present (Cumberland Road, National Pike)

National Road (Western Maryland to Central Illinois)
National Road 1811-37

National Road (Cumberland Road) 1 (Cumberland, MD)
National Road (Cumberland Road); (Cumberland, MD);

National Road (Cumberland Road) 2 (Frostburg, MD)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Frostburg, MD;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 3 (Uniontown, PA)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Uniontown, Pennsylvania;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 4 (Washington, PA)
National Road (Cumberland Road); Washington, Pennsylvania;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 5 (Wheeling, WV)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; 2 (Wheeling, WV);

National Road (Cumberland Road) 6 (St. Clairsville, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; St. Clairsville, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 7 (Zanesville, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Zanesville, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 8 (Columbus, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Columbus, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 9 (Springfield, OH)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Springfield, Ohio;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 10 (Richmond, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Richmond, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 11 (Indianapolis, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Indianapolis, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 12 (Terre Haute, IN)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Terre Haute, Indiana;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 13 (Effingham, IL)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Effingham, Illinois;

National Road (Cumberland Road) 14 (Vandalia, IL)
National Road (Cumberland Road) ; Vandalia, Illinois;

US President, 1818-1825, James Monroe
US President, 1818-1825, James Monroe; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; ELIZABETH SETON, FOUNDER OF THE AMERICAN SISTERS OF CHARITY, 1821, Commemorated December 4; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US, 1821-1825, Erie Canal Folder

Erie Canal

Erie Canal (Onondaga Formation (Escarpment))
Erie Canal; Onondaga Formation (Escarpment);

Erie Canal 1 (Albany, New York, Hudson River)
Albany, New York, Hudson River;

Erie Canal 2 (Watervliet, New York)

Erie Canal 3 (Cohoes, New York)

Erie Canal 4 (Crescent, New York)

Erie Canal 5 (Rexford, New York)

Erie Canal 6 (Rome, New York)

Erie Canal 7 (toward Oneida Lake)

Erie Canal 8 (Canastota, New York)

Erie Canal 9 (Syracuse, New York)

Erie Canal 10 (Rochester, New York)

Finger Lakes Region (Upstate New York)
Finger Lakes Region; Iroquois League; Mohawk Valley; ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, AMELIA BLOOMER, SOJOURNER TRUTH, HARRIET ROSS TUBMAN: FOUR AMERICAN PIONEERS OF BLACK RIGHTS AND WOMEN'S RIGHTS, Commemorated July 20 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931) ; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830) ; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796;

Erie Canal 11 (Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie)
Buffalo, New York, Lake Erie;

Santa Fe Trail Folder, 1821

Santa Fe Trail 834 Miles

Santa Fe Trail Southern Route 787 Miles

Santa Fe Trail North to Trappers Trail and Morman Trail 293 Miles

Santa Fe Trail (Franklin, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Missouri River Crossing, Arrow Rock, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Marshall, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Lexington, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Osage)

Santa Fe Trail (Independence, MO)

Santa Fe Trail (Olathe, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Baldwin City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Burlingame, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Council Grove, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Lyons, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Great Bend, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Dodge City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Garden City, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Bent, AR)

Santa Fe Trail (La Junta, CO)

Santa Fe Trail (Ulysses, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Elkhart, KS)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Union)

Santa Fe Trail (Boise City, OK)

Santa Fe Trail (Clayton, NM)

Santa Fe Trail (Fort Laramie, WY, Trappers Trail, Mormon Trail)

Santa Fe Trail (Santa Fe, NM)

Rio Grande River Folder, 1821

Rio Grande River Source (Canby Mountain, Continental Divide)

Rio Grande River 1 (Conejos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 2 (Red River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 3 (Rio Hondo (Northern New Mexico) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 4 (Rio Pueblo de Taos, NM)

Rio Grande River 5 (Embudo River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 6 (Rio Chama River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 7 (Santa Fe River (New Mexico) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 8 (Las Cruces, NM)

Rio Grande River 9

Rio Grande River 10 (Rio Conchos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 11 (Pecos River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 12 (Devils River (Texas) Mouth)

Rio Grande River 13 (Rio Salado River Mouth, Mexico)

Rio Grande River 13 (Rio Alamo River Mouth)

Rio Grande River 13 (San Juan River Mouth, Rio Grande City)

Rio Grande River Mouth (Gulf of Mexico)
Rio Grande River;

Rio Grande River

US President, 1825-1829, John Quincy Adams
US President, 1825-1829, John Quincy Adams; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

US President, 1829-1837, Andrew Jackson
US President, 1829-1837, Andrew Jackson; PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; JOHN HENRY HOBART, BISHOP OF NEW YORK (12 SEPT 1830); PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; ABSALOM JONES and Richard Allen, (13 FEB 1818) ; RICHARD ALLEN, FIRST BISHOP OF THE AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, 1831. Commemorated March 26; William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

Old Spanish Trail, 1830 (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida to San Diego, California

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) Jacksonville Beach, Florida, 1830

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida;

Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida
Old Spanish Trail (auto trail) - San Diego, California to Jacksonville Beach, Florida;

US President, 1837-1841, Martin VanBuren
US President, 1837-1841, Martin VanBuren ; PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; PHILANDER CHASE, BISHOP OF OHIO, AND OF ILLINOIS, 22 SEPT. 1852; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

US Presidents Folder, 1841-1893

US President, 1841-1845, John Tyler
US President, 1841-1845, John Tyler ; PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30;

Oregon Trail Folder, 1843

Oregon Trail - Independence, MO to Oregon City, OR

Oregon Trail - Independence, MO to Little Blue River Mouth

Oregon Trail - Little Blue River to Kearny, NB

Oregon Trail - Platte River Section Kearney, NB to North Platte Mouth

Oregon Trail - North Platte River to Laramie, WY

Oregon Trail - Laramie-Casper-Sweetwater Valley-Blacks Fork-Fort Bridger

Oregon Trail - Bear River Section - Fort Bridger, UT to Soda Springs, ID

Oregon Trail - Big Hill Portion - Soda Springs, ID to Fort Hall (Pocatello, ID)

Oregon Trail - Snake River Section

Oregon Trail - Columbia River Section

Oregon Trail Points Folder

Oregon Trail 1 (Independence, Missouri River 23)

Oregon Trail 1b (St. Joseph, Missouri River 22)

Oregon Trail 2 (crossing Mt Oread, Lawarence, KS)

Oregon Trail 3 (Topeka, KS river crossing)

Oregon Trail 4 (Ash Hollow with Windlass Hill, North Platte River 5)
Oregon Trail (Ash Hollow with Windlass Hill);

Oregon Trail (Courthouse and Jail Rocks)
Oregon Trail (Courthouse and Jail Rocks);

Oregon Trail - Scotts Bluff National Monument
Scotts Bluff National Monument;

Oregon Trail (Scottsbluff)
Scotts Bluff National Monument;

Oregon Trail - Chimney Rock, NB
Oregon Trail - Chimney Rock, NB;

Oregon Trail 5 (Fort Laramie, WY)

Oregon Trail - Fort Laramie
Oregon Trail - Fort Laramie;

Oregon Trail 6 - Casper, WY

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Mouth (North Palatte River 4, Casper, WY )

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Valley 1

Oregon Trail - Independence Rock, Sweetwater River Valley 2

Oregon Trail - Sweetwater River Valley 3

Oregon Trail 7 - South Pass, Sweetwater River Valley 4

Oregon Trail (Fort Bridger)
Oregon Trail (Fort Bridger);

Oregon Trail (Fort Hall)
Oregon Trail (Fort Hall);

Oregon Trail Terminus (Oregon City, Oregon)

US President, 1845-1849, James K. Polk
US President, 1845-1849, James K. Polk PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

California Trail Folder, 1849

California Trail (City of Rocks to Wells and the down Humboldt River)

Salt Lake Cutoff (for both Oregon Trail and California Trail)

California Trail (Raft River Section)

California Trail 1 (Independence, Missouri River 23)

California Trail 1 (Fort Bridger)

California Trail 2 (Salt Lake City)

California Trail 3 (Bear River 10, Malad River Mouth)

California Trail 4 (City of Rocks)

California Trail 5 (Wells, Nevada and Humboldt River)

California Trail 6 (Elko, Nevada)

California Trail 7 (Battle Mountain)

California Trail 8 (Winnemucca, Nevada)

California Trail 9 (Humboldt River Mouth (Humbolt Sink))

US President, 1849-1850, Zachary Taylor
US President, 1849-1850, Zachary Taylor ; PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ;

US President, 1850-1853, Millard Fillmore
US President, 1850-1853, Millard Fillmore ; PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; JAMES CHISHOLM, PRIEST, 15 Sept. 1855 ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US President, 1853-1857, Franklin Pierce
US President, 1853-1857, Franklin Pierce; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; JAMES CHISHOLM, PRIEST, 15 Sept. 1855 ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US President, 1857-1861, James Buchanan
US President, 1857-1861, James Buchanan; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

Central Overland Route Folder, 1859

Central Overland Route (Salt Lake City, UT to Carson City, NV)
Central Overland Route ;

Central Overland Route 1 (Fairfield, UT)

Central Overland Route 2

Central Overland Route 3 (Callao, UT)

Central Overland Route 4 (Ibapah, UT)

Central Overland Route 5 (Ely, NV)

Central Overland Route 6

Central Overland Route 7

Central Overland Route 21 (Fallon, NV)

Central Overland Route 22 (Fernley, NV)

Central Overland Route 23 (Silver Springs, NV)

Central Overland Route 24 (Dayton, NV)

Central Overland Route 25 (Carson City, NV)

US President, 1861-1865, Abraham Lincoln
US President, 1861-1865, Abraham Lincoln ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

US President, 1865-1869, Andrew Johnson
US President, 1865-1869, Andrew Johnson ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President, 1869-1877, Ulysses S. Grant
US President, 1869-1877, Ulysses S. Grant ; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Richard Upjohn of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); JAMES LLOYD BRECK, Priest, Educator, and Missionary (2 April 1876); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); William Agustus Muhlenberg of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; SARAH JOSEPHA BUELL HALE, EDITOR and PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1879, Commemorated April 30; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President, 1877-1881, Rutherford B. Hayes
US President, 1877-1881, Rutherford B. Hayes; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; CONSTANCE AND HER COMPANIONS, THE MARTYRS OF MEMPHIS (9 SEP 1878) ; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); JAMES DE KOVEN, PRIEST (22 MAR 1879); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; JACKSON KEMPER, BISHOP, MISSIONARY (24 MAY 1870) ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President, 1881-1885, Chester A. Arthur
US President, 1881-1885, Chester A. Arthur; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PRUDENCE CRANDALL, TEACHER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 3 Sept. 1890; GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; HARRIET STARR CANNON, RELIGIOUS, 1896, Commemorated May 7; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President, 1885-1889, Grover Cleveland
US President, 1885-1889, Grover Cleveland ; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

Great Northern Hi-Line Road, 1889

Hi-Line Road - US 2 - Great Northern RWY (Great Lakes to Spokane)

US President, 1889-1893, Benjamin Harrison
US President, 1889-1893, Benjamin Harrison ; WILLIAM REED HUNTINGTON, PRIEST (27 JULY 1909); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; GEORGE FREEMAN BRAGG, Jr., PRIEST, 3 August 1940; WILLIAM PORCHER DUBOSE, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (18 AUGUST 1918); THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890); CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); John Lefarge of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated December 3; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922); PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893); FANNY CROSBY, (FRANCES JANE VAN ALSTYNE CROSBY), HYMNWRITER, 1915, Commemorated February 11; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16; FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Elizabeth Evelyn Wright of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; William Mayo of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (13 March 1911); CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Anne Ayres of WILLIAM AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG, PRIEST (8 APR 1877), [ANNE AYRES], RELIGIOUS (9 FEB 1896); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Hudson Stuck of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 John Muir of JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; WILLIAM HOBART HARE, BISHOP OF NIOBRARA, and of SOUTH DAKOTA, 1909, Commemorated May 17 ; PIONEERS OF THE EPISCOPAL ANGLICAN CHURCH OF BRAZIL, Commemorated June 7; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902); CORNELIUS HILL, PRIEST and CHIEF AMONG THE ONEIDA, 1907, Commemorated June 27; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2; Washington Gladden of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ;

US President's Folder, 1921-1933

US President, 1921-1923, Warren G. Harding
US President, 1921-1923, Warren G. Harding; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; Maria Woodworth-Etter, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated September 19; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US President, 1923-1929, Calvin Coolidge
US President, 1923-1929, Calvin Coolidge; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; William Dwight Porter Bliss of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated January 29 ; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; CHARLES HENRY BRENT, Missionary Bishop (27 March 1929); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Henry Beard Delany of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13;

US President, 1929-1933, Herbert Hoover
US President, 1929-1933, Herbert Hoover; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; DAVID PENDLETON OAKERHATER, DEACON AND MISSIONARY (1 SEP 1931); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; ANNA ELLISON BUTLER ALEXANDER, EDUCATOR, 24 SEPT. 1947; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; FRANCES JOSEPH-GAUDET, EDUCATOR AND PRISON REFORMER, (30 December 1934); HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US Presidents Folder, 1933-2009

US President, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt
US President, 1933-1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; CHARLES RAYMOND BARNES, PRIEST, 26 July 1938; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; THE MARTYRS OF NEW GUINEA, (2 SEP 1942); PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941); GREGORIO AGLIPAY, PRIEST AND FOUNDER OF THE PHILIPINE INDEPENDENT CHURCH, 5 Sept. 1940; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Theodore Ely of WILLIAM DWIGHT PORTER BLISS and PRIEST, 8 October 1926, RICHARD THEODORE ELY, ECONOMIST, 4 October 1943; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; JAMES OTIS SARGENT HUNTINGTON, FOUNDER (25 NOV 1935); THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; DORCHESTER CHAPLAINS: Lieutenant George Fox, Lieutenant Alexander D. Goode, Lieutenant Clark V. Poling, Lieutenant John P. Washington, 1943, Commemorated February 3 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; EMILY MALBONE MORGAN, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1937, Commemorated February 26; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; Ida B. Robinson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1946, Commemorated April 20; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US and Great Britain, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date
US and Great Britain, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy
US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US President, 1945-1953, Harry S. Truman
US President, 1945-1953, Harry S. Truman; ADELAIDE TEAGUE CASE, TEACHER, 1948, Commemorated July 19; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; HARRY THACKER BURLIEGH, COMPOSER, 11 Sept. 1949; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; JOHN ROBERTS, PRIEST, 1949, Commemorated February 25; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; Charles Menninger of WILLIAM W. MAYO, CHARLES MENNINGER, and their SONS, PIONEERS IN MEDICINE, 1911, 1953, Commemorated March 6; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1953-1961, Dwight D. Eisenhower
US President, 1933-1961, Dwight D. Eisenhower; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; Charles Harrison (C.H.) Mason, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1961, Commemorated November 17 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19; HARRIET BEDELL, DEACONESS AND MISSIONARY, (8 January 1969); SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; Anna Julia Haywood Cooper of ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER and ELIZABETH EVELYN WRIGHT, EDUCATORS, (1964, 1906), Commemorated February 28; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); Edward Thomas Demby of HENRY BEARD DELANY and EDWARD THOMAS DEMBY, BISHOPS, 1928, 1957, Commemorated April 14; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy
US President, 1961-1963, John F. Kennedy; W. E. B. DU BOIS, SOCIOLOGIST, 3 August 1963, Commemorated August 3; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson
US President, 1963-1969, Lyndon B. Johnson; JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, SEMINARIAN (14 AUGUST 1965); Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemorated December 10; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968); THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1969-1974, Richard Nixon
US President, 1969-1974, Richard Nixon; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1974-1976, Gerald Ford
US President, 1974-1976, Gerald Ford; FIRST ORDINATION OF WOMEN TO THE PRIESTHOOD IN THE EPISCOPAL CHURCH, (29 JULY 1974) ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; Kathryn Kuhlman, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1976, Commemorated February 20 ; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1976-1981, Jimmy Carter
US President, 1976-1981, Jimmy Carter; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan
US President, 1981-1989, Ronald Reagan; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

US President, 1989-1993, George H. W. Bush
US President, 1989-1993, George H. W. Bush; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US President, 1993-2001, Bill Clinton
US President, 1993-2001, Bill Clinton; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

US, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Great Awakening, Declaration of I, Constitution, Presidents Washington and Adams

US, 1800, 19th Century Folder, War of 1812, Civil War, Spanish American War

US, 1900, 20th Century Folder, World War I, World War II, Korean War, Viet Nam War, Gulf War

US, 2000, 21st Century Folder, Iraq and Afghanastan Wars

US President, 2001-2009, George W. Bush
US President, 2001-2009, George W. Bush; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7 ; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; Oral Roberts, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 12;

US Capitol, Washington, DC, 10 Mile Square Folder, Patomac and Anacostia Rivers

Potomac River Source (Fairfax Stone, North Branch Source)
Fairfax Stone

Potomac River Mouth (Chesapeake Bay)

Potomac River

Anacostia River Source (Prince George's County, MD)

Anacostia River 1

Anacostia River Mouth (Washington Channel, Potomac River)

Anaostia River

District of Columbia (inside the blue square)
District of Columbia; FREDERICK DOUGLASS;

Washington Monument
Washington Monument; This Satanic Masonic phallic symbol is at the heart of both Washington DC's ten mile square. In the spirit of Humanism and the One World Government, Religion and Economy of the Anti-Christ, the Satanic Masonic Casket the faces east to the sun rise and the Capitol Building. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Capitol Building
Capitol Building;

Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington DC
Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington DC ; THOMAS TRAHERNE, PRIEST AND POET, 27 Sept. 1674;

Lincoln Memorial
Lincoln Memorial;

1963, March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King Jr
1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom; MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR., Civil Rights Leader (4 April 1968) ;

Jefferson Memorial
Jefferson Memorial;

Virginia Theological Seminary, near Washington, DC
Virginia Theological Seminary; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ;

Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin
All secret sin will be revealed. The Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin binds the initiate to the spirit of death and destruction. It symbolizes the ancient Egyptian death cult worshipping the god of the dead who is that ugly lord of the underworld. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Ten Mile Square Dedicated to Satan
Every mile of this Ten Mile Square has a monument dedicated with Satanic symbols. In other words, there are 40 monuments surrounding Washington, DC dedicated to Satan. These monuments are just like the Satanic Masonic Phallic monuments we see across the Canada US border and along the Mexico US border, four or five foot high Phallic Symbols like the Washington Monument in the center of the Satanic Masonic Egyptian Coffin at the center of the Ten Mile Square. Masonic Deliverance - Exposing Freemasonry; Masonic Deliverance - Prayers;

Frelinghuysen University, Washington D.C.
Frelinghuysen University; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ;

Freedmen's Hospital, Howard University Hospital
Freedmen's Hospital, Howard University Hospital; MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESS 1879, Commemorated December 17;

Howard University, Washington, DC
Howard University, Washington, DC; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

Gallaudet College in Washington, DC, 1864
Gallaudet College in Washington, DC; Henry Winter Syle of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE, PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ; Thomas Gallaudet of THOMAS GALLAUDET & HENRY WINTER SYLE, PRIESTS (27 AUGUST 1902 & 6 JANUARY 1890) ;

White House
White House; FRANCES PERKINS, PUBLIC SERVANT AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1965, Commemorated May 13 ; PHILLIPS BROOKS, BISHOP AND PREACHER (23 JAN 1893) ;

America
America; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600) ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Anacostia (neighborhood), Washington DC
Anacostia (neighborhood of Washington, DC); FREDERICK DOUGLASS, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1895, Commemorated February 18;

Howard University School of Law, Washington, DC
Howard University School of Law; THURGOOD MARSHALL, LAWER AND JURIST, 1993, Commemorated May 17;

Jerusalem Folder, West Bank, and its roads, Peleg Center of the Continents, Unique Water

Jerusalem
Jerusalem; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2 ; Council of Jerusalem, 50AD ; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15, Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep.; Apostle Silas of the Seventy; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated August 2 ; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated August 2 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated August 28 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Hieromartyr Cyril the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT) ; Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Prophet Joel, Commemorated October 19 ; JAMES OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND MARTYR (23 OCT NT) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Procopius the Reader at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Paul the Obedient, Commemorated December 7 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated December 9 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Michael the Confessor at Constantinople, Commemorated December 18 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT); Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT) ; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated December 28 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Simeon, of the Seventy, the son of Cleophas, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Nicanor the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16; CONFESSION OF PETER THE APOSTLE, (18 JAN NT) ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Xenophon of Constantinople, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13 ; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated February 15; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; MATTHIAS THE APOSTLE, (24 FEB NT); Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Marana of Syria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyr Paul and his sister, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Conon the Gardener of Pamphylia, Commemorated on March 5 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Amphianus (Apphianus) of Lycia, Commemorated on April 2 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT); Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30; James of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Philip of PHILIP AND JAMES, APOSTLES (1 MAY NT); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; St Leontius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 14; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robedof St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Euphrosyne the Abbess of Polotsk, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Abercius the son of the Apostle Alphaeus, Commemorated on May 26; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4 ; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; BARNABAS THE APOSTLE, (11 JUNE NT); Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); St Joanna the Myrrhbearer, Commemorated on June 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands, Commemorated on June 28; PETER AND PAUL, APOSTLES AND MARTYRS (29 JUN 64); The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914, Commemorated July 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-Giver of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8;

Gorneye Convent, Church of the Visitation, Elin Karem
Gorneye Convent, Church of the Visitation, Elin Karem; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30;

Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins
Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Judea (West Bank)
Judea;

Benjamin, between Roads to Jericho on West Bank
Jericho West Bank;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC - 586 BC, Ancient Israel
Ancient Israel; THE FEAST OF ALL SAINTS, (1 NOV) ;

Jerusalem, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible, Edom
Edom, 1590BC-1350BC, Job of the Bible;

Jerusalem, 930 BC-586 BC, Kingdom of Judah, 10th-6th Century BCE
Kingdom of Judah; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province)
Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Classical Antiquity
Jerusalem, 538 BC - 476 AD, Classical Antiquity; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Classical Antiquity, Greco-Roman world
Classical Antiquity, 6th Century BC - 5th Century AD, Greco-Roman world; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Gamaliel, Commemorated on August 2; Finding of the relics of the Righteous St Nicodemus, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 637 - 1096, Muslim Control of J., from Siege of J. to First Crusade.
Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Canaan
Canaan;

Jerusalem History Folder

Jerusalem, 2000 BC- 1000 BC, History Folder, Abraham, Moses, David

Jerusalem, 2000 BC, Patriarch, Abraham
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC, Patriarch, Lot
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Jerusalem, 2000 BC, Patriarch, Jacob
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Jacob; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 7;

Jerusalem, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Leader, Joshua
Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Priest, Phinehas
Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, 1694-1574 BC, Leader, Moses
Jerusalem, 1694-1574 BC, Leader, Moses; Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, 1146BC, Israelite Judge, Samuel
Samaria, Israelite Judge, 1146BC, Samuel ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20;

Jerusalem, 1060 BC-1012 BC, King, Saul
Jerusalem, 1060 BC-1012 BC, King, Saul Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20;

Jerusalem, 1010 BC-970 BC, King, David
Jerusalem King, 1010 BC-970 BC, David; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 970 BC - 586 BC, History Folder, Judean Period, Judean Kings Folder

Jerusalem, 970 BC-932 BC, King Solomon, fabulously wealthy and wise, built Temple
Jerusalem King, 970 BC-932 BC, Solomon; Solomon was, according to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament,[3] Quran, and Hadiths, a fabulously wealthy and wise king of the United Kingdom of Israel who succeeded his father, King David.[4] conventional dates of Solomon's reign are about 970 to 931 BCE, normally given in alignment with the dates of David's reign. He is described as king of the United Monarchy, which broke apart into the northern Kingdom of Israel and the southern Kingdom of Judah shortly after his death. Following the split, his patrilineal descendants ruled over Judah alone.[5] to the Talmud, Solomon is one of the 48 prophets.[6] In the Quran, he is considered a major prophet, and Muslims generally refer to him by the Arabic variant Sulayman, son of Dawood. Hebrew Bible identifies him as the builder of the First Temple in Jerusalem,[4] beginning in the fourth year of his reign, using the vast wealth he and his father had accumulated. dedicated the temple to Yahweh, the God of Israel.[7] He is portrayed as great in wisdom, wealth and power beyond either of the previous kings of the country, but also as a king who sinned. His sins included idolatry, marrying foreign women and, ultimately, turning away from Yahweh, and they led to the kingdom's being torn in two during the reign of his son Rehoboam. is the subject of many other later references and legends, most notably in the 1st century apocryphal work known as the Testament of Solomon. the New Testament, he is portrayed as a teacher of wisdom excelled by Jesus,[8] and as arrayed in glory, but excelled by "the lilies of the field".[9] later years, in mostly non-biblical circles, Solomon also came to be known as a magician and an exorcist, with numerous amulets and medallion seals dating from the Hellenistic period invoking his name.[10] Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ; According to the Hebrew Bible, the Tabernacle (Hebrew: Ã—ÂžÃ–Â´Ã—Â©Ã–Â°Ã—ÂÂÂÂÃ—Â›Ã–Â·Ã–Â¼Ã—ÂŸÃ¢Â€ÂŽ, mishkÃ„ÂÂÂÂn, meaning "residence" or "dwelling place"), also known as the Tent of the Congregation (Ã—ÂÂÂÂÃ–Â¹Ã–Â£Ã—Â”Ã–Â¶Ã—Âœ Ã—ÂžÃ—Â•Ã–Â¹Ã—Â¢Ã–ÂµÃ—Â“Ã–Â© Ã¢Â€Â™Ã…ÂÂÂÂhel mÃ…ÂÂÂÂÃ¢Â€Â˜ÃƒÂªÃ¡Â¸ÂÂÂÂ, also Tent of Meeting, etc.), was the portable earthly dwelling place of Yahweh (the God of Israel) used by the Israelites from the Exodus until the conquest of Canaan. Moses was instructed at Mount Sinai to construct and transport the tabernacle[1] with the Israelites on their journey through the wilderness and their subsequent conquest of the Promised Land. After 440 years, Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem superseded it as the dwelling-place of God. The main source describing the tabernacle is the biblical Book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 25Ã¢Â€Â“31 and 35Ã¢Â€Â“40. Those passages describe an inner sanctuary, the Holy of Holies, created by the veil suspended by four pillars. This sanctuary contained the Ark of the Covenant, with its cherubim-covered mercy seat. An outer sanctuary (the "Holy Place") contained a gold lamp-stand or candlestick. On the north side stood a table, on which lay the showbread. On the south side was the Menorah, holding seven oil lamps to give light. On the west side, just before the veil, was the golden altar of incense.[2] It was constructed of 4 woven layers of curtains and 48 15-foot tall standing wood boards overlaid in gold and held in place by its bars and silver sockets and was richly furnished with valuable materials taken from Egypt at God's command. This description is generally identified as part of the Priestly source ("P"),[2] written in the sixth or fifth century BCE. However while the first Priestly source takes the form of instructions, the second is largely a repetition of the first in the past tense, i.e., it describes the execution of the instructions.[3] Many scholars contend that it is of a far later date than the time of Moses, and that the description reflects the structure of Solomon's Temple, while some hold that the description derives from memories of a real pre-monarchic shrine, perhaps the sanctuary at Shiloh.[2] Traditional scholars contend that it describes an actual tabernacle used in the time of Moses and thereafter.[4] According to historical criticism, an earlier, pre-exilic source, the Elohist ("E"), describes the tabernacle as a simple tent-sanctuary.[2]

Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias) no go against brothers
Jerusalem, 932 BC-915 BC, Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias) ; Shemaiah (Samaia in the Septuagint) was a prophet in the reign of Rehoboam (1 Kings 12:22-24). He is venerated as a saint in the liturgical calendar of the Eastern Orthodox Church on January 8. According to 1 Kings and 2 Chronicles, the intervention of Shemaiah prevented a war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam after the latter had led the northern tribes of Israel to separate from the tribes of Judah and Benjamin.[1] King Rehoboam had assembled 180,000 troops to forcefully bring back the ten rebellious tribes. Shemaiah was known as a "man of God," and he prophesied in God's words, that "this thing is from Me," and they are not to go up against their brothers, the northern tribes. Shemaiah's words were obeyed and the army stood down.[2] The Pulpit Commentary calls his intervention "a timely reminder of the unity of the race, notwithstanding the division of the kingdom".[3] 2 Chronicles further states that Shemaiah prophesied the punishment of Rehoboam by Shishak, king of Egypt.[4] Jerusalem King, 932 BC-915 BC, Rehoboam ; Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 932-915 BC, King Rehoboam, last united king, first king of Judah
Jerusalem King, 932 BC-915 BC, Rehoboam ; Rehoboam was the first king of the Kingdom of Judah. He was a son of and the successor to Solomon and a grandson of David. the account of I Kings and II Chronicles, he was initially king of the United Monarchy of Israel, but after the ten northern tribes of Israel rebelled in 932/931 BC to form the independent Northern Kingdom of Israel, under the rule of Jeroboam, Rehoboam remained as king only of the Kingdom of Judah, or southern kingdom. Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 930 BC, Prophet Joad, denounced Jereboam at Bethel, disobeyed, killed by lion
Jerusalem, 930 BC, Prophet Joad; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 915 BC-911 BC, King, Abijah of Judah, faiiled to bring back the ten tribes
Jerusalem King, 915 BC-911 BC, Abijah of Judah ; was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the fourth king of the House of David and the second of the Kingdom of Judah. He was the son of Rehoboam and the grandson of Solomon.[2][3][4] The Chronicler refers to him as Abijah.[a][5] of Abijah[edit] the death of Rehoboam, his son Abijah succeeded the throne as King of Judah.[12] He began his three-year reign (2 Chr. 12:16; 13:1, 2) with a strenuous but unsuccessful effort to bring back the ten tribes of the northern Kingdom of Israel to their allegiance, [13] a path which in 2 Chronicles 11:4 his father had chosen not to follow. Abijah's ascension to the throne in the 18th year of King Jeroboam I of Israel, he marched north with the purpose of winning Israel back to the Davidic kingdom.[12] surrounded Abijah's army, engaging in the Battle of Mount Zemaraim.[12] There Abijah rallied his troops with a phrase which has since become famous: "God Himself is with us for a Captain". Abijah went on to capture the Israelite cities of Jeshanah, Ephron (et-Taiyibeh) and Bethel.[12] Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 911 BC-870 BC, King, Asa of Judah, for the most part a righteous king, but physicians
Jerusalem King, 911 BC-870 BC, Asa of Judah; Asa was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the third king of the Kingdom of Judah and the fifth king of the House of David. Hebrew Bible gives the period of his reign as 41 years. His reign is dated between 913-910 BC to 873-869 BC. was succeeded by Jehoshaphat, his son (by Azubah). According to Thiele's chronology,[1] when Asa became very ill, he made Jehoshaphat coregent. Asa died two years into the coregency. was zealous in maintaining the traditional worship of YHWH, and in rooting out idolatry, with its accompanying immoralities. concluding a battle with Zerah of Ethiopia in the 10th year of his reign, there was peace in Judah (2 Chronicles 14:1,9) until the 36th year of Asa's reign (2 Chronicles 16:1). his 36th year he was confronted by Baasha, king of Israel. He formed an alliance with Ben-Hadad I, king of Aram Damascus, and using a monetary bribe, convinced him to break his peace treaty with Baasha and invade the Northern Kingdom (2 Chronicles 16:2-“6). died greatly honoured by his people, and was considered for the most part a righteous king. He threw the prophet Hanani in jail and "oppressed some of the people at the same time" (2 Chronicles 16:10). is also recorded of Asa that in his old age, when afflicted with a foot disease, he "œsought not to the Lord, but to the physicians".[2] Prophet Shemaiah (Samaia or Semeias), Commemorated on January 9;

Jerusalem, 874BC-849BC, King, Jehoshaphat, strong defense, suppressed idol worship, taught the law
Jerusalem King, 874BC-849BC, Jehoshaphat; according to 1 Kings 15:24, was the son of Asa, and the fourth king of the Kingdom of Judah, in succession to his father. His children included Jehoram, who succeeded him as king. His mother was Azubah. Historically, his name has sometimes been connected with the Valley of Josaphat.[1] of Kings Jehoshaphat and Hezekah at El Escorial, Spain Chronicles 17:1 to 2 Chronicles 21:1 is devoted to the reign of Jehoshaphat. 1 Kings 15:24 mentions him as successor to Asa, and 1 Kings 22:1-“50 summarises the events of his life. The Jerusalem Bible states that "the Chronicler sees Asa as a type of the peaceful, Jehoshaphat of the strong king".[2] to these passages, Jehoshaphat ascended the throne at the age of thirty-five and reigned for twenty-five years. "walked in the ways" of his father or ancestor, King David.[3] spent the first years of his reign fortifying his kingdom against the Kingdom of Israel. zeal in suppressing the idolatrous worship of the "high places" is commended in 2 Chronicles 17:6.[4] the third year of his reign, Jehoshaphat sent out priests and Levites over the land to instruct the people in the Law, an activity which was commanded for a Sabbatical year in Deuteronomy 31:10-“13 (taking place in Jerusalem). reforms in Judah instituted by Jehoshaphat appear to have included further religious reforms (2 Chronicles 19:3), appointment of judges throughout the cities of Judah (2 Chronicles 19:5-7) and a form of "court of appeal" in Jerusalem (2 Chronicles 19:8-“11).[5] Ecclesiastical and secular jurisdictions, according to 2 Chronicles 19:11, were by royal command kept distinct.[6] author of the Books of Chronicles generally praises his reign, stating that the kingdom enjoyed a great measure of peace and prosperity, the blessing of God resting on the people "in their basket and their store".[7] Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 849BC-842BC, King, Jehoram of Judah, killed 6 brothers, abandoned Yahweh, killed by Jehu
Jerusalem King, 849BC-842BC, Jehoram of Judah ; of Judah was the fifth king of Judah, and the son of king Jehoshaphat. Jehoram took the throne at the age of 32 and reigned for 8 years (2 Kings 8:17, 2 Chronicles 21:20), although he was ill during his last two years (2 Chronicles 21:18-“19). name Jehoram is confusing in the biblical account. The author of Kings speaks of both Jehoram of Israel and Jehoram of Judah in the same passage, and both reigned at the same time. Both Jehorams are also referred to as Joram, even in the same translation in the same breath. to 2 Kings 8:16, Jehoram became king of Judah in the fifth year of Jehoram of Israel, when his father Jehoshaphat was (still) king of Judah, indicating a co-regency. took the throne at the age of 32 and reigned for 8 years. To secure his position Jehoram killed his six brothers,[3] who were named as Azariah, Jehiel, Zechariah, Azaryahu, Michael, and Shephatiah in 2 Chronicles 21:2. father, Jehoshaphat, had formed an alliance with the Kingdom of Israel, and one of the terms of this alliance was that Jehoram married Athaliah, the daughter of Ahab. this alliance with the stronger northern kingdom, Jehoram's rule of Judah was shaky. then ruled by a viceroy of the king of Judah,[4] revolted, and when Jehoram marched against this people, his army fled before the Edomites, and he was forced to acknowledge their independence.[5] town of Libnah revolted during his reign, according to 2 Chronicles 21:10, because he "had abandoned Yahweh, God of his fathers". his reign a raid by Philistines, Arabs and Ethiopians looted the king's house, and carried off all of his family except for his youngest son Jehoahaz. (2 Chronicles 21:16-“17) this time the king received a letter of warning from the prophet Elijah. After this, Jehoram suffered a painful inflammation of the abdomen, and he died two years later (2 Chronicles 21:18-“19).[5] Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 841BC-841BC, King, Ahaziah of Judah, one year reign, k by Jehu, then mother Athaliah reigned
Jerusalem King, 841BC-841BC, Ahaziah of Judah; of Judah was the sixth king of Judah, and the son of Jehoram and Athaliah, the daughter (or possibly sister) of king Ahab of Israel. He was also the first Judahite king to be descended from both the House of David and the House of Omri, through his mother and successor, Athaliah. to 2 Kings 8:26, Ahaziah was 22 years old when he began to reign, and reigned for one year in Jerusalem. 2 Chronicles 22:2 gives his age as 42 years when his reign began in Jerusalem. Most scholars regard the 42 years in 2 Chronicles 22:2 as a copyist's error for an original 22 years. The age of 22 is also found in some Greek and Syrian versions of 2 Chronicles 22:2. Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 842BC-836BC, King, Athaliah, Ahab Jezebel d, Jehoram's w, Ahaziah's m, baal w, killed claiments except Jehoash
Jerusalem King, 842BC-836BC, Athaliah; was the daughter of King Ahab and Queen Jezebel of Israel, the queen consort of Judah as the wife of King Jehoram, a descendant of King David, and later queen regnant c. 841-“835 BC. Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 836BC-797BC, King, Jehoash of Judah, aka Joash, righteous long reign, then deviated
Jerusalem King, 836BC-797BC, Jehoash of Judah ; also known as Joash (in King James Version), Joas (in Douay-“Rheims) was the eighth king of Judah, and the sole surviving son of Ahaziah after the massacre of the royal family ordered by his grandmother, Athaliah. His mother was Zibiah of Beersheba. Jehoash was 7 years old when his reign began, and he reigned for 40 years.[2] (2 Kings 12:1,2 Chronicles 24:1) He was succeeded by his son, Amaziah of Judah. is said to have been righteous "all the days of Jehoiada the priest" (2 Chronicles 24:2) but to have deviated from fidelity to Yahweh after Jehoiada's death (2 Chronicles 24:17-“19). Gospel of Matthew does not list Jehoash of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus, Jehoash being one of four kings of Judah so omitted, the other three being Ahaziah, Amaziah, and Jehoiakim. Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19; Prophet Obadiah (Abdias), Commemorated on November 19;

Jerusalem, 800 BC, 9th Century BC, Prophet Joel, spirit on all flesh, prophesy, dreams, visions
Jerusalem, 9th Century BC, Prophet Joel; "I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh; and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions" was a prophet of ancient Israel, the second of the twelve minor prophets and according to the book itself the author of the Book of Joel. He is mentioned by name only once in the Hebrew Bible, in the introduction to that book, as the son of Pethuel (Joel 1:1). name Joel combines the covenant name of God, YHWH (or Yahweh), and El (god), and has been translated as "one to whom YHWH is God," that is, a worshiper of YHWH.[1] is believed to have lived in the 9th century BCE,[citation needed] but the dating of his book is still debated. The book's mention of Greeks[Joel 3:6] has not given scholars any help in dating the text since the Greeks were known to have had access to Judah from Mycenaean times (c. 1600-“1100 BC).[2] the book's mention of Judah's suffering [Joel 3:19] and to the standing temple[Joel 1:14] have led some scholars to place the date of the book in the post-exilic period, after the construction of the Second Temple.[citation needed] was originally from Judah/Judea, and, judging from its prominence in his prophecy, was quite possibly a prophet associated with the ritual of Solomon's or even the Second temple.[3] to a long-standing tradition, Joel was buried in Gush Halav.[4] Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19;

Jerusalem, 800 BC, 9th Century BC, Prophet, Elijah, miracle worker, Northern Kingdom Israel
Jerusalem, 800 BC, 9th Century BC, Prophet, Elijah; was, according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel[10] during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC). 1 Kings 18, Elijah defended the worship of the Hebrew God over that of the Canaanite deity Baal. God also performed many miracles through Elijah, including resurrection (raising the dead), bringing fire down from the sky, and entering Heaven alive "by fire".[11] is also portrayed as leading a school of prophets known as "the sons of the prophets".[12] his ascension, Elisha, his disciple and most devoted assistant, took over his role as leader of this school. Book of Malachi prophesies Elijah's return "before the coming of the great and terrible day of the LORD",[13] making him a harbinger of the Messiah and of the eschaton in various faiths that revere the Hebrew Bible. to Elijah appear in Ecclesiasticus, the New Testament, the Mishnah and Talmud, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and Bah writings. Judaism, Elijah's name is invoked at the weekly Havdalah rite that marks the end of Shabbat, and Elijah is invoked in other Jewish customs, among them the Passover Seder and the brit milah (ritual circumcision). He appears in numerous stories and references in the Haggadah and rabbinic literature, including the Babylonian Talmud. Christian New Testament notes that some people thought that Jesus was, in some sense, Elijah,[14] but it also makes clear that John the Baptist is "the Elijah" who was promised to come in Malachi 3:1; 4:5.[15] According to accounts in all three of the Synoptic Gospels, Elijah appeared with Moses during the Transfiguration of Jesus. Islam, Elijah or Ilyas appears in the Quran as a prophet and messenger of God, where his biblical narrative of preaching against the worshipers of Baal is recounted in a concise form.[16] Due to his importance to Muslims, Catholics, and Orthodox Christians, Elijah has been venerated as the patron saint of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1752.[17] Jerusalem Prophet, 9th Century BC, Elisha; Holy, Glorious Prophet Elijah, Commemorated on July 20; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 796BC-792BC, King, Amaziah of Judah, w 100,000 m, he retook Edom, worshipped their idols
Jerusalem King, 796BC-792BC, Amaziah of Judah; of Judah was the ninth king of Judah and the son and successor of Joash. His mother was Jehoaddan (2 Kings 14:1-“4) and his son was Uzziah (2 Chronicles 26:1). He took the throne at the age of 25, after the assassination of his father, and reigned for 29 years, (2 Kings 14:2, 2 Chronicles 25:1) 24 years of which were with the co-regency of his son. second Book of Kings and the second Book of Chronicles in the Hebrew Bible consider him a righteous king, but with some hesitation.[2] is praised for killing the assassins of his father only and sparing their children, as dictated by the law of Moses. R. Thiele dates his reign from 797/796 to 768/767 BCE.[3] chronology has his son, Uzziah becoming co-regent with Amaziah in the fifth year of Amaziah's reign, in 792/791 BCE, when Uzziah was 16 years old. soon as his kingdom was established, Amaziah executed the murderers of his father, but he permitted their children to live [4] in obedience to the Mosaic law: shall not be put to death for their children, nor shall children be put to death for their fathers; a person shall be put to death for his own sin.[5] was the first to employ a mercenary army, 100,000 Israelite soldiers, who he engaged in an attempt to reconquer Edom, which had rebelled during the reign of Jehoram, his great-grandfather. was commanded by an unnamed prophet to send back the mercenaries, with whom he acquiesced (2 Chronicles 25:7-“10, 13), much to the annoyance of the mercenaries. obedience to this command was followed by a decisive victory over the Edomites (2 Chronicles 25:14-“16). to the Israelite mercenaries' anger at being excluded from the battle, they attacked and looted multiple towns in Judah. Amaziah began to worship some of the idols he took from the Edomites. An unnamed prophet rebuked him for this, and the king responded by threatening him that if he continued to admonish him, he would have him executed. His victory over Edom inflated his pride, and he challenged to a combat Jehoash, grandson of Jehu, king of Israel. The latter's disdain and scorn for Amaziah are embodied in the stinging parable of the thistle and the cedar (2 Kings In his resentment, Amaziah rushed into a disastrous battle at Beth-shemesh, and a humiliating defeat overtook his army and the land. king was captured, 400 cubits of the wall of Jerusalem was broken down, the city, Temple, and palace were looted, and hostages were carried to Samaria.[4] defeat was followed by a conspiracy which took his life. He, like his father, was the victim of assassins, apparently bent upon killing the one who had brought upon such dire disasters upon the land.[4] Amaziah was slain at Lachish, to which he had fled, and his body was brought to Jerusalem, where it was buried in the royal sepulcher (2 Kings 14:19-“20; 2 Chronicles 25:27-“28). the narrative in 2 Kings records the conspiracy "in fact only", the Chronicler "characteristically connects the conspiracy with Amaziah'™s apostasy", which took place "after the time that" (and by implication, because) "Amaziah turned away from following the Lord".[6] rabbis of the Talmud declared, based upon a rabbinic tradition, that Prophet Amoz was the brother of Amaziah, the king of Judah at that time (and, as a result, that Prophet Isaiah himself was a member of the royal family). Prophet Joel, Commemorated on October 19;

Jerusalem, 792BC-742BC, Uzziah, Judean King, Leprosy, prosperity, Prophet Zech, war machines, pride downfall, false offering, tzaraat l
Jerusalem King, 792BC-742BC, Uzziah, Judean King ; was the tenth king of the ancient Kingdom of Judah, and one of Amaziah's sons. (2 Chronicles 26:1) Uzziah was 16 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 52 years. The first 24 years of his reign were as co-regent with his father, Amaziah. F. Albright dated Uzziah's reign to 783-“ 742 BC.[2] Edwin R. Thiele's chronology has Uzziah becoming coregent with his father Amaziah in 792/791 BC,[3] and sole ruler of Judah after his father's death in 768/767 BC. Uzziah was struck with leprosy for disobeying God (2 Kings 15:5, 2 Chronicles 26:19-“21). Thiele dates Uzziah's being struck with leprosy to 751/750 BC, at which time his son Jotham took over the government, with Uzziah living on until 740/739 BC.[3] Pekah became king of Israel in the last year of Uzziah's reign. Gospel of Matthew lists Uzziah in the genealogy of Jesus. narrative: reign[edit] King Uzziah Stricken with Leprosy, by Rembrandt, 1635. took the throne at the age of 16,[4] and reigned for about 52 years. His reign was "the most prosperous excepting that of Jehoshaphat since the time of Solomon." the earlier part of his reign, under the influence of a prophet named Zechariah, he was faithful to God, and "did that which was right in the eyes of the Lord" (2 Kings 15:3; 2 Chronicles 26:4-5). Jerusalem he made machines designed by skillful men for use on the towers and on the corner defenses to shoot arrows and hurl large stones. According to 2 Chron. 26, Uzziah conquered the Philistines and the Arabians, and received tribute from the Ammonites. He refortified the country, reorganized and reequipped the army, and personally engaged in agricultural pursuits.[4] He was a vigorous and able ruler, and "his name spread abroad, even to the entrance of Egypt" (2 Chronicles 26:8-“14). his pride led to his downfall. He entered the Temple of Yahweh to burn incense on the altar of incense. the High Priest saw this as an attempt to usurp the prerogatives of the priests[4] and confronted him with a band of eighty priests, saying, "It is not for you, Uzziah, to burn incense to the Lord, but for the priests, the sons of Aaron, who are consecrated to burn incense." (2 Chronicles 26:18). the meantime a great earthquake shook the ground and a rent was made in the temple, and the bright rays of the sun shone through it, and fell upon the king's face, that the leprosy seized upon him immediately (Josephus Flavius, Antiquities IX 10:4). was suddenly struck with tzaraat (spiritual disease like leprosy) before he had offered the incense (2 Chronicles 26:19), and he was driven from the Temple and compelled to reside in "a separate house" until his death (2 Kings 15:5, 27; 2 Chronicles 26:3). government was turned over to his son Jotham (2 Kings 15:5), a coregency that lasted for the last 11 years of Uzziah's life (751/750 to 740/739 BC). Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Prophet Amos two years before the earthquake Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Jerusalem, 792BC-686BC, Prophet, Isaiah
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC- 7th Century BC, Isaiah; Isaiah[a] was the 8th-century BC Israelite prophet after whom the Book of Isaiah is named.[8][9] Within the text of the Book of Isaiah, Isaiah himself is referred to as "the prophet",[10] but the exact relationship between the Book of Isaiah and any such historical Isaiah is complicated. The traditional view is that all 66 chapters of the book of Isaiah were written by one man, Isaiah, possibly in two periods between 740 BC and c. 686 BC, separated by approximately 15 years, and that the book includes dramatic prophetic declarations of Cyrus the Great in the Bible, acting to restore the nation of Israel from Babylonian captivity. Another widely held view is that parts of the first half of the book (chapters 1Ã¢Â€Â“39) originated with the historical prophet, interspersed with prose commentaries written in the time of King Josiah a hundred years later, and that the remainder of the book dates from immediately before and immediately after the end of the exile in Babylon, almost two centuries after the time of the historical prophet.[b] Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 760-755 BC, Prophet, Amos, from South he preached in Northern Kingdom, Rich v Poor
Samaria, 760-755 BC, Prophet, Amos; In the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament, Amos (Hebrew: Ã—Â¢Ã–Â¸Ã—ÂžÃ—Â•Ã–Â¹Ã—Â¡Ã¢Â€ÂŽ Ã¢Â€Â“ ÃŠÂ¿Ã„Â€mÃ…ÂÂÂÂs) was one of the Twelve Minor Prophets. An older contemporary of Hosea and Isaiah, Amos was active c. 760Ã¢Â€Â“755 BCE during the rule of kings Jeroboam II and Uzziah.[1] He was from the southern Kingdom of Judah but preached in the northern Kingdom of Israel. Amos wrote at a time of relative peace and prosperity but also of neglect of God's laws. He spoke against an increased disparity between the very wealthy and the very poor. His major themes of justice, God's omnipotence, and divine judgment became staples of prophecy. The Book of Amos is attributed to him. Samaria, The Earthquake in Amos, 753 BC; Samaria, Israelite King, 786BC-753BC, Jeroboam II ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15, two years before the earthquake;

Jerusalem, 751 BC-736 BC, King, Jotham, Leprocy coregency for 11 years,
Jerusalem King, 742 BC-736 BC, Jotham; or Yotam was the eleventh king of Judah, and son of King Uzziah and Jerusha (or Jerushah), daughter of Zadok. Jotham was 25 when he began his reign, and reigned for 16 years.[2] Edwin R. Thiele concluded that his reign commenced as a coregency with his father, which lasted for 11 years. Because his father Uzziah was afflicted with tzaraath after he went into the Temple to burn incense, Jotham became governor of the palace and the land at that time, i.e. coregent, while his father lived in a separate house as a leper. F. Albright dated his reign to 742- 735 BC. Thiele dated his coregency with Uzziah starting in 751/750 BC and his sole reign from 740/39 to 736/735 BC, at which time he was deposed by the pro-Assyrian faction in favor of his son Ahaz. Thiele places his death in 732/731 BC.[3] Gospel of Matthew lists Jotham of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. The archeologist Nelson Glueck found an imprint of king Jotham near Eilat.[4] Also near Eilat there is a wadi called "Yatam wadi". inherited a strong government, well officered and administered. He is recorded as having built the High or Upper Gate of the Temple of Jerusalem, identified by Matthew Poole as the New Gate mentioned in Jeremiah 36:10.[5] "He built cities in the mountains of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers."[6] Kings 15 mentions that Jotham fought wars against Rezin, king of the Arameans, and Pekah, king of Israel (15:37). He also defeated the Ammonites, who paid him an immense annual tribute. But the increasing corruption of the northern kingdom began to permeate Judah.[6] was a contemporary with the prophets Isaiah, Hosea, Amos, and Micah, from whose advice he benefited. Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14;

Jerusalem, 750 BC, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Elisha, double portion, twice as many miracles
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Elisha; was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a prophet and a wonder-worker. mentioned in the New Testament and the Quran,[2] Elisha is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Amongst new religious movements, writings of the Bah Faith refer to him by name.[3] His name is commonly transliterated into English as Elisha via Hebrew, Eliseus via Greek and Latin, or Alyasa via Arabic, and Elyesa via Turkish. He is said to have been a disciple and protage© of Elijah, and after Elijah was taken up in a chariot of fire, he gave Elisha a double portion of his power and he was accepted as the leader of the sons of the prophets. Elisha then went on to perform twice as many miracles as Elijah. Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerusalem, 737 BC-696 BC, Prophet, Micah, rebuked corruption of city life
Jerusalem Prophet, 737 BC-696 BC, Micah; According to the Hebrew Bible, Micah (Hebrew: Ã—ÂžÃ–Â´Ã—Â™Ã—Â›Ã–Â¸Ã—Â” Ã—Â”Ã–Â·Ã—ÂžÃ–Â¹Ã–Â¼Ã—Â¨Ã–Â·Ã—Â©Ã–Â°Ã—ÂÂÂÂÃ—ÂªÃ–Â´Ã–Â¼Ã—Â™Ã¢Â€ÂŽ MÃ„Â«Ã¡Â¸ÂµÃ„ÂÂÂÂ hammÃ…ÂÂÂÂraÃ…Â¡tÃ„Â« "Micah the Morashtite") was a prophet in Judaism and is the author of the Book of Micah. He is considered one of the Twelve Minor Prophets of the Hebrew Bible and was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos and Hosea. Micah was from Moresheth-Gath, in southwest Judah. He prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah. Biblical narrative[edit] Micah was active in Judah from before the fall of Israel in 722 BC and experienced the devastation brought by Sennacherib's invasion of Judah in 701 BC. He prophesied from approximately 737 to 696 BC.[citation needed] Micah was from Moresheth, also called Moresheth-Gath, a small town in southwest Judah. Micah lived in a rural area, and often rebuked the corruption of city life in Israel and Judah.[1] The subject's father is not given and likely descended from the common people as the target of his message was towards the privileged classes.[2] Micah prophesied during the reigns of kings Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah.[3] Jotham, the son of Uzziah, was king of Judah from 742 to 735 BC. Jotham was succeeded by his son Ahaz, who reigned over Judah from 735 to 715 BC. Ahaz's son Hezekiah ruled from 715 to 696 BC.[4] Micah was a contemporary of the prophets Isaiah, Amos, and Hosea. Jeremiah, who prophesied about thirty years after Micah, recognized Micah as a prophet from Moresheth who prophesied during the reign of Hezekiah.[5] Message[edit] His messages were directed mainly towards Jerusalem, and were a mixture of denunciations and prophecies. In his early prophecies, he predicted the destruction of both Samaria and Jerusalem for their respective sins. The people of Samaria were rebuked for worshipping idols which were bought with the income earned by prostitutes.[6] Micah was the first prophet to predict the downfall of Jerusalem. According to him, the city was doomed because its beautification was financed by dishonest business practices, which impoverished the city's citizens.[7] He also called to account the prophets of his day, whom he accused of accepting money for their oracles.[8] Micah also anticipated the destruction of the Judean state and promised its restoration more glorious than before.[9] He prophesied an era of universal peace over which the Governor will rule from Jerusalem.[10] Micah also declared that when the glory of Zion and Jacob is restored that the LORD will force the Gentiles to abandon idolatry.[11] Micah also rebuked Israel because of dishonesty in the marketplace and corruption in government. He warned the people, on behalf of God, of pending destruction if ways and hearts were not changed. He told them what the LORD requires of them: He hath shewed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the LORD require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God? Ã¢Â€Â”Ã¢Â€Â‰Micah 6:8 Israel's response to Micah's charges and threats consisted of three parts: an admission of guilt,[12] a warning of adversaries that Israel will rely on the LORD for deliverance and forgiveness,[13] and a prayer for forgiveness and deliverance.[14] Another prophecy given by Micah details the future destruction of Jerusalem and the plowing of Zion (a part of Jerusalem). This passage (Micah 3:11Ã¢Â€Â“12), is stated again in Jeremiah 26:18, Micah's only prophecy repeated in the Old Testament. Since then Jerusalem has been destroyed three times, the first one being the fulfillment of Micah's prophecy. The Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem in 586 BC, about 150 years after Micah gave this prophecy.[15][16] Micah's messages were directed chiefly toward Jerusalem. He prophesied the future destruction of Jerusalem and Samaria, the destruction and then future restoration of the Judean state, and he rebuked the people of Judah for dishonesty and idolatry. Micah 5:2 is interpreted by Christians as a prophecy that Bethlehem, a small village just south of Jerusalem, would be the birthplace of the Messiah. Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Jerusalem, 736 BC-716 BC, King, Ahaz, sign, birth of child, immanuel
Jerusalem King, 736 BC-716 BC, Ahaz ; Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13Ã¢Â€Â“14).[4] Ahaz (Hebrew: Ã—ÂÂÂÂÃ–Â¸Ã—Â—Ã–Â¸Ã—Â–, ÃŠÂ¼AÃ¡Â¸Â¥az, "has held"; Greek: Ã¡Â¼ÂŒÃÂÂÂÂ‡ÃŽÂ±ÃŽÂ¶, Ã¡Â¼ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂ‡ÃŽÂ¬ÃŽÂ¶ Akhaz; Latin: Achaz)[1] an abbreviation of Jehoahaz II (of Judah), "Yahweh has held" (Hebrew: Ã—Â™Ã–Â°Ã—Â”Ã—Â•Ã–Â¹Ã—ÂÂÂÂÃ–Â¸Ã—Â—Ã–Â¸Ã—Â–Ã¢Â€ÂŽ, Modern: YÃ‰Â™hÃ…ÂÂÂÂÃ¢Â€Â™aÃ¡Â¸Â¥az, Tiberian: YehÃ…ÂÂÂÂÃ¢Â€Â™Ã„ÂÂÂÂÃ¡Â¸Â¥Ã„ÂÂÂÂz; Akkadian: ÃÂÂÂÂ ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂµÂ€ÃÂÂÂÂ ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂ¼Â‘ÃÂÂÂÂ ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂ´Â©ÃÂÂÂÂ ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂ½Â£ Ia-ÃƒÂº-Ã¡Â¸Â«a-zi)[2] was the twelfth king of Judah, and the son and successor of Jotham. Ahaz was 20 when he became king of Judah and reigned for 16 years. Ahaz is portrayed as an evil king in the Second Book of Kings (2 Kings 16:2). Edwin R. Thiele concluded that Ahaz was co-regent with Jotham from 736/735 BC, and that his sole reign began in 732/731 and ended in 716/715 BC.[3] William F. Albright has dated his reign to 744Ã¢Â€Â“728 BC. The Gospel of Matthew lists Ahaz of Judah in the genealogy of Jesus. He is also mentioned in Isaiah 14:28. Reign[edit] Ahaz's reign commenced at the age of 20, in the 17th year of the reign of Pekah of Israel. It is described in 2 Kings 16; Isaiah 7Ã¢Â€Â“9; and 2 Chronicles 28. Destruction of Northern Kingdom[edit] Immediately upon his accession, Ahaz had to meet a coalition formed by northern Israel, under Pekah, and Damascus (Syria), under Rezin. These kings wished to compel him to join them in opposing the Assyrians, who were arming a force against the Northern Kingdom under Tiglath-Pileser III (Pul). Isaiah counsels Ahaz to trust in God rather than foreign allies, and tells him to ask for a sign to confirm that this is a true prophecy (verse 7:11). Ahaz refuses, saying he will not test God (7:12). Isaiah replies that Ahaz will have a sign whether he asks for it or not, and the sign will be the birth of a child, and the child's mother will call it Immanuel, meaning "God-with-us" (7:13Ã¢Â€Â“14).[4] To protect himself Ahaz called in the aid of the Assyrians. Tiglath-Pileser sacked Damascus and annexed Aram.[5] According to 2 Kings 16:9, the population of Aram was deported and Rezin executed. Tiglath-Pileser then attacked Israel and "took Ijon, Abel Beth Maacah, Janoah, Kedesh and Hazor. He took Gilead and Galilee, including all the land of Naphtali, and deported the people to Assyria." Tiglath-Pileser also records this act in one of his inscriptions.[6] Through Assyria's intervention, and as a result of its invasion and subjection of the kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel, Ahaz was relieved of his troublesome neighbors; but his protector henceforth claimed and held suzerainty over his kingdom. This war of invasion lasted two years (734Ã¢Â€Â“732 BC), and ended in the capture and annexation of Damascus to Assyria and of the territory of Israel north of the border of Jezreel. Ahaz in the meanwhile furnished auxiliaries to Tiglath-Pileser. This appeal to Assyria met with stern opposition from the prophet Isaiah, who counseled Ahaz to rely upon the Lord and not upon outside aid. Ahaz, during his whole reign, was free from troubles with which the neighboring rulers were harassed, who from time to time revolted against Assyria. Thus it was that, in 722, Samaria was taken and northern Israel wholly incorporated into the Assyrian empire.[7] Religious observance[edit] Ahaz yielded readily to the glamour and prestige of the Assyrians in religion as well as in politics. In 732, he went to Damascus to swear homage to Tiglath-Pileser and his gods; and, taking a fancy to an altar which he saw there, he had one like it made in Jerusalem, which, with a corresponding change in ritual, he made a permanent feature of the Temple worship. Changes were also made in the arrangements and furniture of the Temple, "because of the king of Assyria" (2 Kings 16:18). Furthermore, Ahaz fitted up an astrological observatory with accompanying sacrifices, after the fashion of the ruling people. In other ways Ahaz lowered the character of the national worship. 2 Kings 16:3 records that Ahaz offered his son by fire to Moloch (or made his son pass through fire), a practice condemned by Leviticus 18:21.[7] The words may refer to a ceremony of purification or a sacrificial offering.[8] The account in 2 Chronicles 28:3 refers to sons (plural). His government is considered by the Deuteronomistic historian as having been disastrous for the religious state of the country, and a large part of the reforming work of his son Hezekiah was aimed at undoing the evil that Ahaz had done.[7] Succession[edit] He died at the age of 36 and was succeeded by his son, Hezekiah. Because of his wickedness he was "not brought into the sepulchre of the kings" (2 Chronicles 28:27). An insight into Ahaz's neglect of the worship of the Lord is found in the statement that on the first day of the month of Nisan that followed Ahaz's death, his son Hezekiah commissioned the priests and Levites to open and repair the doors of the Temple and to remove the defilements of the sanctuary, a task which took 16 days.[9] Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 730 BC, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Jonah, taught repentence, whale, Nineva
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Jonah; Jonah or Jonas[a] is a prophet in the Hebrew Bible of the northern kingdom of Israel in about the 8th century BCE. He is the central figure of the Book of Jonah, in which he is called upon by God to travel to Nineveh and warn its residents of impending divine wrath. Instead, Jonah boards a ship to Tarshish. Caught in a storm, he orders the ship's crew to cast him overboard, whereupon he is swallowed by a giant fish. Three days later, after Jonah agrees to go to Nineveh, the fish vomits him out onto the shore. Jonah successfully convinces the entire city of Nineveh to repent, but waits outside the city in expectation of its destruction. God shields Jonah from the sun with a plant, but later sends a worm to cause it to wither. When Jonah complains of the bitter heat, God rebukes him. In Judaism, the story of Jonah represents the teaching of teshuva, which is the ability to repent and be forgiven by God. In the New Testament, Jesus calls himself "greater than Jonah" and promises the Pharisees "the sign of Jonah", which is his resurrection. Early Christian interpreters viewed Jonah as a type for Jesus. Jonah is regarded as a prophet in Islam and the biblical narrative of Jonah is repeated, with a few notable differences, in the Quran. Some mainstream Bible scholars generally regard the Book of Jonah as fictional[3] and often at least partially satirical,[4][5] but the character of Jonah may have been based on the historical prophet of the same name mentioned in 2 Kings 14:25. Although the word "whale" is often used in English versions of the Jonah story, the Hebrew text actually uses the phrase dag gadol, which means "giant fish". In the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the species of the fish that swallowed Jonah was the subject of speculation for naturalists, who interpreted the story as an account of a historical incident. Some modern scholars of folklore have noted similarities between Jonah and other legendary figures, specifically Gilgamesh and the Greek hero Jason. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22;

Jerusalem, 729 BC-687 BC, King, Hezekiah, righteous, Jesus lineage
Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; or Ezekias,[a] was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the son of Ahaz and the 13th king of Judah.[1] is considered a very righteous king in both the Second Book of Kings and the Second Book of Chronicles.[2] He is also one of the more prominent kings of Judah mentioned in the Bible is one of the kings mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew.[3] "No king of Judah, among either his predecessors or his successors, could ... be compared to him", according to 2 Kings 18:5.[4] Thiele concluded that his reign was between c. 715 and 686 BC.[5] to the biblical narrative, Hezekiah witnessed the destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel by Sargon's Assyrians in c. 722 BC was king of Judah during the siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib in 701 BC.[6] enacted sweeping religious reforms, including a strict mandate for the sole worship of Yahweh and a prohibition on venerating other deities within the Temple of Jerusalem. Isaiah and Micah prophesied during his reign.[1] Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Jerusalem, 675 BC, 7th Century BC, Prophet, Nahum, prophesied ends of Assyrian E, Nineva, and Israel
Galilee Prophet, 7th Century BC, Nahum; was a minor prophet whose prophecy is recorded in the Tanakh, also called the Hebrew Bible and The Old Testament. His book comes in chronological order between Micah and Habakkuk in the Bible.[1] He wrote about the end of the Assyrian Empire, and its capital city, Nineveh, in a vivid poetic style.[2] was a very nationalistic Hebrew, however, and lived amongst the Elkoshites in peace. Nahum, called "the Elkoshite", is the seventh in order of the minor prophets. Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Jerusalem, 687 BC-641 BC, King Manasseh of Judah, reinstituted polytheism
Jerusalem, 687 BC-641 BC, King Manasseh of Judah; [a]) was the fourteenth king of the Kingdom of Judah. He was the oldest of the sons of Hezekiah and his mother Hephzibah (2 Kings 21:1). He became king at the age of 12 and reigned for 55 years (2 Kings 21:1; 2 Chronicles 33:1). The biblical account of Manasseh is found in 2 Kings 21:1-“18 and 2 Chronicles 32:33-“33:20. He is also mentioned in Jeremiah 15:4, where the prophet Jeremiah predicts "four forms of destruction" for the people of Judah because of the evil done by Manasseh in Judah.[1] was the first king of Judah who was not contemporary with the northern kingdom of Israel, which had been destroyed by the Assyrians in c. 720 BC, with much of its population deported. He re-instituted polytheistic worship and reversed the religious changes made by his father Hezekiah, for which he is condemned by several biblical texts.[2] was married to Meshullemeth, daughter of Haruz of Jotbah, and they had a son Amon, who succeeded him as king of Judah upon his death. Hezekiah, Manasseh and Amon are mentioned in the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew's gospel.[3] a reign of 55 years, the longest in the history of Judah, he died in c. 643 BC and was buried in the garden of Uzza, the "garden of his own house" (2 Kings 21:17-“18; 2 Chronicles 33:20), and not in the City of David, among his ancestors. The biblical narratives both report Manasseh's accession to the throne at the time of his father's death.[4] However, Seventh day-Adventist writer Edwin Thiele has concluded that he commenced his reign as co-regent with his father Hezekiah in 697/696 BC, with the co-regency lasting 12 years and his sole reign beginning in 687/686 BC and continuing until his death in 643/642 BC.[5] Jerusalem King, 729 BC-687 BC, Hezekiah ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 650 BC, Prophet, Habakkuk, foresaw Temple d, B Captivity, and return
Jerusalem, 650 BC, Prophet, Habakkuk; Habakkuk,[a] who was active around 612 BC, was a prophet whose oracles and prayer are recorded in the Book of Habakkuk, the eighth of the collected twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible.[1] He is revered by Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Almost all information about Habakkuk is drawn from the book of the Bible bearing his name,[2] with no biographical details provided other than his title, "the prophet".[3] Outside the Bible, he is mentioned over the centuries in the forms of Christian and Rabbinic tradition.[4][5] Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 641BC-609BC, King Josiah, religious reforms
Jerusalem King, 641-609 BC, Josiah ; [1][2] or Yoshiyahu[a] was the sixteenth king of Judah (c. 640-“609 BCE) who, according to the Hebrew Bible, instituted major religious reforms. is credited by most biblical scholars with having established or compiled important Hebrew scriptures during the "Deuteronomic reform" which probably occurred during his rule. became king of the Kingdom of Judah at the age of eight, after the assassination of his father, King Amon. Josiah reigned for thirty-one years, from 641/640 to 610/609 BCE.[3] is known only from biblical texts; no reference to him exists in other surviving texts of the period from Egypt or Babylon, and no clear archaeological evidence, such as inscriptions bearing his name, has ever been found.[4] most scholars believe that he existed historically and that the absence of documents is due to few documents of any sort surviving from this very early period, and to Jerusalem having been occupied, conquered, and rebuilt over thousands of years.[5] Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, 640BC-609BC, Prophet Zephaniah, preached repentence, helped Josiah
Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Zephaniah; , "Concealed of/is YHWH") is the name of several people in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish Tanakh; the most prominent one being the prophet who prophesied in the days of Josiah, king of Judah (640-“609 BCE) and is attributed a book bearing his name among the Twelve Minor Prophets.[1] His name is commonly transliterated Sophonias in Bibles translated from the Vulgate or Septuagint. The name might mean "YHWH (YH), phonetically (IAH), has concealed", "[he whom] YH has hidden", or "YH lies in wait". Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 626 BC-587 BC, Prophet Jeremiah, weeping, yoke, major prophet, scribe Baruch
Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; (probably after 650- c. 570 BC),[2] also called the "weeping prophet",[3] was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible (source of the Old Testament of Christian Bibles). According to Jewish tradition, Jeremiah authored the Book of Jeremiah, the Books of Kings and the Book of Lamentations,[4] with the assistance and under the editorship of Baruch ben Neriah, his scribe and disciple. addition to proclaiming many prophecies of the God of Israel, the Book of Jeremiah goes into detail regarding the prophet's private life (e.g., the purchase of a field belonging to his uncle as a part of the right of redemption[Jeremiah 32:6-“25]) and his experiences (e.g., imprisonment[Jeremiah 37:15-“18][38:6]), which are thus better known than those of any other prophet. considers the Book of Jeremiah part of its canon, and regards Jeremiah as the second of the major prophets. Christianity and Islam also regard Jeremiah as a prophet. His words are quoted in the New Testament[Matthew 2:18][Hebrews 8:8-“12][10:16-“17] and his narrative is recounted in Islamic tradition.[5] Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 609 BC-609 BC, King, Jehoahaz of Judah, disregarded reforms, taken to Egypt
Jerusalem King, 609 BC-609 BC, Jehoahaz of Judah; of Judah was the seventeenth king of Judah (3 months in 609 BC) and the fourth son[1] of king Josiah whom he succeeded.[2] His mother was Hamautal, daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. He was born in 633/632 BC[3] and his birth name was Shallum.1 Chronicles 3:15 Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 609 BC - 538 BC, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in Jewish history during which a number of people from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon, the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire. After the Battle of Carchemish in 605 BCE, King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon besieged Jerusalem, resulting in tribute being paid by King Jehoiakim.[1] Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to Babylonia of King Jeconiah, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor Zedekiah and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's 18th year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's 23rd year. The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary.[2] These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.[3] After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to return to Judah.[4][5] According to the biblical book of Ezra, construction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism. Archaeological studies have revealed that, although Jerusalem was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile. Most of the exiled did not return to their homeland, instead travelling westward and northward. Many settled in what is now northern Israel, Lebanon and Syria. Some Iraqi, Iranian and Georgian natives today trace their ancestry back to these exiles. [6] [7] Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 608 BC-598 BC, King Jehoiakim, allied with Egypt, then Babylon, incest and murder
Jerusalem King, 608 BC-598 BC, Jehoiakim ; also sometimes spelled Jehoikim[b] was the eighteenth and antepenultimate king of Judah from 609 to 598 BC. He was the second son of king Josiah (1 Chronicles 3:15) and Zebidah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah.[1] His birth name was Eliakim.[c] Josiah's death, Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz (also known as Shallum) was proclaimed king, but after three months Pharaoh Necho II deposed him, making Eliakim king in his place. When placed on the throne, his name was changed to "Jehoiakim".[1] reigned for eleven years, until 598 BC[2] and was succeeded by his son Jeconiah, (also known as Jehoiachin), who reigned for only three months.[3] was appointed king by Necho II, king of Egypt, in 609 BC, after Necho's return from the battle in Haran, three months after he had killed King Josiah at Megiddo.[4] deposed Jehoiakim's younger brother Jehoahaz after a reign of only three months and took him to Egypt, where he died. Jehoiakim ruled originally as a vassal of the Egyptians, paying a heavy tribute. raise the money he "taxed the land and exacted the silver and gold from the people of the land according to their assessments."[5] after the Egyptians were defeated by the Babylonians at the battle of Carchemish in 605 BC, Nebuchadnezzar II besieged Jerusalem, and Jehoiakim changed allegiances to avoid the destruction of Jerusalem. paid tribute from the treasury in Jerusalem, some temple artifacts, and handed over some of the royal family and nobility as hostages.[4] In the Book of Daniel, Daniel is described as being one of these. literature describes Jehoiakim as a godless tyrant who committed atrocious sins and crimes. He is portrayed as living in incestuous relations with his mother, daughter-in-law, and stepmother, and was in the habit of murdering men, whose wives he then violated and whose property he seized. He also had tattooed his body.[1] prophet Jeremiah criticised the king's policies, insisting on repentance and strict adherence to the law.[6] Another prophet, Uriah ben Shemaiah, proclaimed a similar message and Jehoiakim ordered his execution (Jeremiah 26:20-“23).[7] continued for three years as a vassal to the Babylonians, until the failure of an invasion of Egypt in 601 BC undermined their control of the area. switched allegiance back to the Egyptians.[4] late 598 BC, the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II invaded Judah and again laid siege to Jerusalem, which lasted three months. died before the siege ended.[2] Book of Chronicles recorded that "Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon ... bound him in fetters, to carry him to Babylon."[8] Jeremiah prophesied that he died without proper funeral, describing the people of Judah "shall not lament for him, saying, 'Alas, master!' or 'Alas, his glory!' shall be buried with the burial of a donkey, dragged and cast out beyond the gates of Jerusalem" (Jeremiah 22:18-“19) his dead body shall be cast out to the heat of the day and the frost of the night" (Jeremiah 36:30).[9] wrote that Nebuchadnezzar slew Jehoiakim along with high-ranking officers and then commanded Jehoiakim's body "to be thrown before the walls, without any burial."[10] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 602 BC-570 BC, Prophet, Prophet Ezekiel, p'd Jerusalem d, restoration, third Temple, 4 creatures, 4 wheels
Jerusalem Prophet, 602 BC-570 BC, Ezekiel; is the central protagonist of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible. Judaism, Christianity and Islam, Ezekiel is acknowledged as a Hebrew prophet. In Judaism and Christianity, he is also viewed as the 6th-century BCE author of the Book of Ezekiel, which reveals prophecies regarding the destruction of Jerusalem, the restoration to the land of Israel, and what some call the Millennial Temple (or Third Temple) visions. to the Bible, Ezekiel and his wife lived during the Babylonian captivity on the banks of the Chebar River, in Tel Abib,[a] with other exiles from Judah.[7] There is no mention of him having any offspring. career[edit] describes his calling to be a prophet by going into great detail about his encounter with God and four "living creatures" with four wheels that stayed beside the creatures.[8] the next five years he incessantly prophesied and acted out the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, which was met with some opposition. Ezekiel and his contemporaries like Jeremiah, another prophet who was living in Jerusalem at that time, witnessed the fulfillment of their prophecies with the siege of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. the hypothesis that the "thirtieth year" of Ezekiel 1:1 refers to Ezekiel's age, Ezekiel was fifty years old when he had his final vision.[3] the basis of dates given in the Book of Ezekiel, his span of prophecies can be calculated to have occurred over the course of about 22 years.[9] The last recorded prophecy of Ezekiel dates to April 570 BCE.[10][11] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 600 BC-520 BC, Prophet Haggai, after captivity, his prophesies commanded jews to rebuild Temple
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Haggaii; was a Hebrew prophet during the building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the author of the Book of Haggai. is known for his prophecy in 520 BCE, commanding the Jews to rebuild the Temple.[1] name means "my holidays." He was the first of three post-exile prophets from the Neo-Babylonian Exile of the House of Judah (with Zechariah, his contemporary, and Malachi, who lived about one hundred years later), who belonged to the period of Jewish history which began after the return from captivity in Babylon. anything is known of his personal history. He may have been one of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. began God's prophecy about sixteen years after the return of the Jews to Judah (ca. 520 BCE). The work of rebuilding the temple had been put to a stop through the intrigues of the Samaritans. having been suspended for eighteen years, the work was resumed through the efforts of Haggai and Zechariah.[2] They exhorted the people, which roused them from their lethargy, and induced them to take advantage of a change in the policy of the Persian government under Darius I. name Haggai, with various vocalizations, is also found in the Book of Esther, as a eunuch servant of the Queen. Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Zachariah Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 600 BC -520 BC, Prophet Zachariah, building Temple concern
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Zachariah; was a person in the Hebrew Bible and traditionally considered the author of the Book of Zechariah, the eleventh of the Twelve Minor Prophets. He was a prophet of the Kingdom of Judah, and, like the prophet Ezekiel, was of priestly extraction. book of Zechariah introduces the prophet as the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo (Zechariah 1:1). The book of Ezra names Zechariah as the son of Iddo (Ezra 5:1 and Ezra 6:14), but it is likely that Berechiah was Zechariah's father, and Iddo was his grandfather.[1] prophetical career probably began in the second year of Darius, king of Persia (520 BC). His greatest concern appears to have been with the building of the Second Temple.[1] was probably not the "Zechariah" mentioned by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (23:35) and the Gospel of Luke (11:51); Zechariah ben Jehoiada was more likely intended.[2] Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8; Prophet Zachariah the Sickle-Seer ............................................., in the wondrous expression of church hymnology, “a spectator of supra-worldly visions.” Book of the Prophet Zachariah contains inspired details about the coming of the Messiah (Zach 6:12); about the last days of the Savior’s earthly life, about the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem on a young donkey (Zach 9:9); about the betrayal of the Lord for thirty pieces of silver and the purchase of the potter’s field with them (Zach 11:12-13); about the piercing of the Savior’s side (Zach 12:10); about the scattering of the apostles from the Garden of Gethsemane (Zach 13:7); about the eclipse of the sun at the time of the Crucifixion (Zach 14:6-7). “Enlightened by dawnings all above,” the Prophet Zachariah, “saw the future as it were the present.” According to Tradition, this “most true God-proclaimer” lived to old age and was buried near Jerusalem, beside his illustrious contemporary and companion, the Prophet Haggai (December 16). The title “Sickle-Seer” given Zachariah comes from a vision in which he saw a sickle flying in the air, destroying thieves and perjurors (Zach 5:1-3). Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ;

Jerusalem, 598 BC-597 BC, King, Jeconiah, next to last King, dethroned, taken to B
Jerusalem King, 598 BC-597 BC, Jeconiah ; was the nineteenth and penultimate king of Judah who was dethroned by the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II in the 6th century BCE and was taken into captivity. He was the son and successor of King Jehoiakim, and the grandson of King Josiah. Most of what is known about Jeconiah is found in the Hebrew Bible. of Jeconiah's existence have been found in Iraq, such as the Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets. These tablets were excavated near the Ishtar Gate in Babylon and have been dated to c. 592 BCE. Written in cuneiform, they mention Jeconiah and his five sons as recipients of food rations in Babylon.[4] Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 597 BC-586 BC, King, Zedekiah, last king, Fall of J, Begin 70 yrs Captivity, no heed J
Jerusalem King, 597 BC-586 BC, Zedekiah, Fall of J, Begin 70 yrs Captivity ; also known as Tzidkiyahu originally called Mattanyahu or Mattaniah, was the twentieth and last king of Judah before the destruction of the kingdom by King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon. had been installed as king of Judah by Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon, after a siege of Jerusalem in 597 BC, to succeed his nephew, Jehoiachin, who was overthrown as king after a reign of only three months and ten days. F. Albright dates the start of Zedekiah's reign to 598 BC, while E. R. Thiele gives the start in 597 BC.[1] that reckoning, Zedekiah was born in c. 617 BC or 618 BC, being twenty-one on becoming king. Zedekiah's reign ended with the siege and fall of Jerusalem to Nebuchadnezzar II, which has been dated to 587 or 586 BC.[2] prophet Jeremiah was his counselor, yet he did not heed the prophet and his epitaph is "he did evil in the sight of the Lord" (2 Kings 24:19-“20; Jeremiah 52:2-“3). Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC - 336 BC, History Folder, Persian Assryian Babylonian Period

Jerusalem, 609 BC - 538 BC, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Jerusalem, 600 BC-580BC, Prophet Baruch, Baruch ben Neriah
Jerusalem, 600 BC-580BC, Prophet Baruch, Baruch ben Neriah; Jerusalem, 626BC-587BC, Prophet Jeremiah; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated on September 28; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 522 BC - 520 BC, Judean Prophet Haggai, command to rebuild the Temple
Jerusalem, BC 522-520 BC, Judean Prophet Haggaii; was a Hebrew prophet during the building of the Second Temple in Jerusalem, and one of the twelve minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible and the author of the Book of Haggai. He is known for his prophecy in 520 BCE, commanding the Jews to rebuild the Temple.[1] His name means "my holidays." He was the first of three post-exile prophets from the Neo-Babylonian Exile of the House of Judah (with Zechariah, his contemporary, and Malachi, who lived about one hundred years later), who belonged to the period of Jewish history which began after the return from captivity in Babylon. anything is known of his personal history. He may have been one of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. He began God's prophecy about sixteen years after the return of the Jews to Judah (ca. 520 BCE). The work of rebuilding the temple had been put to a stop through the intrigues of the Samaritans. After having been suspended for eighteen years, the work was resumed through the efforts of Haggai and Zechariah.[2] They exhorted the people, which roused them from their lethargy, and induced them to take advantage of a change in the policy of the Persian government under Darius I. name Haggai, with various vocalizations, is also found in the Book of Esther, as a eunuch servant of the Queen. Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Zachariah Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 522 BC -520 BC, Prophet Zachariah, building Temple concern
Jerusalem, BC 600-520 BC, Judean Prophet Zachariah; was a person in the Hebrew Bible and traditionally considered the author of the Book of Zechariah, the eleventh of the Twelve Minor Prophets. He was a prophet of the Kingdom of Judah, and, like the prophet Ezekiel, was of priestly extraction. book of Zechariah introduces the prophet as the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo (Zechariah 1:1). The book of Ezra names Zechariah as the son of Iddo (Ezra 5:1 and Ezra 6:14), but it is likely that Berechiah was Zechariah's father, and Iddo was his grandfather.[1] prophetical career probably began in the second year of Darius, king of Persia (520 BC). His greatest concern appears to have been with the building of the Second Temple.[1] was probably not the "Zechariah" mentioned by Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew (23:35) and the Gospel of Luke (11:51); Zechariah ben Jehoiada was more likely intended.[2] Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8; Prophet Zachariah the Sickle-Seer ............................................., in the wondrous expression of church hymnology, “a spectator of supra-worldly visions.” Book of the Prophet Zachariah contains inspired details about the coming of the Messiah (Zach 6:12); about the last days of the Savior’s earthly life, about the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem on a young donkey (Zach 9:9); about the betrayal of the Lord for thirty pieces of silver and the purchase of the potter’s field with them (Zach 11:12-13); about the piercing of the Savior’s side (Zach 12:10); about the scattering of the apostles from the Garden of Gethsemane (Zach 13:7); about the eclipse of the sun at the time of the Crucifixion (Zach 14:6-7). “Enlightened by dawnings all above,” the Prophet Zachariah, “saw the future as it were the present.” According to Tradition, this “most true God-proclaimer” lived to old age and was buried near Jerusalem, beside his illustrious contemporary and companion, the Prophet Haggai (December 16). The title “Sickle-Seer” given Zachariah comes from a vision in which he saw a sickle flying in the air, destroying thieves and perjurors (Zach 5:1-3). Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ;

Jerusalem Governor, 586 BC - 539 BC, Gedaliah aka Hodoliah
Jerusalem Governor, 586 BC - 539 BC, Gedaliah aka Hodoliah ; Jerusalem, 586 BC - 539 BC, Yehud (Babylonian province); Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-551 BC, King Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs
Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs
Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-516 BC, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs; Daniel (Aramaic and Hebrew: ×“Ö¸Ö¼× Ö´×™ÖµÖ¼×ÂÂ×œâ€Ž – DÄÂÂniyyÄ“l,[a] meaning "God is my Judge"; Greek: Î”Î±Î½Î¹Î®Î» Daniá¸—l) is the hero of the biblical Book of Daniel.[1] A noble Jewish youth of Jerusalem, he is taken into captivity by Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon and serves the king and his successors with loyalty and ability until the time of the Persian conqueror Cyrus, all the while remaining true to the God of Israel.[2] The consensus of modern scholars is that Daniel never existed, and the book is a cryptic allusion to the reign of the 2nd century BCE Hellenistic king Antiochus IV Epiphanes.[3][1] Six cities claim the Tomb of Daniel, the most famous being that in Susa, in southern Iran, at a site known as Shush-e Daniyal.[4] He is not a prophet in Judaism,[5] but the rabbis reckoned him to be the most distinguished member of the Babylonian diaspora, unsurpassed in piety and good deeds, firm in his adherence to the Law despite being surrounded by enemies who sought his ruin, and in the first few centuries CE they wrote down the many legends that had grown up around his name.[6] The various branches of the Christian church do recognise him as a prophet, and although he is not mentioned in the Quran, Muslim sources describe him as a prophet (nabi). Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-551 BC, Habakkuk, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet Habakkuk, During the 70 Yrs, translated w food to Daniel
Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-551 BC, Habakkuk, During the 70 Yrs; During the war with the Babylonians the prophet withdrew to Arabia, where the following miracle occurred. When he was bringing dinner to the reapers, he met an angel of the Lord, and instantly by the strength of his spirit he was transported to Babylon, where at the time the Prophet Daniel was languishing in prison. The food intended for the reapers assuaged the hunger of the exhausted Prophet Daniel (Dan. 14:33-37) Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-516 BC, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet Ezekiel, During the 70 Yrs
Jerusalem, 586 BC-516 BC, Prophet Ezekiel, During the 70 Yrs Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-551 BC, Habakkuk, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem Prophet, 586 BC-516 BC, Daniel, During the 70 Yrs; Jerusalem King, 586 BC-551 BC, Shealtiel, Fall of Jerusalem, Begin 70 Yrs ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem, 551 BC-530 BC, Jerusalem King, Persian Achaemenid Emperor, Cyrus the Great
Jerusalem King, 551 BC-530 BC, Cyrus the Great; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem King, 551 BC-515 BC, Zerubbabel, Came back w Nehemiah. End 70 yrs
Jerusalem King, 551 BC-515 BC, Zerubbabel, Came back w Nehemiah. End 70 yrs ; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Zerubbabel; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata
Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Zerubbabel;

Jerusalem King, 530 BC-522 BC, Cambyses II
Jerusalem King, 530 BC-522 BC, Cambyses II ;

Jerusalem King, 522 BC-522 BC, Bardiya
Jerusalem King, 522 BC-522 BC, Bardiya ;

Jerusalem King, 522 BC-486 BC, Darius I
Jerusalem King, 522 BC-486 BC, Darius I ; Jerusalem King, 551 BC-530 BC, Cyrus the Great; Jerusalem, Prophet, 600 BC -520 BC, Haggai; Jerusalem, Persian Judan King, 539 BC -520 BC, Zerubbabel; Jerusalem, Persian Judeah, 539 BC -332 BC, Yehud Medinata ; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, Persian Judean King, 520 BC -520 BC, Meshallum
Jerusalem, Persian Judean King, 520 BC -520 BC, Meshallum ;

Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Prophet Malachi, Right after the 70 Yrs
Jerusalem, 516 BC, Prophet Malachi, During the 70 Yrs; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23;

Jerusalem, 516 BC - 420 BC, Prophet, Malachi, 420BC for the book
Jerusalem Prophet, 420 BC, Malachi ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Jerusalem King, 486 BC- 465 BC, Xerxes I
Jerusalem King, 486 BC- 465 BC, Xerxes I ;

Jerusalem King, 465 BC- 424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia
Jerusalem King, 465 BC- 424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia;

Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 424 BC, Xerxes II of Persia
Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 424 BC, Xerxes II of Persia;

Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 423 BC, Sogdianus of Persia
Jerusalem King, 424 BC- 423 BC, Sogdianus of Persia ;

Jerusalem King, 423 BC- 404 BC, Darius II
Jerusalem King, 423 BC- 404 BC, Darius II ;

Jerusalem King, 404 BC- 358 BC, Artaxerxes II of Persia
Jerusalem King, 404 BC- 358 BC, Artaxerxes II of Persia;

Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver
Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver ; Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver; Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated on February 3;

Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III
Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III;

Jerusalem King, 338 BC- 336 BC,Artaxerxes IV, Arses of Persia
Jerusalem King, 338 BC- 336 BC,Artaxerxes IV, Arses of Persia;

Jerusalem, 336 BC - 63 BC, History Folder, Greek Period

Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 336 BC-323 BC, Alexander III, the Great
Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 336 BC-323 BC, Alexander III, the Great;

Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 323 BC-306 BC, Alexander IV of Macedon
Jerusalem, Macedonian Greek Emperor, 323 BC-306 BC, Alexander IV of Macedon;

Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek Dynasty, 306 BC-168 BC
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek Dynasty, 306 BC-168 BC;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Empire, 306 BC-168 BC
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Empire, 306 BC-168 BC;

Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 306 BC-301 BC, Antigonus I Monophthalmus
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 306 BC-301 BC, Antigonus I Monophthalmus;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 306 BC-281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 306 BC-281 BC, Seleucus I Nicator;

Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 294 BC-288 BC, Demetrius I of Macedon
Jerusalem, Antigonid Greek King, 294 BC-288 BC, Demetrius I of Macedon;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 281 BC-261 BC, Antiochus I Soter

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 261 BC-246 BC, Antiochus II Theos
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 261 BC-246 BC, Antiochus II Theos;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 246 BC-225 BC, Seleucus II Callinicus
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 246 BC-225 BC, Seleucus II Callinicus;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 225 BC-223 BC, Seleucus III Ceraunus
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 225 BC-223 BC, Seleucus III Ceraunus;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 223 BC-187 BC,Antiochus III the Great
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 223 BC-187 BC,Antiochus III the Great;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 187 BC-175 BC, Seleucus IV Philopator
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 187 BC-175 BC, Seleucus IV Philopator;

Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 175 BC-167 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Jerusalem, Seleucid Greek Emperor, 175 BC-167 BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes;

Jerusalem Priest Maccabean Householder, 167 BC-166 BC, Mattathias Maccabeus
Jerusalem Priest Maccabean Householder, 167 BC-166 BC, Mattathias Maccabeus;

Jerusalem, 166 -160 BC, Priest and Maccabean Householder, Judas Maccabeus
Jerusalem Priest Maccabean Householder, 166 BC-160 BC, Judas Maccabeus;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 160 BC-143 BC, Jonathan Apphus Maccabeus
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 160 BC-143 BC, Jonathan Apphus Maccabeus;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen Dynasty, 140 BC-37 BC
Jerusalem Hasmonaen Dynasty, 140 BC-37 BC ;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 142 BC-135 BC, Simon Thassi Maccabeus
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 142 BC-135 BC, Simon Thassi Maccabeus;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 134 BC-104 BC, John Hyrcanus, Maccabeean Prince Only
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 134 BC-104 BC, John Hyrcanus, Maccabeean Prince Only;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 104 BC-103 BC, Aristobulus I
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 104 BC-103 BC, Aristobulus I;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 103 BC-76 BC, Alexander Jannaeus
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 103 BC-76 BC, Alexander Jannaeus;

Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 76 BC-67 BC, Salome Alexandra

Jerusalem, 63 BC - 300 AD, History Folder, Roman Period

Jerusalem, 100 BC-13 BC, Jerusalem Saint, Joachim, Mary's Father
Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Joachim, Mary's Father ; Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Anna, Mary's Mother ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8;

Jerusalem, 90 BC-11 BC, Jerusalem Saint, Anna, Mary's Mother
Jerusalem Saint, 90 BC-11 BC, Anna, Mary's Mother ; Jerusalem Saint, 100 BC-13 BC, Joachim, Mary's Father ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8;

Jerusalem, 67 BC-40 BC, Hasmonaen King, Hyrcanus II
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 67 BC-40 BC, Hyrcanus II ;

Jerusalem, 40 BC-37 BC, Hasmonaen King, Antigonus II Mattathias
Jerusalem Hasmonaen King, 40 BC-37 BC, Antigonus II Mattathias; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25;

Jerusalem, 37 BC-4 AD, Judean King, Herod The Great
Jerusalem Judean King, 37 BC-4 AD, Herod The Great ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24; Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29;

Jerusalem, 27 BC-34 AD, heir, Herod II
Jerusalem heir, 27BC-34AD, Herod II ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Jerusalem, 18 BC-62AD, Jerusalem Saint, Mary, Mother of God (Most Holy Theotokos)
Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Jerusalem, 4 BC-6 AD, Ethnarch, Herod Archelaus, (Samaria, Judea, Edom) Killed the Innocents
Jerusalem Ethnarch, 4BC-6AD, Herod Archelaus, (Samaria, Judea, Edom); Archelaus (Ancient Greek: ; 23 BC -AD 18) was ethnarch[1][2] of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea (biblical Edom), including the cities Caesarea and Jaffa, for a period of nine years[3] (c. 4 BC to AD 6). Archelaus was removed by Roman Emperor Augustus when Judaea province was formed under direct Roman rule, at the time of the Census of Quirinius. He was the son of Herod the Great and Malthace the Samaritan, and was the brother of Herod Antipas, and the half-brother of Herod II. Archelaus (a name meaning "leading the people") came to power after the death of his father Herod the Great in 4 BC, and ruled over one-half of the territorial dominion of his father. A map depicting the domain of Herod Archelaus as was given to him by Augustus after the death of King Herod the Great. Josephus writes that Herod the Great (father of Archelaus) was in Jericho at the time of his death.[4] Just prior to his final trip to Jericho, he was deeply involved in a religious conflagration. Herod had placed a golden eagle over the Temple entrance which was perceived as blasphemous.[5] The eagle was chopped down with axes. Two teachers and approximately 40 other youths were arrested for this act and immolated. Herod defended his works and offered an attack on his predecessors, the dynastic Hasmoneans. Herod killed all male lineal successors of the Hasmoneans. The Pharisees had long attacked the Hasmoneans as well, as having parentage from Greeks while under bondage. This racial slur was repeated by the Pharisees through the rule of Alexander Jannaeus and Queen Salome.[6] With this explicit background given, Josephus began an exposition of the days of Archelaus' reign before Passover of 4 BC. Archelaus dressed in white and ascended a golden throne and appeared to be kind to the populace in Jerusalem in order to appease their desires for lower taxes and an end to the (political) imprisonment of Herod's enemies. The demeanor of the questioning appeared to turn at some point, and the crowd began to call for the punishment of those of Herod's people who ordered the death of the two teachers and the 40 youths. They also demanded the replacement of the High Priest, from the appointed High Priest of Herod's to a High Priest, "of greater piety and purity".[7] Josephus does not tell who would be "of greater piety and purity". To this request, however, Archelaus acceded, although he was becoming angry at the presumptions of the crowds. Archelaus asked for moderation and told the crowds that all would be well if they would put aside their animosities and wait until he was confirmed as King by Caesar Augustus. Archelaus then left to feast with his friends. It was evening and as the darkness settled, a mourning and wailing begin over the city. Archelaus began to worry as people begin streaming into the Temple area and those who wailed for loss of the teachers continued their very loud mourning. The people were escalating in their threatening behavior. Henry St. John Thackeray's translation of Josephus here states it thus: "The promoters of the mourning for the doctors stood in the body of the temple, procuring recruits for their faction".[8] Josephus does not tell us who these "promoters of the mourning", who recruit from within a body inside the Temple, could be. Archelaus then sent a general, some other people and finally a "tribune in Command of a Cohort" to reason with these "Seditionists", to stop their "innovations" and wait until Archelaus could return from Rome and Caesar. Those who came from Archelaus were stoned, with many killed. After the stoning, those who stoned the soldiers returned to their sacrifices, as if nothing had happened. Josephus does not tell who performed the sacrifices in the Temple. It was after midnight, and Archelaus suddenly ordered the entire army into the city to the Temple. Josephus records the death toll at 3000. Archelaus sent heralds around the city announcing the cancellation of Passover. Archelaus quickly sailed to Caesar and faced a group of enemies – his own family. Antipas, the younger brother of Archelaus who was deposed from Herod's will days earlier, argued that Archelaus merely feigned grief for his father, crying during the day and involved with great "merriment" during the nights. The threats carried out by Archelaus ending in the death of 3000 in the Temple were not just threats to the worshipers in Jerusalem at Passover, but also amounted to a threat to Caesar himself, since Archelaus acted in every manner a King, before such title had been given by Caesar. At this point, Nicolaus of Damascus argued to Caesar that Archelaus acted appropriately and that Herod's will, supposedly written a few weeks prior (yielding the kingship to Archelaus and against Antipater), should be seen as valid. The change of this will in favor of Archelaus is given as Herod's true choice and, it is argued, occurred with Herod being in his right mind since he left the final decision to Caesar. The change of the will appears as one of Herod's last acts and it is attested from Jericho by one "Ptolemy", keeper of Herod's Seal. Nicholaus of Damascus had been Herod's confidant for years. He was loyal to Rome. Ptolemy was Nicholaus of Damascus' brother. Archelaus, at the conclusion of the arguments, fell at Caesar's feet. Caesar raised him up and stated that Archelaus "was worthy to succeed his father".[9] Caesar gave Archelaus the title of Ethnarch and divided the kingdom. Rome would consolidate its power later. Thus, Archelaus received the Tetrarchy of Judea through the last will of his father, though a previous will had bequeathed it to his brother Antipas. He was proclaimed king by the army, but declined to assume the title until he had submitted his claims to Caesar Augustus in Rome. In Rome he was opposed by Antipas and by many of the Jews, who feared his cruelty, based on the murder of 3000; but in 4 BC Augustus allotted to him the greater part of the kingdom (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) with the title of ethnarch (a ruler of an ethnic group).[10][11] The first wife of Archelaus is given by Josephus simply as Mariamne,[12] perhaps Mariamne III, daughter of Aristobulus IV, whom he divorced to marry Glaphyra. She was the widow of Archelaus' brother Alexander, though her second husband, Juba, king of Mauretania, was alive. This violation of the Mosaic law, along with Archelaus' continued cruelty, roused the ire of the Jews, who complained to Augustus. Archelaus fell into disrepute and was deposed in his 10th year of reign as ethnarch, being banished to Vienna (today Vienne) in Gaul.[13][10] Samaria, Judea proper, and Idumea became the Roman province of Iudaea.[14] Biblical references[edit] Herod Archelaus from Guillaume Rouillé's Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum (16th century depiction) Archelaus is mentioned in the Gospel of Matthew (chapter 2 verse 13–23). An angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream and told him to get up and take Mary and Jesus and flee to Egypt to avoid the Massacre of the Innocents. When Herod the Great died, Joseph was told by an angel in a dream to return to the land of Israel (presumably to Bethlehem). However, upon hearing that Archelaus had succeeded his father as ruler of Judaea he "was afraid to go there" (Matthew 2:22), and was again warned in a dream by God "and turned aside to the region of" Galilee. This is Matthew's explanation of why Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea but grew up in Nazareth. The beginning and conclusion of Jesus' parable of the minas in the Gospel of Luke, chapter 19, may refer to Archelaus' journey to Rome. Some interpreters conclude from this that Jesus' parables and preaching made use of events familiar to the people as examples for bringing his spiritual lessons to life. Others read the allusion as arising from later adaptations of Jesus' parables in the oral tradition, before the parables were recorded in the gospels. A nobleman went into a far country to receive for himself a kingdom and then return ... But his citizens hated him and sent a delegation after him, saying, "We do not want this man to reign over us." ... "But as for these enemies of mine," [said the nobleman,] "who did not want me to reign over them, bring them here and slaughter them before me." (Luke 19:12, 19:14, 19:27) Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Jerusalem, 1 BC-31 AD, Saint, John the Baptist, John the Forerunner
Jerusalem Saint, 1 BC-29 AD, John the Baptist, John the Forerunner; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Jerusalem, 1AD-33 AD, Lord Jesus Christ
Jerusalem, 1AD-33 AD, Lord Jesus Christ; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24;

Jerusalem, 1AD (360BC-1AD), Saint Simeon the God Receiver
Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver ; Jerusalem, 360BC-1AD, Saint Simeon the God Receiver; Jerusalem King, 358 BC- 338 BC, Artaxerxes III; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated on February 3;

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Jerusalem Saint and Teacher of the Law, Gamaliel
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Jerusalem Saint and Teacher of the Law, Gamaliel; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Righteous Nicodemus
Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Righteous Nicodemus; Jerusalem, 1 - 62, Sanhedrin, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

Jerusalem, 6-39, King (Galilee), Herod Antipas
Jerusalem King (Galilee), 6-39, Herod Antipas; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; St Joanna the Myrrhbearer, Commemorated on June 27, wife of Chusa, who worked for King Herod (the King Herod who killed John the baptist), who lived in Tiberias;,

Jerusalem, 26-36 AD, Judean Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate
Jerusalem, 26-36 AD, Judean Roman Procurator, Pontius Pilate; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ;

Jerusalem, 30-70, Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads)
Eleutheropolis (a crossroads); Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Eleutheropolis (Greek, "City of the Free") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis. Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated October 9 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Jerusalem, 33-50, Loginius the Centurion at the Cross and then Cappadocia
Cappadocia, 033-050, Loginius the Centurion at the Cross and then Cappadocia ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ;

Jerusalem, 41-44, Israel King, Herod Agrippa
Jerusalem, Israel King, 41-44, Herod Agrippa ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Veneration of the Precious Chains of the Holy and All-Glorious Apostle Peter, Commemorated on January 16;

Jerusalem, 44-100, Idumean King, Herod Agrippa II, Agrippa II
Jerusalem Idumean King, 44-100, Herod Agrippa II, Agrippa II; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Hieromartyr Eutyches the Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on August 24;

Jerusalem, 46-52, High Priest, Ananias son of Nedebaios
Jerusalem High Priest, 46-52, Ananias son of Nedebaios; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Jerusalem, 51, Council of Jerusalem, rules for Gentile converts
Jerusalem, 51, Council of Jerusalem, At the center of the narrative (Book of Acts) is the Council of the holy Apostles at Jerusalem in the year 51, a Church event of great significance, which resulted in the separation of Christianity from Judaism and its independent dissemination into the world (Acts 15:6-29).; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66
Jerusalem, 66 AD, Czestochowa Icon taken from Jerusalem when Romans took the city in 66; wonderworking Czestochowa Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is to be found in a Roman Catholic monastery at Yasna Gora near the city of Czestochowa, Petrov Province. It is believed to be one of the seventy icons painted by the holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (October 18). Tradition says that the icon was taken from Jerusalem when the Romans conquered the city in the year 66, and was hidden in a cave near Pella. The icon was given to Saint Helen (May 21) when she visited the Holy Land in 326, and she brought it back to Constantinople with her. in the eighth century the icon traveled to various places, including Galicia, Bavaria, and Moravia. Prince Leo, who founded the city of Lvov, brought the icon to Russia and placed it in the fortress of Belz. There many miracles took place before the holy icon. Vladislav of Opolsk acquired the icon when the Poles captured southwestern Russia. At the time that Vladislav ruled in Poland, the Tatars invaded Russia and soon appeared before the gates of the fortress of Belz. The prince ordered the icon to be placed atop the city walls as the Tatars began their siege of the fortress. Blood began dripping from the icon where it had been struck by an arrow or some other projectile. Those who witnessed it were fearfully amazed at the sight. The Tatars began to retreat when a dark haze covered them, and many of them died. this miraculous deliverance, Prince Vladislav planned to take the icon to Siesia and to place it in his castle at Opolsk. As preparations for the transfer were being made, Vladislav was overcome with an inexplicable fear. He began to pray before the holy icon, and that night he was told in a vision to take the icon to Yasna Gora near Czestochowa. Vladislav built a monastery at Yasna Gora in 1382 and gave the icon to an order of Roman Catholic monks. years later, followers of John Hus attacked Czestochowa and plundered the monastery. When they attempted to carry the Czestochowa Icon away in a cart, the horses refused to move from the spot, held back by some invisible power. One of the Hussites became angry and threw the icon onto the ground, while another stabbed the face of the Virgin with his sword. The first man was struck dead, and the hand of the second man shriveled up. other invaders also suffered punishment from God. Some of them died on the spot, while others became blind. Although many of the monastery’s treasures were stolen by the Hussites, the wonderworking Czestochowa Icon was left behind. Carl X Gustav of Sweden occupied most of Poland in the seventeenth century, and his forces remained virtually undefeated until they fought a battle near Yasna Gora and the monastery where the icon was kept. With the help of the Most Holy Theotokos, the Poles were able to overcome the Swedes and end the war in 1656. At Lvov, King Jan Casimir officially decreed that Mother of God was the Queen of Poland, and that the nation was under her protection. miracles have been worked by the Czestochowa Icon, and are recorded in a book which is kept at the Czestochowa monastery. Copies of the icon are found in many Orthodox and Roman Catholic monasteries. Some of these copies are venerated in the village of Pisarevkain in the Volhynia Province (June 29 and September 8), at Verhnaya Syrovatka in the Kharkov Province, at Tyvrov in the Vinits Province (Holy Spirit day), in the Kazan Cathedral at Saint Petersburg, and in several other places. Czestochowa Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 70 AD, Temple Destruction, Seige of Jerusalem, by the Romans
Jerusalem, 70 AD, Jerusalem Temple Destruction; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ;

Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins
Jerusalem, 70-324, Aelia Capitolina, Roman City built over Jerusalem Ruins; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Jerusalem, 135, Roman Emperor Hadrian destroys Holy Places in Jerusalem
Roman Emperor, 117-138, Hadrian ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14;

Jerusalem, 135, Sack of Jerusalem in 135, Bar Kokhba revolt
Jerusalem, 135, Sack of Jerusalem in 135, Bar Kokhba revolt; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ;

Jerusalem, 179-216, Patriarch, Narcissus of Jerusalem
Jerusalem Patriarch, 179-216, Narcissus of Jerusalem ; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16;

Jerusalem, 212-251, Patriarch, Alexander of Jerusalem, first C Library
Jerusalem Patriarch, 212-251, Alexander of Jerusalem; of Jerusalem (died 251 AD) was a third century bishop who is venerated as a martyr and saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox churches, and the Roman Catholic Church. He died during the persecution of Emperor Decius.[1] St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16;

Jerusalem, 275, Saint Cheriton of Souka, Pharan, and Jericho Monasteries
Jerusalem, 275, Saint Cheriton of Souka, Pharan, and Jericho Monasteries; Souka Monastery of St Cheriton; The Judean Desert "the Land of Monasteries". You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; The Judean Desert " the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28;

Jerusalem, 280-305, Patriarch, Juneval of Jerusalem
Jerusalem Patriarch, 280-305 or 422-458, Juneval of Jerusalem ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Jerusalem, 280-303, St George
Jerusalem Saint, 280-303, St George ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Jerusalem, 300 - 1453, History Folder, Byzantine Period

Jerusalem, 313-323, Patriarch, Macarius I
Jerusalem Patriarch, 313-323, Macarius I ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Cross, Saint Helen andHieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 326, Uncovering the Precious Cross and Nails, Saint Helen; Byzantine Saint, 293-330, Helena, Mother of Constantine the Great, Queen of Constantine Chlorus; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Jerusalem, 350-386, Patriarch, St Cyrl of Jerusalem, Catechumen instructions, Litergy order
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; of Jerusalem (Greek: Κύριλλος Α΄ Ἱεροσολύμων, Kýrillos A Ierosolýmon; Latin: Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus) was a theologian of the early Church (c. 313[1] – 386 AD). the end of 350 AD he succeeded Maximus as Bishop of Jerusalem, but was exiled on more than one occasion due to the enmity of Acacius of Caesarea, and the policies of various emperors. Cyril left important writings documenting the instruction of catechumens and the order of the Liturgy in his day. is venerated as a saint within the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion. In 1883, Cyril was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Leo XIII. He is highly respected in the Palestinian Christian Community. Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Jerusalem, 351, Vision of the Cross, Miraculous Portent
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Jerusalem, 361, Earthquake, Final Destruction of Solomon's Temple
Jerusalem Patriarch, 350-386, St Cyrl of Jerusalem; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Jerusalem, 380-405, Saint John Cassian, from Dobrogea, Romania, The Roman, in Bethlehem
Jerusalem, 380-405, Saint John Cassian, from Dobrogea, Romania, The Roman; Saint Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Jerusalem, 387-417, Patriarch, John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, wrote five Mystagogical Catecheses
Jerusalem, 387-417, Patriarch, John II, Bishop of Jerusalem; II (c. 356 – 10 January 417) was bishop of Jerusalem from AD 387 to AD 417. John II succeeded to the episcopal throne of Jerusalem on the death of Cyril in 386 (or 387). He was the author, according to an increasing number of modern scholars,[1] of the five Mystagogical Catecheses traditionally ascribed to his predecessor Cyril. is revered as a saint by the Orthodox Church and his feast day is held on March 30.[2][3][4] He is also honored as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, which commemorates him on 10 January (Martyrologium Romanum, 2004, p. 92). Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2;

Jerusalem, 395-475, Saint, Gerasimus of the Jordan, Coutila Gorge
Jerusalem Saint, d. 475, Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Jerusalem, 397-451, Saint, Theoctistus of Palestine, Kidron R down from Theran HP
Jerusalem, 397-451, Saint, Theoctistus of Palestine; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Jerusalem, 397-473, Saint, Euthymius the Great, Tharan High Point
Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Jerusalem, 420-458, Patriarch, Juvenal
Jerusalem Patriarch, 420-458, Juvenal; St Juvenal the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ; Translation of the relics of the Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen from Jerusalem to Constantinople, Commemorated on August 2; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea down from Beth, Cenobiarch
Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30;

Jerusalem, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified, watercourse from Beth and Theo
Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 474-558, Saint John the Silent, John the Hesychast
Jerusalem, 474-558, Saint John the Silent, John the Hesychast; Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St SavaÃ¢Â€Â™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Jerusalem, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Jerusalem, 494-517, Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 494-517, Patriarch Elias of Jerusalem; St. John the Silent of St. Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3;

Jerusalem, 505-620, Saint, Dorotheus of Gaza
Jerusalem Saint, 505-620, Dorotheus of Gaza; Venerable Abba Dorotheus of Palestine, Commemorated on June 5;

Jerusalem, 563-574, Patriarch Macarius
Jerusalem, 563-574, Patriarch Macarius St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated on November 23;

Jerusalem, 580-638, Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 580-638, Saint Sophronius of Jerusalem; Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St. Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Jerusalem, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628
Jerusalem, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628 ; Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Jerusalem, 614-628, Persian Control of Jerusalem
Byzantine-“Persian War of 602-“628; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12;

Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Jerusalem, 614, Chozroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem, Rashidun Caliphate
Jerusalem, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Jerusalem, 680, Patriarch, Theodore

Civil War in Palestine (793-“796)
Civil War in Palestine (793-“796) ; 792–793 and 796 a Qays-Yaman war (also referred to as the War of the Watermelon[1][2]) took place in Palestine and Transjordan between the northern Arab tribal federation of Mudhar, also called Nizar or Qays, and the southern tribal confederation of Yaman and the latter's Abbasid allies. The conflict may have begun as early as 787/88, though specific outbreaks of the war are largely dated to 793 and 796. Some violence by Bedouin raiders in the Judean Desert also erupted in 797, though it is not clear if this was directly related to the Qaysi-Yamani conflict.

Jerusalem, 843-859, Patriarch Sergius of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, 843-859, Patriarch Sergius of Jerusalem (Sergius is on the list in Wikipedia, but not described) St. Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ;

Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Fatmid Period Egypt
Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Hakim, Fatmid Period Egypt; Jerusalem, 1009, Hakim, despoiler of the holy places, Hakim, Fatmid Period Egypt The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Jerusalem, 1099-1291, Knights of the Catholic Order of Saint John, Knights Hospitaller
Knights of the Catholic Order of Saint John of Jerusalem; Translation from Malta to Gatchina: of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross, the Filersk Icon of the Mother of God, and the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

Jerusalem, 1453 - 1922, History Folder, Ottoman Period

Jerusalem, 1534-1579, Patriarch, Gerasimus of Kefalonia
Jerusalem Patriarch, 1534-1579, Gerasimus of Kefalonia ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20;

Jerusalem, 1669-1707, Patriarch, Dositheos II of Jerusalem
Jerusalem Patriarch, 1669-1707, Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Jerusalem, 1922-1948, History Folder, British Period

Jerusalem, 1948-Present, History Folder, Israel Period

Jerusalem, Judah, 1948-Present, State of Israel

Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War
Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War; January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1974, Disengagement of Forces Agreement Yom Kippor War
Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1974, Disengagement of Forces Agreement Yom Kippor War; January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date;

Jerusalem, Judah, 1974, January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date
Jerusalem, Judah, 1974, January 18, 1974: Benjamin Seal Date ; Jerusalem, Judah, 1973, Yom Kippor War;

Jerusalem, Jerusalem Roads Folder

Jericho Jerusalem Road by Anathoth and St Georges

Jericho Jerusalem Road by Bethany and Chozeba

Bethpage, Mount of Olives Steep Route

Hebron, Bethlehem Road to Jerusalem (Judea)

Wilderness Road South to Gaza and North to Hebron
Wilderness Road - Then an angel of the Lord said to Philip, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Get up and go towards the south* to the road that goes down from Jerusalem to Gaza.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ (This is a wilderness road.); Acts 8:26-40, Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch ; Apostle Philip the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Jerusalem to Bethel Road (avoided, very difficult hiking, see elevation profile)

Gibeon-Ajalon Road - Hwy 443

Ajalon and Valley Gate to Eleutheropolis and Way of the Sea Road

Judea to Way of the Sea Road

Jerusalem, Benjamin Folder (Jericho, Bethel and Gibeon)

Benjamin, Land of Benjamin (Bethel, Gibeon, Jericho and Jerusalem)
Benjamin; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leader of the Apostles, Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Jericho, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Jericho; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine, Commemorated on December 15 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated on January 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated September 1 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Pardus the Hermit, of Palestine; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Euthymius the Great; Sunday of Zacchaeus; Apostle Zacchaeus, Commemorated on April 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14;

Jerudalem, Benjamin History Folder

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Leader, Joshua
Jerusalem Leader, 1634 BC-1544 BC, Joshua; Jerusalem Priest, 1400 BC-1500 BC, Phinehas; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 1000 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 460-500, John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite
John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Jerusalem, Benjamin, 460-500, George the Chozebite
John of Thebes, John Jacob the Chozebite St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

John's Jericho Watercourse, down from north side of Chozeba High Point to Baptismal Site
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho)
Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1569BC, Gilgal, Tabernacle Location
Gilgal, 1569 BC, Tabernacle Location; Gilgal (2k NE of Jericho), 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Gilgal Watercourse from Migdon outpost, past Gilgal, to Bethany Promised Land entry point

Zaretan, beside City of Adam
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

City of Adam, beside Zaretan
Zaretan, beside City of Adam;

Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)
Promised Land Entry Point (Jordan River 4, Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point); Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1;

Baptismal Site Bethany, Benjamin (Beyond the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba Hign Point to Jordan River
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, midway on Gerasimus' watercourse, the Caves, 455, Theoctistus'
Gerasimus of the Jordan's Monastery, 455; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho) St Gerasimus' Watercourse down from Chozeba HP
Coutila Caves (not far from Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4;

Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan, Coutila Gorge
Caves near Monestary of St Gerasimus of Jordan; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Every year, after the Feast of Theophany, they withdrew into the desert of Coutila (not far from Jericho). One day, they entered a steep and terrifying gorge with a stream running through it. They saw a cave upon a cliff, and settled there. The Lord, however, soon revealed their solitary place for the benefit of many people. Shepherds driving their flocks came upon the cave and saw the monks. They went back to the village and told people about the ascetics living there. St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Tharan Monastery, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Pharan Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Benjamin (Chozeba high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 275
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); The Judean Desert " the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

St John and George's Choziba Monastery, Benjamin (C high point, Wadi Qelt, West Bank) 480
St. George's Monastery (Wadi Qelt, West Bank); St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things)
Valley of Achor (trouble, Achan and his devoted things); Joshua 7

Jordanian Wilderness, Benjamin, Jericho area, Jordan Monastery, watercourses go thru Jericho flats to Jordan R
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan Monastery, Jericho area, Jordanian Wilderness, 285
Jordanian Wilderness is described in the story of Gerasimus of the Jordan; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theodore the Wonderworker and Hermit of the Jordan, Commemorated on June 5 ; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jericho Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, Jordan Monastery, 285, Temptation high point
Jericho Monastery; The Judean Desert "the Land of Monasteries" You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28;

St Cheriton's Jericho Monastery Watercourse (to Gilgal) from Migdon outpost

Chozeba High Point, Benjamin (Near Jericho)
Chozeba (Near Jericho); Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Chozeba wilderness, Benjamin (high point between Jerusalem and Jericho)
Chozeba wilderness (between Jerusalem and Jericho); St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated October 3 ; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4 ; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Bethel, Benjamin
Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1346 BC, Bethel, Tabernacle Location
Bethel, 1346 BC, Tabernacle Location; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Luz (Bethel, Jacob's Ladder, where God speaks to Jacob)
Luz, where God speaks to Jacob, and Jacob's Ladder; Genesis 47:27-48:7, The Last Days of Jacob, Jacob blesses Joseph's sons; Bethel; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Palm of Deborah
Palm of Deborah between Bethel and Ramah. Since there is no Ramah in this neighborhood, this intersection at Taibe is a good location for the Palm of Deborah.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Ai (Bible)
Ai (Bible, Joshua 7 and 8) ; Joshua 7 The Sin of Achan and Its Punishment ; Joshua 8 Ai Captured [[by a Stratagem]] and Destroyed;

Migron, an outpost
Migron, an outpost north of Michmash and east of Bethel,

Michmash
Michmash, East of Bethen and South of Migron, on the road to Jerusalem, 1 Maccabees Ch 9

Israel (at Bethel, Benjamin)
Israel (the other 10 tribes) worshipped at Bethel, Benjamin. Kingdom of Israel (Samaria); Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on August 20; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Geba (in the land of Benjamin)
Geba; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Gilgal (11k north of and up from Bethel)
Gilgal (11k north of Bethel), 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Ephratha (from Bethel)
Ephratha (Ephratha from Bethel); Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem)
Mizpah, Benjamin (opposite Jerusalem) ; 1 Maccabees 3: The Early Victories of Judas, The Policy of Antiochus, Preparations for Battle; 1 Samuel 10:17-27, Saul Proclaimed King;

Gibeon
Gibeon, 1 Maccabees Ch 3; Joshua 9:3-21, We have come from a far country; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ;

Ramathaim-Zophim, Benjamin (Ramah in Benjamin)
Ramathaim-Zophim ; Prophet Samuel, Commemorated August 20; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ;

Ebenezer, Benjamin (Beit Iksa)
Ebenezer; 1 Samuel 4:1-11, The Arc of God Captured;

Ebenezer (Dayr Aban)
Ebenezer (Dayr Aban); 1 Samuel 4:1-11 The Arc of God Captured;

Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord
Beth-shemesh, Home of the Ark of the Lord; 1 Samuel 6:1-16, The Ark Returned to Israel

Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal
Gamaliel's Estate, Beit Jimal; Protomartyr and Archdeacon Stephen, Commemorated on December 27;

Arimathea, Benjamin (near Jerusalem)
Arimathea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Adasa
Adasa, 1 Maccabees Ch 7;

Temple - Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time
Jerusalem, 970 BC, Tabernacle Location, Solomon's Time ;

Temple - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Nob - Jerusalem, Benjamin, 1100 BC, Nob, Tabernacle Location (near Gibea Saul's hometown)
Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown); Nob, near Gibea, 1100 BC, Tabernacle Location (Saul's hometown);

Beth Horan
Beth Horan, HWY 443, 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Ch 7; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Kings against Gibeon, The Sun Stands Still;

Emmaus in the plain, near Jerusalem, in Benjamin
Emmaus 7 miles NW of present day Jerusalem.; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated October 18 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ;

Modein
Modein (1 Maccabees Ch 2), Ch 9;

Ajalon
Ajalon; Beth-Horan in 1 Maccabees Ch 3, Beth-Horan is on the Gebeon-Ajalon Road

Beth-dagon
Beth-dagon, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa)
Valley Gate, Benjamin (Sha'ar HaGa); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah'™s Inspection of the Walls;

Timnath
Timnath, 1 Maccabees Ch 9;

Gazara
Gazara, 1 Maccabees Ch 4, Ch 7, Ch 15;

Ekron
Ekron, 1 Maccabees Ch 10;

Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon
Azekah, Hailstones of the Lord, Battle with Joshua for Gibeon; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities against Joshua for Gibeon, the Sun Stands Still, Hailstones of the Lord;

Colonia, Palestine, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Colonia, Palestine; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Anathoth, Benjamin, near Jerusalem
Anathoth; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Jerusalem, Mt of Olives area Folder

Mount of Olives (near Jerusalem)
Mount of Olives; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep. ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated February 24 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives to North to Kedron River

Watercourse down from Mt of Olives South past Kedron town

Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension, Mt of Olives, 384
Mount of the Assension, Chapel of the Assension; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31;

Ridge of Grace, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
Ridge of Grace When the pilgrims were approaching the place called the Ã‚ÂœRidge of Grace,Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from which the holy city of Jerusalem becomes visible, St. David fell to his knees and glorified God with tears. Judging himself unworthy to follow in the footsteps of Jesus Christ, he was satisfied to gaze upon the city from afar. St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Kedron Valley or Valley of Josaphat
Kedron Valley or Josaphat Valley; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Gethsemane, Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem
Garden of Gethsemane, Mt of Olives, near Jerusalem ; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Righteous Josephof Arimathea; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 "; JOHN, APOSTLE AND EVANGELIST (27 DEC NT) ; Apostle Cleophas of the Seventy, the Brother of Joseph the Betrothed, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated February 8; Venerable Dositheus of Palestine, the Disciple of the Venerable Abba Dorotheus, Commemorated February 19 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 30;

Sepulchre, Holy Sepulchre (Tomb) of the Lord, Garden of Gethsemane
Holy Sepulchre of the Lord; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4 ; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6;

Bethphage, Mount of Olives
Bethphage, Mount of Olives; Matthew 21:1-11, JesusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem, Bethpage, Mount of Olives Steep Route, so Bethpage could really be located at Wadi Qadum on the more natural route to and from Jericho through Bethany. However, the steep route would have been triumphal.;

Bethany, Mt of Olives (on the road from Jericho)
Bethany; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); MARY, MARTHA AND LAZARUS OF BETHANY, (29 JULY NT); Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Translation of the relics of St Lazarus Ã¢Â€Âœof the Four Days in the TombÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ the Bishop of Kiteia on Cyprus, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Martha the sister of Lazarus, Commemorated on June 4;

Jerusalem, Jerusalem Gates area Folder

Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Temple - Jerusalem Temple
Temple in Jerusalem; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); Righteous Anna the Prophetess and Daughter of Phanuel, who met the Lord at the Temple in Jerusalem, Commemorated on August 28; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated September 5 ; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; LUKE THE EVANGELIST, (18 OCTOBER) ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20 ; The Entry of the Most Holy Mother of God into the Temple, Commemorated on November 21 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Prophetess Hannah the mother of the Prophet Samuel, Commemorated on December 9 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; STEPHEN, DEACON AND PROTOMARTYR (26 DEC NT); Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated December 29; Forefeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 1; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; FEAST OF THE PRESENTATION OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, FEAST OF THE PURIFICATION OF THE VIRGIN, CANDLEMAS DAY (FEB 2) ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated on February 8; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated February 3 ; Holy, Righteous Anna the Prophetess, Commemorated Febraury 3 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion, Commemorated February 24 ; Afterfeast of the Meeting of our Lord in the Temple, Commemorated Febraury 7 ; Sunday of the Publican and the Pharisee Beginning of the Lenten Triodion; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Jerusalem Gates -Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin)
Gate of Benjamin (Upper, Higher, Gate toward Benjamin). Pashur hit Jerimiah the Prophet, then he placed him in the stocks in the high gate of Benjamin, where he remained all night; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - City Gates - Jaffa Gate
Old Jerusalem City Wall Gates; Jaffa Gate; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Corner Gate (Zion Gate)
Corner Gate (Zion Gate) Old City (Jerusalem); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Jerusalem Gates - Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall
Dung Gate, Jerusalem's Wall; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls; Nehemiah 12:27-31,42-47, Dedication of the City Wall, Temple Responsibilities;

Jerusalem Gates - Fountain Gate (Chain Gate)
Fountain Gate (Chain Gate) ; Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Jerusalem Gates - Eastern Gate - Golden Gate in Jerusalem, Walled up
Golden Gate in Jerusalem; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Forefeast of the Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on November 20; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

King's Pool (Pool of Siloam)
King's Pool (Pool of Siloam); Nehemiah 2:1-20, Nehemiah Sent to Judah, Nehemiah™s Inspection of the Walls;

Tower of Hananel
Tower of Hananel; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Mount Moriah, Jerusalem
Mount Moriah; Temple of Solomon; Wailing Wall; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Solomon's Portico (Porch)
Solomon's Portico (Porch); Acts 5:12-26, The Apostles Heal Many, Then they were persecuted

Wailing Wall
Wailing Wall;

City of David (Royal Court, Just outside the gates)
City of David (Royal Court); Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Pool of Siloam
Pool of Siloam ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Potter's Field (Source of clay for making pots, Prophecy 597 BC)
Potter's Field, Jerusalem ; Potter's field, source of clay ; When Judas, his betrayer, saw that Jesus was condemned, he repented and brought back the thirty pieces of silver to the chief priests and the elders. He said, "I have sinned by betraying innocent blood." But they said, "What is that to us? See to it yourself." Throwing down the pieces of silver in the temple, he departed; and he went and hanged himself. But the chief priests, taking the pieces of silver, said, "It is not lawful to put them into the treasury, since they are blood money." After conferring together, they used them to buy the potter's field as a place to bury foreigners. For this reason that field has been called the Field of Blood to this day. Then was fulfilled what had been spoken through the prophet Jeremiah, "And they took the thirty pieces of silver, the price of the one on whom a price had been set, on whom some of the people of Israel had set a price, and they gave them for the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me." Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil)
Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire); Jeremiah 7:21-34, Tophet, Topheth, Gihinnom (Burying Sons and Daughters in the Fire, Evil in Judah) ;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT);

Azal
Azal; Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Zion (Sion)
Zion; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], Commemorated July 30 ; Holy Land, Near East;

Upper Room, Last Supper
Upper Room, Last Supper; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28) ;

Mt Sion (Mt Zion)
Mt Sion (Mt Zion) ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated on December 6 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ;

Citadel (Tower of David)
The Citadel (Tower of David), 1 Maccabees ch 6;

King's Wine Presses
King's Wine Presses (see them in the picture); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory ;

Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem (where they found the Cross)
Golgotha, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; MARY MAGDALENE, FIRST WITNESS OF THE RESURRECTION (22 JULY NT); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15; THE VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF OUR LORD (15 AUGUST NT); St Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335) ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Repose of the Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Commemorated on September 26; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16 ; St Nicholas the Wonderworker and Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, Commemorated December 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7;

Church of the Holy Sepulchre, just outside City Gates, Jerusalem
Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335
Church of the Resurrection, The Holy sepulchre, 335; Church of the Resurrection; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13;

Russian Mission in Jerusalem (Russian Compound, Holy Trinity Cathedral) 1847
Russian Mission in Jerusalem; Russian Compound ; Icon of the Mother of God "œQuick to Hear", Commemorated on November 9; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated January 10;

Jerusalem, Judea Folder (Bethlehem and Hebron)

Judea (South of Benjamin, Samaria, and Galilee)
Judea; Patriarch Locations in the abstract; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Joachim, Commemorated on September 9; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Hebron, Judea
Hebron; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated close to December 26; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethlehem, Judea (south of Jerusalem 6 miles)
Bethlehem; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Holy, Righteous Ancestor of God, Anna, Commemorated on September 9 ; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite; Prophet Micah; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist; The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9 ; Sunday before the Nativity, Commemorated December 18 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 21 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; Commemoration of the Shepherds in Bethlehem who were watching their flocks, and went to see the Lord. Commemorated December 25; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ; 14,000 Infants (the Holy Innocents) slain by Herod at Bethlehem, Commemorated on December 29 ; THE HOLY INNOCENTS, (28 DEC NT) ; Afterfeast of the Nativity of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 29 ; The Circumcision of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 1 ; THE HOLY NAME OF JESUS, OR, THE CIRCUMCISION OF CHRIST, (1 JAN) ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; THE ANNUNCIATION, OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST TO THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY (25 MAR NT) ; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem
Saint Paula's Convent and Monastery, Bethlehem; Saints Martinian, Zoe, and Photina of Caesarea in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13;

Judean Wilderness, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Judean Wilderness is West and Northwest of the Dead Sea; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ;

Souka Monastery, 1 of 3 of St Cheriton, 280, southern watercourse from Tekoa
Souka Monastery of St Cheriton; The Judean Desert the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Gerasimus and Euthimius; The Judean Desert “ the Land of Monasteries You Can Still Visit, St Cheriton's 3 (Pharan, Jerico, and Souka) were the first, then Euthimius; Venerable Chariton the Confessor, Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Souka Cheriton Watercourse from Souka down to Dead Sea

Judah (Kingdom of Judah)
Kingdom of Judah; An abstract of Judah (Judea) and other Patriarch Locations; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Joad, Commemorated on March 30; THE VISITATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, (31 MAY); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; Prophet Amos, Commemorated on June 15;

Judea (Roman province)
Judea (Roman province); MATTHEW; Zealotry; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated October 16;

Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah)
Ephron (Hebron, Cave of Macphelah), 1 Maccabees ch 5, largest city in West Bank; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Bethelhem Ephratha
Bethlehem Ephratha ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ;

Bethlehem to Theodosius Watercourse, down from Bethlehem high point
High points have water or little lakes or springs because water moves up hill in the soil due to surface tension, like it goes up your pant leg. (1)
(1) Soils Professor Dr. Jimmy Richardson from Bonners Ferry, Idaho, Hiking partner who taught me how to play baseball.

Wadi Eshcol
Wadi Eshcol, Numbers 13; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Beth-zur
Beth-zur, 1 Maccabees ch 6, King Antiochus' town, Ch 11;

Beth-zechariah
Beth-zechariah, 1 Maccabees ch 6;

Judean Hills
Judean Hills (turn up the gain to tools options 3 to better see these hills); Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated September 23;

St. George's Monastery, near Bethlehem (Al-Khader)
St. George's Monastery (Al-Khader); Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem, 327 and 1027, 3 trees of the Cross
Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ;

Jerusalem Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Georgian Monastery of the Cross, Jerusalem, Given to Kartli King in 327
Monastery of the Cross, Georgian, Given to Kartli King Mirian III in 327; Martyr Constantine, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10;

Wilderness of Judea, watercourses go to Dead Sea
Wilderness of Judea, The wilderness of Judea mentioned in this verse is generally taken to refer to the region of Judea sloping down from the highlands to the Dead Sea. This was an arid area not well suited to habitation. ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3 ; Prophet Zachariah the father of St John the Baptist, Commemorated on September 5 ; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT) ;

Monastery of St Theodosius the Great, Judea, 476, watercourse from Bethlehem
monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476 (watercourse between Sabbas and Bethlehem)
Monastery of St. Theodosius, 476; Jerusalem, 471-576, Jerusalem Saint, Theodosius the Cenobiarch; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24;

Cenobitic monasticism - Theodosius' Home of Cenobitic monasticism
Cenobitic monasticism ; monastery of St Theodosius the Great in Palestine, near Bethlehem; Venerable Copres of Palestine, Commemorated on September 24; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated January 11 ;

Sabbas Watercourse from Theodosius to Dead Sea

Sabbas, Lavra of St Sava, Sabbas watercourse from Theodosius', Judea, near Jerusalem, 483
Great Lavra of St. Sabbas; Holy Lavra of St. Savas; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three HandsÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Stephen of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated July 13 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Lazarus of Mt. Galerius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on July 17 ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; St Jonah the Presbyter, father of St Theophanes the Hymnographer and Theodore Graptus, Commemorated September 22 ; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Venerable Stephen the Hymnographer of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Lazarus the Wonderworker of Mt. Galesius Near Ephesus, Commemorated on November 7 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Theodore Graptus, "the branded," Confessor, Commemorated December 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiver, Commemorated on January 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robed of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-Giver of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St Andrew the Archbishop of Crete, Commemorated on July 4; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, just the order, established at Sabbas and Studion
Typikon, daily order of Orthodox service, established at Sabbas and Studion; It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. The Typikon (Greek: ÃÂÂ„ÃÂÂ…ÃÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÃÂÂŒÎ½/typikon, pl. ÃÂÂ„ÃÂÂ…ÃÂÂ€Î¹ÎºÎ¬/typika, lit. "following the order"; Slavonic: Ñ¹ÑÂÂÑ‚ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ²ÑŠ/ustav) is a book of directives and rubrics that establishes in the Orthodox Christian Church the order of divine services for each day of the year. It assumes the existence of liturgical books that contain the fixed and variable parts of these services. In monastic usage, the typikon of the monastery includes both the rule of life of the community and the rule of prayer. There are a number of major typikon traditions, but there are also many local variations, often codified into an official typikon. Saint Gennadius, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Hyrcania Fortress (the high point)
Hyrcania Fortress; Apostle Asyncritus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress high point to the south and Sabbas Watercourse

Watercourse down from Hyrcania Fortress to the sink

Wilderness of Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel
Hasideans, mighty warriors of Israel, 1 Maccabees Ch 2;

Qumran, Judea (living in the wilderness)
Qumran; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT); Nativity of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist, Commemorated on June 24;

Qumran Watercourse

wilderness of Tekoa
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Tekoa, high point
wilderness of Tekoa, 1 Maccabees Ch 9; Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19;

Tekoa to Souka Chariton Watercourse, down from Tekoa high point

Old Lavra of Saint Chariton, Tekoa, Judea
Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the œOld or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Ancient Caves Lavra, Tekoa, Judea, 8th Century
Ancient Caves Lavra or Old Lavra of Saint Chariton or Souka, near Tekoa. Venerable John of the Ancient Caves in Palestine, Commemorated on April 19; Saint John of the Ancient Caves is so called because he lived during the eighth century in the Lavra of St Chariton (September 28). This was called the "œOld" or ancient cave, since it was one the oldest of the Palestinian monasteries. The Lavra was situated not far from Bethlehem, near the Dead Sea.

Rimmon south of Jerusalem
Rimmon south of Jerusalem (13 miles SW of Hebron); Zechariah 14:1-11, Future Warfare and Final Victory;

Beersheba (Isaac's Well Sheba)
Beersheba, Numbers 13 ; Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech; Numbers 13:1-3, 21-30;

Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar)
Gerar (not going down to Egypt, Isaac setteled in Gerar); Genesis 26:1-33, Isaac and Abimelech;

Simeon, Land of Simeon (around Beersheba)
Land of Simeon, around Beersheba ; An abstract of Simeon within the lands of the Patriarchs; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ;

Carmel (Judean home of Nabal and Abigail)
Carmel, Judea; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 13 ;

wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, wilderness of Ziph (high point south of Hebron, southern West Bank)
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Ziph, David's Cave monastery (high point south of Hebron, Euthymius')
wilderness of Ziph, the name Ziph is found on a hill 4 miles south of Hebron; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Atad (Abel-mizraim)
Atad; Abel-mizraim; Beyond the Jordon is west of the Jordan. Atad is near Hebron. This is the easiest road to Hebron. This is the first view of Hebron. Genesis 50: 7-14 7 So Joseph went up to bury his father. With him went up all the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his household, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, 8as well as all the household of Joseph, his brothers, and his fatherÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s household. Only their children, their flocks, and their herds were left in the land of Goshen. 9Both chariots and charioteers went up with him. It was a very great company. 10When they came to the threshing-floor of Atad, which is beyond the Jordan, they held there a very great and sorrowful lamentation; and he observed a time of mourning for his father for seven days. 11When the Canaanite inhabitants of the land saw the mourning on the threshing-floor of Atad, they said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜This is a grievous mourning on the part of the Egyptians.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Therefore the place was named Abel-mizraim;* it is beyond the Jordan. 12Thus his sons did for him as he had instructed them. 13They carried him to the land of Canaan and buried him in the cave of the field at Machpelah, the field near Mamre, which Abraham bought as a burial site from Ephron the Hittite. 14After he had buried his father, Joseph returned to Egypt with his brothers and all who had gone up with him to bury his father.

Adora
Adora, 1 Maccabees Ch 13;

Lachish, Judea (a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachish (a fortress protecting Wadis leading up to Jerusalem); Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Lachis, Judea (Lachish, a fortress protecting Jerusalem)
Lachis (Lachish, a fortress protecting wadis leading up to Jerusalem) ; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ;

Eglon, Judah, The Five Amorite Kings, The Sun Stands Still
Eglon, Judah; Joshua 9:22-10:15, The Five Amorite Cities, The Sun Stands Still;

Mizpah (Judah)
Mizpah (Judah), 1 Maccabees Ch 3;

Shephlah, Judea (Moresheth is in this region)
Shephlah; Moresheth; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14;

Eleutheropolis (a Judean crossroads)
Eleutheropolis (a crossroads); Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 1 ; Eleutheropolis (Greek, "City of the Free") was a Roman city in Israel, some 53 km southwest of Jerusalem. Its remains still straddle the ancient road to Gaza. Seven routes met at Eleutheropolis. Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated October 9 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Justus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Ananias of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Prophet Zachariah, Commemorated on February 8;

Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop)
Adullam, Cave of Adullam, Judea (a flat hilltop); 1 Samuel 22:1-23, David and His Followers at Adullam ;

Jerusalem, Judea History Folder

Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate
Jerusalem, Judea, 26-41, Perfect, Pontius Pilate; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29;

Jerusalem, Jordan River Folder

Jordan River

Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights)
Jordan River Source (Mount Hermon, Golan Heights);

Jordan River 1 (Hula Valley)
Hula Valley;

Jordan River 2 (Sea of Galilee)

Jordan River 3 (Jabbok River)

Jordan River 4 (Bethany baptismal site and Promised Land entry point)

Baptismal Site Bethany (Jordan River 4)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Pethukla Monastery (On the Jordan)
Baptismal Site Bethany (Beyond the Jordan); Forefeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 3 ; Feast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 6 ; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated January 10 ; Afterfeast of the Theophany of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; THE BIRTH OF JOHN THE BAPTIST, (24 JUNE NT);

Jordan River Mouth (Dead Sea)

Jerusalem, Kidron Valley Folder

Kidron Valley 1 (Mt Zion)

Kidron Valley 1 Zion to Theodosios Monastery

Kidron Valley 1, Zion to Theodosius 2

Kidron Valley 2 (between Mt of Olives and Jerusalem Temple)

Kidron Valley 2 and 3, Between Mt Olives and Jerusalem, Zion River to Theodosius 3

Kidron Valley 3 (Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 3 (down to Wadi al-Joz)

Kidron Valley 4 (Road to Jericho)

Kidron Valley 4, Kidron River

Monastery of St. Theoctistus, Kidron Valley 4 (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og)
The Monastery of St. Theoctistus (Deir Muqallik and or Wadi Og); Deir Muqallik or Wadi Og; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on September 29;

Kidron Valley 5 (Kidron Valley near Kedron)
Kidron Valley (Valley of Jehoshaphat);

Kedron (Kedar, above Kidron Valley 5)
Kedar, 1 Maccabees Ch 15; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Kidron Valley 6 (Tharan Lavra, Euthymius' Monastery)

Watercourse South from Euthymius' Tharan high point to Kedron River

Euthymius' Monastery, Benjamin (high point, Kidron Valley 6) 428
Laura of Euthymius; Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable George the Chozebite, Abbot, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Zosimas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 4; St Theodore the Sykeote the Bishop of Anastasiopolis, Commemorated on April 22;

Laura of Euthymius, 428 (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Laura of Euthymius: Venerable Cyriacus the Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated September 29 ;

Tharan lavra, high point 6 miles east of Jerusalem (Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3;

Watercourse East and North from Theran to Jericho flats (like a sink that overflows)

Pharan Lavra, 1 of 3 of St Chariton (high point, Kidron Valley 6)
Per Euthymius the Great reference in Wikipedia below, Pharan or Tharan Lavra is about 6 miles east of Jerusalem. Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Chariton the Confessor the Abbot of Palestine, Commemorated on September 28 ;

Jerusalem, Jordan Rift Valley Folder

Jordan Rift - South
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - Middle
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift - North
Jordan Rift Valley;

Jordan Rift Valley

Japan Korea and Formosa (Taiwan) Folder

Japan
Japan; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597); St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

Japan, Korea, and Taiwan (Formosa) Area

Japan, 1467-1603, Sengoku period
Japan, 1467-1603, Sengoku period;

Japan, 1600-1868, Tokugawa shogunate Empire
Japan, 1600-1868, Tokugawa shogunate Empire;

Japan, 1868-1947, Empire of Japan
Japan, Empire of Japan, 1868-1947 ;

Korea (North and South)
Korea (North and South); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955;

Japan, 1467-Present, Japan Korea Formosa History Folder

Japan, 1467-1603, Sengoku Period

Japan, 1548-1600, Jesuits in Japan, J. invasion of Korea

Japan, 1548, Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan
Japan, 1467-1603, Sengoku period; Throughout most of 1545 to 1547, Francis preached in Malacca (another Portuguese possession) and other places on or near the Malay Peninsula. Here he encountered a Japanese expatriate (Anjiro, later baptized as Paul), and became interested in the possibility of a Japanese mission. After a brief return to Goa, he set out for Japan with another Jesuit priest and three Japanese converts. Here he learned the language, wrote a catechism, and preached. The authorities welcomed him in some towns and prevented him from teaching in others. Altogether Francis, the first to preach the Gospel in Japan, made perhaps 2000 converts there. FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

Japan, 1585-1598, Shogun Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Unifier, K Invasion, Castles, Temples, gun control, Martyrs
Japan, 1585-1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi; Hideyoshi (17 March 1537 – 18 September 1598) was a Japanese politician of the late Sengoku period regarded as the second "Great Unifier" of Japan.[1][2] rose from a peasant background as a retainer of the prominent lord Oda Nobunaga to become one of the most powerful men in Japan. succeeded Nobunaga after the Honno-ji Incident in 1582 and continued Nobunaga's campaign to unite Japan that led to the closing of the Sengoku period. became the de facto leader of Japan and acquired the prestigious positions of Chancellor of the Realm and Imperial Regent by the mid-1580s. launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592 to initial success, but eventual military stalemate damaged his prestige before his death in 1598. young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was displaced by Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 which would lead to the founding of the Tokugawa Shogunate. rule covers most of the Azuchi–Momoyama period of Japan, partially named after his castle, Momoyama Castle. left an influential and lasting legacy in Japan, including Osaka Castle, the Tokugawa class system, the restriction on the possession of weapons to the samurai, and the construction and restoration of many temples some of which are still visible in Kyoto. THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597) ;

Japan, 1592-1598, Japanese Invasions of Korea
Japan, 1592-1598, Japanese Invasions of Korea ;

Japan, 1600-1868, Tokugawa shogunate Empire, Commodore Perry reopens J.

Japan, 1846-1867, Emperor, Komei
Japan Emperor, 1846-1867, Emperor Komei Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, 1854, Commodore Perry, Japan Reopened
Japan, 1854, Commodore Perry, Japan Reopened; Japan Emperor, 1846-1867, Emperor Komei Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, 1861-1912, Saint, Nicholas of Japan
Japan Saint, 1861-1912, Nicholas of Japan; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, 1868-1947, Empire of Japan, Orthodox Spiritual Mission

Japan, 1861, Japanese Orthodox Spiritual Mission, Nicholas Kasatkin
Japan,1870, Japanese Orthodox Spiritual Mission ; Christianity[edit] Holy Resurrection Cathedral article: Japanese Orthodox is estimated that the Japanese Orthodox Church has some 30,000 adherents today.[22] The current primate of Japan is Daniel Nushiro, Metropolitan of all Japan and Archbishop of Tokyo, who was elevated to the primacy in 2000.[23] primate's seat is the Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Chiyoda, Tokyo. in 1891, the cathedral has been known as Nikolai-do in honor of its founder Nicholas Kasatkin, now venerated as St. Nicholas of Japan. cathedral serves as the seat of the national primate of Japan and continues to be the main center of Orthodox Christian worship in Japan. Orthodoxy was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),[24] who was sent in 1861 by the Russian Orthodox Church to Hakodate, as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.[25] St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of the New Testament and some other religious books (Lenten Triodion, Pentecostarion, Feast Services, Book of Psalms, Irmologion) into Japanese.[26] has since been glorified, (canonized as a saint), by the Patriarchate of Moscow in 1970, and is now recognized as St. Nicholas, Equal-to-the-Apostles to Japan. His commemoration day is February 16. Nikolsky, appointed the first Bishop of Kyoto and later martyred as the archbishop of Perm during the Russian Revolution, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint and Martyr in the year 2000. Ecumenical Patriarchate is also present with the Greek Orthodox Exarchate of Japan under the Orthodox Metropolis of Korea. Nicholas Kasatkin, Nicholas of Japan; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6;

Japan, 1867-1912, Emperor Meiji, old Japan, new Japan, after order to expel barbarians, Enlightened (Western) Rule
Japan Emperor, 1867-1912, Emperor Meiji ; Meiji[a] (or Meiji the Good, was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 3 February 1867 until his death on 30 July 1912. presided over the Meiji era, a time of rapid change that witnessed the Empire of Japan's transformation from an isolationist, feudal state to an industrialized world power. the time of Emperor Meiji's birth in 1852, Japan was a feudal, pre-industrial country dominated by the isolationist Tokugawa shogunate and the daimy's subject to it, who ruled over the country's more than 250 decentralized domains.[citation needed] the time of his death in 1912, Japan had undergone an extensive political, economic and social revolution, and emerged as one of the great powers on the world stage. New York Times summarized this transformation at the Emperor's funeral in 1912 with the words: "the contrast between that which preceded the funeral car and that which followed it was striking indeed. Before it went old Japan; after it came new Japan."[1] the modern era, when an Emperor of Japan dies he is given a posthumous name. Such a name is a combination of the era during which he reigned and coincides with the Emperor's contribution to the throne whilst he was alive. Therefore, while publicly known during his life merely as "The Emperor", he is historically known as "Emperor Meiji" after his death.[b] He obtained this current title in reference to the Meiji era, which spanned almost the entirety of his reign. His personal name (which is not used in any formal or official context, except for his signature) was Mutsuhito. and accession[edit] articles: Meiji era, Meiji Restoration, Government of Meiji Japan, and Meiji Constitution Meiji in 1873 the early 1860s, the shogunate was under several threats. Representatives of foreign powers sought to increase their influence in Japan. Many daimy's were increasingly dissatisfied with bakufu handling foreign affairs. Large numbers of young samurai, known as shishi or "men of high purpose", began to meet and speak against the shogunate. The shishi revered Emperor Komei and favoured direct violent action to cure societal ills. While they initially desired the death or expulsion of all foreigners, the shishi would later begin to advocate the modernisation of the country.[25] The bakufu enacted several measures to appease the various groups in an effort to drive a wedge between the shishi and daimy's.[26] was a major centre for the shishi and the shishi had influence over the Emperor Komei. In 1863, the shishi persuaded him to issue an "Order to expel barbarians". The Order placed the shogunate in a difficult position since they had no intention of enforcing the order because they did not have the power to carry it out.[27][circular reference] Several attacks were made on foreigners or their ships, and foreign forces retaliated. Bakufu forces were able to drive most of the shishi out of Kyoto, and an attempt by them to return in 1864 was driven back. Nevertheless, unrest continued throughout Japan.[26] prince's awareness of the political turmoil is uncertain.[28] During this time, he studied waka poetry, first with his father, then with the court poets.[29] In 1866, a new shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, took office as the prince continued his classical education. Tokugawa Yoshinobu was a reformer who desired to transform Japan into a Western-style state. Yoshinobu was the final shogun and met with resistance from among the bakufu, even as unrest and military actions continued. In mid-1866, a bakufu army set forth to punish rebels in southern Japan. The army was defeated.[30] Komei fell seriously ill at his age of 36 and died on 30 January 1867. British diplomat Sir Ernest Satow wrote, "it is impossible to deny that [Emperor Komei's] disappearance from the political scene, leaving as his successor a boy of fifteen or sixteen [actually fourteen], was most opportune".[31] a brief ceremony in Kyoto, the crown prince formally ascended to the throne on 3 February 1867.[32] The new Emperor continued his classical education, which did not include matters of politics. In the meantime, the shogun, Yoshinobu, struggled to maintain power. He repeatedly asked for the Emperor's confirmation of his actions, which he eventually received, but there is no indication that the young Emperor was himself involved in the decisions. The shishi and other rebels continued to shape their vision of the new Japan, and although they revered the Emperor, they had no thought of having him play an active part in the political process.[33] political struggle reached its climax in late 1867. An agreement was reached by which Yoshinobu would maintain his title and some of his power, but the lawmaking power would be vested in a bicameral legislature based on the British model. agreement fell apart and on 9 November 1867, Yoshinobu officially tendered his resignation to the Emperor and formally stepped down ten days later.[34] The following month, the rebels marched on Kyoto, taking control of the Imperial Palace.[35] On 4 January 1868, the Emperor ceremoniously read out a document before the court proclaiming the "restoration" of Imperial rule,[36] and the following month, documents were sent to foreign powers:[35] Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Tycoon, in which the treaties have been made. are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement. Mutsuhito[37] resisted only briefly, but it was not until late 1869 that the final bakufu holdouts were finally defeated.[35] In the ninth month of the following year, the era was changed to Meiji, or "enlightened rule", which was later used for the Emperor's posthumous name. marked the beginning of the custom of posthumously naming the Emperor after the era during which he ruled. Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, 1868-1947, Empire of Japan, fastest industrialization and militarization
Japan, Empire of Japan, 1868-1947 ; Japan underwent a period of industrialization and militarization, the Meiji Restoration being the fastest modernisation of any country to date The Empire of Japan [10] is a historical nation-state[nb 3] along with its colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the 1947 constitution and subsequent formation of modern Japan.[6] Under the slogans of "Enrich the Country, Strengthen her Armed Forces") and "Promote Industry", Japan underwent a period of industrialization and militarization, the Meiji Restoration being the fastest modernisation of any country to date, all of these aspects contributed to Japan's emergence as a great power and the establishment of a colonial empire following the First Sino-Japanese War, the Boxer Rebellion, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I. Economic and political turmoil in the 1920s, including the Great Depression, led to the rise of militarism, nationalism and totalitarianism, eventually culminating in Japan's membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific in World War II.[13] Japan's armed forces initially achieved large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-“1945) and the Pacific War. However, starting from 1942, particularly after the Battles of Midway and Guadalcanal, Japan was forced to adopt a defensive stance, and the American island hopping campaign meant that Japan was slowly losing all of the territory it had gained, and eventually, the Americans captured Iwo Jima and Okinawa Island, leaving the Japanese mainland completely unprotected. The U.S. forces had planned an invasion, but Japan surrendered following the Soviet Union's declaration of war against Japan on August 9, 1945, and subsequent invasion of Manchuria and other territories, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Pacific War officially came to a close on September 2, 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed. In 1947, with American involvement, a new constitution was enacted, officially bringing the Empire of Japan to an end, and Japan's Imperial Army was replaced with the Japan Self-Defense Forces. Occupation and reconstruction continued until 1952, eventually forming the current constitutional monarchy known as Japan. The Empire of Japan had three emperors, although it came to an end during Showa's reign. The emperors were given posthumous names, and the emperors are as follows: Emperor Meiji (1867-“1912) (Mutsuhito), Emperor Taisho (1912-“1926) (Yoshihito), and Emperor Showa (1926-“1989) (Hirohito).

Japan, 1874, St Paul's University, Tokyo (1874 in the foreign settlement)
Japan, St Paul's University, Tokyo (Rikkyo) ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ;

Japan, 1894-1895, First Sino-Japanese War
Japan, 1894-1895, First Sino-Japanese War; Japan Emperor, 1867-1912, Emperor Meiji ; Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, 1904, 1905, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Siberia, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Japan, 1912-1926, Emperor, Taisho of Japan
Japan Emperor, 1912-1926, Taisho of Japan; Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

Japan, 1926-1989, Emperor, Hirohito
Japan Emperor, 1926-1989, Hirohito; Paul Shinji of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

Japan, 1937-1945, Second Japan China War
Japan, 1937-1945, Second Japan China War ; Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 1937 (starts the war); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 21;

Japan, 1947-Present, Constitution of Japan

Japan, Northern Japan Folder

Nippon Sei Ko Kai, Anglican Church in Japan
Nippon Sei Ko Kai, Anglican Church in Japan; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI , BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946 Oct. 31 ;

Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan
Hakodate, Hokkaido; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Japan, Central Japan Folder

Honshu Island, Japan
Honshu Island; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ;

Tokyo, Japan (Honshu Island)
Tokyo; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI , BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946 Oct. 31; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

St Paul's University, Tokyo (Rikkyo) 1874
St Paul's University, Tokyo (Rikkyo) ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ;

Holy Resurrection Cathedral, completed 1891
Holy Resurrection Cathedral; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan;

Presbyterian College in Tokyo
Presbyterian College in Tokyo; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

Japan, Southern Japan Folder

Nagasaki, Japan (Kyusu Island, Southern Japan)
Nagasaki, Japan; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597);

Kyushu Island, Japan
Kyushu Island; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597);

Kobe, Southern Japan
Kobe; TOYOHIKO KAGAWA, RENEWER OF SOCIETY, 23 APRIL 1960;

Kyoto, Japan (central Honshu Island)
Kyoto; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; THE MARTYRS OF JAPAN, (5 FEBRUARY 1597);

Biwa River from Lake Biwa (Lake Biwa Canal)

Biwa River Source (Lake Biwa)

Mongol Lands Folder, Mongolia, China, Scythia, Kazan, Perm, Crimea, Turkmenistan

Tartars (could be Mongols, Turks, Chinese, or Persians; Tartary was a huge area, much of the World)
Tartars (could be Mongols, Turks or Persians; Tartary was a huge area, much of the World); Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Scythia Folder, and its rivers

Scythia
Scythia; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia (Ural River, Aral Sea)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Mongol Lands (from Ural River to Dneister River)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Theodora of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 30; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated January 11 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Little Russia (Eastern Ukraine)
Scythia, Little Russia (Eastern Ukraine) ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ;

Mongol, Scythia (mostly along the Dneister River)
Scythia; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Icon of the Mother of God "Jerusalem", Commemorated October 12 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30 ; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia Minor (Lesser Scythia, Dacia Pontica)
Lesser Scythia (Scythia Minor); Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; Martyr Seleucus in Scythia, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Inna, Disciple of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians
Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, Mongol Scythia
Scythia, Land of the Polovetsians AKA Cumanians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Sarmatians (Scythia and Persia)
Sarmatians ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1st to 7th century AD, Land of the Huns
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Mongol, Scythia, 420-469, Hunnic Empire under Attila (Rhine, Danube, Baltic and Ural)
Scythia, Hunnic Empire under Attila; Attila the Hun 434-458; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Mongol, Scythia, Turks of Atil, 740-969, Khazars
Scythia, Turks of Atil, 750-969, Khazars; Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, Scythia, Khazar Jews, Mid to Late 9th Century (Volga River Mouth)
Khazar Jews ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Mongol, Scythia, Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia)
Scythia, Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Khazars; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Mongols, Scythia, 860-1091, Pechenegs, Moldovia to Bosnia
Mongols, Pechenegs, 860-1091, Russia, Kiev, 968, Seige of Kiev by Pechenegs; Kiev Rus King, 945-972, Sviatoslav I of Kiev; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Mongol, Scythia, 900-1220, Cumania, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
Scythia, 900-1220, Cumania, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation ; Land of the Polovetsians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River, Cumania ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1220s - 1502, Golden Horde, Mongol Empire
Scythian Golden Horde, 1220s - 1502, Mongol Empire; Mongol Empire, 1206-1368, Capital Karakorum ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227
Scythia, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1380, Battle of Kulikovo Field
Battle of Kulikovo; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius;

Mongol, Scythia, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Muslim White Horde
Scythia, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Mongol, Scythia History Folder

Mongol, Scythia, 91 - 650, Land of the Huns Folder, 1st to 7th Century

Mongol, Scythia, 1st to 7th century, Land of the Huns
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Mongol, Scythia, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna
Mongol, Scythia, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman
Romania, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Benedict of Nursia, Commemorated on March 14;

Mongol, Scythia, 434-453, Attila the Hun, scared the Goths, with Ostrogoths, Alans, Bulgars, Cavalry, Plains, Tribute
Scythia, Attila the Hun 434-453; (/ˈætɪlə, əˈtɪlə/; fl. c. 406–453), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453. He was also the leader of a tribal empire consisting of Huns, Ostrogoths, Alans and Bulgars, among others, in Central and Eastern Europe. ( For example: In 451 Attila gathered his vassals—Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, among others–and began his march west. In 451, he arrived in Belgica with an army exaggerated by Jordanes to half a million strong. ) his reign, he was one of the most feared enemies of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. He crossed the Danube twice and plundered the Balkans, but was unable to take Constantinople. His unsuccessful campaign in Persia was followed in 441 by an invasion of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire, the success of which emboldened Attila to invade the West.[3] He also attempted to conquer Roman Gaul (modern France), crossing the Rhine in 451 and marching as far as Aurelianum (Orléans) before being stopped in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains. subsequently invaded Italy, devastating the northern provinces, but was unable to take Rome. He planned for further campaigns against the Romans, but died in 453. After Attila's death, his close adviser, Ardaric of the Gepids, led a Germanic revolt against Hunnic rule, after which the Hunnic Empire quickly collapsed. 1 Appearance and character 2 Etymology 3 Historiography and source 4 Early life and background 5 Campaigns against the Eastern Roman Empire 6 Solitary kingship 7 In the west 8 Invasion of Italy and death 8.1 Death 9 Later folklore and iconography 10 Depictions of Attila 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links and character ór Than's painting The Feast of Attila, based on a fragment of Priscus is no surviving first-hand account of Attila's appearance, but there is a possible second-hand source provided by Jordanes, who cites a description given by Priscus.[4][5] was a man born into the world to shake the nations, the scourge of all lands, who in some way terrified all mankind by the dreadful rumors noised abroad concerning him. He was haughty in his walk, rolling his eyes hither and thither, so that the power of his proud spirit appeared in the movement of his body. He was indeed a lover of war, yet restrained in action, mighty in counsel, gracious to suppliants and lenient to those who were once received into his protection. Short of stature, with a broad chest and a large head; his eyes were small, his beard thin and sprinkled with grey; and he had a flat nose and swarthy skin, showing evidence of his origin.[6]:182–183 scholars have suggested that this description is typically East Asian, because it has all the combined features that fit the physical type of people from Eastern Asia, and Attila's ancestors may have come from there.[5][7]:202 Other historians also believed that the same descriptions were also evident on some Scythian people.[8][9] and source of Attila in a museum in Hungary life and background article: Huns in battle with the Alans. An 1870s engraving after a drawing by Johann Nepomuk Geiger (1805–1880). Huns were a group of Eurasian nomads, appearing from east of the Volga, who migrated further into Western Europe c. 370[19] and built up an enormous empire there. Their main military techniques were mounted archery and javelin throwing. They were in the process of developing settlements before their arrival in Western Europe, yet the Huns were a society of pastoral warriors[18]:259 whose primary form of nourishment was meat and milk, products of their herds. origin and language of the Huns has been the subject of debate for centuries. According to some theories, their leaders at least may have spoken a Turkic language, perhaps closest to the modern Chuvash language.[14]:444 One scholar suggests a relationship to Yeniseian.[20] According to the Encyclopedia of European Peoples, "the Huns, especially those who migrated to the west, may have been a combination of central Asian Turkic, Mongolic, and Ugric stocks".[21] father Mundzuk was the brother of kings Octar and Ruga, who reigned jointly over the Hunnic empire in the early fifth century. This form of diarchy was recurrent with the Huns, but historians are unsure whether it was institutionalized, merely customary, or an occasional occurrence.[16]:80 His family was from a noble lineage, but it is uncertain whether they constituted a royal dynasty. Attila's birthdate is debated; journalist Éric Deschodt and writer Herman Schreiber have proposed a date of 395.[22][23] However, historian Iaroslav Lebedynsky and archaeologist Katalin Escher prefer an estimate between the 390s and the first decade of the fifth century.[16]:40 Several historians have proposed 406 as the date.[24]:92[25]:202 grew up in a rapidly changing world. His people were nomads who had only recently arrived in Europe.[26] They crossed the Volga river during the 370s and annexed the territory of the Alans, then attacked the Gothic kingdom between the Carpathian mountains and the Danube. They were a very mobile people, whose mounted archers had acquired a reputation for invincibility, and the Germanic tribes seemed unable to withstand them.[18]:133–151 Vast populations fleeing the Huns moved from Germania into the Roman Empire in the west and south, and along the banks of the Rhine and Danube. In 376, the Goths crossed the Danube, initially submitting to the Romans but soon rebelling against Emperor Valens, whom they killed in the Battle of Adrianople in 378.[18]:100 Large numbers of Vandals, Alans, Suebi, and Burgundians crossed the Rhine and invaded Roman Gaul on December 31, 406 to escape the Huns.[16]:233 The Roman Empire had been split in half since 395 and was ruled by two distinct governments, one based in Ravenna in the West, and the other in Constantinople in the East. The Roman Emperors, both East and West, were generally from the Theodosian family in Attila's lifetime (despite several power struggles).[27]:13 Huns dominated a vast territory with nebulous borders determined by the will of a constellation of ethnically varied peoples. Some were assimilated to Hunnic nationality, whereas many retained their own identities and rulers but acknowledged the suzerainty of the king of the Huns.[27]:11 The Huns were also the indirect source of many of the Romans' problems, driving various Germanic tribes into Roman territory, yet relations between the two empires were cordial: the Romans used the Huns as mercenaries against the Germans and even in their civil wars. Thus, the usurper Joannes was able to recruit thousands of Huns for his army against Valentinian III in 424. It was Aëtius, later Patrician of the West, who managed this operation. They exchanged ambassadors and hostages, the alliance lasting from 401 to 450 and permitting the Romans numerous military victories.[18]:111 The Huns considered the Romans to be paying them tribute, whereas the Romans preferred to view this as payment for services rendered. The Huns had become a great power by the time that Attila came of age during the reign of his uncle Ruga, to the point that Nestorius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, deplored the situation with these words: "They have become both masters and slaves of the Romans".[18]:128 against the Eastern Roman Empire Empire of the Huns and subject tribes at the time of Attila death of Rugila (also known as Rua or Ruga) in 434 left the sons of his brother Mundzuk, Attila and Bleda, in control of the united Hun tribes. At the time of the two brothers' accession, the Hun tribes were bargaining with Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II's envoys for the return of several renegades who had taken refuge within the Eastern Roman Empire, possibly Hunnic nobles who disagreed with the brothers' assumption of leadership. following year, Attila and Bleda met with the imperial legation at Margus (Požarevac), all seated on horseback in the Hunnic manner,[28] and negotiated an advantageous treaty. The Romans agreed to return the fugitives, to double their previous tribute of 350 Roman pounds (c. 115 kg) of gold, to open their markets to Hunnish traders, and to pay a ransom of eight solidi for each Roman taken prisoner by the Huns. The Huns, satisfied with the treaty, decamped from the Roman Empire and returned to their home in the Great Hungarian Plain, perhaps to consolidate and strengthen their empire. Theodosius used this opportunity to strengthen the walls of Constantinople, building the city's first sea wall, and to build up his border defenses along the Danube. Huns remained out of Roman sight for the next few years while they invaded the Sassanid Empire. They were defeated in Armenia by the Sassanids, abandoned their invasion, and turned their attentions back to Europe. In 440, they reappeared in force on the borders of the Roman Empire, attacking the merchants at the market on the north bank of the Danube that had been established by the treaty of 435. the Danube, they laid waste to the cities of Illyricum and forts on the river, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, a city of Moesia. Their advance began at Margus, where they demanded that the Romans turn over a bishop who had retained property that Attila regarded as his. While the Romans discussed the bishop's fate, he slipped away secretly to the Huns and betrayed the city to them. the Huns attacked city-states along the Danube, the Vandals (led by Geiseric) captured the Western Roman province of Africa and its capital of Carthage. Carthage was the richest province of the Western Empire and a main source of food for Rome. The Sassanid Shah Yazdegerd II invaded Armenia in 441. Romans stripped the Balkan area of forces, sending them to Sicily in order to mount an expedition against the Vandals in Africa. This left Attila and Bleda a clear path through Illyricum into the Balkans, which they invaded in 441. The Hunnish army sacked Margus and Viminacium, and then took Singidunum (Belgrade) and Sirmium. During 442, Theodosius recalled his troops from Sicily and ordered a large issue of new coins to finance operations against the Huns. He believed that he could defeat the Huns and refused the Hunnish kings' demands. responded with a campaign in 443.[29] For the first time (as far as the Romans knew) his forces were equipped with battering rams and rolling siege towers, with which they successfully assaulted the military centers of Ratiara and Naissus (Niš) and massacred the inhabitants. Priscus said "When we arrived at Naissus we found the city deserted, as though it had been sacked; only a few sick persons lay in the churches. We halted at a short distance from the river, in an open space, for all the ground adjacent to the bank was full of the bones of men slain in war."[30] along the Nišava River, the Huns next took Serdica (Sofia), Philippopolis (Plovdiv), and Arcadiopolis (Lüleburgaz). They encountered and destroyed a Roman army outside Constantinople but were stopped by the double walls of the Eastern capital. They defeated a second army near Callipolis (Gelibolu). unable to make effective armed resistance, admitted defeat, sending the Magister militum per Orientem Anatolius to negotiate peace terms. The terms were harsher than the previous treaty: the Emperor agreed to hand over 6,000 Roman pounds (c. 2000 kg) of gold as punishment for having disobeyed the terms of the treaty during the invasion; the yearly tribute was tripled, rising to 2,100 Roman pounds (c. 700 kg) in gold; and the ransom for each Roman prisoner rose to 12 solidi. demands were met for a time, and the Hun kings withdrew into the interior of their empire. Bleda died following the Huns' withdrawal from Byzantium (probably around 445). Attila then took the throne for himself, becoming the sole ruler of the Huns.[31] kingship 447, Attila again rode south into the Eastern Roman Empire through Moesia. The Roman army, under Gothic magister militum Arnegisclus, met him in the Battle of the Utus and was defeated, though not without inflicting heavy losses. The Huns were left unopposed and rampaged through the Balkans as far as Thermopylae. itself was saved by the Isaurian troops of magister militum per Orientem Zeno and protected by the intervention of prefect Constantinus, who organized the reconstruction of the walls that had been previously damaged by earthquakes and, in some places, to construct a new line of fortification in front of the old. Callinicus, in his Life of Saint Hypatius, wrote: barbarian nation of the Huns, which was in Thrace, became so great that more than a hundred cities were captured and Constantinople almost came into danger and most men fled from it. ... And there were so many murders and blood-lettings that the dead could not be numbered. Ay, for they took captive the churches and monasteries and slew the monks and maidens in great numbers. the west general path of the Hun forces in the invasion of Gaul 450, Attila proclaimed his intent to attack the Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse by making an alliance with Emperor Valentinian III. He had previously been on good terms with the Western Roman Empire and its influential general Flavius Aëtius. Aëtius had spent a brief exile among the Huns in 433, and the troops that Attila provided against the Goths and Bagaudae had helped earn him the largely honorary title of magister militum in the west. The gifts and diplomatic efforts of Geiseric, who opposed and feared the Visigoths, may also have influenced Attila's plans. Valentinian's sister was Honoria, who had sent the Hunnish king a plea for help—and her engagement ring—in order to escape her forced betrothal to a Roman senator in the spring of 450. Honoria may not have intended a proposal of marriage, but Attila chose to interpret her message as such. He accepted, asking for half of the western Empire as dowry. Valentinian discovered the plan, only the influence of his mother Galla Placidia convinced him to exile Honoria, rather than killing her. He also wrote to Attila, strenuously denying the legitimacy of the supposed marriage proposal. Attila sent an emissary to Ravenna to proclaim that Honoria was innocent, that the proposal had been legitimate, and that he would come to claim what was rightfully his. interfered in a succession struggle after the death of a Frankish ruler. Attila supported the elder son, while Aëtius supported the younger. (The location and identity of these kings is not known and subject to conjecture.) Attila gathered his vassals—Gepids, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Heruls, Thuringians, Alans, Burgundians, among others–and began his march west. In 451, he arrived in Belgica with an army exaggerated by Jordanes to half a million strong. April 7, he captured Metz. Other cities attacked can be determined by the hagiographic vitae written to commemorate their bishops: Nicasius was slaughtered before the altar of his church in Rheims; Servatus is alleged to have saved Tongeren with his prayers, as Saint Genevieve is said to have saved Paris.[32] Lupus, bishop of Troyes, is also credited with saving his city by meeting Attila in person.[3][33] ëtius moved to oppose Attila, gathering troops from among the Franks, the Burgundians, and the Celts. A mission by Avitus and Attila's continued westward advance convinced the Visigoth king Theodoric I (Theodorid) to ally with the Romans. The combined armies reached Orléans ahead of Attila, thus checking and turning back the Hunnish advance. Aëtius gave chase and caught the Huns at a place usually assumed to be near Catalaunum (modern Châlons-en-Champagne). Attila decided to fight the Romans on plains where he could use his cavalry.[34] two armies clashed in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the outcome of which is commonly considered to be a strategic victory for the Visigothic-Roman alliance. Theodoric was killed in the fighting, and Aëtius failed to press his advantage, according to Edward Gibbon and Edward Creasy, because he feared the consequences of an overwhelming Visigothic triumph as much as he did a defeat. From Aëtius' point of view, the best outcome was what occurred: Theodoric died, Attila was in retreat and disarray, and the Romans had the benefit of appearing victorious. of Italy and death The Meeting between Leo the Great and Attila depicts Leo, escorted by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, meeting with the Hun emperor outside Rome. returned in 452 to renew his marriage claim with Honoria, invading and ravaging Italy along the way. Communities became established in what would later become Venice as a result of these attacks when the residents fled to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon. His army sacked numerous cities and razed Aquileia so completely that it was afterwards hard to recognize its original site.[35]:159 Aëtius lacked the strength to offer battle, but managed to harass and slow Attila's advance with only a shadow force. Attila finally halted at the River Po. By this point, disease and starvation may have taken hold in Attila's camp, thus hindering his war efforts and potentially contributing to the cessation of invasion.[36][citation needed] Valentinian III sent three envoys, the high civilian officers Gennadius Avienus and Trigetius, as well as the Bishop of Rome Leo I, who met Attila at Mincio in the vicinity of Mantua and obtained from him the promise that he would withdraw from Italy and negotiate peace with the Emperor.[37] Prosper of Aquitaine gives a short description of the historic meeting, but gives all the credit to Leo for the successful negotiation. Priscus reports that superstitious fear of the fate of Alaric gave him pause—as Alaric died shortly after sacking Rome in 410. had suffered from a terrible famine in 451 and her crops were faring little better in 452. Attila's devastating invasion of the plains of northern Italy this year did not improve the harvest.[35]:161 To advance on Rome would have required supplies which were not available in Italy, and taking the city would not have improved Attila's supply situation. Therefore, it was more profitable for Attila to conclude peace and retreat to his homeland.[35]:160–161 an East Roman force had crossed the Danube under the command of another officer also named Aetius—who had participated in the Council of Chalcedon the previous year—and proceeded to defeat the Huns who had been left behind by Attila to safeguard their home territories. Attila, hence, faced heavy human and natural pressures to retire "from Italy without ever setting foot south of the Po".[35]:163 As Hydatius writes in his Chronica Minora: Huns, who had been plundering Italy and who had also stormed a number of cities, were victims of divine punishment, being visited with heaven-sent disasters: famine and some kind of disease. In addition, they were slaughtered by auxiliaries sent by the Emperor Marcian and led by Aetius, and at the same time, they were crushed in their [home] settlements ... Thus crushed, they made peace with the Romans and all returned to their homes.[38] Huns, led by Attila, invade Italy (Attila, the Scourge of God, by Ulpiano Checa, 1887) was the successor of Theodosius, and he had ceased paying tribute to the Huns in late 450 while Attila was occupied in the west. Multiple invasions by the Huns and others had left the Balkans with little to plunder.[citation needed] Attila left Italy and returned to his palace across the Danube, he planned to strike at Constantinople again and reclaim the tribute which Marcian had stopped. However, he died in the early months of 453. conventional account from Priscus says that Attila was at a feast celebrating his latest marriage, this time to the beautiful young Ildico (the name suggests Gothic or Ostrogoth origins).[35]:164 In the midst of the revels, however, he suffered severe bleeding and died. He may have had a nosebleed and choked to death in a stupor. Or he may have succumbed to internal bleeding, possibly due to ruptured esophageal varices. Esophageal varices are dilated veins that form in the lower part of the esophagus, often caused by years of excessive alcohol consumption; they are fragile and can easily rupture, leading to death by hemorrhage.[39] account of his death was first recorded 80 years after the events by Roman chronicler Marcellinus Comes. It reports that "Attila, King of the Huns and ravager of the provinces of Europe, was pierced by the hand and blade of his wife".[40] One modern analyst suggests that he was assassinated,[41] but most reject these accounts as no more than hearsay, preferring instead the account given by Attila's contemporary Priscus, recounted in the 6th century by Jordanes: On the following day, when a great part of the morning was spent, the royal attendants suspected some ill and, after a great uproar, broke in the doors. There they found the death of Attila accomplished by an effusion of blood, without any wound, and the girl with downcast face weeping beneath her veil. Then, as is the custom of that race, they plucked out the hair of their heads and made their faces hideous with deep wounds, that the renowned warrior might be mourned, not by effeminate wailings and tears, but by the blood of men. Moreover a wondrous thing took place in connection with Attila's death. For in a dream some god stood at the side of Marcian, Emperor of the East, while he was disquieted about his fierce foe, and showed him the bow of Attila broken in that same night, as if to intimate that the race of Huns owed much to that weapon. This account the historian Priscus says he accepts upon truthful evidence. For so terrible was Attila thought to be to great empires that the gods announced his death to rulers as a special boon. body was placed in the midst of a plain and lay in state in a silken tent as a sight for men's admiration. The best horsemen of the entire tribe of the Huns rode around in circles, after the manner of circus games, in the place to which he had been brought and told of his deeds in a funeral dirge in the following manner: "The chief of the Huns, King Attila, born of his sire Mundiuch, lord of bravest tribes, sole possessor of the Scythian and German realms—powers unknown before—captured cities and terrified both empires of the Roman world and, appeased by their prayers, took annual tribute to save the rest from plunder. And when he had accomplished all this by the favor of fortune, he fell, not by wound of the foe, nor by treachery of friends, but in the midst of his nation at peace, happy in his joy and without sense of pain. Who can rate this as death, when none believes it calls for vengeance?" they had mourned him with such lamentations, a strava, as they call it, was celebrated over his tomb with great reveling. They gave way in turn to the extremes of feeling and displayed funereal grief alternating with joy. Then in the secrecy of night they buried his body in the earth. They bound his coffins, the first with gold, the second with silver and the third with the strength of iron, showing by such means that these three things suited the mightiest of kings; iron because he subdued the nations, gold and silver because he received the honors of both empires. They also added the arms of foemen won in the fight, trappings of rare worth, sparkling with various gems, and ornaments of all sorts whereby princely state is maintained. And that so great riches might be kept from human curiosity, they slew those appointed to the work—a dreadful pay for their labor; and thus sudden death was the lot of those who buried him as well as of him who was buried.[6]:254–259 sons Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak, "in their rash eagerness to rule they all alike destroyed his empire".[6]:259 They "were clamoring that the nations should be divided among them equally and that warlike kings with their peoples should be apportioned to them by lot like a family estate".[6]:259 Against the treatment as "slaves of the basest condition" a Germanic alliance led by the Gepid ruler Ardaric (who was noted for great loyalty to Attila[6]:199) revolted and fought with the Huns in Pannonia in the Battle of Nedao 454 AD.[6]:260–262 Attila's eldest son Ellac was killed in that battle.[6]:262 Attila's sons "regarding the Goths as deserters from their rule, came against them as though they were seeking fugitive slaves", attacked Ostrogothic co-ruler Valamir (who also fought alongside Ardaric and Attila at the Catalaunian Plains[6]:199), but were repelled, and some group of Huns moved to Scythia (probably those of Ernak).[6]:268–269 His brother Dengizich attempted a renewed invasion across the Danube in 468 AD, but was defeated at the Battle of Bassianae by the Ostrogoths.[6]:272–273 Dengizich was killed by Roman-Gothic general Anagast the following year, after which the Hunnic dominion ended.[10]:168 many children and relatives are known by name and some even by deeds, but soon valid genealogical sources all but dried up, and there seems to be no verifiable way to trace Attila's descendants. This has not stopped many genealogists from attempting to reconstruct a valid line of descent for various medieval rulers. One of the most credible claims has been that of the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans for mythological Avitohol and Irnik from the Dulo clan of the Bulgars.[42]:103[15]:59, 142[43] folklore and iconography information: Attila in popular culture of the meeting between Attila and Pope Leo from the Chronicon Pictum, c. 1360 himself is said to have claimed the titles "Descendant of the Great Nimrod", and "King of the Huns, the Goths, the Danes, and the Medes"—the last two peoples being mentioned to show the extent of his control over subject nations even on the peripheries of his domain.[44] embellished the report of Priscus, reporting that Attila had possessed the "Holy War Sword of the Scythians", which was given to him by Mars and made him a "prince of the entire world".[45][46] the end of the 12th century the royal court of Hungary proclaimed their descent from Attila. Lampert of Hersfeld's contemporary chronicles report that shortly before the year 1071, the Sword of Attila had been presented to Otto of Nordheim by the exiled queen of Hungary, Anastasia of Kiev.[47] This sword, a cavalry sabre now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna, appears to be the work of Hungarian goldsmiths of the ninth or tenth century.[48] anonymous chronicler of the medieval period represented the meeting of Pope Leo and Atilla as attended also by Saint Peter and Saint Paul, "a miraculous tale calculated to meet the taste of the time"[49] This apotheosis was later portrayed artistically by the Renaissance artist Raphael and sculptor Algardi, whom eighteenth-century historian Edward Gibbon praised for establishing "one of the noblest legends of ecclesiastical tradition".[50] to a version of this narrative related in the Chronicon Pictum, a mediaeval Hungarian chronicle, the Pope promised Attila that if he left Rome in peace, one of his successors would receive a holy crown (which has been understood as referring to the Holy Crown of Hungary). histories and chronicles describe him as a great and noble king, and he plays major roles in three Norse sagas: Atlakviða,[51] Volsunga saga,[52] and Atlamál.[51] The Polish Chronicle represents Attila's name as Aquila.[53] of Michelsberg and Otto of Freising pointed out that some songs as "vulgar fables" made Theoderic the Great, Attila and Ermanaric contemporaries, when any reader of Jordanes knew that this was not the case.[54] This refers to the so-called historical poems about Dietrich von Bern (Theoderic), in which Etzel (Attila) is Dietrich's refuge in exile from his wicked uncle Ermenrich (Ermanaric). Etzel is most prominent in the poems Dietrichs Flucht and the Rabenschlacht. Etzel also appears as Kriemhild's second noble husband in the Nibelungenlied, in which Kriemhild causes the destruction of both the Hunnish kingdom and that of her Burgundian relatives. 1812, Ludwig van Beethoven conceived the idea of writing an opera about Attila and approached August von Kotzebue to write the libretto. It was, however, never written.[55] In 1846, Giuseppe Verdi wrote the opera, loosely based on episodes in Attila's invasion of Italy. World War I, Allied propaganda referred to Germans as the "Huns", based on a 1900 speech by Emperor Wilhelm II praising Attila the Hun's military prowess, according to Jawaharlal Nehru's Glimpses of World History.[56] Der Spiegel commented on November 6, 1948, that the Sword of Attila was hanging menacingly over Austria.[57] writer Cecelia Holland wrote The Death of Attila (1973), a historical novel in which Attila appears as a powerful background figure whose life and death deeply impact the protagonists, a young Hunnic warrior and a Germanic one. name has many variants in several languages: Atli and Atle in Old Norse; Etzel in Middle High German (Nibelungenlied); Ætla in Old English; Attila, Atilla, and Etele in Hungarian (Attila is the most popular); Attila, Atilla, Atilay, or Atila in Turkish; and Adil and Edil in Kazakh or Adil ("same/similar") or Edil ("to use") in Mongolian. modern Hungary and in Turkey, "Attila" and its Turkish variation "Atilla" are commonly used as a male first name. In Hungary, several public places are named after Attila; for instance, in Budapest there are 10 Attila Streets, one of which is an important street behind the Buda Castle. When the Turkish Armed Forces invaded Cyprus in 1974, the operations were named after Attila ("The Attila Plan").[58] 1954 Universal International film Sign of the Pagan starred Jack Palance as Attila. Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31;

Mongol, Scythia, 454-469, Dengizich, Atilla's Son

Mongol, Scythia, 469, Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns)

Mongol, Scythia, 635-668, Bulgars Folder, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria

Mongol, Scythia, 7th Century, Land of the Bulgars (Pontic Steppe and Lower Danube)
Pontic Steppe; Bulgars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Mongol, Scythia, 650-1048, Khazars Folder

Mongol, Scythia, 650-1048, Khazars, Commanded Western Silk Road
Scythia, 650-1048, Khazars Scythia, Turks of Atil, 750-969, Khazars; Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Mongol, Scythia, 740-969, Turks of Atil, Khazars
Scythia, Turks of Atil, 750-969, Khazars; Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Mongol, Scythia, 800, 9th and 10th Century, Atil and the Land of the Khazars, (Volga Delta, Scythia)
Scythia, Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Khazars; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on December 30; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19;

Mongol, Scythia, 841-861, Khagan, Zacharia, Khazar Jew then Christian after Cyril
Mongol, Scythia, 841-861, Khagan, Zacharia, Khazar Jew then Christian after Cyril; at the territory of the Khazars, the holy brothers spoke with them about the Christian Faith. Persuaded by the preaching of Saint Cyril, the Khazar prince together with all his people accepted Christianity. The grateful prince wanted to reward the preachers with rich presents, but they refused this and instead asked the prince to free and send home with them all the Greek captives. Saint Cyril returned to Constantinople together with 200 such captives set free. Khazar Jews ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of Saint Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14;

Mongol, Scythia, 860-899, Khazar Jews (Volga River Mouth)
Khazar Jews ; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Mongol, Scythia, 860-1091, Land of the Pechenegs (Pontic Steppe) Turks
Pechenegs; Pontic Steppe; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15;

Mongol, Scythia, 965-969, Atil, Scythia. Capital of the Khazars
Atil, Scythia, 965-969. Capital of the Khazars; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Mongol, Scythia, 869-1091, Pecheneges Folder, Lesser Scythia to Bosnia

Mongols, Scythia, 860-1091, Pechenegs, Moldovia to Bosnia, also Turks
Mongols, Pechenegs, 860-1091, Russia, Kiev, 968, Seige of Kiev by Pechenegs; Kiev Rus King, 945-972, Sviatoslav I of Kiev; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Mongol, Scythia, 900-1220, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation Folder, Cumania

Mongol, Scythia, 900-1220, Polovtsian Confederation, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation
Polovtsian Confederation, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation Scythia, 900-1220, Cumania, Cuman-Kipchak Confederation ; Land of the Polovetsians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River, Cumania ; Cumanians; Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and the Balkans 1055-1230 (175 years) ; Khan Bonyak; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1055-1230, Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and Balkans (175 years)
Scythia, 1055-1230, Cuman (Polovetsian) Battles in Kievan Rus' and Balkans (175 years) ; Land of the Polovetsians, North of the Black Sea, along the Volga River, Cumania ; Cumanians; Khan Bonyak; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1095-1096, Cuman Chief Boniak Wars in Kiev, plundered Kiev K Caves, w Oleg, d Hungary
Kiev, 1095-1096, Cuman Chief Boniak Wars in Kiev; Venerable Nikon the Dry, of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on December 11 ; St Vsevolod (in holy baptism Gabriel) the Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on February 11; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Mongol, Scythia, 1121, Atrak, the Qipchaks' ruler, Battle of Didgori, Christian
Qipchaks, Cuman-Kipchaks in Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Mongol, Scythia, 1216, Battle of Lipitsa, for Vladimir, Mstislav and Konsantin beat Yuri and Yaroslav
Battle of Lipitsa (1216); Battle of Lipitsa (Russian: Ли́пицкая би́тва) was the decisive battle in the succession struggle over the Grand Princely throne of Vladimir-Suzdal following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest. the battle, fought on April 22, 1216, the forces of Mstislav the Daring and Konstantin Vsevolodovich defeated those of Konstantin's younger brothers Yuri Vsevolodovich and Yaroslav. Konstantin took the throne of Vladimir and reigned as grand prince until his death two years later. large-scale battle typifies fratricidal strife that sapped the strength of the successor states to Kievan Rus before the Mongol invasion. detailed account first appeared in the older redaction of the Novgorodian First Chronicle and later in the Novgorodian Fourth Chronicle the Sofia First Chronicle and elsewhere.[1]

Mongol, Scythia, 1219, Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars
Scythia, 1219, Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia, 1220-1582, Golden Horde Mongol Empire Folder

Mongol, Scythia, 1220-1299, 13th Century Folder, Golden Horde, Invasions of Bulgaria, China and Russia

Mongol, Scythia, 1220s - 1502, Scythian Golden Horde, Mongol Empire
Scythian Golden Horde, 1220s - 1502, Mongol Empire; Mongol Empire, 1206-1368, Capital Karakorum ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde, Nevsky's loyalty
Scythia, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde; Khan (c. 1205–1255),[note 1] also known as Sain Khan (Mongolian: Good Khan) and Tsar Batu,[2] was a Mongol ruler and founder of the Golden Horde, a division of the Mongol Empire. was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His ulus was the chief state of the Golden Horde, which ruled Rus', Volga Bulgaria, Cumania, and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary. or Bat literally means "firm" in the Mongolian language. After the deaths of Genghis Khan's sons, he became the most respected prince, called agha ("elder brother"), in the Mongol Empire. 1 Personality and appearance 2 Early years 3 Conquest of Kievan Rus' 4 Invasion of Central Europe 5 Viceroy and struggle with Güyük 6 Möngke and Batu 7 Family and legacy 8 Ancestry 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Books 14 External links and appearance[edit] to Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, Batu was "kind enough to his own people, but he is greatly feared by them. is, however, most cruel in fight; he is very shrewd and extremely crafty in warfare, for he has been waging war for a long time."[3] of Rubruck described him as about the height of his lord John de Beaumont and his entire face was covered with reddish spots.[4] years[edit] his son Jochi's death, Genghis Khan assigned Jochi's appanages to his sons. the Great Khan installed Batu as Khan of the Golden Horde (also known as the Ulus of Jochi or Kipchak Khanate). eldest son, Orda Khan, also agreed that Batu should succeed their father. Genghis Khan's youngest brother Temüge attended the coronation ceremony as an official representative of Genghis.[5] Genghis Khan died in 1227, he left 4,000 Mongol men to Jochi's family. Jochi's lands were divided between Batu and his older brother Orda. White Horde ruled the lands roughly between the Volga river and Lake Balkhash, while Batu's Horde ruled the lands west of the Volga. 1229, Ogedei dispatched three tumens under Kukhdei and Sundei to conquer the tribes on the lower Ural River. to Abulghazi, Batu joined Ogedei's military campaign against the Jin dynasty in North China while his younger brother was fighting the Bashkirs, the Cumans, the Bulghars and the Alans in the west. heavy resistance of their enemies, the Mongols conquered major cities of the Jurchens (Manchuria, northeast China) and made the Bashkirs their ally. the 1230s, Ogedei distributed lands in Shanxi, China to Batu and the family of Jochi, but they appointed their officials under the supervision of the Imperial governor likewise in Khorasan, Persia.[6] of Kievan Rus'[edit] articles: Kievan Rus', Mongol invasion of Rus', and Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria showvte invasions and conquests the kurultai in Mongolia after the end of the Mongol-Jin War, the Great Khan Ogedei ordered Batu to conquer western nations. 1235 Batu, who earlier had directed the conquest of the Crimean Peninsula, was assigned an army of possibly 130,000 to oversee an invasion of Europe. relatives and cousins Guyuk, Büri, Möngke, Khulgen, Khadan, Baidar and notable Mongol generals Subutai (Subeedei), Borolday, and Mengguser joined him by the order of his uncle Ogedei. The army, actually commanded by Subutai, crossed the Volga and invaded Volga Bulgaria in 1236. It took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgarians, Kypchaks, and Alani. of the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal by Mongol armies. From the medieval Russian annals November 1237 Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal and demanded his allegiance. Yuri refused to surrender the Mongols besieged Ryazan. After six days of bloody battle, the city was totally annihilated and never restored to its former glory. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the horde, but they were soundly defeated. burnt Kolomna and Moscow, the horde laid siege to the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal on 4 February 1238. Three days later the city was taken and burnt to the ground. The royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince hastily retreated northward. Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was totally exterminated by the Mongols on the Sit River on 4 March. Batu Khan divided his army into smaller units, which ransacked fourteen Rus' cities: Rostov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Kashin, Ksnyatin, Gorodets, Galich, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Yuriev-Polsky, Dmitrov, Volokolamsk, Tver, and Torzhok. most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk, whose boy-prince Titus and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks. As the story goes, at the news of Mongol approach, the city of Kitezh was submerged in a lake with all its inhabitants, where it may be seen to this day. Khadan and Buri stormed the city in three days after they joined Batu. only major cities to escape destruction were Smolensk, which submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute, and Novgorod with Pskov, which could not be reached by the Mongols on account of considerable distance and the intervening marshlands. of the Golden Horde sack Suzdal. Batu drank a cup of wine before the others at the victory banquet, Buri complained of the unfairness of Batu receiving such a vast and fertile steppe, and the Mongol army, along with Guyuk and others, ridiculed Batu as an "old woman with beard". They then left the banquet. Batu sent an envoy to his uncle Ogedei to complain of his cousins' rude behavior. Ogedei got angry on hearing the news and recalled Buri and Guyuk. to some sources, Buri, who was sent to his grandfather Chagatai, never returned to join the Mongol conquest of Europe; Guyuk returned to the Russian steppe after his father Ogedei harshly criticized him. the summer of 1238, Batu Khan devastated the Crimea and pacified Mordovia and the Kipchak-controlled steppe. the winter of 1239, he sacked Chernigov and Pereyaslav. several days of siege, the Mongols stormed Kiev in December 1240. fierce resistance by Danylo of Halych, Batu Khan managed to take the two principal capitals of his land, Halych and Volodymyr-Volynsky. Ruthenian principalities became vassals of the Mongol Empire. of Central Europe[edit] article: Mongol invasion of Europe Cuman refugees took shelter in the Kingdom of Hungary. Batu sent at least five messengers to Bela IV, the king of Hungary, but they were all killed. For the last time Batu demanded that Bela have the Cumans returned and warned: "It is much easier for the Cumans to escape than it is for you...you dwell in houses and have fixed towns and fortresses, so how will you escape me"?[7] Batu Khan then decided to "reach the ultimate sea", where the Mongols could proceed no further. Some modern historians speculate that Batu intended primarily to assure his flanks were safe for the future from possible interference from the Europeans, and partially as a precursor to further conquest. Most believe he intended the conquest of all Europe, as soon as his flanks were safe and his forces ready. IV flees from Mohi, detail from Chronicon Pictum devastated the various Rus principalities, Subutai and Batu sent spies into Poland, Hungary, and as far as Austria in preparation for an attack into the heartland of Europe. a clear picture of the European kingdoms, they brilliantly prepared an attack. Batu Khan was the overall leader, but Subutai was the actual commander in the field and as such was present in both the northern and southern campaigns against The Mongols invaded central Europe in three groups. One group invaded and devastated Poland, defeating a combined force under Henry II the Pious, Duke of Silesia and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order at Legnica. second crossed the Carpathian Mountains, a third followed the Danube. armies swept the plains of Hungary over the summer, and in the spring of 1242 they regained impetus and extended their control into Austria and Dalmatia, as well as invading Morava. the northern force under Ogedei's son Khadan and Baidar, the son of Chagatai, won the Battle of Legnica, and another army of Guyuk or Buri triumphed in Transylvania, Subutai was waiting for another victory over the Magyars, the Croats, and the Templars on the Hungarian plain. 1241, a Tatar (Mongol) army led by Bujek crossed the mountains of the Kara Ulagh ("Black Vlachs"); Bujek defeated the Vlachs and one of their leader named Mslav.[8] the siege of Pest, Batu's army withdrew to the Sajo River and inflicted a tremendous defeat on King Bela IV and his allies at the Battle of Mohi on 11 April. Baidar, and Orda went to Hungary, devastating Moravia en route. The Mongols appointed a darughachi in Hungary and minted coins in the name of the Khagan.[9] country of Bela was assigned to Orda by Batu as an appanage; Batu sent Khadan in pursuit of Bela, who fled to Croatia.[citation needed] Chinese drawing of young Batu Khan (14th century). Mongol battalions checked the forces of the Holy Roman Empire and Babenberg Austria.[10] his campaign in Central Europe, Batu demanded that Frederick II, the Holy Roman Emperor, dethrone himself, and said: "I am coming to usurp your throne instead of you". The latter only replied that he would make a good falconer, for he understood birds very The Emperor and Pope Gregory IX called for a crusade against the Mongol Empire, but Europe was plagued by internal strife. achieved lasting fame with his victories in Europe, as he had in Eastern Persia. late 1241, Batu and Subutai were finalizing plans to invade Austria, Italy, and Germany when the news came of the death of Ogedei Khan, who died in December 1241. wanted to continue the war[citation needed], but Subutai reminded him of the law of Yassa (Их Засаг)[citation needed]. Mongols withdrew in late spring of 1242, as the Princes of the blood, and Subutai, were recalled to Karakorum where the kurultai was held. Second Bulgarian Empire was forced to acknowledge Batu's supremacy. was a potential Great Khan, but when he failed to gain the title he turned to consolidate his conquests in Asia and the Urals. and struggle with Guyuk[edit] from Hungary, Batu made his camps along the banks of the Volga. When the Great Khatun Töregene invited him to elect the next Emperor of the Mongol Empire, Batu announced his inability to attend any immediate kurultai, thus delaying the succession for several years. Guyuk was elected Khagan in 1246, with Batu's brothers representing the Jochid lineage. As one of the oldest members of Chingisid Borjigin, Batu became a viceroy over all the western parts of the empire, controlling routine affairs among the Russian princes, nominating Jochid retainers as governors of Iran, and receiving in audience grandees from the Caucasus. At no point, however, did he openly challenge the authority of the Great Khan. the absence of Batu, the Mongols who were left behind put to death Mstislav, the prince of Rylsk, in Kievan Rus'. his return Batu summoned the Grand prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir to meet him. Yaroslav was well received by Batu, who confirmed him as suzerain over the other Russian princes, and gave him authority of Kiev. princes of Suzdal followed Yaroslav's example. Batu sent Yaroslav to the imperial court of Karakorum to assist at the inauguration of Guyuk Khan in 1246. Plano Carpini, who got approval from Batu to go further, noted that the Great Khan's aunt was executed. At the same time Yaroslav was poisoned in Mongolia. Michael of Chernigov was passed between fires in accordance with ancient Turco-Mongol tradition. Batu Khan stabbed him to death for his refusal to do obeisance to Genghis Khan's shrine in the pagan ritual. had commissaries in the various towns where the dependent Russian princes and other princes held their courts. princes from Russian states such as Vladimir Constantine, Boris, Gleb, Vasili, Constatantine, Vladimir Constantinovich, Vasilko and Sviatoslav Vsevolodovich of Vladimir, went to the court of Batu in person. Michael of Chernigov, who had murdered the Mongol envoy in Kiev, arrived, the Mongol overseers were engaged in taking a census of the inhabitants for the poll tax. Michael was ordered to repair to Batu. When summoned before Batu, he was made to pass between two fires and ordered to prostrate himself before the tablets of Genghis Khan. replied that he did not object to do obeisance to Batu himself but to adore images of a dead man was repugnant. As he persisted in his refusal, Batu ordered his death. of Halych summoned to Batu and diplomatically made obeisance to the Mongols. Batu, addressing him, said "You have for a long time refused to come, but have effaced your ill conduct by your obedience" and saluted him with a draught of airag. exchanged hostages whereby 100 families of Keraites were re-settled in Carpathian-Galicia. the defeat of the Sultanate of Rum, Baiju freed David VII Ulu from Turkish imprisonment and sent him to Batu and Guyuk. Baiju's aggressive policy, Queen Rusudan of Georgia sent her son David VI Narin to Batu's court to get official recognition as heir apparent. supported David VI and granted him the rights above the Georgian and Armenian nobles and the Mongol tammachis. Guyuk made David Ulu the senior king of Georgia and ordered Batu's protege David Narin to be subordinate to David Ulu. between Batu and Guyuk increased, however, and Guyuk replaced the officials in Iran and the Caucasus with his own men, including Eljigidei. gave a good reception to Alexander Nevsky and Andrey II. Andrey was assigned the throne of Vladimir-Suzdal while Alexander was given southern Russia. Guyuk began moving west, Sorghaghtani Beki, the widow of Tolui, warned Batu that he was actually the Great Khan's target. Guyuk summoned Batu to appear before him, Batu moved slowly. Before meeting Batu, Guyuk died suddenly. According to William of Rubruck and a Muslim chronicle, one of Batu's brothers murdered or poisoned the Great Khan Guyuk and Batu then killed the imperial envoy, though this account is not completely confirmed by other major sources. öngke and Batu[edit] loyal vassal Alexander Nevsky in the Horde opportunity had arrived for deposing the House of Ogedei from the overlordship of the Mongols, and Batu was determined to avail himself of it. But Batu seemed to allow Oghul Qaimish to serve as regent. He also suggested unruly princes listen to her words. When Batu was ill, Mongke went to the Ulus of Jochi to greet him as his mother Sorghagtani advised. Batu was much delighted on seeing him. last, Batu called a kurultai on his own territory in 1250. Members of the Ogedeid and Chagataid families refused to attend the kurultai beyond the Mongolian heartland. The kurultai offered the throne to Batu Khan who had no interest in promoting himself as the new Grand Khan. Rejecting it, he instead nominated Mongke, who led a Mongol army in Russia, the Northern Caucasus, and Hungary. The pro-Tolui faction (Genghis 4th son, Yuan Dynasty) rose up and supported his choice. Given its limited attendance and location, this kurultai was of questionable validity. sent Mongke under the protection of his brothers, Berke and Tukhtemur, and his son Sartaq to assemble a formal kurultai at Kodoe Aral in the heartland. supporters of Mongke invited Oghul Qaimish and other main Ogedeid and Chagataid princes to attend the kurultai, but they refused each time, demanding descendants of Ogedei must be khan. In response, Batu accused them of killing his aunt Altalaun and defying Ogedei's nominee, Shiremun. the assembled throng proclaimed Mongke Great Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251, he punished the Ogedeid and Chagataid families for the organized plot against him. sent Buri to Batu who had him executed by Buri's opponent general. Eljigidei was also ordered to be executed. Grand prince Andrey II allied with the rebellious-minded princes of western Rus, giving umbrage to the Mongols. sent a punitive expedition under Nevrui. On their approach, Andrey fled to Pskov and thence to Sweden. The Mongols spread over Vladimir and harshly punished the people there. Livonian Knights stopped their advance to Novgorod and Pskov on hearing the news about the Mongols. Thanks to his friendship with Sartaq, Alexander was installed as the Grand Prince of Vladimir (i.e., the supreme Russian ruler) by Batu in 1252. 1256 Andrey travelled to Sarai to ask pardon for his former infidelity and was shown mercy. the reign of Mongke, Batu's prestige as kingmaker and viceroy of the great khans in the west reached its height. Even so, Batu allowed Mongke's census takers to operate freely in his realm. to a Muslim chronicle and the History of Yuan, Batu had free access to the imperial treasury.[12] Of all the grandsons of Genghis Khan, he and Mongke seemed most capable and the most dedicated to following the spirit of Mongolian law.[13] dispatched a large Jochid delegation to participate in Hulagu's expedition in the Middle East. However, Berke's persuasion might have forced him to delay to strengthen Hulagu's force, little suspecting that it would result in eliminating the Jochid predominance there, for few years. Batu, Mongke, and other princely lines shared rule over the area from Afghanistan to Turkey. He left state affairs to his son Sartaq before Batu died in 1255. Mongol Empire, 1206-1368, Capital Karakorum ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Scythia, 1236, Invasion of Batu Khan (Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria 1223-1236)
Invasion of Batu Khan 1236 (Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria 1223-1236); Invasion of Batu Khan; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Mongol, Scythia, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Batu Khan, Battle of Sit (Sita) River
Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Battle of Sit River; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1241-1255, Horde of Batu (1241-1255)
Golden Horde, Horde of Batu; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30;

Mongol, Scythia, 1240-mid 1240's, Golden Horde, Old City (Sarai)
Golden Horde ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Scythia, 1250-1556, Golden Horde, New City (Sarai)
Golden Horde ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Scythia, 1251-1259, Golden Horde Khan, Mongke Khan, Christian
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1251-1259, Mongke Khan; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Scythia, 1255-1256, Mongol Khan Sartaq, Christian
Scythia, 1255-1256, Mongol Khan Sartaq, Christian; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Scythia, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old, Christian
Scythia, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Scythia, 1257-1266, Batu's brother Berke (Bergai) Khan, Blue Horde and White Horde, Established Islam
Scythia, 1257-1266, Berke Khan ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Scythia, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty, China, Mongolia, Korea, Buddist, M Polo
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan ; (/ˈkuːblaɪ/; Mongolian: Хубилай, romanized: Hubilai; Chinese: 忽必烈; pinyin: Hūbìliè; 23 September  1215 – 18 February 1294), also known as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan, was the fifth khagan-emperor[note 1] of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position). He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294. was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of disunity in the empire.[2] Kublai's real power was limited to China and Mongolia, though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde.[3][4][5] If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan.[6] 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day China, Mongolia, Korea, and some adjacent areas; he also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as a Khagan. He assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to unite all of China proper. imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. White, the color of the royal costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty.[7] 1 Early years 2 Victory in North China 3 Enthronement and civil war 4 Reign 4.1 Great Khan of the Mongols 4.2 Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 4.2.1 Scientific developments and relations with minorities 4.2.2 Continuation of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices 5 Warfare and foreign relations 5.1 Tibet and Xinjiang 5.2 Kublai's annexation of Goryeo 5.3 Further naval expansion 5.4 Invasions of Japan 5.5 Invasions of Vietnam 5.6 Southeast Asia and South Seas 5.7 Europe 5.8 Africa 6 Capital City 6.1 Xanadu 7 Nayan's rebellion 8 Later years 9 Family 9.1 Wives and sons 9.2 Daughters 10 Poetry 11 Legacy 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links years[edit] Khan was the fourth son of Tolui, and his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki. As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the Ili River.[8] Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Khagan (Mongol emperor) Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle Ogedei, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229.[citation needed] the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, in 1236, Ogedei gave Hebei (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of Chinese peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. quickly came to his appanage in Hebei and ordered reforms. Sorghaghtani sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.[citation needed] most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary Chinese culture. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in North China, to his ordo in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in Karakorum in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243, Zhenjin (Chinese: True Gold).[9] Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly Daoist (Taoist), and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing.[10] Kublai soon added the Shanxi scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests, Mongol and Turkic.[11] in North China[edit] of young Kublai by Anige, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court 1251, Kublai's eldest brother Möngke became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian Mahmud Yalavach and Kublai were sent to China. received the viceroyalty over North China and moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of Henan, and increased social welfare spendings after receiving Xi'an. acts received great acclaim from the Chinese warlords and were essential to the building of the Yuan Dynasty. 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his Chinese associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Chinese Confucian-trained officials.[12] 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack Yunnan and he asked the Dali Kingdom to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the Sichuan basin. The second column under Subutai's son Uryankhadai took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan.[13] Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While Uryankhadai travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali King Duan Xingzhi (段興智) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by Möngke Khan as the first tusi or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.[14] Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered Möngke Khan maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongolian army. By the end of 1256, Uryankhadai had completely pacified Yunnan.[15] was attracted by the abilities of Tibetan monks as healers. In 1253 he made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife, Chabi (Chabui), an empowerment (initiation ritual). Kublai appointed Lian Xixian of the Kingdom of Qocho (1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital Karakorum. Möngke Khan sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.[16] Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to Möngke, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.[citation needed] Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing Buddhist temples. Möngke repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.[17] Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts.[18][19][20][21] Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate later converted to Islam at various times in history – Berke of the Golden Horde being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).[citation needed] “The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle“ French Engraving, 18th century. 1258, Möngke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from gout, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist Möngke anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on Wuhan, near the Yangtze. While Kublai's force besieged Wuchang, Uryankhadai joined him.[citation needed] The Song minister Jia Sidao secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states.[22] Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Jia Sidao. and civil war[edit] article: Toluid Civil War received a message from his wife that his younger brother Ariq Böke had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian plains.[23] he reached Mongolia, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a kurultai (Mongol great council) at the capital Karakorum, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan Hulagu, opposed this. Kublai's Chinese staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in North China and Manchuria supported his candidacy.[24] returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the Borjigin lines except that of Jochi. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on April 15, 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan.[citation needed] Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next Great Khan at the Grand Kurultai in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a Jami al-Twarikh (or Chingiznama). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31 [1] led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongolian capital at Karakorum. In Shaanxi and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals.[25] To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to Hangzhou, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them.[26] Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the Chagatai Khanate. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, Alghu, crowned khan of Chagatai's territory. the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin Kadan, son of Ögedei Khan. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor Shi Tianze and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords.[citation needed] Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Böke surrendered to Kublai at Xanadu on August 21, 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia.[27] When Kublai summoned them to a new kurultai, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and Berke, khan of the Golden Horde, at first accepted Kublai's invitation.[28][29] However, they soon declined to attend the kurultai. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters. Khan of the Mongols[edit] invasions and conquests mysterious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, the Siege of Baghdad (1258), and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire.[30] Hulagu died on February 8, 1264, Berke marched to cross near Tbilisi to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.[31] Khan named Abaqa as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson Mentemu for the throne of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.[32][33] The Kublaids in the east retained suzerainty over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime.[24][34] also sent his protege Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to overthrow the court of the Oirat Orghana, the empress of the Chagatai Khanate, who put her young son Mubarak Shah on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death. Kaidu of the House of Ögedei declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the Tarim Basin. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel.[35] This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.[citation needed] Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the Korean Peninsula by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned Wonjong of Goryeo (r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on Ganghwado. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the Caucasus.[36] 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of Emperor Lizong of Song to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy.[37] Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.[37] called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After the fall of Xiangyang in 1273, Kublai's commanders, Aju and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song Dynasty, and Kublai made Bayan of the Baarin the supreme commander.[38] Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China.[39] The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including Smolensk and Vitebsk in 1274–75. The Khans also sent Nogai Khan to the Balkans to strengthen Mongol influence there.[40] renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. he moved his headquarters to Khanbaliq, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?"[41][42] Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.[43][44] Defections from Kublai's Dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces. of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280. Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China. Three years later, Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, Emperor Gong of Song, were then settled in Khanbaliq where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to Zhangye.[citation needed] succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign.[43] Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China.[45] However, Kublai's costly invasions of Vietnam (1258), Sakhalin (1264), Burma (1277), Champa (1282), and Vietnam again (1285) secured only the vassal status of those countries. Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1280), the third invasion of Vietnam (1287–8), and the invasion of Java (1293) failed. the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form a grand alliance of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the Mamluks in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.[citation needed] son Nomukhan and his generals occupied Almaliq from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general Antong and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids.[43] Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and the Ili River basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq. of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV of France, in the Mongolian script, dated 1289. French National Archives. In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (dhabihah) or Judaism (kashrut), which offended Mongolian custom.[46] Tekuder seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai. After the execution of Ahmad Fanakati, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief Buqa the title of chancellor.[citation needed] niece, Kelmish, who married a Khongirad general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids, Tode Mongke, Köchü, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes.[47] The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan Dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of the White Horde, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai.[48] Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.[49][50][51][52] of the Yuan dynasty[edit] also: Timeline of the Yuan dynasty Yuan Dynasty of China, c. 1294 Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there.[53] From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty. heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as Liu Bingzhong and Xu Heng, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.[54] also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his Imperial Preceptor, giving him power over all the empire's Buddhist monks. 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the 'Phags-pa script, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the Tibetan monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.[55][56] In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their[whose?] corruption later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the Jalairs and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the censorate. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a kheshig (Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.[citation needed] the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (Chinese: 大都; Wade–Giles: Ta-tu; lit. 'Grand Capital', known as Khanbaliq or Daidu to the Mongols, at modern-day Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in Shangdu (Chinese: 上都; lit. 'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is Dolon Nor). unify China,[57] Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the Southern Song in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the Battle of Yamen where the last Song Emperor Zhao Bing committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the Song dynasty.[58] opera flourished during Yuan China. of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor.[59] This included China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.[60][61] The Central Region (Chinese: 腹裏) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day North China. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the Zhongshu Sheng at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. promoted economic growth by rebuilding the Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268.[62] the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.[62] In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production.[63] Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on.[64][65] In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called Jiaochao; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first fiat money maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins.[66] In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall.[67] It was non-convertible and denominated in copper cash. Later Gaykhatu of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in Iran and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.[citation needed] Sangha was a Tibetan.[68] A rich merchant from the Madurai Sultanate, Abu Ali, was associated closely with its royal family. After falling out with them, he moved to Yuan China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father held the title of Chaesongnyeon during the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo according to the Dongguk Tonggam, Goryeosa and Liu Mengyan's Zhōng'ānjí.[69][70] encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist Xuánjià, (Mysterious Order).[71] Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Europeans visited the empire, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s, who may have seen the summer capital Shangdu.[citation needed] the Southern Song, the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.[80] developments and relations with minorities[edit] "Muslim trebuchet" (or Huihui Pao) used to breach the walls of Fancheng and Xiangyang. Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan.[81] Among the Muslim governors was Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who became administrator of Yunnan. He was a well learned man in the Confucian and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated Islam in China. Other administrators were Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) and Mahmud Yalavach (mayor of the Yuan capitol). Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.[82] Astronomers such as Jamal ad-Din introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar. cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the Silk Road and greatly influenced the knowledge of Yuan dynasty rulers and merchants.[citation needed] physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and Shangdu. In Beijing was the renown Guang Hui Si "Department of extensive mercy", where Hui medicine and surgery were taught. Avicenna's works were also published in China during that period.[83] mathematicians introduced Euclidean Geometry, Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals in China.[84] brought siege engineers Ismail and Al al-Din to China, and together they invented the Muslim trebuchet (or Huihui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the Battle of Xiangyang.[85] of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices[edit] Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (kashrut) or Muslim (dhabihah) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued. Circumcision was also strictly forbidden.[86][87][88] and foreign relations[edit] also: Kublai Khan's campaigns, Mongol military tactics and organization, and Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty Yuan dynasty hand cannon Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely Chinese in composition but later strengthened with Kipchak, Alan (Asud), and Russian units.[89][90][91] Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and Muqali. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates.[92] Mongol and Chinese units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in South China. Effective assimilation of Chinese naval techniques allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.[citation needed] and Xinjiang[edit] 1285 the Drikung Kagyu sect revolted, attacking Sakya monasteries. The Chagatayid khan, Duwa, helped the rebels, laying siege to Gaochang and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the Tarim Basin.[93] Kaidu destroyed an army at Beshbalik and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned Kashgar for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson Buqa-Temür crushed the resistance of the Drikung Kagyu, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.[citation needed] annexation of Goryeo[edit] also: Korea under Yuan rule and Mongol invasions of Korea dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with Goryeo Sumiyabaatar/ Б. Сумьяабаатар, "Хубилай Их Хааны үеийн Монгол – Сонгосын харилцаа", "Relationship between Mongolia and Korea during Kubilai Khan rule", 439p, 2015, ISBN 978-99973-302-5-3 Kublai Khan invaded Goryeo (the state on the Korean Peninsula) and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan.[94][95][96][97][98] Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going naval force for the Mongol campaigns.[citation needed] naval expansion[edit] Gangnido reflects the Chinese geographical knowledge during the Mongol Empire about countries in the West.[99] Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as Sakhalin, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly invasions and conquests and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, war against the Song Dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.[100] of Japan[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Japan Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293. Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongols, Semu, Koreans, Hui and Chinese people.[81][101] Because the Wokou extended support to the crumbling Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated invasions of Japan. Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.[102] second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over Tsushima Island about halfway across the strait and then Iki Island closer to Kyushu. The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281 and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongolian landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata. Takezaki Suenaga's samurai attacked the Mongolian army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongolians, who suffered around 3500 dead.[103] samurai warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.[citation needed] samurai boarding Yuan ships in 1281. archaeologist Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of Takashima District, Shiga. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of Nagasaki.[104] David Nicolle wrote in The Mongol Warlords, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.[105] soldiers, second version ships, second version of a 14th-century prized Yuan dynasty junk of Vietnam[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Vietnam Khan invaded Đại Việt (now Vietnam) three times, each repelled by the ruling Trần dynasty. The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh 陳京 (Chén Jīng),[106] where their mixed-blooded descendants later established the Trần dynasty and came to rule Đại Việt; despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several royal members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their royal court as in the case of Trần Lý[107][108] and Trần Thừa,[109] some of the mixed-blood descendants of the clan could still speak Chinese, as evidenced when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later Supreme Commander Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282.[110][111][112][113][114] first incursion was in 1257, but the Trần dynasty was able to repel the invasion and ultimately re-established the peace treaty between the Mongols and Đại Việt in the twelfth lunar month of 1257. When Kublai became the Great Khan in 1260, the Trần dynasty sent tribute every three years and received a darughachi.[115][116] However, their kings soon declined to attend the Mongol court in person. The Great Khan sent his envoys to order the Trần king to open his land to allow the Yuan army to pass through to invade the kingdom of Champa, but the Đại Việt court refused. Kublai sent another envoy to the Đại Việt to demand that the Trần king surrender his land and his kingship. The Trần king assembled all his citizens, allowing all to vote on whether to surrender to the Yuan or to stand and fight for their homeland. The vote was a unanimous decision to stand and fight the invaders.[citation needed] his first failure, Kublai wanted to install Nhân Tông's brother Trần Ích Tắc – who had defected to the Mongols – as king of Annam (Đại Việt?), but hardship in the Yuan's supply base in Hunan and Kaidu's invasion forced Kublai to abandon his plans.[citation needed] second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt began late in 1284, when the Mongol Yuan forces under the command of Toghan, the prince of Kublai Khan, crossed the border and quickly occupied Thăng Long (now Hanoi) in January 1285, after the victorious battle of Omar in Vạn Kiếp (north east of Hanoi). At the same time Sogetu, second in command of the Yuan army, moved from Champa northward and rapidly marched to Nghe An in the north central region of Vietnam, where the army of the Trần dynasty under general Trần Kien was defeated and surrendered to him. However, the Trần king and the commander-in-chief Trần Hưng Đạo changed their tactics from defence to attack and struck against the Mongols. In April, General Trần Quang Khải defeated Sogetu in Chương Dương and the Trần king won a battle in Tây Kết, where Sogetu died. Soon after, general Trần Nhật Duật also won a battle in Hàm Tử (now Hưng Yên) and Toghan was defeated by General Trần Hưng Đạo. Thus Kublai failed in his first attempt to invade Đại Việt. Toghan hid himself inside a bronze pipe to avoid being killed by the Đại Việt archers; this act brought humiliation upon the Mongol Empire and Toghan himself.[citation needed] third Mongol invasion began in 1287. It was better organized than the previous effort; a large fleet and plentiful stocks of food were used. The Mongol Yuan forces, under the command of Toghan, moved to Vạn Kiếp from the north west and met the infantry and cavalry of Kublai's Kipchak commander Omar (coming by another way along the Red River) and quickly won the battle. The naval fleet rapidly attained victory in Vân Đồn near Hạ Long Bay. However, the Đại Việt General Trần Khánh Dư managed to intercept and captured the heavy, fully stocked cargo ships, filled with food and supplies for Toghan's army. As a result, the Mongolian army in Thăng Long suffered an acute shortage of food. With no news about the supply fleet, Toghan ordered his army to retreat to Vạn Kiếp. The Đại Việt army began their general offensive and recaptured a number of locations occupied by the Mongols. Groups of Đại Việt infantry were ordered to attack the Mongols in Vạn Kiếp. Toghan had to split his army into two and retreated in 1288.[citation needed] early April 1288 the naval fleet, led by Omar and escorted by infantry, fled home along the Bạch Đằng river. As bridges and roads were destroyed and attacks were launched by Đại Việt troops, the Mongols reached Bạch Đằng without an infantry escort. Đại Việt's small flotilla engaged in battle and pretended to retreat. The Mongols eagerly pursued the Đại Việt troops only to fall into their pre-arranged battlefield. Thousands of small Đại Việt boats quickly appeared from both banks, launched a fierce attack that broke the Mongols' combat formation. The Mongols, meeting such a sudden and strong attack, in panic tried to withdraw to the sea. The Mongols' boats were halted, and many were damaged and sank. At that time, a number of fire rafts quickly rushed toward the Mongols, who were frightened and jumped down to reach the banks where they were dealt a heavy blow by an army led by the Trần king and Trần Hưng Đạo.[citation needed] Mongol naval fleet was totally destroyed and Omar was captured. At the same time, Đại Việt's army continuously attacked and smashed to pieces Toghan's army on its withdrawal through Lạng Sơn. Toghan risked his life to take a shortcut through thick forest in order to flee home. The crown prince was banished to Yangzhou for life by his father, Kublai Khan. Nevertheless, the Trần king accepted Kublai Khan's supremacy as the Great Khan in order to avoid more conflicts. In 1292, Temür Khan, Kublai Khan's successor, returned all detained envoys and settled for a tributary relationship with the Trần king, which continued to the end of the Yuan dynasty.[116][117] Asia and South Seas[edit] articles: First Mongol invasion of Burma and Mongol invasion of Java expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the Irrawaddy Delta, whereupon they captured Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom and established their government.[118] Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal suzerainty, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Mongols were expelled from China in the 1360s.[119] Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.[citation needed] Khan maintained close relations with Siam, in particular with prince Mangrai of Chiangmai and king Ram Khamheng of Sukhothai.[120] In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the Khmers after the Thais were being pushed southwards from Nanchao.[120][121][122] This happened after king Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.[120][123][124] Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned.[120][124][122] These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from Champa.[125] They were able to conquer Cambodia by 1284.[126] Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.[125][127][128] the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval punitive expedition of 20–30,000 men against Singhasari on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by Majapahit after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Chiang Mai had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.[118] articles: Marco Polo and Rabban Bar Sauma information: Europeans in Medieval China gives financial support to the Polo family. Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers, and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Chinese, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and Mesopotamia.[citation needed] Bar Sauma, ambassador of Great Khan Kublai and Ilkhan Arghun, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and Bordeaux to meet with European rulers in 1287–88. the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu through its trade with medieval China had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan.[129] According to Marco Polo, the Mongol Emperor sent an envoy to Mogadishu to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.[130] City[edit] White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now Beijing) Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in Xanadu on May 5, 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's, Guo Shoujing, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres that represented the celestial globe. Turkestani architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Chinese Dadu).[131] Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a Newar named Araniko, built the White Stupa that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.[132] advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to Gansu to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.[citation needed] rebellion[edit] the conquest of the Jin, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large appanages in Manchuria.[133] Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over Chang'an and Shanxi in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria.[134] The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.[135] Yuan dynasty jade belt plaque featuring carved designs of the Azure Dragon, highly regarded as a symbol of Yuan dynasty China's maritime strength. by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization, Nayan, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either Temüge or Belgutei, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.[136]) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia.[137] Manchuria's native Jurchens and Water Tatars, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of Hachiun, and Shihtur, a grandson of Qasar, joined Nayan's rebellion,[138] and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of Güyük Khan, contributed troops for this rebellion.[139] rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on June 14, while Chinese and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of Chungnyeol of Goryeo assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional way of executing princes.[139] Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded the Chinese district of Liaoning but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the Khangai Mountains and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.[38] but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family.[140] Kublai harshly punished the darughachi appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria.[141] This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the Liaoyang Branch Secretariat on December 4, 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.[citation needed] years[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ilkhanate Persia, Ghazan converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his suzerain. Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to Burkhan Khaldun in 1291 to ensure his claim to Ikh Khorig, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the Central Siberian Plateau.[citation needed] his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son Zhenjin, who became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to Confucian fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).[citation needed] became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son Temür, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on February 18, 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia.[citation needed] Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Scythia, 1261, Through A Nevsky and Metrop Cyril III, at the capital, an Orthodox diocese was established
Sarai (city); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1262-1299, Golden Horde General, Nogai Kha, Moslem
Scythian Golden Horde General, 1262-1299, Nogai Kha, Moslem; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, Scythia, 1266-1290, Saint Theodore the Black with the Horde, Prince of Smolensk, bored, went to Sarai, prominence in H
Kiev, 1250-1298, Saint Theodore the Balck; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19; Finding of the relics of Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslavl, and his children, Commemorated on March 5;

Mongol, Scythia, 1266-1280, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Mengu-Timur, pro Orthodox
Scythian Golder Horde Tartar Khan, 1266-1280, Mengu-Timur ; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, Scythia, 1291-1312, Golden Horde Tartar Khan, Toqta, pro Orthodox
Scythian Golden Horde Tartar Khan, 1291-1312, Toqta; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, Scythia, 1300-1399, 14th Century Folder, Golden, White, Blue, Grey Hordes, Kulikovo

Mongol, Scythia, 1312-1341, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Oz Beg Khan, Khan Uzbekm, Moslem
Scythian Golder Horde Tartar Khan, 1312-1341, Oz Beg Khan, Khan Uzbek; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Mongol, Scythia, 1335-1380, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Mamai
Mongol, Scythia, 1335-1380, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Mamai; Battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380; Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated on July 28;

Mongol, Scythia, 1342-1357, Golder Horde Tartar Khan,Jani Beg
Mongol, Scythia, 1342-1357, Golder Horde Tartar Khan,Jani Beg; St. Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Mongol, Scythia, 1360's, White,Blue, and Gray Hordes of the Golden Horde
White,Blue, Gray and Golden Hordes ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1370-1380, Mongol Blue Horde Khan Mami, lost at Kulikovo
Scythia, 1370-1380, Mongol Blue Horde Khan Mami; Intercession of the œDonÂ Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19;

Mongol, Scythia, 1378-1419, Muslim White Horde Folder

Mongol, Scythia, 1378-1419, Edgei, White Horde, Muslim, Tatar horde of Edigei
Scythia, 1378-1419, Edgei, White Horde Mongol Khan, Tatar horde of Edigei; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1380, Great Prince Dimitri of the Don - Battle of Kulikov on the Don
Great Prince Dimitri of the Don - Battle of Kulikov on the Don; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Mongol, Scythia, 1380, Kulikovo Battle 1380 (Don River 1)
Kulikovo Battle; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Demetrius Ioannovich of the Don; Alexander Peresvet; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1380, Battle of Kulikovo Pole, 1380 (Don River 1)
Battle of Kulikovo Pole, 1380 (Don River 1) ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Mongol, Scythia, 1400, 15th and 16th Century, invasion of Russia then Fall to Russia and Ottomans

Mongol, Scythia, 1437-1445, Kazan Tartar Khan, Ulugh Muhammad
Kazan Tartar Khan, 1437-1445, Ulugh Muhammad; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29;

Mongol, Scythia, 1445-1466, Kazan Tartar Khan, Maxmud of Kazan
Mongol, Scythia, 1445-1466, Kazan Tartar Khan, Maxmud of Kazan; Repose of Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mongol, Scythia, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos
Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos; The holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Mongol, Scythia, 1465-1481, Golden Horde Mongol Khan, Ahmed Khan
Scythian Golden Horde Mongol Khan, 1465-1481, Ahmed Khan ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23;

Mongol, Scythia, 1480-1582 , The Fall, First to Ottomans, then to Russia
Mongol, Scythia, 1480-1582 , The Fall, First to Ottomans, then to Russia;

Mongol, Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Don River

Don River Source (Novomoskovsk)
Novomoskovsk

Don River 1 (Kulikovo Field)

Kuchkov, Kulikovo Field (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380, Russia over Mongol Golden Horde, Don River 1
Battle of Kulikovo; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius;

Don River 2 (near Kulikovo Field)

Don River 3

Don River 4 (Bystraya River Mouth)

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 4, Bystraya River Folder

Bystraya Sosna River

Bystraya Sosna River Source (aloing the border)

Cheremis, Land of the Cheremis (Mari) People (Bystraya Sosna and Don Rivers)
Cheremis, Land of the Cheremis (Mari) People; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25;

Bystraya Sosna River 1 (Livny)

Livny (Liven), Scythia (Bystraya Sosna River 1)
Livny, Scythia (Bystraya Sosna River 1); St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10;

Elets, Scythia (Muravsky Trail 6, Bystraya Sosna River Mouth, Don River 4)
Elets; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Elets, Commemorated January 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Bystraya Sosna River Mouth (Don River 4)

Don River 5 (Zadonsk and Elets)

Zadonsk, Sythia, Mongol Lands (Don River 5)
Zadonsk;Zadonsk Monestary; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Tikon of Zadonsk, Commemorated August 13 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; Second Finding of the relics of St Tikhon the Wonderworker of Zadonsk; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov; First opening of the relics of St Tikhon of Zadonsk, Commemorated on May 14;

Don River 6 (Zadonsk and Elets)

Don River 7

Don River 8 (Vorenezh)

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 8, Vorenezh River Folder

Vorenezh River

Vorenezh River Source (along the border)

Vorenezh River 1

Voronezh River 2 (Lipitsa)

Voronezh River 3 (Voronezh)

Voronezh River Mouth (Voronezh, Don River 8)

Voronezh, Scythia (Voronezh River Mouth, Don River 8)
Voronezh; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the Drowning, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated Febraury 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unfading Bloom, Commemorated on April 3; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ;

Voronezh Annunciation Cathedral, 1718
Voronezh Annunciation Cathedral; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7

Voronezh Region, Scythia (Between the Don and Khopyor River)
Voronezh Oblast, Main rivers: Don Voronezh Bityug Khopyor ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Rescuer of the Drowning, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ;

Don River 9 (Ostrogozhsk)

Ostrogozhsk, Scythia (Don River 9)
Ostrogozhsk District; Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5; The Divnogorsk-Sicilian Icon of the Mother of God received the first part of its title from where it was enshrined when it was glorified: the Dormition monastery of Divnogorsk, in the former Ostrogozhsk district in Voronezh governance. Its title of "Sicilian" comes from its place of origin

Tikha Sosna (Quiet Pine) River

Tikha Sosna [Quiet Pine] River Mouth (Don River 9)
Icon of the Mother of God "the Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated February 5;

Divnogorsk, Scythia (Chalk Clifts, Mouth of the Tikha Sosna)
Divnogorsk, Wondering Heights, Chalk Clifts, Mouth of the Tikha Sosna; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated on February 5;

Wondering Heights, Chalk Clifts, Mouth of the Tikha Sosna
Wondering Heights, Chalk Clifts, Mouth of the Tikha Sosna; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated on February 5;

Don River 10 (Bityug River Mouth)

Bityug River Mouth (Don River 10)

Don River 11 (Khopvor River Mouth)

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 11, Khopyor River Folder

Khopyor River

Khopyor River Source (Volga Upland)

Khopyor River 1 (Balashov)

Khopror River 2 ( Borisoglebsk)

Khopror River 4 (Uryupinsk)

Kh River Mouth (Serafimovich)

Khopror River 3(Novokhopyorsk)

Verona River

Verona River Source (Volga Upland)

Vorona River 1

Verona River 2

Verona (Ust) River 3

Vorona River Mouth (Khopyor River)

Boris and Gleb (Borisoglebsk) monastery
Borisoglebsk; St Paul of Rostov;

Khopyor River Mouth (Don River 11)

Don River 12 (Sarai)

Don River 13 (Greben)

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 13, Chira River Folder

Chir River

Chir River Source
Chir River

Chira River Mouth (Greben, Don River 13)

Greben (Chira River Mouth at Don River)
Greben (Chira River Mouth at Don River); Icon of the Mother of God of Greben, Commemorated July 28 ;

Pontic steppe
Pontic steppe;

Don River 14 (Novocherkassk, Rostov on Don)

Novocherkassk, Scythia (Don River 14)
Novocherkassk; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Rostov on Don (Don River 14)
Rostov on Don (Don River 14); St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated October 22 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30;

Rostov on Don Cathedral, 1860
Rostov on Don Cathedral, 1860;

Ascension Cathedral or Novocherkassk Cathedral, Rostov, Scythia, 1904
Ascension Cathedral or Novocherkassk Cathedral, Rostov, Scythia; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Mongol, Scythia, Don River 14, Seversky Donets Folder

Seversky Donets River

Seversky Donets River Source (Central Russian Upland)
Central Russian Upland;

Seversky Donets River 1 (Belogorod)

Belgorod, Scythia (Seversky Donets River 1)
Belgorod; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Kharkov, Scythia (Seversky Donets River1)
Kharkov governance; Icon of the Mother of God of Ozerianka, Commemorated on October 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost"; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Polovetsians (Cumans), Zmiiv, Muravsky Trail 3
Polovetsians (Cumans), Zmiiv, Muravsky Trail 3; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 20;

Seversky Donets River 2 (Sviyahsk Monastery)

Sviatogorsk ("Holy Hill") Dormition monastery (Seversky Donets River 2)
Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk;

Sviyazhsk Dormition monastery (Seversky Donets 2)
First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan;

Sviatogorsk, near Sloviansk ((Seversky Donets River 2)
city of Sviatogorsk, near Sloviansk ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated July 17 ;

Ozeryanivka, Scythia (near Seversky Donets River 2)
Ozeryanivka, Scythia (near Seversky Donets River 2); Ozerianka Icon of the Mother of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2;

Don Cossacks, Don River, Donbass Region, Donetsk Side
Don Cossacks, Donbass Region, Donetsk Side; Don Cossacks; Donbass Region, Both sides of the Seversky Donets River; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Seversky Donets River 3

Seversky Donets River Mouth (Don River 14)

Rostov Oblast
Rostov Oblast;

Don Cossacks, Donbass Region, Luhansk Side
Don Cossacks, Donbass Region, Luhansk Side; Don Cossacks, Donbass Region, Donetsk Side; Don Cossacks; Donbass Region, Both sides of the Seversky Donets River; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Don River Mouth (Sea of Azov)

Azov, Scythia (Don River, Azov Sea)
Azov (Don River, Azov Sea); St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated November 23 ;

Olshansk, Scythia (Azov, Don River, near Crimea)
Olshansk in the early 1500's was approximately the area Azov Governate of the 1700's; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Mongol, Scythia, Dniester River Folder (Eastern Moldovia)

Galicia, Moldovia (Halychia, Eastern Europe, Dniester River 2)
Galicia (Eastern Europe); Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Galich, Moldovia (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Halych, Moldovia (Galich) Ukraine (Dniester River 2) Vladimir the Great, 900's
Galich, (Halych) Ukraine (Dniester River 2); Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Khotyn, Ukraine (Dniester River 5)
Khotyn or Khutin; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24;

Kamenets Podolski, Moldovia or Ukraine (Smotrych Mouth, Dniester 5)
Kamenets Podolski, Ukraine or Moldovia ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ;

Podolia, Moldovia (Dniester River 7)
Podolia; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Gerbovets monastery (Dniester River 9, Bessarabia, Romania or Moldovia)
Gerbovets monastery (Bessarabia, Romania) ; Bessarabia, Romania, Bassarabia is a historical term for the geographic region in Eastern Europe bounded by the Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia
Kishinev, Bassarabia, Moldovia; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania (area between Prut and Dniester Rivers)
Bessarabia, Moldovia, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1;

Mongol, Scythia, Lesser Scythia Folder (Dacia Pontica)

Scythia, Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica, from Moldavia and Transylvania (Dacia) to Pontine)
Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica, from Moldavia and Transylvania (Dacia) to Pontine)
Lesser Scythia (in Dacia Pontica); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Dacia Pontica (Lesser Scythia)
Dacia Pontica: from Transylvania thru Lesser Scythia to Pontus Dacia; Pontica; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Tomis, Lesser Scythia (Constantsa, in Dacia Pontica)
Tomis (Constantsa); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Niculitel and Cocosh Monastery, Lesser Scythia
Niculits›el; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Noviodunum, Lesser Scythia (Isacea, Danube River 17)
Noviodunum (Isacea); Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Tulcea County, Lesser Scythia
Tulcea County; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Halmyris (in Lesser Scythia on Danube)
Halmyris (in Scythia on Danube); Epictetus and Astion, Commemorated July 8 ; Martyr Epictetus the Presbyter at Halmyris, Commemorated on July 8;

Mongol, Scythia, Volga River Folder

Annunciation Monastery (Tolyatti, Volga River 12)
Annunciation Monastery (Tolyatti);

Astrakhan, Scythia (Volga River Mouth, North Caspian Sea)
Astrakhan (Volga River Mouth); Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11

Atil, Scythia, 965-969. Capital of the Khazars (Volga River Mouth)
Atil, Scythia, 965-969. Capital of the Khazars; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11;

Black Ravine (Chernyi Yar), about 250 K up the River from Astrackhan
Black Ravine (Chernyi Yar), about 250 K up the River from Astrackhan Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29;

Bolghar, Scythia (Kama River Mouth, Volga River 10)
Bolghar or Bolgara; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Chelno-Vershinsky District, Scythia, just south of Perm (Volga River 11)
Chelno-Vershinsky District ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ;

Kazaria, Scythia (Volga River Mouth)
Kazaria; St Olga the Princess of Russia, in Holy Baptism Called Helen, Commemorated on July 11; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Mongol, Scythia, Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Samara, Scythia (Volga River 13)
Samara, Russia; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Sarai (city), Scythia
Sarai (city); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Saratov, Scythia (Volga River 14)
Saratov (Volga River 14) ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ;

Scythia, Volga Region - Land of the Tartars
Volga Region - Land of the Tartars; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Volga Region - Land of the Tartars
Volga Region - Land of the Tartars; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7;

Tartar Winter Camp (1232, Bolghar, Capital of Islamic Volga Bulgars)
In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Bolghar (1232, Tartar Winter Camp, Capital of Islamic Volga Bulgars)
In 1232 the Tatars made winter camp, having barely reached the capital of the Volga Bulgars. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Tetyakov, Sythia (Volga River 11)
Tetyushi; In 1277, the allied forces of the Russian princes, in union with the Tatar forces, took part in a campaign in the Osetian land and in the taking of "its famed city Tetyakov."; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ;

Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Volga-Kama Bulghar
Volga Bulgaria, land of the Volga Bulgars; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Kamska Bulgars, Volga-Kama Bulghar

Mongol, Scythia, Ural River Folder

Orenburg, Scythia (Ural River 4)
Orenburg ; Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Orenburg Cossacks, Russia, 1734-1916
Russia, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Kartalin District, Scythia
Kartalin District; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Kartaly (Kahetin), Scythia (a crossroads)
Kartaly (Kahetin), Scythia; Kartalin District; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ;

Ural River 1 (Magnitogorsk)

Ural River 2 (Orsk)

Ural River 3

Ural River 4 (Orenburg)

Sakmara River Mouth (Ural River 4)

Ural River 5

Mongol, Scythia, Sarmatae, Lower Dnieper River Area of Ukraine

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Mongol, Mongolia, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty, China, Mongolia, Korea, Buddist, M Polo
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan ; (/ˈkuːblaɪ/; Mongolian: Хубилай, romanized: Hubilai; Chinese: 忽必烈; pinyin: Hūbìliè; 23 September  1215 – 18 February 1294), also known as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan, was the fifth khagan-emperor[note 1] of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position). He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294. was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of disunity in the empire.[2] Kublai's real power was limited to China and Mongolia, though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde.[3][4][5] If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan.[6] 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day China, Mongolia, Korea, and some adjacent areas; he also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as a Khagan. He assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to unite all of China proper. imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. White, the color of the royal costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty.[7] 1 Early years 2 Victory in North China 3 Enthronement and civil war 4 Reign 4.1 Great Khan of the Mongols 4.2 Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 4.2.1 Scientific developments and relations with minorities 4.2.2 Continuation of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices 5 Warfare and foreign relations 5.1 Tibet and Xinjiang 5.2 Kublai's annexation of Goryeo 5.3 Further naval expansion 5.4 Invasions of Japan 5.5 Invasions of Vietnam 5.6 Southeast Asia and South Seas 5.7 Europe 5.8 Africa 6 Capital City 6.1 Xanadu 7 Nayan's rebellion 8 Later years 9 Family 9.1 Wives and sons 9.2 Daughters 10 Poetry 11 Legacy 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links years[edit] Khan was the fourth son of Tolui, and his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki. As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the Ili River.[8] Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Khagan (Mongol emperor) Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle Ogedei, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229.[citation needed] the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, in 1236, Ogedei gave Hebei (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of Chinese peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. quickly came to his appanage in Hebei and ordered reforms. Sorghaghtani sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.[citation needed] most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary Chinese culture. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in North China, to his ordo in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in Karakorum in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243, Zhenjin (Chinese: True Gold).[9] Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly Daoist (Taoist), and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing.[10] Kublai soon added the Shanxi scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests, Mongol and Turkic.[11] in North China[edit] of young Kublai by Anige, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court 1251, Kublai's eldest brother Möngke became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian Mahmud Yalavach and Kublai were sent to China. received the viceroyalty over North China and moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of Henan, and increased social welfare spendings after receiving Xi'an. acts received great acclaim from the Chinese warlords and were essential to the building of the Yuan Dynasty. 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his Chinese associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Chinese Confucian-trained officials.[12] 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack Yunnan and he asked the Dali Kingdom to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the Sichuan basin. The second column under Subutai's son Uryankhadai took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan.[13] Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While Uryankhadai travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali King Duan Xingzhi (段興智) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by Möngke Khan as the first tusi or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.[14] Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered Möngke Khan maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongolian army. By the end of 1256, Uryankhadai had completely pacified Yunnan.[15] was attracted by the abilities of Tibetan monks as healers. In 1253 he made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife, Chabi (Chabui), an empowerment (initiation ritual). Kublai appointed Lian Xixian of the Kingdom of Qocho (1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital Karakorum. Möngke Khan sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.[16] Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to Möngke, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.[citation needed] Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing Buddhist temples. Möngke repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.[17] Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts.[18][19][20][21] Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate later converted to Islam at various times in history – Berke of the Golden Horde being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).[citation needed] “The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle“ French Engraving, 18th century. 1258, Möngke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from gout, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist Möngke anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on Wuhan, near the Yangtze. While Kublai's force besieged Wuchang, Uryankhadai joined him.[citation needed] The Song minister Jia Sidao secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states.[22] Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Jia Sidao. and civil war[edit] article: Toluid Civil War received a message from his wife that his younger brother Ariq Böke had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian plains.[23] he reached Mongolia, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a kurultai (Mongol great council) at the capital Karakorum, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan Hulagu, opposed this. Kublai's Chinese staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in North China and Manchuria supported his candidacy.[24] returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the Borjigin lines except that of Jochi. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on April 15, 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan.[citation needed] Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next Great Khan at the Grand Kurultai in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a Jami al-Twarikh (or Chingiznama). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31 [1] led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongolian capital at Karakorum. In Shaanxi and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals.[25] To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to Hangzhou, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them.[26] Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the Chagatai Khanate. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, Alghu, crowned khan of Chagatai's territory. the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin Kadan, son of Ögedei Khan. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor Shi Tianze and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords.[citation needed] Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Böke surrendered to Kublai at Xanadu on August 21, 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia.[27] When Kublai summoned them to a new kurultai, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and Berke, khan of the Golden Horde, at first accepted Kublai's invitation.[28][29] However, they soon declined to attend the kurultai. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters. Khan of the Mongols[edit] invasions and conquests mysterious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, the Siege of Baghdad (1258), and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire.[30] Hulagu died on February 8, 1264, Berke marched to cross near Tbilisi to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.[31] Khan named Abaqa as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson Mentemu for the throne of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.[32][33] The Kublaids in the east retained suzerainty over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime.[24][34] also sent his protege Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to overthrow the court of the Oirat Orghana, the empress of the Chagatai Khanate, who put her young son Mubarak Shah on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death. Kaidu of the House of Ögedei declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the Tarim Basin. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel.[35] This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.[citation needed] Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the Korean Peninsula by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned Wonjong of Goryeo (r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on Ganghwado. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the Caucasus.[36] 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of Emperor Lizong of Song to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy.[37] Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.[37] called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After the fall of Xiangyang in 1273, Kublai's commanders, Aju and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song Dynasty, and Kublai made Bayan of the Baarin the supreme commander.[38] Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China.[39] The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including Smolensk and Vitebsk in 1274–75. The Khans also sent Nogai Khan to the Balkans to strengthen Mongol influence there.[40] renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. he moved his headquarters to Khanbaliq, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?"[41][42] Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.[43][44] Defections from Kublai's Dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces. of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280. Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China. Three years later, Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, Emperor Gong of Song, were then settled in Khanbaliq where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to Zhangye.[citation needed] succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign.[43] Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China.[45] However, Kublai's costly invasions of Vietnam (1258), Sakhalin (1264), Burma (1277), Champa (1282), and Vietnam again (1285) secured only the vassal status of those countries. Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1280), the third invasion of Vietnam (1287–8), and the invasion of Java (1293) failed. the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form a grand alliance of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the Mamluks in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.[citation needed] son Nomukhan and his generals occupied Almaliq from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general Antong and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids.[43] Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and the Ili River basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq. of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV of France, in the Mongolian script, dated 1289. French National Archives. In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (dhabihah) or Judaism (kashrut), which offended Mongolian custom.[46] Tekuder seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai. After the execution of Ahmad Fanakati, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief Buqa the title of chancellor.[citation needed] niece, Kelmish, who married a Khongirad general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids, Tode Mongke, Köchü, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes.[47] The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan Dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of the White Horde, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai.[48] Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.[49][50][51][52] of the Yuan dynasty[edit] also: Timeline of the Yuan dynasty Yuan Dynasty of China, c. 1294 Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there.[53] From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty. heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as Liu Bingzhong and Xu Heng, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.[54] also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his Imperial Preceptor, giving him power over all the empire's Buddhist monks. 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the 'Phags-pa script, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the Tibetan monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.[55][56] In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their[whose?] corruption later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the Jalairs and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the censorate. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a kheshig (Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.[citation needed] the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (Chinese: 大都; Wade–Giles: Ta-tu; lit. 'Grand Capital', known as Khanbaliq or Daidu to the Mongols, at modern-day Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in Shangdu (Chinese: 上都; lit. 'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is Dolon Nor). unify China,[57] Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the Southern Song in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the Battle of Yamen where the last Song Emperor Zhao Bing committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the Song dynasty.[58] opera flourished during Yuan China. of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor.[59] This included China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.[60][61] The Central Region (Chinese: 腹裏) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day North China. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the Zhongshu Sheng at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. promoted economic growth by rebuilding the Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268.[62] the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.[62] In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production.[63] Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on.[64][65] In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called Jiaochao; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first fiat money maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins.[66] In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall.[67] It was non-convertible and denominated in copper cash. Later Gaykhatu of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in Iran and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.[citation needed] Sangha was a Tibetan.[68] A rich merchant from the Madurai Sultanate, Abu Ali, was associated closely with its royal family. After falling out with them, he moved to Yuan China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father held the title of Chaesongnyeon during the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo according to the Dongguk Tonggam, Goryeosa and Liu Mengyan's Zhōng'ānjí.[69][70] encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist Xuánjià, (Mysterious Order).[71] Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Europeans visited the empire, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s, who may have seen the summer capital Shangdu.[citation needed] the Southern Song, the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.[80] developments and relations with minorities[edit] "Muslim trebuchet" (or Huihui Pao) used to breach the walls of Fancheng and Xiangyang. Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan.[81] Among the Muslim governors was Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who became administrator of Yunnan. He was a well learned man in the Confucian and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated Islam in China. Other administrators were Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) and Mahmud Yalavach (mayor of the Yuan capitol). Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.[82] Astronomers such as Jamal ad-Din introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar. cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the Silk Road and greatly influenced the knowledge of Yuan dynasty rulers and merchants.[citation needed] physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and Shangdu. In Beijing was the renown Guang Hui Si "Department of extensive mercy", where Hui medicine and surgery were taught. Avicenna's works were also published in China during that period.[83] mathematicians introduced Euclidean Geometry, Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals in China.[84] brought siege engineers Ismail and Al al-Din to China, and together they invented the Muslim trebuchet (or Huihui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the Battle of Xiangyang.[85] of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices[edit] Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (kashrut) or Muslim (dhabihah) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued. Circumcision was also strictly forbidden.[86][87][88] and foreign relations[edit] also: Kublai Khan's campaigns, Mongol military tactics and organization, and Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty Yuan dynasty hand cannon Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely Chinese in composition but later strengthened with Kipchak, Alan (Asud), and Russian units.[89][90][91] Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and Muqali. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates.[92] Mongol and Chinese units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in South China. Effective assimilation of Chinese naval techniques allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.[citation needed] and Xinjiang[edit] 1285 the Drikung Kagyu sect revolted, attacking Sakya monasteries. The Chagatayid khan, Duwa, helped the rebels, laying siege to Gaochang and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the Tarim Basin.[93] Kaidu destroyed an army at Beshbalik and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned Kashgar for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson Buqa-Temür crushed the resistance of the Drikung Kagyu, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.[citation needed] annexation of Goryeo[edit] also: Korea under Yuan rule and Mongol invasions of Korea dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with Goryeo Sumiyabaatar/ Б. Сумьяабаатар, "Хубилай Их Хааны үеийн Монгол – Сонгосын харилцаа", "Relationship between Mongolia and Korea during Kubilai Khan rule", 439p, 2015, ISBN 978-99973-302-5-3 Kublai Khan invaded Goryeo (the state on the Korean Peninsula) and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan.[94][95][96][97][98] Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going naval force for the Mongol campaigns.[citation needed] naval expansion[edit] Gangnido reflects the Chinese geographical knowledge during the Mongol Empire about countries in the West.[99] Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as Sakhalin, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly invasions and conquests and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, war against the Song Dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.[100] of Japan[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Japan Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293. Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongols, Semu, Koreans, Hui and Chinese people.[81][101] Because the Wokou extended support to the crumbling Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated invasions of Japan. Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.[102] second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over Tsushima Island about halfway across the strait and then Iki Island closer to Kyushu. The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281 and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongolian landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata. Takezaki Suenaga's samurai attacked the Mongolian army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongolians, who suffered around 3500 dead.[103] samurai warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.[citation needed] samurai boarding Yuan ships in 1281. archaeologist Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of Takashima District, Shiga. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of Nagasaki.[104] David Nicolle wrote in The Mongol Warlords, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.[105] soldiers, second version ships, second version of a 14th-century prized Yuan dynasty junk of Vietnam[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Vietnam Khan invaded Đại Việt (now Vietnam) three times, each repelled by the ruling Trần dynasty. The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh 陳京 (Chén Jīng),[106] where their mixed-blooded descendants later established the Trần dynasty and came to rule Đại Việt; despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several royal members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their royal court as in the case of Trần Lý[107][108] and Trần Thừa,[109] some of the mixed-blood descendants of the clan could still speak Chinese, as evidenced when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later Supreme Commander Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282.[110][111][112][113][114] first incursion was in 1257, but the Trần dynasty was able to repel the invasion and ultimately re-established the peace treaty between the Mongols and Đại Việt in the twelfth lunar month of 1257. When Kublai became the Great Khan in 1260, the Trần dynasty sent tribute every three years and received a darughachi.[115][116] However, their kings soon declined to attend the Mongol court in person. The Great Khan sent his envoys to order the Trần king to open his land to allow the Yuan army to pass through to invade the kingdom of Champa, but the Đại Việt court refused. Kublai sent another envoy to the Đại Việt to demand that the Trần king surrender his land and his kingship. The Trần king assembled all his citizens, allowing all to vote on whether to surrender to the Yuan or to stand and fight for their homeland. The vote was a unanimous decision to stand and fight the invaders.[citation needed] his first failure, Kublai wanted to install Nhân Tông's brother Trần Ích Tắc – who had defected to the Mongols – as king of Annam (Đại Việt?), but hardship in the Yuan's supply base in Hunan and Kaidu's invasion forced Kublai to abandon his plans.[citation needed] second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt began late in 1284, when the Mongol Yuan forces under the command of Toghan, the prince of Kublai Khan, crossed the border and quickly occupied Thăng Long (now Hanoi) in January 1285, after the victorious battle of Omar in Vạn Kiếp (north east of Hanoi). At the same time Sogetu, second in command of the Yuan army, moved from Champa northward and rapidly marched to Nghe An in the north central region of Vietnam, where the army of the Trần dynasty under general Trần Kien was defeated and surrendered to him. However, the Trần king and the commander-in-chief Trần Hưng Đạo changed their tactics from defence to attack and struck against the Mongols. In April, General Trần Quang Khải defeated Sogetu in Chương Dương and the Trần king won a battle in Tây Kết, where Sogetu died. Soon after, general Trần Nhật Duật also won a battle in Hàm Tử (now Hưng Yên) and Toghan was defeated by General Trần Hưng Đạo. Thus Kublai failed in his first attempt to invade Đại Việt. Toghan hid himself inside a bronze pipe to avoid being killed by the Đại Việt archers; this act brought humiliation upon the Mongol Empire and Toghan himself.[citation needed] third Mongol invasion began in 1287. It was better organized than the previous effort; a large fleet and plentiful stocks of food were used. The Mongol Yuan forces, under the command of Toghan, moved to Vạn Kiếp from the north west and met the infantry and cavalry of Kublai's Kipchak commander Omar (coming by another way along the Red River) and quickly won the battle. The naval fleet rapidly attained victory in Vân Đồn near Hạ Long Bay. However, the Đại Việt General Trần Khánh Dư managed to intercept and captured the heavy, fully stocked cargo ships, filled with food and supplies for Toghan's army. As a result, the Mongolian army in Thăng Long suffered an acute shortage of food. With no news about the supply fleet, Toghan ordered his army to retreat to Vạn Kiếp. The Đại Việt army began their general offensive and recaptured a number of locations occupied by the Mongols. Groups of Đại Việt infantry were ordered to attack the Mongols in Vạn Kiếp. Toghan had to split his army into two and retreated in 1288.[citation needed] early April 1288 the naval fleet, led by Omar and escorted by infantry, fled home along the Bạch Đằng river. As bridges and roads were destroyed and attacks were launched by Đại Việt troops, the Mongols reached Bạch Đằng without an infantry escort. Đại Việt's small flotilla engaged in battle and pretended to retreat. The Mongols eagerly pursued the Đại Việt troops only to fall into their pre-arranged battlefield. Thousands of small Đại Việt boats quickly appeared from both banks, launched a fierce attack that broke the Mongols' combat formation. The Mongols, meeting such a sudden and strong attack, in panic tried to withdraw to the sea. The Mongols' boats were halted, and many were damaged and sank. At that time, a number of fire rafts quickly rushed toward the Mongols, who were frightened and jumped down to reach the banks where they were dealt a heavy blow by an army led by the Trần king and Trần Hưng Đạo.[citation needed] Mongol naval fleet was totally destroyed and Omar was captured. At the same time, Đại Việt's army continuously attacked and smashed to pieces Toghan's army on its withdrawal through Lạng Sơn. Toghan risked his life to take a shortcut through thick forest in order to flee home. The crown prince was banished to Yangzhou for life by his father, Kublai Khan. Nevertheless, the Trần king accepted Kublai Khan's supremacy as the Great Khan in order to avoid more conflicts. In 1292, Temür Khan, Kublai Khan's successor, returned all detained envoys and settled for a tributary relationship with the Trần king, which continued to the end of the Yuan dynasty.[116][117] Asia and South Seas[edit] articles: First Mongol invasion of Burma and Mongol invasion of Java expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the Irrawaddy Delta, whereupon they captured Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom and established their government.[118] Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal suzerainty, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Mongols were expelled from China in the 1360s.[119] Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.[citation needed] Khan maintained close relations with Siam, in particular with prince Mangrai of Chiangmai and king Ram Khamheng of Sukhothai.[120] In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the Khmers after the Thais were being pushed southwards from Nanchao.[120][121][122] This happened after king Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.[120][123][124] Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned.[120][124][122] These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from Champa.[125] They were able to conquer Cambodia by 1284.[126] Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.[125][127][128] the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval punitive expedition of 20–30,000 men against Singhasari on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by Majapahit after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Chiang Mai had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.[118] articles: Marco Polo and Rabban Bar Sauma information: Europeans in Medieval China gives financial support to the Polo family. Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers, and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Chinese, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and Mesopotamia.[citation needed] Bar Sauma, ambassador of Great Khan Kublai and Ilkhan Arghun, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and Bordeaux to meet with European rulers in 1287–88. the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu through its trade with medieval China had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan.[129] According to Marco Polo, the Mongol Emperor sent an envoy to Mogadishu to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.[130] City[edit] White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now Beijing) Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in Xanadu on May 5, 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's, Guo Shoujing, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres that represented the celestial globe. Turkestani architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Chinese Dadu).[131] Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a Newar named Araniko, built the White Stupa that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.[132] advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to Gansu to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.[citation needed] rebellion[edit] the conquest of the Jin, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large appanages in Manchuria.[133] Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over Chang'an and Shanxi in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria.[134] The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.[135] Yuan dynasty jade belt plaque featuring carved designs of the Azure Dragon, highly regarded as a symbol of Yuan dynasty China's maritime strength. by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization, Nayan, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either Temüge or Belgutei, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.[136]) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia.[137] Manchuria's native Jurchens and Water Tatars, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of Hachiun, and Shihtur, a grandson of Qasar, joined Nayan's rebellion,[138] and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of Güyük Khan, contributed troops for this rebellion.[139] rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on June 14, while Chinese and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of Chungnyeol of Goryeo assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional way of executing princes.[139] Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded the Chinese district of Liaoning but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the Khangai Mountains and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.[38] but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family.[140] Kublai harshly punished the darughachi appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria.[141] This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the Liaoyang Branch Secretariat on December 4, 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.[citation needed] years[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ilkhanate Persia, Ghazan converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his suzerain. Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to Burkhan Khaldun in 1291 to ensure his claim to Ikh Khorig, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the Central Siberian Plateau.[citation needed] his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son Zhenjin, who became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to Confucian fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).[citation needed] became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son Temür, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on February 18, 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia.[citation needed] Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Mongolia, 1260-1271, Xanadu (Kubli Khan's Capitol, Inner Mongolia) summer only after 1271 and Peking
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Khentii Mountains
Khentii Mountains ;

Mt Burkhan Khaldun (birthplace of Ghengis Khan)
Mt Burkhan Khaldun;

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Hulun Lake;

Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, Land of the Mongols
Inner Mongolia; Mongols; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Xanadu (Kubli Khan's Capitol, Inner Mongolia) 1260, summer only after 1271 and Peking
Xanadu, Mongolia;

Gobi Desert (Mongolian Steppes, Grasslands)
Gobi Desert; Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland) surround the Gobi Desert; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland)
Mongolian-Manchurian Steppes (Grassland) surround the Gobi Desert; Gobi Desert; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

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Mongol, China Folder, its major rivers

China (Mongol China)
China; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ; JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910) ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, 1260-“1368, Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing)
1260-“1368 Mongol-Tartar Capital - Dadu (Peking or Beijing); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, China, 1368-1644, Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty;

Mongol, China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty
China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ;

Mongol, China, 1899-1901, Boxer Rebellion, Anti Christian
Boxer Rebellion; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, Republic of China, 1912-1949
China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1915-1916, Empire of China
China, 1915-1916, Empire of China ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1927-1949, Chinese Civil War, Nationalist vs. Communist
Chinese Civil War 1927-1949;

Mongol, China History Folder

Mongol, China, 1260-1368, Mongol Tartar Capital Peking Folder, Yuan Dynasty

Mongol, China, 1251-1259, Golden Horde Khan, Mongke Khan, Christian
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1251-1259, Mongke Khan; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, China, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old, Christian
Scythia, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, China, 1257-1266, Batu's brother Berke (Bergai) Khan, Blue Horde and White Horde, Established Islam
Scythia, 1257-1266, Berke Khan ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, China, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty, China, Mongolia, Korea, Buddist, M Polo
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan ; (/ˈkuːblaɪ/; Mongolian: Хубилай, romanized: Hubilai; Chinese: 忽必烈; pinyin: Hūbìliè; 23 September  1215 – 18 February 1294), also known as the Emperor Shizu of Yuan, was the fifth khagan-emperor[note 1] of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position). He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294. was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of disunity in the empire.[2] Kublai's real power was limited to China and Mongolia, though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde.[3][4][5] If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan.[6] 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day China, Mongolia, Korea, and some adjacent areas; he also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as a Khagan. He assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to unite all of China proper. imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei. White, the color of the royal costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty.[7] 1 Early years 2 Victory in North China 3 Enthronement and civil war 4 Reign 4.1 Great Khan of the Mongols 4.2 Emperor of the Yuan dynasty 4.2.1 Scientific developments and relations with minorities 4.2.2 Continuation of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices 5 Warfare and foreign relations 5.1 Tibet and Xinjiang 5.2 Kublai's annexation of Goryeo 5.3 Further naval expansion 5.4 Invasions of Japan 5.5 Invasions of Vietnam 5.6 Southeast Asia and South Seas 5.7 Europe 5.8 Africa 6 Capital City 6.1 Xanadu 7 Nayan's rebellion 8 Later years 9 Family 9.1 Wives and sons 9.2 Daughters 10 Poetry 11 Legacy 12 In popular culture 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 15.1 Citations 15.2 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links years[edit] Khan was the fourth son of Tolui, and his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki. As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the Ili River.[8] Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Khagan (Mongol emperor) Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle Ogedei, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229.[citation needed] the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, in 1236, Ogedei gave Hebei (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of Chinese peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. quickly came to his appanage in Hebei and ordered reforms. Sorghaghtani sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.[citation needed] most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary Chinese culture. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in North China, to his ordo in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in Karakorum in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243, Zhenjin (Chinese: True Gold).[9] Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly Daoist (Taoist), and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing.[10] Kublai soon added the Shanxi scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests, Mongol and Turkic.[11] in North China[edit] of young Kublai by Anige, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court 1251, Kublai's eldest brother Möngke became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian Mahmud Yalavach and Kublai were sent to China. received the viceroyalty over North China and moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of Henan, and increased social welfare spendings after receiving Xi'an. acts received great acclaim from the Chinese warlords and were essential to the building of the Yuan Dynasty. 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his Chinese associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Chinese Confucian-trained officials.[12] 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack Yunnan and he asked the Dali Kingdom to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol envoys. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the Sichuan basin. The second column under Subutai's son Uryankhadai took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan.[13] Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While Uryankhadai travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali King Duan Xingzhi (段興智) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by Möngke Khan as the first tusi or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.[14] Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered Möngke Khan maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongolian army. By the end of 1256, Uryankhadai had completely pacified Yunnan.[15] was attracted by the abilities of Tibetan monks as healers. In 1253 he made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife, Chabi (Chabui), an empowerment (initiation ritual). Kublai appointed Lian Xixian of the Kingdom of Qocho (1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital Karakorum. Möngke Khan sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.[16] Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to Möngke, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.[citation needed] Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing Buddhist temples. Möngke repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.[17] Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts.[18][19][20][21] Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate later converted to Islam at various times in history – Berke of the Golden Horde being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).[citation needed] “The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle“ French Engraving, 18th century. 1258, Möngke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from gout, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist Möngke anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on Wuhan, near the Yangtze. While Kublai's force besieged Wuchang, Uryankhadai joined him.[citation needed] The Song minister Jia Sidao secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states.[22] Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Jia Sidao. and civil war[edit] article: Toluid Civil War received a message from his wife that his younger brother Ariq Böke had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian plains.[23] he reached Mongolia, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a kurultai (Mongol great council) at the capital Karakorum, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan Hulagu, opposed this. Kublai's Chinese staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in North China and Manchuria supported his candidacy.[24] returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the Borjigin lines except that of Jochi. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on April 15, 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan.[citation needed] Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next Great Khan at the Grand Kurultai in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a Jami al-Twarikh (or Chingiznama). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31 [1] led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongolian capital at Karakorum. In Shaanxi and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals.[25] To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to Hangzhou, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them.[26] Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the Chagatai Khanate. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, Alghu, crowned khan of Chagatai's territory. the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin Kadan, son of Ögedei Khan. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor Shi Tianze and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords.[citation needed] Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Böke surrendered to Kublai at Xanadu on August 21, 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia.[27] When Kublai summoned them to a new kurultai, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and Berke, khan of the Golden Horde, at first accepted Kublai's invitation.[28][29] However, they soon declined to attend the kurultai. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters. Khan of the Mongols[edit] invasions and conquests mysterious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, the Siege of Baghdad (1258), and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire.[30] Hulagu died on February 8, 1264, Berke marched to cross near Tbilisi to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.[31] Khan named Abaqa as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson Mentemu for the throne of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.[32][33] The Kublaids in the east retained suzerainty over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime.[24][34] also sent his protege Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to overthrow the court of the Oirat Orghana, the empress of the Chagatai Khanate, who put her young son Mubarak Shah on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death. Kaidu of the House of Ögedei declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the Tarim Basin. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel.[35] This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.[citation needed] Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the Korean Peninsula by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned Wonjong of Goryeo (r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on Ganghwado. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the Caucasus.[36] 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of Emperor Lizong of Song to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy.[37] Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.[37] called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After the fall of Xiangyang in 1273, Kublai's commanders, Aju and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song Dynasty, and Kublai made Bayan of the Baarin the supreme commander.[38] Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China.[39] The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including Smolensk and Vitebsk in 1274–75. The Khans also sent Nogai Khan to the Balkans to strengthen Mongol influence there.[40] renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. he moved his headquarters to Khanbaliq, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?"[41][42] Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.[43][44] Defections from Kublai's Dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces. of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280. Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China. Three years later, Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, Emperor Gong of Song, were then settled in Khanbaliq where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to Zhangye.[citation needed] succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign.[43] Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China.[45] However, Kublai's costly invasions of Vietnam (1258), Sakhalin (1264), Burma (1277), Champa (1282), and Vietnam again (1285) secured only the vassal status of those countries. Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1280), the third invasion of Vietnam (1287–8), and the invasion of Java (1293) failed. the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form a grand alliance of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the Mamluks in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.[citation needed] son Nomukhan and his generals occupied Almaliq from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general Antong and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids.[43] Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and the Ili River basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq. of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV of France, in the Mongolian script, dated 1289. French National Archives. In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (dhabihah) or Judaism (kashrut), which offended Mongolian custom.[46] Tekuder seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai. After the execution of Ahmad Fanakati, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief Buqa the title of chancellor.[citation needed] niece, Kelmish, who married a Khongirad general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids, Tode Mongke, Köchü, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes.[47] The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan Dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of the White Horde, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai.[48] Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.[49][50][51][52] of the Yuan dynasty[edit] also: Timeline of the Yuan dynasty Yuan Dynasty of China, c. 1294 Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there.[53] From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty. heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as Liu Bingzhong and Xu Heng, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.[54] also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his Imperial Preceptor, giving him power over all the empire's Buddhist monks. 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the 'Phags-pa script, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the Tibetan monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.[55][56] In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their[whose?] corruption later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the Jalairs and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the censorate. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a kheshig (Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.[citation needed] the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (Chinese: 大都; Wade–Giles: Ta-tu; lit. 'Grand Capital', known as Khanbaliq or Daidu to the Mongols, at modern-day Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in Shangdu (Chinese: 上都; lit. 'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is Dolon Nor). unify China,[57] Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the Southern Song in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the Battle of Yamen where the last Song Emperor Zhao Bing committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the Song dynasty.[58] opera flourished during Yuan China. of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor.[59] This included China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.[60][61] The Central Region (Chinese: 腹裏) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day North China. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the Zhongshu Sheng at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. promoted economic growth by rebuilding the Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268.[62] the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.[62] In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production.[63] Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on.[64][65] In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called Jiaochao; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first fiat money maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins.[66] In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall.[67] It was non-convertible and denominated in copper cash. Later Gaykhatu of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in Iran and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.[citation needed] Sangha was a Tibetan.[68] A rich merchant from the Madurai Sultanate, Abu Ali, was associated closely with its royal family. After falling out with them, he moved to Yuan China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father held the title of Chaesongnyeon during the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo according to the Dongguk Tonggam, Goryeosa and Liu Mengyan's Zhōng'ānjí.[69][70] encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist Xuánjià, (Mysterious Order).[71] Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Europeans visited the empire, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s, who may have seen the summer capital Shangdu.[citation needed] the Southern Song, the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng.[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.[80] developments and relations with minorities[edit] "Muslim trebuchet" (or Huihui Pao) used to breach the walls of Fancheng and Xiangyang. Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan.[81] Among the Muslim governors was Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who became administrator of Yunnan. He was a well learned man in the Confucian and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated Islam in China. Other administrators were Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) and Mahmud Yalavach (mayor of the Yuan capitol). Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.[82] Astronomers such as Jamal ad-Din introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar. cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the Silk Road and greatly influenced the knowledge of Yuan dynasty rulers and merchants.[citation needed] physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and Shangdu. In Beijing was the renown Guang Hui Si "Department of extensive mercy", where Hui medicine and surgery were taught. Avicenna's works were also published in China during that period.[83] mathematicians introduced Euclidean Geometry, Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals in China.[84] brought siege engineers Ismail and Al al-Din to China, and together they invented the Muslim trebuchet (or Huihui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the Battle of Xiangyang.[85] of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices[edit] Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (kashrut) or Muslim (dhabihah) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued. Circumcision was also strictly forbidden.[86][87][88] and foreign relations[edit] also: Kublai Khan's campaigns, Mongol military tactics and organization, and Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty Yuan dynasty hand cannon Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely Chinese in composition but later strengthened with Kipchak, Alan (Asud), and Russian units.[89][90][91] Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and Muqali. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates.[92] Mongol and Chinese units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in South China. Effective assimilation of Chinese naval techniques allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.[citation needed] and Xinjiang[edit] 1285 the Drikung Kagyu sect revolted, attacking Sakya monasteries. The Chagatayid khan, Duwa, helped the rebels, laying siege to Gaochang and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the Tarim Basin.[93] Kaidu destroyed an army at Beshbalik and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned Kashgar for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson Buqa-Temür crushed the resistance of the Drikung Kagyu, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.[citation needed] annexation of Goryeo[edit] also: Korea under Yuan rule and Mongol invasions of Korea dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with Goryeo Sumiyabaatar/ Б. Сумьяабаатар, "Хубилай Их Хааны үеийн Монгол – Сонгосын харилцаа", "Relationship between Mongolia and Korea during Kubilai Khan rule", 439p, 2015, ISBN 978-99973-302-5-3 Kublai Khan invaded Goryeo (the state on the Korean Peninsula) and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan.[94][95][96][97][98] Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going naval force for the Mongol campaigns.[citation needed] naval expansion[edit] Gangnido reflects the Chinese geographical knowledge during the Mongol Empire about countries in the West.[99] Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as Sakhalin, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly invasions and conquests and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, war against the Song Dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.[100] of Japan[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Japan Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs. Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba (蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293. Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongols, Semu, Koreans, Hui and Chinese people.[81][101] Because the Wokou extended support to the crumbling Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated invasions of Japan. Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.[102] second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over Tsushima Island about halfway across the strait and then Iki Island closer to Kyushu. The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281 and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongolian landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata. Takezaki Suenaga's samurai attacked the Mongolian army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongolians, who suffered around 3500 dead.[103] samurai warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.[citation needed] samurai boarding Yuan ships in 1281. archaeologist Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of Takashima District, Shiga. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of Nagasaki.[104] David Nicolle wrote in The Mongol Warlords, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.[105] soldiers, second version ships, second version of a 14th-century prized Yuan dynasty junk of Vietnam[edit] article: Mongol invasions of Vietnam Khan invaded Đại Việt (now Vietnam) three times, each repelled by the ruling Trần dynasty. The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh 陳京 (Chén Jīng),[106] where their mixed-blooded descendants later established the Trần dynasty and came to rule Đại Việt; despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several royal members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their royal court as in the case of Trần Lý[107][108] and Trần Thừa,[109] some of the mixed-blood descendants of the clan could still speak Chinese, as evidenced when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later Supreme Commander Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282.[110][111][112][113][114] first incursion was in 1257, but the Trần dynasty was able to repel the invasion and ultimately re-established the peace treaty between the Mongols and Đại Việt in the twelfth lunar month of 1257. When Kublai became the Great Khan in 1260, the Trần dynasty sent tribute every three years and received a darughachi.[115][116] However, their kings soon declined to attend the Mongol court in person. The Great Khan sent his envoys to order the Trần king to open his land to allow the Yuan army to pass through to invade the kingdom of Champa, but the Đại Việt court refused. Kublai sent another envoy to the Đại Việt to demand that the Trần king surrender his land and his kingship. The Trần king assembled all his citizens, allowing all to vote on whether to surrender to the Yuan or to stand and fight for their homeland. The vote was a unanimous decision to stand and fight the invaders.[citation needed] his first failure, Kublai wanted to install Nhân Tông's brother Trần Ích Tắc – who had defected to the Mongols – as king of Annam (Đại Việt?), but hardship in the Yuan's supply base in Hunan and Kaidu's invasion forced Kublai to abandon his plans.[citation needed] second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt began late in 1284, when the Mongol Yuan forces under the command of Toghan, the prince of Kublai Khan, crossed the border and quickly occupied Thăng Long (now Hanoi) in January 1285, after the victorious battle of Omar in Vạn Kiếp (north east of Hanoi). At the same time Sogetu, second in command of the Yuan army, moved from Champa northward and rapidly marched to Nghe An in the north central region of Vietnam, where the army of the Trần dynasty under general Trần Kien was defeated and surrendered to him. However, the Trần king and the commander-in-chief Trần Hưng Đạo changed their tactics from defence to attack and struck against the Mongols. In April, General Trần Quang Khải defeated Sogetu in Chương Dương and the Trần king won a battle in Tây Kết, where Sogetu died. Soon after, general Trần Nhật Duật also won a battle in Hàm Tử (now Hưng Yên) and Toghan was defeated by General Trần Hưng Đạo. Thus Kublai failed in his first attempt to invade Đại Việt. Toghan hid himself inside a bronze pipe to avoid being killed by the Đại Việt archers; this act brought humiliation upon the Mongol Empire and Toghan himself.[citation needed] third Mongol invasion began in 1287. It was better organized than the previous effort; a large fleet and plentiful stocks of food were used. The Mongol Yuan forces, under the command of Toghan, moved to Vạn Kiếp from the north west and met the infantry and cavalry of Kublai's Kipchak commander Omar (coming by another way along the Red River) and quickly won the battle. The naval fleet rapidly attained victory in Vân Đồn near Hạ Long Bay. However, the Đại Việt General Trần Khánh Dư managed to intercept and captured the heavy, fully stocked cargo ships, filled with food and supplies for Toghan's army. As a result, the Mongolian army in Thăng Long suffered an acute shortage of food. With no news about the supply fleet, Toghan ordered his army to retreat to Vạn Kiếp. The Đại Việt army began their general offensive and recaptured a number of locations occupied by the Mongols. Groups of Đại Việt infantry were ordered to attack the Mongols in Vạn Kiếp. Toghan had to split his army into two and retreated in 1288.[citation needed] early April 1288 the naval fleet, led by Omar and escorted by infantry, fled home along the Bạch Đằng river. As bridges and roads were destroyed and attacks were launched by Đại Việt troops, the Mongols reached Bạch Đằng without an infantry escort. Đại Việt's small flotilla engaged in battle and pretended to retreat. The Mongols eagerly pursued the Đại Việt troops only to fall into their pre-arranged battlefield. Thousands of small Đại Việt boats quickly appeared from both banks, launched a fierce attack that broke the Mongols' combat formation. The Mongols, meeting such a sudden and strong attack, in panic tried to withdraw to the sea. The Mongols' boats were halted, and many were damaged and sank. At that time, a number of fire rafts quickly rushed toward the Mongols, who were frightened and jumped down to reach the banks where they were dealt a heavy blow by an army led by the Trần king and Trần Hưng Đạo.[citation needed] Mongol naval fleet was totally destroyed and Omar was captured. At the same time, Đại Việt's army continuously attacked and smashed to pieces Toghan's army on its withdrawal through Lạng Sơn. Toghan risked his life to take a shortcut through thick forest in order to flee home. The crown prince was banished to Yangzhou for life by his father, Kublai Khan. Nevertheless, the Trần king accepted Kublai Khan's supremacy as the Great Khan in order to avoid more conflicts. In 1292, Temür Khan, Kublai Khan's successor, returned all detained envoys and settled for a tributary relationship with the Trần king, which continued to the end of the Yuan dynasty.[116][117] Asia and South Seas[edit] articles: First Mongol invasion of Burma and Mongol invasion of Java expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the Irrawaddy Delta, whereupon they captured Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom and established their government.[118] Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal suzerainty, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Mongols were expelled from China in the 1360s.[119] Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.[citation needed] Khan maintained close relations with Siam, in particular with prince Mangrai of Chiangmai and king Ram Khamheng of Sukhothai.[120] In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the Khmers after the Thais were being pushed southwards from Nanchao.[120][121][122] This happened after king Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.[120][123][124] Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned.[120][124][122] These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from Champa.[125] They were able to conquer Cambodia by 1284.[126] Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.[125][127][128] the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval punitive expedition of 20–30,000 men against Singhasari on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by Majapahit after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Chiang Mai had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.[118] articles: Marco Polo and Rabban Bar Sauma information: Europeans in Medieval China gives financial support to the Polo family. Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers, and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Chinese, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and Mesopotamia.[citation needed] Bar Sauma, ambassador of Great Khan Kublai and Ilkhan Arghun, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and Bordeaux to meet with European rulers in 1287–88. the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu through its trade with medieval China had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan.[129] According to Marco Polo, the Mongol Emperor sent an envoy to Mogadishu to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.[130] City[edit] White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now Beijing) Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in Xanadu on May 5, 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's, Guo Shoujing, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres that represented the celestial globe. Turkestani architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Chinese Dadu).[131] Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a Newar named Araniko, built the White Stupa that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.[132] advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to Gansu to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.[citation needed] rebellion[edit] the conquest of the Jin, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large appanages in Manchuria.[133] Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over Chang'an and Shanxi in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria.[134] The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.[135] Yuan dynasty jade belt plaque featuring carved designs of the Azure Dragon, highly regarded as a symbol of Yuan dynasty China's maritime strength. by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization, Nayan, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either Temüge or Belgutei, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.[136]) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia.[137] Manchuria's native Jurchens and Water Tatars, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of Hachiun, and Shihtur, a grandson of Qasar, joined Nayan's rebellion,[138] and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of Güyük Khan, contributed troops for this rebellion.[139] rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on June 14, while Chinese and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of Chungnyeol of Goryeo assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional way of executing princes.[139] Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded the Chinese district of Liaoning but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the Khangai Mountains and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.[38] but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family.[140] Kublai harshly punished the darughachi appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria.[141] This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the Liaoyang Branch Secretariat on December 4, 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.[citation needed] years[edit] section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ilkhanate Persia, Ghazan converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his suzerain. Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to Burkhan Khaldun in 1291 to ensure his claim to Ikh Khorig, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the Central Siberian Plateau.[citation needed] his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son Zhenjin, who became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to Confucian fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).[citation needed] became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son Temür, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on February 18, 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia.[citation needed] Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, China, 1261, Through A Nevsky and Metrop Cyril III, at the capital, an Orthodox diocese was established
Sarai (city); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 23; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Mongol, China, 1262-1300, Nogai Khan, a general and defacto ruler of GH, Moslem
Mongol, China, 1262-1300, Nogai Khan, a general and defacto ruler of GH;

Mongol, China, 1266-1280, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Mengu-Timur, pro Orthodox
Scythian Golder Horde Tartar Khan, 1266-1280, Mengu-Timur ; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, China, 1280-1287, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Tode Mongke, pro Orthodox
Mongol, China, 1280-1287, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Tode Mongke, pro Orthodox; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, China, 1287-1291, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Talabuga, pro Orthodox
Mongol, China, 1287-1291, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Talabuga, pro Orthodox; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, China, 1291-1312, Golden Horde Tartar Khan, Toqta, pro Orthodox
Scythian Golden Horde Tartar Khan, 1291-1312, Toqta; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Michael, Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22;

Mongol, China, 1312-1341, Golder Horde Tartar Khan, Oz Beg Khan, Khan Uzbekm, Moslem
Scythian Golder Horde Tartar Khan, 1312-1341, Oz Beg Khan, Khan Uzbek; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21;

Mongol, China, 1342-1357, Golder Horde Tartar Khan,Jani Beg, Moslem
Mongol, Scythia, 1342-1357, Golder Horde Tartar Khan,Jani Beg; St. Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Mongol, China, 1360's, White,Blue, and Gray Hordes of the Golden Horde
White,Blue, Gray and Golden Hordes ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Mongol, China, 1368-1644, Ming Dynasty Folder

Mongol, China, 1368-1644, Ming Dynasty, 16th Century Trade with Europe
Ming Dynasty; The Ming dynasty (/mÉªÅ‹/),[7] officially the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty), numerous rump regimes ruled by remnants of the Ming imperial family—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.[d] The Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398) attempted to create a society of self-sufficient rural communities ordered in a rigid, immobile system that would guarantee and support a permanent class of soldiers for his dynasty:[8] the empire's standing army exceeded one million troops and the navy's dockyards in Nanjing were the largest in the world.[9] He also took great care breaking the power of the court eunuchs[10] and unrelated magnates, enfeoffing his many sons throughout China and attempting to guide these princes through the Huang-Ming Zuxun, a set of published dynastic instructions. This failed when his teenage successor, the Jianwen Emperor, attempted to curtail his uncles' power, prompting the Jingnan Campaign, an uprising that placed the Prince of Yan upon the throne as the Yongle Emperor in 1402. The Yongle Emperor established Yan as a secondary capital and renamed it Beijing, constructed the Forbidden City, and restored the Grand Canal and the primacy of the imperial examinations in official appointments. He rewarded his eunuch supporters and employed them as a counterweight against the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats. One, Zheng He, led seven enormous voyages of exploration into the Indian Ocean as far as Arabia and the eastern coasts of Africa. The rise of new emperors and new factions diminished such extravagances; the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor during the 1449 Tumu Crisis ended them completely. The imperial navy was allowed to fall into disrepair while forced labor constructed the Liaodong palisade and connected and fortified the Great Wall of China into its modern form. Wide-ranging censuses of the entire empire were conducted decennially, but the desire to avoid labor and taxes and the difficulty of storing and reviewing the enormous archives at Nanjing hampered accurate figures.[8] Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million,[11] but necessary revenues were squeezed out of smaller and smaller numbers of farmers as more disappeared from the official records or "donated" their lands to tax-exempt eunuchs or temples.[8] Haijin laws intended to protect the coasts from "Japanese" pirates instead turned many into smugglers and pirates themselves. By the 16th century, however, the expansion of European trade – albeit restricted to islands near Guangzhou such as Macau – spread the Columbian Exchange of crops, plants, and animals into China, introducing chili peppers to Sichuan cuisine and highly productive maize and potatoes, which diminished famines and spurred population growth. The growth of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch trade created new demand for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of Japanese and American silver. This abundance of specie remonetized the Ming economy, whose paper money had suffered repeated hyperinflation and was no longer trusted. While traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created, the heterodoxy introduced by Wang Yangming permitted a more accommodating attitude. Zhang Juzheng's initially successful reforms proved devastating when a slowdown in agriculture produced by the Little Ice Age joined changes in Japanese and Spanish policy that quickly cut off the supply of silver now necessary for farmers to be able to pay their taxes. Combined with crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng, who was himself defeated shortly afterward by the Manchu-led Eight Banner armies who founded the Qing dynasty.

Mongol, Scythia, 1370-1380, Mongol Blue Horde Khan Mami, Sunni Moslem
Scythia, 1370-1380, Mongol Blue Horde Khan Mami; Intercession of the Ã¢Â€ÂœDonÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19;

Mongol, China, 1644-1912, Qing Dynasty Folder, 1685 Kangxi's Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1644-1699, 17th Century Folder, China Russia War of the Amur, Orthodox Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1643-1661, Qing dynasty Emperor, Shunzhi Emperor, chased Ming south, haircutting policy, small pox
Mongol, China, 1643-1661, Qing dynasty Emperor, Shunzhi Emperor ; Shunzhi Emperor (15 March 1638-5 February 1661) was the second Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1644 to 1661. committee of Manchu princes chose him to succeed his father, Hong Taiji (1592–1643), in September 1643, when he was five years old. The princes also appointed two co-regents: Dorgon (1612–1650), the 14th son of the Qing dynasty's founder Nurhaci (1559–1626), and Jirgalang (1599–1655), one of Nurhaci's nephews, both of whom were members of the Qing imperial clan. 1643 to 1650, political power lay mostly in the hands of Dorgon. Under his leadership, the Qing Empire conquered most of the territory of the fallen Ming dynasty (1368–1644), chased Ming loyalist regimes deep into the southwestern provinces, and established the basis of Qing rule over China proper despite highly unpopular policies such as the hair cutting command of 1645, which forced Qing subjects to shave their forehead and braid their remaining hair into a queue resembling that of the Manchus. After Dorgon's death on the last day of 1650, the young Shunzhi Emperor started to rule personally. He tried, with mixed success, to fight corruption and to reduce the political influence of the Manchu nobility. In the 1650s, he faced a resurgence of Ming loyalist resistance, but by 1661 his armies had defeated the Qing Empire's last enemies, seafarer Koxinga (1624–1662) and the Prince of Gui (1623–1662) of the Southern Ming dynasty, both of whom would succumb the following year. The Shunzhi Emperor died at the age of 22 of smallpox, a highly contagious disease that was endemic in China, but against which the Manchus had no immunity. He was succeeded by his third son Xuanye, who had already survived smallpox, and who reigned for sixty years under the era name Kangxi (hence he was known as the Kangxi Emperor). Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi era is a relatively little-known period of Qing history. was the name of this ruler's reign period in Chinese. This title had equivalents in Manchu and Mongolian because the Qing imperial family was Manchu and ruled over many Mongol tribes that helped the Qing to conquer the Ming dynasty. The emperor's personal name was Fulin, and the posthumous name by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple was Shizu. China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Mongol, China, 1652-1695, China War of the Amur Region
Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9;

Mongol, China, 1661-1722, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi, prosperous time, P spiritual mission
China, 1661-1722, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi Emperor; Kangxi Emperor (5 February 1654 – 20 December 1722), given name Xuanye, was the third Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. Kangxi Emperor's reign of 61 years (from 1661 until 1722) makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history (although his grandson, the Qianlong Emperor, had the longest period of de facto power) and one of the longest-reigning rulers in the world.[1] However, since he ascended the throne at the age of seven, actual power was held for six years by four regents and his grandmother, the Grand Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang. Kangxi Emperor is considered one of China's greatest emperors.[2] He suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan and assorted Mongol rebels in the North and Northwest to submit to Qing rule, and blocked Tsarist Russia on the Amur River, retaining Outer Manchuria and Outer Northwest China. Kangxi Emperor's reign brought about long-term stability and relative wealth after years of war and chaos. He initiated the period known as the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong" or "High Qing",[3] which lasted for several generations after his death. His court also accomplished such literary feats as the compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary. China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26;

Mongol, China, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Siberia, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God œThe Word was made Flesh, Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Mongol, China, 1685, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi's Peking Spiritual Mission
China, 1661-1722, Qing dynasty Emperor, Kangxi Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26;

Mongol, China, 1700-1799, I8th Century Folder, China Russia War of the Amur, Orthodox Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1722, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk, appointment to Peking Spiritual Mission
Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9;

Mongol, China, 1722-1735, Qing Emperor,Yongzheng, continued prosperous time and PSM, but blocked Innocent
China, 1722-1735, Qing dynasty Emperor,Yongzheng Emperor; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26;

Mongol, China, 1800-1899, 19th Century History Folder, Boxer Rebellion, War of the Amur, Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1850-1861, Qing dynasty, Xianfeng Emperor, Taiping and Nian Rebellions, Second Opium War
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1850-1861, Xianfeng Emperor; The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), or by temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing (æ¸…æ–‡å®—), given name Yizhu (å¥•è©ÂÂ), was the eigth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1850 to 1861. During his reign the Qing dynasty experienced several wars and rebellions including the Taiping Rebellion, Nian Rebellion, and Second Opium War (Arrow War). He was the last Chinese emperor to have total executive ruling power. After his death, the Qing dynasty was controlled by Empress Dowager Cixi. China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910);

Mongol, China, 1861-1875, Qing dynasty Emperor, Tongzhi Emperor, Tongzhi Restoration", an unsuccessful modernization program
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1861-1875, Tongzhi Emperor; The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 1856 – 12 January 1875), born Zaichun of the Aisin Gioro clan,[1] was the ninth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign, from 1861 to 1875, which effectively lasted through his adolescence, was largely overshadowed by the rule of his mother, Empress Dowager Cixi. Although he had little influence over state affairs, the events of his reign gave rise to what historians call the "Tongzhi Restoration", an unsuccessful modernization program. China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1875-1908, Qing dynasty Emperor, Guangxu Emperor, Empress Coup
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1875-1908, Guangxu Emperor; The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908),[1] personal name Zaitian,[2] was the tenth Emperor of the Qing dynasty,[3] and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, without Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when the empress dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His regnal name, "Guangxu", means "glorious succession". China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906); CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1899-1901, Boxer Rebellion (Shandong and North China Plain) against Christian Foreigners
Boxer Rebellion; The Boxer Rebellion (æ‹³äº‚), Boxer Uprising, or Yihetuan Movement (ç¾©å’Œåœ˜éÂÂÂ‹å‹•) was an anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty. It was initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yìhéquán), known in English as the Boxers because many of their members had practiced Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the Western world at the time as Chinese Boxing. Villagers in North China had been building resentment against Christian missionaries. The immediate background of the uprising included severe drought and disruption by the growth of foreign spheres of influence after the Sino-Japanese War of 1895. After several months of growing violence and murder in Shandong and the North China Plain against foreign and Christian presence in June 1900, Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners." Foreigners and Chinese Christians sought refuge in the Legation Quarter. In response to reports of an invasion by the Eight Nation Alliance of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Russian troops to lift the siege, the initially hesitant Empress Dowager Cixi supported the Boxers and on June 21 issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the foreign powers. Diplomats, foreign civilians, and soldiers as well as Chinese Christians in the Legation Quarter were besieged for 55 days by the Imperial Army of China and the Boxers. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favoring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the foreigners. Officials in the Mutual Protection of Southeast China ignored the imperial order to fight against foreigners. The Eight-Nation Alliance, after being initially turned back, brought 20,000 armed troops to China, defeated the Imperial Army, and arrived at Peking on August 14, relieving the siege of the Legations. Uncontrolled plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers. The Boxer Protocol of 7 September 1901 provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver—approximately $10 billion at 2018 silver prices and more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next 39 years to the eight nations involved. Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThe Word was made FleshÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Mongol, China, 1900-1912, 20th History Folder, Boxer Rebellion, War of the Amur, Peking Spiritual Mission

Mongol, China, 1908-1912, Qing dynasty Emperor, Puyi
China, Qing dynasty Emperor, 1908-1912, Puyi ; China, 1644-1912, Qing dynasty ; CHANNING MOORE WILLIAMS, MISSIONARY TO ASIA (2 DEC. 1910); LOTTIE MOON, MISSIONARY IN CHINA, 1912, Commemorated December 22;

Mongol, China, 1912-1949, Republic of China Folder

Mongol, China, 1912-1923, Republic of China President, Yuan Shikai
China, Republic of China President, 1912-1923, Yuan Shikai ; China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol China, 1915-1916, Empire of China
China, 1915-1916, Empire of China ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1916-1923, Republic of China President, Li Yuanhong
China, Republic of China President, 1916-1923, Li Yuanhong ; China, Republic of China, 1912-1949; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1917-1923, President, Li Yuanhong, President of China
China President, 1917-1923, Li Yuanhong, President of China (off and on) ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1921, Peking Man Site
China, 1921, Peking Man Site; Even though the original fossils disappeared in 1941 during World War II, excellent casts and descriptions remain. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Here is the story of the discovery and identification before that disappearance (copied from Wikipedia, Peking Man Site): Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson and American palaeontologist Walter W. Granger came to Zhoukoudian, China in search of prehistoric fossils in 1921. They were directed to the site at Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen, where Andersson recognised deposits of quartz that were not native to the area. Immediately realising the importance of this find he turned to his colleague and announced, "Here is primitive man; now all we have to do is find him!" Excavation work was begun immediately by Andersson's assistant Austrian palaeontologist Otto Zdansky, who found what appeared to be a fossilised human molar. He returned to the site in 1923, and materials excavated in the two subsequent digs were sent to Uppsala University in Sweden for analysis. In 1926 Andersson announced the discovery of two human molars in this material, and Zdansky published his findings. Canadian anatomist Davidson Black of Peking Union Medical College, excited by Andersson and Zdansky'™s find, secured funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and recommenced excavations at the site in 1927 with both Western and Chinese scientists. Swedish palaeontologist Anders Birger Bohlin unearthed a tooth that fall, and Black placed it in a gold locket on his watch chain. Black published his analysis in the journal Nature, identifying his find as belonging to a new species and genus which he named Sinanthropus pekinensis, but many fellow scientists were skeptical about such an identification on the basis of a single tooth, and the foundation demanded more specimens before it grant additional money. A lower jaw, several teeth, and skull fragments were unearthed in 1928. Black presented these finds to the foundation and was rewarded with an $80,000 grant that he used to establish the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. Excavations at the site under the supervision of Chinese archaeologists Yang Zhongjian, Pei Wenzhong, and Jia Lanpo uncovered 200 human fossils (including six nearly complete skullcaps) from more than 40 individual specimens. These excavations came to an end in 1937 with the Japanese invasion. Fossils of Peking Man were placed in the safe at the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Peking Union Medical College. Eventually, in November 1941, secretary Hu Chengzi packed the fossils so that they could be sent to USA for safekeeping until the end of the war. The fossils vanished en route to the port city of Qinhuangdao in northern China. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those casts and descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Note: according to their stories, all these people involved already believed in evoluton and were looking for its proofs like missing links. Some were medical doctors, some were geologists, some were both, and much of their science actually derived from this type of search. Since evolution does not jive with the origin of sin and death, it is impossible to fear God and believe in Evolution. The Bible story is all about that original sin and and our salvation from sin and death through the life of Jesus Christ, both his current business as head of his Body the Church (our crosses) and his previous business on his cross. So to be understood, Life by Faith (the solution to sin and death) requires us to understand the origin of sin and death. PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1921-1976, Communist China Leader, Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, Communist China Leader, 1921-1976; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1922-1926, Republic of China President, Yan Huiqing
China, Republic of China President, 1922-1926, Yan Huiqing, President or Premier Republic of China; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31;

Mongol, China, 1923-1924, Republic of China President, Cao Kun
China, Republic of China President, 1923-1924, Cao Kun ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1924-1927, Republic of China President, Wellington Koo
China, Republic of China President, 1924-1927, Wellington Koo ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1924-1926, Republic of China Chief Executive, Duan Qirui
China, Republic of China Chief Executive, 1924-1926, Duan Qirui ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1927-1928, Republic of China President, Zhang Zuolin
China, Republic of China President, 1927-1928, Zhang Zuolin; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1928-1975, Republic of China President, Chiang Kai-shek
China, Republic of China President, 1928-1975, Chiang Kai-shek ; Philip Lendel Tsen of PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mongol, China, 1937-1945, Second Japan China War
Japan, 1937-1945, Second Japan China War ; Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 1937 (starts the war); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 21;

Mongol, China, 1949-Present, Communist China Folder

Mongol, China, Yellow River Folder (North China Plain, Peking)

Yellow River

Yellow River from Source 2

Yellow River Source (Bayan Har Mountains)
Bayan Har Mountains;

Bayan Har Mountains
Bayan Har Mountains;

Yellow River Source 2 (Bayan Har Mountains)
Yellow River;

Yellow River 1

Yellow River 1b

Yellow River 1c

Yellow River 1d

Yellow River 1e

Qinghai lake, Qinghai Province
Qinghai lake ;

Yellow River 1f

Yellow River 2

Maijishan, Maijishan Grottoes
Maijishan, Maijishan Grottoes;

Yellow River 2b

Yellow River 2c

Yellow River 2d

Yellow River 2e

Yellow River 2f

Yellow River 2g

Yellow River 3

Yellow River 3b

Yellow River 3c

Yellow River 4d

Yellow River 4e

Xianyang, China (Silk Road North 2 Changan, Yellow River 4e)
Xianyang; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Yellow River 5 Overview

North China (Yellow River Area)
North China; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Honan Province (Central Plains, Yellow River)
Honan Province; PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31 ;

Central Plain of China
Central Plain of China;

North China Plain
North China Plain; The North China Plain is based on the deposits of the Yellow River and is the largest alluvial plain of eastern Asia. The plain is bordered on the north by the Yanshan Mountains and on the west by the Taihang Mountains edge of the Shanxi ('western mountains') plateau. To the south, it merges into the Yangtze Plain. From northeast to southeast, it fronts the Bohai Sea, the highlands of Shandong Peninsula, and the Yellow Sea. The Yellow River flows through the middle of the plain into Bohai Sea. ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Weihsien Internment Camp, Shandong, China (Yellow River 10) 1937
Weihsien Internment Camp; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Shandong Province (South of Yellow River Mouth)
Shandong Province; North China Plain; Boxer Rebellion; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Yellow River Mouth (Bohai Sea)

Chefoo School, China Inland Mission, Yantai, near Yellow River Mouth
Chefoo School, China Inland Mission, Yantai; ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

British Empire - Weiihai - Strategic penninsula into Peking C across from Seoul K
British Empire - Weiihai - Strategic position penninsula into Peking, China across from Seoul, Korea; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Mongol, China, Yangtze River Folder (Shanghai)

Yangtze River

Yangtze River Source (head of Dan Qu tributary)

Yangtze River 1 (Qinghai)

Yangtze River 2 (China Inland Mission, Yunnan)

China Inland Mission, China Burma border (China's Yangtze River 2, Burma's Salween River 1) 1865
China Inland Mission Dengyue; Dengyue is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Yalong River Mouth (Yangtze River 2)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 2, Yunnan Protected Areas Folder

Daen Lao Range
Daen Lao Range;

Tiger Leaping Gorge
Tiger Leaping Gorge ; Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 1

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 2

Three Paralles Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas 3

Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas;

Yunnan Province and Yunnan, China
Yunnan Province and Yunnan, China; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ;

Dengyue, China
Dengyue, Dengyue is a treaty port; China Inland Mission LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

Yangtze River 3 (Yibin)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 3, Min River Folder, (Inland China)

Min River

Min River (Sichuan) Source (Min Mountains)

Min River 1 (Shaochang or Chengdu)

Shaochang (Changdu), (Min River 1)
Shaochang (Min River 1); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Inland China (Min Mts, north and east of Yunnan Province)
Inland China in Relation to Yunnan Province; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ;

Kangding, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze 3)
Kangding, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Tagong, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze River 3)
Tagong, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze River); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Litang, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River 1 of Yangtze 3)
Litang, Sichuan (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Min River 2

Emeishan, Sichuan, China (Inland China, Min River 2 of Yangtze River 3)
Emeishan, Sichuan, China (Inland China, Min River of Yangtze River 3); Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Leshan, Sichuan (Inlane China, Min River 2 of Yangtze River 3)
Leshan, Sichuan; Tom and Margaurite Antonson, 2015

Min River (Sichuan) Mouth (Yangtze River 3)

Yangtze River 4 (Luzhou)

Tuo River Mouth (Yangtze River 4)

Yangtze River 5 (Chongqing)

Jialing River Mouth (Yangtze River 5)

Yangtze River 6 (Wanzhou)

Wu River Mouth (Wu Gorge, Yangtze River 6)

Three Gorges Dam (Yangtze River 7)

Yangtze River 7 (Yichang)

Yangtze River 8 (Jingzhou)

Yangtze River 9 (Yueyang)

Xiang River Mouth (Yangtze River 9)

Yangtze River 10 (Wuhan)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 10, Xiang River Folder

Xiang River

Xiang River Source (Haiyang Mountain, northeast of Guilin)
Haiyang Mountain;

Xaing River 1 (Hengyang)

Zi River Mouth (Xiang River 2, Yangtze River 9)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 10, Han River Folder, Dengzhou

Han River

Dengzhou, China (a treaty port on Han River)
treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

North China Mission Station (Dengzhou)
Dengzhou is a treaty port; LOTTIE MOON, Commemorated December 22 ;

Han River Source (along the border)

Han River Mouth (Yangtze River 10)

Yangtze River 11 (Jiujiang)

Gan River Mouth (Yangtze River 11)

Mongol, China, Yangtze River 11, Gan River Folder

Gan River (Jiangxi)

Gan River Tributary

Gan River Source (along the border)

Gan River Source (South Central Jiangxi)

Yangtze River 12 (Anqing)

Yangtze River 13 (Tongling)

Yangtze River 14 (Wuhu)

Yangtze River 15 (Nanjing)

Yangtze River 16 (Zhenjiang)

Yangtze River 17 (Nantong)

Yangtze River 18 (Shanghai)

Huangpu River Mouth (Yangtze River 18)

Yangtze River Mouth (Shanghai, East China Sea)

Shanghai, China (Yangtze River Mouth, East China Sea)
Shanghai; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ;

Saint John's University, Shanghai, 1859-1952
Saint John's University, Shanghai, 1859-1952; Shanghai; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong Folder, Xi and Pearl Rivers

Mongol, China, Hong Kong History

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, 1842-1941 and 1945-1984, British Colony
Hong Kong, British Colony, 1842-1941 and 1945-1984; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, 1941-1945, Japanese Occupation
Hong Kong, Japanese Occupation, 1941-1945 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, 1945-1984, Hong Kong, British Colony
Hong Kong, British Colony, 1945-1984 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, Xi River Folder, Macau

Xi River

Xi River Source (Li River)

Xi River Source 2

Xi River Source 3

Macau, China (Xi River Estuary)
Macau, China; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Macau Protestant Chapel, China, 1821
Macau Protestant Chapel; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Xi River Source (Xun River)

Xi River Mouth (Hong Kong, Pearl River Delta)

Yu River Source (Baise City)

Xun River Source (Qian and Yu Rivers)

Qian River

Chongzou River

Mongol, China, Hong Kong, Pearl (Canton) River Folder, Hong Kong

Pearl (Canton) River

Pearl (Canton) River Source (along the border)

Pearl River 2

Pearl River 2nd Source (along the border

Pearl River (Guangzhou or Canton)

Pearl (Canton) River Mouth

Pearl River Estuary

Hong Kong, China (Pearl River Estuary) 1998
Hong Kong ; JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Hong Kong, British Colony (Pearl River Estuary) 1842-1997
Hong Kong ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

British Empire - Hong Kong, British Colony (Pearl River Estuary) 1842-1997
Hong Kong ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JULIA CHESTER EMERY, UPHOLDER OF MISSIONS (9 JAN 1922) ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944;

Mongol, China, Hai River Folder (Peking or Bejing, Far North China)

Hai River

Peking, Mongol Capitol since 1260, China (Hai River and North China Plain)
Peking (Hai River and Northern tip of North China Plain); Major rivers flowing through the municipality include the Yongding River and the Chaobai River, part of the Hai River system, and flow in a southerly direction. St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Peking Union Medical College, 1917
Peking Union Medical College; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Peking Man Site, 1921
China, 1921, Peking Man Site; Even though the original fossils disappeared in 1941 during World War II, excellent casts and descriptions remain. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Here is the story of the discovery and identification before that disappearance (copied from Wikipedia, Peking Man Site): Swedish geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson and American palaeontologist Walter W. Granger came to Zhoukoudian, China in search of prehistoric fossils in 1921. They were directed to the site at Dragon Bone Hill by local quarrymen, where Andersson recognised deposits of quartz that were not native to the area. Immediately realising the importance of this find he turned to his colleague and announced, "Here is primitive man; now all we have to do is find him!" Excavation work was begun immediately by Andersson's assistant Austrian palaeontologist Otto Zdansky, who found what appeared to be a fossilised human molar. He returned to the site in 1923, and materials excavated in the two subsequent digs were sent to Uppsala University in Sweden for analysis. In 1926 Andersson announced the discovery of two human molars in this material, and Zdansky published his findings. Canadian anatomist Davidson Black of Peking Union Medical College, excited by Andersson and Zdansky'™s find, secured funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and recommenced excavations at the site in 1927 with both Western and Chinese scientists. Swedish palaeontologist Anders Birger Bohlin unearthed a tooth that fall, and Black placed it in a gold locket on his watch chain. Black published his analysis in the journal Nature, identifying his find as belonging to a new species and genus which he named Sinanthropus pekinensis, but many fellow scientists were skeptical about such an identification on the basis of a single tooth, and the foundation demanded more specimens before it grant additional money. A lower jaw, several teeth, and skull fragments were unearthed in 1928. Black presented these finds to the foundation and was rewarded with an $80,000 grant that he used to establish the Cenozoic Research Laboratory. Excavations at the site under the supervision of Chinese archaeologists Yang Zhongjian, Pei Wenzhong, and Jia Lanpo uncovered 200 human fossils (including six nearly complete skullcaps) from more than 40 individual specimens. These excavations came to an end in 1937 with the Japanese invasion. Fossils of Peking Man were placed in the safe at the Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Peking Union Medical College. Eventually, in November 1941, secretary Hu Chengzi packed the fossils so that they could be sent to USA for safekeeping until the end of the war. The fossils vanished en route to the port city of Qinhuangdao in northern China. So to believe in Peking Man, we have to trust those casts and descriptions from people who came to China to find a prehistoric man. Note: according to their stories, all these people involved already believed in evoluton and were looking for its proofs like missing links. Some were medical doctors, some were geologists, some were both, and much of their science actually derived from this type of search. Since evolution does not jive with the origin of sin and death, it is impossible to fear God and believe in Evolution. The Bible story is all about that original sin and and our salvation from sin and death through the life of Jesus Christ, both his current business as head of his Body the Church (our crosses) and his previous business on his cross. So to be understood, Life by Faith (the solution to sin and death) requires us to understand the origin of sin and death. PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Zhoukoudian (a cave system, Peking Man Site)
Zhoukoudian; Peking Man; Peking Man mystery; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Beijing
Beijing; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Cenozoic Research Laboratory (Beijing) 1928
Cenozoic Research Laboratory of the Geological Survey of China; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Tianjin, Far North China (Hai River Mouth, Five Rivers)
Tianjin (Hai River Source, Five Rivers); ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Hai River Source 2 ( Five Rivers)
The Hai River at Tianjin is formed by the confluence of five rivers, the Southern Canal, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, and the Northern Canal.

Hai River Source 1 (Peking)
The Northern Canal joins with the Bai He (or Chaobai River) at Tongzhou. The Northern Canal (sharing a channel with Bai He) is also the only waterway from the sea to Beijing. Therefore, early Westerners also called the Hai He the Bai He.

Hai River Mouth (Bohai Sea)

Mongol, China, Great Wall of China Folder, 1368-1644, 13,170 Miles

Great Wall of China
Great Wall of China;

Great Wall of China - Dandong

Great Wall of China - Hushan Great Wall
Great Wall of China - Hushan Great Wall;

Great Wall of China - Liaoning Wall
Great Wall of China - Liaoning Wall;

Great Wall of China - Jinshanling
Great Wall of China - Jinshanling;

Great Wall of China - Mutianyu Great Wall
Great Wall of China - Mutianyu Great Wall;

Great Wall of China - Juyong Pass
Great Wall of China - Juyong Pass;

Great Wall of China - Badaling
Great Wall of China - Badaling;

Great Wall of China - Sihaiye in Yanqing County
Great Wall of China - Sihaiye in Yanqing County;

Great Wall of China - Pingxing Pass
Great Wall of China - Pingxing Pass;

Great Wall of China - Piantou Pass in Xinzhou
Great Wall of China - Piantou Pass in Xinzhou;

Great Wall of China - Yanmen Pass
Great Wall of China - Yanmen Pass;

Great Wall of China - Ordos Desert
Great Wall of China - Ordos Desert;

Great Wall of China - Yinchuan, Ningxia
Great Wall of China - Yinchuan; Hexi Corridor; Ningxia;

Great Wall of China - Jiayu Pass
Great Wall of China - Jiayu Pass;

Great Wall of China - Yang Pass
Great Wall of China - Yang Pass;

Great Wall of China - Yumen Pass
Great Wall of China - Yumen Pass;

Great Wall of China - Lop Lake
Great Wall of China - Lop Lake;

Mongol, China, Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Silk Road North 1 Luoyang

Silk Road North 2 Changan

Xi'an, ancient capital of China (Silk Road Starting Point)
Xi'an, ancient capital of China;

Xianyang, China (Silk Road North 2 Changan)
Xianyang; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

Bin County, Shaanxi, China (Includes Xiaozhang)
Bin County, Shaanxi (Includes Xiaozhang), and is part of Xianyang, Shaanxi, China; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ;

Silk Road North 3 Shaanxi Province

Silk Road North 4 Gansu Province

Silk Road North 5a north of Taklimakan Desert

Silk Road North 5b South of Taklimakan Desert

Silk Road North 5c Turpan

Silk Road North 6a Kashgar

Silk Road North 6b Talgar

Silk Road Divider (Tian Shan Mountains)
Tian Shan Mountains;

Silk Road North 7 Amaty

Silk Road North Kokand

Silk Road North Termiz

Silk Road North Balkh

Silk Road North Fergana Valley

Silk Road North Karakum Desert

Silk Road North and South at Merv

Silk Road North and South at Black Sea at Trabzon

Silk Road South Karakoram

Silk Road South Karakoram Highway

Silk Road South Khunjerab Pass

Silk Road South, K Hwy 1, Upal China

Silk Road South, K Hwy 2, Tashkurgan, Xinjiang China

Silk Road South, K Hwy 3, Sost

Silk Road South, K Hwy 4, Passu

Silk Road South, K Hwy 5, Gulmit

Silk Road South, K Hwy 6, Hunza Valley

Silk Road South, K Hwy 7, Nagar Valley

Silk Road South, K Hwy 8, Gilgit

Silk Road South, K Hwy 9, Parri Bangla

Silk Road South, K Hwy 10, Chilas

Silk Road South, K Hwy 11, Kohistan

Silk Road South, K Hwy 12, Besham

Silk Road South over the Hindu Kush Mountains

Silk Road South, Hindu Kush Mountains to Merv

Silk Road South, Kashgar, China to Hindu Kush Mountains (Tea Horse Route)

Silk Road North to Kashgar by north of the Taklimakan Desert route

Silk Road North to Kashgar by south of the Taklimakan Desert route

Silk Road North and North of the Tian Shan Mountains

Silk Road from Kashgar to Fergana Valley to Koland to Merv

Silk Road from Kashgar to Termiz to Balkh to Merv

Silk Road, Trabezon to Merv
Western reaches of the Silk Road

Grand Trunk Road (between South China and Afganistan)

Grand Trunk Road 1 (Chittagong, Bangladesh)

Grand Trunk Road 2 (Dhaka, Bangladesh)

Grand Trunk Road 3 (Serampore Colony, Kolkata, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 4 (Howrah, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 5 (Murshidabad, West Bengal, India)

Grand Trunk Road 6 (Patna, Bihar, India)

Grand Trunk Road 7 (Banares, India)

Grand Trunk Road 8 (Ilhabad)

Grand Trunk Road 9 (Delhi, India)

Grand Trunk Road 10 (Lahore, Pakistan)

Grand Trunk Road 11 (Peshawar, Pakistan)

Grand Trunk Road 12 (Kabul, Afganistan)

Grand Trunk Road (Southeast Asia to Afganistan)

Southern Silk Road

Southern Silk Road - The Tea Route (Hunnan to Bengal)

Southern Silk Road- the Tea Route (Yunnan)

Southern Silk Road - The Tea Route (Dhaka, Bengal

Mongol, Perm Folder, and its rivers, Tartarstan

Kazan Region (Perm)
Kazan Region; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27;

Perm, Land of the Zyrian (Komi) People 2 (Kama River Basin)
Land of the Zyrian (Komi) People 2 (Kama River Basin, Perm Region); St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Perm, Land of the Voguls
Voguls; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Tartarstan (Perm)
Tartarstan is a federal subject of Russia (a republic) located in the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Kazan; Tatars; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated November 24 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Bashkortostan, south of Perm (between Volga River and Ural Mts)
Bashkortostan, located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains. Its capital is the city of Ufa; Tatars; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mongol, Perm, 1241-1552, Kazan Tartars
Kazan Tartars; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; a and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated December 21 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœIlyin ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Mongol, Perm Kazan Tartars History Folder

Mongol, Perm, 600-1240, Volga Bulgaria Islamic Tartars Folder, 7th -13th Centuries

Mongol, Perm, 600-1240's, Kazan, Volga Bulgaria, Islamic Kazan Tartars
Perm, Kazan, Volga Bulgaria, 7th Century to 1240's (Islamic Kazan Tartars), Tartarstan, Islamic, Land of the Volga Bulgars) ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Mongol, Perm, 1221, Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars, Nizhny Novgorod
Vladimir-Suzdal forces against Islamic Volga Bulgars (1219); Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ;

Mongol, Perm, 1241-1552, Kazan Tartar's Folder

Mongol, Perm, 1227-1255, Kazan Tartar, Batu Khan of the Golder Horde
Kazan Tartar Khan, 1227-1255, Batu Khan of the Golder Horde; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 27;

Mongol, Perm, 1266-1280, Kazan Tartar Khan, Mengu-Timur of the Golder Horde
Kazan Tartar Khan, 1266-1280, Mengu-Timur of the Golder Horde; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Kholm, Commemorated September 8 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 27;

Mongol, Perm, 1360-1396, Saint Stephen of Perm
Perm, 1360-1396, Saint Stephen of Perm; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25;

Mongol, Perm, 1437-1445, Kazan Tartar Khan, Ulugh Muhammad
Kazan Tartar Khan, 1437-1445, Ulugh Muhammad; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29;

Mongol, Perm, 1467-1479, Tartar Khan, Ibrahim of Kazan
Mongol, Perm, 1467-1479, Tartar Khan, Ibrahim of Kazan; Wars of Ivan III, 1467-1506; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Mongol, Perm, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei
Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Mongol, Perm, 1524-1549, Khan, Safa Giray of Kazan
Perm Khan, 1524-1549, Safa Giray of Kazan ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Mongol, Perm, 1552, Kazan campaign 1552 Tsar Ivan the Terrible
Russo-Kazan Wars; Fall of Kazan 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Mongol, Perm, 1552, Fall of Kazan Tartars 1552, to Russia
Fall of Kazan Tartars 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24;

Mongol, Perm, 1552 and on, became Christian and Russian

Mongol, Perm, 1555, Kazan Diocese Established
Mongol, Perm, 1555, Kazan Diocese Established; History[edit] Kazan Diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church was established April 3, 1555, three years after the conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The first ruling bishop was the abbot of the monastery of Tver Selizharovo Guri, who went to Kazan with archimandrites Varsonofy and Germany. The most important events in the life of the Kazan diocese were acquiring in 1579 the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God of Kazan participation in the militia of Minin and Pozharsky with the blessing of Patriarch Hermogenes, a former Metropolitan of Kazan and the glorification of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. During 1741 the missionaries were able to baptize the entire province of 9159 people, Tatars and Bashkirs were among these, only 143 (see A. Chuloshnikov). Anyway, missionary work in the Kazan region was in time rather weak character and the activities of the Kazan Theological Academy was limited mainly to the deeper study of the linguistic and cultural aspects of life of the peoples of the East. Mongol, Perm, 1555-1563, Archbishop Gurius of Kazan; Fall of Kazan Tartars 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Saints Jonah and Nectarius of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Gurias, first Archbishop of Kazan, and Saint Barsanuphius, Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24;

Mongol, Perm, 1555-1563, Archbishop Gurius of Kazan
Mongol, Perm, 1555-1563, Archbishop Gurius of Kazan; Fall of Kazan Tartars 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Saints Jonah and Nectarius of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Gurias, first Archbishop of Kazan, and Saint Barsanuphius, Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24;

Mongol, Perm, 1566-1568, Saint, Herman of Kazan and Svyazhsk
Kazan Saint, 1566-1568, St Herman, Herman of Kazan and Svyazhsk; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6;

Mongol, Perm, 1579, Kazan Icon, discovered by 10 yr old girl's dream
after a fire destroyed Kazan in 1579, the Virgin appeared to a 10-year-old girl, Matrona, revealing the location where the icon lay hidden. The girl told the archbishop about the dream but she was not taken seriously. However, on 8 July 1579, after two repetitions of the dream, the girl and her mother recovered the icon on their own, buried under a destroyed house where it had been hidden to save it from the Tatars Mongol, Perm, 1579, Kazan Icon; Lady of Kazan, also called Mother-of-God of Kazan, was a holy icon of the highest stature within the Russian Orthodox Church, representing the Virgin Mary as the protector and patroness of the city of Kazan, and a palladium of all of Russia, known as the Holy Protectress of Russia. to legend, the icon was originally acquired from Constantinople, lost in 1438, and miraculously recovered in pristine state over 140 years later in 1579. Two major cathedrals, the Kazan Cathedral, Moscow, and the Kazan Cathedral, St. Petersburg, are consecrated to Our Lady of Kazan, and they display copies of the icon, as do numerous churches throughout the land. The original icon in Kazan was stolen, and likely destroyed, in 1904. "Fátima image" is a 16th-century copy of the icon, or possibly the 16th-century original, stolen from St. Petersburg in 1917 and purchased by F. A. Mitchell-Hedges in 1953. It was housed in Fátima, Portugal from 1970 to 1993, then in the study of Pope John Paul II in the Vatican from 1993 to 2004, when it was returned to Kazan, where it is now kept in the Kazan Monastery of the Theotokos. Copies of the image are also venerated in the Catholic Church. days of Our Lady of Kazan are 21 July, and 4 November (which is also the Russian Day of National Unity). 1 History 1.1 Fátima image 2 See also 3 References 4 External links to tradition, the original icon of Our Lady of Kazan was brought to Russia from Constantinople in the 13th century. After the establishment of the Khanate of Kazan (c. 1438) the icon disappeared from the historical record for more than a century. Hermogenes' chronicle, written at the request of Tsar Feodor in 1595, describes the recovery of the icon.[1][unreliable source?] According to this account, after a fire destroyed Kazan in 1579, the Virgin appeared to a 10-year-old girl, Matrona, revealing the location where the icon lay hidden. The girl told the archbishop about the dream but she was not taken seriously. However, on 8 July 1579, after two repetitions of the dream, the girl and her mother recovered the icon on their own, buried under a destroyed house where it had been hidden to save it from the Tatars.[2][1][unreliable source?] Monastery of the Theotokos where the icon was conserved until 1904, and the home of the "Fátima image" since 2004 Other churches were built in honour of the revelation of the Virgin of Kazan, and copies of the image were displayed at the Kazan Cathedral of Moscow (constructed in the early 17th century), at Yaroslavl, and at St. Petersburg. military commanders Dmitry Pozharsky (17th century) and Mikhail Kutuzov (19th century) credited invocation of the Virgin Mary through the icon with helping the country to repel the Polish invasion of 1612, the Swedish invasion of 1709, and Napoleon's invasion of 1812. The Kazan icon achieved immense popularity, and there were nine or ten separate miracle-attributed copies of the icon around Russia.[1][unreliable source?] the night of June 29, 1904, the icon was stolen from the Kazan Convent of the Theotokos [ru] in Kazan where it had been kept for centuries (the building was later blown up by the communist authorities[citation needed]). Thieves apparently coveted the icon's gold frame, which was ornamented with many valuable jewels. Several years later, Russian police apprehended the thieves and recovered the frame. The thieves originally declared that the icon itself had been cut to pieces and burnt, although one of them eventually confessed that it was housed in a monastery in the wilds of Siberia. This one, however, was believed to be a fake, and the Russian police refused to investigate, using the logic that it would be very unlucky to venerate a fake icon as though it were authentic.[3] The Orthodox Church interpreted the disappearance of the icon as a sign of tragedies that would plague Russia after the image of the Holy Protectress of Russia had been lost. Indeed, the Russian peasantry was wont to credit all the miseries of the Revolution of 1905, as well as Russia's defeat in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, to the desecration of her image.[3] of Saint Nicolas and the Venerable Gerasimus holding the icon Lady of Kazan in Makaryev Monastery (17th century, photograph by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky) Lady of Kazan (1850s reproduction) Our Lady of Kazan. Mid 19th-century Our Lady of Kazan átima image[edit] section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Our Lady of Kazan" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lady of Kazan (Fátima image) Cathedral, Kazan (1561–62) to the site of the icon's recovery, 21 July 2015. the Russian Revolution of 1917, there was speculation that the original icon was in fact preserved in St. Petersburg. Reportedly, an icon of Our Lady of Kazan was used in processions around Leningrad fortifications during the Siege of Leningrad (1941-1944) during World War II.[4] theory proposed that the Bolsheviks had sold the image abroad, although the Russian Orthodox Church did not accept such theories. The history of the stolen icon between 1917 and 1953 is unknown. In 1953 Frederick Mitchell-Hedges purchased an icon from Arthur Hillman. Although the status of the icon as the original Kazan icon remained disputed, Cyril G.E. Bunt concluded "that it is the work of a great icon painter of the 16th century [...] the pigments and the wood of the panel are perfectly preserved as exhaustive X-ray tests have proved, and have mellowed with age", suggesting that while it was a copy of the original icon, it was nevertheless the original icon carried by Pozharski in 1612. It was exhibited at the World Trade Fair in New York in 1964–1965. On 13 September 1965, members of the Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima spent the night in veneration of the icon in the pavilion in New York. The Blue Army eventually bought the icon from Anna Mitchell-Hedges for US$125,000 in January 1970, and the icon was enshrined in Fátima, Portugal. 1993 the icon from Fátima was given to the Vatican and Pope John Paul II had it installed in his study, where he venerated it for eleven years. In his own words, "it has found a home with me and has accompanied my daily service to the Church with its motherly gaze".[5] John Paul II wished to visit Moscow or Kazan so that he himself could return the icon to the Russian Orthodox Church. However the Moscow Patriarchate was suspicious that the Pope might have other motives, so he presented the icon to the Russian Church unconditionally in August 2004.[6] On August 26, 2004, it was exhibited for veneration on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica and then delivered to Moscow.[7] On the next feast day of the holy icon, July 21, 2005, Patriarch Alexius II and Mintimer Shaymiev, the president of Tatarstan, received it in the Annunciation Cathedral of the Kazan Kremlin [ru].[8] icon is now enshrined in the Cathedral of the Elevation of the Holy Cross, part of the Convent of the Theotokos (re-established as a monastery in 2005), on the site where the original icon of Our Lady of Kazan was found, and plans are underway to make the monastery's other buildings into an international pilgrimage centre. The Complicated History of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated July 8/21 and October 22/November 4, Sergei Milov; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8; Icon œNot Made by Handsfrom Lydda, Commemorated on March 12;

Mongol, Perm, Kama River Folder

Perm, Great Perm Region (Kama River Basin including Chusovaya, Vishera, and Kolva Rivers)
Perm Krai, 29,000 Rivers in Great Perm Region (Perm Krai) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; St Ignatius, Wonderworker and Bishop of Smolensk, Commemorated January 29 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Kama River

Kama River Source (Udmurtia)
Udmurtia;

Kama River 1

Kama River 2

Veslyana River

Chyornaya River

Malaya Sol River

Malaya, Perm (Lesser Perm, Malya Sol River, Kama River 2)
Malaya, Perm ; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ;

Kama River 3

Mongol, Perm, Kama River 4, Vishera and Kolva Rivers Folder

Ural Mountains, Perm, Mongol Lands
Ural Mountains; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated September 12 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye;

Vishera River

Vishera River Source (North Ural)

Vishera River 2

Vishera River 3

Vishera River 5 (Perm, Kolva River Mouth)

Vishera River (Perm Krai) Mouth (Kama River 4)

Kolva River

Perm or Great Perm City (Kolva River Mouth, Vishera River 5)
Great Perm; Cherdyn; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8;

Perm, Land of the Perm-Komi-Zyrians (Kolva Vishera Rivers, Greater Perm)
Komi-Zyrians; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19;

Kolva River Source (North Ural)

Kolva River Mouth (Greater Perm Region, Vishera River 5)

Visherka River

Chusovskoye Lake, Source of the Visherka River
Chusovskoye Lake ;

Visherka River Mouth (Kolva River 2)

Vishersk (Visherka River, Perm)
Vishersk (Visherka River); Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1;

Vishero, Perm (Kama River 4, Vishera River)
Vishero; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Kama River 4 (Vishera River Mouth)

Chusovaya River Folder

Chusovaya River

Chusovaya River Source (Eastern Slopes of Ural Mountains)

Chusovaya River 1

Chusovaya River Mouth (Kama Reservoir, Kama River 4)

Kama River 5 (Perm, Sylva River, Iren River)

Sylva River

Sylva River Source (along the border)

Sylva River Mouth (Kama River 6, Perm)

Ordinsky District, Perm (Iren River Valley)
Ordinsky District; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Ordinsk, Perm (Iren River Valley)
Ordinsk; Ordinsky District; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Iren River

Iren River Source

Iren River Mouth (Sylva River)

Kama River 6 (Perm, Mulyanka River)

Perm, Ostyak People near Perm
Perm, Ostyak People near Perm ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Ostyak People near Perm
Perm, Ostyak People near Perm ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm
Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm
Perm, Voguli (Mansi) People near Perm; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8;

Perm (Mulyanka and Sylva Rivers, Kama River 6)
Perm (Kama River 6); Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; a and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated October 12 ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, January 29 ; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Dalmatia, Commemorated on February 15; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 28; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7; Icon œNot Made by Hands from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; œMyrrh-Bearing Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on June 26; St Peter the Prince of Ordinsk, Rostov, Commemorated on June 30 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Mulyanka River

Mulyanka River 1 (Merkushinsk)

Merkushinsk, Perm (Mulyanka River 1)
Village of Merkushinsk (Mulyanka) not far from Verkhoturye on the outskirts of Perm on the Mulyanka River; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated December 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Mulyanka River Mouth (Kama River 6)

Motoviliha city district of Perm
Motoviliha; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4;

Naberezhnye Chelny, Perm (Kama River 7)
Naberezhnye Chelny ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14 ;

Kama River 8 (Vyatka River)

Mongol, Perm, Kama River 8, Vyatka River Folder

Vyatka River

Vyatka River Source (northern Udmurtia)

Vyatka River 1 (Kirov and Vyatka)

Vyatka, Perm (Kirov, Kama River 8, Vyatka River 1)
Vyatka (Kirov); Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8 ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated December 21 ;

Khlynov, Perm (Vyatka, Kama River 8, Vyatka River 1)
Khlynov, Perm (Vyatka, Vyatka River 1) ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated December 21 ;

Vyatka River 2 (Orlov)

Orlov, Perm (Vyatka River 2)
Orlov; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners" of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. icon was first glorified by miracles at the Saint Nicholas Odrino men’s monastery of the former Orlov gubernia in the mid-nineteenth century (the Assuage My Sorrows Icon commemorated on October 9 is also from this monastery). The Surety of Sinners icon of the Mother of God was in an old chapel beyond the monastery gates, and stood between two other ancient icons. Because it was so faded and covered with dust, it was impossible to read the inscription. 1843 it was revealed to many of the people in dreams that the icon was endowed with miraculous power. They solemnly brought the icon into the church. Believers began to flock to it to pray for the healing of their sorrows and sicknesses. The first to receive healing was a crippled child, whose mother prayed fervently before the icon in 1844. The icon was glorified during a cholera epidemic, when many people fell deathly ill, and were restored to health after praying before the icon. large stone church with three altars was built at the monastery in honor of the wonderworking icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners", Commemorated on May 29;

Vyatka River 3

Vyatka River 4

Vyatka River Mouth (Kama River 8)

Kama River Mouth (Kazan, Volga River 10)

Mongol, Perm, Kazanka River Folder, Kazan

Kazanka River

Kazanka River Source (Bimeri)

Kazanka River 1

Kazanka River 2 (Overview)

Kazanka River 3

Kazanka River Mouth (Kazan, Volga River 10)

Kazan, Perm (Kazanka and Kama Rivers, Volga River 10)
Kazan ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Bulgars and Tartars of Kazan; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated July 8 ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Right-believing Prince Roman of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 19; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God ofSeven Lakes, Commemorated July 28 ; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated September 8 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; a and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; First Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on September 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated October 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated October 13 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Maximus, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on December 6 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated January 24 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon "œNot Made by Hands" from Lydda, Commemorated on March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; ; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Prince of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on June 8; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Seven Lakes Monastery of the Mother of God, Kazan, Perm,1615
The Seven Lakes Hermitage of the Mother of God, 420099 Republic of Tatarstan; Seven Lakes Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 28;

Kazan Military District (the Eastern Volga Region)
Kazan Military District; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Kazan Transfiguration Monastery, 1565 approx.
Kazan Transfiguration Monastery, 1553; Saints Jonah and Nectarius of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Gurias, first Archbishop of Kazan, and Saint Barsanuphius, Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on October 4; St. Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Kazan Theological Academy, 1718
Kazan Theological Academy; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16;

Kazan diocese
Kazan diocese; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated October 21 ;

St Nicholas Church, Privolzhskaya, 32, Kazan 420078 Russia
St Nicholas Church, Privolzhskaya, 32, Kazan 420078 Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow, Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Mongol, Perm, Volga River Folder

Tsilibinsk, Perm (Tsilninsky District, Volga River 11, Ulyanovsk)
Tsilibinsk, Perm (Tsilninsky District) ; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Tetyakov, Perm (Volga River 11)
Tetyushi; In 1277, the allied forces of the Russian princes, in union with the Tatar forces, took part in a campaign in the Osetian land and in the taking of "its famed city Tetyakov."; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ;

Mongol, Crimea Folder

Crimea, Invasion Gateway to Russia both by Varangian Trade R and M Trail, always taken first
Crimea; Crimean Tartars; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10 ; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; St Joachim, First Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated February 10 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on March 23; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Mongol, Crimea History Folder

Mongol, Crimea, 375-581, 4th-6th Century, Crimean Goths Folder

Mongol, Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries, Cembalo

Mongol, Crimean Goths, 4th to 16th Centuries
Crimean Goths; Martyr Bathusius in the Crimea, Commemorated on March 26 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Mongol, Crimea, 375-383, Crimean Gothic King, Jungerich (Athanaric)

Mongol, Crimea, 581-980, Byzantine Era

Mongol, Crimea, 650-900, Khazar Eastern Crimea

Mongol, Crimea, Khazar Eastern Crimea, 650-900
Khazar Eastern Crimea, 650-900; The Khazars created what for its duration was the most powerful polity to emerge from the break-up of the Western Turkic Khaganate.[12] Astride a major artery of commerce between Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia, Khazaria became one of the foremost trading empires of the medieval world, commanding the western marches of the Silk Road and playing a key commercial role as a crossroad between China, the Middle East and Kievan Rus'.[13][14] For some three centuries (c. 650-“965) the Khazars dominated the vast area extending from the Volga-Don steppes to the eastern Crimea and the northern Caucasus.[15]; Khazaria long served as a buffer state between the Byzantine Empire and both the nomads of the northern steppes and the Umayyad Caliphate, after serving as Byzantium's proxy against the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance was dropped around 900. Byzantium began to encourage the Alans to attack Khazaria and weaken its hold on Crimea and the Caucasus, while seeking to obtain an entente with the rising Rus' power to the north, which it aspired to convert to Christianity.[16] Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus' ruler Sviatoslav I of Kiev conquered the capital Atil and destroyed the Khazar state.

Mongol, Crimea, 980-1199, 10th -12th Century, Byzantine Korsun falls to Russia and Vladimir for Anna

Mongol, Crimea, 1200-1408, 13th - 14th Century, Land of the Crimean Tartars

Mongol, Crimea, 1200 - 1699, Crimea and Uzbekistan - Land of the Crimean Tatars - 13th - 17th Century
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol, Crimea, 1220's-1699, Crimean Tatars, 13th to 17th Centuries
Crimean Tatars; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol, Crimea, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde, Conquered Crimea first
Scythia, 1223-1255, Mongol Khan Batu, Founder Golden Horde; Mongol Empire, 1206-1368, Capital Karakorum ; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-Root, Commemorated on September 8; Martyr Mercurius of Smolensk, Commemorated on November 24; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20;

Mongol, Crimea, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Batu Khan, Battle of Sit (Sita) River
Russia, Vladimir, 1238, Fall of Vladimir to the Tartar Army, Battle of Sit River; Venerable Euphrosyne of Suzdal, Commemorated on September 18; Icon of the Mother of God Elets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1251-1259, Golden Horde Khan, Mongke Khan, Christian, Touli's son
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1251-1259, Mongke Khan; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Crimea, 1255-1256, Mongol Khan Sartaq, Christian, Batu's son
Scythia, 1255-1256, Mongol Khan Sartaq, Christian; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Crimea, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old, Christian
Scythia, 1256-1257, Ulaghchi, 11 years old; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Crimea, 1257-1266, Batu's brother Berke (Bergai) Khan, Blue Horde and White Horde, Established Islam
Scythia, 1257-1266, Berke Khan ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Mongol, Crimea, 1259-1294, Golden Horde Khan, Kublai Khan, Yuan Dynasty China
Scythian Golden Horde Khan, 1259-1294, Kublai Khan ; Right-believing Prince Basil of Yaroslavl, Commemorated on July 3;

Mongol, Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai, lost at Kulikovo
Mongol Crimea, 1355-1380, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Mamai; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3;

Mongol, Crimea, 1380-1419, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Edigu, White H, muslim, for tribute a Rus
Mongol, Crimea, 1380-1419, Golden Horde Crimean Governor, Edigu; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Avnezh, Vologda, Commemorated on June 15;

Mongol, Crimea, 1408-1774, Crimean Khanate Folder, Muslim White Horde, Slave Traders

Mongol, Crimea, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Muslim White Horde
Scythia, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Mongol, Crimea, 1437-1445, Kazan Tartar Khan, Ulugh Muhammad
Kazan Tartar Khan, 1437-1445, Ulugh Muhammad; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Venerable Theodore (In monasticism Theodosius) the Prince of Ostrog, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29;

Mongol, Crimea, 1445-1466, Kazan Tartar Khan, Maxmud of Kazan
Mongol, Scythia, 1445-1466, Kazan Tartar Khan, Maxmud of Kazan; Repose of Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mongol, Crimea, 1441-1774, Crimean-Nogali Tartar Slave Raids
Mongol, Crimea, 1441-1774, Crimean-Nogali Tartar Slave Raids Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1441-1466, Crimean Khan, Haca I Giray
Mongol, Crimea, 1441-1466, Crimean Khan, Haca I Giray; St. Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Mongol, Crimea, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos
Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos; The holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Mongol, Crimea, 1468-1515, Crimean Khan, Mengli I Giray
Crimean Khan, 1468-1515, Mengli I Giray; Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol, Crimea, 1478-1774 , Crimean Khanate, Sunni Muslim
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Mongol, Crimea, 1500, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr
Crimean Khanate, Capture of Kiev by Khan Mengli-Gyr 1500 ; Mengli I Giray; Icon of the Mother of God of Minsk, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Mongol, Crimea,1512, Crimean Tartar War at Kaluga
Crimean Tartar War at Kaluga 1512; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated on August 10;

Mongol, Crimea, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei
Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1551-1577, Khan, Devlet I Giray
Mongol, Crimea, 1551-1577, Khan, Devlet I Giray ; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1574-1595, Khan, Murad III Giray
Mongol, Crimea, 1574-1595, Khan, Murad III Giray; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1641-1666, Crimean Khan, Mehmed IV Giray
Crimean Khan, 1641-1666, Mehmed IV Giray; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol, Crimea, 1662, Crimean-Nogali Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662
Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin Chernigov, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Mongol, Crimea, 1666-1671, Crimean Khan, Adil Giray
Crimean Khan, 1666-1671, Adil Giray ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Mongol, Crimea, 1671-1704, Crimean Khan, Selim I Giray
Mongol, Crimea, 1671-1704, Crimean Khan, Selim I Giray; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Mongol, Crimea, 1774-1783, Independent Crimea Folder

Mongol, Crimea, 1783-1917, Crimea in the Russian Empire Folder

Mongol, Crimea, 1783, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire
Crimea, 1783, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Mongol, Crimear, 1853-1856, Crimean War, East v Ottomans and West

Cherson, Mongol Crimea
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Korsun, Mongol Crimea
Cherson, Crimea; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Theodore the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St George the Confessor the Bishop of Mitylene, Commemorated on April 7; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Perekop Isthmus, Crimea (meaning to dig through)
Perekop Isthmus; between Crimea and Ukraine; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16 ;

Surozh, Crimea, Mongol Lands
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea;; Icon of the Mother of God of Novgorod; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Mongol Crimea
Sudak (Surozha, Surrentium), Crimea; St Stephen the Confessor the Archbishop of Surozha in the Crimea, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Korsun, Crimea, Mongol Lands

Mongol, Khzaria Folder, Commands Western Silk Road, North Black Sea and Scythia

Mongol, Khazaria, Scythia Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Don River Folder (to Sea of Azov, Crimea, Black Sea)

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Lesser Scythia Folder (Dacia Pontica)

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Volga River Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, Scythia, Ural River Folder

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Danube River Folder

Danube Mouth (Black Sea)
Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Danube River

Danube River Trade Route from Germany's Black Forest to the Black Sea

Black Forest
Black Forest;

Danube Source (Germany's Black Forest)

Danube River 1 (near Lake Constance, and Bingen in Bavaria)

Danube River 2 (Ulm, Germany)

Danube River 3 (Munich (Isar) and Inn Rivers)

Danube River 4 (Linz, Austria)

Danube River 5 (Vienna, Amber Road 5)

Danube River 6 (Slovakian Hungarian border)

Danube Regions
Danube regions; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Danube River 7 (Budapest, Hungary)

Danube River 8 (Srem Region)

Danube River 10 (Overview 2)

Danube River 16 (Galats, Siret River Mouth)

Danube River 17

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Bosporan Kingdom Folder, in Thaurica (Crimea), Roman Empire

Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD
Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD; Bosporan Kingdom of the Roman Empire; Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7;

Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution
Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD; Bosporan Kingdom of the Roman Empire; Hieromartyrs of Cherson, 303-313 Diocletian Persecution; Hieromartyr Basil of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7;

Cherson, Crimea, Bosporan Kingdom in Thaurica (Crimea), 438 BC - 370 AD

Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea
Crimea, Khzaria Border, 750-969, Northern Half of Crimea; St. John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Kuban River Folder

Kuban River

Kuban River Source (Mount Elbrus)
Mount Elbrus;

Kuban River 1 (Karachayevsk)
Karachayevsk;

Kuban River 2 (Cherkessk)
Cherkessk;

Kuban River 3 (Nevinnomyssk)
Nevinnomyssk;

Kuban River 4 (Armavir, Russia)
Armavir, Russia;

Kuban River 5 (Ust-Labinsk)
Ust-Labinsk;

Kuban River 6 (Temryuk)
Temryuk;

Kuban River Mouth

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region, Northwestern Georgia Folder, Abkhazeti

Colchis Region, Northwestern Georgia
Colchis Region; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ;

Abkhazeti Region (Northwest Georgia, Southwest Caucasus Mts)
Abkhazeti Region, A disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Sochi, Russia (Northwestern Georgia, Alania)
Sochi; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Alania, Land of the Bagrationi Dynasty, North Ossetia
Alania, Land of the Bagrationi Dynasty, North Ossetia; Georgia, 1187-1207, David Soslan Bagrationi, King Consort to Tamar; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Pityus in Abkhazia, Northwest Georgia on the Black Sea
Pityus in Abkhazia on the Black Sea ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 13 ; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ;

Pitindeia, Northwest Georgia (Pitsunda)
Pitindeia (Pitsunda); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

New Athos monastery, Abkhazeti, Georgia, 1875
New Athos Simono-Kananitsk monastery in the Caucasus; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ;

Simono-Kananitsk monastery, New Athos, in the Caucasus, 1875
New Athos Simono-Kananitsk monastery in the Caucasus; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ;

Khobi River

Khobi River Source

Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri, Khzaria, North Black Sea, Scythia (Khobi River 1)
Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ; St. Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21;

Khobi, Western Georgia
Khobi, Western Georgia ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ;

Lazika, Northwest Georgia (planned city, Black Sea)
Lazika (planned city, Black Sea); Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13;

Enguri River (Inguri)

Egrisi (now Samegrelo Province)
Egrisi (now Samegrelo Province); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ;

Samegrelo Province, Northwestern Georgia
Samegrelo Province; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Mingrelia (Samegrelo)
Mingrelia (Samegrelo); Georgia, 1621-1682, Queen Mariam Dadiani; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Ilori Theological School in Ochamchire, Northwestern Georgia
Ilori Theological School in Ochamchire; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Bedia Cathedral, 999
Bedia Cathedral, 999; Georgia, 975-1014, Georgia King, Bagrat III, Bedia Cathedral ; Bedia Cathedral; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Enguri River Source (along the border, Caucasus Mountains)

Enguri River (Inguri) Mouth (Black Sea)

River Atcharistsqah

Egrisi, Northwestern Georgia
Egrisi; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30;

Tskhumi, Northwestern Georgia
Tskhumi, Northwestern Georgia Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated October 2 ;

Sokhumi, Northwestern Georgia
Sokhumi; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Bridge of Queen Tamar, Northwest Georgia
Bridge of Queen Tamar; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

River Atcharistsqali 1
River Atcharistsqali; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Mongol, Khzaria, North Black Sea Region - Khazars, Commanded Western Silk Road

North Black Sea Region, 650-1048, Khazars, Commanded Western Silk Road
Scythia, 650-1048, Khazars Scythia, Turks of Atil, 750-969, Khazars; Atil and the Land of the Khazars, 9th and 10th Century, (Volga Delta, Scythia); Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Mongol, Persia Folder, Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire

Mongol, Persia, 1256-1353, History Folder, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire

Mongol, Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Mongol, Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan
Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Mongol, Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder
Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Mongol, Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun
Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Mongol, Turkmenistan Folder, Central Asia, Ochus and Oxus Rivers

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia (between Ochus and Oxus Rivers)
Turks; Turkmenistan; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7; Mongols; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Mongol, Turkmenistan, History Folder

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 750-1055, Oghuz Turks Folder, Founders of Ottoman Empire, Sunni and Shia

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 750-1055, Oghuz Turks, Founders of the Ottoman Empire
Turkmenistan, Oghuz Turks, 750-1055, Founders of the Ottoman Empire; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1077-1231, Khwarazm Dynasty Folder, Turks, Attacked Georgia, Sunni

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1227, Central Asia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1227, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia; Turks; Turkmenistan; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1500-1785, Khanate of Bukhara Folder, Persian, Sunni, refined

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1500-1785, Central Asia, Khanate of Bukhara
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1500-1785, Khanate of Bukhara ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva, Khwarazm Folder, Turks, Sunni

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1511-1920, Khanate of Khiva; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1616, Eastern Georgia settled by Central Asian Turks
Turkmenistan, Central Asia, 1616, Eastern Georgia settled by Central Asian Turks; Turks; Turkmenistan; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Ochus River Folder

Ochus River

Mashhad (Silk Road)

Ochus (Panj) River Source (confluence
Parthia; Ochus River Map; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas;

Ochus River 1

Jam River Mouth (Ochus River 2)

Ochus River 3

Ochus River 4 (Turkmenistan)

Ochus River 5

Ochus River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Oxus River Folder

Oxus River Second Source (Parmir Mountains)

Pamir Mountains
Pamir Mountains;

Oxus River Source to Oxus River 5

Parmir River Source (Lake Zorkul)

Parmir River 1

Pamir River Mouth (Oxus (Panj) River 1)

Wakhan River

Wakhjir Pass
Wakhjir Pass;

Wakhan River Mouth (Oxus (Panj) River Source)

Wakhan River Source (along the border)

Nisa, Turkmenistan (first Parthian capital)
Nisa, Turkmenistan (first Parthian capital) ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30 ;

Karakum Desert (a sink)

Oxus River 2

Oxus River 3

Oxus River 4

Tukhari Fortress, Turkmenistan
Tukhari Fortress; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ;

Oxus River 7 (Tukhari Fortress)

Khwarazm, Turkmenistan (near Oxus River Mouth)
Khwarazm, Turkmenistan (near Oxus River Mouth) ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31;

Mongol, Turkmenistan, Central Asia, Hari River Folder

Hari River

Hari River, Afghanistan Mouth (Ochus River Source)
Hari River, Afghanistan ;

Hari River, Afganistan (Tejen or Tedzjen)

Mesopotamia Folder (Tigris and Euphrates)

Mesopotamia (Land of the Rivers)
Mesopotamia; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; St Abercius the Bishop and Wonderworker of Hieropolis, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on October 22; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated October 4 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Venerable Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Apostle Urban of the Seventy; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated November 1 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Damian of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on November 1; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated December 7 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated on December 20 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Martyr Tigrius the Presbyter of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 16; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam
Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam; Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mesopotamia, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire
Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire;

Mesopotamia, 626BC-529BC, Neo-Babylonian Empire
Babylonian Neo-Babylonian Empire, 626BC-529BC; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17;

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Abbasid, Caliphates, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia
Abbasid, Caliphates, 750-1517, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Mesopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk
Messopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia and Babylon History Folder

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC - 2,500 BC, Babylon History Folder, Adam to Abraham

Mesopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam
Messopotamia, 4,000 BC to 3,000 BC, Adam; Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Mesopotamia, 2500BC - 634 BC, Babylon History Folder, Assyria

Mesopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Abraham
Messopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Abraham; Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Mesopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Lot
Messopotamian Saint, 2000BC, Lot; Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Mesopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire
Messopotamia, 1894 BC-1595 BC, Babylonian Empire;

Mesopotamia, 634 BC - 529 BC, Babylon History Folder, Neo-Babylonian Empire

Mesopotamia, 634 BC-562 BC, King Nebuchadnezzar - Hanging Gardens
Babylonian King, 634-562 BC, Nebuchadnezzar - Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Mesopotamia, 626-605 BC, Babylonian King, Nabopolassar
Babylonian King, 626-605 BC, Nabopolassar ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Mesopotamia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, to Babylonians and Medes
Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, Persia ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Mesopotamia, 609 BC - 538 BC, Babylon, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 609 BC - 538 BC, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Mesopotamia, 586 BC - 516 BC, Babylon, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity
Babylon, 586 BC - 516 BC, Prophet Daniel, 70 Yr Babylonian Captivity; Prophet Daniel ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2;

Mesopotamia, 553-539 BC, Babylon, Babylonian King, Baltasar (Handwriting on the Wall)
Babylonian King, 553-539 BC, Baltasar (Handwriting on the Wall); Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Mesopotamia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Babylon History Folder, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia

Messopotamia, 312 - 240 BC, Mesopotamia Babylon History, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Mesopotamia, 240 BC - 656, Babyon History Folder, Roman Period

Mesopotamia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas
Messopotamia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Mesopotamia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians
Babylon, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Mesopotamia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Jacob, Gregory's Kin, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Armenia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Nisibis (Mesopotamia); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ;

Mesopotamia, 326-373. Saint Ephrem of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Armenia, 326-373. Saint Ephrem of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Armenia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Nisibis (Mesopotamia); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ;

Mesopotamia, 656-661, Babylon History Folder, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni

Kufa, Messopotamia (Capital of the Rashidun Caliphate from 656-661)
Kufa, Messopotamia (Capital of the Rashidun Caliphate from 656-661); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Babylon History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Mesopotamia, 750-1517, Abbasid, Caliphates, Arab, until 1261 based in Baghdad, Sunni
Abbasid, Caliphates, 750-1517, Arab, based in Baghdad, Shia; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Mesopotamia, 700-799, Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad, Georgian attacks in Kartli and Artanuji

Mesopotamia, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Mesopotamia, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur, real founder of the caliphate, Bagdad founder
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95AH – 158 AH (714 AD – 6 October 775 AD) was the second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD – 775 AD) and succeeding Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah. is generally regarded as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.[1]:265 He is also known for founding the 'round city' of Madinat al-Salam which was to become the core of imperial Baghdad.[1]:270 St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Mesopotamia, 757-1258, Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad
After 757 Khalil from Abbasid Caliphate from Bagdad (757-1258) ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Mesopotamia, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Arabs, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi, by future standards, a model of order and decorum, rightly guided
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur ( 744 or 745 -785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi ("He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. father, Al-Mansur, died on the hajj to Mecca in 775. The throne then passed to Al-Mansur's chosen successor, his son Al-Mahdi. According to Marozzi, "[it] was, by the standards of the future, blood-soaked successions of the Abbasid caliphate, a model of order and decorum."[5] whose nickname means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. His peaceful reign continued the policies of his predecessors. with the Alids in the Caliphate occurred under al-Mahdi's reign. The powerful Barmakid family, which had advised the Caliphs since the days of Abu al's as viziers, gained even greater powers under al-Mahdi's rule, and worked closely with the caliph to ensure the prosperity of the Abbasid state. of Al-Mahdi, 166 AH, Kirman, silver 2.95 g. reigned for ten years. He imprisoned his most trusted vizier Ya'qub ibn Dawud. In the year 167 AH/ 783 AD, al-Mahdi instituted an official inquisition which led to the execution of alleged Zindiq (heretics). He was fond of music and poetry and during his caliphate many musicians and poets received his patronage and he supported musical expression and poetry across his dominion; accordingly, his son Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi (779-“839) and his daughter ˜Ulayya bint al-Mahdi (777-825) were both noted poets and musicians.[6] 775, a Byzantine envoy, Tarath, travelled to Baghdad to convey the congratulations of the Byzantine emperor to Al-Mahdi on his accession to the throne. Tarath was so pleased with the hospitality he received that he offered to put his engineering knowledge to use and build a mill that would generate annual profits, of 500,000 dirhams, equal to the cost of its construction. On completion, the envoy's forecast proved to be correct, and so, delighted, Al-Mahdi ordered that all profits should be given to the envoy, even after he left Baghdad. It is believed this continued to his death, in 780.[7] 777 AD (160 AH) he put down the insurrection of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim in Khurasan. In the same year al-Mahdi deposed Isa ibn Musa as his successor and appointed his own son Musa al-Hadi in his place and took allegiance (bayah) for him from the nobles. In 778 AD (161 AH), he subdued the rebellion of Abdullah ibn Marwan ibn Muhammad, who was leading the Umayyad remnant in Syria. was poisoned by one of his concubines in 785 AD (169 AH). Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi, internal chaos, power struggles with mother
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi; Muhammad Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi (Arabic: أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي‎; 26 April 764 CE – 14 September 786 CE)[1] was the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 AD) until his death in 170 AH (786 AD). His short reign ended with internal chaos and power struggles with his mother.[2]

Mesopotamia, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia, Bagdad library, knowledge, Golden Age peak
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; al-Rashid ( "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided", 17 March 763 or February 766-“ 24 March 809 (148-“193 Hijri)[1] was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.[2] his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[3] of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself.[4] Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far). New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Mesopotamia, 800-899, Abbasids in Bagdad, Bugha the Turk, Christian Caliph Mavi, Phrygian Martyrs

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 809-813, Al Amin, Shia
Abbasid Caliph, 809-813, Al Amin ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16;

Mesopotamia, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Mesopotamia, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Mesopotamia, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutasim, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 833-842, Al-Mutasim, Shia ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ;

Mesopotamia, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Shia, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 842-847, Al-Wathiq ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9;

Mesopotamia, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 847-861, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Mesopotamia, 866-86, Abbasid Caliph9, Al-Mu'tazz
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Shia
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 892-902, Al-Mu'tamid; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 900-999, Abbasid's in Bagdad

Mesopotamia, 902-908, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muktafi

Mesopotamia, 908-932, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir
Abbasid Caliph, 908-932, Al-Muqtadir ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Mesopotamia, 932-934, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Qahir

Mesopotamia, 934-940, Abbasid Caliph, Ar-Radi

Mesopotamia, 940-944, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi

Mesopotamia, 944-946, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mustakfi

Mesopotamia, 946-974, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muti, trouble, too friendly with Orthodox Sunni's
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 946-974, Al-Muti; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 974-991, At-Tai
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 974-991, At-Tai;

Mesopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 991-1031, Al-Qadir
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 991-1031, Al-Qadir; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 1261-1517, History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia

Mesopotamia, 1261-1517, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia
Messopotamia, 1261-1517, Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo, Shia;

Mesopotamia, 1037-1194, Babylon History Folder, Seljuk Empire, Sunni

Mesopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Mesopotamia, 1105-1118, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed I of Baghdad
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1105-1118, Mehmed I of Baghdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Mesopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Mesopotamia, Euphrates River Folder

Euphrates River Route

Euphrates River - Western Euphrates

Euphrates River

Euphrates River Source (Murat River)

Euphrates River Source

Euphrates River 1

Euphrates River 2 (Melitene)

Euphrates River 3 (Samosata and Edessa)

Samosata, Mesopotamia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Carrhae, Mesopotamia (modern Harran, near Edessa)
Carrhae (modern Harran) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ;

Edessa, Messopotamia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Euphrates River 4 (Hieropolis, Syria)

Euphrates River 5 (Kings Highway)

Euphrates River 6 (Chebar River Mouth)

Euphrates River 7 (Bagdagi)
Euphrates River;

British Empire - Iraq, in the Fertile Crescent, Ephrates River, Bagdad
British Empire - Iraq, in the Fertile Crescent, Ephrates River, Bagdad; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Baghdadi, Iraq (Euphrates River 7)
Baghdadi;

Euphrates River 8 (Faluja)

Euphrates River 9 (Babylon)

Babylon, Mesopotamia (between Tigris River 7 and Euphrates River 9)
Babylon Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated July 21 ; Chaldean; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Parmenius the Presbyter in Babylon; Martyr Helimenas the Presbyter in Babylon; Martyr Chrysotelus the Presbyter in Babylon; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon. Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated December 2; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; Prophet Malachi, Commemorated January 3 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Sunday of the Prodigal Son, Commemorated on March 3; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Kapersana, Mesopotamia (Euphrates River 9)
Kapersana (Euphrates River 9) Venerable Salamanes the Silent of the Euphrates, Commemorated January 23 ;

Euphrates River 10

Chaldea, Messopotamia
Chaldea; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ;

the country beyond the river
Bacchides, Governor of the country beyond the river"ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â”Euphrates, 1 Maccabees ch 7;

Euphrates River 11 (Samara)

Samara, Messopotamia (Euphrates River 11)
Samara (Samawah) on the Euphrates River ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ;

Euphrates River 12

Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home)
Ur, Chaldea, Messopotamia (Abraham's Home) ; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9;

Euphrates River 13 (Tigris River)

Euphrates River Mouth (Persian Gulf)

Mesopotamia, Tigris River Folder

Martyropolis in Mesopotamia (Tigris River 2)
Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Dara, Mesopotamia or Syria, (Tigris River 3)
Dara (Mesopotamia); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Nisibis, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 3)
Nisibis (Mesopotamia); Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia (70 miles West of Tigris River 3)
Syngara Fortress, Mesopotamia; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Anastasiopolis, Mesopotamia (Dura or Dara, Tigris River 3)
Anastasiopolis, Messopotamia (Dura or Dara) Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Eden, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 5, Ephrates River 7)
Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia ; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Garden of Eden, Tree of Life
Garden of Eden in Mesopotamia; Eden in an abstract view of Mesopotamia; Forefeast of the Nativity of our Lord, Commemorated December 20 ;

Tigris River 6 (Samarra)

Samarra, Messopotamia (Tigris River 6)
Samarra (Tigris River 6); Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Baghdad, Mesopotamia (Tigris River 7)
Baghdad (Tigris River 7) ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Seleucia, Mesopotamia, Syria & Persia (Tigris River 7)
Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

India Folder (including Pakistan)

India
India; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated February 17 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954); HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS;

British Empire - India
India; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; St Mariamne the sister of the Apostle Philip, Commemorated February 17 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; VIDA DUTTON SCUDDER, EDUCATOR AND WITNESS FOR PEACE, (10 October 1954); HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19 ; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS;

British Empire - Maldives Islands - Indian Ocean Southsouthwest of India
British Empire - Maldives Islands - Indian Ocean Southsouthwest of India; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836)

British Empire, India (including Pakistan)
British Empire; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÂœFRIEND OF THE POOR Â IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ;

India, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
India, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

India, 30-376, Kushan Empire,
India, 30-375, Kushan Empire, 30-376; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 1434-1961, Portuguese India
India, Portuguese India,1434-1961 ;

India, 1605-1825, Dutch India (Ceylon and Malabar Coast)
India,1605-1825, Dutch India ;

India, 1612-1947, British India
British India,1612-1947;

India, 1620-1869, Danish India, East Coast North to South
India,1620-1869, Danish India ;

India, 1769-1954, French India (Only 200 sq. miles on Southeast Coast
India,1769-1954, French India;

Bay of Bengal

Indian Ocean (near India)
Indian Ocean

Indian Ocean (full view from the center)
Indian Ocean

India 33-1967, India History Folder

India, 000, 1st Century Folder, Apostles Thomas and Bartholomew, Buddhist Kushan Empire till 376

India, 30-376, Kushan Empire, Buddaist and Zoroastrian, trade with R Empire, Persia, and China
India, 30-375, Kushan Empire, 30-376; Kushan Empire (Ancient Greek: Î’Î±ÏƒÎ¹Î»ÎµÎ¯Î± ÎšÎ¿ÏƒÏƒÎ±Î½á¿¶Î½; Bactrian: ÎšÏ…Ï¸Î±Î½Î¿, Kushano; Sanskrit: à¤•à¥à¤·à¤¾à¤£ à¤°à¤¾à¤œà¤µà¤‚à¤¶ Kuá¹£Äá¹‡a RÄjavaá¹ƒÅ›a, BHS: Guá¹£Äá¹‡a-vaá¹ƒÅ›a; Parthian: í ‚í½Ší ‚í½…í ‚í½”í ‚í½ í ‚í½‡í ‚í½”í ‚í½•í ‚í½“, KuÅ¡an-xÅ¡aÎ¸r; Sanskrit: Gupta allahabad ku.jpg Gupta gujarat ssaa.jpg Gupta ashoka nn.svg Ku-shÄ-á¹‡a (Late Brahmi script), Kuá¹£Äá¹‡a SÄmrÄjya; BHS: Guá¹£Äá¹‡a-vaá¹ƒÅ›a; Chinese: è²´éœœ; [15]) was a syncretic empire, formed by the Yuezhi, in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. It spread to encompass much of modern-day territory of Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India,[16] at least as far as Saketa and Sarnath near Varanasi (Benares), where inscriptions have been found dating to the era of the Kushan Emperor Kanishka the Great.[17] Emperor Kanishka and the Kushans in general were great patrons of Buddhism, as well as Zoroastrianism.[18] They played an important role in the establishment of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent and its spread to Central Asia and China. The Kushans were most probably one of five branches of the Yuezhi confederation,[19][20] an Indo-European nomadic people of possible Tocharian[21][22][23][24][25] origin, who migrated from northwestern China (Xinjiang and Gansu) and settled in ancient Bactria.[20] The Kushans possibly used the Greek language initially for administrative purposes, but soon began to use Bactrian language.[7] Kanishka sent his armies north of the Karakoram mountains. A direct road from Gandhara to China remained under Kushan control for more than a century, encouraging travel across the Karakoram and facilitating the spread of Mahayana Buddhism to China. The Kushan dynasty had diplomatic contacts with the Roman Empire, Sasanian Persia, the Aksumite Empire and the Han dynasty of China. The Kushan Empire was at the center of trade relations between the Roman Empire and China: according to Alain Daniélou, "for a time, the Kushana Empire was the centerpoint of the major civilizations".[26] While much philosophy, art, and science was created within its borders, the only textual record of the empire's history today comes from inscriptions and accounts in other languages, particularly Chinese.[27] The Kushan empire fragmented into semi-independent kingdoms in the 3rd century AD, which fell to the Sasanians invading from the west, establishing the Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom in the areas of Sogdiana, Bactria and Gandhara. In the 4th century, the Guptas, an Indian dynasty also pressed from the east. The last of the Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian kingdoms were eventually overwhelmed by invaders from the north, known as the Kidarites, and then the Hephthalites.[12] Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 30-80, Kushan Emperor, Kujula Kadphises, founder of the Kushan E
India, Kushan Emperor, 30-80, Kujula Kadphises; Kadphises (Kushan language: ÎšÎ¿Î¶Î¿Ï…Î»Î¿Ï… ÎšÎ±Î´Ï†Î¹Î¶Î¿Ï…, also ÎšÎ¿Î¶Î¿Î»Î± ÎšÎ±Î´Î±Ï†ÎµÏ‚; Kharoá¹£á¹hÄ«: Kujula Kasasa; Ancient Chinese: ä¸˜å°±å», Qiujiuque; reigned 30–80 CE, or 40-90 CE according to Bopearachchi[1]) was a Kushan prince who united the Yuezhi confederation during the 1st century CE, and became the first Kushan emperor. According to the Rabatak inscription, he was the great grandfather of the great Kushan king Kanishka I. He is considered the founder of the Kushan Empire.[1] Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 50, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas, Madras
India, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; the Apostle (Biblical Hebrew: (Thoma Sheliha)), also called Didymus ("twin") was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Thomas is commonly known as "Doubting Thomas" because he doubted Jesus' resurrection when first told of it (as related in the Gospel of John alone); later, he confessed his faith, "My Lord and my God," on seeing Jesus' crucifixion wounds. to traditional accounts of the Saint Thomas Christians of modern-day Kerala in India, Thomas is believed to have travelled outside the Roman Empire to preach the Gospel, travelling as far as the Malabar Coast which is in modern-day Kerala State, India.[1][6][7][8] According to their tradition, Thomas reached Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India) in AD 52.[2][3][1] In 1258, some of the relics were brought to Ortona, in Abruzzo, Italy, where they have been held in the Church of Saint Thomas the Apostle.[9] He is often regarded as the patron saint of India,[10][11] and the name Thomas remains quite popular among Saint Thomas Christians of India. Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

India, 54-91, Saint, Bartholomew
Indian Saint, 54-91, Bartholomew; Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

India, Kushan Emperor, 80-90, Vima Takto
India, Kushan Emperor, 80-90, Vima Takto ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 90-100, Vima Kadphises
India, Kushan Emperor, 90-100, Vima Kadphises; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Buddhist Kushan Empire

India, Kushan Emperor, 100-140, Kanishka, Buddist
India, Kushan Emperor, 100-140, Kanishka ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 140-180, Huvishka
India, Kushan Emperor, 140-180, Huvishka ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 180-232, Vasudeva I
India, Kushan Emperor, 180-232, Vasudeva I ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Buddhist, Christian, Sasanian Kushan Empire, Saints Barlaam, Josaphat

India, Kushan Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I
India, Kushan Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Saints, 224-242, Barlaam and Josaphat
India, Kushan Saints, 78-78, Barlaam and Josaphat ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 232-245, Kanishka II
India, Kushan Emperor, 232-245, Kanishka II ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 245-265, Vasiska
India, Kushan Emperor, 245-265, Vasiska; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 265-275, Kanishka III
India, Kushan Emperor, 265-275, Kanishka III ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 275-300, Vasudeva II
India, Kushan Emperor, 275-300, Vasudeva II ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Buddhist Christian Kushan Empire

India, Kushan Emperor, 300-350, Shaka Kushan
India, Kushan Emperor, 300-350, Shaka Kushan; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, Kushan Emperor, 350-376 Gandhara
India, Kushan Emperor, 350-376 Gandhara ; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

India, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Portuguese India

India, 1434-1961, Portuguese India, string of fortresses along Indian Ocean
India, Portuguese India,1434-1961 ; The State of India (Portuguese: Estado da ÃÂÂndia), also referred as the Portuguese State of India (Estado Português da ÃÂÂndia, EPI) or simply Portuguese India (ÃÂÂndia Portuguesa), was a colonial state of the Portuguese Empire founded six years after the discovery of a sea route to the Indian Subcontinent by the Kingdom of Portugal. The capital of Portuguese India served as the governing centre of a string of Portuguese fortresses and settlements scattered along the Indian Ocean. The first viceroy, Francisco de Almeida, established his headquarters at what was then Cochim, the present-day Cochin (Kochi), subsequent Portuguese governors were not always of viceroy rank. After 1510, the capital of the Portuguese viceroyalty was transferred to Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests area) of present-day Goa and Damaon.[1] Present-day Mumbai (Bombay) was part of Portuguese India as Bom Baim until it was ceded to the British Crown in 1661, who in turn leased Bombay to the East India Company. Until the 18th century, the Portuguese governor in Goa had authority over all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to southeast Asia. In 1752, Mozambique got its own separate government, and in 1844 the Portuguese Government of India stopped administering the territory of Macau, Solor and Timor, and its authority was confined to the colonial holdings on the Konkan and Malabar coasts of Western India. At the time of the British Raj's dissolution in 1947, Portuguese India was subdivided into three districts located on modern-day India's western coast, sometimes referred to collectively as Goa: namely Goa; Damão, which included the inland enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli; and Diu. Portugal lost effective control of the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954, and finally the rest of the overseas territory in December 1961, when it was annexed by India under the Nehru Government. In spite of this, Portugal only recognised Indian control in 1974, after the Carnation Revolution and the fall of the Estado Novo regime, by a treaty signed on 31 December 1974.[2]

India, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Dutch, British, Danish India

India,1605-1825, Dutch India
India,1605-1825, Dutch India ;

India,1620-1869, Danish India
India,1620-1869, Danish India ;

India, 1700, 18th Century History Folder, French India

India,1769-1954, French India
India,1769-1954, French India;

India, 1800, 19th Century History Folder, English and Gandhi

India, 1877, Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi
India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated January 12;

India, Northwest of India, Pakistan and its Indus River Folder

Pakistan (Indus River Basin)
Pakistan; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Indus River, Pakistan

Indus River Source (Tibetan Plateau near Lake Mansarovar)
Indus River; Tibetan Plateau;

Mt Kailash
Mt Kailash; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Dorma La pass
Dorma La pass Mt Kailash; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Indus River 1 (Tibet, China and Pakistan border)

Leh, Ladakh
Leh, Ladakh ; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Indus River 2 (Gahkuch, Pakistan)

Indus River 3 (Gilgit, Pakisan)

Indus River 4 (Chilas, Kashmir, Pakistan)

Indus River 5 (Tarbela Dam)

Indus River 6

Indus River 7

Indus River 8

Indus River Mouth (Arabian Sea)

India, Northern India Folder, Ganges River and Grand Trunk Road

India, Northern India, Grand Trunk Road Folder (between South China and Afganistan)

India, Northern India, Ganges River Folder

Ganges River

World Council of Churches 1961
New Delhi, India ; World Council of Churches 1961 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Ganges River Source 1 (Western Himalayas)
Ganges River; Himalayas; Ganga;

Himalayan Mountains
Himalayan Mountains;

Ganges River Source 2

Ganges River 1

Ganges River 2

Ganges River 3 (Gangetic Plain Begins)

India, Northern India, Ganges River 3, New Delhi Folder, Grand Trunk Road 9

Delhi and New Delhi, India
New Delhi, India ; World Council of Churches 1961 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

New Delhi, India
New Delhi, India ; World Council of Churches 1961 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Upper Ganges Canal

Ganges Canal Irrigates Southwest

Lower Ganges Canal 1

St. Stephen's College, Delhi, 1881
St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Hindustan, India
Indo-Gangetic Plain ; Hindustan; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ;

Lower Ganges Canal

Lower Ganges Canal 2

Ganges Canal Branch 2

Ganges River 4

Ganges Canal Branch 1

India, Northern India, Ganges River 10, Son River Folder

Son River

Son River Source (Amarkantak)
Amarkantak;

Son River (Sidhi)
Sidhi;

Son River (Dehri)
Dehri;

Son River Mouth (Ganges River 10)
Son River;

Pataliputra (Patna, Traditional Capital (Palace) of India)
Pataliputra (Patna, Traditional Capital of India); Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19

Bankipur, Grand Trunk Road 6, Ganges 10, India, near Patna, Traditional Capital (Palace) of India
Bankipur, Grand Trunk Road, India, near Patna, Traditional Capital (Palace) of India; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated 5 April;

India, Northern India, Ganges River 10, Gandaki River Folder

Gandaki River

Gandaki River Source (Nhubine Himal Glacier, China)

Gandaki River (Lo Manthang, Nepal)
Lo Manthang;

Gandaki River (Jomsom, Mustang District, Nepal)
Jomsom, Mustang District ;

Gandaki River (Beni, Dhawalagiri Zone, Nepal)
Beni, Dhawalagiri Zone ;

Kathmandu, Nepal
Kathmandu; Margaurite's 2017 Trip

Gandaki River (Bagaha, India)
Bagaha, India;

Gandaki River Mouth (Patna, Ganges River 10)
Gandaki River

Ganges River 12 (Hooghly River Source)

India, Northern India, Ganges River 12, Hooghly River Folder

Hooghly River

Hooghly River Source (Ganges River 12)

Hooghly River 1

Hooghly River 2

Hooghly River 3

Serampore Colony, India, Danish (Hooghly River 4)
Serampore Colony, India, Danish (Hooghly River 4); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834 ; William Carey (missionary); LIFE OF WILLIAM CAREY, Shoemaker & Missionary;

Hooghly River 5 (Calcutta)

Calcutta, India (Hooghly River 5)
Calcutta WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ; ADONIRAM JUDSON, MISSIONARY TO BURMA, 1850, Commemorated April 12 ;

St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, 1847
St. Paul's Cathedral, Calcutta, 1847; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Fort William College, Fort William, Calcutta, 1800
Fort William College, Fort William, Calcutta, 1800; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834, Commemorated October 19;

Hooghly River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

Midnapore, Northern India, not far from Hooghly River Mouth
Midnapore, Northern India, not far from Hooghly River Mouth; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834, Commemorated October 19;

Brahmaputra River

Brahmaputra River, West Fork

Brahmaputra River, East Fork

Ganges River Mouth (Bay of Bengal Indian Ocean)

Punpun River

India, Northwest India Folder, Gujarat State

Gujarat State, Northwestern India
State of Gujarat; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND FRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Sabarmati River

Thar Desert, India
Thar Desert;

Sabarmati Ashram
Ashram; Sabarmati Ashram where Gandhi stayed.; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; (Charles Freer Andrews) helped Gandhi organize an Ashram in Natal and publish his famous magazine, The Indian Opinion.

Natal, India (Ahmedabad)
Natal; Ashram; Sabarmati Ashram where Gandhi stayed.; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; (Charles Freer Andrews) helped Gandhi organize an Ashram in Natal and publish his famous magazine, The Indian Opinion.

Sabarmati River Source (Aravalli Range)
Sabarmati River Source (Aravalli Range);

Sabarmati River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay, Arabian Sea)

Narmada River

Narmada River Source (upper Madhya Pradesh)
Madhya Pradesh;

Narmada River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay)
Narmada River;

Tapti River
Tapti River;

Tapti River Source (Saptura Range)
Saptura Range;

Tapati River (Panzara River Mouth)
Panzara River;

Tapti River Mouth (Gulf of Cambay)
Tapti River;

Arya Mahila Samaj Hostel, Mumbai, India, 1881
Arya Mahila Samaj Hostel, Mumbai, India; Station, Building No 10, Dr Kashibai Navrange Marg, Nana Chowk, Near, Gamdevi, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400007, India PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ;

India, Western India Folder, Goa and the Western Ghats

Goa, India - Portuguese colony of Goa
Portuguese colony of Goa on the west coast of India; Portuguese Conquest of Goa (1510); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Goa River 1

Goa River 2

Goa River 3

Bastoria, Goa, India
Bastoria, Goa, India; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Western Ghats 1 of 3
Western Ghats;

Western Ghats 2 of 3
Western Ghats;

Western Ghats 3 of 3
Western Ghats;

India, Northcentral India Folder, Mahanadi and Brahmani Rivers

Kurnool district (Bay of Bengal, Brahmani and Hooghly Rivers)
Kurnool district; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Eastern Ghats 3 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

Chota Nagpur Plateau
Chota Nagpur Plateau; Indo-Gangetic Plain;

Sankh River

Sankh River Source (along the border)

South Koel River

South Koel River Source (near Ranchi, Chota Nagpur Plateau)
South Koel River;

Brahmani River

Brahmani River Source (Sankh and South Koel Rivers)

Brahmani River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)
Brahmani River;

Mahanadi River

Mahamadi River 2

Mahanadi River Source (Sihawa, along the border)

Mahanadi River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, South Central India Folder, Godavari, Kirshna and Penner Rivers

Eastern Ghats 2 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

India, South Central, Godavari River Folder

Godavari River

Godavari River Source (Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple)
Godavari River; Trimbakeshwar Shiva Temple;

Godavari River 1

Godavari River 2

Godavari River 3

Dummagudem, District of Dummagudem, India (Godavari River 10)
District of Dummagudem; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Dornakal (railway junction, between Kirshna 6 and Godavari 10)
Dornakal, a railway junction; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Godavari River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

Godavery district (Khammam District, Godavery River)
Godavery district (Khammam District, Godavery River); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, South Central, Kirshna River Folder

Kirshna River
Krishna River;

Krishna River Source (Mahabaleshwar, Western Ghats)
Mahabaleshwar; Krishna River;

Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission (PRMM), Prune, India, 1889
Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission (PRMM), Prune, India; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922, Commemorated April 5 ;

Kirshna River 1 (Koyna River Mouth)
Koyna River;

Kirshna River 1.1 (Venna River Mouth)
Venna River;

Krishna River 2 (Sangli)
Sangli;

Kirshna River 3 (Malaprabha River Mouth)
Malaprabha River;

Kirshna River 4 (Bhima River Mouth)
Bhima River;

Telugu, South Central India, Land of the Telugu people, Andhra Pradesh Region
Land of the Telugu people; Pradesh (English: /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/ Telugu: [ãːndʱrʌ prʌdeːɕ] About this soundlisten (help·info)) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India.[12] It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi)[6] and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants.[13][14] is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east.[15] has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km (605 mi).[16] Pradesh is the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953.[17] Pradesh was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in India and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of ruins, chaityas and stupas[18][19] Pradesh is also known as the land of the world-famous diamond Koh-i-Noor and many other global known diamonds due to their presence in its Kollur Mine once.[20] is also known as the "rice bowl of India" for being a major producer of rice in India.[21] official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India and the 11th-most spoken language in the world.[22][23] inhabitants were known as the Andhras, tracing their history to the Vedic period when they were mentioned in the 8th century BCE Rigvedic text Aitareya Brahmana. to the Aitareya Brahmana, the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.[24][25] Assaka Mahajanapada (700–300 BCE) was an ancient kingdom located between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers in southeastern India accounts that people in the region are descended from the Viswamitra are found in the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and the Puranas.[26][clarification needed] region also derives its name from Satavahanas who are also known as Andhras, the earliest kings of Andhra Pradesh and India.[27] peoples supported local art culture by building temples and sculptures of the Buddhist monuments in the state.[24] It was ruled by Satavahanas, Eastern Chalukyas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Vijayanagara Empire, Mauryan Empire, Cholas, Pallavas, Salankayanas, Vishnukundinas, Kakatiyas and In the 3rd century BCE, Andhra was a vassal kingdom of Ashoka but after his death Andhra became powerful and extended its empire to the whole of Maratha country and beyond.[28] Pradesh comprises two major regions, namely Rayalaseema in the south-west and Coastal Andhra bordering the Bay of Bengal in the east and The state has a total of thirteen districts, nine located in Coastal Andhra and four in Rayalaseema. The state also has a union territory, Yanam - a district of Puducherry which lies to the south of Kakinada in the Godavari delta on the eastern side of the state. It is the only state with three capitals. The largest city and commercial hub of the state, Visakhapatnam being the executive capital while Amaravati and Kurnool serve as legislative and judicial capitals respectively.[30] The Economy of Andhra Pradesh is the seventh-largest state economy in India with ₹9.33 trillion (US$130 billion) in gross domestic product and a higher than national average per capita GDP of ₹164,000 (US$2,300).[8] Andhra Pradesh ranks 27th among Indian states in Human Development Index (HDI).[9] Andhra Pradesh has a jurisdiction over almost 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of territorial waters.[6][31] Pradesh hosted 121.8 million visitors in 2015, a 30% growth in tourist arrivals over the previous year, making it the third most-visited state in India.[32] The Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is one of the world's most visited religious sites, with 18.25 million visitors per year.[33] The region is also home to a variety of other pilgrimage centres, such as the Pancharama Kshetras, Mallikarjuna Jyotirlinga and Kodanda Rama Temple. state's natural attractions include the beaches of Visakhapatnam, hill stations such as the Araku Valley and Horsley Hills, and the delta of Konaseema in the Godavari River delta. VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Deccan Plateau, India
Deccan Plateau;

Krishna River 5 (Tungabhadra River Mouth)
Tungabhadra River;

Kistna district (Krishna District, Krishna River)
Kistna district (Krishna District) ; Krishna District; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Hyderabad State, South Central India, central river between Godavari and Kirshna
Hyderabad State ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Kirshna River 6 (Musi River Mouth)
Musi River;

Krishna River 7 (Vijayawada)
Vijayawada

Guntur (American Evangelical Lutheran Mission)
Guntur District; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Krishna River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)
Krishna River;

Noble College at Masulipatam (Kirshna River Mouth)
Noble College at Masulipatam ; Madras University, Machilipatnam; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, South Central, Penner River Folder

Pennar River

Penner River Source (Nandi Hills)

Pennar River 1 (Chitravathi River Mouth)

Chitravathi River

Pennar River 2 (Papagni River Mouth)

Kurnool District (northwest part of Andhra Pradesh State between Pennar and Kirshna rivers)
Kurnool District (northwest part of Andhra Pradesh State); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Cuddapah District (Kadapa District, South of Penner River, Southern part of Andhra Pradesh State)
Cuddapah District (Kadapa District, Penner River) ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Papagni River

Sagileru River

Penner River 3 (Cheyyeru River Mouth)

Cheyyeru River

Penner River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, Southern India Folder with Ceylon, Tamraparni and Kaveri Rivers and Madras

South India
South India; Church of South India; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Eastern Ghats 1 of 3
Eastern Ghats;

Tamil, South India, Land of the Tamil People
Land of the Tamil People; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

India, Southern India, Madras and Meliapur Folder

Madras, India
Madras; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ;

Paravas People of Southern India
Paravas People of Southern India; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

Meliapur, India
Meliapur, India ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Dioceses of Saint Thomas of Mylapore
Dioceses of Saint Thomas of Mylapore ; Meliapur, India ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

India, Southern India, Kaveri River Folder

Kaveri River

Kaveri River Source (Western Ghats)
Kaveri River Western Ghats;

Talakaveri Temple (Source of the Kaveri River) 300 AD 4th Century
Talakaveri Temple;

Kaveri River Mouth (Bay of Bengal)

India, Southern India, Tamraparni River Folder

Tamraparni River

Tamraparni River Source (Pothigai Peak, Southern Ghats)
Tamraparni River;

Kerala district, southern India
Kerala district; THOMAS THE APOSTLE, (21 DEC NT) ;

Tamraparni River 1

Gadananathi River Mouth (Tamraparni River 1)

Pachaiyar River Mouth (Tamraparni River 1.5)

Tamraparni River 2 (Tinnevelly)

Tinnevelly (Tamraparni River 2)
Tinnevelly; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2;

Chittar River Mouth (Tamraparni River 2.5)

Tamraparni River 3

Tamraparni River Mouth (Palk Strait)

India, Southern India, Ceylon Folder

Sri Lanka, India (Ceylon)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Ceylon, India (Sri Lanka)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

British Empire - Ceylon, India (Sri Lanka)
Sri Lanka (Ceylon); JOHN MOTT, EVANGELIST AND ECUMENICAL PIONEER, 3 October 1955; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

Jaffna, Celon, India
Jaffna; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ;

Albania Folder, its rivers and mountains

Albania
Albania, Albania lies between latitudes 39 and 43 N, and mostly between longitudes 19 and 21E ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia; Martyr Nicodemus of Elbassan Albania, Commemorated on July 10 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Stephen of Serbia, "the blind one", Commemorated October 9 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10: Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated December 15 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Nicephorus of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on May 4; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Albania 0030-1520, Albania History Folder

Albania, 000, 1st Century Folder, Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium, Apostle Caesar

Albania, 0098-0117, Astius Bishop of Dirrachium, Albania (on Via Egnatia)
Albania, 0098-0117, Astius Bishop of Dirrachium, Albania (on Via Egnatia) Dirrachium, Albania Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated July 7 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Albania, 35, Apostle Caesar of the 70, at Dyrrachium
Albania, 35, Apostle Caesar of the 70, at Dyrrachium; Dirrachium, Albania; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ;

Albania, 500, 6th Century Folder, Astius of Dirrachium on Via Egnatia, Durras Castle

Albania, 491-518, Albanian Anastasius 1 , Byzantine Emperor (491-518), Durras Castle, Albania
Anastasius 1 (491-518), Byzantine Emperor, Durras Castle, Albania; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ;

Albania, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Seige of Berat, HRE over Orthodox

Albania, 1280, HRE, Siege of Berat (1280-1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines, Charles I of Anjou
Siege of Berat (1280-1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines, Charles I of Anjou; 26 Monastic Martyrs of Zographou, Mount Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

Albania, 1385-1912, Ottoman Albania Folder

Albania, 1385-1912, Ottoman Albania
Albania, 1385-1912, Ottoman Albania;

Albania, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Stephen the Blind and Angelina of Serbia

Albania, 1443-1468, Albanian Prince, George Skenderbeg
Albanian Prince, 1443-1468, George Skenderbeg; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Stephen of Serbia, Ã¢Â€Âœthe blind oneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Albania, 1458-1459, Serbian Prince, Stephen Brancovich (Stephen the Blind)
Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; St Stephen of Serbia, Ã¢Â€Âœthe blind oneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Albania, 1458-1520, Albanian Serbian Saint, Saint Angelina of Serbia
Serbian Saint, 1458-1520, Saint Angelina of Serbia; St Stephen of Serbia, Ã¢Â€Âœthe blind oneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Albania, Aous River Folder, K Triangle of Roman Roads, Southern ALB

Illyria, Albania (North of Aous R, West of Dinara Mts - Bosnia Herzgovina, Montenegro, Dalmatia)
Illyria; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23;

Aous River

Aous River Source (Vovousa, Pindus Mts, Epirus)

Pindus Mountains
Pindus Mountains;

Pindus Range
Pindus Range;

Aous River 1 (Epirus and Konitsa, Greece)

Euroea, Epirus, Albania (Aous River 1)
Euroea in Epiro; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Aous River 2 (Carshove, Albania)

Aous River 3 (Permet, Albania)

Aous River 4 (Kelcyre Gorge)

Aous River 5 (Tepelene, Albania)

Aous River 6 (Memaliaj)

Aous River 7 (Selenice)

Aous River 8 (Novosele)

Aous River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Apollonia (Illyria) (Aous River) Ancient Macedonia
Apollonia (Illyria) (Aous River) Ancient Macedonia; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 30;

Albania, Shkumbin River Folder, Via Egnatia Entrance, Central ALB

Kutmichevitsa, Albania or Southwest Macedonia (K Triangle Area)
Kutmichevitsa, (K Triangle Area), the northwestern part of the region of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, broadly taken to be the area included in the triangle ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Shkumbin River

Shkumbin River Source (Pogradec District)
Pogradec District (southwest Lake Okhrida);

Mount Tomorr
Mount Tomorr;

Shkumbin River 1

Shkumbin River 2

Shkumbin River 3 (Elbesan)

Elbesan, Albania (Shkumbin River 3)
Elbesan; Martyr Nicodemus of Elbassan Albania, Commemorated on July 10 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Shkumbin River 4

Berat, Albania ( Molisht River Mouth, Osum River)
Berat, Albania; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greter Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Charles I of Anjou, HRE, Siege of Berat (1280Ã¢Â€Â“1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines
Charles I of Anjou, HRE, Siege of Berat (1280Ã¢Â€Â“1281), HRE over Orthodox Byzantines; 26 Monastic Martyrs of Zographou, Mount Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

Shkumbin River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Dirrachium, Albania (near Shkumbiin River Mouth, K Triangle Via Egnatia, Macedonia)
Dirrachium, Albania Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated July 7 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Durras Castle, Dirrachium, Albania (near Shkumbiin River Mouth)
Dirrachium, Albania Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated July 7 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated on February 19 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7;

Albania, Drilon River Folder, Northern ALB

Drilon River

Lake Skadar
Lake Skadar;

Drilon River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

White Drilon River

Dinaric Alps, Albania
Dinaric Alps; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated August 18 ; Martyr Evanthia of Illyria, Commemorated on December 15;

Prokletije Range
Prokletije Range;

White Drilon (Drin) River Source (Frieze Lake)

White Drilon (Drin) River 1

White Drilon (Drin) River 2 (Drilon River Source)

White Drilon (Drin) River 3a

White Drilon (Drin) River 3b

White Drilon River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Black Drilon River

Black Drilon (Drin) River Source (Lake Ohrid)

Black Drilon (Drin) River 1

Black Drilon (Drin) River 2

Black Drilon (Drin) River 3

Black Drilon (Drin) River Mouth (Frieze Lake, White Drilon River)

Albania, Lake Ochrid area Folder, Eastern ALB

Lake Okhrida, Albania
Lake Okhrida; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated December 8 ; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Ochrid, Albania (largest city on Lake Ochrid)
Ochrid (largest city on Lake Ochrid); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; Slavs; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Gregory of Ochrid; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20;

Saint Clement's Cathedral and Saint Panteleimon's Monastery, Ochrid, 890
Church of Saints Clement and Panteleimon Monastery and Cathedral, Ochrid, 890; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated July 27 ; St. Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St. Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St. Cyril and Methodius, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on December 23;

Pojani, Albania (near Lake Ochrid, on Via Egnatia of K Triangle)
Pojani, Albania; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4;

Moscopole, Albania
Moscopole; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Upper Valachia (Moscopole and Metsovon)
Upper Valachia; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2;

Albania, K Triangle Folder, Via Egnatia, Western K Triangle

Valona, Albania (Aous River Mouth. K Triangle, Via Egnatia)
Valona, Albania; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Africa Folder

Africa, North Africa Folder

North Africa
North Africa; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated on July 16 ; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Martyr Mertius of Mauretania, Commemorated January 12 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 13 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ;

Africa, North Africa, 146 BC - 429 AD, Roman province
Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Africa, North Africa, 429 - 643, Vandal Kingdom, Hippo and Carthage
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Africa, North Africa, 643-1581, Medieval Arabic Africa
Similar to the Roman Province Africa, Africa (Medieval Arabic Africa); Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated December 8 ; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated December 8; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, North Africa 146 BC-1581AD, Folder

Africa, North Africa, 146BC - 429AD, Roman Province

Africa, North Africa, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Tertullian

Africa, North Africa, 175-240, Christian Author, Tertullian
Africa, North Africa, 175-240, Christian Author, Tertullian; Africa, North Africa, 220-258, Saint, Cyprian; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31;

Africa, North Africa, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Cyprian

Africa, North Africa, 220-258, Saint, Cyprian
Africa, North Africa, 220-258, Saint, Cyprian; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31;

Africa, North Africa, 300, 4th Century Folder, Augustine of Hippo

Africa, North Africa, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo
Rome, 374-430, Saint Augustine of Hippo; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Africa, North Africa, 400, 5th 6th Century Folder, Vandals

Africa, North Africa, 428-477, Vandal King, Genseric (Guneric)
North Africa, 428-477, Vandal King, Genseric (Guneric) ; Gaiseric (c. 389 – 25 January 477),[1] also known as Geiseric or Genseric (Latin: Gaisericus, Geisericus; reconstructed Vandalic: *GaisarÄ«x [a]) was King of the Vandals and Alans (428–477), a kingdom he established, and was one of the key players in the difficulties faced by the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century. Through his nearly 50 years of rule, he raised a relatively insignificant Germanic tribe to the status of a major Mediterranean power. His most famous exploit, however, was the capture and plundering of Rome in June 455. He also defeated two major efforts by the Romans to overthrow him, the first one by the emperor Majorian in 460 or 461, and another by Basiliscus at the Battle of Cape Bon in 468. After dying in Carthage, Gaiseric was succeeded by his son Huneric. 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8;

Africa, North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was established by the Germanic Vandal people under Gaiseric. It ruled in North Africa and the Mediterranean 435–534 CE. In 429 CE, the Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, had crossed by boat from Hispania to North Africa. They advanced eastward, conquering the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In 435, the Roman Empire, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of Numidia and Mauretania when it became clear that the Vandal army could not be defeated by Roman military forces. In 439 the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured Carthage, the most important city of North Africa. The fledgling kingdom then conquered the Roman-ruled islands of Mallorca, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica in the western Mediterranean. In the 460s, the Romans launched two unsuccessful military expeditions by sea in an attempt to overthrow the Vandals and reclaim North Africa. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Western Roman Empire as North Africa was a major source of revenue and a supplier of grain (mostly wheat) to the city of Rome. Although primarily remembered for the sack of Rome in 455 and their persecution of Nicene Christians in favor of Arian Christianity, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and natural scientists of the late Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire.[5] The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8;

Africa, North Africa, 455, Vandal Sack of Rome
North Africa, 455, Vandal Sack of Rome; The sack of 455 was the third of four ancient sacks of Rome; it was conducted by the Vandals and the Moors, who were then at war with the usurping Western Roman Emperor Petronius Maximus. Background[edit] In the 440s, the Vandal king Genseric and the Roman Emperor Valentinian III had betrothed their children, Huneric and Eudocia,[2] to strengthen their alliance, reached in 442 with a peace treaty (the marriage was delayed as Eudocia was too young). In 455 Valentinian was killed, and Petronius Maximus rose to the throne. Petronius married Valentinian's widow, Licinia Eudoxia, and had his son Palladius marry Eudocia; in this way Petronius was to strengthen his bond with the Theodosian dynasty. Unhappy, however, with her husband's murder and the usurpation of Maximus, Eudoxia turned to aid from the Vandals to remove Maximus from his undeserved throne. The overture was favorably met, because Maximus' revolution was damaging to Genseric's ambitions. The king of the Vandals claimed that the broken betrothal between Huneric and Eudocia invalidated his peace treaty with Valentinian, and set sail to attack Rome, landing at Ostia at the mouth of the Tiber.[3] The sack[edit] Before approaching the city, the Vandals knocked down all of the city's aqueducts. At the sight of the approaching Vandals, Maximus and his soldiers tried to flee the city, but he was spotted and killed by a Roman mob outside the city,[4] possibly together with his son Palladius. Upon the Vandal arrival, according to the chronicler Prosper of Aquitaine, Pope Leo I requested that Genseric not destroy the ancient city nor murder its inhabitants. Genseric agreed and the gates of Rome were thrown open to him and his men. While Genseric kept his promise not to burn the city and slaughter its inhabitants, he did carry some off to be slaves, and during that time Genseric managed to capture Empress Licinia Eudoxia, Valentinian's widow, and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia as they tried to escape.[5] Eudoxia and her children were the last of Rome's imperial family. Eudocia would later marry Huneric. Aftermath[edit] A 16th century perception of the Vandals, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by Lucas d'Heere in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the Ghent University Library.[6] It is accepted that Genseric looted great amounts of treasure from the city, damaging objects of cultural significance such as the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus by stripping away the gilt bronze roof tiles.[a][8] There is, however, some debate over the severity of the Vandal sack. The sack of 455 is generally seen as being more thorough than the Visigothic sack of 410,[9] because the Vandals plundered Rome for fourteen days whereas the Visigoths spent only three days in the city. Interpretation[edit] A cause of significant controversy is the claim that the sack was relatively "clean", in that there was little murder and violence, and the Vandals did not burn the buildings of the city. This interpretation seems to stem from Prosper's claim that Pope Leo I managed to persuade Genseric to refrain from violence. However, Victor of Vita records that a number of shiploads of captives arrived in Africa from Rome, with the purpose of being sold into slavery. Similarly, the Byzantine historian Procopius reports that a church was burned down. Some modern historians like John Henry Haaren stated that temples, public buildings, private houses and even the emperor's palace were sacked.[10] Besides taking many Romans as slaves, the Vandals also committed other depredations like taking immense quantities of gold, silver, jewels and furniture, destroying works of art, and killing a number of citizens.[citation needed] St. Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23;

Africa, North Africa, 600, 7th-16th Century Folder, Medieval Arabic Africa, Moslem

Africa, North Africa, 647, Arab Conquest of Exarchate of Africa 647
Arab Conquest of Exarchate of Africa 647; Exarchate of Africa, Carthage as Capital;

Africa, North Africa, 800, 9th-10th Century Folder, Aghlabids dynasty, Sunni

Africa, North Africa, 800-909, Aghlabids dynasty, Sunni
North Africa, Aghlabids dynasty, 800-909, Sunni ; Aghlabids Emir, 800-812, Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim, Sunni Islam; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Africa, North Africa, 800-812, Aghlabids Emir, Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim
North Africa, Aghlabids Emir, 800-812, Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab ibn Salim; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23 ;

Africa, North Africa, Carthage and Tunis Folder

Carthage, North Africa
Carthage; Carthagian Empire; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated on July 16 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31 ; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; 49 Martyrs with Callistratus, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; Martyr Terence and 39 ohers of Carthage, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Venerable Domnica of Constantinople, Commemorated January 8 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Photina (Svetlana), the Samaritan Woman, and Her Sons, Commemorated on March 20; Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Vandal Kingdom, Hippo and Carthage, North Africa, 429 - 643,
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; Africa (Roman province); 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22; Martyr Andrew of Syracuse, martyred in Africa, Commemorated on September 23; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202); Martyr Terence and 40 others beheaded at Carthage, Commemorated on April 10; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29 ;

Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, 429-534,
North Africa, 429-534, Vandal Kingdom in North Africa; The Vandal Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Latin: Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was established by the Germanic Vandal people under Gaiseric. It ruled in North Africa and the Mediterranean 435–534 CE. In 429 CE, the Vandals, estimated to number 80,000 people, had crossed by boat from Hispania to North Africa. They advanced eastward, conquering the coastal regions of what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. In 435, the Roman Empire, then ruling North Africa, allowed the Vandals to settle in the provinces of Numidia and Mauretania when it became clear that the Vandal army could not be defeated by Roman military forces. In 439 the Vandals renewed their advance eastward and captured Carthage, the most important city of North Africa. The fledgling kingdom then conquered the Roman-ruled islands of Mallorca, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica in the western Mediterranean. In the 460s, the Romans launched two unsuccessful military expeditions by sea in an attempt to overthrow the Vandals and reclaim North Africa. The conquest of North Africa by the Vandals was a blow to the beleaguered Western Roman Empire as North Africa was a major source of revenue and a supplier of grain (mostly wheat) to the city of Rome. Although primarily remembered for the sack of Rome in 455 and their persecution of Nicene Christians in favor of Arian Christianity, the Vandals were also patrons of learning. Grand building projects continued, schools flourished, and North Africa fostered many of the most innovative writers and natural scientists of the late Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire.[5] The Vandal Kingdom ended in 534, when it was conquered by Belisarius in the Vandalic War and incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire). 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8;

Carthage, North Africa (modern Tunis)
Carthage (modern Tunis) ; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated on July 16 ; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31; CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE, BISHOP AND MARTYR (15 SEP 258) ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; 49 Martyrs with Callistratus, Commemorated September 27 ; Martyr Perpetua, a woman of Carthage, Commemorated February 1 ; PERPETUA AND HER COMPANIONS, MARTYRS AT CARTHAGE (7 MAR 202) ; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Tunis, Tunisia, North Africa
Tunis, Tunisia, Africa; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

Exarchate of Africa, Carthage as Capital
Exarchate of Africa, Carthage as Capital;

Tunisia, North Africa
Tunisia; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387);

Africa (The Continent Africa)
Africa; LILLIAN TRASHER MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961, Commemorated December 19 ; Martyr Callistratus, Commemorated on September 27 ; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Thacora (strategic point)
Thacora (Tagora) in Africa; Numidia; St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ;

Curubis, Tunisia, North Africa
Curubis or Korba, Tunisia Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated August 31 ;

Africa, North Africa, Algeria Folder, Algiers and Hippo

Algeria, North Africa
Algeria; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ;

Tamanrasset, Algeria
Tamanrasset; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ;

Tolga, Algeria
Tolga; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga ;

Thacora (Tagora) Algeria, North Africa
Thacora (Tagora) in Africa; Numidia; St Crispina;

Numidia (Algeria) and Numidians
Numidia (Algeria) and Numidians; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated on August 31;

Vandal Kingdom North Africa, Hippo and Carthage
Vandal Kingdom North Africa; 62 Martyred Priests of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8 ; 300 Martyred laypeople of Africa, martyred by the Arians, Commemorated on December 8 ;

Hippo, Algeria, North Africa
Hippo; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; The Holy Glorious and All-Praised Leaders of the Apostles, Peter and Paul, Commemorated on June 29;

Tagaste in Numidia, Algeria, North Africa
Tagaste in Numidia, North Africa ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ; St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Theveste, North Africa (a crossroads)
Theveste (or Tebessa); St Crispina, Commemorated December 5 ;

Africa, North Africa, Morocco Folder

Morocco, North Africa
Morocco; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Mauretania, North Africa
Mauretania; Martyr Mertius of Mauretania, Commemorated January 12 ;

Africa, North Africa, Libya Folder

Libya, North Africa
Libya Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Martyr Theophilus the Deacon, in Libya, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Necropolis (an example of large Christian graveyards)
Necropolis (an example): these large Christian graveyards (Jedars or walls) were throughout northern Algeria and Libya. Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Pentapolis, North Africa (Benhgazi)
Pentapolis, North Africa (Benhgazi) ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ;

Cyrene in Libya, North Africa
Cyrene in Libya; Hieromartyr Theodore the Bishop of Cyrene in Libya, Commemorated July 4 ;

Africa, South Africa Folder

South Africa
South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

British Empire - South Africa
South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Capetown, South Africa (Cape of Good Hope)
Capetown, South Africa; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Boer republics of South Africa
Boer republics of South Africa; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16;

Africa, South Africa 1880-1967, Folder

Africa, South Africa, 1800, 19th and 20th Century Folder, Boer Wars, Gandhi

Africa, South Africa, 1880-1881, Boer War 1 (Transvaal Republic, 1899)
Boer Wars; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, South Africa, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi
India, 1889-1948, Mahatma Gandhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated January 12;

Africa, South Africa, 1899-1902, Boer War 2 (Orange Free State, 1880)
Boer Wars; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Africa, South Africa, 1900, 20th Century, Albert Lutuli, Sharpeville massacre

Africa, South Africa, 1952-1967, Politician, Albert Lutuli
South African Politician, 1952-1967, Albert Lutuli; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Africa, South Africa, 1960, Sharpeville massacre
Sharpeville massacre; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21;

Africa, South Africa, Orange River Folder

Orange River

Orange River Source (Lesotho, Drakensberg Mountains)

British Empire - Basutoland - Orange River Source - South Africa
British Empire - Basutoland - Orange River Source - South Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Drakensberg Mountains (11,400 feet)
Drakensberg Mountains

Orange River 1

Orange River 2 (Gariep Dam)

Philippoplis, South Africa (Orange River 2.5)
Philippoplis, South Africa ;

Orange River 3 (Vanderkloof Dam)

Orange River 4 (Vaal River Mouth)

Africa, South Africa, Orange River 4, Vaal River Folder

Vaal River

Witwatersrand Mountains, Ridge of White Waters
Witwatersrand Mountains

Vaal River Source (Mpumalanga, Drakensberg Mountains)

Vaal River 1 (Blesbokspruit Mouth)

Blesbokspruit River

Blesbokspruit River Source

Vaal River 2 (Johannesburg)

Johannesburg, South Africa (Orange River 4, Vaal River 2)
Johannesburg, South Africa ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa (Johannesburg) 1908
Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ; David du Plessis, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1987, Commemorated February 2 ;

Doornfontein, Johanasburg Suburb
Doornfontein, Johanasburg Suburb; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ;

Vaal River 3 (Wilge River Mouth, Vaal Dam)

Wilge River

Wilge River Source

Vaal River 4 (Vaal Dam)

Sharpeville massacre 1960
Sharpeville massacre; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21;

Vaal River 5 (Mooi River Mouth)

Mooi River

Mooi River Source

Vaal River 6 (Vals River Mouth)

Vals River

Vals River Source

Vaal River 7 (Vet River Mouth)

Vet River

Vet River Source

Vaal River 8 (Harts River Mouth)

Hart River

British Empire - Bechuanaland - Vaal River, South Africa
British Empire - Bechuanaland - Vaal River, South Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Vaal River 9 (Lime River Mouth)

Lime River

Vaal River 10 (Riet River Mouth)

Riet River

Reit River 1 (Modder River Mouth)

Modder River

Modder River Upper Modder

Riet River 2

Vaal River Mouth (Orange River 4)

Hart River Source

Orange River 5

Orange River 6 (Upington)

Orange River 7

Orange River 8 (Aggeneys)

Orange River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Africa, South Africa, Gourits River Folder, Natal Province, Capetown

Gourits River

Gourits River Source (Gamka and Olifants Rivers)

Gourits River Mouth (Gouritsmond, Indian Ocean)

Natal Province, South Africa
Natal Province, South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

Stanger, Natal, South Africa
Stanger, South Africa ; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Groutville, Natal, South Africa
Groutville, South Africa; ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Sneeuberge (Snow Mountains)

Africa, South Africa, Gourits River Source, Olifants and Gamka Rivers Folder

Olifants River

Olifants River Source (north of Swartberg)

Olifants River Mouth (Gourits River Source)

Gamka River

Gamka River Source (north of Beaufort West)

Gamka River Mouth (Gourits River Source)

Africa, South Africa, Limpopo River Folder, Transvaal Colony, Mozambique

Limpopo River

Limpopo River Source

Africa, South Africa, Limpopo River Sources, Marico and Crocodile Rivers Folder

Marico River

Marico River Source

Marico River Mouth (Source of the Limpopo River)

Crocodile River

Crocodile River Source

Crocodile River (Limpopo)

Limpopo River 1

Limpopo River 2

Limpopo River 3

Transvaal Colony, Limpopo River, South Africa
Transvaal Colony; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

Limpopo River Mouth (Indian Ocean)

Portuguese South East Africa (Mozambique)
Portuguese South East Africa (Mozambique); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

British Empire - Swaziland - Next to Mozambique, Limpopo River, South Africa
British Empire - Swaziland; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, Central Africa Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Rhodesia, Botswana Folder

Africa, Central Africa 1700-Present, Congo Basin Folder

Congo Basin
Congo Basin;

British Empire - Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean
Ascension Island, South Central Atlantic Ocean across from Congo Basin Central Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, Central Africa, 1700, 18th-21st Century History Folder, Mangwende Dynasty

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, 1710-present, Mangwende Dynasty
Mangwende Dynasty, 1710-present; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Africa, Central Africa, 1800, 19th 20th Century Folder, Mungate Mangwende

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, 1880-1924, Chief Mungate Mangwende, Mangwende Dynasty
Mangwende Dynasty, 1710-present; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Limpopo River Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi River Folder

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi, Outside the Arc Folder

Mozambique Island, Zambezi River Mouth, Straight of Madagascar
Mozambique, Zambezi River Mouth, Straight of Madagascar;

Rodesia, Northern Rhodesia (outside the Zambezi River arc)
Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Northern Rhodesia (outside the Zambezi River arc)
Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Nyasaland - Outside the Z River Arc 'Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia
British Empire - Nyasaland - Eastern Edge of Northern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Zambezi, Inside the Arc Folder

Mashonaland (inside Zambezi River arc)
Mashonaland; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Nhowe (tribe of the Murehwa District, Mashonaland)
Nhowe (somewhere in Murehwa district, the area of the Nhowe people), Mukarakate is the Great ancestor of the Nhowe tribe, Murehwa is the place name; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Rodesia, Southern Rhodesia (inside the Zambezi River arc)
Southern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

British Empire - Southern Rhodesia (inside the Zambezi River arc)
Southern Rhodesia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

Bulawayo Rhodesia (between Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers)
Bulawayo Rhodesia (between Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers); ALBERT JOHN LUTHULI, PROPHETIC WITNESS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1967, Commemorated July 21 ;

Zambezi River 3 (Chavuma Falls)

Zambezi River

Zambezi River Source (Mwinilunga, Zambezi)
Mwinilunga, Zambezi ;

Zambezi River 1

Zambezi River 2

Zambezi River 3

Zambezi River 8 (Ngonye Falls )

Zambezi River 14 (Victoria Falls)

Zambezi River 20 (Lake Kariba)

Zambezi River 26 (Lake Cahora Bassa)

Zambezi River Mouth (Straight of Madagascar)

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Okavango River Folder

Okavango River

Okavango (Cubango) River Source (Angola)

Okavango River 1

Okavango River 2

Okavango (Cubango) River 3

Okavango River 4

Okavango River Mouth (Moremi Game Reserve)

Komana, Botswana (Okavango River Mouth (Moremi Game Reserve))
Komana; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Kalahari Desert
Kalahari Desert;

British Empire - South West Africa
British Empire - South West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, Central Africa, Congo Basin, Congo River Folder

Congo River

Boga-Zaire (Congo)
Boga-Zaire (Congo); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Gabala (Angola)
St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople;

Mitumba Mountains
Mitumba Mountainsl

Congo River Source (along the border)

Congo River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Lukuga River

Lukuga River Source (Kalemie, Lake Tanganyika)

Lukuga River Mouth (Congo River)

Africa, East Africa Folder

East Africa
East Africa; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983) THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Albertine Rift

East African Rift

Mount Elgon, between Uganda and Kenya
Mount Elgon

Africa, East Africa 600BC-1983, Folder

Africa, East Africa, 600BC-700, East African Arabs

Africa, East Africa, 600 BC - 8th Century, East African Egyptian Arabs, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom
East African Egyptian Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Africa, East Africa, 000, 1st Century Folder, Arabs, Apostles Thomas, Matthew

Africa, East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Africa, East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Africa, East Africa, 100, 2nd-10th Century Folder, Arabs, Christian Axum Kingdom, Orthodox

Africa, East Africa, 100-940, Abyssinian (Ethiopian) Kingdom of Axum, Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, 100-940, Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, Christian; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 300-399, St Frumentius and Kings Ella Amida, Ezana,

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 320-333, King, Ella Amida aka Ousanas
East Africa, 320-333, King, Ella Amida aka Ousanas; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 323-383, Abyssinian Saint, Frumentius, grace of the priesthood
East Africa, Abyssinia, 323-383, Ethiopian Saint, Frumentius; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum
East Africa, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, Elesbaan and Abyssinia

Africa, East Africa, Arabs, 520-540, Abyssinia, Ethiopian King, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Africa, East Africa, 900-1270, Christian Ethiopian Zagwe Dynasty

Africa, East Africa, 900-1270, Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, Christian
East Africa, Abyssinia, 900-1270, Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, Christian; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, 1137-1974, Christian Ethopian Empire, Orthodox

Africa, East Africa, Abyssinia, 1137-1974, Ethiopian Empire, Christian, Orthodox
East Africa, Abyssinia, 1137-1974, Ethiopian Empire, Christian, Orthodox; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Uganda History Folder, 1856-1979

Africa, East Africa, 1800, 19th 20th Century Folder, Uganda, Homosexual Mwanga War, British Protectorate

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1856-1884, Ugandan King, Muteesa I of Buganda
Ugandan King, 1856-1884, Muteesa I of Buganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1884-1897, Ugandan King, Mwanga II of Buganda
Ugandan King, 1884-1897, Mwanga II of Buganda; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1885-1897, Homosexual War of King Mwanga
Uganda, 1885-1897, Homosexual War of King Mwanga ; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1894-1962, British Protectorate
Uganda, 1894-1962, British Protectorate; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Africa, East Africa, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Uganda, Milton Obote, Idi Amin

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1966-1971, President, Milton Obote
East Africa, Ugandan President, 1966-1971, Milton Obote; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Africa, East Africa, Uganda, 1971-1979, President, Idi Amin
East Africa, Ugandan President, 1971-1979, Idi Amin; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Africa, East Africa, Blue Nile River Folder

Blue Nile River

Blue Nile Source (Lake Tana, Ethiopia)
Blue Nile;

Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish (sacred source of the Nile)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Blue Nile 1 (Blue Nile Falls)
Blue Nile Falls;

Blue Nile 2

Blue Nile 3

Blue Nile 4

Blue Nile 18 (Ethopia)

Blue Nile 19 (Sudan)

Blue Nile 27 (Khartoum, Nile River Source)

Africa, East Africa, White Nile Folder

White Nile River

White Nile Source (Lake Victoria)
White Nile; Lake Victoria;

White Nile 1 (Buganda and Namugongo, Uganda)

White Nile 2 (Victoria Nile section)

White Nile 3 (Albert Lake, Albert Nile section)

White Nile 4 (Sudan-Uganda Border)

White Nile 5 (Juba, Sudan)

White Nile 6

White Nile 7

White Nile 8 (Lake No, South Sudan)

White Nile 9

White Nile 10 (Sudan-Egypt border)

White Nile Mouth (Kartoum, Blue Nile, Nile River Source)

Africa, East Africa, Albert Nile Folder

Albert Nile (Semliki) River

Albert Nile Source (Lake Albert, Uganda)

Semliki River Mouth (Lake Albert)

Rwenzori Mountains

Semliki River Source (Lake Edward)

Mitumba Mountains (North Kivu)
Mitumba Mountainsl

Rutshura River

Rutshuru River Source (Lake Mutanda)

Rutshuru River Mouth (Lake Edward)

Virunga Mountains
Virunga Mountains;

Africa, East Africa, Sudan Folder

Sudan, East Africa
Sudan; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

British Empire - Sudan, East Africa
Sudan; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

Sudan History Folder

Sudanese Diaspora - Martyrs of South Sudan 1983
Sudanese Diaspora - Martyrs of South Sudan 1983 ; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983) ;

Nubia (Sudan)
Nubia; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT);

Khartoum, Sudan, East Africa (Nile River Source)
Khartoum; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983);

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia Folder

Ethiopia, East Africa
Ethiopia; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5;

British Empire - British Somaliland - East Africa, Gulf of Aden
British Empire - British Somaliland - East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia History Folder

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew
Ethiopia, 1st Century, Apostle Matthew; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 100-940, Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, Christian
Ethiopian Kingdom of Axum, 100-940, Christian; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 323-383, Bishop Frumentius, grace of the priesthood
Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 323-383, Bishop Frumentius, grace of the priesthood; Saint Frumentius, Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 323-383, Abyssinia (Ethiopian) Saint, Frumentius
East Africa, Abyssinia, 323-383, Ethiopian Saint, Frumentius; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum
East Africa, 333-356, King, Ezana of Axum; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 350-405, Ethiopian Saint, Moses the Black
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28;

Africa, East Africa, Ethiopia, 520-540, King, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian
Ethiopian King, 520-540, Elesbaan (Caleb or Kaleb), Christian Kingdom of Axum (100-940); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Aksum (Axum or Abyssinia)
Aksum (Axum or Abyssinia); Elesbaan, or Kaleb of Axum (Axum is in Eritrea. Capital of Eritrea is Aksum; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Mirmena (Asmara or Massawa), Ethiopia
Mirmena (Asmara or Massawa); Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated on November 16;

Upper Blue Nile region (Ethiopia)
Previously, Ethiopia referred to Upper Nile region, Blue Nile and White Nile; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; PHILIP, DEACON AND EVANGELIST (11 OCT NT); Apostle Philip of the Seventy, One of the Seven Deacons, Commemorated on October 11; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Abyssinia (Ethiopian Empire, Northwest Ethiopia, north of the rift, Ethiopian Highlands)
Abyssinia: the Ethiopian Empire. Ethiopian Highlands ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Afar, Ethiopia (Semera)
Afar, Ethiopia (Semara) ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Africa, East Africa, Kenya Folder

Kenya, East Africa
Kenya; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

British Empire - Kenya, East Africa
Kenya; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Nairobi, Kenya, East Africa
Nairobi; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

Amimos, Kenya, East Africa
Amimos, Kenya ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ;

Africa, East Africa, Uganda Folder

Uganda, East Africa
Uganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886) ;

British Empire - Uganda, East Africa
Uganda; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885) ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886) ;

Kampala, Uganda, East Africa
Kampala, Uganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Namugongo, Uganda
Namugongo; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Buganda, Central Uganda, East Africa
Buganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

Northern Uganda, East Africa
Northern Uganda; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Acholi tribe, Northern Uganda, South Sudan, East Africa
Acholi tribe, Northern Uganda, South Sudan, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977) ; Lord's Resistance Army; MARTYRS OF SUDAN, (16 May 1983)

Lango Tribe, Northern Uganda, East Africa
Lango; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977) ;

Buwalasi Theological College, Sironko District, Uganda, East Africa
Buwalasi Theological College, Sironko District, Uganda, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Africa, East Africa, Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania Folder

Rwanda, East Africa
Rwanda, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Burundi, East Africa
Burundi, East Africa; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977);

Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania (19,341 ft or 5,895 meters)
Mount Kilimanjaro;

East African Community (EAC), Tanzania
East Africa; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ;

British Empire - Tanganyika, Tanzania, East Africa, Zanzibar, Indian Ocean
British Empire - Tanganyika, Tanzania, East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - British Indian Ocean Territory - halfway between Tanzania and Indonesia
British Empire - British Indian Ocean Territory - ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Zanzibar, Indian Ocean Islands right next to Tanganyika, East Africa
British Empire - Zanzibar, Indian Ocean Island right next to Tanganyika, East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Seychelles - Islands in the Indian Ocean, off East Africa
British Empire - Seychelles - Islands in the Indian Ocean, off East Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836)

Mitumba Mountains Mt Kahuzi 10,850 ft
Mitumba Mountains Mt Kahuzi

Ruzizi River

Ruzizi River Source (Lake Kivu)

Ruzizi River Mouth (Lake Tanganyika)

Africa, West Africa Folder

West Africa
West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Africa, West Africa 1200-Present, Folder, Niger River History

Africa, West Africa, 1200, 13th 14th Centurys Folder, Mali Empire

Niger River, 1235-1600, Mali Empire
Niger River, 1235-1600, Mali Empire;

Africa, West Africa, 1400, 15th 16th Century Folder, Songhai Empire

Niger River, 1464-1591, Songhai Empire, Gao the capital
Niger River, 1464-1591, Songhai Empire, Gao the capital ;

Africa, West Africa, 1600, 17th- 19th Century Folder, Bamana Empire

Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire
Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire ;

Africa, West Africa, 1700, 18th-19th Century Folder, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni, Slave Traders

Niger River, 1725-1896, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni
Niger River, 1725-1896, Fulani Imamate of Futa Jallon, Sunni ; of Futa Jallon or Jalon (French: Fouta Djallon; Pular: Fuuta Jaloo or Fuuta Jalon)[1] was a West African theocratic state based in the Fouta Djallon highlands of modern Guinea. The state was founded around 1727 by a Fulani jihad and became part of the French Third Republic's colonial empire in 1896. 1 Origin 2 Organization 3 Dominance 4 Decline 5 See also 6 References section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Fouta Djallon region was settled by the semi-nomadic Fulɓe over successive generations between the 13th and 16th centuries. Initially, they followed a traditional African religion.[citation needed] In the 16th century an influx of Muslim Fulɓe from Macina, Mali changed the fabric of Fula society. in the Imamate of Futa Toro, the Muslim and traditionalist Fula of Futa Jallon lived side-by-side. Then, according to traditional accounts, a 17th-century holy war erupted. In 1725, the Muslim Fulɓe took complete control of Futa Jallon after the battle of Talansan and set up the first of many Fula theocratic states to come. Karamokho Alfa was appointed Emir al-Mu'minin ("Commander of the Faithful") and first Almami of the Imamate of Futa Jalon. He died in 1751 and was succeeded by Emir Ibrahim Sori, who consolidated the power of the Islamic state. Futa Jallon's theocratic model would later inspire the Fula state of Futa Toro. new Imamate of Futa Jallon was governed under a strict interpretation of Sharia with a central ruler in the city of Timbo, near present-day Mamou. The Imamate contained nine provinces called diwe, which all held a certain amount of autonomy. These diwe were: Timbo, Timbi, Labè, Koîn, Kolladhè, Fugumba, Kèbaly, Fodé Hadji and Murya, Massi. The meeting of the rulers of these diwè at Timbi decided to introduce Alpha Ibrahima from Timbo as first Almamy Fuuta Jallonke with residence at Timbo. Timbo then became the capital of Fuuta Jallon until the arrival of French colonialists. The objective of the constitution of this Imamate was to convince local communities to become Muslim. It became a regional power through war and negotiation, wielding influence and generating wealth. As a sovereign state, it dealt with France and other European powers as a diplomatic peer while championing artistic and literary achievement in Islamic learning at centers such as the holy city of Fugumba. Muslims of Futa Jallon became divided into factions. The clerical faction took the name of the Alfaya out of respect to the legacy of Karamokho Alfa, while the secular faction called themselves the Soriya after his successor Ibrahima Sori. two factions came to an agreement that power should alternate between leaders of the two factions.[2] The rulers of the two cities of Timbo and Fugumba were descended from the same original family, and later all competition for the position of almami was between these two cities.[3] Africa circa 1875 Imamate of Futa Jallon became a multiethnic, multilingual society,[citation needed] ruled by Muslim Fulɓe and backed by powerful free and slave armies. The Fulɓe of Futa Jallon and Futa Toro were able to take advantage of the growing Atlantic slave trade with the Europeans on the coast, particularly the French and Portuguese. The twin Fula states also supplied valuable grain, cattle and other goods to their European neighbors on the coast. The Almaami would demand gifts in return for trade rights and could enforce his will with a well-supplied army. In 1865, Futa Jallon supported an invasion of the Mandinka kingdom of Kaabu, resulting in its demise at the Battle of Kansala in 1867. It conquered the remnants of the Kingdom of Jolof in central Senegambia in 1875. French were not satisfied with mere dominance of the coast and increasingly one-sided trade with the Fulbe. They began making inroads into Futa Jallon by capitalizing on its internal struggles. Finally, in 1896, at the Battle of Porédaka, the French defeated the last Almaami of Futa Jallon, Bokar Biro. SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Africa, West Africa, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Fulani War, Massina, Toucouleur, and Wassoulou Empires, French w Barnana

Africa, West Africa, 1804-1808, Fulani War, Sokoto Caliphate
Fulani War; Fulani War of 1804–1808, also known as the Fulani Jihad or Jihad of Usman dan Fodio, was a military conflict in present-day Nigeria and Cameroon. The war began when Usman Danfodiyo, a prominent Islamic scholar and teacher, was exiled from Gobir by the King Yunfa, one of his former students. Danfodiyo assembled a Islamics army to lead in jihad against the Hausa Kingdoms of the north of Nigeria. The forces of Usman Danfodiyo slowly took over more and more of the Hausa kingdoms, capturing Gobir in 1808 and executing Yunfa. The war resulted in the creation of the Sokoto Caliphate, headed by Usman Danfodiyo, which became one of the largest states in Africa in the 19th century. His success inspired similar jihads in Western Africa. 1 Background 2 Lead up to war 3 Battles 4 Founding of the Sokoto Caliphate 5 Legacy 6 See also 7 References Background[edit] Kanem-Bornu Empire had been in decline in the area from the mid-18th century. The result was the rise of a number of independent Hausa kingdoms throughout the region. Two prominent Hausa kingdoms were Gobir and Zamfara. However, warfare between the Hausa states and with other states were constant for the latter 18th century, resulting in a harsh system of conscription and taxation.[1] The Fulani, a largely pastoral people, were often the victims of Hausa taxation, land control, and other feudal practices.[2] up to war[edit] dan Fodio, born in 1754, joined a growing number of traveling Islamic scholars through the Hausa kingdoms in the 1770s and became quite popular in the 1790s.[1] Originally, dan Fodio's preaching received the support of the leadership of Gobir; however, as his influence increased and as he began to advocate for self-defense arming by his followers, his favor with the leadership decreased. Sarkin Gobir Nafata, the king of Gobir, placed a series of restrictions on dan Fodio's preaching.[1] In 1801, Sarkin Gobir Yunfa, a former pupil of dan Fodio, replaced Nafata as king of Gobir. However, Yunfa increased the restrictions on dan Fodio and exiled him from Gobir to the village of Degel. A crisis developed later in 1803 when Yunfa attacked and captured many of the followers of a group associated with dan Fodio. Yunfa then marched the prisoners through Degel, enraging many of dan Fodio's followers, who attacked the army and freed the prisoners. Yunfa gave dan Fodio the option of exile before destroying Degel, which led to the large-scale hijra of dan Fodio's community to Gudu. So many people went with dan Fodio throughout the state that on February 21, 1804, Yunfa declared war on dan Fodio and threatened punishment to anyone joining him.[1] Followers of dan Fodio declared him to be the Amir al-Mu'minin, commander of the faithful, and denounced their allegiance to Gobir. minor skirmishes preceded the forces meeting at the Battle of Tsuntua. Although Yunfa was victorious and dan Fodio lost a number of men, the battle did not diminish his force. He retaliated by capturing the village of Matankari, which resulted in the battle of Tafkin Kwattoa, a major action between Yunfa and dan Fodio's forces. Although outnumbered, dan Fodio's troops were able to prevent Yunfa from advancing on Gunu and thus convince larger numbers of people to join his forces.[1] 1805, the forces of dan Fodio, the jihadists, captured the Hausa kingdom of Kebbi. By 1807, the jihadists had taken over the states of Katsina, Daura, and Kano. In 1808, the jihadists captured Gobir, killing Yunfa in the battle.[1] the capture of Gobir, the jihadists saw that they were part of a wider regional struggle. They continued with battles against a number of Hausa kingdoms, and the Sokoto Caliphate expanded over the next two years. The last major expansion of the jihadists was the toppling of the Sayfawa dynasty in 1846.[1] of the Sokoto Caliphate[edit] Bello, the son of Usman dan Fodio, transformed the semi-permanent camp of Sokoto into a city in 1809, during the Fulani war.[3] Dan Fodio ruled from Sokoto as the religious leader of the Fulani jihad states from that point until 1815, when he retired from administrative duties.[1] The Caliphate appointed various Emirs to govern the various states of the empire. These men were often veterans of the Fulani wars.[2] success of the jihad inspired a number of later West African jihadists, including Massina Empire founder Seku Amadu, Toucouleur Empire founder Umar Tall, Wassoulou Empire founder Samori Ture, and Adamawa Emirate founder Modibo Adama. Sokoto Caliphate has continued to the present. Since the British conquest of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence under a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position still has considerable spiritual authority. Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Niger River, 1818-1862, Massina Empire
Niger River, 1818-1862, Massina Empire ;

Niger River, 1848-1893, Toucouleur Empire
Niger River, 1848-1893, Toucouleur Empire;

Niger River, Massina Almami, 1818-1845, Seku Amadu. Massina Empire Founder
Niger River, Massina Almami, 1818-1845, Seku Amadu. Massina Empire Founder; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, 1878-1898, Wassoulou Empire, Sunni Islam, Mandinka people
Niger River, 1878-1898, Wassoulou Empire, Sunni Islam, Mandinka people ; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, Fulani Iman, 1890-1896, Bokar Biro, Sunni
Niger River, Fulani Iman, 1890-1896, Bokar Biro, Sunni; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River, 1893-1900, The French allied with Bamana Empire
Niger River, 1893-1893, The French allied with Bamana Empire; Niger River, 1640-1861, Bamana Empire ; The French Scramble for Africa

Africa, West Africa, 1900, 20th Century Folder, French Colony of Niger, 1930 Revival

Niger River, 1900-1960, The French Colony of Niger
Niger River, 1900-1960, The French Colony of Niger;

Niger River Mouth, Ogun River, The Great Revival of 1930
The Great Revival of 1930 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Africa, West Africa, Liberia, Saint Paul, Mesurado and Cavalla Rivers Folder, Liberia

Liberia, West Africa
Liberia; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Saint Paul River

Saint Paul River Source (Guinea Highlands)
Saint Paul River;

Nimba Range of Guinea Highlands
Guinea Highlands;

Saint Paul River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Mesurado River

Mesurado River Source

Cuttington University, Liberia
Cuttington University; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Mesurado River 1

Mesurado River 2

Mesurado River Mouth and Cape

Liberia College
Liberia College; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL, PRIEST, MISSIONARY, EDUCATOR (10 SEP 1898) ;

Monrovia, Liberia
Monrovia; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Cavalla River

Cavalla River Source (Guinea Highlands)

Cavalla River 1

Cavalla River 2

Cavalla River 3

Cavalla River Mouth (Cape Palmas, Atlantic Ocean)

Cape Palmas, Liberia (Cavalla River Mouth, Atlantic Ocean)
Cape Palmas; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2 ;

Africa, West Africa, Guiana Rivers Folder, Sierra Leone and Freetown

Guiana River 1 Boke River

Guiana River 2 Telimele River

Guiana River 3 Telimele River

Guiana River 4 Fria River

Guiana River 5 Kindia River

Guiana River 6 Pita River

Guiana River 7 Koullan River

Guiana River 8

Guiana River 9

Guiana River 10

Guiana River 11 Kindia River

Freetown, Sierra Leone
Freetown, Sierra Leone; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

British Empire - Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Guiana River 15 Farmoyeya River

Africa, West Africa, Fulani Folder, Upper Niger River

Fulani, Land of the Fulani People (Sierra Leone, Timbuktu, Upper Niger River)
Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Niger River

Niger River Source (Guinea Highlands)
Guinea Highlands;

Niger River 1

Niger River 2

Niger River 3 (Inland Delta)

Niger River (Overview)

Niger River 4 (Timbuktu)

Timbuktu (Niger River 4)
Timbuktu; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Niger River 5

Kaduna River Mouth (Niger River)

Niger Delta or Mouth (Gulf of Guinea)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River Folder

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 3, Bani River Folder

Bani River

Bani River Source (Baoule and Bagoe Rivers Convergence)

Bani River 1

Bani River 2

Bani River 3

Bani River Mouth (Niger River 3)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 6, Sokoto River Folder

Sokoto River

Sokoto River Source
Sokoto River

Fulani Empire (Upper Niger River)
Fulani Empire; Muslim Fulani Slave Raiders; Portuguese slave traders; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Sokoto River 1

Fulani Capital

Sokoto River Mouth (Niger River 6)

Africa, West Africa, Niger River 8, Benue (Chadda) River Folder

Benue (Chadda) River

Benue (Chadda) River Source (Adamawa Plateau)
Benue River; Adamawa Plateau ;

Benue (Chadda) River 1

Benue (Chadda) River 2

Benue (Chadda) River 3

Benue (Chadda) River Mouth (Niger River 8)

NIGER TERRITORIES, Niger Delta, Between Forcados and Brasse Rivers
NIGER TERRITORIES, Niger Delta, Between Forcados and Brasse Rivers; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Forcados River

Brasse River

Africa, West Africa, Niger River Mouth, Ogun River Folder

Nigeria
Nigeria; Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

British Empire - Nigeria - Ogun River, West Africa
Nigeria; Land of the Fulani People is a 1,000 mile wide streach of land across Africa south of the Sahara Desert; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin andTogo)
Yorubaland (Nigeria, Benin andTogo); Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Ogun River

Ogun River Source (near Shaki)

Kwara State, Nigeria (Ogun River Source, Niger River 7)
Kwara State, Nigeria ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Ogun River 1 (Ikere Gorge Dam)

Osogun, Yorubaland (Ogun River 1)
Osogun, Yorubaland; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31;

Ogun River 2 (Abeokuta)

Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State
Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
Akure, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Akure-Ilesha road
Akure Ã¢Â€Â“ Ilesha road Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Wesley Hospital, Ilesa
Wesley Hospital, Ilesa; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Osogbo, Nigeria
Osogbo, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Osogbo-Ilesa Road
Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Abeokuta, Nigeria (Ogun River 2)
Abeokuta; SAMUEL AJAYI CROWTHER, BISHOP IN THE NIGER TERRITORIES, 1891, Commemorated December 31 ;

Ogun River Mouth (Lagos Lagoon)

Lagos State, Nigeria
Lagos State, Nigeria ; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1959, Commemorated July 26;

Christ Apostolic Church, Logos, Nigeria
Christ Apostolic Church, Logos, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT;

Badagry, Nigeria (Ogun River Mouth)
Badagry, Nigeria; Joseph Ayo Babalola, PENTECOSTAL SAINT;

Africa, West Africa, 18 Countries of West Africa Filder

Benin, West Africa
Benin, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Burkina Faso, West Africa
Burkina Faso, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Cape Verde, West Africa
Cape Verde, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Gambia, West Africa
Gambia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Gambia, West Africa
Gambia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Ghana, West Africa
Ghana, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Ghana School of Law
Ghana School of Law; PAULI MURRAY, PRIEST (1 July 1985);

Guinea, West Africa
Guinea, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Guinea-Bissau, West Africa
Guinea-Bissau, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Ivory Coast, West Africa
Ivory Coast, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Liberia, West Africa
Liberia, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Mali, West Africa
Mali, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Mauritania, West Africa
Mauritania, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Niger, West Africa
Niger, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Nigeria, West Africa
Nigeria, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Nigeria, West Africa
Nigeria, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Saint Helena, West Africa
Saint Helena, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Saint Helena Island, Southern Atlantic Ocean off West Africa
Saint Helena, West Africa ; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Senegal, West Africa
Senegal, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone, West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

British Empire - Sierra Leone, West Africa
Sierra Leone, West Africa; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Sao Tome and Principe, West Africa
Sao Tome and Principe, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Togo, West Africa
Togo, West Africa; SAMUEL FERGUSON, MISSIONARY BISHOP FOR WEST AFRICA, 1916, Commemorated August 2;

Austria Folder, its rivers and mountains

Austria
Austria; Austria-Hungary; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Austria, 1438-1917, Austria History Folder

Austria, 1438-1740, Hapsburg Dynasty, HRE

Austria, 1438-1740, House of Austria, Hapsburg Castle, actually in Switzerland
House of Austria, House of Hapsburg, Hapsburg Castle, actually in Switzerland; Hapsburg Castle; House of Hapsburg;

Austria, 1500, 16th Century History Folder, Don Juan over Turks

Austria, 1571, Don Juan of Austria, Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth, over the Turks
Austria, 1571, Don Juan of Austria, Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12;

Austria, 1600, 17th Century History Folder, End of Ottoman Control, Established Hapsburg Momarchy

Austria, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy
Austria, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy;

Austria, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Treaty of Szatmar ending progressive war of independence from Hap D

Austria, 1711, 7 Mar 1711 OS, Treaty of Szatmar
Austria, 1711, 7 Mar 1711 OS, Treaty of Szatmar; Austria, 1711, March 18, 1711 NS: Asher's Seal Date; Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI;

Austria, 1711, March 18, 1711 NS: Asher's Seal Date
Austria, 1711, March 18, 1711 NS: Asher's Seal Date; Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI;

Austria, 1711-1740, Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI
Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Austria, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa
Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21;

Austria, 1804-1918, Austrian Empire

Austria, 1804-1918, Austrian Empire, including Austro-Hungarian Compromise 1867
Austria, 1804-1918, Austrian Empire, including Austro-Hungarian Compromise 1867;

Austria, 1804-1835, Austrian Emperor, Francis I aka Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
Austria, Austrian Emperor, 1804-1835, Francis I aka Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17;

Austria, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria;

Austria, 1848-1916, Franz Joseph I of Austria
Austria, 1848-1916, Franz Joseph I of Austria; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1;

Austria, 1867-1917, Austria-Hungary
Austria, 1867-1917, Austria-Hungary;

Austria, Danube River Folder, Northern AUT

Danube River in Austria

Danube River 3 (Germany Austria border Inn River)

Danube River 4 (Linz, Austria, Enns River Mouth)

Linz, Austria (Danube River 4)
Linz, Austria; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Danube River 5 (Vienna, Austria, Amber Road 5, Morava River, border)

Pottendorf, Austria (outside Vienna)
Pottendorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Austria, Danube River 4, Amber Road Folder

Vienna, Austria (Morava River Mouth, Danube River 5, Amber Road 1)
Vienna (Danube River); Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Lower Austria
Lower Austria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Karlstetten, Lower Austria
Karlstetten, Lower Austria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths)
Eastern Goths (Ostrogoths); Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30;

Austria, Inn River Folder (Switzerland, Austria, Germany) Western AUT

Inn River

Inn River Source (Maloja Pass, Swis Alps)
Maloja Pass;

Inn River 1 (Lake Sills, Switzerland)
Lake Sils

Inn River 2 (Lake Silvaplana, Switzerland)
Lake Silvaplana;

Inn River 3 (St Moritz, Switzerland)
St Moritz;

La Spedla Peak

Inn River 4 (Engadin Valley, Switzerland)
Engadin Valley;

Inn River 5 (Landeck, St Anton, Austria)
Landeck;

Inn River 6 (Solden, Austria)
Solden, Austria ;

Inn River 7 (Innsbruck, Austria)
Inn River (Innsbruck (Bridge over the Inn));

Inn River 8 (Kufstein, Kitzbuhel, Tyrol on Bavarian Border)
Kufstein, Tyrol on Bavarian Border;

Kufstein Fortress and prison, Tyrol, Austria (Inn River 8, Kitzbuhel) 1205
Kufstein prison ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21

Inn River 9 (Burghausen, Germany, Salzach River Mouth)
Burghausen, Germany;

Inn River Mouth (Passau, Germany, Danube River 3)
Inn River;

Austria, Salzach River Folder, West Central AUT

Salzach River

Kitzbuhel Alps
Kitzbuhel Alps ;

Pinzgau Region of the Alps
Pinzgau Region of the Alps ;

Berchtesgaden Alps
Berchtesgaden Alps ;

Salzach River Source (Kitzbuhel Alps near Krimml)

Salzach River (Salzburg)

Salzach River Mouth (Inn River, north of Salzburg)

Austria, Enns River Folder, East Central AUT

River Enns

River Enns Source (Radstadt Tauern Mts, near Flachau)
Radstadt Tauern;

River Enns 1 (Flachau, Austria)

River Enns 1 (Schladming, Austria)

Bavarian Alps
Bavarian Alps;

Celtic People, from Hallstatt, Austria
Celtic People, from Hallstatt, Austria; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899);

Totes Gebirge Mountains
Totes Gebirge Mountains ;

River Enns Mouth (Danube River 4)

Austria, Mur River Folder (Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary) Eastern AUT

Mur River

Mur River Source (Hohe Tauern)
Hohe Tauern (High Pass) Park ;

Mur River 1

Frauenberg Cathedral (Mur River 1.9)
Frauenberg Cathedral (Mur River 1.9) ; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;;

Mur River 2 (Graz, Austria)

Graz, Austria (Mur River 2)
St John of Galesh; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;;

Mur River 3 (Austria Slovenia Border)

Mur River 4 (Overview)

Mur River 5 (Slovenia)

Mur River 6

Mur River 7

Mur River 8 (Croatia Slovenia Border)

Mur River 9 (Hungary Slovenia Croatia Border)

Mur River Mouth (Drava River 16)

Austria, Drava River Folder (Italy, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary) South Southeastern AUT

Drava River

Puster Valley
Puster Valley;

Drava River Source (Toblach, Cortina, Italy)

Drava River 1 (Lienz, Austria)

Drava River 2 (Mosel, Austria)

Drava River 3 (Villach, Austria)

Drava River 4 (Vokermarkt, Austria)

Drava River 5 (Dravograd, Slovenia)

Drava River 6 (Overview 1)

Drava River 7 (Ozbalt, Slovenia)

Drava River 8 (Ruse, Slovenia)

Drava River 9 (Maribor, Slovenia)

Drava River 10 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Drava River 11 (border Slovenia and Croatia)

Drava River 12 (Ormoz, Slovenia)

Drava River 13 (Croatia)

Drava River 14 (Croatia)

Drava River 15 (Croatia)

Drava River 16 (border Croatia and Hungary, Mur River Mouth)

Drava River 17 (border Croatia and Hungary)

Drava River 18 (Hungary)

Drava River 19 (Hungary)

Drava River 20 (border Slovenia (Croatia) and Hungary)

Drava River 21 (Hungary)

Drava River Mouth (Danube River 8)

Armenia Folder, its rivers and mountains, Greater A includes Pontine, Cappadocia, Edessa, Azerbaizhan

Armenia, Country between Kura and Tigrus Rivers
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 331 BC-428 AD, Great Armenia, including Christian Armenia from 1st Century
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, Greater Armenia Area till 461, buffer state for Western Roman Empire
Greater Armenia till 461, buffer state for Western Roman Empire, also includes Pontine and Cappadocia as revealed in many Saints' stories

Armenia, a highland plateau, Aras River Valley, behind Mount Ararat
Armenia; Mount Ararat; Armenian Plateau; Aras River; 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated on July 10; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Emilian, Commemorated on August 18 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated on November 11 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Nikon œMetanoeite, the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated on November 26 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nicetas the Confessor the Abbot of Medikion, Commemorated on April 3; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18 ; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915, April 24th ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Armenian History Folder

Armenia, 321 BC - 301, Folder, Great Armenia to Great Christian Armenia

Armenia, 321 BC - 428 AD, Great Armenia
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24; MARTYRS OF ARMENIA, 24 April 1915 ; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 4 BC - 50 AD, Armenian and Syrian King, Abgar V, Christian
Syrian King, BC 4 - AD 50, Abgar V; Translation of the Image Ã¢Â€ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third Ã¢Â€ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Armenia, 54-428, Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and Parthia, Christian
Armenia, Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, 54-428; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe HealerÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 18; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Armenia, 54-91, Saint, Bartholomew
Armenian Saint, 54-91, Bartholomew; Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 54-91, King, Triadates I, Christian
Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 80, 1st Century, Mt Aarat, Apostle Jude
Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Armenia, 88-123, Emperor, Artaxar (Sanatruk) Christian
Armenia, 88-123, Emperor, Artaxar (Sanatruk); Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 000, 1st Century Folder, King Abgar, Apostle Andrew, King Tiridates, Apostle Jude

Armenia, 4 BC - 50 AD, Armenian and Syrian King, Abgar V
Syrian King, BC 4 - AD 50, Abgar V; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21; Apostle Aristarchus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 27; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Armenia, 30-70, Apostle Philologus of the Seventy
Philologus of Sinope; Armenia, 30-70, Apostle Philologus of the Seventy; Sinope, Turkey (Black Sea); Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated August 9 ; Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Martyr Phocas the Gardener of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Armenia, 033-050, Loginius the Centurion at the Cross and then Cappadocia
Cappadocia, 033-050, Loginius the Centurion at the Cross and then Cappadocia ; Martyr Longinus the Centurion, who stood at the Cross of the Lord, Commemorated on October 16 ;

Armenia, 30-67, Apostle Herodion
Patara (Cappadocia); city lay on the major trade road from Trapezus on the Black Sea to Satala, and thence to Lake Van. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Armenia, Pontine, 40-50, First Century Saint Pancratius
Pontine, 40-50, First Century Saint Pancratius Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily Commemorated on July 9;

Armenia, 54-91, Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, fell out of window
Armenia, 54-91, Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene; Malatya; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Armenia, 54-428, Arsacid dynasty of Armenia and Parthia, Christian
Armenia, Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, 54-428; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Healer", Commemorated on September 18; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Armenia, 54-91, Apostle Andrew, suffered, established churches and bishop
Armenia, 54-91, Apostle Andrew; On his journeys the First-Called Apostle endured many sufferings and torments from pagans: they cast him out of their cities and they beat him. In Sinope they pelted him with stones, but remaining unharmed, the persistent disciple of Christ continued to preach to people about the Savior. Through the prayers of the Apostle, the Lord worked miracles. By the labors of the holy Apostle Andrew, Christian Churches were established, for which he provided bishops and clergy. The final city to which the Apostle came was the city of Patra, where he was destined to suffer martyrdom. Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Armenia, 54-91, King, Tiridates I, Christian
Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, 200, 3rd - 7th Century, Folder, Christian Armenia

Armenia, 200-299. 3rd Century Folder, Enlightener Gregory, Salome, King Tiridates III, Nino, George

Armenia, 200-252, Armenian King, Khosrov II of Armenia
Armenian King, 3rd Century-252, Khosrov II of Armenia; Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Armenia, 200-252, Armenian Parthian Prince, Anak the Parthian, Gregory the Illuminator's father
Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; the Parthian,[1] also known as Anak Pahlavi[2] (flourished 3rd century, died 252[3]), was a Parthian noble who lived during the time of Arsacid Armenia.[4] 1 Biography 2 Family 3 References 4 Sources was an Armenian Parthian nobleman,[5] who was a prince[6] said to be related to the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia[7] or was from the House of Suren,[8][9] one of the seven branches of the ruling Arsacid dynasty[10] of Sakastan.[11] is known of the life of Anak. He married a Parthian noblewoman called Okohe, who bore him sons. Among their children was Gregory.[12] I and his son, Shapur I, incited Anak[13] to murder King Khosrov II of Armenia, promising to return his own domain as a reward.[14] Ardashir I was alarmed by the military victories that Khosrov II with his late father, Tiridates II of Armenia had won against him,[15] as he wanted to expand the Sassanid Empire and to annex Armenia. had won the trust of Khosrov II and had travelled to Vagharshapat.[16] When Anak arrived in Vagharshapat he pretended to take refuge in the Armenian dominions from the persecution of Ardashir I.[17] Anak was hospitably received in Vagharshapat by Khosrov II and then stabbed the king in the heart, also killing Khosrov's wife. Anak was furiously pursued by Armenian soldiers, until he drowned in the Aras River.[18] Armenian army and nobles were outraged by the death of the reigning King and in turn wreaked their vengeance on the family of Anak.[19][20] The only child to survive from Anak’s family was his infant son Gregory,[21] who was taken to Cappadocia by his former caretakers Sopia and Yevtagh, who had escaped the slaughter of Anak’s family. I took possession of Armenia for himself and it became a part of his empire.[22] Troops loyal to Khosrov II, had his son, Tiridates III, taken to Rome for protection[23] where Tiridates III was raised and his daughter Khosrovidkuht was taken to be raised in Caesarea Mazaca, Cappadocia.[24] The foster parents of Khosrovidukht were Awtay, a nobleman from the family of the Amatuni, and Awtay’s wife, a noblewoman whose name is unknown, who was from the family of the Slkunik.[25] Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Armenia, 220-270, Saint, Gregory Thaumaturgus of Neocaesarea
Pontine Saint, 220-270, Gregory Thaumaturgus of Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St. Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Armenia, 223-270, Gregory Thaumaturgus, the Wonderworker of Cappadocia
Cappadocia, 223-270, Gregory Thaumaturgus, the Wonderworker ; St. Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Casarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Armenia, 244-250, Cappadocian Saint, Mercurius of Cappadocia
Cappadocia, 244-250, Cappadocian Saint, Mercurius; Great Martyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9;

Armenia, 275, Child Martyr Saint Mammes of Caesarea, Cappadocia
Capadocia, 275, Child Martyr Saint Mammes of Caesarea; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12;

Armenia, 277-331, Gregory the Illuminator, Bishop of Greater Armenia
Armenia, 277-331, Gregory the Illuminator, Bishop of Greater Armenia; the Illuminator[1] (c. 257 – c. 331) is the patron saint and first official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. was a religious leader who is credited with converting Armenia from paganism to Christianity in 301. thus became the first nation to submit to Christianity as its official religion. 1 Beginnings 2 Declaration of Christianity in Armenia 3 Retirement and death 4 Relics and Veneration 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 8 Sources 9 External links was the son[2] of the Armenian Parthian nobles[3] Anak the Parthian and Okohe. His father, Anak, was a Prince said to be related to the Arsacid Kings of Armenia[4] or was from the House of Suren, one of the seven branches of the ruling Arsacid dynasty[5][6][7] of Sakastan.[8] Anak was charged with assassinating Khosrov II, one of the kings of the Arsacid dynasty and was put to death. Gregory narrowly escaped execution with the help of Sopia and Yevtagh, his caretakers. He was taken to Caesarea in Cappadocia where Sopia and Yevtagh hoped to raise him. Gregory was given to the Christian Holy Father Phirmilianos (Euthalius) to be educated and was brought up as a devout Christian.[citation needed] coming of age, Gregory married a woman called Miriam, a devout Christian who was the daughter of a Christian Armenian prince in Cappadocia. From their union, Miriam bore Gregory two children, their sons Vrtanes and Aristaces. Through Vrtanes, Gregory and Miriam would have further descendants and when Gregory died, Aristaces succeeded him. At some point, Miriam and Gregory separated in order that Gregory might take up a monastic life. Gregory left Cappadocia and went to Armenia in the hope of atoning for his father's crime by evangelizing his homeland.[8] that time Tiridates III, son of the late King Khosrov II, reigned. Influenced partly by the fact that Gregory was the son of his father's enemy, he ordered Gregory imprisoned for twelve (some sources indicate fourteen) years in a pit on the Ararat Plain under the present day church of Khor Virap located near the historical city Artashat in Armenia. Gregory was eventually called forth from his pit in c. 297 to restore to sanity Tiridates III, who had lost all reason after he was betrayed by Roman emperor Diocletian. Diocletian invaded and vast amounts of territory from western provinces of Greater Armenia became protectorates of Rome.[citation needed] of Christianity in Armenia[edit] 301 Gregory baptized Tiridates III along with members of the royal court and upper class as Christians. Tiridates III issued a decree by which he granted Gregory full rights to begin carrying out the conversion of the entire nation to the Christian faith. The same year Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion.[9] The newly built cathedral, the Mother Church in Etchmiadzin became and remains the spiritual and cultural center of Armenian Christianity and center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Most Armenians were baptized in the Aratsani (upper Euphrates) and Yeraskh (Arax) rivers. Two princes from Ujjain, India had founded a large kingdom in Armenia in 165 BC and they established 22 cities covering most of modern Armenia including two Hindu temples dedicated to Gisane and Demetr. According to the account of Zenob Glak,[10] one of the first disciples of Gregory the Illuminator, the temples were destroyed and the priests killed along with 1038 defenders of the raid that was ordered by Gregory.[citation needed] of the pre-Christian (traditional Indo-European) festivals and celebrations such as Tyarndarach (Trndez, associated with fire worship) and Vardavar or Vadarvar associated with water worship, that dated back thousands of years, were preserved and continued in the form of Christian celebrations and chants. In 302, Gregory received consecration as Patriarch of Armenia from Leontius of Caesarea,[11] his childhood friend.[citation needed] and death[edit] 318, Gregory appointed his second son Aristaces as the next Catholicos[11] in line of Armenia's Holy Apostolic Church to stabilize and continue strengthening Christianity not only in Armenia, but also in the Caucasus. Gregory also placed and instructed his grandson Gregory (one of the sons of Vrtanes) in charge of the holy missions to the peoples and tribes of all of the Caucasus and Caucasian Albania; the younger man was martyred by a fanatical mob while preaching in Albania.[citation needed] his later years, Gregory withdrew to a small sanctuary near Mount Sebuh (Mt. Sepuh) in the Daranali province (Manyats Ayr, Upper Armenia) with a small convent of monks, where he remained until his death.[citation needed] and Veneration[edit] his death his corpse was removed to the village of Thodanum (T'ordan, modern Doğanköy, near Erzincan). His relics were scattered near and far in the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno. In the 8th century, the iconoclast decrees in Greece caused a number of religious orders to flee the Byzantine Empire and seek refuge elsewhere. San Gregorio Armeno in Naples was built in that century over the remains of a Roman temple dedicated to Ceres, by a group of nuns escaping from the Byzantine Empire with the relics of Gregory,[11] including his skull, a femur bone, his staff, the leather straps used in his torture and the manacles that held the saint.[12] The femur and manacles were returned by Pope John Paul II to Catholicos Karekin II and are now enshrined at Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral in Yerevan.[13] The Gregoriou Monastery on Mount Athos also claims to have the skull.[14] The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin and the Holy See of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon each claim to have the right arm of the saint, in an arm-shaped reliquary, which is used for the blessing the Holy Myron every seven years.[citation needed] 20 February, 1743, Nardò, Italy was hit by a devastating earthquake that destroyed almost the entire city. The only structure to survive in tact after the quake was the city’s statue of St. Gregory the Illuminator. According to the city’s registers, only 350 out of the city’s 10,000 inhabitants died in the earthquake, leading the inhabitants to believe that St. Gregory saved the city. Every year, they mark the anniversary of the earthquake by holding three days of celebrations in his honor. Relics of the saint are kept at Nardò Cathedral.[citation needed] number of prayers, and about thirty of the canonical hymns of the Armenian Church, are ascribed to Gregory the Illuminator. Homilies of his appeared for the first time in a work called Haschacnapadum at Constantinople in 1737; a century afterwards a Greek translation was published at Venice by the Mekhiterists; and they have since been edited in German by J M Schmid (Ratisbon, 1872). The original authorities for Gregory's life are Agathangelos, whose History of Tiridates was published by the Mekhitarists in 1835; Moses of Chorene, Historiae Armenicae; and Symeon the Metaphrast.[citation needed] Life of Gregory by the Vartabed Matthew was published in the Armenian language at Venice in 1749 and was translated into English by Father Malan (1868).[citation needed] the calendar of the Armenian Church, the discovery of the relics of St. Gregory is an important feast and is commemorated on the Saturday before the Fourth Sunday after Pentecost.[15] Gregory is commemorated on September 30 by the Orthodox Church, which styles him "Holy Hieromartyr Gregory, Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia." He is listed on September 30 in the Roman Martyrology of the Ordinary Form of the Catholic Church; his feast day is listed as October 1 in the Extraordinary Form. He is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on March 23.[citation needed] Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Armenia, 280-290, Rhipsime or Hripsime
Armenia, 280-290, Rhipsime orHripsime; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14;

Armenia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Jacob, Gregory's Kin, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Armenia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Nisibis (Mesopotamia); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ;

Armenia, 286-330, King Tiridates III of Armenia, The Great
Armenian King, 286-330, Tiridates III of Armenia, The Great; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Healer, Commemorated on September 18; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Armenia, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (Iris River in Pontus near Kelkit River and Neocaeserea)
Byzantium, 290-340, Macrina the Elder (somewhere on Iris River) ; Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ;

Armenia, 292-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia, Armenia, Nino's Kin
Cappadocia, 290-303, Great Martyr George of Cappadocia; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Armenia, 292-340, Armenian Saint, Nino, George's Kin, to Georgia for the Robe
Armenian Saint, 296-340, Nino; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14;

Armenia, 297-361, Georgian Saint, Salome of Armenia
Armenia, Georgian Saint, 297-361, Salome of Armenia ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Armenia, 300-399, 4th Century Folder, St Theodore Stratelates of Pontus, St Peter of Sebaste

Armenia, 301-319, Pontine Saint, Theodore Stratelates, from Heraculea
Pontus, 300-319, Pontine Saint, Theodore Stratelates; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe General, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Armenia, 305-306, Pontine Saint, Theodore the Recruit, Kolyva, from Alasium or Amasea
Armenia, 305-306, Pontine Saint, Theodore the Recruit, Kolava, from Alasium or Amasea; Pontus, 300-319, Pontine Saint, Theodore Stratelates; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe General, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Armenia, 308-324, Basil of Amasea
Armenia, 308-324, Basil of Amasea; Hieromartyr Basil, Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virgin Martyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of Saint Basil, Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30

Armenia, 308-324, Saint Glaphyra
Armenia, 308-324, Basil of Amasea; Hieromartyr Basil, Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virgin Martyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints
Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Armenia, 326-373. Saint Ephrem of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Armenia, 326-373. Saint Ephrem of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Armenia, 280-337. Saint James of Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3) Nisibis (Mesopotamia); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ;

Armenia, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Armenia, 331-383, Cappadocian Goth Arian Saint, Ulfilas
Cappadocia, 331-383, Cappadocian Goth Arian Saint, Ulfilas; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Armenia, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess, one of the 5
Byzantium, 335-385, Theosebia the Deaconess; Armenia, 325-375, Emmelia of Caesarea, mother of 5 Saints; Saint Emilia, Mother of Saint Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1;

Armenia, 340-379, Syrian Saint, Eusebius of Samosata, Orthodox
Syrian Saint, 340-379, Eusebius of Samosata ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Armenia, 349-390, Saint, Gregory of Nazianzus, Cappadocia, Gregory the Theologian
Byzantine Saint, 349-390, Gregory of Nazianzus; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or "", Commemorated on June 26;

Armenia, 350-379, Saint, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great, of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 350-379, Basil of Caesarea, Basil the Great; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 30; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or œthe Roman, Commemorated on June 26;

Armenia, 350-368, Prince, Arsak II (Arshak II)
Armenia, 350-368, Prince, Arsak II (Arshak II); Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25;

Armenia, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (Iris River near Pontus and Neocasearea on the Keltek) of the 5
Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Casarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Armenia, 350-381, Theosebia, the younger sister (on Iris River near Pontus) of the 5
Cappadocia, 350-381, Theosebia, the younger sister (somewhere on Iris River in Pontus); Byzantium, 350-379, Macrina the Younger (somewhere on Iris River); MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Casarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1;

Armenia, 351-368, Saint Caesarius of Nazianzus, Cappadocia, younger brother of Gregory of N
Cappadocia, 351-368, Saint Caesarius of Nazianzus, younger brother of Gregory; St. Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25;

Armenia, 355-395, Cappadocian, Byzantine Saint, Gregory of Nyssa, of the 5
Byzantine Saint, 355-395, Gregory of Nyssa; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr John the Soldier at Constantinople, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, BISHOP OF ANTIOCH AND OF CONSTANTINOPLE, PREACHER, THEOLOGIAN, LITURGIST (13 Sept. 407) ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Martyr Porphyrius the Actor, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Juventinus at Antioch, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Publia the Confessor and Deaconess of Antioch, Commemorated on October 9; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Melasippus with his wife and son at Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7; Synaxis of the Archangel Michael and the Other Bodiless Powers, Commemorated on November 8; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397); Martyr Elpidius who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on November 15; Martyr Theodore of Antioch, Commemorated on November 23; St Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Timothy at Tiberiopolis, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 1; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated on January 30; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29 ; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Hieromartyr Timothy the Bishop of Prusa, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Theophanes of Antioch, Commemorated on June 10; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Lydda or 'œthe Roman', Commemorated on June 26;

Armenia, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia, of the 5
Cappadocia, 360 - 391, St Peter, Bishop of Sebaste, Cappadocia/ Armenia; St. Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated on January 10;

Armenia, 397-473, Saint, Euthymius the Great, Melitene, Armenia, Wilderness of Judea
Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Armenia, 400-499, 5th Century Folder, Conquered by Persia, Queen Shushanik

Armenia, 428, Conquered by Persia
Great Armenia, Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia ;

Armenia, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea, Cenobiarch, from Cappadocia, Armenia
Jerusalem, 443-529, Saint Theodosius the Great, Judea; St. Christopher of Palestine, Commemorated on August 30;

Armenia, 459-532, Saint Sabbas the Sanctified, from Cappadocia, Armenia
Jerusalem Saint, 459-532, Sabbas the Sanctified; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable John the Silent of St Sava'™s Monastery, Commemorated on March 30;

Armenia, 460-475, Georgian Saint, Armenian Queen Shushanik
Armenia, 460-475, Georgian Saint, Armenian Queen Shushanik ; Shushanik, born Vardeni Mamikonian (c. 440 -“ 475) was a Christian Armenian woman who was tortured to death by her husband Varsken in the town of Tsurtavi, Georgia. Since she died defending her right to profess Christianity, she is regarded as a martyr. Her martyrdom is described in her confessor Jacob'™s hagiographic work, the oldest extant work of Georgian language literature. The hagiography details extensive resistance to forms of imprisonment, isolation, torture and cruelty by Shushanik. was a daughter of the Armenian military commander Vardan Mamikonian and married the Mihranid ruler Varsken, son of Arshusha II. was a defiant vassal of Vakhtang I Gorgasali, King of Kartli (Iberia), and took a pro-Persian position, renouncing Christianity and adopting Zoroastrianism. killed his spouse after she refused to submit to his order to abandon her Christian faith. Varsken himself was put to death by King Vakhtang in 483. has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church and is venerated by the Armenian Apostolic Church. Her feast day is celebrated on October 17 in Georgia and Tuesday between September 20-“26 in Armenia. Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Armenia, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, 13 Assyrian Fathers, including John of Zedezeni, David Gareji, and St. Shio

Armenia, 540's, 13 Assyrian Fathers (St Shio, John of Zedazeni, David Gareji, Joseph of Alaverdi)
Georgia, 13 Assyrian Fathers, 6th Century; Thirteen Assyrian Fathers were, according to Georgian church tradition, a group of monastic missionaries who arrived from Mesopotamia to Georgia to strengthen Christianity in the country in the 6th century. They are credited by the Georgian church historians with the foundation of several monasteries and hermitages and initiation of the ascetic movement in Georgia.[1][2] lives of the Assyrian Fathers are related in a cycle of medieval Georgian hagiographic texts and are unattested beyond these sources. Some of these vitae are formalities composed for an 18th-century synaxary, but four of them exist in original form, as well a metaphrastic version. The dating as well as authorship of these texts is controversial. The Georgian Catholicoi Arsen I (830-87) and Arsen II (955-80) have been suggested as authors of some of the vitae. Other, unattributed, texts may have been composed earlier, in the late 7th century.[3] monasteries in modern Georgia are named after the Assyrian Fathers and are said to have been founded and led by them and their numerous disciples. In the Middle Ages, these religious foundations played an important role in forging Georgian Christian identity.[3] written and oral, names as many as 19 Assyrian monks active in Georgia in the 6th century and the number "13" seems to be largely symbolic. Modern scholarly opinion is divided as to whether they were Assyrians, Assyrian-educated Georgians, whether missionaries or refugees — monophysite or diophysite — from Syria, from which monophysitism had retreated while Georgia was still primarily monophysite at that time.[3] in Iberia where the fathers served Chief of the Assyrian Fathers were: Davit Garejeli / David of Gareja Ioane Zedazneli / John of Zedazeni Abibos Nekreseli / Abibos of Nekresi Shio Mgvimeli / Shio of Mgvime Ioseb Alaverdeli / Joseph of Alaverdi Anton Martkopeli / Anton of Martkopi Tadeoz Stepantsmindeli / Thaddeus of Stepantsminda Piros Breteli / Pyrrhus of Breti Iese Tsilkneli / Jesse of Tsilkani Stepane Khirseli / Stephen of Khirsa Isidore Samtavneli / Isidor of Samtavisi Mikael Ulumboeli / Michael of Ulumbo Zenon Ikaltoeli / Zenon of Ikalto Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; Saint Evagrisi, disciple of Saint Shio, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St. David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9 ;

Armenia, 540's, 13 Assyrian Fathers (under St John of Zedazeni)
Georgia, 13 Assyrian Fathers, 6th Century; Thirteen Assyrian Fathers were, according to Georgian church tradition, a group of monastic missionaries who arrived from Mesopotamia to Georgia to strengthen Christianity in the country in the 6th century. They are credited by the Georgian church historians with the foundation of several monasteries and hermitages and initiation of the ascetic movement in Georgia.[1][2] lives of the Assyrian Fathers are related in a cycle of medieval Georgian hagiographic texts and are unattested beyond these sources. Some of these vitae are formalities composed for an 18th-century synaxary, but four of them exist in original form, as well a metaphrastic version. The dating as well as authorship of these texts is controversial. The Georgian Catholicoi Arsen I (830-87) and Arsen II (955-80) have been suggested as authors of some of the vitae. Other, unattributed, texts may have been composed earlier, in the late 7th century.[3] monasteries in modern Georgia are named after the Assyrian Fathers and are said to have been founded and led by them and their numerous disciples. In the Middle Ages, these religious foundations played an important role in forging Georgian Christian identity.[3] written and oral, names as many as 19 Assyrian monks active in Georgia in the 6th century and the number "13" seems to be largely symbolic. Modern scholarly opinion is divided as to whether they were Assyrians, Assyrian-educated Georgians, whether missionaries or refugees — monophysite or diophysite — from Syria, from which monophysitism had retreated while Georgia was still primarily monophysite at that time.[3] in Iberia where the fathers served Chief of the Assyrian Fathers were: Davit Garejeli / David of Gareja Ioane Zedazneli / John of Zedazeni Abibos Nekreseli / Abibos of Nekresi Shio Mgvimeli / Shio of Mgvime Ioseb Alaverdeli / Joseph of Alaverdi Anton Martkopeli / Anton of Martkopi Tadeoz Stepantsmindeli / Thaddeus of Stepantsminda Piros Breteli / Pyrrhus of Breti Iese Tsilkneli / Jesse of Tsilkani Stepane Khirseli / Stephen of Khirsa Isidore Samtavneli / Isidor of Samtavisi Mikael Ulumboeli / Michael of Ulumbo Zenon Ikaltoeli / Zenon of Ikalto Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; Saint Evagrisi, disciple of Saint Shio, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St. David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9 ;

Armenia, 639 - 1920, Arab Muslim Armenia, Folder, Genocide by Turkey

Armenia, 639, Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia, Dvin, Armenia
Dvin; Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Armenia, 641-661, Catholicos Nerses III the Builder, ended up in Tao-Klarjeti
Armenia, 641-661, Catholicos Nerses III the Builder, ended up in Tao-Klarjeti; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5;

Armenia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Blind) attacked Armenia
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Armenia, 976-979, Army of Asia Minor Commander, Bardas Skleros, Melitene
Army of Asia Minor Commander, 976-979, Bardas Skleros, Melitene, Bardas Skleros Commanded Asian Rebellion against Byzantine Emperor Basil II; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Armenia, 1060-1360, Arab Muslim Conquest of Anatolia
Armenia, 1060-1360, Arab Muslim Conquest of Anatolia;

Armenia, 1071, Battle of Manzikert
Armenia, Battle of Manzikert 1071;

Armenia, 1203, Battle of Basian, Georgia over Sunni Persia
Armenia, Battle of Basian, 1203; Basiani is 60 km Northeast of Erzurum; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

World War I quarters of supreme commander-in-chief in 1914
World War I quarters of supreme commander-in-chief in 1914 Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Caucasus Campaign, 1914 ;

Armenia, 1915-1923, Armenian Genocide, by Turkey
1915 Armenian Genocide; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24;

Armenia, 1920, Wilsonian Armenia
Wilsonian Armenia; Great Armenia; Kingdom of Armenia was bordered by Caucasian Albania in the east, by Caucasian Iberia in the north, by the Roman Empire in the west and by Parthia, later succeeded by Sassanid Empire. The border between Caucasian Iberia and Kingdom of Armenia was Kur river, which was also the border between Caucasian Albania and Kingdom of Armenia. Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia; GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE 1915-1923, Commemorated April 24;

Armenia, Aras River Folder

Aras River

Lake Van, Taron Region
Lake Van; Taron Region; Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Aras River Source (near Erzurum, Turkey)

Eastern part of the Roman Empire, Armenia
Eastern part of the Roman Empire ; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28;

Basiani, Armenia (Aras River Source)
Basiani, Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bassiani, Armenia (Aras River Source)
Bassiani, Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Armenia, Aras River Source, Euphrates River Source Folder

Artaz region, Armenia (high point, Aras River Source, Euphrates River Source)
Artaz region, South of Erzurum, North of Bingol; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Theodosiopolis, Armenia (high point, Aras River Source)
Theodosiopolis, Armenia Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1;

Tsikhedidi (Kaledibi), Aras Region, (high point, Rivers Aras and Euphrates Source)
Tsikhedidi (Kaledibi), Aras Region, (high point, Rivers Aras and Euphrates Source) Erzurum, Turkey (NATO Cold War airforce post) ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated August 24 ; Saint Evagrisi, disciple of Saint Shio, Commemorated on February 4; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1;

Aras River 1

Aras River 2

Bagrevand Region, Armenia (Aras River 1 and 2)
Bagrevand; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Mount Sukaketi (Aras River 2)
Because it is the mountain of the Bagrevand region, this mountain is probably Mount Sukaketi in the story of Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia. Bagrevand; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Aras River 3 (Akhurian River Mouth)

Armenia, Aras River 3, Akhurian River Folder

Akhurian River

Akhurian River Source (Lake Tseli)

Akhurian River 1 (Gyumri, Armenia)

Akhurian River 2 (Yerazgavors, Armenia)

Tsilkan, Armenia
Tsilkan (Tsilkar), Armenia; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ;

Akhurian River 2 (Ani, Armenia)

Anis-Shirakavan, Armenia
Anis-Shirakavan, Armenia ; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30

Akhurian River 3 (Bagaran, Armenia)

Akhurian River 4 (Yervandashat, Armenia)

Akhurian River Mouth (Aras River 3)

Aras River 4 (Metsamor River Mouth)

Armenia, Aras River 4, Metsamor River Folder

Metsamor River

Metsamor River Mouth (Aras River 4)

Aras River 5 (Hrazdan, Azat Rivers)

Armenia, Aras River 5, Hrazdan River Folder

Hrazdan River

Armenian Plateau
Armenian Plateau ; Armenia; Mount Ararat; Aras River; Martyr Romulus and with him many others; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia; Martyr Rhipsime of Armenia; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance; St James the Bishop of Nisibis; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia; Venerable Euthymius the Great; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); GENOCIDE REMEMBRANCE; Deportation of Armenian notables in 1915; Venerable Agapitus the Unmercenary Physician of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on June 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Hrazdan River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Alaverdi, Armenia or Georgia (Transcaucasus)
Alaverdi; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Cathedral of Etchmiadzin, Armenia (Hrazdan River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Cathedral of Etchmiadzin; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Hrazdan River Mouth (Aras River 5)

Armenia, Aras River 5, Azat River Folder

Azat River

Azat River 1

Azat River 2

Azat River Mouth (Aras River 5)

Artashat, Armenian Capital (Azat River Mouth, Aras River 5)
Artashat; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Aras River 6

Khor Virab (deep well) monestary, Armenia (Aras River 6)
Khor Virab (deep well) monestary; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Mount Ararat, Armenia
Mount Ararat; Tobit Chapter 1: Courage in Burying the Dead: 16 In the days of Shalmaneser* I performed many acts of charity to my kindred, those of my tribe. 17I would give my food to the hungry and my clothing to the naked; and if I saw the dead body of any of my people thrown out behind the wall of Nineveh, I would bury it. 18I also buried any whom King Sennacherib put to death when he came fleeing from Judea in those days of judgement that the king of heaven executed upon him because of his blasphemies. For in his anger he put to death many Israelites; but I would secretly remove the bodies and bury them. So when Sennacherib looked for them he could not find them. 19Then one of the Ninevites went and informed the king about me, that I was burying them; so I hid myself. But when I realized that the king knew about me and that I was being searched for to be put to death, I was afraid and ran away. 20Then all my property was confiscated; nothing was left to me that was not taken into the royal treasury, except my wife Anna and my son Tobias. ; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Midznadzori Wilderness, Armenia (Aras River 19)
Midznadzori Wilderness, Azerbaijan; Zangilan District; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Armenia, Aras River 20, Kalebar River Folder

Kaleybar River

Kaleybar River Source

Kaleybar River 1

Kaleybar River 2

Kaleybar River 3

Kaleybar River Mouth (Aras River 20)

Armenia, Aras River 20, Vorotan River Folder

Vorotan River

Hereti, Armenia
Hereti Kingdom with a capital of Shaki in Armenia; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29;

Vorotan River Mouth (Aras River 20)

Aras River Mouth (Kura River 12)

Armenia, Iris Rivers Folder (Central and Southeastern Pontine)

Sebaste, Armenia (Iris River Source, Kizilirmak River 1)
Sebaste, Armenia ; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379); Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28 ; St. John the Silent of St. Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Meletius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 12 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9;

Kharsian People, Pontine (Charsianon Area, Iris River Source) Armenia
Kharsian People Charsianon Area and Fortress; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated July 31 ;

Charsianon Area, Armenia, Pontine (Kharsian People, Iris River Source) Armenia
Charsianon Area and Fortress; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated July 31 ;

Charsianon Fortress, Armenia, Pontaine (Iris River Source)
Charsianon (Charsia); Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Malenius Family Home at Charsianon, Armenia, Pontine
Malenius; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31;

Tokat, Pontaine, Armenia (Iris or Yesil River 1)
Tokat (Iris or Yesil River) ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ;

Comana (Komana), Pontica Armenia (Iris River 1)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Komana (Comana), Pontica Armenia (Iris River 1)
Komana (Comana), Pontica; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Alasium, Pontine, Armenia (Amasea, Iris River 2)
Alasium or Amasea; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro "œthe Recruit"), Commemorated on February 17;

Pontica, Amasea, Pontine, Armenia (Iris River 2)
Amasea; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Amasea, Pontine, Armenia (Iris River 2)
Amasea; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Hesychius the Faster of Bithynia, Commemorated on March 5; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30;

Amasya, Pontica, Armenia (Yesil (Iris) River 2)
Amasea; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated January 23; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22;

Euchaita, Pontine, Armenia (Iris River 2)
Euchaita; Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, Commemorated January 30 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates œthe General, Commemorated on February 8; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe Recruit), Commemorated on February 17; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pontus, City of Pontus, Armenia (Eupatoria, a crossroads, Isis River)
Eupatoria (Pontus); Venerable Zeno the Hermit of Antioch the Disciple of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Eutropius of Amasea, Commemorated on March 3;

Comana Pontica
Comana Pontica, 7 miles from Tokat; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ;

Macrina the Younger and Saint Basil (on Iris River near Pontus, and near Neocaesarea on the Kelkit)
MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1

Amisus, Armenia, Pontine (near Iris River Mouth, on the shore of the sea)
Amisus; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Charitina of Amisus, Commemorated October 5 ; St Florus the Bishop of Amisus, Commemorated on December 18 ; Virginmartyr Alexandra of Amisus, Commemorated on March 20;

Heracleopolis, Pontus, Armenia (Cekerek River 1)
Heracleopolis, Turkey ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16;

Armenia, Harsit River Folder (Far Eastern Pontine)

Pontic Mountains
Pontic Mountains or Pontine district of Northeast Asia Minor; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17;

Lazeti, Armenia, Pontine (Harsit River Source)
Lazeti; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin (Nigali Valley, Chorokhi River 4)
Laz People, Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Chaneti, Pontine (Harsit River, Eastern Pontine)
Chaneti ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Trebizond, Pontine, Armenia (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond Empire, 13th-15th Centuries, Pontaine (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River); Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Armenia, Kelkit River Folder (Eastern Pontine)

Nicopolis, Armenia, Pontaine (Kelkit River 1)
Nicopolis (Pontus); 45 Holy Martyrs at Nicopolis in Armenia, Commemorated July 10 ; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated December 3 ;

Colonia, Pontine, Armenia (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis, Kelkit River1)
Colonia in Armenia (Koyluhisar or Nicopolis); St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3 ;

Neocaesarea, Pontus, Armenia (Kelkit River 3)
Neocaesarea; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated December 23 ; Martyr Troadius of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on March 2; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Armenia, Tigris River Folder

Martyropolis, Armenia (Tigris River 2)
Martyropolis; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16;

Nisibis, Armenia (Tigris River 3)
Nisibis (Mesopotamia); Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated January 28 ; St Platonida (Platonis) of Nisibis, Syria, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Dura, Armenia (Tigress River 3)
Dura (Anastasiopolis or Dara, Messopotamia) ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Anastasiopolis, Armenia (Dura or Dara, Tigris River 3)
Anastasiopolis, Messopotamia (Dura or Dara) Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Armenia, Euphrates Kizilirmak Rivers Folder, Great Road, Syria

Arabrak (Arabraces), Armenia (Euphreates River 1)
Arabrak (Arabraces), Armenia ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene area Folder, Top Left of the Fertile Crescent

Edessa area of Euphrates River

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River Folder, Great Road

Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Samosata, Armenia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Edessa, Armenia (Intersection and Euphrates River 3)
Edessa, Syria; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Juventinus the Soldier at Antioch, Commemorated on September 5 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Eudoxius, Commemorated September 6 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the "Unsleeping Ones", Commemorated February 23 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28 ; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on July 3 ;

Edessa, Armenia (abundant water)
Edessa in Syria which is also called upper Messopotamia. County of Edessa; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Simeon of Emessa the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 21; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August", Commemorated on August 16; Translation of the Image "Not-Made-By-Hands" of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August, Commemorated on August 16 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated September 5 ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God. Commemorated September 7 ; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Virginmartyr Pelagia of Antioch, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15 ; Martyr Sarbelus of Edessa, Commemorated October 15 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29 ; Martyr and Confessor Gurias of Edessa, Commemorated on November 15 ; St Theodoulus the Eparch of Constantinople, Commemorated December 3 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated December 10 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; St Eustratius the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Abgar monastery; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Sarbelus of Edessa, January 29 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Hilarion the New the Abbot of Pelecete, Commemorated on March 28; Apostle Trophimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on April 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Michael "œthe Black-Robed" of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; St Alexander the Founder of the Monastery of the "œUnsleeping Ones", Commemorated on July 3 ; St Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Unsleepinge Ones Monastery, Edessa, Armenia, about 400 (Euphrates River 3)
Unsleepinge Ones Monastery, Edessa, Armenia advanced through all the degrees of monastic obedience, he received a blessing from the igumen to dwell in the wilderness. The saint lived an ascetical life in the wilderness, taking only the Holy Gospel with him. Afterwards, the Lord summoned him to preach to pagans. He converted to the faith the local city-head Rabbul, who afterwards prospered in the service of the Church, attaining the rank of bishop, and for thirty years, he occupied the bishop’s cathedra in the city of Edessa. Saint Alexander settled not far from the Euphrates River. Monks gathered around him, attracted by the loftiness of his prayerful asceticism and spiritual experience. A monastery of 400 monks eventually sprang up there. the holy igumen in his prayerful zeal decided to offer never-ceasing praise to the Lord at the monastery both by day and by night. For three years the holy abba prayed that God might reveal to him whether it was pleasing to Him to establish such a monastic rule. He received an answer by divine revelation. All the monks were divided into twenty-four watches of prayer. Changing shifts each hour, two choirs sang the holy Psalms both day and night, except when divine services were celebrated in church. Hence the name “Monastery of Unsleeping Ones,” since the ascetics offered unceasing praise to God. Alexander guided the monastery on the Euphrates for twelve years. Thereafter, having left the experienced Elder Trophimus as igumen, he set off with some chosen brethren through the cities bordering on Persia, to preach the Gospel. Having arrived at Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, he also established a monastery there with his Rule of unceasing praise. The abba died at a great old age after fifty years of monastic struggles. His death occurred in the year 430. Venerable Alexander, founder of the Monastery of the “Unsleeping Ones”, Commemorated on February 23

Hellenopolis, Syria (Edessa area)
Hellenopolis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Jacob's Ladder, Haran, Edessa, Syria
Jacob's Ladder, Haran ; Forefeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God, Commorated on September 7 ;

Carrhae, Armenia (modern Harran, near Edessa)
Carrhae (modern Harran) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25; St Abraham the Bishop of Charres in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 14 ;

Constantina, Armenia and Syria (Kurdish Turkey, NE of Edessa)
Constantina; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5;

Zeugma, Syria (Euphrates River 3.5)
Zeugma, Syria; St Publius the Ascetic of Syria, Commemorated January 25 ;

Kobane, Syria (Euphrates River 3.5)
Kobane, Syria;

Armenia, Edessa and Melitene, Euphrates River 4, Sajur River Folder

Sajur River 1

Sajur River 2

Sajur River 3

Sajur River Source (two streams at Gaziantep)

Sajur River Mouth (Hieropolis and Pethor, Euphrates River 4)

Hieropolis in Syria (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4)
Hieropolis in Syria (Euphrates River 4) 30 kilometers west of the Euphrates; Martyr Domnina with her daughters of Syria, Commemorated on October 4; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated November 14 ;

Pethor (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4)
Pethor (Sajur River Mouth, Euphrates River 4); Numbers 22:1-21. Balak Summons Balaam (from Pethor) to Curse Israel;

Callinicus, or Callinicum, Armenia or Syria (Euphrates River 5)
Callinicus, or Callinicum; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5 ;

Armenia, Northeast Turkey and West Georgia, Laze Folder

Chorokhi River

Chorokhi River 4 (Nigali Gorge)

Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin (Chorokhi River 4)
Laz People, Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Armenia, Kizilirmak River Folder, Great Road from Ephesus to Euphrates, Cappadocia

Kizilirmak River Source (Imranli)
Imranli;

Kizilirmak River 1 (Sivas or Sebastea)

Sebaste, Armenia (Kizilirmak River 1, Iris River Source)
Sebaste, Cappadocia; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379); Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9; Martyr Irenarchus at Sebaste, Commemorated on November 28 ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9;

Kizilirmak River 2 (near Charsianon Fortress)

Kizilirmak River 3 (near Pinarbasi, Cappadocia)

Kizilirmak River 4 (Caesurea (Kayseri), Cappadocia)

Cappadocia, Armenia (Central Anatolia)
Cappadocia; Martyr Hilary of Ancyra, Commemorated July 12 ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated on July 12 ; Martyr Marcian of Iconium, Commemorated on July 13 ; Hieromartyr Athenogenes the Bishop of Heracleopolis, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; St Irene Chrysovolantou, Commemorated on July 28; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated July 31 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Severian of Sebaste, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated on September 17 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated on July 31 ; Righteous Eudocimus of Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 31; St Meletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated September 17 ; Venerable Igantius the Abbot in Asia Minor, Commemorated September 27 ; 33 Holy Martyrs of Melitene, Commemorated November 6 ; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated December 30 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Great, the Cenobiarch, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Martyr Eubulus at Caesarea, Cappadocia, February 2 ; Martyr Blaise of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated February 3 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated Febuary 6 ; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe GeneralÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 8 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18 ; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated February 18; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Hieromartyr Theodotus the Bishop of Cyrenia, Commemorated on March 2; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Sardis, Commemorated on May 27; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Hieromartyr Terence the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Theodotus at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 4; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Caesurea (Kayseri), Armenia, Cappadocian Capital (Great Road, Kizilirmak River 4)
Caesurea, Cappadocia; Martyr Antiochus the Physician of Sebaste, Commemorated on July 16; Martyr Julitta at Caesarea, Commemorated on July 31; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Theodota at Nicea, Commemorated September 17 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Martyr Barlaam of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 19 ; St Amphilochius the Bishop of Iconium, Commemorated on November 23 ; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Venerable Theodora of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated December 30 ; Martyr Basil of Ancyra, Commemorated January 1 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated January 1 ; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 3 ; St Carterius of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; Martyr Eubulus at Caesarea, Cappadocia, February 2 ; Martyr Blaise of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated February 3 ; Virginmartyr Dorothy at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated Febuary 6 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); Martyr Quadratus and the rest of Nicomedia, Commemorated on March 10; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Venerable Thomas the Fool of Syria, Commemorated on April 24; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Hyacinthus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Theodotus at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on July 4;

Maza, temporary name of Caesarea (Kayseri) Armenia, by Julian the Apostate
Maza, temporary name of Caesarea (Kayseri) Armenia, by Julian the Apostate Eupsychius was filled with zeal for the Lord, and he destroyed the temple. He knew that this would inevitably result in his punishment. Saint Eupsychius distributed all his possessions to the poor and prepared himself for martyrdom. enraged emperor Julian loosed his wrath not only upon Saint Eupsychius, but against all the inhabitants of this city. Some of the citizens were executed, while the more respectable were sent into exile. Christian clergy were drafted into military service, and he looted the churches of anything valuable. The city was deprived of its title Caesarea [i.e. “Imperial”] and resumed its original name of Maza. He also imposed a severe tax on the inhabitants. The emperor threatened to annihilate the city altogether, if the people did not build a new pagan temple in place of the one destroyed. tried to compel Saint Eupsychius to offer sacrifice to idols. For many days they tormented the saint on a rack, and also with iron claws. But his faith was firm, and the judge sentenced the martyr to be beheaded with a sword. Julian embarked on a campaign against the Persians, marching through Cappadocia and approaching Caesarea. Danger threatened the city, since the emperor intended to raze it to its foundations. But then Saint Basil the Great (January 1), showing Julian the proper respect as sovereign authority, came out to meet him carrying with him three loaves of barley bread, which he ate. The emperor ordered his retainers to take the loaves, and to give Saint Basil a pinch of hay saying, “You have given us barley, cattle fodder. Now receive hay from us in return.” saint answered, “O Emperor, we bring you that which we ourselves eat, and you give us cattle feed. You mock us, since you, by your might, are not able to transform hay into bread, the essential food of mankind.” angrily retorted, “I’ll shove this hay down your throat when I return here from Persia. I shall raze this city to its very foundations, and plow over this ground and turn it into a field. I know that it was on your advice that the people dared to destroy the statues and temple of Fortuna.” this the emperor continued on his way, but soon perished in his campaign against the Persians. He was struck down in the year 363 by the holy Great Martyr Mercurius (November 24). the emperor’s demise, the Christians of the city of Caesarea built a splendid church over the grave of Saint Eupsychius, and from his holy relics they received help and healing. Caesurea, Cappadocia; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Holy Martyr Eupsychius was born in the city of Caesarea in Cappadocia and received a Christian upbringing by his illustrious parents. the reign of Julian the Apostate (361-363), Saint Eupsychius entered into a Christian marriage. Caesarea there was a pagan temple to the goddess Fortuna, whom Julian the Apostate revered. As Eupsychius was going to his wedding, the pagans were offering sacrifice to the goddess Fortuna. Eupsychius was filled with zeal for the Lord, and he destroyed the temple. He knew that this would inevitably result in his punishment. Saint Eupsychius distributed all his possessions to the poor and prepared himself for martyrdom. enraged emperor Julian loosed his wrath not only upon Saint Eupsychius, but against all the inhabitants of this city. Some of the citizens were executed, while the more respectable were sent into exile. Christian clergy were drafted into military service, and he looted the churches of anything valuable. The city was deprived of its title Caesarea [i.e. “Imperial”] and resumed its original name of Maza. He also imposed a severe tax on the inhabitants. The emperor threatened to annihilate the city altogether, if the people did not build a new pagan temple in place of the one destroyed. tried to compel Saint Eupsychius to offer sacrifice to idols. For many days they tormented the saint on a rack, and also with iron claws. But his faith was firm, and the judge sentenced the martyr to be beheaded with a sword. Julian embarked on a campaign against the Persians, marching through Cappadocia and approaching Caesarea. Danger threatened the city, since the emperor intended to raze it to its foundations. But then Saint Basil the Great (January 1), showing Julian the proper respect as sovereign authority, came out to meet him carrying with him three loaves of barley bread, which he ate. The emperor ordered his retainers to take the loaves, and to give Saint Basil a pinch of hay saying, “You have given us barley, cattle fodder. Now receive hay from us in return.” saint answered, “O Emperor, we bring you that which we ourselves eat, and you give us cattle feed. You mock us, since you, by your might, are not able to transform hay into bread, the essential food of mankind.” angrily retorted, “I’ll shove this hay down your throat when I return here from Persia. I shall raze this city to its very foundations, and plow over this ground and turn it into a field. I know that it was on your advice that the people dared to destroy the statues and temple of Fortuna.” this the emperor continued on his way, but soon perished in his campaign against the Persians. He was struck down in the year 363 by the holy Great Martyr Mercurius (November 24). the emperor’s demise, the Christians of the city of Caesarea built a splendid church over the grave of Saint Eupsychius, and from his holy relics they received help and healing.

Comana, Armenia (Pontica, Armenia, Cappadocia or Cilicia, Zamanti Seyhan River Valley)
Comana (Cappadocia); Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on August 12; St Proclus the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 20 ; Translation of the relics of St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 27 ; Martyr Basiliscus the Bishop of Comana, Commemorated on May 22; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Martyr Hermias at Comana, Commemorated on May 31;

Mount Argeos, Armenia
Mount Argeos; Hieromartyr Blaise the Bishop of Sebaste, Commemorated February 11;

Prokopion, Armenia, Asia Minor
Prokopion (renamed Urgup by the Turks) ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27;

Sasima, Armenia
Sasima, St Basil the Great made St Gregory bishop of the city of Sasima, a small town between Caesarea and Tyana. ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ;

Nazianzos, Armenia (Great Road from Ephesus)
Nazianzos; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395); GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389) ; Saint Caesarius, brother of Saint Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9;

Tyana, Armenia, Cappadocia and Cilicia
Tyana the Hittite Capital; Martyr Orestes of Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379) ; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389);

Kizilrmak River 5 (Nyssa, Cappadocia)

Nyssa, Cappadocia, Armenia (Kizilirmak River 5)
Nyssa, Cappadocia; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated November 17 ; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1 ; St Peter the Bishop of Sebaste, in Armenia, Commemorated January 9 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10; Blessed Theosebia the Deaconess, sister of Sts Basil the Great and Gregory of Nyssa, Commemorated January 10 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; GREGORY OF NYSSA, (9 MAR 395);

Armenia, Ceyhan River Folder, Eastern Cilicia

Ceyhan River

Ceyan River 2nd Source

Ceyan River Source (along the border)

Lake Zagura, Cilicia
Lake Zagura; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Miasena Monastery Celicia, near Melitene Armenia
Miasena Monastery ; Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia, Commemorated on July 7;

Ceyhan River Source 2

Ceyan River 1

Ceyan River 2 (Cucusus)

Cucusus, Armenia and Cilicia (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles
Cucusus, Syria (near Ceyan River 2), Remote place of several exiles; St. Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Cucusus, Armenia, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness
Cucusus, Cappadocian Cucusus in the Taurian wilderness; Saint Paul the Confessor, Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6;

Ceyan River 3

Ceyan River 4

Arabian Plate and Cilicia
Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17;

Amanus Mountains, Cilicia
Amanus Mountains

Gulf of Isska, Eastern Cilicia, Armenia, near the city of Ossos
Gulf of Isska, near the city of Ossos; Saint Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated on January 11;

Ceyan River 10 (Anazarbus)

Anazarbus, Cilicia (Aleian plain, Ceyhan River 10)
Anazarbus (Aleian plain, Ceyhan River); Martyr Domnina of Anazarbus, Commemorated on October 12 ; Marinus the Elder at Anazarbus, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Helladius in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Theodula of Anazarbus in Cilicia, Commemorated February 5 ; Martyr Julian of Anazarbus, Commemorated on March 16

Aleian plain, Cilicia
Aleian plain;

Isso (Sis), Cilicia (Aleian River Plain, Ceyhan River 10)
Sis (Isso), Cilicia (Aleian River Plain, Ceyhan River 10); Isso in Cilicia, Sis (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia) ; St. Simeon Stylites, the Elder, Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Martha the Mother of St Simeon Stylites, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Aristion the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated September 3 ;

Ceyan River 11 (Adana)

Ceyan River 12 (Colophon)

Colophon, Cilicia (Ceyhan River Mouth)
Colophon, Cilicia ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ;

Ceyhan (Prymus) River Mouth (Mediterranean Sea)
Ceyhan River;

Aegeae, Cilicia (Ceyhan River Mouth)
Aegeae, Cilicia; Cilicia, 250-287, Unmercenaries, Saints, Cosmos and Damien; Venerable Joseph of Zaonikiev Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on September 21; Martyr Claudius of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 29; Martyr Zenobia of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated on November 1 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Damian of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on November 1 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia Folder, Western Pontine

Paphlagonia Region, Pontaine, Armenia (Gangra River, lower Kizilirmak River drainage)
Paphlagonia Region; Hieromartyr Pancratius the Bishop of Taormina in Sicily, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 27; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Mamas of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania; St Nicetas the Confessor of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Lycus River Folder, Farwestern Pontine

Amastris, Pontus, Armenia
Amastridia; Martyr Hyacinthus of Amastris, Commemorated on July 18 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26;

Amastridia, Pontus, Armenia

Heraclea, Pontica, Armenia (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea)
Heraclea Pontica (Lycus River Mouth, Black Sea) ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16; Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates "the General", Commemorated February 8 ; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Lower Kizilirmak River Folder

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Pontine, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Gangra River Folder

Gangra, Paphlagonia, Armenia (rich well watered valley, Gangra River)
Gangra; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor, Commemorated on July 29; Martyr Theodotus of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on September 2 ; Martyr Callinicus of Gangra in Asia Minor; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Alypius the Stylite of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on November 26 ; Venerable Stylianus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on November 26 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Martyr Gemellus of Paphlagonia, Commemorated on December 10; Hieromartyr Clement the Bishop of Ancyra, Commemorated on January 23 ; Martyr Agathangelus, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr Eustathius of Nicea; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7 ;

Armenia, Paphlagonia, Pontine, Lower Kizilirmak River 7, Amnia River Folder

Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia, Armenia (Amnia River Source)
Pompeiopolis, Paphlagonia; Martyr Calliopius at Pompeiopolis in Cilicia, Commemorated on April 7;

Amnia, Paphlagonia, Armenia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River)
Amnia (probably here at the mouth of the Amnia River); Amnia River Region is on the Amnia River near the Battle of Amnia; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ;

Sinope, Paphlagonia, Armenia (Pontine Capital, near Kizilirmak River Mouth, Black Sea)
Sinope, Turkey (Black Sea); Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on July 22 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated August 9 ; Cappadocian city of Tianum and Sinope; Hieromartyr Phocas the Bishop of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Martyr Phocas the Gardener of Sinope, Commemorated on September 22 ; Apostle Philologus of the Seventy, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 6 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Rufinus the Deacon at Sinope, Commemorated on April 7; Righteous Virginmartyr Glaphyra, Commemorated on April 26;

Armenia, Silk Road to Great Road and Yerevan Trade Route Folder

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 1 - Trebizond, Pontine, Armenia (Black Sea, Silk Road, Harsit River)
Trebizond (Black Sea, Silk Road) ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Martyr Eugene at Trebizond; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated February 17; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; New Martyr John the New of Sochi, who suffered at Belgrade, Commemorated on June 2; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Sild Road, Great Road Trade Route 2 - Patara (high point, Pontine, Armenia)
Patara (Cappadocia); city lay on the major trade road from Trapezus on the Black Sea to Satala, and thence to Lake Van. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Patara (Cappadocia) (on Trade Route connecting Silk Road at Trebazond to Great Road and Euphrates at Mietelene and Samosata)
Patara (Cappadocia); city lay on the major trade road from Trapezus on the Black Sea to Satala, and thence to Lake Van. Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 3 - Satala, Pontine, Armenia (on the road from Trabzon to Samosata and Lake Van)
Satala, Pontine, Armenia; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road to Great Road Trade Route 4 - Kemah Fortress, a high point
Kemah Fortress, a high point ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Silk Road Great Road Trade Route 5 - Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Great Road To Yerevan Trade Route Folder - via Upper Euphrates

Great Road to Yerevan Armenia Trade Route via Upper Euphrates River

Great Road to Yerevan Armenia via Euphrates River Trade Route 1 - Samosata and Edessa, Armenia (Euphrates River 3)
Samosata; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Martyr Lucian the Presbyter of Antioch, Commemorated on October 15; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Romanus at Samosata, Commemorated January 29 ; St Rabulas of Samosata, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 2 - Melitene, Armenia (Intersection Road from Ephesus and Euphrates River 2)
Malatya; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Finding of the Icon of the Mother of God at the Miasena Monastery, Commemorated September 1 ; Uncovering of the relics St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on September 15; Martyr Polyeuctus of Melitene, in Armenia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Martyr Kyriake of Nicomedia; Martyr Eudoxius; St Acacius the Confessor, Commemorated on March 31; St Acacius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on April 17; St Eutychius the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on May 28;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 3 - Armenia, 1071, Battle of Manzikert at Lake Van on Upper Euphrates
Armenia, Battle of Manzikert 1071; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 3 - Lake Van, Taron Region
Lake Van; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Taron Region; Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Great Road to Yerevan Trade Route 4 - Euphrates River Source (Murat River Source)
Murat River Source, the Major Source of the Euphrates; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Great Road to Yervan Trade Route 5 - Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene)
Erevan (Yerevan Fortress, Melitene); Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; looking up Patara in Herodion's story, I discovered the Armenian trade route North to South from Silk Road at Trebizond to Great Road at Melitene, Samosata and Edessa and then East to West from Edessa to Yerevan along the Upper Euphrates. still do not know if this is the correct Patera for Herodion's story, but it was an important high point and fort along an important Trade Route Arab Muslim Conquest of Armenia 639;

Arab Lands Folder (Saracens, Hagarenes, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)

Arab History Folder

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, History Folder, East African Egyptian Arabs, Nubian Kingdom

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, East African Egyptian Arabs, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom
East African Egyptian Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Arabs, 400BC-106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom

Arabs, 400BC - 106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom
Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 9BC - 40AD, Nabataean King, Aretas IV Philopatris, Edom
Arab Nabataean King, 9BC - 40AD, Aretas IV Philopatris; Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 106, Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, annexed by Trajan in 106
Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 110 BC - 622 AD, History Folder, Himyarite Kingdom Pre Islam

Arabs,110 BC-520 AD, Arabian Himyarite Kingdom, Historical Dhafar, Yemen, Havila
Himyarite Kingdom; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 000, 1st Century Folder, Apostles Thomas,

Arabs, Arabia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Arabs, 300-399, 4th Century Folder, Himyarite King Abu Karab

Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab
Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12;

Arabs, 397-473, Arab Bishop, Aspebet-Peter
Jerusalem, 397-473, Arab Bishop, Aspebet aka Peter ; Jerusalem Saint, 397-473, Euthymius the Great; Venerable Theoctistus, Commemorated on September 3; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Arabs, 500-599, Arabian Jewish Warlord Dunaan

Arabs, 517&525, Ethiopian incursion into Yemen (in support of Arabian Christians)
Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 517-525, Arabian Jewish Warlord, Dunaan
Arabian Jewish Warlord, 517-525, Dunaan; Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 519, Dunaan, Himyarite King and Jewish Warlord in Yemen
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 519-525, Arabian Himyarite King, Dunaan, Jewish Warlord
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 622-632, History Folder, Muhammad

Arabs, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632
Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632;

Arabs, 622-632, Military career of Muhammad
Military career of Muhammad 622-632; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24;

Arabs, 632-661, History Folder, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia

Arabs, 632-661, Arab Caliphates, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia
Arab Caliphates, 632-661, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 634-644, Rashidun Caliph, Umar I
Arab Caliph, 634-644, Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, 634-644 ; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 637, Seige of Jerusalem
Arabia, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Arabs, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Arabs, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 656-661, Arab Rashidun Caliph, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph)
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 656-661, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate based in Damascus, Sunni, after first M Civil War, Large, Spain, Cordoba
Arab Caliphates, 661-750, Umayyad, based in Damascus, Sunni ; Umayyad Caliphate (661-“750 CE)[4] was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (The third caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644-“656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War[5] and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi),[1] making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. The dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre[6][7] of science, medicine, philosophy and invention, ushering in the period of the Golden Age of Islam. Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt.[8] There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes.[8][9] Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.[10][11] The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.[12] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 661-680, Caliph Muawiyah I, in Damascus and Egypt, Sunni, Syria's Christian beauracracy
Arab Caliph, 661-680, Muawiyah I ; Muawiyah I (597, 603 or 605-680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving from 661 until his death. became caliph less than 30 years following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and very shortly after the reign of the four "rightly guided" (Rashidun) caliphs. Although considered to be lacking in the justice and piety of the Rashidun, Muawiyah was also the first caliph whose name appeared on coins, inscriptions, or documents of the nascent Islamic empire.[1] and his father Abu Sufyan had opposed Muhammad, their distant Qurayshite kinsman, until the latter captured Mecca in 630, after which Muawiyah became one of Muhammad's scribes. He was appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632-“634) the commander of the vanguard of his brother Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan's army during the conquest of Syria and he moved up the ranks until becoming governor of Syria during the reign of Caliph Uthman (r. 644-“656). He allied with the province's powerful Banu Kalb tribe, developed the defenses of its coastal cities and directed the war efforts against the Byzantine Empire, including the first Muslim naval campaigns. After Uthman's assassination in 656, Muawiyah took up the cause of avenging the caliph and opposed his successor, Ali. During the First Muslim Civil War, the two led their armies to a stalemate at the Battle of Siffin in 657, prompting an abortive series of arbitration talks to settle the war. Afterward, Muawiyah gained recognition as caliph by his Syrian supporters and his ally Amr ibn al-As, who conquered Egypt from Ali's governor in 658. After the assassination of Ali in 661, Muawiyah compelled Ali's son and successor Hasan to abdicate in Kufa and Muawiyah's suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Caliphate. Muawiyah relied on loyalist Syrian tribes and Syria's Christian-dominated bureaucracy. is credited with establishing government departments responsible for the postal route, correspondences and chancellery. he engaged his troops in almost yearly land and sea raids against the Byzantines, including a failed siege of Constantinople, though the tide turned against the Arabs toward the end of his reign and he sued for a truce. the provinces of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, he delegated authority to the powerful governors al-Mughira and Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan, the latter of whom he controversially adopted as his brother. Ziyad restarted the eastward Arab conquests in Khurasan and Sijistan and reformed Iraq's army and tax administrations. Muawiyah's direction, the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (central North Africa) was launched by the commander Uqba ibn Nafi in 670. Muawiyah confined the influence of his Umayyad clan to the governorship of Medina, he nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his successor. It was an unprecedented move in Islamic politics and opposition to it by prominent Muslim leaders, including Ali's son Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, persisted after Muawiyah's death, culminating with the outbreak of the Second Muslim Civil War. St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 685-705, Umayyad Caliph, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, born Muslim, centralized r, Dome of Rock, 2nd Civil War
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 685-705, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, Greater Syria; Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam ( July/August 644 or June/July 647 -“ 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661-“680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684-“685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Muslim Civil War and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign. a failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al-Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to conquer the greater part of the Caliphate from his principal rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To that end, he concluded an unfavorable truce with the reinvigorated Byzantine Empire in 689, quashed a coup attempt in Damascus by his kinsman, al-Ashdaq, the following year, and reincorporated into the army the rebellious Qaysi tribes of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) in 691. then conquered Zubayrid Iraq and dispatched his general, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to Mecca where he killed Ibn al-Zubayr in late 692, thereby reuniting the Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's rule. The war with Byzantium resumed, resulting in Umayyad advances into Anatolia and Armenia, the destruction of Carthage and the recapture of Kairouan, the launchpad for the later conquests of western North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, in 698. In the east, Abd al-Malik's viceroy, al-Hajjaj, firmly established the caliph's authority in Iraq and Khurasan, stamping out opposition by the Kharijites and the Arab tribal nobility by 702. Abd al-Malik's final years were marked by a domestically peaceful and prosperous consolidation of power. a significant departure from his predecessors, rule over the Caliphate's provinces was centralized under Abd al-Malik, following the elimination of his rivals. loyalist Arab troops from Syria were tasked with maintaining order in the provinces as dependence on less reliable, local Arab garrisons receded. Tax surpluses from the provinces were forwarded to Damascus the traditional military stipends to veterans of the early Muslim conquests and their descendants were abolished, salaries being restricted to those in active service. most consequential of Abd al-Malik's reforms were the introduction of a single Islamic currency in place of Byzantine and Sasanian coinage and the establishment of Arabic as the language of the bureaucracy in place of Greek and Persian in Syria and Iraq, respectively. His Muslim upbringing, the conflicts with external and local Christian forces and rival claimants to Islamic leadership all influenced Abd al-Malik's efforts to prescribe a distinctly Islamic character to the Umayyad state. manifestation of this initiative was his founding of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the earliest archaeologically attested religious monument built by a Muslim ruler and the possessor of the earliest epigraphic proclamations of Islam and the prophet Muhammad. The foundations established by Abd al-Malik enabled his son and successor, al-Walid I (r. 705--“715), who largely maintained his father's policies, to oversee the Umayyad Caliphate's territorial and economic zenith. Abd al-Malik's centralized government became the prototype of later medieval Muslim states. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750); Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 705-715, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, continued reforms, Byzntne Raids, public works, U peak, Turkistan, Pakistan
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 705-715, Al-Walid I; Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( c. 674 -23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I , was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685-“705). a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca. became the heir apparent after the death of Abd al-Malik's brother and designated successor, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, in 704. largely continued his father's policies of centralization and expansion, and heavily depended on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the Caliphate. his reign, Umayyad armies conquered the Maghreb, Hispania, Sind and Transoxiana, expanding the Caliphate to its greatest territorial extent. spoils from the conquests allowed al-Walid to finance public works of great magnitude, including the Great Mosque of Damascus, the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. was the first caliph to institute programs for social welfare, aiding the poor and handicapped in Syria. Although it is difficult to ascertain al-Walid's direct role in the affairs of his caliphate, his reign was marked by domestic peace and prosperity and likely represented the peak of Umayyad power. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 717-720, Umayyad Caliph Umar II, scholars, Hadiths, education, China and Tibet
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 717-720, Umar II ; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (2 November 682 -5 February 720), commonly known as Umar II, was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who possessed the largest empire in Islamic history[1](alongside al-Mutawakkil). He made various significant contributions and reforms to the society, and he has been described as "the most pious and devout" of the Umayyad rulers and was often called the first Mujaddid and the fifth righteous Caliph of Islam.[2] was also a cousin of the former caliph, being the son of Abd al-Malik's younger brother, Abd al-Aziz. He was also a matrilineal great-grandson of the second caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. with great scholars, he is credited with having ordered the first official collection of Hadiths and encouraged education to everyone. He also sent out emissaries to China and Tibet, inviting their rulers to accept Islam. At the same time, he remained tolerant with non-Muslim citizens. According to Nazeer Ahmed, it was during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that the Islamic faith took roots and was accepted by huge segments of the population of Persia and Egypt. Umar is sometimes deemed a pacifist, since he ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army in places such as Constantinople and Central Asia despite being a good military leader. Under his rule, the Islamic Spain conquered good amount of territories from the Christian Kingdoms, but he removed troops from Septimania, modern France. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 720-724, Umayyad Caliph Yazid II, financial crisis, reversing reforms, raising taxes failed
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 720-724, Yazid II; Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (690/91 -” 28 January 724), also referred to as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 9 February 720 until his death in 724. did not possess military or administrative experience before his reign.[1] and military policies[edit] expenses of enforcing Umayyad rule in Iraq and the expansionist war efforts along multiple fronts, including the enormous cost of the failed sieges of Constantinople in 717-“718, had erased much of the monetary gains from the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula under al-Walid I and caused a financial crisis in the Caliphate.[33] Among the solutions of Yazid's predecessor to the fiscal burden were the withdrawal of the Syrians from Iraq, a halt on conquests and near elimination of grants to Umayyad princes, as well as an unrealized goal to withdraw Arab troops altogether from Transoxiana, the Iberian Peninsula and Cilicia.[33] most significant reforms of Umar II granted equality to the mawa in Khurasan, Sind, Ifriqiya and the Iberian Peninsula by abolishing the jizya, the poll tax traditionally exacted on non-Muslim subjects but in practice extended to non-Arab Muslim converts, and instituting equal pay for mawa in the ranks of the Caliphate's Arab-dominated armies.[1][34] According to Blankinship, the reforms favoring the mawa may have been guided by Umar II's piety, but also a fiscal consideration: if equal treatment with the Arabs made the government popular with the mawa iit could translate into delegating an increased security role for the mawa in their native provinces and their enthusiastic defense of the Caliphate's frontiers, thereby reducing the expense of deploying and garrisoning Arab troops.[33] attempted to reverse, with limited success, the reforms of Umar II, which were opposed by the Arab militarist camp in the Caliphate and the Umayyad ruling family.[1] During Umar II's rule the militarist camp led by Maslama may have accepted a temporary pause in activity to recover from the Constantinople debacle.[35] Under Yazid, Maslama and his proteges, including Ibn Hubayra, were restored or appointed to senior commands, Syrian garrisons were reintroduced to Iraq, the traditional annual raids against the Byzantines and the war with the Khazars were restarted, and the grants of estates or generous sums to Umayyad princes resumed.[36] Although Yazid's policies were presumably meant to gain the backing of the ruling elite and restore the flow of war spoils, they proved insufficient to finance the Caliphate's troops, particularly as booty had become increasingly difficult to obtain by the Arab expeditionary forces.[36] fill the depleted coffers of the caliphal treasury Yazid turned to the fifth of provincial tax revenues officially owed to the caliph. Historically, the provinces neglected to forward the revenues if political conditions allowed and governors often pilfered such funds. To ensure the flow of revenues to the treasury, Yazid appointed governors based on the example set by al-Hajjaj, i.e. upright, meticulously loyal and ruthless in the collection of taxes.[36] Unlike the era of al-Hajjaj, however, Yazid applied this principle for the first time to Ifriqiya, Khurasan, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula.[36] A major aspect of his policy was the reinstatement of the jizya on the mawa,[36] which alienated the mawa in the aforementioned provinces.[1] Ifriqiya, the caliph's governor Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, himself a mawa from Iraq and prota of al-Hajjaj, was assassinated by his Berber guard in 720, shortly after his appointment, for attempting to reinstate the jizya.[1] Many, if not most, Berbers had embraced Islam and commanded a strong position in the army unlike mawa in other parts of the Caliphate.[37] The Berbers reinstalled Ibn Abi Muslim's predecessor Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir and notified Yazid, who approved the change.[38] The incident in Ifriqiya was a blow to the Caliphate's prestige in North Africa and served as a harbinger for the Berber Revolt in 740-“743.[1] The reinstatement of the jizya in Khurasan in 721/22 by Ibn Hubayra's deputy Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi led to revolts and wars in the province that continued for twenty years and partly contributed to the Abbasid Revolution.[1] In Egypt pay increases to the indigenous mawa sailors of the Muslim fleet were reversed.[36] groups began to gain power among the disaffected. Al-Tabari records that Abbasids were promoting their cause in A.H. 102 (720-721 CE). They were already building a power base that they would later use to topple the Umayyads in 750 CE. same year Yazid's governor in Medina, Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak, incurred the caliph's displeasure because the governor was exerting undue pressure trying to force a woman to marry him. She appealed to Yazid who replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah.[39] against the Khazars[edit] March 722 the Syrian army of Yazid's governor in Armenia and Adharbayjan, Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, was routed by the Khazars in Armenia, south of the Caucasus. The defeat marked the culmination of the Caliphate's winter campaign against the Khazars and resulted in considerable Syrian losses.[40] To avenge this defeat, Yazid II sent al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah at the head of a 25,000-strong army of Syrians, who pushed into the Caucasus homeland of the Khazars and took their capital of Balanjar on 22 August.[41] The main body of the highly mobile Khazars avoided the Muslims' pursuit and their presence compelled al-Jarrah to withdraw to Warthan south of the Caucasus and request reinforcements of from Yazid.[41] In 723 he led another raid north of Balanjar, but made no remarkable gains.[41] edict[edit] to Greek sources, including Patriarch John V of Jerusalem (d. 735), Theophanes the Confessor (d. 818) and Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople (d. 828), Yazid issued an edict ordering the destruction of all icons in Christian churches across the Caliphate under the influence a Jewish magician from Tiberias, variously called Beser or Tessarakontapechys, who promised Yazid a long life of fortune in return.[42] Syriac sources further note that Yazid entrusted Maslama to execute the order and that the edict influenced the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717-“741) to enact his own iconoclastic policy in the Byzantine Empire.[43] The Egypt-based Arabic historians al-Kindi (d. 961), Bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 987) and al-Maqrizi (d. 1442) also make note of the edict and describe its execution in Egypt.[44] The medieval historians cite different years for Yazid's edict, but the modern historian Alexander Vasiliev holds that July 721, the date cited by Patriarch John V, is the most reliable.[45] The order was reversed by Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724-“743).[44] Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 724-743, Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, effective rule
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 724-743, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik; ibn Abd al-Malik (691-“ 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his father named him after his mother. the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an empire with many different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz. his brother al-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective. to tradition, Hisham ordered the hadith scholar Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d.742) to commit the hadith he had memorized to writing. activities[edit] the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, especially in the Caucasus against the Khazars (the Battle of Marj Ardabil) and in Transoxiana against the Turgesh (the "Day of Thirst" and the Battle of the Pass). Hisham sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sindh, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their provinces in India. Some invasions of Indian kingdoms were led by the Arab governors of Sindh but they were unsuccessful. Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantine Empire continued. One regular commander of Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslama, Hisham's half-brother. He fought the Byzantines in 725–726 CE (A.H. 107) and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also fought the Khazars in the Caucasus. In 728, he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him. Hisham's son Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost-annual raids against the Byzantine Empire. In 728, he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiyah thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right, in addition to a sea raid. In 731, Mu'awiyah captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia. raided the Byzantine Empire in 731-“732 (A.H. 113). The next year he captured Aqrun (Akroinos), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiyah raided Byzantium from 734-“737. In 737, al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman ibn Hisham captured Sindirah (Sideroun). In 738-“739, Maslama captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars. Theophanes the Confessor (p. 103) states that while some Arabs raided successfully in 739 and returned home safely, others were soundly defeated at the Battle of Akroinon. He records that internal Byzantine strife (the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741-“742 (p. 106) that made many Byzantines Arab captives. Al-Tabari refers to the same raid.[2] North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a significant Berber revolt. In 740, a large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif, where the loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of 27,000 Syrians, which was destroyed in 741. In 742 Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands and re-establishing Umayyad rule. also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd ibn Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was put down because of the betrayal of the Kufans. The Kufans encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufah and though he appeared to set out for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufah moving from house to house and receiving the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd. Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried, the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to Medina. Umayyad coin issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who ruled the kingdom of the Franks. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 744-750, Umayyad Caliph Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf or Blind) Third M Civil War
Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 744-750, Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf) invasion of Georgia; Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (691 -“ 6 August 750), also called Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until he was killed in 750. Much of his reign was dominated by the Third Muslim Civil War, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. Reign[edit] In A.H. 114 (732-“733) Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In A.H. 117 (735-“736) Marwan invaded Georgia, devastated it and then took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with Tumanshah. In A.H. 121 he launched further raids and obtained tribute. In A.H. 126, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house. When Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death, Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah. Marwan named his two sons Ubaydillah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. Marwan took Emesa (Homs) after a bitter ten-month siege. Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani led a Kharijite rebellion. He defeated the Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's centre and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell in fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul and besieged them there for six months. Then, reinforced, the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India. In Khurasan there was internal discord with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervour and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan 747 (May 16–June 14), they unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back. Fighting continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on November 9, 748 at the age of eighty-five. Marwan campaign in Egypt in 749 to quell the Bashmuric Revolt and secure his rear, but his campaign was a failure.[3] The Abbasids, meanwhile, achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Great Zab called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on August 6, 750. His heirs Ubaydallah and Abdallah escaped to modern Eritrea. Ubaydallah died in fighting there. Marwan's death signalled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East, and was followed by the mass-killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the talented prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad dynasty there. In Egypt, Marian's tongue was fed to a cat.[4] Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Arabs, 750-1517, History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 750-1517, Abbasid Caliphate, first based in Baghdad, Sunni, Revolution, Persian bureaucrats
Arab Caliphates, 750-1517, Abbasid, based in Baghdad, Shia ; The Abbasid Caliphate was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566-“653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.[2] They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Sasanian capital city of Ctesiphon. Abbasid period was marked by reliance on Persian bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (national community). customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars.[3] became a center of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab mawali (clients)[4] and Iranian bureaucrats.[5] were forced to cede authority over al-Andalus (Spain) to the Umayyads in 756, Morocco to the Idrisids in 788, Ifriqiya and Southern Italy to the Aghlabids in 800, Khorasan and Transoxiana to the Samanids and Persia to the Saffarids in the 870s, and Egypt to the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate of the Fatimids in 969. political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the Caliphate, the dynasty retained control over its Mesopotamian domain. Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim. Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, re-centred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. lacking in political power (with the brief exception of Caliph Al-Musta'in of Cairo), the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.[6] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Arabs, 750-799, 8th Century History Folder, Abbasids in Baghdad

Arabs, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; -10 June 754) was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. (Due to different methods of romanising Arabic names, the spellings As-Saffah and Al-Saffah may both be found.) meaning "the Blood-Shedder" for his ruthless tactics and perhaps also to instill fear in his enemies. St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur, real founder of the caliphate, Bagdad founder
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur (95AH – 158 AH (714 AD – 6 October 775 AD) was the second Abbasid Caliph reigning from 136 AH to 158 AH (754 AD – 775 AD) and succeeding Abu al-'Abbas as-Saffah. is generally regarded as the real founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the largest polities in world history, for his role in stabilizing and institutionalizing the dynasty.[1]:265 He is also known for founding the 'round city' of Madinat al-Salam which was to become the core of imperial Baghdad.[1]:270 St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 785-786, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Hadi, internal chaos, power struggles with mother
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 785-786, Al-Hadi; Muhammad Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi ( 6 April 764 CE – 14 September 786 CE)[1] the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH (785 AD) until his death in 170 AH (786 AD). short reign ended with internal chaos and power struggles with his mother.[2] Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29;

Arabs, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia, Bagdad library, knowledge, Golden Age peak
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; al-Rashid ( "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided", 17 March 763 or February 766-“ 24 March 809 (148-“193 Hijri)[1] was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.[2] his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[3] of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself.[4] Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far). New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Arabs, 800-899, 9th Century History Folder, Abbasid Anarchy, Shia Sunni battles

Arabs, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Arabs, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim, Sunni
Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Sunni, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Shia; St. Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Sunni, assasinated by his son
Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae,Commemorated on July 2;

Arabs, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael œthe Black-Robedof St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Arabs, 866-86, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tazz, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 892-902, Al-Mu'tamid; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 900-999, 10th Century History Folder, Sunni Said Georgia Invasion

Arabs, 908-932, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir, Sunni
Abbasid Caliph, 908-932, Al-Muqtadir ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia, and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni
Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni; Venerable Euthymius, founder of Dochiariou Monastery (Mount AthosÃ¢Â€Â”10th c.), and Venerable Neophytus, Co-founder of the Monastery, Commemorated on November 9;

Arabs, 1200-1299, 13th Century History Folder, Abbasid Mamluk Sultanate, Cairo Egypt, Crusades

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Arabs, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Arabs, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Arabs, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1400-1499. 15th Century History Folder, Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

Arabs, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Persia into Geogria, Sunni

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria, Sunni
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 909-1171, 10th-12th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Arabs, 909-1171, m's d, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily
Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam Fatimid Caliphate, an Ismaili Shia caliphate of the 10th to the 12th centuries AD, spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin,[4] ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. The Fatimid caliphate represented the peak of Ismaili political success. Ismailis had faithful supporters in the lands governed by the Fatimids' rivals, and areas with a significant Ismaili population and presences were able to set up their own independently-administered polities, which were loyal to the Imam in Egypt.[5] The Fatimids (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙÂØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†â€Ž, romanized: al-FÄÂá¹ÂimÄ«yÅ«n) claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama, Berbers living in the west of the North African littoral (in Kabylie in present-day Algeria). In 909, using the military resources of the Kutama, the Fatimids occupied Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt, and in 973 they established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire, which developed a new and "indigenous Arabic" culture.[6] The ruling class belonged to the Ismai'li branch of Shi'a Islam, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants of Ali and Fatimah were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. Orientalist authors sometimes use the separate term Fatimi (or "Fatimite") to refer to the caliphate's subjects. After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Copts.[7] However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.[8][need quotation to verify] During the late eleventh and twelfth centuries the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin invaded its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.[9]

Arabs, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, Fatmah and Ali's son, Umayyads rejected, as usurpers, Abbasids r, not Ali's sons, occultation, millenialist ex
Egypt, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah; Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn al-Husayn (873 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ بالله‎), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh imam of the Isma'ili faith. in the late 9th century since the murder of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, in 661, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, a large part of the Muslim community rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Family of Muhammad. The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, profited from this during their rise to power against the Umayyads; but their claim too was rejected by the Shi'a, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of al-Husayn and Hasan, Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[1] A line of imams emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.[1] The sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, had appointed (naá¹£á¹£) his son Isma'il ibn Ja'far as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of Shi'a held that al-Sadiq had designated another son, Musa al-Kazim, as his heir. Others followed other sons, Muhammad and Abdallah al-Aftah—shortly after his death, they went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a messiah.[2] Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who vanished in 874.[1][3] Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late 9th century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of "Isma'ili".[1][4][5] Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.[6] Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into hiding ("occultation"), and that they would soon return as a messiah, a mahdÄ« ("the Rightly Guided One") or qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m ("He Who Arises"), to usher in the end times.[1][7] The mahdÄ« would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital Baghdad, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer Constantinople, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.[8] The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the mahdÄ« would reveal the true, "inner" (bÄÂá¹Âin) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few selected initiates. The mahdÄ« would dissolve the outer forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of Adam, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.[9] Secret leadership of the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa at Salamiya While the mahdÄ« Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (daÊ¿wa, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (á¸¥ujja).[10] The first known á¸¥ujja was a certain Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from Askar Mukram, in what is now southwestern Iran. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.[11] His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in Basra, where he claimed to belong to the Aqil branch of the Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities and he moved on to the small town of Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert.[12] There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, Ahmad and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died c. 827/8, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.[13][14] During the late 9th century, millenialist expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdÄ«.[15] In this chaotic atmosphere, where the Abbasids were preoccupied with suppressing the uprising, the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.[16] Missionaries (dÄÂ'Ä«s) like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread the network of agents to the area round Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and the Maghreb (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893).[17][18] The real leadership remained hidden at Salamiya, and only the chief dÄÂ'Ä«s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.[19] The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary (dÄÂ'Ä« al-duÊ¿ÄÂt) and "gateway" (bÄÂb) to the hidden leader.[20] Early life The future caliph al-Mahdi Billah was born as Sa'id, the son of Ahmad's elder son, al-Husayn, who died around 880.[21] The official biography gives the date of birth as 31 July 874, although a different tradition gives a date exactly one year earlier.[22] After his father's death, he was fostered by his uncle Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, who was without an heir of his own—his son and grandchild were reportedly captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage.[22] Most of the information about Sa'id's early life comes from the memoirs of the eunuch chamberlain Ja'far, who was a few months older than Sa'id and came with him to the household at Salamiya. The two were reared by the same wet-nurse, and Ja'far became a close confidant of Sa'id until his death.[23] Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.[22] While ostensibly merely the stewards for the absent imam, Ja'far reports that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh—perhaps encouraged by the rapid progress of the daÊ¿wa, now establishing armed strongholds—secretly declared himself to senior members of the daÊ¿wa not as the á¸¥ujja for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but the actual imam; and that he claimed for his nephew the title of mahdÄ«, and the latter's infant son the title of qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m.[24] Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim (see below). In the most common, Abdallah the Elder was proclaimed to be the son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams who supposedly preceded Ahmad is not the same; for example, Sa'id himself in a letter claimed descent not from Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but from the latter's older brother Abdallah. Anti-Isma'ili Sunni and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. The situation is further complicated by the use of the title qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m, normally a synonym for the mahdÄ«, for Sa'id's son. This has led to suggestions (first by Bernard Lewis) of two parallel lines of imams, one public (and of non-Alid descent), serving as trustees of the hidden, real one. In this interpretation, Sa'id was the last representative of the former line, and his "son" was the genuine imam.[25][26] Leadership of the daÊ¿wa When Abu'l-Shalaghlagh died around 899, Sa'id became the new head of the movement.[27] Soon after, the letters from Salamiya revealed changes in the official doctrine of the daÊ¿wa. This worried Hamdan Qarmat, who sent his brother-in-law to Salamiya to investigate the matter. It was there that Abdan learned that Sa'id claimed that the imam was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id's father al-Husayn, and now Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement: Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi dÄÂ'Ä«s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters.[28][29] It was Al-Shi'i's success which was the signal to Al Mahdi to set off from Salamyah disguised as a merchant. In 905 he started proselytising. However, he was captured by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat-Allah due to his Ismaili beliefs and thrown into a dungeon in Sijilmasa. In early 909 Al-Shi'i sent a large expedition force to rescue Al Mahdi, conquering the Khariji state of Tahert on its way there. After gaining his freedom, Al Mahdi became the leader of the growing state and assumed the position of imam and caliph. Al Mahdi then led the Kutama Berbers who captured the cities of Qairawan and Raqqada. By March 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced with the Fatimids. As a result, the last stronghold of Sunni Islam in North Africa was removed from the region. Reign Al-Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqada, Al-Qayrawan (in what is now Tunisia). After that his power grew. At the time of his death he had extended his reign over the Maghreb, but campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. The historian Heinz Halm has described the early Fatimid regime as being little more than a "hegemony of the Kutama".[30] The position of these semi-civilized tribesmen as the chosen warriors of the imam-caliph was greatly resented, not only by the other Berber tribes, but chiefly by the inhabitants of the cities, where the Arabic culture predominated.[31] As Halm writes, the situation was similar to a scenario where, "in the early eighteenth-century North America, the Iroquois, converted to Catholicism by Jesuit missionaries, had overrun the Puritan provinces of New England, installed their chieftains as governors in Boston, Providence and Hartford, and proclaimed a European with dubious credentials as King of England".[31] The first years of Fatimid rule in Ifriqiya, Sicily, and Tripolitania were marked by revolts by the local inhabitants against the arrogance and exactions of the Kutama.[32] Al-Mahdi founded the capital of his empire, al-Mahdiyyah, on the Tunisian coast sixteen miles south-east of Al-Qayrawan, which he named after himself. The city was located on a peninsula on an artificial platform "reclaimed from the sea", as mentioned by the Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri. The Great mosque of Mahdia was built in 916 on the southern side of the peninsula.[33] Al-Mahdi took up residence there in 920. In 922 the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I sent envoys to al-Mahdi to propose a joint attack on the Byzantine capital Constantinople with the Bulgarians providing a large land army, and the Arabs a navy. It was proposed that all spoils would be divided equally, with the Bulgarians keeping Constantinople and the Fatimids gaining the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy.[34] As a result of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, by 922 the Bulgarians controlled almost the whole Balkan peninsula but Simeon I's main objective to capture Constantinople remained out of his reach because he lacked a navy. Although the Byzantines and the Fatimids had concluded a peace treaty in 914, since 918 the Fatimids had renewed their attacks on the Italian coast.[34] Al-Mahdi accepted the proposal and sent back his own emissaries to conclude the agreement.[34] On the way home the ship was captured by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast and the envoys of both countries were sent to Constantinople.[34] When the Byzantine emperor Romanos I learned about the secret negotiations, the Bulgarians were imprisoned, while the Arab envoys were allowed to return to Al-Mahdiyyah with rich gifts for the caliph. The Byzantines then sent their own embassy to North Africa to outbid Simeon I and eventually the Fatimids agreed not to aid Bulgaria.[35] After his death, Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im, reconquest of Sicily
Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im; Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù… Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡, "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith. History[edit] Al-Qa'im was born in Salamiyah in Syria in 895 with the name Muhammad. After his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. However, campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. In 934 Al-Qa'im succeeded his father as Caliph, after which he never again left the royal residence at Mahdia. Nevertheless, the Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the Ligurian coast was plundered and the city of Genoa sacked. From 944 to 947 the realm was plunged into crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of the Aurès Mountains of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qa'im was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (13th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (r. 946-953). Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, supressed the large-scale Kharijite rebellion
Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; Tahir Isma'il (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø·Ø§Ù‡Ø± إسماعيل‎, romanized: AbÅ« á¹¬ÄÂhir Ê¾IsmÄÂÊ¿Ä«l; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± Ø¨Ù†ØµØ± الله‎, romanized: al-Maná¹£Å«r bi-Naá¹£r AllÄÂh, lit. 'The Victor with the Help of God'), was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death. He presided over a period of crisis, having to confront the large-scale Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid. He succeeded in suppressing the revolt and restoring the stability of the Fatimid regime. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatmid center moved to Cairo from Tunis in 969
Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ… Ù…Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¹Ø²Ù‘ Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† الله‎, romanized: AbÅ« TamÄ«m MaÊ¿ad al-MuÊ¿izz li-DÄ«n AllÄÂh, lit. 'Glorifier of the Religion of God'; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975. It was during his caliphate that the center of power of the Fatimid dynasty was moved from Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) to Egypt. The Fatimids founded the city of al-QÄÂhirah (Cairo) "the Victorious" in 969 as the new capital of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt.[1] Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Arabs, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah, good admin, econ, but extrav, Katuma Berbers west, Turks east, replacng slaves, into Syria, empl Ch Jews, not sunnis
Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah; Mansur Nizar (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± نزار‎, romanized: AbÅ« Maná¹£Å«r NizÄÂr; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² بالله‎, romanized: al-Ê¿AzÄ«z biÊ¾llÄÂh, lit. 'the mighty through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. Nizar, the future al-Aziz Billah, was born on 10 May 955, the third son of the fourth Fatimid Caliph, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).[1][2] His mother, Durzan, usually known as al-Sayyida al-MuÊ¿izzÄ«ya ("the Lady of al-Mu'izz") was the chief concubine of al-Mu'izz, and likely of Bedouin origin. She was known for her beautiful singing voice, which earned her the nickname TaghrÄ«d ("Twitter").[3] She died in 995.[4] In 974 his older brother Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz —who had been the designated heir in preference to the oldest of al-Mu'izz's sons, Tamim—died, and Nizar found himself as his father's designated successor (walÄ« al-Ê¿ahd).[5] The succession was not confirmed in front of the members of the dynasty and court, however, until a day before al-Mu'izz's death on 18 December 975.[1] His official proclamation as caliph was delayed until 9 August 976.[1] Administration and economy[edit] According to the sources, al-Aziz Billah was "tall, with red hair and blue eyes, generous, brave, fond of horses and hunting and very humane and tolerant in disposition".[1] He was marked for his skill as an administrator, reforming the finances of the Fatimid state, standardizing and streamlining the payment of officials, and taking steps to ensure their integrity.[1] At the same time, he was known for his extravagant lifestyle and obsession for precious objects and materials, rare animals and delicacies; it is said that on one occasion, he had carrier pigeons bring him cherries from Ba'albek.[6] The Egyptian economy was also nurtured, and tax revenue thereby increased, through the expansion of streets and canals and the establishment of a stable currency. The general economic well-being was also apparent in an elaborate building programme. The most influential official during most of his reign was Ya'qub ibn Killis, who was the first in Fatimid history to be designated as "vizier", in 979. Apart from two brief periods when Ibn Killis fell into disgrace—in 979 and 984—he remained al-Aziz's chief minister until his death in 991.[1] Just like his master, Ibn Killis lived in great luxury, facilitated by a salary of 100,000 gold dinars.[7] Ibn Killis is credited with the capable administration of the public finances, which ensured a full treasury despite the vast sums expended by the luxury-loving Caliph,[8] but also for his role as a patron of men of letters, and the author of a book that codified Fatimid laws.[1] In contrast, his successors did not long remain in office, and in the short space of five years, the post of vizier was occupied by six men: Ali ibn Umar al-Addas, Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat, al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Baziyar, Abu Muhammad ibn Ammar, al-Fadl ibn Salih, and Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus.[1] Military reforms[edit] Al-Aziz also undertook major military reforms. Berbers, and especially the Kutama tribe, had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies, and had played the main role in the takeover of Ifriqiya and the conquest of Egypt and the southern Levant under al-Aziz's predecessors.[9] Until the 970s, the Kutama provided the cavalry, with the infantry composed of Slavic (á¹¢aqÄÂliba), Greek (RÅ«m) and Black African (SÅ«dÄÂn or Ê¿abÄ«d) slaves.[10][11] However, the forays into the Levant revealed the inadequacies of an army based solely on the Kutama, and from 978, al-Aziz, began to introduce mercenaries from the Islamic East, especially Turks and Daylamites. The adoption of the ghilmÄÂn system had far-reaching repercussions, as the Turkish ghilmÄÂn assumed senior positions in the state and began to rival the Kutama for influence, especially as the flow of new recruits from the Kutama homeland ebbed after c. 987/88.[12][13] Consequently, a fierce antagonism developed between the two groups, termed MaghÄÂriba ("Westerners") and MashÄÂriqa ("Easterners") respectively, which would erupt in open warfare after al-Aziz's death.[14][15][16] Religious policies[edit] The employment of the Christian Ibn Nesturus, just as that of the Jew Manashsha as Secretary for Syria, was a prominent example of the Fatimids' tolerance in religious matters, further encouraged under al-Aziz by his Melkite Christian wife. Two of her brothers, Orestes and Arsenius, were appointed as Patriarch of Jerusalem and metropolitan bishop of Cairo, respectively.[1] The Coptic Christians also benefited from the Caliph's favour, allowing them to rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church despite Muslim opposition, or refusing to punish a Muslim man who converted to Christianity.[1] This leniency, crowned by the appointment to high office of Ibn Nesturus and Manashsha, was resented by the Muslim populace, with Muslim opinion incensed by hostile tracts circulating among them. The Caliph was briefly forced to depose his two ministers and imprison them, but soon their undoubted skill ensured their release and reinstatement.[1] Anti-Christian animus was most evident in 996, when merchants from Amalfi were suspected of being responsible for a fire that destroyed the arsenal at Cairo; in a city-wide anti-Christian pogrom, the Amalfitans were murdered and churches were ransacked.[1] This tolerance did not extend towards the Sunni Muslim population, however, as al-Aziz followed a fervently Isma'ili agenda: he erected inscriptions denouncing the Companions of the Prophet, abolished the Tarawih prayers in 982, and initiated the celebration of the Ashura festival in Cairo. In 991, a man found in possession of the Sunni legal treatise Muwatta Imam Malik was executed.[1] The reign of Al-Aziz was also culturally significant. Ibn Killis founded the al-Azhar University in Cairo (988) which went on to become the most important centre of learning in the Islamic world. Likewise a library with 200,000 volumes was built in Cairo. According to Professor Samy S. Swayd Fatimid missionaries made their Dawah in China during the reign of Al-Aziz.[17] Expansion into Syria[edit] Map of Early Islamic Syria and its provinces in the 9th–10th centuries In foreign affairs, al-Aziz concentrated on the extension of Fatimid control over Syria,[7] whose conquest had begun immediately after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969.[18][19] Background[edit] Possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a constant foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt both before and after the Fatimids, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country by the powers of Western Asia.[20] In the Fatimid case, this drive was given additional impetus by their ambitions to lead the entire Islamic world and unseat the Abbasid Caliphate by conquering Iraq and the eastern Islamic lands, which was possible only via Syria.[7][21] At the same time, the balance of power in the region was altered with the simultaneous expansion of the Byzantine Empire into northern Syria against the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 969. The Fatimids used the Byzantine advance as a major item in their propaganda, claiming to be the only power capable of championing the jihad against the "infidel" threat.[22] However, Fatimid policy with regard to Syria during the early part of al-Aziz's reign was dominated by the vizier Ibn Killis, who, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "believed that the Fatimids should concentrate on controlling Palestine and southern Syria, while leaving the north of the Hamdanids and their successors to form a buffer state against the Byzantines, with whom the caliph should try to keep on good terms".[21] Despite initial successes, the initial Fatimid invasion of Syria, under the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Fallah, quickly came to a halt through a combination of rebellions by the citizens of Damascus and the Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert.[23][24] In August 971, the Fatimids were defeated in battle against the Bedouin and their Qarmatian allies, leading to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and even a short-lived Qarmatian invasion of Egypt.[18][25][26] When al-Aziz came to power, Damascus was ruled by the Turk Alptakin, who with only 300 of his fellow Turks had taken power by exploiting the unpopularity of the Fatimids' Kutama troops, gained popular support by restoring order in the city, and held it against the Fatimids, recognizing Abbasid suzerainty.[7][21] Further south, Palestine was under Fatimid control, but the powerful Bedouin chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, was opposed to them and held the provincial capital Ramla.[7] Reconquest of Damascus[edit] "O Commander of the Faithful, maintain peace with the Byzantines as long as they maintain peace with you. Be satisfied if the Hamdanids [of Aleppo] recognize you in the mint and the [Friday] oration. Do not spare Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, [however], if you get hold of him." Advice of Ya'qub ibn Killis to al-Aziz on his deathbed.[27] In 975 al-'Aziz took control of Baniyas in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of the Sunni Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers.[28] In 976, the Fatimid general Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt, campaigned against Damascus, but after two months of clashes before the city he had to retreat due to the arrival of Alptakin's Qarmatian allies.[7] Followed by Alptakin's forces, Jawhar was pushed back to Tiberias, Ramla and finally Ascalon, where he was besieged.[7] The siege lasted for seventeen months and ended in early 978 with a negotiated agreement, which abandoned the entire territory from Ascalon to Damascus to Alptakin. Only Gaza remained under direct Fatimid control, although Alptakin was prepared to acknowledge the nominal suzerainty of al-Aziz over the territories he ruled. Jawhar and his men had also to undergo the humiliation of passing under a sword and lance in token of their defeat while departing Ascalon for Egypt.[7][29] The Fatimid court could not accept this humiliating agreement, which not only left Egypt vulnerable to attack, but also deprived senior members of the Fatimid elite—including Ibn Killis himself—of important properties around Damascus.[30] As a result, al-Aziz took the field in person and, at the head of an enormous army, defeated and captured Alptakin in August 978.[7][30] The Qarmatians were bribed with promises of an annual payment of tribute to retreat to Bahrayn, thus bringing an end to their incursions into Syria.[7][30] The events of the previous years also demonstrated to Ibn Killis the dangers of continuing to rely on the Kutama. As a result, the Caliph unexpectedly showed clemency to Alptakin, taking him and his Turkish followers into Fatimid service.[7][30] Alptakin himself was taken to Cairo, where he was lavishly honoured by the Caliph, arousing the envy of Ibn Killis, who had Alptakin poisoned.[7] Nevertheless, as noted before, this event was of momentous importance and marked a major departure from previous Fatimid practice; especially in Syria, the Turkish ghilmÄÂn remained influential and often occupied the position of governor of Damascus.[13] Damascus itself was taken over by one of Alptakin's lieutenants, Qassam, with the support of the local population and the city militia (aá¸¥dÄÂth), who wished to avoid a renewed Berber occupation.[7][30] The Fatimid general al-Fadl ibn Salih, a protégé of Ibn Killis, was sent with a Berber army against Qassam, but other than a show of force against the coastal cities failed to achieve anything and retreated to Palestine.[7][31] Matters became complicated with the arrival of Abu Taghlib, the ousted Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, who contacted al-Aziz with an offer to capture the city if they supported him with troops. This was opposed by Ibn al-Jarrah, who feared lest the Hamdanid and his followers form the Banu Uqayl tribe, rivals to the Tayy, threaten his own position, particularly his possession of Ramla and the pasture lands of his tribe. Al-Fadl apparently played a duplicitous game, encouraging Abu Taghlib in his designs on Ramla in an effort to sow dissension among the Arab tribes and strengthen Fatimid authority; however, in August 979, when Ibn al-Jarrah attacked Abu Taghlib and his men at Ramla, al-Fadl came to his aid with his own troops. Abu Taghlib was taken captive and executed.[7][32][33] This battle established Ibn al-Jarrah and his Tayy as a major player in the region's power politics: despite his recognition of Fatimid suzerainty, the Tayy chieftain was a virtually independent ruler and remained a constant nuisance for the Fatimid government for decades.[31] Bowl fragment with a mounted warrior, 11th century Damascus continued to resist Fatimid attempts to capture it, notably under the Kutama chieftain Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah in 979/80,[7][31] while, despite al-Fadl's efforts to use the Uqayl to contain them, the Tayy and their unchecked depredations grew to be a menace to the settled and agrigultural districts of southern Syria: Ramla was "reduced to a ghost town", in the words of Kennedy, and the Ghuta plain around Damascus and the Hawran region were so devastated that Damascus faced famine, alleviated only through supplies sent from Homs, ruled by the Turk Bakjur for the Hamdanids of Aleppo.[31] As a result of the successive failures of Berber commanders to capture Damascus and restore order in the province, the Fatimid court appointed a Turk, Baltakin, a former follower of Alptakin, as commander of the next expedition into Syria. Baltakin defeated Ibn al-Jarrah, who fled north to Antioch and the protection of the Byzantines, while Qassam was finally forced to surrender Damascus in early 983, albeit under generous terms that allowed him to remain in control under a Fatimid-appointed governor.[7][31] Contest for Aleppo[edit] After securing Fatimid rule in central and southern Syria, Caliph al-Aziz aimed to capture Aleppo as well, but was restrained by Ibn Killis while he lived.[7] The question of Aleppo was complicated, as it risked provoking a direct confrontation with Byzantium.[34] Since 969, the Hamdanid emirate had been tributary to the Byzantines. Its ruler, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991), resented this dependence, but was forced to abide with it in order to prevent an outright Fatimid conquest. As a result, his policy vacillated between the two powers.[35][36] Nevertheless, the Fatimids benefited from the weakness of the Hamdanids, as many Hamdanid supporters began entering Fatimid service. For example, Raja al-Siqlabi defected with 300 of his men, and was appointed governor of Acre and Caesarea.[11] The most important such defection was that of the Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, in 983. Bakjur contacted al-Aziz directly and offered to enter Fatimid service against Aleppo in exchange for the governorship of Damascus.[7][11] Attracted by the possibility of taking over not only Homs but possibly Aleppo as well, al-Aziz agreed to Bakjur's offer over the vehement opposition of Ibn Killis, who was briefly deposed and imprisoned in conjunction with a harvest failure that led to famine in the capital.[11] The Caliph provided Bakjur with an army, with which he attacked Aleppo in September. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) for help, who sent his general Bardas Phokas the Younger to assist Aleppo. Forewarned of the Byzantines' approach by the exiled Ibn al-Jarrah, Bakjur raised the siege and fled to Fatimid territory. The Byzantines proceeded to sack Homs in October, and returned the city to Hamdanid control.[7][37] In 987/8, a seven-year truce was concluded with the Byzantines. It stipulated an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque at Constantinople.[38] Despite his failure, Bakjur was named governor of Damascus by al-Aziz, and was joined by Ibn al-Jarrah. Ibn Killis, who was released and restored to his office after barely two months, immediately began working against the two. Bakjur gradually made himself unpopular to the Damascenes due to his cruelty, and after several failed efforts, in 989 Ibn Killis finally persuaded al-Aziz to replace Bakjur with one of the vizier's personal ghilmÄÂn, Ya'qub al-Siqlabi. Bakjur fled to Raqqa, from where he continued his unsuccessful attacks on Aleppo.[7][11] At the same time, Baltakin was sent to pacify the Bedouin tribes who were raiding the Hajj caravans, leading to the establishment of a Fatimid garrison at Wadi al-Qura, north of Medina.[11] Ibn Killis' death in 991 freed al-Aziz to pursue a more aggressive stance in the Aleppo question. Immediately he dismissed Ibn Killis' protégé and appointed the Turk Manjutakin as governor of Damascus.[7][39] Manjutakin's use of Damascus as his base during the subsequent campaigns shows the consolidation of Fatimid control in the area, but also, as Hugh Kennedy remarks, the changes it brought to the "political and economic geography of Syria": given the continued insecurity of the overland routes due to the depredations of the Bedouin, the Fatimids supplied their forces in Syria by sea—notably via Tripoli—and as a result the chief coastal towns rose in importance, as centres of Fatimid control and administration as well as commerce, experiencing a revival which continued into the 12th century.[40] Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the doux of Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[41] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the Battle of the Orontes in September and again besieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, in person in April 995.[41] Basil crossed Asia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army. Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without giving battle.[41] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli but failed to capture it; nevertheless, the Fatimids lost control of the city, which became independent under its qadi.[38] The Byzantine emperor then occupied and fortified Tartus.[38] Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, beginning large-scale preparations at Cairo.[42][43] Byzantine and Hamdanid embassies carrying proposals for a truce were received in September 995, but rejected.[42] Al-Aziz's preparations were set back when the fleet being prepared at Cairo was destroyed by a fire, which set off an anti-Christian pogrom in the city.[44] Manjutakin was ordered to recapture Tartus, but its Armenian garrison was able to fend off his attacks; and a Fatimid fleet sent to assist the siege was lost in a storm off the coast.[38][44] Al-Aziz died on 14 October 996, before setting out on his campaign.[45] The Byzantine–Fatimid conflict continued under his successor until the conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000.[46] Arabia and North Africa[edit] Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian peninsula. The Hajj—at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost.[47] The emirs of Mecca, although de facto autonomous, recognized the Fatimids' suzerainty, in token of which the Fatimids enjoyed the prestigious privilege of furnishing each year the new cover of the Kaaba (the kiswa).[47] Finally, in 992 the Fatimids were acknowledged as caliphs in the Yemen,[47] and even their old enemies, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, came around to acknowledge their claims.[47] According to Kennedy, these diplomatic victories were the result of the more energetic foreign policy pursued by al-Aziz, particularly after the death of Ibn Killis, which bolstered his credentials by demonstrating "his ability and willingness to undertake the two major public responsibilities of a caliph, to safeguard the Hajj and to lead the Muslims against the infidel Byzantines".[47] On the other hand, North Africa, including the former Fatimid heartland of Ifriqiya, was mostly neglected.[7] Effective power there had passed to the Zirid viceroy of Ifriqiya, Buluggin ibn Ziri (r. 972–984), who was confirmed in office by al-Aziz, as was his son al-Mansur (r. 984–996).[7] In 992, al-Aziz even confirmed al-Mansur's son Badis as heir-apparent, thereby strengthening the Zirids' claim to dynastic succession.[47] Indeed, as Kennedy remarks, "nothing is more striking than the speed with which [the Fatimids] were prepared to allow North Africa to go its own way";[47] apart from diplomatic exchanges of gifts,[47] the Zirids governed their domains increasingly independently from the Fatimid court, even to the point of warring with the Kutama, the erstwhile mainstay of the Fatimid regime.[7] In a similar manner, al-Aziz contended himself with recognizing the succession of the Kalbid emirs of Sicily after the event.[7] Nearer to Egypt, the governor of Barqa (Cyrenaica) is known to have brought presents to the court of Cairo, but otherwise there are no indications of the Fatimids' exercising any control over him.[47] Al-Aziz died on 13 October 996. His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021) succeeded him as Caliph.

Arabs, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), important Shia
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; Å« Ê¿AlÄ« Maná¹£Å«r (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-á¸¤ÄÂkim bi-Amr AllÄÂh (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØÂØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; literally "The Ruler by the Order of God"[1]), was the sixth Fatimid caliph[2] and 16th Ismaili[3] imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1-2 million Musta’lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[4][5] Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.[6][7] Historian Paul Walker writes: "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."[8] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Arabs, 1037-1194, History Folder, Seljuk Empire, Battle of Baghdad, 600,000 men to Georgia, Sunni

Arabs, 1037-1194, Seljuk Empire, Sunni, Turk
Messopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1037-1063, Seljuk sultan, Tughril
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1063-1072, Seljuk sultan, Alp Arslan, Heroic Lion, expanded South and Northwest into Anatolia
Arabs, 1063-1072, Seljuk sultan, Alp Arslan; Arslan (20 January 1029 – 15 December 1072), real name Muhammad bin Dawud Chaghri, was the second Sultan of the Seljuk Empire and great-grandson of Seljuk, the eponymous founder of the dynasty. Sultan, Alp Arslan greatly expanded Seljuk territory and consolidated power, defeating rivals to his south and northwest. victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 ushered in the Turkoman settlement of Anatolia.[1] his military prowess and fighting skills he obtained the name Alp Arslan, which means "Heroic Lion" in Turkish.

Arabs, 1073-1092, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah I, established order in the Caucasus, poisoned
Arabs, 1073-1092, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah I; āl al-Dawla Muiizz al-Dunya Wal-Din Abull-Fatḥ ibn Alp Arslan (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I, was sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092. his youth, he spent his time participating in the campaigns of his father Alp Arslan, along the latter's vizier Nizam al-Mulk. one of such campaigns in 1072, Alp Arslan was fatally wounded and died only a few days later. After that, Malik-Shah was crowned as the new sultan of the empire, Malik-Shah did not access the throne peacefully, and had to fight his uncle Qavurt, who claimed the throne. Although Malik-Shah was the nominal head of the Seljuk state, Nizam al-Mulk held near absolute power during his reign.[2] spent the rest of his reign waging war against the Karakhanids on the eastern side, and establishing order in the Caucasus. death to this day remains under dispute; according to some scholars, he was poisoned by Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi, while others say that he was poisoned by the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Blessed David IV, King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Arabs, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1195, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Arabs, 1105-1118, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed I of Baghdad
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1105-1118, Mehmed I of Baghdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), joined by Crusaders, Sunni

Arabs, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Crusaders join Mmluk Baibars to Plunder Athoninte Monasteries

Arabs, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arabs, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Slave SoldierMamluks and their RINO's

Arabs, 1304-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun;

Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun ;

Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1342-1345, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Killed brothers, mamluk slave soldiers, sick and died
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt
Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt;

Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, loved sports, killed by his Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1347-1361, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Hasan, Sunni, 2 reigns by Mamluks, Killed and k by Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers; Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Arabs, 1361-1363, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk ruler in name only, adolescent
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks
Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks emirs;

Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent
Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent;

Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO
Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO;

Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier
Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier, Timur enemy, joined Ottoman Empire in 1393;

Arab Lands, Big Picture Folder, Kings Highway, Havilah Line, Ishmaelites

Arabian Penninsula
Arabian Peninsula; Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated on November 1 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Havilah or Arabia - Land of the Ishmaelites - Havilah, Shur to Assur
Havilah is both a point (Habala) and this line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes (between the Red Sea and the Jordan Rift) defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 in the Garden of Eden description, two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia.

Havilah - Land of the Arab Muslims (Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)
Havilah, Circle from Havilah to Shur to Assur ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Saracen, Roman Province of Arabia
Saracen; Roman Province of Arabia;

Roman Province of Arabia (Capital Petra)
Roman Province of Arabia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25;

Saracens (Hagarenes), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Hagarenes (Saracens), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 1 (Kings Highway)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 2 (Havilah)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Havilah)
Havilah, Havila is the curved area around the East side of the Dead Sea from Shur (North Sinai) toward Asshur the first capital of Assyria- the area of Ishmael's Twelve Tribes ; Saracens; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Syrian Desert, Pre Islamic Arabia)
Saracens; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra)
Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra); St. Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridon, Commemorated on June 15;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra)
Saracens, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra); St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Kings Highway Folder

Kings Highway 1 (Heliopolis, Egypt)

Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Kings Highway 3 (Mitla Pass, Egypt)

Kings Highway 4 (Nekhel Fortress, Egypt)

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Jordan)

Kings Highway 10 (Sela, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Jordan)

Kings Highway 16 (Bosra, Syria)

Kings Highway 17 (Damascus, Syria)

Kings Highway 18 (Tadmor, Syria)

Kings Highway 19 (Resafa, Syria, (Euphrates River 5))

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Tigris River Folder

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Euphrates River Folder

Arab Lands, Median Folder, Moses, Horeb, Desert of Sin, Mt Sinai, 12 Wells

Midian (Northwest Arabian Penninsula, and Western Havilah)
Midian; Median and Mt Sinai; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Land of the Kenites (Midian), Jethro and Heber
Land of the Kenites (Midian) ; Midian, land of Jethro and Heber, Moses' father in law and brother in law.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Moses' Father In-Law's Home - Jeptha
Median and Mt Sinai;

Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder;

Sinai Desert, Median, Arabia, Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Watercourse route to Mount Horeb, Median (up from the Desert of Sin)
Watercourse Route;

Red Sea Crossing Path (8 mile gulf, 2 mile wide ADA compliant path under the water, 5,000 ft deep on either side)

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©2011 ORION-ME

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median;

Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea)
Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea); Wilderness of Paran; Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness of Paran;

Horeb, Mt Horeb / Sinai in Median, Land of the Arabs, Burning Bush
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Elijah's Cave, Median, Arabia (Near Mt Horeb)
Elijah's Cave is on Mount Horeb in Median.; Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated November 19 ;

Mt Sinai, Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Sinai / Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe AncientÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Arab Lands, Medina Folder

Medina, Yathrib (City and Land of the Hagarenes)
Medina (City and Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20;

Yathrib Region (Medina, Land of the Hagarenes)
Yathrib Region (Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ;

Arab Lands, Mecca Folder

Mecca
Mecca; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Wilderness of Paran
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Paran Desert, Wilderness of Paran, Mecca
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Asir Mountains
Asir Mountains;

Arab Lands, Havilah and Najran River Folder

Habala, Land of the Arabs
Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ;

Havilah (Habala)
Havilah is both this point (Habala) and a line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 (the Garden of Eden description), two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia. Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Najran River Lower

Najran River Upper

Najran River Source (Asir Mountains)

Najran River Sink (Najran Desert)

Wadi Najran (Valley of Najran River)
Wadi Najran;

Omirits (Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Negran (Najran), Arabia
Negran (Najran); Martyr Arethas, Commemorated October 24 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated on October 24 ; Dunaan; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Homer, Land of Homer, Omirits (Najran River, Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arab Lands, Yeman Folder

Southern Arabia
Southern Arabia; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Yemen (Southern Arabia)
Yemen; Dunaan; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24;

British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen, Southern Arabia
British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Zafar, Yemen
Zafar, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Mocha, Yemen
Mocha, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Land of the Sabeans (Yemen)
Land of the Sabeans (Yemen) ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Arab Lands, Qatar. Bahrain, Al-Hasa Oasis Folder

Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands, Persian Gulf
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Oasim, Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands
Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands; St. Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25;

Arab Lands, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Abu Dhabi, Liwa Oasis Folder

British Empire - Trucical States, 7, became UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Trucical States, 6, UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia; 1 December 1971. The following day six of the sheikhdoms (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah) formed the United Arab Emirates; the seventh Ã¢Â€Â“ Ras Al Khaimah Ã¢Â€Â“ joined the Federation on 10 February 1972. CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Western Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Eastern Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, Arabia
British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Arab Lands, Rouba Desert

Rouba desert, huge desert middle Arabia
Rouba desert, middle Arabia; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated on January 20;

Denmark Folder

Denmark (Danes)
Danish people refer to the nation and ethnic group that is native to Denmark, and who speak Danish.; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855 ; ALFRED THE GREAT; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914. Commemorated July 2;

Danes (Denmark)
Danish people refer to the nation and ethnic group that is native to Denmark, and who speak Danish.; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855 ; ALFRED THE GREAT; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20 ; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914. Commemorated July 2;

Denmark, 1524-1814, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway
Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814;

Denmark, 1814-1905, Union between Sweden and Denmark-Norway
Denmark, 1814-1905, Union between Sweden and Norway

Denmark History Folder

Denmark, 800, 9th Century History Folder, Denmark-Norway King Harld Fairhair

Denmark, 826 or 872-930, King Denmark-Norway, Harald Fairhair, Harald I
Denmark, 826 or 872-930, King Denmark-Norway, Harald Fairhair; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

Denmark, 900, 10th Century History Folder, Denmark-Norway Christian King Olaf Tryggvason

Denmark, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Denmark-Norway
Norway, 995-1000, Olaf Tryggvason, King of Norway ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

Denmark, 1200, 13th Century History Folder, Catholic Denmark with the Germans at Pskov

Denmark, 1259Ã¢Â€Â“1286, King, Eric V of Denmark
Denmark, 1259Ã¢Â€Â“1286, King, Eric V of Denmark; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Denmark, 1500-1900, 16th to 20th Century History Folder, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway

Denmark, 1766-1906, Kings Folder, Denmark-Norway Kings, Union with Sweden in 1814

Denmark, 1766-1808, Denmark-Norway King, Christian VII of Denmark
Denmark-Norway King, 1766-1808, Christian VII of Denmark; Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872;

Denmark, 1808-1839, Denmark-Norway King, Frederick VI of Denmark
Denmark-Norway King, 1808-1839, Frederick VI of Denmark; Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834, Commemorated October 19;

Denmark-Norway King, 1839-1848, Christian VIII of Denmark
Denmark-Norway King, 1839-1848, Christian VIII of Denmark; Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855;

Denmark-Norway King, 1848-1863, Frederick VII of Denmark
Denmark-Norway King, 1848-1863, Frederick VII of Denmark; Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855;

Denmark-Norway King, 1863-1906, Christian IX of Denmark
Denmark-Norway King, 1863-1906, Christian IX of Denmark; Denmark, Kingdom of Denmark-Norway, 1524-1814; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872;

Copenhagen, Denmark (Oresund Strait)
Copenhagen, Denmark ; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SOREN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

University of Copenhagen, 1479
University of Copenhagen ; NIKOLAI GRUNDTVIG, BISHOP AND HYMNWRITER, 8 Sept. 1872; SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â˜REN KIERKEGAARD, TEACHER AND PHILOSOPHER, 8 Sept. 1855 ;

Jutland Peninsula
Jutland Peninsula; Land of the Jutes: Jutland Penninsula and Friesland) ALFRED THE GREAT;

Jutland Peninsula and Friesland, Land of the Jutes
Land of the Jutes: Jutland Penninsula and Friesland); Jutland Peninsula; ALFRED THE GREAT (26 Oct 899); AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

Ribe, Denmark
Ribe, Denmark; Jacob Riis of WALTER RAUSCHENBUSCH, WASHINGTON GLADDEN, and JACOB RIIS, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1918, 1918, 1914. Commemorated July 2 ;

Anglen, Denmark - Land of the Angels
Angels from Anglen; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27; St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22;

France Folder, its rivers and mountains

France (Paris)
France; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated August 31 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS) (2 JUNE 177); Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France (center of France)
France; Gaul; THOMAS MERTON; France; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4;

Lutetia Parisiorum (ancient name for Paris)
Lutetia Parisiorum (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France
Gaul, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France ; Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

France, 481-843, Frankish Empire, from Paris 508-768
Frankish Empire, 481-843, from Paris 508-768; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

France, 800-924, Carolingian Empire, Holy Roman Empire
France, 800-924, Carolingian Empire, Holy Roman Empire;

France, 987-1848, Capetian France, Holy Roman Empire
France, 987-1848, Capetian France;

France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy
France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy; Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

France, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe
France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 16th Century, Hugenots, the French Reformed Church
France: original Land of the French Reformed Church: the Hugenots; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ;

France, 1529-1564, John Calvin
France, 1529-1564, John Calvin ; France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 1600-1660, Saint Vincent DePaul
France, 1600-1660, Saint Vincent DePaul; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1754-1763, French and Indian War
France, 1754-1763, French and Indian War; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16;

France, 1789-1799, French Revolution
France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1792-1804, French First Republic
France, 1792-1804, French First Republic; France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire
France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration
France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy
France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy ;

France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848
France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848;

France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic
France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic;

France, 1852-1870, Second French Empire
Second French Empire 1852-1870; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic
France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic;

France, 1940-1944, Vichy France
France, 1940-1944, Vichy France;

France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic
France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic;

France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic
France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic;

French History Folder

France, 92-99, 1st Century Folder, Dionysis the Aeropygite

France, First Century, Dionysis the Aeropygite
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 92-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais, France and Belgium
Belgium, 98-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

France, 96, Death of Dionysius the Areopagite in Lutetai (Paris)
Lutetia (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 150-491, Early Church Folder, Gaul and Western Roman Empire

France, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Iraneus in Lyon, Gaul

France, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Denis in Paris, Gaul

France, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France
Paris, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9;

France, 300, 4th Century History Folder, St Hilliary and St Martin, Black Plague

France, 330 - 367, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers
France, 330 - 367, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367);

France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

France, 348, Black Plague in France
France, 348, Black Plague in France; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

France, 400-481, 5th Century History Folder, Atilla the Hun, Remi of Rheims Gaul

France, 451, Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans, Atilla in Gaul 451
Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans; Atilla in Gaul 451 Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

France, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi
France, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

France, 451, Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 (Atilla vs Gaul)
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 ; Attila the Hun defeated; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

France, 457-752, Frankish Mergovian Dynasty
France, 457-752, Frankish Mergovian Dynasty; France, 558-567, Frankish King, Charibert I; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27l

France, 481-843, Frankish Empire Folder, Dark Ages, Charles Martel, 718-41

France, 481-499, 5th Century History Folder, Frankish Empire, Clovis 1, Clotilde

France, 481-511, Frankish King, Clovis I, the beginning of France after Gaul, Orthodox
Belgium,486-511, Frankish King, Clovis I; (Latin: Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlodowig; c. 466 – 27 November 511)[1] was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.[2] He is considered to have been the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Frankish kingdom for the next two centuries. succeeded his father, Childeric I, as a king of Salian Franks in 481, and eventually came to rule an area extending from what is now the southern Netherlands to northern France, corresponding in Roman terms to Gallia Belgica (northern Gaul). At the Battle of Soissons (486) he established his military dominance of the rump state of the fragmenting Western Roman Empire which was then under the command of Syagrius. By the time of his death in either 511 or 513, Clovis had conquered several smaller Frankish tribes in the northeast of Gaul or modern day France. Clovis also conquered the Alemanni tribes in eastern Gaul, and the Visigothic kingdom of Aquitania in the southwest. These campaigns had added significantly to Clovis's domains, and established his dynasty as a major political and military presence in western Europe. is important in the historiography of France as "the first king of what would become France".[3] is also significant due to his conversion to Catholicism in 496, largely at the behest of his wife, Clotilde, who would later be venerated as a saint for this act, celebrated today in both the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Clovis was baptized on Christmas Day in 508.[4] The adoption by Clovis of Catholicism (as opposed to the Arianism of most other Germanic tribes) led to widespread conversion among the Frankish peoples; to religious unification across what is now modern-day France, Belgium and Germany; three centuries later, to Charlemagne's alliance with the Bishop of Rome; and in the middle of the 10th century under Otto I the Great, to the consequent birth of the early Holy Roman Empire. Frankish Empire, 481-843, Belgium (Francia or Frankland): the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks;

France, 495-545, Saint, Clotilde (Clovis' wife)
France, 495-545, Saint, Clotilde (Clovis' wife); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated on September 7;

France, 500-599, 6th Century History Folder, Childebert 1, Mergovian Dynasty

France, 511-558, Frankish King, Childebert I, Mergovian Dynasty
Frankish King, 511-558, Childebert I ; Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

France, 700-799, 8th Century History Folder, Charlemagne, Alcuin of York

France, 768-814, Frankish King, Charlemagne
Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

France, 780-804, Alcuin of York, England
France, 780-804, Alcuin of York; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

France, 800-1789, Folder, Holy Roman Empire to French Revolution

France, 800, 9th Century Folder, Middle Ages begin, HRE begins, Carolingian Empire

Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne
Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 814-840, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Pious
France, 814-840, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Pious; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 840-877, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the Bald
France, 840-877, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the Bald; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 900, 10th Century Folder, Capetian France

France, 987-1848, Capetian France
France, 987-1848, Capetian France;

France, 1000, 11th Century Folder, 1st Crusade, Norman Vikings

France, 1059-1108, King of France, Philip I, first Crusade 1095
France, King of France, 1059-1108, Philip I ; I (23 May 1052 – 29 July 1108), called the Amorous,[1] was King of the Franks from 1060 to 1108. His reign, like that of most of the early Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time. The monarchy began a modest recovery from the low it reached in the reign of his father and he added to the royal demesne the Vexin[2] and Bourges. 1 Early life 2 Personal rule 3 Death 4 Issue 5 References 6 Sources life[edit] was born 23 May 1052 at Champagne-et-Fontaine, the son of Henry I and his wife Anne of Kiev.[3] Unusually for the time in Western Europe, his name was of Greek origin, being bestowed upon him by his mother. he was crowned king at the age of seven,[4] until age fourteen (1066) his mother acted as regent, the first queen of France ever to do so. Baldwin V of Flanders also acted as co-regent.[2] rule[edit] under Philip I the death of Baldwin VI of Flanders, Robert the Frisian seized Flanders.[5] Baldwin's widow, Richilda, requested aid from Philip, who was defeated by Robert at the battle of Cassel in 1071.[2] first married Bertha of Holland in 1072.[6] Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philip fell in love with Bertrade de Montfort, the wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and married Bertrade on 15 May 1092.[7] 1094, he was excommunicated by Hugh of Die, for the first time;[7] after a long silence, Pope Urban II repeated the excommunication at the Council of Clermont in November 1095.[8] Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised to part with Bertrade, but he always returned to her, but in 1104 Philip made a public penance and must have kept his involvement with Bertrade discreet.[9] In France, the king was opposed by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, a famous jurist.[10] appointed Alberic first Constable of France in 1060. A great part of his reign, like his father's, was spent putting down revolts by his power-hungry vassals. In 1077, he made peace with William the Conqueror, who gave up attempting the conquest of Brittany.[11] In 1082, Philip I expanded his demesne with the annexation of the Vexin, in reprisal against Robert Curthose's attack on William's heir, William Rufus. Then in 1100, he took control of Bourges.[12] was at the aforementioned Council of Clermont that the First Crusade was launched. Philip at first did not personally support it because of his conflict with Urban II. Philip's brother Hugh of Vermandois, however, was a major participant. effigy of King Philip I died in the castle of Melun and was buried per his request at the monastery of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[13] – and not in St Denis among his forefathers. He was succeeded by his son, Louis VI, whose succession was, however, not uncontested. to Abbot Suger: Philip daily grew feebler. For after he had abducted the Countess of Anjou, he could achieve nothing worthy of the royal dignity; consumed by desire for the lady he had seized, he gave himself up entirely to the satisfaction of his passion. So he lost interest in the affairs of state and, relaxing too much, took no care for his body, well-made and handsome though it was. The only thing that maintained the strength of the state was the fear and love felt for his son and successor. When he was almost sixty, he ceased to be king, breathing his last breath at the castle of Melun-sur-Seine, in the presence of the [future king] Louis... They carried the body in a great procession to the noble monastery of St-Benoît-sur-Loire, where King Philip wished to be buried; there are those who say they heard from his own mouth that he deliberately chose not to be buried among his royal ancestors in the church of St. Denis because he had not treated that church as well as they had, and because among those of so many noble kings, his own tomb would not have counted for much. ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109);

France, 1095-1099, 1st Crusade, Levant and Anatolia
France, 1095-1099, 1st Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; France, King of France, 1059-1108, Philip I ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109);

France, 1100, 12th Century Folder, 2nd and 3rd Crusades

France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard
France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

France, 1110-1153, Philosopher, Abbot, Judge, Bernard of Clairvaux
France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII
France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, 1137-1204, Queen Consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine
France, 1137-1204, Eleanor of Aquitaine; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

France, 1147-1149, Second Crusade, Edessa, Iberia, Levant, Egypt, Anatolia
France, 1147-1149, Second Crusade, Iberia, Levant, Egypt, Anatolia; France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, 1179-1223, King of France, Philip II of France
France, King of France, 1179-1223, Philip II of France; France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; Henry II of England;

France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia
France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; Philip II of France; Henry II of England;

France, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 4th-9th Crusades, Treaty of Paris, Union of Lyon

France, 1202-1204, Fourth Crusade, Balkans, against Eastern Christians
France, 1202-1204, Fourth Crusade, Balkans, against Eastern Christians; Philip II of France;

France, 1209-1229, Albigensian Crusade (Languedoc Region, Albi, France)
Albigensian Crusade; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

France, 1213-1221, Fifth Crusade, Levant and Egypt
France, 1213-1221, Fifth Crusade, Levant and Egypt; Andrew II of Hungary; Leopold VI, Duke of Austria;

France, 1221-1274, Robert de Sorbonne, Educator
France, 1221-1274, Robert de Sorbonne, Educator; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX, fair, succesful, arbitrator, saint
France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, is the only King of France to be canonized in the Catholic Church. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII; his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom as regent until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and obtained a definitive victory in the Albigensian Crusade, which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of his realm's most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England attempted to restore the Angevin continental possessions, but was promptly routed at the Battle of Taillebourg. Louis annexed several provinces, notably parts of Aquitaine, Maine and Provence. Louis IX is one of the most notable European monarchs of the Middle Ages. His reign is remembered as a medieval golden age in which the Kingdom of France reached an economic as well as political peak. His fellow European rulers esteemed him highly, not only for his pre-eminence in arms or the unmatched wealth of his kingdom, but also for his reputation of fairness and moral integrity: he was often asked to arbitrate their disputes.[1] He was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king was the supreme judge to whom anyone could appeal for the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to end the scourge of private wars, and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce his new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs. Honoring a vow he had made while praying for recovery during a serious illness, Louis IX led the Seventh and Eighth crusades against the Ayyubids, Bahriyya Mamluks and Hafsid Kingdom. He was captured in the first and ransomed. He died from dysentery during the latter, and was succeeded by his son Philip III. In the eyes of his many admirers through the centuries, Louis IX has been regarded as the ideal Christian ruler, though contemporaries occasionally rebuked him as a "monk king".[2][3] He is seen as inspired by Christian zeal and Catholic devotion, a just king who exacted his due but strove to be fair to all, from the lowest peasant to the proudest noble. Moderate in his habits, reasonable, brave, kind, chivalrously polite and charming, he was a splendid knight beloved by all. Valuing Catholic orthodoxy, his laws punished blasphemy by mutilation of the tongue and lips.[4] He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him. LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1228-1229, Sixth Crusade, Cyprus and Jerusalem Control (Near East)
France, 1228-1229, Sixth Crusade, Cyprus and Jerusalem (Near East); The Sixth Crusade, commonly known as the Crusade of Frederick II (1228–1229), was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II, resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years (1229–1239, 1241–1244)[1] as well as over other areas of the Holy Land. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor; Andrew II of Hungary; Leopold VI, Duke of Austria;

France, 1248-1254, 7th Crusade to Cyprus and Egypt, then Palestine trip, Louis ransomed
France, 1248-1254, 7th Crusade to Cyprus and Egypt, then Palestine trip; The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. Louis' Christian army was defeated by the Ayyubid army led by Fakhr al-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh and their allies, the Bahriyya Mamluks, led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun. Shaykh al-Shuyukh was killed in the war, and Louis was captured. Approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in ransom for his return.[3][4][5] France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1259, Treaty of Paris 1259, France and England, caused 100 yr war
France, 1259, Treaty of Paris 1259; France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1270, 8th Crusade to Tunis, Louis IX died
France, 1270, 8th Crusade to Tunis; The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the Hafsid dynasty in 1270. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade. The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia, with his disease-ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards.[1] France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1270-1285, King of France, Philip III of France, expanded French infuuence
France, 1270-1285, King of France, Philip III of France; Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold[a][b] (French: le Hardi), was king of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271. Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was returned to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands. Following the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle. Initially successful, Philip, his army racked with sickness, was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV. Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5;

France, 1271-1272, 9th Crusade, Jerusalem (Near East), Edward I of England
France, 1271-1272, 9th Crusade, Jerusalem (Near East); Lord Edward's crusade,[1] sometimes called the Ninth Crusade,[2] was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of the future King Edward I of England in 1271–1272. It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there. The Ninth Crusade saw Edward clash with Baibars, with both achieving limited victories. The Crusaders were ultimately forced to withdraw, since Edward had pressing concerns at home and felt unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant Outremer territories. It is arguable that the Crusading spirit was nearly "extinct" by this period as well.[3] It also foreshadowed the imminent collapse of the last remaining crusader strongholds along the Mediterranean coast. Edward I of England;

France, 1274, Union of Lyons convoked in 1272, convened 1274, peace among Christians, revoked
France, 1272, Union of Lyons 1272; The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arles (in modern France), in 1274.[1] Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.[2] The council was attended by about 300 bishops, 60 abbots[3] and more than a thousand prelates or their procurators, among whom were the representatives of the universities. Due to the great number of attendees, those who had come to Lyon without being specifically summoned were given "leave to depart with the blessing of God" and of the Pope. Among others who attended the council were James I of Aragon, the ambassador of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos with members of the Greek clergy and the ambassadors of Abaqa Khan of the Ilkhanate. Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route at Fossanova Abbey. Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July 1274. As at the First Council of Lyon, Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain.[4] In addition to Aragon, which James represented in person, representatives of the kings of Germany, England, Scotland, France, the Spains and Sicily[5] were present, with procurators also representing the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Bohemia, the "realm of Dacia" and the duchy of Poland. In the procedures to be observed in the council, for the first time the nations appeared as represented elements in an ecclesiastical council, as they had already become represented in the governing of medieval universities. This innovation marks a stepping-stone towards the acknowledgment of coherent ideas of nationhood, which were in the process of creating the European nation-states. The main topics discussed at the council were the conquest of the Holy Land and the union of the Eastern and Western Churches. The first session took place on 7 May 1274 and was followed by five additional sessions on 18 May 1274, 4 or 7 June 1274, 6 July 1274, 16 July 1274, and 17 July 1274. By the end of the council, 31 constitutions were promulgated. In the second session, the fathers approved the decree Zelus fidei, which contained no juridical statutes but rather summed up constitutions about the perils of the Holy Land, the means for paying for a proposed crusade, the excommunication of pirates and corsairs and those who protected them or traded with them, a declaration of peace among Christians, a grant of an indulgence for those willing to go on crusade, restoration of communion with the Greeks, and the definition of the order and procedure to be observed in the council. The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque (two words added to the Nicene Creed), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II,[2] heir to Michael VIII. The council also recognized Rudolf I as Holy Roman Emperor, ending the interregnum.[2] 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

France, 1285-1314, King of France, Philip IV of France, Philip the Fair, centralized state, Avignon Papacy
France, 1285-1314, King of France, Philip IV of France, Philip the Fair; IV (April-“June 1268 -“ 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known as handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (French: le Roi de fer). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "he is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."[2][a] relied on skilful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny, to govern the kingdom rather than on his nobles. Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state.[3] The king, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages.[4] His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs.[5] most notable conflicts of Philip's reign include a dispute with the English over King Edward I's fiefs in southwestern France, and a war with the Flemish, who had rebelled against French royal authority and humiliated Philip at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. The war with the Flemish resulted in Philip's ultimate victory with which he received a significant portion of Flemish cities, which were added to the crown lands along with a vast sum of money. In 1306, Philip expelled the Jews from France, and in 1307 he annihilated the order of the Knights Templar. He was in debt to both groups and saw them as a "state within the state". To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to take control of the French clergy, leading to a violent conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. This conflict resulted in the transfer of the papal court to the enclave of Avignon in 1309. final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as the Tour de Nesle affair, in which Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery. His three sons were successively kings of France: Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Their deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that would eventually lead to the Hundred Years' War (1337-“1453). CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Avignon Papacy, 100 Yr War,

France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy, 7 Popes resided in Avignon, Arles
France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy; The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome.[1] The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the French crown, culminating in the death of Pope Boniface VIII after his arrest and maltreatment by Philip IV of France. Following the further death of Pope Benedict XI, Philip forced a deadlocked conclave to elect the French Clement V as pope in 1305. Clement refused to move to Rome, and in 1309 he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian captivity of the Papacy".[2][3] A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French,[4][5] and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377). But after Gregory's death in 1378, deteriorating relations between his successor Urban VI and a faction of cardinals gave rise to the Western Schism. This started a second line of Avignon popes, subsequently regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon antipope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of France; after five years besieged by the French, he fled to Perpignan in 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance, after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome.[6] Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France, 1314-1316, King of France, Louis X of France, Quarrelsome, Headstrong, Stubborn, serfs buy freedom, abolished slavery, Jews back
France, 1314-1316, King of France, Louis X of France; X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarrelsome, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (French: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 to 1316, succeeding his father Philip IV. After the death of his mother, Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death in 1316. short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralization reforms initiated by Enguerrand de Marigny, the Grand Chamberlain of France, under the reign of his father. Louis' uncle—Charles of Valois, leader of the feudalist party—managed to convince the king to execute Enguerrand de Marigny. allowed serfs to buy their freedom (which was the first step towards the abolition of serfdom), abolished slavery, and readmitted French Jews into the kingdom. 1305, Louis married Margaret of Burgundy, with whom he had Joan II of Navarre. Margaret was later convicted of adultery and died in prison, possibly murdered by strangulation.[citation needed] In 1315, Louis married Clementia of Hungary, who gave birth to John I of France five months after the king's death. The infant John's death a few days later led to a disputed succession.[2][3] CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1316-1322, King of France, Philip V of France, the Long, first a regent, Salic law, no male heir
France, 1316-1322, King of France, Philip V of France; V (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (French: Philippe le Long), was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II). He reigned from 1316 to 1322. the second son of king Philip IV, he was granted an appanage, the County of Poitiers, while his elder brother, Louis X, inherited the throne in 1314. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife, Clementia of Hungary. Philip the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant king lived only for five days. the death of his nephew, Philip immediately had himself crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan. Philip V successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair), and the Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of Philip, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the Salic law. V restored somewhat good relations with the County of Flanders, which had entered into open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with Edward II of England worsened as the English king, who was also Duke of Guyenne, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous popular crusade started in Normandy in 1320 aiming to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials, priests, lepers, and Jews. V engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent Court of Finances, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency. V died from dysentery in 1322 without a male heir and was succeeded by his younger brother Charles IV. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1322-1328, King of France, Charles IV of France, the Fair, peasant revolt in Flanders, no male Heir
France, 1322-1328, King of France, Charles IV of France; IV[note 1] (18/19 June 1294 - 1 February 1328), called the Fair (le Bel) in France and the Bald (el Calvo) in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 to 1328. Charles was the third son of Philip IV; like his father, he was known as "the fair" or "the handsome".[1][2] in 1323 Charles was confronted with a peasant revolt in Flanders, and in 1324 he made an unsuccessful bid to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. As Duke of Guyenne, King Edward II of England was a vassal of Charles, but he was reluctant to pay homage to another king. In retaliation, Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos (1324). In a peace agreement, Edward II accepted to swear allegiance to Charles and to pay a fine. In exchange, Guyenne was returned to Edward but with a much-reduced territory. Charles IV died without a male heir, the senior line of the House of Capet, descended from Philip IV, became extinct. He was succeeded in Navarre by his niece Joan II and in France by his paternal first cousin Philip of Valois. However, the dispute on the succession to the French throne between the Valois monarchs descended in male line from Charles's grandfather Philip III of France, and the English monarchs descended from Charles's sister Isabella, was a factor of the Hundred Years' War. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1328-1350, King of France, Philip VI of France, the Fortunate, Edward's claim, began 100 yrs war, Navy lost, continental war, black death
France, 1328-1350, King of France, Philip VI of France; VI ( 17 November 1293 - 22 August 1350), called the Fortunate (French: le Fortuné) and of Valois, was the first King of France from the House of Valois, reigning from 1328 until his death. reign was dominated by the consequences of a succession dispute. When King Charles IV died in 1328, the nearest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England, but the French nobility preferred Charles's paternal cousin Philip. At first, Edward seemed to accept Philip's succession, but he pressed his claim to the throne of France after a series of disagreements with Philip. The result was the beginning of the Hundred Years' War in 1337. initial successes at sea, Philip's navy was annihilated at the Battle of Sluys in 1340, ensuring that the war would occur on the continent. The English took another decisive advantage at the Battle of Crécy (1346), while the Black Death struck France, further destabilizing the country. 1349, Philip VI bought the Dauphiné from its ruined ruler Humbert II and entrusted the government of this province to his grandson Charles. Philip VI died in 1350 and was succeeded by his son John II, the Good. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France, on the continent
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

France, 1350-1364, King of France, John II of France, black death, Jacqueries, free companies, English aggression
France, 1350-1364, King of France, John II of France; II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured. John was a prisoner in London, his son Charles became regent and faced several rebellions, which he overcame. To liberate his father, he concluded the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), by which France lost many territories and paid an enormous ransom. In an exchange of hostages, which included his second son Louis, Duke of Anjou, John was released from captivity to raise funds for his ransom. Upon his return to France, he created the franc to stabilize the currency and tried to get rid of the free companies by sending them to a crusade, but Pope Innocent VI died shortly before their meeting in Avignon. When John was informed that Louis had escaped from captivity, he voluntarily returned to England, where he died in 1364. He was succeeded by his son Charles V. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA
France, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA; Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1364-1380, King of France, Charles V of France, the Wise, regent for captured Father, raised taxes, Jacquerie peasant revolt, success in HY War
France, 1364-1380, King of France, Charles V of France; V (21 January 1338 - 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: le Sage; Latin: Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory held by the English, and successfully reversed the military losses of his predecessors. became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. To pay for the defense of the kingdom, Charles raised taxes. As a result, he faced hostility from the nobility, led by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie, which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Étienne Marcel; and with a peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie. Charles overcame all of these rebellions, but in order to liberate his father, he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom. became king in 1364. With the help of talented advisers, his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages, which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed. Led by Bertrand du Guesclin, the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War to Charles' advantage, and by the end of Charles' reign, they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360. Furthermore, the French fleet, led by Jean de Vienne, managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. V died in 1380. He was succeeded by his son Charles VI, whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, Pope, 1370-1378, Gregory XI, in Avignon, France
Pope, 1370-1378, Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon Popes; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ;

France, Pope, 1389-1394, Antipope Clement VII
France, Pope, 1389-1394, Antipope Clement VII; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ;

France, 1380-1422, King of France, Charles VI, the Beloved, then the Mad, mental illness, lost Agincourt
France, 1380-1422, King of France, Charles VI; VI (3 December 1368 - 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and later the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422. He is known for his mental illness and psychotic episodes which plagued him throughout his life. Charles's reign would see his army crushed at the Battle of Agincourt, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Troyes, which made his future son-in-law Henry V of England his regent and heir to the throne of France. However, Henry would die shortly before Charles, which gave the House of Valois the chance to continue the fight against the English, leading to their eventual victory and the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

France, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Loss to English at Agincourt, Joan of Arc

France, 1415, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Years War with France
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

France, 1422-1461, King of France, Charles VII (The Dauphin)
France, 1422-1461, King of France, Charles VII (The Dauphin); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

France, 1428-1431, Saint, Joan of Arc
France, 1428-1431, Saint, Joan of Arc; Orleans; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

France, 1461-1483, King of France, Louis XI of France
France, 1461-1483, King of France, Louis XI of France;

France, 1483-1498, King of France, Charles VIII of France
France, 1483-1498, King of France, Charles VIII of France;

France, 1498-1515, King of France, Louis XII of France
France, 1498-1515, King of France, Louis XII of France ;

France, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Luther's 95 Theses, Hugenots, Calvin, Jesuits

France, 1500, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe
France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits
France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

France, 1515-1547, King of France, Francis I of France, Arts, Mona Lisa, Americas, Colonies
France, 1515-1547, King of France, Francis I of France; I (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once removed Louis XII, who died without a son. prodigious patron of the arts, he promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire. his role in the development and promotion of a standardized French language, he became known as le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres (the 'Father and Restorer of Letters').[1] He was also known as François au Grand Nez ('Francis of the Large Nose'), the Grand Colas, and the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King')[1] for his personal involvement in the wars against his great rival Emperor Charles V, who was also King of Spain. the policy of his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars. The succession of Charles V to the Burgundian Netherlands, the throne of Spain, and his subsequent election as Holy Roman Emperor, meant that France was geographically encircled by the Habsburg monarchy. In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.[2] When this was unsuccessful, he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time.[3] FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552;

France, 1517+, 16th Century, Hugenots, the French Reformed Church
France: original Land of the French Reformed Church: the Hugenots; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ;

France, 1534-1540, Society of Jesus, Jesuits
France, 1540, Society of Jesus, Jesuits ; The Society of Jesus (SJ; Latin: Societas Iesu) is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits (/ËˆdÊ’É›zjuÉªt/; Latin: Iesuitæ).[2] The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue. The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General.[3][4] The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.[5] The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit mother church. The Society of Jesus as a congregation had some militaristic tendencies. This was so because St. Ignatius who was its leading founder was a nobleman who had a military background. An example of these military tendencies is that members of the society were expected to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, where they might be required to live in extreme conditions. Accordingly, the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God[a] to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine".[7] Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers",[8] "God's marines",[9] or "the Company", which evolved from references to Ignatius' history as a soldier and the society's commitment to accepting orders anywhere and to endure any conditions.[10] The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council. FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

France, 1547-1559, King of France, Henry II of France
France, 1547-1559, King of France, Henry II of France ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552;

France, 1559-1560, King of France, Henry II of France
France, 1559-1560, King of France, Henry II of France ;

France, 1560-1574, King of France, Charles IX of France
France, 1560-1574, King of France, Charles IX of France;

France, 1574-1575, King of France, Henry III of France
France, 1574-1575, King of France, Henry III of France;

France, 1575-1610, King of France,Henry IV of France
France, 1575-1610, King of France,Henry IV of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1600, 17th Century Folder, St Vincent DePaul, Centralized Power, Versailles

France, 1610-1643, King of France, Louis XIII of France
France, 1610-1643, King of France, Louis XIII of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1643-1715, King of France, Louis XIV of France
France, 1643-1715, King of France, Louis XIV of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist
France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

France, 1700-1789, 18th Century Folder, Versailles to the French Revolution

France, 1715-1774, King of France, Louis XV of France
France, 1715-1774, King of France, Louis XV of France;

France, 1774-1791, King of France, Louis XVI of France
France, 1774-1791, King of France, Louis XVI of France;

France, 1789-1940, Folder, French Revolution to WWII

France, 1789-1799, 18th Century Folder, French Revolution

France, 1789-1799, French Revolution
France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancient Regime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered fundamental aspects of modern liberal democracy.[1] The intellectual origins of the Revolution came from a global network of European and Aerican 'patriots', who shared ideas and political principles, contacts accelerated by the American Revolution.[2] Together, they marked the beginning of the Age of Revolution, which continued into the mid-19th century and impacted much of Europe and the Americas.[3] However, the French quickly discarded the American Revolution as a reference point, and the two revolutions are generally viewed as distinct events, with different causes.[4] Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp increases in food prices caused by years of bad harvests.[5] Widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789, the first since 1614. In June, the Estates were converted into a National Assembly, which swept away the existing establishment in a series of radical measures. These included the abolition of feudalism, state control of the Catholic Church and extending the right to vote. The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and social unrest. External powers like Austria, Britain and Prussia viewed the Revolution as a threat, leading to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the First French Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. In June, an uprising in Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the Assembly with a Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre. This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as external enemies, the Republic faced a series of internal Royalist and Jacobin revolts; in order to deal with these, the Directory took power in November 1795. Despite military success, the cost of the war led to economic stagnation and internal divisions, and in November 1799, the Directory was replaced by the Consulate. This is generally viewed as marking the end of the Revolutionary period. Many Revolutionary symbols such as La Marseillaise and phrases like LibertÃƒÂ©, ÃƒÂ©galitÃƒÂ©, fraternitÃƒÂ© reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution.[6] Over the next two centuries, its key principles like equality would inspire campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.[7] Its values and institutions dominate French politics to this day, and many historians regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[8] Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1792-1804, French First Republic
France, 1792-1804, French First Republic; In the history of France, the First Republic, was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power. France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1798, French Conquest of Malta, Hide the Relics
France, 1798, French Conquest of Malta, Hide the Relics; The Siege of Malta, also known as the Siege of Valletta or the French Blockade (Maltese: L-Imblokk tal-FranÃ„Â‹iÃ…Â¼i), was a two-year siege and blockade of the French garrison in Valletta and the Three Cities, the largest settlements and main port on the Mediterranean island of Malta, between 1798 and 1800. Malta had been captured by a French expeditionary force during the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, and garrisoned with 3,000 men under the command of Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois. After the British Royal Navy destroyed the French Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of the Nile on 1 August 1798, the British were able to initiate a blockade of Malta, assisted by an uprising among the native Maltese population against French rule. After its retreat to Valletta, the French garrison faced severe food shortages, exacerbated by the effectiveness of the British blockade. Although small quantities of supplies arrived in early 1799, there was no further traffic until early 1800, by which time starvation and disease was having a disastrous effect on health, morale, and combat capability of the French troops. In February 1800, a significant convoy under Contre-Admiral Jean-Baptiste PerrÃƒÂ©e sent from Toulon made a determined effort to resupply the garrison. The blockade squadron under Rear-Admiral Lord Nelson intercepted the convoy within sight of the starving troops on Malta. PerrÃƒÂ©e was killed and his flagship captured in the ensuing and brief Battle of the Malta Convoy (1800); no supplies reached Malta. The following month, the ship of the line Guillaume Tell set sail from Valletta to Toulon, laden with soldiers, but this too was intercepted and in a hard-fought battle was forced to surrender to a larger British squadron. These defeats rendered the French position on Valletta untenable, and its surrender inevitable. Although Vaubois held out for another five months, he eventually surrendered on 4 September and Malta was taken by Britain. Malta ; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; knights of Rhodes; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John (no Wiki link);

France, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Napoleonic Wars, 1st and 2nd French Empires, 1st 3 Republics

France, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars
France, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars; Napoleonic Wars (1803-“1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806-“07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813-“14), and the Seventh (1815). upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a republic in chaos; he subsequently created a state with stable finances, a strong bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. In 1805, Austria and Russia formed the Third Coalition and waged war against France. In response, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at Austerlitz in December 1805, which is considered his greatest victory. At sea, the British severely defeated the joint Franco-Spanish navy in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. This victory secured British control of the seas and prevented the invasion of Britain itself. Concerned about increasing French power, Prussia led the creation of the Fourth Coalition with Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, and the resumption of war in October 1806. Napoleon quickly defeated the Prussians at Jena and the Russians at Friedland, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. The peace failed, though, as war broke out in 1809, when the badly prepared Fifth Coalition, led by Austria, was quickly defeated at Wagram. to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his Continental System, Napoleon launched an invasion of Portugal, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe. After occupying Lisbon in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning Spanish royal family and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as Jose I. The Spanish and Portuguese revolted with British support and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after six years of fighting. Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, routinely violated the Continental System, prompting Napoleon to launch a massive invasion of Russia in 1812. The resulting campaign ended in disaster and the near destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armies. by the defeat, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Sixth Coalition and began a new campaign against France, decisively defeating Napoleon at Leipzig in October 1813 after several inconclusive engagements. The Allies then invaded France from the east, while the Peninsular War spilled over into southwestern France. Coalition troops captured Paris at the end of March 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba, and the Bourbons were restored to power. But Napoleon escaped in February 1815, and reassumed control of France for around one hundred days. After forming the Seventh Coalition, the Allies defeated him permanently at Waterloo in June 1815 and exiled him to Saint Helena, where he died six years later.[30] Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe and brought a period of relative peace. The wars had profound consequences on global history, including the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of Britain as the world's foremost naval and economic power, the appearance of independence movements in Latin America and subsequent collapse of the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire, the fundamental reorganisation of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the introduction of radically new methods of conducting warfare but also civil law. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21 ;

France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire, aka Republic
France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; First French Empire,[4] officially the French Republic (until 1809) then the French Empire (French: Empire Francais; Latin: Imperium Francicum),[b] was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Although France had already established a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the First Empire to distinguish it from the restorationist Second Empire (1852-“1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III. 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French by the French (Senate) and was crowned on 2 December 1804,[8] signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the empire continued to be called the œFrench Republic until 1809. The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805.[9] French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena-“Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807,[10] before Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, ruled over 44 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies.[11] Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalized divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland.[12] France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the Empire. Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1804-1814, Napoleon I Bonaparte, statesman and m leader, french revolution, wars, and empire
France, 1804-1814, Napoleon I Bonaparte; Bonaparte (15 August 1769 -“ 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who led many successful campaigns during the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars, and was Emperor of the French (as Napoleon I) from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions during the Napoleonic Wars. He won many of these wars and a vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Napoleon is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. His political and cultural legacy has made him one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.[2][3] Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica a few months after the young independent republic was annexed by the Kingdom of France, Napoleon's modest family descended from minor Italian nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French Royal Army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendemiaire revolt against the government by royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs in the War of the First Coalition, ”winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing "sister republics" with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, Napoleon turned his attention to France's colonies. He sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States, and he attempted to restore slavery to the French Caribbean colonies. However, while he was successful in restoring slavery in the eastern Caribbean, Napoleon failed in his attempts to subdue Saint-Domingue, and the colony that France once proudly boasted of as the "Pearl of the Antilles" became independent as Haiti in 1804. Napoleon's ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. The balance of power in Europe shattered, intractable differences with the British meant that the French were soon facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon emerged triumphant over this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic success over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. formed the Franco-Persian alliance and wanted to re-establish the Franco-Indian alliances with the Muslim Indian emperor Tipu Sultan by providing a French-trained army during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, with the continuous aim of having an eventual open way to attack the British in India.[4][5] In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about French continental expansion. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched his Grande Armie deep into Eastern Europe and annihilated the Russians in June 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high-water mark of the French Empire. In 1809, the Austrians and the British challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram in July. then occupied the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies in 1814. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another war. The French launched a major invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The campaign destroyed Russian cities, but did not yield the decisive victory Napoleon wanted. It resulted in the collapse of the Grande Armie and inspired a renewed push against Napoleon by his enemies. 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in the War of the Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, but his tactical victory at the minor Battle of Hanau allowed retreat onto French soil. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June. He was exiled to the remote British island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51. influence on the modern world brought liberal reforms to the numerous territories that he conquered and controlled, such as the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe. His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British historian Andrew Roberts states: "The ideas that underpin our modern world-”meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on- ”were championed, consolidated, codified and geographically extended by Napoleon. To them he added a rational and efficient local administration, an end to rural banditry, the encouragement of science and the arts, the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire".[6] Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ;

France, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era
Croatia, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era; Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era[edit] The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1810 included the Dalmatia that had belonged to Venice until 1797 Dalmatia as a part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1811 Later in 1797, in the treaty of Campo Formio, Napoleon I gave Dalmatia to Austria in return for Belgium. The republics of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Poljica retained their independence, and Ragusa grew rich by its neutrality during the earlier Napoleonic wars. By the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Istria, Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor were handed over to France. In 1805 Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Cattaro (Kotor). In 1806, the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) finally succumbed to foreign (French) troops under general Marmont, the same year a Montenegrin force supported by the Russians tried to contest the French by seizing Boka Kotorska. The allied forces have pushed the French to Ragusa. The Russians induced the Montenegrins to render aid and they proceeded to take the islands of KorÃ„ÂÂÂÂula and BraÃ„ÂÂÂÂ but made no further progress, and withdrew in 1807 under the treaty of Tilsit. The Republic of Ragusa was officially annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. In 1809, the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out, and French and Austrian forces also fought in the Dalmatian Campaign (1809). In the summer, Austrian forces retook Dalmatia, but this lasted only until the Treaty of SchÃƒÂ¶nbrunn, when Austria ceded a number of additional provinces north of Dalmatia to France, so Napoleon removed Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces. The major part of the Dalmatian population was Roman Catholic. St. Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1809, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn
France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn; The Treaty of Schonbrunn , sometimes known as the Peace of Schonbrunn or Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria at Schonbrunn Palace near Vienna on 14 October 1809. The treaty ended the Fifth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars, after Austria had been defeated at the decisive Battle of Wagram on 5-6 July. France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date of 10 Oct 1809 NS; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1809, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date or 10 Oct 1809 NS
France, 1809, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date or 10 Oct 1809 NS; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Russian Patriotic War of 1812
France, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Russian Patriotic War of 1812 France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13;

France, 1812, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Paris, France
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœJerusalemÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration
France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration; The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of the executed Louis XVI, namely Louis XVIII and Charles X, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government aiming to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the Ancien RÃƒÂ©gime. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France. They were nonetheless unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.[1] St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy
France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy ; The July Monarchy (French: Monarchie de juillet, officially the Kingdom of France, French: Royaume de France) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814Ã¢Â€Â“1830). It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon. Louis Philippe, a member of the more liberal OrlÃƒÂ©ans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as Roi des FranÃƒÂ§ais ("King of the French") rather than "King of France", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised to follow the juste milieu, or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of both the conservative supporters of Charles X and radicals on the left. The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. It followed conservative policies, especially under the influence (1840Ã¢Â€Â“48) of FranÃƒÂ§ois Guizot. The king promoted friendship with Great Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. By 1848, a year in which many European states had a revolution, the king's popularity had collapsed, and he was overthrown.

France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848
France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848; The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution, was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the July Monarchy (1830-“1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. In the months that followed, this government steered a course that became more conservative. On 23 June 1848, the people of Paris rose in insurrection,[1] which became known as June Days uprising , a bloody but unsuccessful rebellion by the Paris workers against a conservative turn in the Republic's course. On 2 December 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) was elected president of the Second Republic, largely on peasant support. Exactly three years later he suspended the elected assembly, establishing the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1870. Louis Napoleon went on to become the de facto last French monarch. The February revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and its newly established government created "National Workshops" (ateliers nationaux) for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labor. These tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists led to the June Days Uprising.

France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic
France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic; French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoeon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberty Fraternity. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" and a liberal form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848. The Republic would ultimately last four years, one of the shortest regimes in French history.

France, 1852-1870, Second French Empire
Second French Empire 1852-1870; was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism.[4] That interpretation is no longer promulgated, and by the late 20th century they were celebrating it as leading example of a modernising regime.[5][6] Historians have generally given the Empire negative evaluations on its foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of domestic policies, especially after Napoleon III liberalised his rule after 1858. He promoted French business and exports. The greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. It had the effect of stimulating economic growth, and bringing prosperity to most regions of the country. The Second Empire is given high credit for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, and very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians. In international policy, Napoleon III tried to emulate his uncle, engaging in numerous imperial ventures around the world as well as several wars in Europe. Using very harsh methods, he built up the French Empire in North Africa and in Southeast Asia. Napoleon III also sought to modernise the Mexican economy and bring it into the French orbit, but this ended in a fiasco. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia, and by the end of his reign, Napoleon III found himself without allies in the face of overwhelming German force.[7] Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1852-1870, Emperor of France, Napoleon III
Emperor of France, 1852-1870, Napoleon III ; the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first president of France, from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch, from 1852 to 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and became the emperor of the French. He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the French overseas empire, and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. Second French Empire 1852-1870; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic (FTR)
France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic; was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

France, 1870-1871, FTR President, Napoleon III
France, French Third Republic President, 1870-1871, Napoleon III; the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first president of France, from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch, from 1852 to 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and became the emperor of the French. He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the French overseas empire, and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1871-1873, FTR President, Adolphe Thiers, historian, journalist, liberal
France, French Third Republic President, 1871-1873, Adolphe Thiers; was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the Bourbon monarchy, and the French Revolution of 1848, which established the Second French Republic. He served as a prime minister in 1836, 1840 and 1848, dedicated the Arc de Triomphe, and arranged the return to France of the remains of Napoleon from Saint-Helena. He was first a supporter, then a vocal opponent of Louis-NapolÃƒÂ©on Bonaparte (who served from 1848 to 1852 as President of the Second Republic and then reigned as Emperor Napoleon III from 1852 to 1871). When Napoleon III seized power, Thiers was arrested and briefly expelled from France. He then returned and became an opponent of the government. Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, which Thiers opposed, he was elected chief executive of the new French government and negotiated the end of the war. When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1871, Thiers gave the orders to the army for its suppression. At the age of seventy-four, he was named President of the Republic by the French National Assembly in August 1871. His chief accomplishment as president was to achieve the departure of German soldiers from most of French territory two years ahead of schedule. Opposed by the monarchists in the French assembly and the left wing of the Republicans, he resigned on 24 May 1873, and was replaced as President by Patrice de MacMahon. When he died in 1877, his funeral became a major political event; the procession was led by two of the leaders of the republican movement, Victor Hugo and Leon Gambetta, who, at the time of his death, were his allies against the conservative monarchists. He was also a notable literary figure, the author of a very successful ten-volume history of the French Revolution (Histoire de la RÃƒÂ©volution franÃƒÂ§aise) and a twenty-volume history of the Consulate and Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte (Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire). In 1834 he was elected to the AcadÃƒÂ©mie FranÃƒÂ§aise. JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1873-1879, FTR President, Patrice de MacMahon, General, Conservative, Constitution guard
France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; MacMahon led the main French army in the war against the Germans in 1870. He was trapped and wounded at the Battle of Sedan in September 1870. The army surrendered to the Germans, including MacMahon and Emperor Napoleon III. Thus France lost the war and the Emperor went into exile. After convalescence MacMahon was appointed head of the Versailles Army, which defeated the Paris Commune revolt in May 1871 and set the stage for his political career. MacMahon was a devout conservative Catholic, a traditionalist who despised socialism and strongly distrusted the secular Republicans. He took seriously his duty as the neutral guardian of the Constitution and rejected suggestions of a monarchist coup d'ÃƒÂ©tat. He also refused to meet with Gambetta, the leader of the Republicans. He moved for a parliamentary system in which the assembly selected the ruling government of the Third Republic, but he also insisted on an upper chamber. He later dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, resulting in public outrage and a Republican electoral victory. Soon after MacMahon resigned and retired to private life. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, MONASTIC AND MARTYR, 1916, Commemorated December 1; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn, France and Austria, after Austrian defeat
France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn; France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date
France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1879-1887, FTR President, Jules Grevey, a Mason, so Separation of Church and State
France, French Third Republic President, 1879-1887, Jules Grevey; Judith Paul Gracvy (15 August 1807-“ 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction. Given that his predecessors were monarchists who tried without success to restore the French monarchy, Gracvy is seen as the first real republican President of France.[1][2] at Mont-sous-Vaudrey in the Jura Mountains, he became an advocate in 1837 distinguishing himself at the Conference du barreau de Paris, and, having steadily maintained republican principles under the Orleans monarchy, was elected by his native department to the Constituent Assembly of 1848. Foreseeing that Louis Bonaparte would be elected president by the people, he proposed to vest the chief authority in a president of the Council elected and removable by the Assembly, or in other words, to suppress the Presidency of the Republic. After the coup d'tat this proposition gained Greveu a reputation for sagacity, and upon his return to public life in 1868 he took a prominent place in the Republican party. at "La Constante in Arras,[3] his Masonic activity is inseparable from his political action,[4] specially in the struggle for separation of Church and State that marked the beginning of the Third Republic and MacMahon resignation. the fall of the Empire he was chosen president of the Assembly on 16 February 1871, and occupied this position until 2 April 1873, when he resigned on account of the opposition of the Right, which blamed him for having called one of its members to order in the session of the previous day. On 8 March 1876 he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies, a post which he filled with such efficiency that upon the resignation of Marshal MacMahon he seemed to step naturally into the Presidency of the Republic (30 January 1879), and was elected without opposition by the republican parties.[5] shrewd, attentive to the public interest and his own, but without any particular distinction, he would have left an unblemished reputation if he had not accepted a second term (18 December 1885). Shortly afterwards, his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, was found to be trafficking in the awards of the Legion of Honour. Grevey was not accused of personal participation in these scandals, but he was somewhat obstinate in refusing to realize that he was indirectly responsible for the misuse his relative had made of access to the Elysae, and it had to be unpleasantly impressed upon him that his resignation was inevitable (2 December 1887).[6] This political matter was the first one to feed anti-Masonic opinion in France.[7] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1887-1894, FTR President, Marie Francois Sadi Carrnot, scientific engineer, assinated
France, French Third Republic President, 1887-1894, Marie Francois Sadi Carrnot; Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne. His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas LÃƒÂ©onard Sadi Carnot, the engineer who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and is generally regarded as the founder of the subject, named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz. Like his uncle, Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois too came to be known as Sadi Carnot. In his scientific-mindedness and Republican leanings, he resembled his grandfather, Lazare Carnot, the military modernizer and member of the post-Revolutionary French Directory. Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois was educated as a civil engineer and was a highly distinguished student at both the ÃƒÂ‰cole Polytechnique and the ÃƒÂ‰cole des Ponts et ChaussÃƒÂ©es. After his academic course, he obtained an appointment in the public service. His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the dÃƒÂ©partements of the Eure, Calvados and Seine-InfÃƒÂ©rieure, and he was made prefect of Seine-InfÃƒÂ©rieure in January 1871. In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the dÃƒÂ©partement CÃƒÂ´te-d'Or. He joined the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group, Gauche rÃƒÂ©publicaine. In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works. He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885, moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance, which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886.[2] Presidency[edit] Depiction of Carnot's assassination appearing in Le Petit Journal IllustrÃƒÂ© When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules GrÃƒÂ©vy in December 1887, Carnot's reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency, and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger.[2] President Carnot's ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained credit for the presidency and the republic. When, early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into exile, it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest, the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year.[3] The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of anti-Semitism, Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount, the Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state, increased the respect felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word.[2] Carnot was in favour of the Franco-Russian Alliance and received the Order of St Andrew from Alexander III. Death[edit] Carnot was reaching the zenith of his popularity, when, on 24 June 1894, after delivering a speech at a public banquet in Lyon in which he appeared to imply that he would not seek re-election, he was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio.[2] Carnot died shortly after midnight on 25 June.[4] The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the PanthÃƒÂ©on on 1 July 1894.[5] Caserio called the assassination a political act, and was executed on 16 August 1894.[6] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1;

France, 1894-1895, FTR President, Jean Casimir-Perier, short term, ignored by his ministers
France, French Third Republic President, 1894-1895, Jean Casimir-Perier; On 24 June 1894, after the assassination of President Carnot, he was elected President of the Republic by 451 votes against 195 for Henri Brisson and 97 for Charles Dupuy. His presidency lasted only six months. The resignation of the Dupuy ministry on 14 January 1895 was followed the next day by that of the President. Casimir-Perier explained his action by the fact that he found himself ignored by the ministers, who did not consult him before taking decisions, and did not keep him informed upon political events, especially in foreign affairs. As of 2020, of all Presidents of France through its history, Casimir-Perier had the shortest presidency. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1;

France, 1895-1899, FTR President, Felix Faure, Someone who offended no one
France, French Third Republic President, 1895-1899, Felix Faure; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; Wealthy tanner, He became more prominent in French politics up until unexpectedly becoming president, during which time France's relations with Russia improved. Interested in matters concerning economics, railways and the navy. He became under-secretary for the colonies. In 1894 he obtained cabinet rank as minister of marine in the administration of Charles Dupuy. In the following January he was unexpectedly elected President of the Republic upon the resignation of President Casimir-Perier. Someone who offended no one. Faure answered perfectly to this description.

France, 1899-1906, FTR President, Emile Loubet, successful Paris exposition, one world G, served full term
France, French Third Republic President, 1899-1906, Emile Loubet ; Trained in law, he became mayor of Montelimar, where he was noted as a forceful orator. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and the Senate in 1885. He was appointed as a Republican minister under Carnot and Ribot. He was briefly Prime Minister of France in 1892. As President (1899-“1906), he saw the successful Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the forging of the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, resolving their sharp differences over the Boer War and the Dreyfus Affair. His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him president of the republic in succession to Felix Faure . He was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult, as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus affair. The president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a cabinet, and at the same time entreated Republicans of all shades of opinion to rally to the defence of the state. By the efforts of Loubet and Waldeck-Rousseau the Dreyfus affair was settled, when Loubet, acting on the advice of General Galliffet, minister of war, remitted the ten years' imprisonment to which Dreyfus was condemned at Rennes.[1] Loubet's presidency saw an acute stage of the clerical question, which was attacked by Waldeck-Rousseau and in still more drastic fashion by the Combes ministry. The French ambassador was recalled from the Vatican in April 1905, and in July the separation of church and state was voted in the Chamber of Deputies. Feeling had run high between France and Britain over the mutual criticisms passed on the conduct of the South African War and the Dreyfus affair respectively. These differences were composed, by the Anglo-French entente, and in 1904 a convention between the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the British occupation of Egypt. President Loubet belonged to the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic proclivities of President Faure. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the emperor Nicholas II of Russia at the French maneuvers of 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902.[1] Loubet also exchanged visits with King Edward VII, with the king of Portugal, the king of Italy and the king of Spain. During the king of Spain's visit in 1905, an attempt was made on his life, a bomb being thrown under his carriage as he and with his guest left the Opera. When his presidency came to an end in January 1906, he became the first President of the Third Republic to have served a full term and without resigning a second one.[1] He retired into private life and died on 20 December 1929 at the age of 90. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1;

France, 1900-1940, 20th Century Folder, 3rd French Republic

France, 1906-1913, FTR President, Armand Fallieres, opponent of the death penalty
France, French Third Republic President, 1906-1913, Armand Fallieres; Clement Armand Fallieres ( 6 November 1841 -“ 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913. He was born at Mezin in the departement of Lot-et-Garonne, France, where his father was clerk of the peace. He studied law and became an advocate at Nerac, beginning his public career there as municipal councilor (1868), afterwards mayor (1871), and as councillor-general of the department of Lot-et-Garonne (1871). Being an ardent Republican, he lost this position in May 1873 upon the fall of Thiers, but in February 1876 was elected deputy for Nerac. In the chamber he sat with the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group, Gauche republicaine, signed the protestation of 18 May 1877, and was re-elected five months later. In 1880 he became under-secretary of state in the department of the interior in Jules Ferry's ministry (May 1880 to November 1881). From 7 August 1882 to 20 February 1883 he was minister of the interior, and for a month (from 29 January 1883) was prime minister. His ministry had to face the question of the expulsion of the pretenders to the throne of France, owing to the proclamation by Prince Napoleon (January 1883). Falliees, who was ill at the time, was not able to face the storm of opposition, and resigned when the senate rejected his project. The following November, however, he was chosen as minister of public instruction by Jules Ferry, and carried out various reforms in the school system.[1] He resigned in March 1885, becoming minister of the interior in Maurice Rouvier's cabinet two years later. He exchanged his portfolio in December for that of the department of justice. He returned again to the ministry of the interior in February 1889, and finally retook the department of justice from March 1890 to February 1892. In June 1890 his departement (Lot-et-Garonne) elected him to the senate by 417 votes to 23. There Fallieres remained independent of party struggles, although maintaining his influence among the Republicans. In March 1899 he was elected president of the senate, and retained that position until January 1906, when he was chosen by a union of the groups of the Left in both chambers as candidate for the presidency of the republic. He was elected on the first ballot by 449 votes against 371 for his opponent, Paul Doumer. Fallieres was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty and commuted the sentences of many prisoners sentenced to death.[citation needed] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1913-1920, FTR President, Raymond Poincare, Democratic Republican, Paris Peace Conference after WWI
France, French Third Republic President, 1913-1920, Raymond Poincare ; Raymond Nicolas Landry PoincarÃƒÂ© (UK: /Ã‹ÂˆpwÃƒÂ¦ÃŒÂƒkÃ‰Â‘Ã‹ÂÂÂÂreÃ‰Âª/[1] [US: stress final syllable], French: [ÃŠÂÂÂÂÃ‰Â›mÃ‰Â”ÃŒÂƒ pwÃ‰Â›ÃŒÂƒkaÃŠÂÂÂÂe]; 20 August 1860 Ã¢Â€Â“ 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920. Trained in law, PoincarÃƒÂ© was elected as a Deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic, becoming Prime Minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic from 1913 to 1920. He purged the French government of all opponents and critics and single-handedly controlled French foreign policy from 1912 to the beginning of World War I. He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes, shifting the Franco-Russian Alliance from the defensive to the offensive, visiting Russia in 1912 and 1914 to strengthen Franco-Russian relations, and giving France's support for Russian military mobilization during the July Crisis of 1914. From 1917, he exercised less influence as his political rival Georges Clemenceau had become Prime Minister. At the Paris Peace Conference, he advocated Allied occupation of the Rhineland for at least 30 years and French support for Rhenish separatism. In 1922 PoincarÃƒÂ© returned to power as Prime Minister. In 1923 he ordered the Occupation of the Ruhr to enforce payment of German reparations. By this time PoincarÃƒÂ© was seen, especially in the English-speaking world, as an aggressive figure (PoincarÃƒÂ©-la-Guerre) who had helped to cause the war in 1914 and who now favoured punitive anti-German policies. His government was defeated by the Cartel des Gauches at the elections of 1924. He served a third term as Prime Minister in 1926Ã¢Â€Â“1929. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1920, Paul Deschanel
France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1920, Paul Deschanel; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1920-1924, French Third Republic President, Alexandre Millerand
France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1924, Alexandre Millerand; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1924-1931, French Third Republic President, Gaston Doumergue
France, French Third Republic President, 1924-1931, Gaston Doumergue; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1931-1932, French Third Republic President, Paul Doumer
France, French Third Republic President, 1931-1932, Paul Doumer; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, French Third Republic President, 1932-1940, Albert Francois Lebrun
France, French Third Republic President, 1932-1940, Albert Francois Lebrun; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1940-1999, Folder, Vichy France, Fourth and Fifth Republics

France, 1940-1944, Vichy France
France, 1940-1944, Vichy France; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic
France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic
France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fourth Republic President,1947-1954, Vincent Auriol
France, Fourth Republic President,1947-1954, Vincent Auriol; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fourth Republic President,1954-1959, Rene Coty
France, Fourth Republic President,1954-1959, Rene Coty; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fifth Republic President, 1959-1969, Charles de Gaulle
France, Fifth Republic President, 1959-1969, Charles de Gaulle;

France, 1959-Present, French Fifth Republic

France, Somme River Folder (Northern France)

Somme River

Maginot Line - French Line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France
Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France;

Somme River Source (former Forest of Arrouaise)

Somme River 1

Somme River 2

Somme River 3

Somme River 4 (Corbie)

Corbie, France (Somme River 4)
Corbie (Somme River 4); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Somme River 5 (Amiens)

Amiens, France (a former crossroads, Somme River 5)
Amiens (a former crossroads); MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ;

Somme River Mouth (English Channel)

France, Seine River Folder (North Central France)

Seine River

Aube Department
Aube Department; Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River Source (Source-Seine, Burgundy)
Source-Seine;

Seine River 1

Seine River 2 (Troyes)

Troyes, France (Seine River 2)
Troyes (Seine River 2), City of Tricassinum (Troyes); Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River 3 (Aube River)

France, Seine River 3, Aube River Folder

Aube River

Clairvaux (Aube River 1) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Aube River Source

Aube River Mouth (Seine River 3)

Seine River 4 (Yonne River)

France, Seine River 4, Yonne River Folder

Yonne River

Yonne River Source (Morvan Hills)
Morvan Hills;

Morvan Hills

Yonne River 1 (Vezelay Abby)

Vezelay Abby (near Yonne River 1 in Burgandy) 750 approx.
Vezelay Abby ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Yonne River 2 (Auxerre)

Auxerre, France (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Gaul; Britain; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Auxerre Cathedral, 1215
Auxerre Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Joigny (Yonne River 2.5)
VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

Yonne River 3 (Sens, Vanne River Mouth)

Sens, Northern France (Vanne River Mouth, Yonne River)
Sens; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Vanne River Mouth (Sens, Yonne River 3)

Vanne River

Yonne (river) Mouth (Seine River 4)

Seine River 5 (Paris, Oise River, Marne River)

France, Seine River 5, Marne River Folder

Marne River

Champagne-Ardenne Region, France (Marne and Ainse Rivers)
Champagne-Ardenne Region of France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Haute-Marne Department, France (High Marne)
Haute-Marne; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Marne Department, France
Marne Department;

Langres Cathedral, France (Champagne-Ardenne, Marne River Source)
Langres Cathedral; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Marne River Source (Champagne-Ardenne)

Marne River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth) 644
Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

France, Seine River 5, Paris Area Folder

Paris, France (Seine River 5)
Paris; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Prison (Priory of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Priory (Prison of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Argenteuil (near Paris)
Argenteuil near Paris; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Nanterre, France (Seine River 5, Paris Area)
Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Valerien, Mount Valerien
Valerien, Mount Valerien; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

Abbey of St Denis (Paris, France) 1144
Abbey of St Denis in France; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis, Paris, 1144
Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Swedish Embassy, Paris
Embassy of Sweden, Paris; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ;

Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs)
Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs) ; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated October 9 ;

University of Paris (Sarbonne) 1150
University of NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Sorbonne, Paris (University of Paris) 1150, 1257
Sorbonne; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931;

Bastille Prison
Bastille Prison; France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France

Luxembourg Gardens
75006 Paris, France
Luxembourg Gardens - Garden
75006 Paris
France
Le Jardin du Luxembourg, or the Luxembourg Garden, located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, was created beginning in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France, for a new residence she constructed, the Luxembourg Palace.
Wikipedia
Did you know: Created in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the 25-hectare Jardin du Luxembourg is the second largest public park in Paris.
Construction started: 1612
17th-century park with formally laid-out gardens, trees planted in patterns & statues on pedestals.
senat.fr

Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542
Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542; St. Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Saint Etienne du Mont Church, Paris
Saint Etienne du Mont Church; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

French National Museum of Natural History, 1635
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Museum of Natural History, Paris, 1635
Natural History Museum in Paris; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Quinze-Vingts Hospital
Quinze-Vingts Hospital ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Conciergerie Prison, Paris
Conciergerie Prison, Paris ; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660 ;

Leville Cemetary, France
Leville Cemetary; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ;

Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5)
Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5); Saint Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3;

Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4)
Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ;

France, Seine River 5, Oise River Folder

Oise River

Oise River Source (south of Chimay, Belgium)

Oise River 1 (Hirson, Aisne)

Oise River 2 (Guise, Aisne)

Oise River 3 (Chauny, Aisne)

Oise River 4 (Noyon, Oise)

Noyon, France (Oise River 4)
Noyon, France (Oise River 4); JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Oise River 5 (Compiegne, Aisne River Mouth)

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 5, Ainse River Folder

Ainse River

Aisne River Source (Rembercourt-Sommaisne, Argonne Forest)

Aisne River 1 (Meuse Department)

Forest of Argonne (East of Aisne River)
Forest of Argonne;

Aisne River 2

Aisne River 3

Aisne River 4

Aisne River 8 (Sainte-Menehould, Marne Dept)

Aisne River 26 (Falaise)

Aisne River 27 (Vouziers, Ardennes)

Aisne River 28 (Rethel, Ardennes)

Aisne River 29 (Rheims)

Rheims (near Aisne River 29, Champagne-Ardenne, Marne Department)
Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Aisne River 30 (Soissons, Aisne)

Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons, France (Aisne River 30) 557
Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Ainse River 31

Aisne River Mouth (Oise River 5)

Oise River 6 (Overview)

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 6, Therain River Folder

Therain River

Therain River Source (between Grumesnil and St Michael d'Halescourt)

Therain River 1

Therain River 2 (Songeons)

Therain River 3 (Milly)

Therain River 4 (Beauvais)

Therain River 5 (Hermes)

Beauvais, France (Avalon River Mouth, Therain River 4) 1225
Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Therain River 6 (Mouy)

Therain River Mouth (Oise River 6)

Oise River 7 (Creil, Oise)

Oise River 8 (Overview)

Oise River 9 (Auvers, Val-d'Oise)

Oise River 10 (Pontoise, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 11 (Cergy, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 12 (Jouy-le-Moutier, Val d'Oise)

Oise River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Seine River 6

Seine River 7

France, Seine River 7.5, Eure River Folder, Chartres Cathedral

Eure River from Loire

Eure River from Eure

Eure River Source (Marchanville)

Eure River 1, Eure-et-Loir Dept, Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral (Eure Liore River 1, betweeen Paris and Orleans, on a hill, 1194-1220
Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Eure River 2, Eure Dept

Eure River Mouth (Seine River 7.5)
Eure River;

Seine River 8 (Rouen and Bec Abbey)

Bec, Monastery of Bec, Normandy, France (Bec Abbey, Seine River 8) 1034
Monastery of Bec (Bec Abbey) ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ;

Seine River Mouth (Le Havre, English Channel)

Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy
Cotentin Peninsula

Normandy, France (Lower Seine to Cotentin Peninsula)
Normandy; Duchy of Normandy; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, Commemorated January 19 ;

Falaise, Calvados, Normandy, France
Falaise, Calvados, birthplace of William the Conqueror; HUGH OF LINCOLN BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200) ;

Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944
Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944;

France, Loire River Folder (Central France)

Liore River

Loire River Source (Cevennes, Mt Mont Gerbier de Jonc)
Loire River, it flows north to Orleans then west to the Atlantic Ocean;

Mont Gerbier de Jonc (its springs the source of the Loire)
Mont Gerbier de Jonc; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon (Liore River Source)
Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Andre and Magda Trocm, Commemorated July 16 ;

Loire River 1 (Monistrol)

Loire River 2 (Aurec)

Loire River 3 (Andrezieux-Boutheon)

Loire River 4 (Balbigny)

Loire River 5 (Roanne)

Loire River 6 (Marcigny)

Loire River 7 (Digoin, near Cluny Abby)

Loire River 8

Loire River 9

Loire River 10

Loire River 11 (Nevers)

Liore River 12

Liore River 13

Liore River 14

Loire River 20 (Orleans)

Dominican house in Orleans
Dominican house in Orleans ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Orleans, France (Loire River 20)
Orleans; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Loire River 22 (Tours)

Tours, France (Loire River 22)
Tours; Battle of Tours 732; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804) ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

Touraine Region, Tours (Loire River 24 and its tributaries)
Touraine; Traversed by the Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne, the Touraine makes up a part of the Paris Basin.

Liore River 23 (Tours, Cher River Mouth)

France, Loire River 23, Cher River Folder

Cher River

Cher River Source (Massif Central)
Massif Central;

Fathers of the Sacred Heart, Issoudun, France (Cher River 2)
Fathers of the Sacred Heart; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ;

Cher River Mouth (Tours, Loire River 23)

Liore River 24 (Indre River Mouth)

France, Loire River 24, Indre River Folder

Indre River

Indre River Source

Indre River Mouth (Loire River 24)

Liore River 25 (Vienne River Mouth)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River Folder

Vienne River

Vienne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)
Plateau de Millevaches;

Plateau de Millevaches

Vienne River 1 (Limoges)

Vienne River 1

Limoge (Vienne River 1 Source)
Limoges (Vienne River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Vienne River 2 (Clain River)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River 2, Clain River Folder

Clain River

Clain River 1

Clain River 2

Clain River 3 (Poitiers and Vienne)

Poitiers, France (Clain River 3)
Poitiers; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ;

Poitou Region (Poitevan Marsh, Clain River 3, Poitiers)
Poitevan Marsh; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Marais Poitevin (a large marshland western France)
Marais Poitevin; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Vienne, France (Claine River 3)
Vienne, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ;

Clain River Mouth (Vienne River 2)

Vienne River Mouth (Loire River 25)

Chinon, France (near Vienne River Mouth and Loire River 25)
Chinon; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Candes-Saint-Martin (Loire River 25, Vienne River)
Candes-Saint-Martin; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Liore River 27 (Anjou)

Liore River 28 (Maine and Sarthe Rivers)

France, Liore River 28, Maine and Sarthe Rivers Folder

Maine River

Maine River Source

Maine River 1

Mayenne River Mouth (Maine River)

Maine River Mouth (Loire River 28)

Sarthe River

Sarthe River Source

Sarthe River 1

Sarthe River 2

Sarthe River 3

Sarthe River 5 (LeMans, Cenomanis)

Cenomanis, France and Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5)
Cenomanis, Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ;

Maine County (Maine River, Le Manz, Sarthe River 5)
Maine County (Maine River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Sarthe River 7 (Overview)

Sarthe River Mouth (Maine River)

Anjou (Lower Loire Valley Western France)
Anjou; Serbia, 1245-1314, Helen of Anjou, Saint Helen of Serbia; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St. Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30;

Armorica, France (now Brittany, Liore River 30)
Armorica (now Brittany), and Nantes is the largest city in Brittany; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Liore River 31 (Nantes)

Nantes, Brittany (Liore River 31)
Nantes, Brittany ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Liore River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Celts, Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland)
Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland); HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870);

France, Massif Central Folder (Central France)

Massif Central (Central France)
Massif Central; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano)
Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Orcines, Massif Central, France
Orcines; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Auvergne , France (Massif Central Volcano, west of the upper Loire)
Auvergne Province ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Clermont-Ferrand (Puy de Dome region)
Clermont-Ferrand; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

France, Brittany Folder (Western France)

Brittany or Breton Region, France
Brittany; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ; St. Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, Brittany, 570 approx.
monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers Folder (Southwest France)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River Folder

Dordogne River

Dordogne 1 (Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne)

Dordogne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Dordogne River 2 (Vezere River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 2, Vezere River Folder

Vezere River

Vezere River Source (Plateau De Millevaches)

Vezere River 1 (Thenon)

Thenon, France (N-S and E-W Crossroads, Vezere River 1)
Thenon (N-S and E-W Crossroads) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ;

Vezere River Mouth (Dordogne River 2)

Dordogne River 3 (Isle River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 3, Isle River Folder

Isle River

Isle River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Isle River 1 (Perigeaux)

Perigeux (Isle River 1)
Perigeux (Isle River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Isle River Mouth (Dordogne River)

Dordogne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River Folder

Garonne River

Garonne River Source (Aran Valley)
Aran Valley;

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, West of Garonne River Source)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Garonne River 1 (Toulouse)

Toulouse, Langedoc - Capital of the Visigoths (Garonne River 1)
Capital of the Visigoths - Toulouse; Toulouse; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Languedoc Region (south central France, East of Garonne River)
Languedoc Region, The province of Languedoc covered an area in the central part of southern France, roughly the region between the RhÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â´ne River (border with Provence) and the Garonne River (border with Gascony), extending northwards to the CÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â©vennes and the Massif Central (border with Auvergne); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Garonne River 2 (Tarn River Mouth)

Gascony, Southwest France (Basque Country, West of Garonne River)
Gascony; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 2, Tarn River Folder

Tarn River

Tarn River Source (Mt Lozere)

Cevennes Range
Cevennes Range;

Tarn River 1

Tarn River 2 (Tarn Gourges)

Tarn River 3

Languedoc (Tarn and Upper Garonne Rivers)
Languedoc; Albigenses; Catharism; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221)

Tarn River 4

Tarn River 5 (Montauban)

Lycee de Montauban, Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Tarn River Mouth (Garonne River 2)

Garonne River 3 (Lot River Mouth)

Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River)
Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204;

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204; Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 3, Lot River Folder

Lot River

Lot River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Lot River 1 (Cahors)

Cahors, France (Lot River 1)
Cahors (Lot River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Lot River Mouth (Garonne River 3)

Garonne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary Bay of Biscay Atlantic Ocean)

Bordeaux, France (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ;

France, Aude River Folder (Southeastern France)

France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin)
France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin, a large marshland); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Aude River

Aude River Source (Pyrenees mountains)
Pyrenees mountains;

Aude River 1

Aude River 2

Aude River 3

Rousillon County, Catalonia, France (Aude River)
Rousillon County; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Aude River Mouth (Mediterranean Sea)

Narbonum, France (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18;

France, French Rivierra Folder (Southeastern France)

Cimella, France (Cimelum, near Nice)
Cimella (Cimelum) near Nice; Martyr Pontious at Cimella in France ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated August 4 ; Hieromartyr Fabian the Pope of Rome

Lerins Abbey (French Rivierra) 410
Lerins monestary; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Lerins Islands, Southeastern France
Lerins Islands, Southeastern France ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

France, Rhone and Saone Rivers Folder (Eastern France)

Rhone River

Rhone River (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River (Marseille)

Rhone River Source (Rhone Glacier, Switzerland)
Rhone Glacier;

Rhone River 1 (near Crans-Montana, Switzerland)

Rhone River 2 (Geneva, Switzerland, Lake Geneva)

Rhone River 3 (near Val-d'Isere, Courchevel, Meribel, France)

Chartreuse Mountains (Rhone River 3, Carthusians)
Chartreuse Mountains (Carthusians); Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse (Rhone River 3)
Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

Rhone River 4 (Lyon, Saone River Mouth)

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River Folder

Saone River

Saone River Source (Vosges Mt Range)

Saone River 1 (Darney)

Saone River 2 (Monthureux-sur-Saone)

Saone River 3 (Chatillon-sur-Saone)

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 3, Grosne River Folder

Grosne River

Grosne River Source (Saint-Bonnet-des-Bruyeres)
Grosne River;

Grosne River 1 (Cluny Abbey)

Cluny Abbey, France (Grosne River 1) 910
Cluny; Cluny Abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Grosne River Mouth (Saone River 3)

La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3)
La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3) BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Saone River 4 (Jussey)

Luxeuil Abbey, France
Luxeuil Abbey (Burgendy, France, between Rhine and Meuse Rivers); Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Saone River 5 (Cistercian, Citeaux, Abby)

Cistercian abbey, France (Saone River 5) 1098
Cistercian abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Citeaux Abby, 1098
Citeaux Abby; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Corcelles-les-Citeaux
Corcelles-les-Citeaux; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Autun (Saone-and-Loire Rivers Department)
Autun; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Autun Cathedral, 1120
Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

St Symphorian'™s monastery, Autun, Saone, 452
St Symphorian'™s monastery; Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Burgundy, France (Morvan Hills, rivers source area, Saone drainage)
Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 5, Doubs River Folder

Doubs River

Doubs River Source (Mouthe)
Mouthe;

Doubs River 1 (Montbeliard)
Montbiliard;

Besancon, France (Doubs River 2)
Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Doubs River 2 (Besancon)

Doubs River Mouth (Saone River 5)
Doubs River;

Saone River 6 (Saone-et-Loire)

Macon, France (Saone River 6.7)
Macon ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Saone River 7 (Belleville et Saone

Mongre, Notre Dame de Mongre High School (Saone River 7.3) 1848
Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Villefranche-sur-Saone (Saone River 7.3)
Villefranche-sur-Saone ; Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Saone River 8 (Caluire-et-Cuire)

Saone River Mouth (Lyons, Rhone River 4)

Lyons, France (Saone River Mouth, Rhone River 4)
Lyons; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11; POLYCARP; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177); IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

Clairvaux Abby, 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

La Ferte or Clairvaux (48:09 N 4:47 E) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rhone River 5 (Vienne)

Rhone River 6 (near Grenoble, France)

Rhone River 7 (Avignon)

Avignon, France (Rhone River 7)
Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Rhone River 8 (Arles)

Arles, France (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille, Gulf of Lyon)

Rhone River Mouth (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille)

Marseille, France (Rhone River Mouth)
Marseille; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles
Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles;

Aix-en-Provence (Rhone River Mouth, Marseille)
Aix-en-Provence; Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Provence (Southeastern France, east of Rhone River)
Provence Region; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

France, Maginot Line, Northeast France between France and Germany

Strasbourg, France (Maginot Line)
Strasbourg, France; England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Germany Folder, its Rivers, forests and mountains

Germany
Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, Poet, Commemorated August 7 ; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Blessed Yaropolk the Prince of Vladimir-Volhynia, in Holy Baptism Peter; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joasaph of Snetogorsk, Pskov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

German History Folder

Germany, 0-99 History Folder, First Century, Dionysius the Aeropygite

Germany, 70-96, Dionysis the Aeropygite
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Germany, 274-761 History Folder, Metz was the capital of the Franks

Germany, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle Valleys, Gaul

Germany, 274-496, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle River Valleys
Germany, 274-496, Ripuarian Franks, Meuse and Moselle River Valleys; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6;

Germany, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Gaul Caesar, Constantine's Father, Zebulon Enlightener of Gaul

Germany, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great
England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Germany, 303-323, Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia
Belgium, 303-323 (about 20 years from his relative Great-martyr George's death in 303), Zebulon, Enlightener of the Franks and Gaul, Father of St Nino Enlightner of Georgia; Francia: the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Germany, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Germany, 400, 5th Century History Folder, Gaul, Upper Rhine River, Clovis, Franks, Swabia

Germany, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks, Swabia
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Germany, 500, 6th Century History Folder, Austrasia, Metz, Franks Homeland

Franks, 567-761 (Austrasia, Metz, Germany was the Capital, Homeland of the Franks)
Austrasia (Metz, Germany was the Capital, Homeland of the Franks) ; Franks; Francia; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Germany, 600, 7th Century History Folder, Austrasia, Metz, Franks

Germany, 700, 8th Century, Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar

Germany, 723, Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar
Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Germany, 800, History Folder, 9th Century, Sons of Charlemagne

Germany, 814-840, HRE Emperor, Louis the Pious, v over muslim Barcelona, sons' civil war
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 814-840, Louis the Pious; St Theophanes the Confessor and Hymnographer, Bishop of Nicea, Commemorated on October 11 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6;

Germany, 817-876, Louis the German, Louis II, Bavaria then East Francia
Louis the German, Bavaria then East Francia, 817-876, Grandson of Charlemagne; Kingdom of Bavaria; East Francia or Germany (West Francia was beginning of France); St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11;

Germany, 840-855, HRE Emperor, Lothair I, governed Bavaria, civil war led to Ger and Fra
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 840-855, Lothair I; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Icon of the Mother of God œIveron, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Germany, 875-877, HRE Emperor, Charles the Bald, heir to Gaul a
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 875-877, Charles the Bald; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Germany, 876-879, Carloman of Bavaria
Germany, 876-879, Carloman of Bavaria;

Germany, 879-882, Louis the Younger, Louis III
Germany, 879-882, Louis the Younger, Louis III ;

Germany, 881-887, Charles the Fat, Charles III, HRE Emperor, Lst Carolingian, L Frank
Germany, 881-887, Charles the Fat, Charles III, Holy Roman Emperor; St. Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

Germany, 962-1806 History Folder, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation

Germany, 962-1806 and 2009-, Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, 962-1806 and 2009-; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869);

Germany, 1084-1105, Henry IV, HRE Emperor, appointed commoners, walk to C, Inv c
Roman Emperor, 1084-1105, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor; Venerable Anthony the Roman and Abbot of Novgorod, Commemorated on August 3;

Germany, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen
Germany, 1118-1179, Saint Hildegard of Bingen; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Germany, 1212-1250, HRE Emperor, Frederick II, 6th and N Crusades, King of Jrslm, pope conflicts, interregnum
Germany, 1212-1250,G King, HRE Emperor, Frederick II; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270); FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated on October 16; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231); THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Germany, 1220-1227, Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, husband of Elizabeth of Hungary
Germany, 1220-1227, Louis IV, Landgrave of Thuringia, Elizabeth of Hungary; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231);

Germany, 1433-1437, HRE Emperor, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Germany, 1433-1437, Holy Roman Emperor, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor; St. Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11;

Germany, 1437-1493, HRE Emperor, Frederick III, first Hapsburg
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1437-1493, Frederick III Holy Roman Emperor; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DEœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GREœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; Venerable Serapion of Spaso-Eleazar Monastery, Pskov, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated on October 21; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Germany, 1497 and after, Northern Renaissance, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland
Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland; Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Germany, 1500-1546, Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Germany, 1508-1519, HRE Emperor, Maximilian I, second Hapsbgh, married Burgendy, Jews cancelled, lost Swis&Italy
Holy Roman Emperor, 1486-1519, Maximilian I ; I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death. was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky. He was instead proclaimed emperor elect by Pope Julius II at Trent, thus breaking the long tradition of requiring a Papal coronation for the adoption of the Imperial title. was the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, and Eleanor of Portugal. He ruled jointly with his father for the last ten years of the latter's reign, from c. 1483 until his father's death in 1493. expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg through war and his marriage in 1477 to Mary of Burgundy, the heiress to the Duchy of Burgundy, though he also lost his family's original lands in today's Switzerland to the Swiss Confederacy. marriage of his son Philip the Handsome to eventual queen Joanna of Castile in 1498, Maximilian helped to establish the Habsburg dynasty in Spain, which allowed his grandson Charles to hold the thrones of both Castile and Aragon.[2] 1 Background and childhood 2 Reign in Burgundy and the Netherlands 3 Reign in the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 Peaceful Recapture of Austria 3.2 Italian and Swiss wars 3.3 Banning of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews 3.4 Reforms 4 Tu felix Austria nube 5 Succession 6 Death and legacy 7 Ancestry 8 Official style 8.1 Chivalric order 9 Marriages and offspring 10 Triumphal woodcuts 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links and childhood[edit] III and Eleanor of Portugal. was born at Wiener Neustadt on 22 March 1459. His father, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, named him for an obscure saint, Maximilian of Tebessa, who Frederick believed had once warned him of imminent peril in a dream. his infancy, he and his parents were besieged in Vienna by Albert of Austria. One source relates that, during the siege's bleakest days, the young prince wandered about the castle garrison, begging the servants and men-at-arms for bits of bread.[3] The young prince was an excellent hunter, his favorite hobby was hunting for birds as a horse archer. the time, the dukes of Burgundy, a cadet branch of the French royal family, with their sophisticated nobility and court culture, were the rulers of substantial territories on the eastern and northern boundaries of France. The reigning duke, Charles the Bold, was the chief political opponent of Maximilian's father Frederick III. Frederick was concerned about Burgundy's expansive tendencies on the western border of his Holy Roman Empire, and, to forestall military conflict, he attempted to secure the marriage of Charles' only daughter, Mary of Burgundy, to his son Maximilian. After the Siege of Neuss (1474–75), he was successful. The wedding between Maximilian and Mary took place on 19 August 1477.[4] in Burgundy and the Netherlands[edit] hommage ceremony of the estates to the emperor (depiction from the Liber missarum of Margaret of Austria, 1515) gold-and-silver coin featuring the bust of a crowned man in armour, holding a sceptre and a sword. The bust is surrounded with the text 'Maximilianus Dei Gra Rex & Imper Augustus'. A gold-and-silver coin featuring five coats of arms, three crowned, and the chain of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The coin is surrounded by text. coin with the Burgundian Order of the Golden Fleece wife had inherited the large Burgundian domains in France and the Low Countries upon her father's death in the Battle of Nancy on 5 January 1477. Already before his coronation as the King of the Romans in 1486, Maximilian decided to secure this distant and extensive Burgundian inheritance to his family, the House of Habsburg, at all costs.[5] Duchy of Burgundy was also claimed by the French crown under Salic Law,[6] with Louis XI of France vigorously contesting the Habsburg claim to the Burgundian inheritance by means of military force. Maximilian undertook the defence of his wife's dominions from an attack by Louis XI and defeated the French forces at Guinegate, the modern Enguinegatte, on 7 August 1479.[7] and Mary's wedding contract stipulated that their children would succeed them but that the couple could not be each other's heirs. Mary tried to bypass this rule with a promise to transfer territories as a gift in case of her death, but her plans were confounded. After Mary's death in a riding accident on 27 March 1482 near the Wijnendale Castle, Maximilian's aim was now to secure the inheritance to his and Mary's son, Philip the Handsome.[5] of the Netherlander provinces were hostile to Maximilian, and, in 1482, they signed a treaty with Louis XI in Arras that forced Maximilian to give up Franche-Comté and Artois to the French crown.[6] They openly rebelled twice in the period 1482–1492, attempting to regain the autonomy they had enjoined under Mary. Flemish rebels managed to capture Philip and even Maximilian himself, but they were defeated when Frederick III intervened.[8][9] Maximilian continued to govern Mary's remaining inheritance in the name of Philip the Handsome. After the regency ended, Maximilian and Charles VIII of France exchanged these two territories for Burgundy and Picardy in the Treaty of Senlis (1493). Thus a large part of the Netherlands (known as the Seventeen Provinces) stayed in the Habsburg patrimony.[6] in the Holy Roman Empire[edit] Recapture of Austria[edit] was elected King of the Romans on 16 February 1486 in Frankfurt-am-Main at his father's initiative and crowned on 9 April 1486 in Aachen. Much of Austria was under Hungarian rule, as a result of the Austrian-Hungarian War (1477-1488). After the death of king Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, the Habsburgs were able to occupy the Austrian territories without military conflict. Maximilian entered Vienna without siege in 1490. The peaceful Habsburg annexation of Austrian territories was possible after Maximilian and the newly elected Hungarian King Vladislaus II signed the peace treaty of Pressburg. Maximilian became ruler of the Holy Roman Empire upon the death of his father in 1493. and Swiss wars[edit] of Maximilian I, c. 1490–95, by Lorenz Helmschmid, Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Golden Roof" residence in Innsbruck, Tyrol the Treaty of Senlis had resolved French differences with the Holy Roman Empire, King Louis XII of France had secured borders in the north and turned his attention to Italy, where he made claims for the Duchy of Milan. In 1499/1500 he conquered it and drove the Sforza regent Lodovico il Moro into exile.[10] This brought him into a potential conflict with Maximilian, who on 16 March 1494 had married Bianca Maria Sforza, a daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, duke of Milan.[6][10] However, Maximilian was unable to hinder the French from taking over Milan.[10] The prolonged Italian Wars resulted[6] in Maximilian joining the Holy League to counter the French. In 1513, with Henry VIII of England, Maximilian won an important victory at the battle of the Spurs against the French, stopping their advance in northern France. His campaigns in Italy were not as successful, and his progress there was quickly checked. situation in Italy was not the only problem Maximilian had at the time. The Swiss won a decisive victory against the Empire in the Battle of Dornach on 22 July 1499. Maximilian had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on 22 September 1499 in Basel that granted the Swiss Confederacy independence from the Holy Roman Empire. addition, the County of Tyrol and Duchy of Bavaria went to war in the late 15th century. Bavaria demanded money from Tyrol that had been loaned on the collateral of Tyrolean lands. In 1490, the two nations demanded that Maximilian I step in to mediate the dispute. In response, he assumed control of Tyrol and its debt. Because Tyrol had no law code at this time, the nobility freely expropriated money from the populace, which caused the royal palace in Innsbruck to fester with corruption. After taking control, Maximilian instituted immediate financial reform. In order to symbolize his new wealth and power, he built the Golden Roof, a canopy overlooking the town center of Innsbruck, from which to watch the festivities celebrating his assumption of rule over Tyrol. The canopy is made entirely from golden shingles. Gaining theoretical control of Tyrol for the Habsburgs was of strategic importance because it linked the Swiss Confederacy to the Habsburg-controlled Austrian lands, which facilitated some imperial geographic continuity. of Jewish literature and expulsion of Jews[edit] 1496, Maximilian issued a decree which expelled all Jews from Styria and Wiener Neustadt.[11] Similarly, in 1509 he passed the "Imperial Confiscation Mandate" which ordered the destruction of all Jewish literature apart from the Bible.[12] However he still conducted financial business with Jews like Abraham of Bohemia. article: Imperial Reform personally led his troops at the battle of Wenzenbach in 1504. the Holy Roman Empire, Maximilian faced pressure from local rulers who believed that the King's continued wars with the French to increase the power of his own house were not in their best interests. There was also a consensus that deep reforms were needed to preserve the unity of the Empire.[13] The reforms, which had been delayed for a long time, were launched in the 1495 Reichstag at Worms. A new organ was introduced, the Reichskammergericht, that was to be largely independent from the Emperor. A new tax was launched to finance it, the Gemeine Pfennig, though its collection was never fully successful.[13] The local rulers wanted more independence from the Emperor and a strengthening of their own territorial rule. This led to Maximilian agreeing to establish an organ called the Reichsregiment, which met in Nuremberg and consisted of the deputies of the Emperor, local rulers, commoners, and the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. The new organ proved politically weak, and its power returned to Maximilian in 1502.[10] to the difficult external and internal situation he faced, Maximilian also felt it necessary to introduce reforms in the historic territories of the House of Habsburg in order to finance his army. Using Burgundian institutions as a model, he attempted to create a unified state. This was not very successful, but one of the lasting results was the creation of three different subdivisions of the Austrian lands: Lower Austria, Upper Austria, and Vorderösterreich.[10] was always troubled by financial shortcomings; his income never seemed to be enough to sustain his large-scale goals and policies. For this reason he was forced to take substantial credits from Upper German banker families, especially from the Baumgarten, Fugger and Welser families. Jörg Baumgarten even served as Maximilian's financial advisor. The Fuggers, who dominated the copper and silver mining business in Tyrol, provided a credit of almost 1 million gulden for the purpose of bribing the prince-electors to choose Maximilian's grandson Charles V as the new Emperor. At the end of Maximilian's rule, the Habsburgs' mountain of debt totalled six million gulden, corresponding to a decade's worth of tax revenues from their inherited lands. It took until the end of the 16th century to repay this debt. 1508, Maximilian, with the assent of Pope Julius II, took the title Erwählter Römischer Kaiser ("Elected Roman Emperor"), thus ending the centuries-old custom that the Holy Roman Emperor had to be crowned by the Pope. felix Austria nube[edit] Weisskunig: Maximilian on horseback in besieged town part of the Treaty of Arras, Maximilian betrothed his three-year-old daughter Margaret to the Dauphin of France (later Charles VIII), son of his adversary Louis XI. Under the terms of Margaret's betrothal, she was sent to Louis to be brought up under his guardianship. Despite Louis's death in 1483, shortly after Margaret arrived in France, she remained at the French court. The Dauphin, now Charles VIII, was still a minor, and his regent until 1491 was his sister Anne.[14][15] shortly after signing the Treaty of Le Verger, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, left his realm to his daughter Anne. In her search of alliances to protect her domain from neighboring interests, she betrothed Maximilian I in 1490. About a year later, they married by proxy.[16][17][18] Charles and his sister wanted her inheritance for France. So, when the former came of age in 1491, and taking advantage of Maximilian and his father's interest in the succession of their adversary Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary,[19] Charles repudiated his betrothal to Margaret, invaded Brittany, forced Anne of Brittany to repudiate her unconsummated marriage to Maximilian, and married Anne of Brittany himself.[20][21][22] then remained in France as a hostage of sorts until 1493, when she was finally returned to her father with the signing of the Treaty of Senlis.[23][24] the same year, as the hostilities of the lengthy Italian Wars with France were in preparation,[25] Maximilian contracted another marriage for himself, this time to Bianca Maria Sforza, daughter of Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, with the intercession of his brother, Ludovico Sforza,[26][27][28][29] then regent of the duchy after the former's death.[30] talking to German knights (depiction from the contemporary Weisskunig) later, in order to reduce the growing pressures on the Empire brought about by treaties between the rulers of France, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, and Russia, as well as to secure Bohemia and Hungary for the Habsburgs, Maximilian met with the Jagiellonian kings Ladislaus II of Hungary and Bohemia and Sigismund I of Poland at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515. There they arranged for Maximilian's granddaughter Mary to marry Louis, the son of Ladislaus, and for Anne (the sister of Louis) to marry Maximilian's grandson Ferdinand (both grandchildren being the children of Philip the Handsome, Maximilian's son, and Joanna of Castile).[31][32] The marriages arranged there brought Habsburg kingship over Hungary and Bohemia in 1526.[33][34] Both Anne and Louis were adopted by Maximilian following the death of Ladislaus.[citation needed] Maximilian through his own marriages and those of his descendants (attempted unsuccessfully and successfully alike) sought, as was current practice for dynastic states at the time, to extend his sphere of influence.[34] The marriages he arranged for both of his children more successfully fulfilled the specific goal of thwarting French interests, and after the turn of the sixteenth century, his matchmaking focused on his grandchildren, for whom he looked away from France towards the east.[34][35] These political marriages were summed up in the following Latin elegiac couplet: Bella gerant aliī, tū fēlix Austria nūbe/ Nam quae Mars aliīs, dat tibi regna Venus, "Let others wage war, but thou, O happy Austria, marry; for those kingdoms which Mars gives to others, Venus gives to thee."[36] policies in Italy had been unsuccessful, and after 1517 Venice reconquered the last pieces of their territory. began to focus entirely on the question of his succession. His goal was to secure the throne for a member of his house and prevent Francis I of France from gaining the throne; the resulting "election campaign" was unprecedented due to the massive use of bribery.[37] The Fugger family provided Maximilian a credit of one million gulden, which was used to bribe the prince-electors.[38] However, the bribery claims have been challenged.[39] At first, this policy seemed successful, and Maximilian managed to secure the votes from Mainz, Cologne, Brandenburg and Bohemia for his grandson Charles V. The death of Maximilian in 1519 seemed to put the succession at risk, but in a few months the election of Charles V was secured.[10] and legacy[edit] cenotaph, Hofkirche, Innsbruck 1501, Maximilian fell from his horse and badly injured his leg, causing him pain for the rest of his life. Some historians have suggested that Maximilian was "morbidly" depressed: from 1514, he travelled everywhere with his coffin.[40] Maximilian died in Wels, Upper Austria, and was succeeded as Emperor by his grandson Charles V, his son Philip the Handsome having died in 1506. For penitential reasons, Maximilian gave very specific instructions for the treatment of his body after death. He wanted his hair to be cut off and his teeth knocked out, and the body was to be whipped and covered with lime and ash, wrapped in linen, and "publicly displayed to show the perishableness of all earthly glory".[41] Although he is buried in the Castle Chapel at Wiener Neustadt, an extremely elaborate cenotaph tomb for Maximilian is in the Hofkirche, Innsbruck, where the tomb is surrounded by statues of heroes from the past.[42] Much of the work was done in his lifetime, but it was not completed until decades later.[citation needed] was a keen supporter of the arts and sciences, and he surrounded himself with scholars such as Joachim Vadian and Andreas Stoberl (Stiborius), promoting them to important court posts. Many of them were commissioned to assist him complete a series of projects, in different art forms, intended to glorify for posterity his life and deeds and those of his Habsburg ancestors.[43][44] He referred to these projects as Gedechtnus ("memorial"),[44][45] which included a series of stylised autobiographical works: the epic poems Theuerdank and Freydal, and the chivalric novel Weisskunig, both published in editions lavishly illustrated with woodcuts.[43] In this vein, he commissioned a series of three monumental woodblock prints: The Triumphal Arch (1512–18, 192 woodcut panels, 295 cm wide and 357 cm high – approximately 9'8" by 11'8½"); and a Triumphal Procession (1516–18, 137 woodcut panels, 54 m long), which is led by a Large Triumphal Carriage (1522, 8 woodcut panels, 1½' high and 8' long), created by artists including Albrecht Dürer, Albrecht Altdorfer and Hans Burgkmair.[46][47] had a great passion for armour, not only as equipment for battle or tournaments, but as an art form. The style of armour that became popular during the second half of his reign featured elaborate fluting and metalworking, and became known as Maximilian armour. It emphasized the details in the shaping of the metal itself, rather than the etched or gilded designs popular in the Milanese style. Maximilian also gave a bizarre jousting helmet as a gift to King Henry VIII – the helmet's visor features a human face, with eyes, nose and a grinning mouth, and was modelled after the appearance of Maximilian himself.[48] It also sports a pair of curled ram's horns, brass spectacles, and even etched beard stubble.[48] had appointed his daughter Margaret as both Regent of the Netherlands and the guardian and educator of his grandsons Charles and Ferdinand (their father, Philip, having predeceased Maximilian), and she fulfilled this task well. Through wars and marriages he extended the Habsburg influence in every direction: to the Netherlands, Spain, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, and Italy. This influence lasted for centuries and shaped much of European history. The Habsburg Empire survived as the Austro-Hungarian Empire until it was dissolved 3 November 1918 – 399 years 11 months and 9 days after the passing of Maximilian. Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Eutychius of Nursia, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1526-1804, Holy Roman Empire, Hapsburg Empire, Austria
Belgium, Holy Roman Empire, 1526-1804, Hapsburg Empire, Austria; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Germany, 1519-1556, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium
Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-1556, Charles V from Ghent, Belgium; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1556-1564, HRE Emperor, Ferdinand I, Spaniard, Bohemian, German, wars w M's and P's
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556-1564, Ferdinand I; I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503-“ 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1527, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564.[1][2] Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Ferdinand was able to defend his realm and make it somewhat more cohesive, but he could not conquer the major part of Hungary. His flexible approach to Imperial problems, mainly religious, finally brought more result than the more confrontational attitude of his brother.[3] Ferdinand's motto was Fiat iustitia, et pereat mundus: "Let justice be done, though the world perish".[4] Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated on August 14; TERESA OF AVILA, REFORMER AND CONTEMPLATIVE (15 OCT 1582); Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

Germany, 1591-1630, Rennaissance Man, Johannes Kepler
Germany, 1591-1630, Rennaissance Man, Johannes Kepler; Johannes Kepler of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Germany, 1618-1648, Thirty Years War, Protestant vs Catholic
Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620
Thirty Years War, Battlle of White Mountain, 1620; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1663-1727, Clergyman and Scholar, August Hermann Francke
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1663-1727, August Hermann Francke; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy
Austria, 1699, Treaty of Karlowitz, Ended Ottoman Contorl Central Europe, Established Hapsburg Monarchy;

Germany, 1705-1711, Holy Roman Emperor, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1705-1711, Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28;

Germany, 1711-1740, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1711-1740, Charles VI; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1720-1756, Erdmuthe Dorothea of Reuss-Ebersdorf
Erdmuthe Dorothea of Reuss-Ebersdorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, 1740-1745, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VII, German House of Wittelsbach
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor ; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin
Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin; Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Berlin
Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Berlin Germany, 1744, 13 Jan 1743 OS, Treaty of Breslau/Treaty of Berlin; Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date
Germany, 1744, January 24, 1744 NS: Naphtali's Seal Date; Germany, 1740-1745, Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperor, Francis I
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1745-1765, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperess Maria Theresa
Germany, Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Emperess Maria Theresa; Holy Roman Emperor, 1745-1765, Francis I; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederick Handel of of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1765-1790, HRE Emperor, Joseph II, Francis and Theresa's son, enlightened absolutism
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-1790, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Germany, 1790-1792, HRE Emperor, Leopold II, brother of Joseph II, enlightened absolutism, no capital punishment
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1790-1792, Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor;

Germany, 1792-1806, HRE Emperor, Francis II, Last HRE, attacked and lost to Napoleon
Belgium, Holy Roman Emperor, 1792-1806, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated on December 17; St Paisius, Commemorated on December 17; Damien of DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Germany, 1815-1866 History Folder, German Confederation, Hanover Kingdom

Germany, 1815-1866, German Confederation, Replaced HRE with 39 German Speaking States
German Confederation, 1815-1866; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878;

Germany, 1814-1866, Kingdom of Hanover, Congress of Vienna after Napoleon, a Viceroy, no queens, lost to Prussia in 66
Germany, 1814-1866, Kingdom of Hanover; Kingdom of Hanover was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era. It succeeded the former Electorate of Hanover (known formally as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg), and joined 38 other sovereign states in the German Confederation in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the House of Hanover, a cadet branch of the House of Welf, in personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland since 1714. Since its monarch resided in London, a viceroy, usually a younger member of the British Royal Family, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover. personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of Queen Victoria because semi-Salic law prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. uncle thus became the ruler of Hanover, which backed the losing side in the Austro-Prussian War and was conquered by Prussia in 1866. It then became a Prussian province. with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the German Empire upon the unification of Germany in January 1871. Briefly revived as the State of Hanover in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of Lower Saxony in West Germany. England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Germany, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain and Hanover, William IV of the United Kingdom, reforms, child labor, slavery, electoral sys
England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

Germany, 1835-1838, German President, Ferdinand I of Austria
German President, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906);

Germany, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria
Austria, 1835-1848, Ferdinand I of Austria;

Germany, 1848-1916, President, Franz Joseph I of Austria
German President, 1848-1916, Franz Joseph I of Austria; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910);

Germany, 1867-1871 History Folder, North German Confederation

Germany, 1867-1871, North German Confederation
North German Confederation, 1867-1871; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878;

Germany, 1871-1918 History Folder, German Empire

Germany, 1871-1918, German Empire
Germany, German Empire, 1871-1918; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1914-1918, World War I
Germany, 1914-1918, World War I; Germany, German Empire, 1871-1918; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1919-1933 History Folder, Weimar Republic

Germany, 1918-1919, German Revolution of 1918-Ã‚Â“19
Germany, 1918-1919, German Revolution of 1918-Ã‚Â“19; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1919-1933, Weimar Republic
Germany, 1919-1933, Weimar Republic; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1933-1945 History Folder, Nazi Germany

Germany, 1933-1945, Nazi Germany
Germany, 1933-1945, Nazi Germany; Holy New Martyr Ignatius (Bazyluk), Commemorated on August 9;

Germany, 1933-1945, German Chancellor, Adolf Hitler
German Chancellor, 1933-1945, Adolf Hitler ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Germany, 1934, Barmen Declaration
1934 Barmen Declaration ; Bergisches Land; GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Operation Queen, 1944, Siegfried Line (Otterbach to Steinfeld), WWII
Operation Queen, WWII, Siegfried Line in the Wissembourg Gap, a formidable defense to block the natural gateway to the Fatherland.;

Germany, 1937-1945, Buchenwald concentration camp
Buchenwald concentration camp; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Germany, 1945-Present History Folder, Federal Republic of Germany

German Chancellor, 1945-Present, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany
German Chancellor, 1945-Present, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10;

Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist
Germany, 1960- , Reinhard Bonnke, Pentecostal Evangelist; George Jeffreys (pastor);

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River Folder, Germany Poland Border

Germany, Eastern Germany, Order River 18, Lusatian Neisse River Folder

Lusatian Neisse River

Jizera Mountains
Jizera Mountains;

Lusatian Mountains, Germany and Czech Republic
Lusatian Mountains;

Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains)
Sokol Peak (Lusatian Mountains);

Lusatian Neisse River Source (Jizera Mountains)

Lusatian Neisse River 1

Lusatian Neisse River 2 (Berthelsdorf, Hernhut and Gorlitz)

Lusatian Neisse River 3

Lusatian Neisse River 4

Lusatian Neisse River Mouth (Oder River 18)

Zittau, Germany (tripoint Poland, Chech, and Germany)

Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Gorlitz, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2) ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Berthelsdorf, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Berthelsdorf; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Herrnhut, Germany (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Herrnhut; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Zinzendorf, Herrnhut (Lusatian Neisse River 2)
Zinzendorf (Herrnhut); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Germany, Eastern Germany, Berlin Folder ( Elbe River 18.5, Spree and Havel Rivers)

Spree River

Spree River Source (Upper Lusatia)

Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz)
Spree River 1 (Ebersbach, Gorlitz);

Spree River 2 (Oppach)
Spree River 2 (Oppach);

Spree River 3 (Bautzen)
Spree River 3 (Bautzen);

University of Berlin, Germany, 1810
University of Berlin; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Spree River 4 (Spremberg)
Spree River 4 (Spremberg);

Spree River 5 (Cottbus)
Spree River 5 (Cottbus);

Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands)
Spree River 6 (Lubbenau, Spreewald Wetlands);

Spree River 7 (Leibsch)
Spree River 7 (Leibsch);

Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde)
Spree River 8 (Furstenwalde);

Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee)
Spree River 9 (Dameritzsee);

Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee)
Spree River 10 (Lake Muggelsee);

Spree River 11 (Kopenick)
Spree River 11 (Kopenick, River Dahme Mouth);

Spree River Mouth (Havel River 1)

Berlin, Capitol of Germany (Spree River Mouth, Havel River 1)
Berlin; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Havel River

Havel River Source (Mecklenburg)
Havel River Source (Mecklenburg Lake Plateau);

Havel River 1 (Spandau)
Havel River 1 (Spandau);

Havel River 2 (Brandenburg an der Havel)
Havel River 1 (Brandenburg an der Havel);

Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5)
Havel River Mouth (Elbe River 18.5);

Germany, North Central Germany, Elbe River Folder

Elbe River 5 (Vltava River Mouth)

Elbe River 6 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 7 (Czech Republic)

Elbe River 8 (Czechoslovakia)

Elbe River 9 (Germany)

Elbe River 10 (Dresden, Saxony)

Dresden, Saxony, Germany (Elbe River 10)
Dresden; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, POET, 7 August 1878; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saxony, Germany (Upper Elbe River)
Saxony; Lucas Cranach of ALBRECHT DuœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRuœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Elbe River 11 (Germany)

Elbe River 12 (Germany)

Elbe River 13 (Wittenberg)

Wittenberg, Germany, Lutherhaus (Elbe River 13)
Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ;

Elbe River 15 (Saale River Mouth)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River Folder

Saale River

Saale River Source (Waldstein Ridge)
Waldstein Ridge;

Saale River 1

Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1)
Hof, Bavaria (Saale River 1) ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River 2 (Ebersdorf)

Ebersdorf, Thuringa, Germany (Saale River 2)
Ebersdorf, Saale River; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Saale River 3

Saale River 4

Saale River 9 (Weisse Elster and Parthe Rivers)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Ilm River Folder

Ilm (Thuringia) River

Weimar, Thuringa (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4)
Weimar (Ilm (Thuringa) River 4) ; John Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Buchenwald concentration camp (Ilm River 4) 1937
Buchenwald concentration camp; DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Erfurt, Germany (Ilm River 3)
City of Erfurt; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Thuringian Forest
Thuringian Forest;

Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (Thuringian Forest)
Ilm (Thuringia) River Source (near this point somewhere)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 1

Ilm (Thuringia) River 2

Ilm (Thuringia) River 3 (Erfurt)

Ilm (Thuringia) River 4 (Weimar, Erfut and Buchenwald)

Ilm (Thuringia) River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Germany, Central Germany, Elbe River 15, Saale River 9, Weisse Elster, Parthe and Pleisse Rivers Folder

Weisse Elster River

Weisse Elster River Source (along the border)

Weisse Elster River 1

Weisse Elster River 2

Weisse Elster River 3

Weisse Elster River Mouth (Saale River 9)

Parthe River

Parthe River Source (along the border)

Parthe River 1

Parthe River 2

Parthe River 3 (Pleisse River Mouth)

Parthe River Mouth (Halle, Saale River 9)

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany (Saale River 9, Parthe River Mouth)
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Halle on the Saale river
Halle, Saxony-Anhalt ; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Halle University (Parthe River Mouth, Saale River 9) 1502
Halle University; George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787;

Pleisse River

Pleisse River Source

Pleisse River 1

Pleisse River 2

Pleisse River 3

Pleisse River Mouth (Parthe River 3)

Leipzig (four rivers, Pleisse, Parthe,Weisse, and Saale)
Leipzig (three rivers: Parthe, Pleisse, and Saale); George Fredrick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Saale River Mouth (Elbe River 15)

Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14)
Coethen (Anhalt region, Saale Mouth, Elbe River 14); Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Elbe River 17 (near Berlin)

Elbe River 20 (Techin)

Elbe River 21 (Hamburg)

Hamburg, Germany (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg)
Hamburg (Elbe River 21, Port of Hamburg); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Elbe River Mouth (North Sea)

Germany, Northeastern Germany, North German Plain Folder

North German Plain
North German Plain;

Saxonia (North German Plain)
The Saxons were a confederation of tribes from the Northern German Plain; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Techin (North German Plain, Elbe River 20)
Techin - Lake Boissow and Lake Neuenkirchen South Nature Reserve has an area of ca. 86 hectares and incorporates part of the town of Zarrentin am Schaalsee in the local subdistricts (Germarkungen) of Boissow, Techin, Neuhof and Neuenkirchen. Martyr Ludmilla the grandmother of St Wenceslaus the Prince of the Czechs, Commemorated on September 16;

Germany, Central Germany, Harz Mountains Area Folder

Harz Mountains
Harz Mountains;

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Folder

Weser River

Weser River Source (Rivers Fulda and Werra)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Werra River Folder

Werra River

Werra River Source (Thuringian Forest)

Werra River 1

Werra River 2

Werra River 3

Werra River 6 (Wartburg and Eisenach, Thuringia)

Wartburg, Thuringa, Germany (Werra River 6)
Wartburg is a castle. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231);

Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany (Werra River 6)
Eisenach, Thuringia, Germany; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Johann Sebastian Bach of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695, Commemorated July 28 ;

Werra River 7 (Geismar)

Geismar, Germany (Werra River 7)
Geismar; Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Werra River Mouth (Fulda River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Germany, South Central Germany, Weser River Source, Fulda River Folder

Fulda River

Fulda River Source (Rhon Mountains)

Rhon Mountains

Fulda River 1

Fulda River 2

Fulda River 3 (Overview)

Knull Mountains
Knull Mountains;

Fulda River 4

Fulda River Mouth (Werra River Mouth, Weser River Source)

Weser River 1

Goettingen University, Germany (Weser River 1) 1734
Goettingen University; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Weser River 2 (Overview)

Weser River 3

Weser River 4

Einbeck, Germany (Weser River 4)
Einbeck, Germany HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 178;

Weser Uplands
Weser Uplands;

Munster, University of Munster (not far from Weser River 6) 1780
University of Munster ; KARL BARTH PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
Halle (Westfalen), Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;

Wiehen Hills
Wiehen Hills;

Halle, Bentheim, Lower Saxony, Germany

Weser River 11 (Bremen)

Bremen, Germany (Weser River 11)
Bremen (Weser River 11); Hanseatic League; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Weser River Mouth (North Sea)

Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea)
Bremerhaven, Germany (Weser River Mouth, North Sea); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube Area Folder

Southern Germany (Danube River)
Southern Germany; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg (Danube River Source)
Affstatt Village, Wurttemberg; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source)
Tubingen, Southern Germany (Danube River Source); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People
Swabia, Angle of the Rhine and Danube Area, Alemanni People; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11;

Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg
Bingen, Baden-Warttemberg; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, Munich River Folder (Bavaria)

Munich, Germany (Isar River, Bavaria)
Munich (Isar River, Bavaria); Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated January 31; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Munich (Isar) River

Bavaria (German Bavarian Alps, Munich area, Danube and Isar Rivers)
Bavaria; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Karwendel Range Northern Alps
Karwendel Range Northern Alps ;

Dachau Death Camp, near Munich, Germany
Dachau Death Camp; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18;

Munich (Isar) River Source (Karwendel Alps, Austria)

Munich (Isar) River 1 (Munich)

Munich (Isar) River Mouth (Danube River 3)

Loisach River

Loisach River Source (Zugspitze, near Ehrwald, Germany)
Loisach River;

Loisach River 1 (Garmish-Partenkirchen, Loisach Valley)

Loisach River Mouth (Munich (Isar) River)

Germany, Southern Germany, Danube 3, German Czech Border Folder

Schoenberg Prison (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp . DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Flossenberg Concentration Camp (Bohemian Forest) 1938
Schoenberg Prison is also Flossenberg Concentration Camp. DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN (9 APR 1945);

Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains, German Czech Border)
Ore Mountains (Erzgebirge Mountains)

Bohemian Forest (Bohmerwald Mountains, Southern Germany)
Bohemian Forest;

Germany, West Germany, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Germany, German Frontier, Lower Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Lower Limes Germanica

Roman German Frontier - Katwijk, South Holland, Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Katwijk;

Roman German Frontier- Valkenburg, South Holland
Valkenburg, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Leiden, South Holland
Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Alphen aan den Rijn, South Holland
Alphen aan den Rijn;

Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam
Roman German Frontier - Zwammerdam;

Roman German Frontier - Bodegraven, South Holland

Roman German Frontier - Woerden, Central Netherlands
Woerden, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Vleuten, Central Netherlands
Vleuten, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Utrecht, Central Netherlands
Utrecht, Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands
Roman German Frontier - Fectio, Central Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Rijswijk, Gelderland
Rijswijk, Gelderland; Central Eastern Netherlands

Roman German Frontier - Maurik, Gelderland
Maurik, Gelderland, Central Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kesteren, Gelderland
Kesteren, Gelderland;

Roman German Frontier - Arnhem, Gelderland
Arnhem, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Duiven, Eastern Netherlands
Duiven, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Herwen, Eastern Netherlands
Herwen, Gelderland, Eastern Netherlands;

Roman German Frontier - Kleve, Germany
Kleve, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bedburg-Hau, Germany
Bedburg-Hau, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Kalkar, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Xanten, Northwest Rineland, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Moers, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Moers, Rhine River 10, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Krefeld, Rhine River 9.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Neuss, Rhine River 9, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Monheim am Rhein, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Dormagen, Rhine River 8.5, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Cologne, Rhine River 8, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bonn, Rhine River 7, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Remagen, Rhine River 6.5, Germany;

Germany, German Frontier, Upper Rhine Frontier Folder

Roman German Frontier - Upper Limes Germanticus

Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rheinbrohl, Rhineland Palentine, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Ems, Rhineland Plaz, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Schwalbach, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂ¶he, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Bad Homburg vor der HÃƒÂ¶he, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Wetterau, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Grobkrotzenburg, Hesse, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Miltenberg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Rehberg (Harz) Mountain, Lower Saxony, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Buchen, Badem Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Osterburken, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Jagsthausen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Welzheim, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Germany
Roman German Frontier - Lorch (Wurttemberg), Baden Wurttemburg, Germany:

Germany, German Frontier, Rhaetian Frontier Folder
Roman Province of Rhaetia; Reschen Pass;

Roman German Frontier - Rhaetian Limes Germaticus

Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Aalen, Baden Wurttemburg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Gunzenhausen, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Weibenburg in Bayern, Middle Franconia, Germany;

Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany
Roman German Frontier, Kipfenberg, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany;

Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Germany
Roman German Frontier - Pfunz Roman Fort, Bavaria, Germany;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River Folder

Rhine River

Rhine River Trade Route

Rhine River Source (Grisons, Switzerland)
Grisons, Switzerland; Grison Alps;

Vosges Mt Range, France
Vosges Mt Range

Rhine River 1 (Basel, Switzerland)

Rhine River 2 (Strausburg, France)

Strausburg, France (Rhine River 2, German Border)
Strausburg, Alsace, France ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ;

Alemanni, Land of the Alemanni, Upper Rhine River, Swabia
Alemanni, 496, Upper Rhine River, Land of the Alemanni, Clovis, Franks; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

Rhine River 3 (Karlsruhe, Germany)

Palatinate Forest

Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palintate, Siegfried Line, Germany (Rhine River 3)
Bad Bergzabern, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Maginot Line - French line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Rhine River 4 (Mannheim)

Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg (Rhein River 4) 1386
Heidelberg University; RICHARD THEODORE ELY, October 8, ECONOMIST, 1943;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 4, Speyer, Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Walk to Canossa - Mont Cenis Pass
Mont Cenis Pass;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Palatinate Region (Rhine River 4)
Palatinate (region); CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ; Pennsylvania Dutch from Palantine Region;

Worms, West Germany (Rhine River 4)
Worms (Rhine River 4) ; William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Heppenheim, Germany (in the Rhine rift)
Heppenheim; Rhine rift; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, RELIGIOUS 1918;

Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany (Rhine River 4.1)
Heppenheim, Hesse, Germany; DAMIEN and MARIANNE of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889; RELIGIOUS 1918, Commemorated April 15;

Mount St Disibode Monastery, Rhineland-Palatinate, 640
Mount St Disibode and Disbodenburg; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Rhine River 5 (Mainz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River Folder

Main River

Fichtel mountains
Fichtel mountains;

Main River Source (Waldstein Ridge)

Waldstein Ridge
Waldstein Ridge;

Main River 1

Main River 4

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 5, Main River 4, Rhine-Main-Danube Canal Folder, 793

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 1 (Bamberg)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 2 (Nuremberg)

Rhine-Main-Danube Canal 3
Rhine-Main-Danube Canal;

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal 4 (Kelheim)

Rhein-Main-Danube Canal

Nuremberg (Rhein-Maine Danube Canal 2)
Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland
Northern Renaissance, 1497 and after, France, Germany, England, Low Countries and Poland; Nuremberg; Albrecht Durer of ALBRECHT DÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553,ARTISTS, 5 August;

Main River 7

Castell, Bavaria (Main River 8)
Castell, Bavaria; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10;

Main River 19 (Frankfurt)

Frankfurt, Germany (Main River 19, Hesse Region)
Frankfurt, Germany Franconia, Frankfurt is located on an ancient ford (German: Furt) on the Main river. As a part of early Franconia, the inhabitants were the early Franks, thus the city's name reveals its legacy as being "the ford of the Franks on the Main river"; Matthias Grunewald of ALBRECHT DUœRER, 1528, MATTHIAS GRUœNEWALD, 1529, LUCAS CRANACH the ELDER, 1553, ARTISTS, 5 August ; WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Hesse (Region and State, between Rhein, Main and Rhur Rivers)
Hesse (Region and State, Frankfort and Weisbaden); Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Marburg, University town, Hesse Region
Marburg, University town, Hesse Region; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, commemorated December 10;

Principality of Orange-Nassau
Principality of Orange-Nassau ;

Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, Roman Line of Forts in Germany)
Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, German Line of Forts); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Main River Mouth (Rhine River 5)

Main River Mouth (Wiesbaden, Rhine River 5)

Mainz (Main River Mouth, Rhine River 5)
Mainz; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Hesse (central Rhine and lower Mainz River Valleys)
Hesse; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5)
Hesse District, Weisbaden and Frankfurt (Main River at Rhein River 5) ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17;

Bingen, Germany (Rhine River 5, between Main and Moselle Rivers)
Bingen am Rhein ; Bingen Famous people Hildegard of Bingen (1098ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“1179), abbess and author, mystic, writer, composer, musician, and medic. After her the Bingen girlsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ school (Gymnasium and vocational school), the Hildegardisschule (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœHigaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), is named. Hildegard is said to be a peopleÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s saint; she has, however, never been beatified or canonized by the Vatican. HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179) ;

Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest)
Rhineland-Palatinate (Rhine River and Palatinate Forest); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rhine River 6 (Koblenz)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River Folder, Metz, Franks, Luxemburg

Moselle River

Lorraine Region, Germany (Moselle River)
Lorraine (region); BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains
Ballon d'Alsace Mountain in the Vosages Mountains;

Moselle River Source (western slope Ballon d'Alsace)

Moselle River 1 (Epinal, France)

Moselle River 2 (Nancy, France)

Moselle River 3 (Metz, Germany)

Metz, Germany (Seille River Mouth at Moselle River 3) Capitol of the Franks
Metz, Located near the tripoint along the junction of France, Germany, and Luxembourg, Metz forms a central place of the European Greater Region and the SaarLorLux euroregion.; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Moselle River 4 (Chateau de Meinsberg)

Moselle River 4 (ChÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢teau Fort du Sierck-les-Bains)

Moselle River 4 (Schloss Berg Castle)

Germany, German French Border Folder (Moselle River 4)

Luxemburg
Luxemburg; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ;

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 6, Moselle River 5, Saar River Folder

Saar River

Saar River Source (Vosges Mountains)

Saar River 1 (Abreschviller)

Saar River 2 (Lorquin)

Saar River 3 (Sarrebourg)

Saar River 4 (Fenetrange)

Saar River 5 (Sarre-Union)

Saar River 6 (Sarralbe)

Saar River 7 (Sarreguemines)

Saar River 8 (Saarbrucken)

Saar River 9 (Volklingen)

Saar River 10 (Saarlouis)

Saar River 11 (Merzig)

Saar River 12 (Saarburg)

Saar River Mouth (Moselle River 5, Trier)
Saar River;

Treves, Gaul (Trier Germany), (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Trier, Germany (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Trier monastery
Trier monastery The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31;

Moselle River 5 (Alte Burg Manor House)

Moselle River 6 (Schloss Lieser Palace)

Moselle River 6 (Burg Landshut Castle)

Moselle River 6 (Grevenburg Castle)

Moselle River 7 (Marienburg Castle

Moselle River 7 (Burg Arras)

Moselle River 8 (Burg Metternich Castle)

Moselle River 8 (Cochem Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Eltz Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Ehrenburg Castle)

Moselle River 9 (Burg Thurant Castle)

Moselle River Mouth (Rhine River 6, Koblenz)
Moselle River;

Rhine River 7 (Bonn)

Bonn, University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

University of Bonn, Germany (Rhine River 7) 1818
University of Bonn; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; KARL BARTH, PASTOR AND THEOLOGIAN, 1968, Commemorated December 10 ;

Rhine River 8 (Cologne)

Cologne (Koln), Germany (Rhine River 8)
Cologne (Rhine River 8); St Melchior of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Gaspar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; St Balthasar of the Magi, Commemorated December 25 ; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546) ;

Rhine River 9 (Dusseldorf and Kaiserswerth)

Rhineland, Germany (Middle and Lower Rhine River)
Rhineland; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

Franks, Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River, Germany and Belgium)
Land of the Franks (Lower and Middle Rhine River); Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

Rhine River 10 (Ruhr River Mouth, Duisberg and Essen)

Germany, Western Germany, Rhine River 10, Rhur River Folder

Rhur River

Rhur River Source (along the border)

Schwarzenau Brethren (Rhur River Source)
Schwarzenau; Schwarzenau Brethren; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13 ;

Rhur River 1

Rhur River 4

Rhur River 7

Rhur District
Rhur District;

Kamen, Germany (Rhur River 7)

North Rhine-Westphalia
North Rhine-Westphalia;

Barmen (1934 Barmen Declaration, Ruhr River Mouth, Rhine River 10)
Bergisches Land; Barmen Declaration ; GEORGE BELL BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958 ;

Rhur River Mouth (Rhine River 10, Duisburg and Essen)

Kaiserswerth, Germany (Rhur River Mouth, Rhine River 9)
Kaiserswerth, Germany; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); WILLIAM PASSAVANT, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1894, Commemorated January 3 ;

Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia, Rhur River)
Kempen, Germany (North Rhine Westphalia) ; THOMAS A KEMPIS, PRIEST, MONK, AND WRITER (24 JULY 1471) ;

Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.3)
Wesel, Germany (Rhine River 10.5); England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);

Rhine River 11 (Arnhem, Netherlands)

Rhine River 12 (Nijmegen)

Rhine River 13 (Utrecht)

Rhine River 14 (Rotterdam and The Hague)

Rhine River Mouth (North Sea)

Greece Folder

Hellas (Greece)
Hellas or Greece, Hellenistic period - after Alexander and before Rome; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Greece History Folder

Greece, 510 BC - 323 BC, History Folder, Greek Classical Period

Macedonia, Greek Classical period, 510BC-323BC
Macedonia, Greek Classical period, 510BC-323BC;

Greece, 364 BC - 322 BC, Greek Philosopher and Scientist Aristotle
Greece, 364 BC - 322 BC, Greek Philosopher and Scientist Aristotle; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Macedonian King, 359BC-336BC, Philip II of Macedon
Macedonian King, 359BC-336BC, Philip II of Macedon; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Commander, 359BC-336BC, Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator)
Macedonian Commander, 359BC-336BC, Antiochus (father of Seleucus I Nicator, cities named after him); 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian King, 336BC-323BC, Alexander III of Macedonia, Alexander the Great
Macedonian King, 336BC-323BC, Alexander III of Macedonia, Alexander the Great; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Greece, 323 BC - 313 BC, History Folder, Helenistic Period

Macedonian Hellenistic period, 323BC-313BC
Macedonian Hellenistic period, 323BC-313BC; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Greece, 305 BC - 133 BC, History Folder, Lysimachian Empire

Macedonian Lysimachian Empire,305BC-133BC, in Thrace, and Pergamom, Attalid dynasty
Macedonian Lysimachian Empire, 305BC-133BC, in Thrace, and Pergamom, Attalid dynasty 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms,256BC-10AD, in Afghanistan and N India
Macedonian Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek Kingdoms,256BC-10AD, in Afghanistan and N India; Indo-Greek Kingdom, 180BC-10AD; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, 305BC-303BC
Macedonian Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, 305BC-303BC 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Greece, 312 BC- 63 BC, History Folder, Seleucid Empire in Messopotamia

Macedonian Seleucid Empire in Messopotamia, 312BC-63BC
Macedonian Seleucid Empire in Messopotamia, 312BC-63BC ; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 306BC-281BC, Seleucus I Nicator
Macedonian Seleucid King, 306BC-281BC, Seleucus I Nicator; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 281BC-261BC, Antiochus I Soter
Macedonian Seleucid King, 281BC-261BC, Antiochus I Soter; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 261BC-246BC, Antiochus II Theos
Macedonian Seleucid King, 261BC-246BC, Antiochus II Theos; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 246BC-225BC, Seleucus II Callinicus
Macedonian Seleucid King, 246BC-225BC, Seleucus II Callinicus; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 225BC-223BC, Seleucus III Ceraunus
Macedonian Seleucid King, 225BC-223BC, Seleucus III Ceraunus; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 223BC-187BC, Antiochus III the Great
Macedonian Seleucid King, 223BC-187BC, Antiochus III the Great; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonia, 197 BC, Battle of Cynoscephalae, Rome vs Macedonia
Battle of Cynoscephalae;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 187BC-175BC, Seleucus IV Philopator
Macedonian Seleucid King, 187BC-175BC, Seleucus IV Philopator; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonian Seleucid King, 175BC-164BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Macedonian Seleucid King, 175BC-164BC, Antiochus IV Epiphanes; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Greece, 181 BC - 30 BC, History Folder, Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt

Macedonian Ptolemaic Egyptian Pharaoh, 181BC-145BC, Ptolemy VI Philometor
Macedonian Ptolemaic Egyptian Pharaoh, 181BC-145BC, Ptolemy VI Philometor 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Macedonia, 181 BC-30 BC, Ptolemaic Egyptian Empire
Macedonia, 181 BC-30 BC, Ptolemaic Egyptian Empire; 1 Maccabees 1:1-28, 1 MACCABEES, Alexander the Great, Antiochus Epiphanes and Renegade Jews, Antiochus in Egypt, Persecution of the Jews;

Greece, 30 BC - 1450, History Folder, Roman and Byzantine Period

Greece, 000, 1st Century History Folder, Peter, Philip, Andrew, Dionisius, and Quadratus

Greece, 30-96, Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy
Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21;

Greece, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea
Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea ; Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Sosthenes, Apollos, Cephas, Tychicus, Epaphroditus, Caesar, and Onesiphorus, Commemorated on December 8;

Greece, 35-61, Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Corinth and Caeserea
Greece, 35, Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Corinth and Caeserea ; Sosthenes /ËˆsÉ’sÎ¸É™.niËÂÂz/ (Greek: Î£ÃÂÂ‰ÃÂÂƒÎ¸ÎÂÂÎ½Î·ÃÂÂ‚, SÅÂÂsthÃ©nÄ“s, "safe in strength") was the chief ruler of the synagogue at Corinth, who, according to the Acts of the Apostles, was seized and beaten by the mob in the presence of Gallio, the Roman governor, when he refused to proceed against Paul at the instigation of the Jews (Acts 18:12–17). The motives of this assault against Sosthenes are not recorded. Some manuscripts insert the mob was composed of "Greeks"; others read "Jews".[1] Some historians identify this Sosthenes with a companion of Paul the Apostle referred to as "Sosthenes our brother" (Greek: Î£ÃÂÂ‰ÃÂÂƒÎ¸ÎÂÂÎ½Î·ÃÂÂ‚ á½ÂÂ á¼€Î´ÎµÎ»ÃÂÂ†ÃÂÂŒÃÂÂ‚, SÅÂÂsthÃ©nÄ“s ho adelphos, literally "Sosthenes the brother"), a convert to the Christian faith and co-author of the First Epistle to the Corinthians (1 Corinthians 1:1–2). It is not clear whether this identification is tenable.[1] According to Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer, "Theodoret and most commentators, including Flatt, Billroth, Ewald, Maier [and] Hofmann, identify Sosthenes with the person so named in Acts 18:17, but this is rightly denied by Michaelis, Pott, Rückert, and de Wette".[2] It has also been suggested that Sosthenes is a later name of Crispus, who is mentioned in Acts 18:8 and 1 Corinthians 1:14.[3] He is traditionally listed among the Seventy Disciples of Luke 10:1.[4] Corinth; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Theodotus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN NT ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Quadratus and those with him at Corinth, Commemorated on March 10; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Greece, 60-70 approx., Apostle Peter
Greece, Patra in Achaia, 60-70 approx., Apostle Peter; Patras; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23;

Greece, 40, 1st Century, Athens, Apostle Philip
Greece, 1st Century, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14;

Greece, 40, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle in Macedonia
Bulgaria, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Greece, 60, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew, Martyrdom in Patra
Greece, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew; The final city to which the Apostle came was the city of Patra, where he was destined to suffer martyrdom. The Lord worked many miracles through His disciple in Patra. The infirm were made whole, and the blind received their sight. Through the prayers of the Apostle, the illustrious citizen Sosios recovered from serious illness and Maximilla and Stratokles, the wife and brother of the governor of Patra, were healed. The miracles accomplished by the Apostle and his fiery speech enlightened almost all the citizens of the city of Patra with the true Faith. Patras; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Greece, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew
Greece, 1st Century, Patra in Achaia, Apostle Andrew; Patras; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30;

Greece, 1st Century, Apostle Apelles of Heraklion in Thessaly
Apostle Apelles of Heraclea; Heraklion in Trakhis; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10 ;

Greece, 300, 4th Century History Folder, Demetrius, Nestor and Porphyrius, of Thessalonika

Greece, 290-306, Macedonian Saint, Demetrius of Thessaloniki
Macedonian Saint, 290-306, Demetrius of Thessaloniki; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27;

Greece, 306, Macedonian Saint, Nestor of Thessaloniki
Macedonian Saint, 306, Nestor of Thessaloniki; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27;

Greece, 367-420, Thesalonica Saint, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza, Archbishop
Byzantium, 367-420, Byzantine Saint, Porphyrios, Porphyry of Gaza; St. Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26;

Greece, 600, 7th Century History Folder, St Peter the Athonite

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 681, Saint Peter the Athonite
Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 681, Saint Peter the Athonite ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Greece, 900, 10th 11th Century Folder, Russians, Mt Athos Georgians

Greece, 907, Russian incursion into Greece in 907
Russian incursion into Greece in 907 (Rus'ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“Byzantine War (907)); The very first pages of the Russian Primary Chronicle, as foreordained by God, is bound up with the name of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius of Thessalonica. The Chronicle relates that when Oleg the Wise threatened the Greeks at Constantinople (907), the Greeks became terrified and said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœThis is not Oleg, but rather St Demetrius sent upon us from God.ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Russian soldiers always believed that they were under the special protection of the holy Great Martyr Demetrius. Moreover, in the old Russian barracks the Great Martyr Demetrius was always depicted as Russian. Thus this image entered the soul of the Russian nation. Russian Primary Chronicle; Timeline of Russian history; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Oleg of Kiev and Novgorod (Little Russia); Little Russia (Ukraine);

Greece, 940-1003, Macedonia, Athanasius the Athonite
Macedonia, 940-1003, Athanasius the Athonite; Macedonia, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Greece, 963, Macedonia, Mt Athos, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos, Georgian
Macedonia, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Greece, 963-1003, Macedonia, Mt Athos, Saint, Athanasius the Athonite, Georgian
Greece, Macedonia, Mt. Athos, 940-1003, Saint, Athanasius the Athonite; St. Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St. Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 963-969, Byzantine Emperor, Nikephorus Phokas
Byzantine Emperor, 963-969, Nikephorus Phokas ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœQuick to HearÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 980-1002, Saint, John the Iberian, John of Georgia
Georgia, Iberian Saint, 980-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 980-983, Iveron Monestary, Mt Athos, (Georgia, Caucasian Iberia )
Caucasian Iberia; Caucasian Iberia (Iveron Monestary, Mt Athos, Macedonia); Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2 ; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Macedonia, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos
Macedonia, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Georgia, 975-1024, Iberian Saint, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator, Georgian
Macedonia, 975-1024, Iberian Saint, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator ; Son of Georgia, Iberian Saint, 955-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4;

Greece, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 1198, Serb Bulgar Hilandar Monastery, Zographou Crusaders Martyrs

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1198, Founding of Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian and Bulgarian)
Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands" on Mt Athos; Icon of the Mother of God the "Milk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Three HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilkgiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Three HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Greece, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade

Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople
Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Greece, 1205, Zurvia (Survias) Monastery, aka Makrinitissa Monastery, 1205
Zurvia (Survias), Makrinitissa Monastery, 1205; Saint Gerasimus, Commemorated on September 15;

Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica, ruled by Komnenos Doukas d of Epiris, v Crusader Latin Empire of C
Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica; of Thessalonica (Greek: ) is a historiographic term used by some modern scholars[1] to refer to the short-lived Byzantine Greek state centred on the city of Thessalonica between 1224 and 1246 (sensu stricto until 1242) and ruled by the Komnenodoukas dynasty of Epirus. At the time of its establishment, the Empire of Thessalonica, under the capable Theodore Komnenos Doukas, rivaled the Empire of Nicaea and the Second Bulgarian Empire as the strongest state in the region, and aspired to capturing Constantinople, putting an end to the Latin Empire, and restoring the Byzantine Empire that had been extinguished in 1204. ascendancy was brief, ending with the disastrous Battle of Klokotnitsa against Bulgaria in 1230, where Theodore Komnenos Doukas was captured. Reduced to a Bulgarian vassal, Theodore's brother and successor Manuel Komnenos Doukas was unable to prevent the loss of most of his brother's conquests in Macedonia and Thrace, while the original nucleus of the state, Epirus, broke free under Michael II Komnenos Doukas. Theodore recovered Thessalonica in 1237, installing his son John Komnenos Doukas, and after him Demetrios Angelos Doukas, as rulers of the city, while Manuel, with Nicaean support, seized Thessaly. The rulers of Thessalonica bore the imperial title from 1225/7 until 1242, when they were forced to renounce it and recognize the suzerainty of the rival Empire of Nicaea. The Komnenodoukai continued to rule as Despots of Thessalonica for four more years after that, but in 1246 the city was annexed by Nicaea. Greece, 1224-1230, Empire of Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas ; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Greece, 1224-1230, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, Empire of Thessalonica, Serbia, Epirus, Macdnia, Thrace, v Latin E
Greece, 1224-1230, Empire of Thessalonica, Theodore Komnenos Doukas ; Theodore Komnenos Doukas (died c. 1253) was ruler of Epirus and Thessaly from 1215 to 1230 and of Thessalonica and most of Macedonia and western Thrace from 1224 to 1230. He was also the power behind the rule of his sons John and Demetrios over Thessalonica in 1237-“1246. Theodore was the scion of a distinguished Byzantine aristocratic family related to the imperial Komnenos, Doukas, and Angelos dynasties. Nevertheless, nothing is known about Theodore's life before the conquest of Constantinople and dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Following the fall of Constantinople, he served Theodore I Laskaris, founder of the Empire of Nicaea, for a few years before being called to Epirus, where his bastard half-brother Michael I Komnenos Doukas had founded an independent principality. When Michael died in 1215, Theodore sidelined his brother's underage and illegitimate son Michael II and assumed the governance of the Epirote state. Theodore continued his brother's policy of territorial expansion. Allied with Serbia, he expanded into Macedonia, threatening the Latin Kingdom of Thessalonica. The capture of the Latin Emperor Peter II of Courtenay in 1217 opened the way to the gradual envelopment of Thessalonica, culminating in the city's fall in 1224. As ruler of Thessalonica, Theodore quickly declared himself emperor, challenging the Nicaean emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes's claims to the Byzantine imperial throne. In 1225, he advanced to the outskirts of Constantinople, but his final attack against the seat of the much-reduced Latin Empire was delayed until 1230. In that year, Theodore amassed an army to besiege Constantinople, but then diverted it against Bulgaria, an ambivalent ally which threatened his northern flank. Theodore was defeated and captured at the Battle of Klokotnitsa, and spent the next seven years in captivity. In the meantime, he was succeeded by his brother Manuel. Manuel quickly lost Thrace, most of Macedonia, and Albania to the Bulgarian Emperor John Asen II. Thessalonica itself became a Bulgarian vassal, while in Epirus proper power was seized by Michael II, returning from exile. Theodore was released in 1237 when his daughter Irene married John Asen II, and quickly managed to regain control of Thessalonica, ousting Manuel. Having been blinded during his captivity and thus disqualified from occupying the throne again, he installed his eldest son John as emperor, but remained the de facto regent of the state. Manuel tried to regain Thessalonica with Nicaean support, but a negotiated settlement was reached which gave him Thessaly and left Thessalonica and its environs to Theodore and John. In 1241, John III Vatatzes invited Theodore to visit Nicaea. He was welcomed and treated with great honour, but was effectively detained there until the spring of next year, when Vatatzes marched on Thessalonica with Theodore in tow. Theodore was sent in to negotiate with his son and convince him to accept demotion to the rank of Despot and to recognize the suzerainty of Nicaea. John died in 1244 and was succeeded by Theodore's younger son Demetrios. In 1246, Vatatzes overthrew the unpopular Demetrios and annexed Thessalonica. Theodore influenced his nephew Michael II to launch an attack on Thessalonica in 1251, but in 1252, Vatatzes campaigned against them and forced Michael to come to terms. Theodore was taken prisoner and sent into exile in Nicaea, where he died around 1253. Greece, 1224-1246, Empire of Thessalonica; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1284, Zographou Monestary, Crusaders, 26 Martyrs
Zographou Monastery; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Akathist" of the Zographou Monastery, Commemorated October 10 ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Greece, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Mt Athos, Hesychasts, Bulgarian Singer Composer Koukouzelis

Greece, Macedonia, Mt. Athos, 1300-1360, Saint, John Koukouzelis. Composer, Wonderworker and Singer
Mt. Athos, 1300-1360, Saint, John Koukouzelis. Composer and Singer; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on October 1;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Saint and Hesychast Defender
Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Saint and Hesychast Defender, at Vatopedi, the holy Evangelist John the Theologian appeared to him in a vision and promised him his spiritual protection.; Hesychasm, Hesychast controversy, 1330's ; Lavra of St Athanasius; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Greece, 1349-1460, Despotate of Morea
Morea, 1349-1460, Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnesos penninsula; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Greece, 1450-1821, History Folder, Ottoman Period

Greece, 1450-1821, Ottoman Greece
Greece, Ottoman Greece 1450-1821 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

Greece, 1500, 16th Century History Folder, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth

Greece, 1571, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth, HRE over Turks
Corinth, 1571, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth (Lepanto) ; Sea Battle of Lepanto (in Gulf of Lepanto now known as Gulf of Corinth); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

Greece, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Kollyvades Movement

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1754-1776, Kollyvades Movement
Mt Athos, 1754-1776, Kollyvades Movement; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Greece, 1754-1776, Ottoman Greece, Kollyvades Movement
Mt Athos, 1754-1776, Kollyvades Movement; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Greece, 1821 - Present, History Folder, Modern Greece

Greece, 1828-Present, Modern Greece
Greece, 1828-Present, Modern Greece;

Greece, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Weeping Tikhvin Icon, Mt Athos

Greece, 1821-1832, Greek War of Independence
Greece, 1821-1832, Greek War of Independence; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31; 1840 Saint Arsenius entered the Monastery of Saint George on the island of Paros. Daniel had passed away in 1837. Before his repose, he asked his disciple to take his remains to Mt. Athos after two years. Arsenius left Plolegandros in obedience to Father Daniel’s request, planning to stop on Paros then continue to the Holy Mountain. Paros the abbot of Saint George’s Monastery, Father Elias Georgiadis, told Saint Arsenius that it was God’s will for him to remain on Paros. was providential, because Mt. Athos was undergoing great difficulty after the Greek War of Independence. 3,000 Turkish soldiers occupied Athos, resulting in the departure of 5,000 of the 6,000 monks.

Greece, 1823, Saint Pelagia of Tinos
Greece, 1823, Saint Pelagia of Tinos Tinos Island (Agean Sea); Icon of the Mother of God "Tinos", Commemorated January 30 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25;

Greece, 1832-1862, Greek King, Otto of Greece
Greece, Greek King, 1832-1862, Otto of Greece;

Greece, 1862-1913, Greek King, George I of Greece, Dutch Royal, Elected King, Expanded Greece, Killed
Greece, Greek King, 1862-1913, George I of Greece;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1877, The Weeping Tikhvin Icon
Mt Athos, 1877, The Weeping Tikhvin Icon; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œTikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17;

Greece, 1900, 20th Century History Folder, New Martyr Ephraim

Greece, 1908, May 4, 1908: Zebulun's Seal Date
Greece, 1908, May 4, 1908: Zebulun's Seal Date; Greece, Greek King, 1862-1913, George I of Greece;

Greece, 1950, Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri
Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri; Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Greece, Macedonia Folder, its rivers, and mountains

Macedonia, Greece
Macedonia ancient kingdom; Macedonia Region; Macedonian Slavs, Republic of Macedonia; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated July 28 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30 ; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9 ; St Joachim of Osogovo, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; Monkmartyr Cosmas of St Anne Skete, Mt Athos, Commemorated December 3 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 5 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle Parmenas the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Urban of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Martyr Danax the Reader, in Macedonia, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 24 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated February 23 ; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian; Martyr Danax the Reader, in Macedonia, Commemorated on January 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Agathopodes the Deacon, and those with him, at Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Theodora of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, who was a robber, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17; Commemoration of the Holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council, Commemorated on May 22; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 26 ; Hieromartyr Astius the Bishop of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on June 4; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26 ; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Macedon Kingdom
larger Macedonia Region; Kingdom of Macedon; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Greater Macedonia Region
larger Macedonia Region; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10 ; Kingdom of Macedon; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13; St Stephen the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 17;

Macedonia, Land of the Vlachs
Land of the Vlachs (a Romance language speaking group of Wallacians outside of Romania); St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Balkan peninsula
Balkan peninsula; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Greece, Macedonia, Thasos Island Folder

Thasos, Macedonia
Thasos; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ;

Marias, Isle of Thasos
Marias, Isle of Thasos; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ;

Thasos, Isle of Thasos, Macedonia
Isle of Thasos; Martyr Mark on the Isle of Thasos (No information at this time) ; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated November 4 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos Folder

Mount Athos (The Holy Mountain), Macedonia, Greece
Mount Athos ; Athonite monasteries ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Three Hands" on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "It Is Truly Meet"Commemorated July 13 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; Venerable Gerontius of St Anne Skete, Mt. Athos, Founder, Commemorated on July 26; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15, Dormition = A peaceful and painless death, as well as the act of sleeping or falling asleep. ; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos Commemorated on October 15; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 26; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joyful", Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated November 14 ; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Monkmartyr Cosmas of St Anne Skete, Mt Athos, Commemorated December 3 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Philotheus of Karyes of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7 ; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated December 15 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 28 ; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "œDeliverer from Potions", Commemorated on December 22 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilkgiver", Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Comfort" or "Consolation", Commemorated January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed", Commemorated on January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 24 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated February 17 ; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1 ; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Seraphim of Virits, Commemorated on March 21; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Akathist", Commemorated on March 27; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on April 21; St Basil the Bishop of Ostrog in Montenegro, Serbia, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Nicephorus of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on May 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Directress" from the Monastery of Xenophontos on Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 20; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; Icon of the Mother of God of "œthe Three Hands", Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMilk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œEconomissa", Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Pongosa Penninsula

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos History Folder, 600-1900

Greece, Mt Athos, 600, 7th Century Folder, St Peter the Athonite

Greece, Mt Athos, 900, 10th Century Folder, Georgian Monasteries, Saint Athanasius Larva, Iveron, Dochiariou

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos, Georgian
Macedonia, 963, Lavra of St Athanasius, First Larva of Mt Athos; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 963-969, Byzantine Emperor, Nikephorus Phokas, Orthodox, Successful M. exploits
Byzantine Emperor, 963-969, Nikephorus Phokas ; Venerable Michael of Maleinus, Commemorated July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœQuick to HearÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Simeon the New Theologian, Commemorated on March 12; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 963-1003, Saint, Athanasius the Athonite
Greece, Macedonia, Mt. Athos, 940-1003, Saint, Athanasius the Athonite; St. Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St. Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13;

Georgia, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 975, Dochiariou Monastery founded by Euthymius, Georgian
Macedonia, 975-1024, Iberian Saint, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator ; Son of Georgia, Iberian Saint, 955-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; Venerable Euthymius, founder of Dochiariou Monastery (Mount AthosÃ¢Â€Â”10th c.), and Venerable Neophytus, Co-founder of the Monastery, Commemorated on November 9; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4;

Georgia, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 975-1024, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator, Georgian
Macedonia, 975-1024, Iberian Saint, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator ; Son of Georgia, Iberian Saint, 955-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4;

Greece, Mt Athos, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Serbian, Bulgarian Hilandar M, Crusaders at Bulgarian Zographou

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1284, Bulgarian Zographou M, Crusaders, 26 Martyrs
Zographou Monastery; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Akathist" of the Zographou Monastery, Commemorated October 10 ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Greece, Mt Athos, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Hesychasts, Bulgarian Singer Composer Koukouzelis

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Saint and Hesychast Defender
Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1316-1359, Gregory Palamas, Saint and Hesychast Defender; Hesychasm, Hesychast controversy, 1330's ; Lavra of St Athanasius; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ;

Greece, Mt Athos, 1700, 18th Century Folder, Kollyvades Movement

Greece, Mt Athos, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Weeping Tikhvin Icon

Greece, Macedonia, Mt Athos, 1877, The Weeping Tikhvin Icon
Mt Athos, 1877, The Weeping Tikhvin Icon; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping Ã¢Â€ÂœTikhvinÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on February 17;

Athanasius Monastery, Lavra of St Athanasius, Mt Athos, 963
Lavra of St Athanasius; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God œEconomissa, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

skete monastery of Saint Maximus the Hut-Burner, Athanasius Lavra , Mt Athos, 1345 approx.
Lavra of St Athanasius; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Gregory the Byzantine, Commemorated on April 6; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Niphon of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Monastery of St. Athanasius the Athonite, Mt Athos, 963
(Monastery of St. Athanasius the Athonite aka the Great Lavra); Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

The spring of St Athanasius, Mt Athos, 5 or 6 Miles
The spring of St Athanasius 5 Miles or 2 hour walk towards Karyes; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Icon of the Mother of God "Economissa", Commemorated July 5 ; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5;

The spring of St Athanasius 5 Miles or 2 hour walk towards Karyes

skete of Glossia, Provata, Mt Athos, Gregory Palamas
skete of Glossia, Provata, Mt Athos; skete of Glossia, Provata, Mt Athos; skete of Glossia, Provata, Mt Athos, address; Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Skete of St Anne - the Great Lavra of Mt. Athos, 963
Skete of St Anne: a skete to the Great Lavra of Mt. Athos; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Gerontius of St Anne Skete, Mt. Athos, Founder, Commemorated on July 26; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8 ; Monkmartyr Cosmas of St Anne Skete, Mt Athos, Commemorated December 3 ; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos; Venerable Gerontius of St Anne Skete, Mt. Athos; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Megistis Lavra (Great Lavra of Mt Athos)
Megistis Lavra (Great Lavra of Mt Athos); Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 8 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; 6 Venerable Disciples of St Athanasius On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Great Lavra of Mt. Athos (Megisti Lavra) 963
Great (first) Lavra of Mt. Athos (Megisti Lavra); Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Gregory Domesticus of the Great Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated on October 1; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15 ; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Lavra of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; Icon of the Mother of God œEconomissa, Commemorated on July 5;

Prodromou Monastery, Mt Athos, 1520
Prodromou Monastery; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22;

Holy Skete of John the Forerunner, Prodromou Monastery, Mt Athos, 1520
Prodromou Monastery; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 1 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22;

Maleon, Mount Maleon (on the eastern part of Athos)
Mount Maleon (on the eastern part of Athos) Venerable Athanasius the Founder of the Great Lavra and Coenobitic Monasticism on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 5; Venerable Thomas of Mt. Maleon, Commemorated on July 7;

Skete of St Anna, New Skete, St Paulas Monastery, Mt Athos, 1610 approx.
Skete of St Anna, St Paulas Monastery; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9;

St Paula'™s Monastery on Mount Athos, 1035
St Paula'™s Monastery on Mount Athos; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7;

Dionysiou monastery, Mt Athos, 1374
Dionysiou monastery, monastery of St. John the Forerunner; Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Commemorated on July 14 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21 ; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated February 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

St John the Forerunner (Dionysiou) monastery, Mt Athos 1374
Dionysiou monastery, monastery of St. John the Forerunner; Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Commemorated on July 14 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21 ; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 26 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; St Joseph of Dionysiou, Commemorated February 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Grigoriou monastery, Mt Athos, Serb, 1374 approx
Grigoriou monastery; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Gregory the Founder of Grigoriou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on December 7;

Simonopetra monastery, Mt Athos, 1200, 13th Century
New Bethlehem or Simonopetra monastery; Monastery (Greek: Σιμωνόπετρα, literally: "Simon's Rock"), also Monastery of Simonos Petra (Greek: Μονή Σίμωνος Πέτρας), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery in the monastic state of Mount Athos in Greece. Simonopetra ranks thirteenth in the hierarchy of the Athonite monasteries. The monastery is located in the southern coast of the Athos peninsula, between the Athonite port of Dafni and Osiou Grigoriou monastery. While the southern coast of Athos is quite rugged in general, the particular site upon which the monastery is built is exceptionally harsh. It is built on top of a single huge rock, practically hanging from a cliff 330 metres over the sea.[1] The monastery currently houses 54 monks, and the hegumen is Archimandrite Eliseus. monastery was founded during the 13th century by Simon the Athonite, who was later sanctified by the Eastern Orthodox Church as Saint Simon the Myrrh-bearer. Tradition holds that Simon, while dwelling in a nearby cave, saw a dream in which the Theotokos instructed him to build a monastery on top of the rock, promising him that she would protect and provide for him and the monastery. The original monastery was called by Simon "New Bethlehem" (Greek: Νέα Βηθλεέμ) and is to this day dedicated to the Nativity of Jesus. 1364, the Serbian despot Jovan Uglješa funded the renovation and expansion of the monastery. pilgrim Isaiah wrote that, by the end of the 15th century, the monastery was Bulgarian.[2] 1581, Simonopetra was destroyed by a fire, in which a large portion of the monks died. Evgenios, the monastery's abbot traveled to the Danubian Principalities hoping to raise funds to rebuild the monastery. The most important donor was Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, who donated large portions of land as well as money to the monastery. The monastery was also burnt in 1626, and the last great fire happened in 1891, after which the monastery was rebuilt to its current form. recent centuries, the monks of the monastery were traditionally from Ionia in Asia Minor. However, during the mid 20th century the brotherhood was greatly thinned out because of a great reduction in the influx of new monks. The current brotherhood originates from the Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron in Meteora as in 1973 the Athonite community headed by Archimandrite Emilianos decided to repopulate the almost abandoned monastery. Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 28 ; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

New Bethlehem monastery, Mt Athos, 1200, 13th Century
New Bethlehem monastery; Venerable Simon the Myrrh-gusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 28 ;

Philotheou monastery, Mt Athos, 990
Philotheou monastery; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated November 22 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated January11: Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 24 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on April 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on May 6;

Glykophiloussa - Monastery of Philotheou (Athos), 990
Glykophiloussa - Monastery of Philotheou (Athos) monastery, Mt Athos, 990; Philotheou monastery; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated November 22 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated January11: Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24; Venerable Philotheus the Founder of Philotheou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 24 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on April 21; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on May 6;

Magul skete, Mt Athos, near Philotheou
Magul skete on Holy Mount Athos (opposite the monastery of Philotheou) Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated November 22 ;

Kavsokalyvia (Karakalou) Monastery, 1000's
Kavsokalyvia (Karakalou) Monastery; Monkmartyr Pachomius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 7;

Xeropotamou Monastery, Mt Athos, 985 approx.
Xeropotamou Monastery; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 22 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ;

Skete of St. John the Theologian, Iviron Monastery, Mt Athos
Skete of St. John the Theologian ; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ;

Serbian Iveron monastery
Serbian Iveron monastery; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Iviron monastery (seaport, Serbian and Georgian, Mt Athos) 980
Iviron monastery ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; St John, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 12 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31 ; Venerable Gabriel the Georgian, of Mt. Athos; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated September 13 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26 ; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13 ; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated November 3 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; St George (John) of Georgia; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, Sweet Kissing, Commemorated on April 21; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Michael the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada, Commemorated on May 23; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Angio Panteleimonos Monastery, Russian, Mt Athos, 1169
Russian monastery of St Panteleimon ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Monastery of St Panteleimon, Mt Athos, Russian, 1169
Monastery of St Panteleimon, Mt Athos, Russian, founded by Prince Lazarus of Serbia ; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; Right-believing Prince Lazarus the Great Martyr of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15;

Panteleimon (Angio Panteleimonos) Monastery, Russian, Mt Athos, 1169
Russian monastery of St Panteleimon ; Greatmartyr and Healer Panteleimon, Commemorated July 27 ; Saint Sava I, first Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on August 30 and January 14; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10 ;

Xenophontos Monastery, Mt Athos, 1821
Xenophontos Monastery; Venerable Callistus Xanthopoulos of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœXenophon HodigitriaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 21; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe DirectressÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Monastery of Xenophontos on Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 20;

Protaton, Mt Athos (Karyes)
Protaton; Kayes; Icon of the Mother of God "It Is Truly Meet", Commemorated July 13 ; Venerable Philotheus of Karyes of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated December 5 ; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Karyes, Athos (the capital of the Holy Mountain)
Kayes; Venerable Dionysius the Orator of St Anne Skete of Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 9; Icon of the Mother of God "It Is Truly Meet"Commemorated July 13 ; Venerable Philotheus of Karyes of Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable Nicholas the Confessor the Abbot of Studion, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœIt Is Truly Meet...ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEconomissaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on July 5;

Koutloumousiou Monastery, Karyes, Mt Athos, 1370 approx.
Koutloumousiou Monastery, Karyes, Mt Athos ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25;

Stavronikita Monastery, Mt Athos, before 1012
Stavronikita Monastery; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13 ;

Elias Skete, Mt Athos (Prophet Elijah Skete, Pantokrator Monastery) 1759
Elias Skete, Mt Athos (Prophet Elijah Skete, Pantokrator Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated February 17 ;

Saint Elias Skete, Mt Athos (Prophet Elijah Skete, Pantokrator Monastery) 1759
Elias Skete, Mt Athos (Prophet Elijah Skete, Pantokrator Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "Tikhvin" on Mt Athos, Commemorated February 17 ;

Pantokrator Monastery, Mt Athos, 1363
Pantokrator Monastery; Martyr Florus of Illyria, Commemorated on August 18; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Daphne, Mt Athos
Docheiariou monastery; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated November 1 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Quick to Hear", Commemorated November 9 ;

Docheiariou monastery, Mt Athos, 960's
Docheiariou monastery; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated November 1 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Quick to Hear", Commemorated November 9 ;

Zographou Monestary, Bulgarian, Mt Athos, 980
Zographou Monastery; 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Akathist" of the Zographou Monastery, Commemorated October 10 ; 26 Martyrs of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos at the hands of the Crusaders, Commemorated October 10 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Akathist, Commemorated on March 27; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Vatopedi monastery, Mt Athos, 950
Vatopedi monastery ; Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Commemorated on July 14 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joyful", Commemorated on November 7 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Comfort" or "Consolation", Commemorated January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Stabbed", Commemorated January 21; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Batopedi monastery, Mt Athos, 950
Batopedi monastery ; Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Commemorated on July 14 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe JoyfulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14; Venerable Gennadius of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 17 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Comfort" or "Consolation", Commemorated January 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Stabbed", Commemorated January 21; Icon of the Mother of God "Xenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Agapius of Vatopedi, Commemorated on March 1; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Hilandar monastery, Mt Athos (Serbian, Bulgarian) 1198
Hilandar monastery; Icon of the Mother of God "of the Three Hands" on Mt Athos; Icon of the Mother of God the "Milk-Giver" of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated July 3 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Three Hands Â on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated December 20 ; it was time to choose the igumen for the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos, Saint Daniel received the appointment. The saint was igumen at a most difficult time for the Holy Mountain. After the Crusaders were expelled from Palestine, they joined with the Arabs to plunder and loot the Athonite monasteries, not sparing anything sacred. St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Akathist, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilkgiverÂ, Commemorated on January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God, the "Priestly", Commemorated January 12 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Translation of the relics of St Nicephorus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the AkathistÂ, Commemorated on March 27; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Three Hands Â, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-Giver Â of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3;

Mt. Samareia, Mt Athos
Saint Damien struggled on a mountain called Samareia, between the monasteries of Hilandar and Esphigmenou, and also in one of the caves where the Father of Russian Monasticism, St Anthony of the Caves (July 10), had lived in asceticism. Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the Three HandsÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ on Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the AkathistÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 27; St Nicodemus the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on May 11 ;

Mount of the Ascension monestary, Mt Athos, little after 963
Mount of the Ascension monestary; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated December 31 ;

Karyes monastery, Mt Athos, little after 963
Karyes monastery; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Commemoration of the Appearance of the Archangel Gabriel to a Monk on Mt. Athos, and the Revelation of the Hymn, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœIt Is Truly Meet...ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ Or Axion Estin, Commemorated on June 11; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Esphigmenou monastery, Mt Athos, little after 963
Esphigmenou monastery; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 24 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; St. Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated February 23 ; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

monestary of St Anastasia, Deliverer of Potions, Mt Athos
monestary of St Anastasia, Deliverer of Potions; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22;

Ierissos, Mt Athos
Ierissos; Icon of the Mother of God of Mt. Athos, "œSweet Kissing", Commemorated on May 6;

Lemnos Island (near Mt Athos)
Lemnos Island; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ;

Greece, Macedonia, Axios River Folder (Thesalonica, Agean Sea)

Axios (Vardar) River

Axios (Vardar) River Source (Scardus Mountains)

Scardus Mountains, between Albania and Macedonia
Scardus Mountains;

Scardus Mountains Park
Scardus Mountains National Park;

Axios (Vardar) River 1 (Gostivar)

Osogovo monastery, Macedonia, 1851
Osogovo monastery; St Joachim of Osogovo, Commemorated August 16 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Mount Osogovo, Macedonia
Mount Osogovo;

Osogovo, Macedonia
Osogovo; St Joachim of Osogovo, Commemorated August 16 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Axios (Vardar) River 2 (Skopje)

Skopje, Macedonia (top of the K Triangle)
Skopje, Macedonia; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Greece, Macedonia, Axios River 2.5, Pshina River Folder

Pshina (Pchinja) River

Kriva River (Psihina)

Kriva River (Psihina 2)

Pshina River Second Source (Kriva River)

Kratov, Macedonia (Pshina River Second Source)
Kratov, Macedonia; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Pshina River Source (along the border)

Radovnica, Serbia
Radovnica, Serbia; The PÃ„ÂÂÂÂinja originates from several streams on the western slopes of the Dukat mountain which meet at the village of Radovnica and continue to the west originally under the name of the TripuÃ…Â¡nica (Cyrillic: ÃÂÂÂÂ¢Ã‘Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¸ÃÂÂÂÂ¿Ã‘ÂƒÃ‘ÂˆÃÂÂÂÂ½ÃÂÂÂÂ¸Ã‘Â†ÃÂÂÂÂ°).

Pcinja 1

Pcinja 2

Pcinja 3

Pshina River 1 (Bransk Wilderness, Vranski Desert, Prochorus' Monastery)

Prochorus' Monastery of Venerable Prohor of Pshina, 950
Monastery of Venerable Prohor of Pshina; St. Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the River Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15;

Vranski Desert, Bransk wilderness (Pshina River 1)
Vranski Desert, Bransk wilderness (Pshina River 1) St. Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the River Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 15;

Pshina (Pchinja) River Mouth (Axios (Vardar) River 2.5 between Skopje and Veles

church of Ovche Polje (Sheep Pasture), Macedonia (near Pshina River, Axios River 2.5)
church of Ovche Polje (Sheep Pasture), Macedonia (near Pshina River, Axios River 2.5); Repose of Saint Stephen of DeÃ„ÂÂÂÂani, Serbia, Commemorated on November 11;

Axios (Vardar) River 3 (Veles, Macedonia)

Bogomila, Macedonia (near Axos River 3)
Bogomila, Macedonia; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ;

Greece, Macedonia, Axios River 3.5, Bregalnica River Folder

Bregalnica River

Bregalnica River 2 from Mt Osogovo

Bregalnica River Source (Berovo Spring)

Bregalnica River 3 from Lesnov

Bregalnica River 3 from Lesnov Source

Lesnov, Probishtip Province, Macedonia (Bregainica River 3)
Lesnov, Probishtip Province, Macedonia; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Lesnov Monastery, Macedonia, or Bulgaria, 1067
Lesnov Monastery ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Bregalnica River 1 (Makedonska Kamenica)

Bregalnica River 2 (Kocani)

Bregalnica River 3 (Vinica)

Bregalnica River 4 (Stip)

Bregalnica River Mouth (Axios River 3.5)

Axios (Vardar) River 4 (Gevgelija, Greece)

Pella, Macedonia (Axios River 4)
Pella; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa", Commemorated on March 6;

Axios (Vardar) River Mouth (Thessalonica)

Thessalonica, Macedonia (Axios River Mouth, K Triangle of Roman Roads)
Thessalonica; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated on July 28; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; SILAS; The Holy Transfiguration of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ (the Second "Feast of the Savior" in August); Martyr Lupus the Slave of St Demetrius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on August 23; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Monkmartyr Joseph of Dionysiou on Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 14 ; Martyr Florentius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 13; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople; Martyr Florentius of Thessalonica; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Lupus, Commemorated on October 26 ; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28; Martyr Anastasia of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 30 ; Martyr Alexander of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Theodore the Confessor the Abbot of the Studion, Commemorated November 11 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Macarius of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on January 6 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œStabbed", Commemorated on January 21 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; St Joseph the Bishop of Thessalonica, and brother of St Theodore of Studion, Commemorated January 26 ; The Meeting of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ in the Temple, Commemorated on February 2 ; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February 14; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ; Martyr Matrona of Thessalonica, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Martyr Agathopodes the Deacon, and those with him, at Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Theodora of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 5; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16; Venerable John the Disciple of the Venerable Gregory of Decapolis, Commemorated on April 18; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, who was a robber, Commemorated on May 6; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Cyril, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28; Monkmartyr David of Thessalonica, Commemorated on June 26; St David of Thessaloniki, Commemorated on June 26 ;

Meglen (Meglena, Almopia), Macedonia or Bulgaria (Axios River Mouth)
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Latomos Monastery, Thessalonica, Macedonia, 490
Latomos Monastery; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Edessa, Macedonia, Greece
Edessa, Macedonia, Greece; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21;

Meglena (Meglen, Almopia), Macedonia or Bulgaria (Axios River Mouth)
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Naousa, Imathia (Axios River Mouth)
Naousa, Imathia; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 19 ;

Skete monastery of St John the Forerunner, Verroia (Boroea) Greece, 16th Century
Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ;

Verroia, Macedonia (Beroea, west of Axios River Mouth, K Triangle)
Verroia; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 26;

Beroea, Macedonia (Beroea, Thrace; Veria, Greece, Axios River Mouth area)
Beroea (Veria, Greece) ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; Apostle Carpus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 26 ;

Apollonia (Mygdonia, Axos River Mouth)
Apollonia (Mygdonia); Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated on July 28; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ;

Mygdonia, Thessaloniki
Mygdonia, Thessaloniki ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ;

Apollonia, Thessaloniki, Macedonia (Roman Road Via Egnatia)
Apollonia, Thessaloniki; Apostle Mark of the Seventy; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Mark of the Seventy, called John, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ; Martyr Acacius of Apamea, Commemorated on July 28; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30;

Arethusa (Mygdonia, Axios River Mouth)
Arethusa (Mygdonia); Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29 ;

Monastery of Saint Anastasia, Vasilika 57006, near Thessalonica
Monastery of Saint Anastasia, Vasilika 57006, near Thessalonica; Monk Martyrs James, Jacob the Deacon, and Dionysius, of Prodromou, Commemorated on November 1; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Saint Theonas was a disciple of Saint James of Kastoria (November 1), and lived at the beginning of the sixteenth century. He lived for some time in the Pantocrator and Simonopetra Monasteries on Mt. Athos. He founded the Monastery of Saint Anastasia, and was consecrated as Archbishop of Thessalonica. He died in peace.

Sourota, Macedonia (Axios River Mouth)
Sourota, Macedonia (Axios River Mouth); Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25;

Galatista (Small Town near Thessalonica) Relics
Galatista (Small Town near Thessalonica) Relics; Monk Martyrs James, Jacob the Deacon, and Dionysius, of Prodromou, Commemorated on November 1

Greece, Macedonia, Strymon River Folder (Philippi, Roman Road, Agean Sea)

Strymon River

Strymon (Struma) River Source (Vitosha Mt., Bulgaria)

Strymon (Struma) River 1 (Pernik, Bulgaria)

Strymon River 2 (Zemen)

Strymon River 3

Dragovistica River Mouth (Strymon River 3)

Dragovistica River

Dolno River

Strymon River 4

Strymon River 5

Strymon River 6 (Rila, Bulgaria)

Greece, Macedonia, Strymon River 6, Rila River Folder

Rila River

Rila River Source

Rila Monastery, Macedonia (Rila River Source) 927
Rila Monastery ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Rila River Mouith (Strymon River 6)

Strymon River 8 (Kresna Gorge)

Heraclea, Macedonia (Strumitza Mouth, Strymon River 9)
Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ;

Strymon River 9 (Heraclea, Thrace)

Greece, Macedonia, Strymon River 9, Strumitza River Folder

Strumitza River

Strumitza River Source

Strumitza River 1 (Strumica)

Strumica, Macedonia (Strumitza River 1)
Strumica; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29;

Strumitza River Mouth (Heraclea, Struma River 9)

Dremvitsa, Macedonia
Dremvitsa, Macedonia St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Strymon River 10 (Lake Kerkini)

Serres, Macedonia (fertile plain, Strymon River 10)
Serres; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1;

Strymon River 11 (Serres)

Angitis River Mouth (Strymon River 11)

Strymon River 12 (Amphipolis)

Amphipolis, Macedonia (Strymon (Struma) River 12) Roman Road Via Egnatia
Amphipolis; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Apostle Silvanus of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr Auctus at Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on November 7 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11;

Strymon (Struma) River Mouth (Strymonian Gulf, Agean Sea)

Chrysopolis, Macedonia (Eion, Roman Road, Strymon River Mouth)
Chrysopolis, Macedonia (Eion) ; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mount Athos, Commemorated on October 21;

Philippi, Eastern Macedonia, Trajanopolis in Thrace (Roman Road, near Strymon River Mouth)
Philippi; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; POLYCARP; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated February 23 ; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated February 21 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; St. Lydia of Philippi, Commemorated on May 20;

Neapolis, Thessalonica (between Strymon and Nestos Rivers)
Neapolis, Thessalonica; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Stagira (ancient city), Chalkidice, Macedonia (Aristotle's home)
Stagira (ancient city), Chalkidice, Macedonia; Greece, 364 BC - 322 BC, Greek Philosopher and Scientist Aristotle; THOMAS AQUINAS, PRIEST, FRIAR, AND THEOLOGIAN (28 JAN 1274);

Greece, Macedonia, K Triangle area of Macedonia Folder, Kutmichivitsa, Albania, Via Egnatia

Bitolya, Center of K Triangle, Macedonia (Pelagonia Valley) Capital of First Bulgarian Empire
Bitolya ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15 ;

Heraclea Lyncestis, Macedonia (center of K Triangle)
Heraclea Lyncestis;

Galatea Region of West Macedonia
Galatea Region; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Kastoria, K Triangle, Macedonia
Kastoria, Macedonia; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Kastorian Hills, K Triangle, Macedonia, Greece
Kastoria, Macedonia; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Koritsa (Kastorian hills, right on Via Egnatia of K Triangle)
Koritsa (Kastorian hills) ; Venerable Theodosius the Metropolitan of Trebizond, Commemorated on January 11 ;

Pidna, Macedonia
Pidna; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; Martyr Alexander of Macedonia, Commemorated on March 13 ;

Mount Peristeros, Macedonia
Mount Peristeros; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15;

Prespa Lakes Region, Macedonia, Greece and Albania
Prespa Lakes (Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa); St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15;

Greece, K Triangle Folder

Greece, Thessaly Folder, and its rivers

Thessaly Region of Greece
Thessaly Region; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ; Hieromartyr Nicodemus of Meteora, Commemorated August 16 ; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated September 13 ; St Bessarion, Archbishop of Larissa, Commemorated Septemer 15 ; St Gerasimus, Commemorated September 15 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 21; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10 ; Martyr Porphyrius in Thessaly, Commemorated February 10; Martyr Baptus in Thessaly, Commemorated February 10; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February14 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, who was a robber, Commemorated on May 6; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ;

Greece, Thessaly, Pineios River Folder, Mt Olympos, Larissa, Meteora

Pineios River

Pineios River Source (Pindus Mountains)

Pineios River 1, Meteora

Meteora (Plain of Thessaly, Six Monasteries, like Mt Athos)
Meteora (Like Mt Athos, Six Monasteries, Plain of Thessaly, on the Pineios River); Hieromartyr Nicodemus of Meteora, Commemorated August 16 ; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ;

Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora
Monastery of the Holy Trinity, Meteora; Hieromartyr Nicodemus of Meteora, Commemorated August 16 ;

Pineios River 2, Trikala

Trikkala, Thessaly (Pineios River 2)
Trikkala; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20;

Karditsa Regional Unit, Thessaly
Karditsa (regional unit); Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ;

Pineios River 3, Larissa

Larissa, Thessaly (near Pineios River Mouth)
Larissa; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Bessarion, Archbishop of Larissa, Commemorated Septemer 15 ; Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, who was a robber, Commemorated on May 6; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15;

Lygaria (Larissa), Thessaly (near Pineios River Mouth)
Larissa; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Bessarion, Archbishop of Larissa, Commemorated Septemer 15 ; Martyr Barbarus in Thessaly, who was a robber, Commemorated on May 6; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15;

Pineios River Mouth (Aegean Sea)

Mt Olympus in Thessaly, Greece (Pineios River Mouth)
Mount Olympus; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Euthymius the New of Thessalonica, and Monk of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 15; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; Martyr Alexander of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon; Martyr Neophytus of Nicea, Commemorated January 21; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated January 24 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Repose of St Cyril, Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Commemorated on February14 ; St Plato the Confessor of Studion, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13;

Agios Dionysios Monastery, Olympus, 1542
Agios Dionysios Monastery, Olympus; Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, Commemorated on January 24;

Kanalon Monastery, Olympus, 1055
Kanalon Monastery;

Agia Triada Monastery, Sparmos, Olympus, at least 1386
Agia Triada Monastery, Sparmos;

Greece, Thessaly, Pagasetic Gulf Folder, Magnesia Penninsula

Pagasetic Gulf
Pagasetic Gulf;

Mt Pelion Penninsula
Mt Pelion Penninsula;

Mt Pelion, Thessaly
Mt Pelion; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Cynoscephalae, Thessaly
Cynoscephalae; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Magnesia (eastern peninsula of Thessaly)
Magnesia (eastern peninsula of Thessaly); Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Justus at Rome, Commemorated on July 14 ; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 21 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10;

Magnesia, Thessaly (Pagasetic Gulf of Agean Sea)
Magnesia (Pagasetic Gulf of Agean Sea); Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Justus at Rome, Commemorated on July 14 ; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Hieromartyr Charalampus the Bishop of Magnesia in Thessaly, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia; IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH;

Volos, Thessaly
Volos, Thessaly; New Martyr Stamatius of Volos, Commemorated August 16 ;

Demetriada, Thessaly
Demetriada; Martyr Zenaida (Zenais) of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated October 11 ; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Makrinitsa, Thessaly
Makrinitsa, Thessaly ; St Gerasimus, Commemorated September 15 ;

Zurvia (Survias) Monastery, aka Makrinitissa Monastery, 1205
Zurvia (Survias), Makrinitissa Monastery, 1205; Saint Gerasimus, Commemorated on September 15;

Zagora, Thessaly
Zagora, Thessaly; St Gerasimus, Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Acacius the Younger of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 12;

Skopelo, Thessaly
Skopelo; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated September 13 ;

Greece, Thessaly, Heraclea River Folder

Heraclea River

Heraclea River Source (along the border)

Karpenisi, Thessaly, Greece (Heraclea River Source)
Karpenisi, Thessaly, Greece ; Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated January 5 ;

Evrytania Regional Unit, near Thessaly
Evrytania Region; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ;

Agrapha, Thessaly, Greece
Agrapha municipality; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ;

Agrafa Region, mountains above Western Thessaly
Agrafa Region; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Monkmartyr Damian of Philotheou, Commemorated February 23 ;

Heraclea River 1 (Spercheiada to Lamia)

Agathonos Monastery, Phthiotis (Heraclea River 1) 1271 or 1400's
Agathonos Monastery, Phthiotis; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Lygaria, Lamia, Thessaly
Lygaria, Lamia, Thessaly ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Lamia, Lygaria, Thessaly
Lygaria, Lamia, Thessaly ; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ;

Heraclea River Mouth (Malian Gulf)

Heraclea, Trachis, Thessaly
Heraclea, Trachis; Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos, Commemorated on July 25 ; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10 ; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Heraklion in Trakhis, Thessaly (near Heraclea River Mouth)
Heraklion in Trakhis; Apostle Apelles of Heraclea; Apostle Apelles of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10 ;

Greece, Epirus Region Folder, and its rivers, Northwest Greece

Epirus Region Greece
Epirus Region Greece; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Virginmartyr Kerkyra and those with her, Commemorated on April 28; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Epiros Region
Epiros Region; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ; Virginmartyr Kerkyra and those with her, Commemorated on April 28; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Epirus, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople
Greece, 1205-1479, Despotate of Epirus, against Latin Empire of Constantinople; Saint Philothea of Thrace, Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7

Greece, Epirus, Arachthos River Folder

Arachthos River

Arachthos River Source (Pindus Mountains)

Epirus, Greece (west of Pindus Mountains)
Epirus; Pindus Mountains; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; Virginmartyr Kerkyra and those with her, Commemorated on April 28; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30; Martyr Potitus at Naples, Commemorated on July 1;

Paraskeva Monestary
Paraskeva Monestary;

Arachthos River 1 (Metsovo or Metsovon)

Metsovon, Epirus, Greece (Metsovo, Arachthos River 1)
Metsovon (Metsovo); Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Arachthos River 2

Ioannina Region, Epirus, Greece (Lake Pamvotis, Arachthos River 2)
Ioannina Region; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ;

Ioannina, Epirus, Greece (Lake Pamvotis)
Ioannina (Lake Pamvotis) ; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18 ;

Ioannina, the largest city of Epirus
Ioannina, the largest city of Epirus; Venerable Theophanes of Dochiariou of Mt Athos, Commemorated August 19 ; New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; New Martyr John the New of Epirus, Commemorated on April 18;

Heraklia in Arta, Epirus
Heraklia in Arta; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 14 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ;

Arachthos River 3

Arta, Epirus, Greece (Arta Bridge, Arachthos River 3)
Arta, Greece (Arachthos River 3) Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ;

Arachthos River Mouth (Ambracian Gulf)

Ambracian Gulf
Ambracian Gulf;

Preveza, Northwestern Greece, Ambracian Gulf
Preveza; Martyr Christos of Preveza, Commemorated August 5 ;

Vonitsa, Akarnania
Vonitsa, Akarnania; Saint George, Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated on February 21;

Greece, Epirus, Corfu Island and Euroea Folder

Euroea, Epirus, Greece, near Corfu Island
Euroea in Epiro; St Donatus the Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Kerkyra (Corfu) Island (Epiros Region Greece)
Kerkyra (Kephalonia); Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Arsenius the Archbishop of Kerkyra (Corfu), Commemorated January 19 ; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated February 11 ; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28; Virginmartyr Kerkyra and those with her, Commemorated on April 28;

Greece, Corinth, Athens, Achaia (West Greece) Folder

Corinth, Greece (Gulf, Isthmus and Canal of Corinth, Saronic Gulf)
Corinth; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy; SILAS, MISSIONARY COMPANION OF PAUL, Commemorated January 26 ; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3 ; Apostle Onesiphorus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Luke of Sicily, Commemorated on November 6 ; St Theodotus of Ancyra, Commemorated on November 7 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN NT ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Silas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; THE CONVERSION OF THE APOSTLE PAUL, (JANUARY 25) ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT; TIMOTHY AND TITUS; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Quadratus and those with him at Corinth, Commemorated on March 10; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Martyr Leonidas of Corinth, Commemorated on April 16; Martyr Adrian of Corinth, Commemorated on April 17; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Heliconis of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 28; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ; St Paul the Physician of Corinth, Commemorated on June 28 ;

Athens, Greece
Athens; Martyr Hermias of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 8 ; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated July 17 ; Hieromartyr Valentine the Bishop of Interamna, Terni in Italy, Commemorated on July 30; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated September 21 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Hieromartyr Hierotheus the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Apostle Sosthenes of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; Venerable Martinian of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; Martyr Heraclius, Commemorated on May 18; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24; Martyr Felix of Apollonia in Macedonia, Commemorated July 6 ;

Greece (Macedonia, Constantinople, Thessaly, Athens, Peloponnesos, Epiros)
Greece; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; CLEMENT OF ROME, BISHOP (23 NOV 100) ;

West Greece
West Greece; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Kathariotissa", Commemorated September 8 ; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ;

Achaia, Roman Province South of Macedonia and Epirus
Achaea[1] or Achaia,[2][3] , was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, eastern Central Greece, and parts of Thessaly. the north, it bordered on the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia. The region was annexed by the Roman Republic in 146 BC following the sack of Corinth by the Roman general Lucius Mummius, who was awarded the cognomen "Achaicus" ("conqueror of Achaea"). became part of the Roman province of Macedonia, which included the whole of mainland Greece. Acts 18:12-28 before Paul's return to Antioch, Syria;

Greece, Corinth, Athens, West Greece History Folder

Greece, 30-129, Athens, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy
Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21;

Greece, 30-96, Athens, Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy
Greece, 30-96, Athens, Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy; Greece, 30-129, Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy; Apostle Quadratus of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 21; Apostle Narcissus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31;

Greece, 60-70 approx., Patra in Achaia, Apostle Peter
Greece, Patra in Achaia, 60-70 approx., Apostle Peter; Patras; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23;

Greece, 1571, Corinth, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth (Lepanto)
Corinth, 1571, Sea Battle of Lepanto, Gulf of Corinth (Lepanto) ; Sea Battle of Lepanto (in Gulf of Lepanto now known as Gulf of Corinth); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

Cenchreae (across the neck from Corinth)
Cenchreae; St Phoebe the Deaconess at Cenchreae near Corinth, Commemorated on September 3; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT;

Sicyon
Sicyon, 1 Maccabees Ch 15;

Aegae (Achaea), West Greece
Aegae (Achaea), West Greece; Martyr Zenobia of Aegae in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 30;

Argyropolis, Greece (East of Athens River Mouth)
Argyropolis; Apostle Stachys of the Seventy;

Athens River

Nea Makri, Attica (Corinth and Athens area)
Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus)
Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus, Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 4;

Rizari Park, Athens (Rizarios Seminary in Athens )
Rizari Park, Athens (Rizarios Seminary in Athens ); Saint Nectarius Kephalas, Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Daphni Monastery, Athens (on the ruins of Apollo) 500 (6th Century)
Daphni Monastery, Athens (on the ruins of Temple of Apollo) 500 (6th Century); Venerable Peter of Galatia, Commemorated on October 9;

Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares)
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; Hieromartyr Hierotheus, Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 4;

Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri
Amoman Mountain near Nea Makri; Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri, 900's
Monastery of Saint Ephraim, Nea Makri; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Marathon, Greece (near Athens)
Marathon, Greece; Apostle Phlegon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated January 11; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Maraton, Greece AKA Marathon, near Athens
Maraton; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated January 11;

Philothei district of Athens
Philothei district of Athens; Philothei; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19;

Kalogreza
Kalogreza; Martyr Philothea the Monastic, Commemorated on February 19;

Attica Region (Attic Penninsula, Athens)
Attica Region; Martyr and Archdeacon Laurence of Rome, Commemorated on August 10; St Theodosius of Antioch, Commemorated Janaury 11; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Boeotia (region in central Greece, near Corinth)
Boeotia; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Hesperus with his wife and sons at Attalia, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Lebadeia, Boetia, Central Greece
Lebadeia, Boetia, Central Greece; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Helicon, Mount Helicon, Boetia
Helicon, Mount Helicon, Boetia; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Dobou, Boetia (West of Helicon) 1592
Dobou, Boetia (West of Helicon) St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Aetolia (Mountains North Coast Gulf of Corinth)
Aetolia (Mountains North Coast Gulf of Corinth); Monk Martyrs Jacob, Jacob the Deacon, and Dionysius, of Prodromou, Commemorated on November 1;

Tritonia, Boeotia, Greece (Triton River Flows into Lake Copais)
Tritonia, Boeotia (Triton River Flows into Lake Copais) ; Martyr Hesperus with his wife and sons at Attalia, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Lake Copais, Boetia, near Corinth
Lake Copais, Boetia, near Corinth ;

Mount Helicon (Mount Cytheron?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Cytheron?): Both Helicon and Cytheron are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; StMeletius the New, Commemorated September 1 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?): Both Helicon and Ioannou are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Steiris, Corinth
Steiris; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Hosios Loukas, Corinth
Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Ioannou, Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?) Hosios Loukas
Mount Helicon (Mt Ioannou?): Both Helicon and Ioannou are close to Steiris and St Luke's Monestary (Hosios Loukas); Hosios Loukas; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Gulf of Corinth

Mount Patra
Mount Patra; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28;

Gulf of Patra

Chelidon, West Greece
Chelidon; Venerable Joannicius the Great, Commemorated on November 4 ;

Eleia, West Greece, Pelopennesos
Eleia, West Greece, Pelopennesos ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16;

Achaia Region, West Greece near Corinth
Achaia Region Northwest Greece, capitol is Patras; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; Apostle Sosipater of the Seventy, Commemorated November 10 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Tertius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Aegina Island (between Athens and Corinth)
Aegina Island; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ; Apostle Crispus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Athanasia the Abbess of Aegina, Commemorated on April 12; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379) ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Achaea, West Greece
Achaea; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated on September 23 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Patra (Patras) in Achaia, West Greece
Patras; St Xanthippe Disciple of the Apostles, who died in Spain, Commemorated September 23; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20 ; Apostle Rodion of the Seventy, Commemorated November 10 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Apostle Jason of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Apostle Onesimus of the Seventy, Commemorated on February 15; Apostle Jason, of the Seventy and those with him, Commemorated on April 28;

Penteli Monastery near Athens
Penteli or Pendeli Monastery near Athens; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ;

Vitinela, diocese of Vitineia and Euboea
diocese of Vitineia and Euboea; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ;

Euboea (near Athens)
Euboea; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated November 9 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Neophytus of Vatopedi, Mt Athos, Commemorated January 21 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Euripus Strait
Euripus Strait; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

Euripa (near Athens)
Euripa; Venerable Simeon of Philotheou, Commemorated on April 19;

New Prokopion, Euboia Island
New Prokopion St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Salamis Island, between Athens and Corinth
Salamis Island; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Mount Parnassus

Cephissus River (Boeotia) Source (Mt Parnassus)

Cephissus River Mouth (Boeotia)

Cephissus River (Boeotia)

Triton River Source

Triton River
Triton River flows into Lake Copais ;

Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea (in fertile basin North of Corinth)
Dremvitsa, or Velitsa or Tithorea ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Thebes of Boeotia, Greece, northeast of Corinth
Thebes, A Greek City State in Boetia ; Boetian Plain; Thebes of Boeotia; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated October 20 ; Apostle Rufus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Elateia (the middle of the great fertile basin, North of Corinth)
Elateia (the middle of the great fertile basin); Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on October 21;

Zeli, Boetia, Central Greece
Zeli, Boetia, Central Greece; St. Seraphim of Labodeia, Commemorated on May 6;

Aitolia, West Greece
Aitolia; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Aetolia, West Greece
Aetolia; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24; Monkmartyr James of Prodromou on Mt Athos, Commemorated November 1 ;

Akarnania (West Greece)
Akarnania; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24;

Saint Maura Island (Lefkada Island)
Saint Maura Island (Lefkada Island); Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Lepanto (Gulf of Corinth)
Lepanto; Sea Battle of Lepanto (in Gulf of Lepanto now known as Gulf of Corinth); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

Ithaca Island, West Greece
Ithaka Island; Icon of the Mother of God "Kathariotissa", Commemorated September 8 ; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9;

Cephalonia (Kephalonia, West Greece)
Cephalonia (Kephalonia) ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Kephalonia (Cephalonia, West Greece)
Cephalonia (Kephalonia) ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated August 24; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on October 20 ;

Omala, Cephalonia, West Greece
Omala Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated October 20 ;

Monastery of Anafonitria (Strophada), Zakynthos Island, West Greece, 14th Century
Monastery of Anafonitria; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ;

Zakynthos Island, West Greece
Zakynthos Island; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated October 20; Venerable Dionysius of Aegina, Commemorated December 17 ;

British Empire - Ionian Islands - West Greece - The Seven Islands
British Empire - Ionian Islands - West Greece - The Seven Islands; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Greece, Peloponnesos (Southern Greece) Folder

Peloponnesos, Southern Greece
Peloponnese ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyr Myron the Presbyter of Cyzicus, Commemorated on August 17; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of "The Myrtle Tree". Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated October 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Apostle Caesar of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; New Martyr Zachariah, Commemorated January 20 ; LYDIA, DORCAS AND PHOEBE, CO-WORKERS WITH THE APOSTLES, 27 JAN. NT ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Morea Peninsula (Pelopennesos)
Morea; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apostle Epenetus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Kythera Island, Southern Greece
Kythera Island ; St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "The Myrtle Tree". Commemorated September 24 ;

Mount Maleas, Peloponnesos
Cape Maleas; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4;

Cape Maleas, Southern Greece
Cape Maleas; Venerable George of Mt. Maleon in the Peloponnesus, Commemorated on April 4;

Monemvasia (Malbasia) Monestary, Southern Greece
Monemvasia monastery at Morea in the Peloponnesos.; Venerable George the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Monovatia (Malbasia) Monestary, Peloponnesos, Southern Greece
Monemvasia monastery at Morea in the Peloponnesos.; Venerable George the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Methona, Peloponnesos Southern Greece
Methona or Methoni; Martyr Barbarus the Soldier in Morea, Commemorated on May 6;

Koronis, Peloponnese, Southern Greece
Koronis, Monastery of the Most Holy Theotokos at Koronis; Venerable Philotheus of Dionysiou of Mount Athos, Commemorated on October 21; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated December 4 ;

Lakedaimonia, Southern Greece
Lakedaimonia, Southern Greece ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance, Commemorated November 26 ;

Sparta, Peloponnesos, Greece
Sparta, Peloponnesos Region, Greece ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance. Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Lakedaimonia ala Sparta, Peloponnesos, Greece
Sparta, Peloponnesos Region, Greece ; Icon of the Mother of God the "Deliveress", Commemorated October 17 ; Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance. Commemorated November 26 ; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Holy Metropolis of Monemvasia and Sparta
Holy Metropolis of Monemvasia and Sparta ; Address Lysandrou 5 231 00 SPARTA GREECE Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance. Commemorated November 26 ;

Saint Nikon"™s Monastery, Sparta, 940 or so
Saint Nikon"™s Monastery, Sparta, 940 or so; Holy Metropolis of Monemvasia and Sparta ; Address Lysandrou 5 231 00 SPARTA GREECE Venerable Nikon "Metanoeite," the Preacher of Repentance. Commemorated November 26 ;

Morea, 1349-1460, Despotate of Morea
Morea, 1349-1460, Despotate of Morea in the Peloponnesos penninsula; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Loganikos, Peloponnesos
Loganikos, Peloponnesos; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated February 7;

Kastorion, Lakonia, Peloponissos, Greece 37° 10' 0" N, 22° 19' 0" E
Kastorion, Lakonia, Peloponissos, Greece 37° 10' 0" N, 22° 19' 0" E; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7;

Karyes, Pelopennese
Karyes; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Laodicea, Peloponnesos (Arcadia)
Laodicea, Peloponnesos (Arcadia) ; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11;

Paroria, Peleponnese
Paroria, Peleponnese; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Demitsana, Peleponnese
Demitsana or Dimitsana ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Mantinea, Greece
Mantinea in Asia Minor ; Regions of Ancient Greece - Asia Minor; Asia Minor; Venerable Anthusa the Abbess of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27; 90 Venerable Sisters of Mantinea in Asia Minor, Commemorated July 27 ;

Argos, Peloponnesos (Argolic Gulf)
Argos; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Leontius the Hagiorite, Commemorated on June 18 ;

Nauplos, Peloponnesos (Argolic Gulf)
Nauplos ; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Peter the Wonderworker and Bishop of Argos, Commemorated on May 3;

Mycea (Mycenae, Mycenaen Greece, Northeastern Peloponnesos)
Mycea (Mycenae, Mycenaen Greece); Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11;

Epidauros, Mycea, Greece (Northeastern Peloponnesos)
Epidauros, Greece; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11;

Greece, Cyclades Islands Folder

Cyclades Islands, Agean Sea
Cyclades Islands; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Tinos", Commemorated January 30 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Aegean Sea
Aegean Sea; Hieromartyr Antipas the Bishop of Pergamum and Disciple of St John the Theologian, Commemorated on April 11 ;

Cyclades Islands Area

Thira

Pholegandros Island, Cyclades
Pholegandros Island; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ;

Kimolos Island
Kimolos Island; St Methodia the Righteous of Kimolos, Commemorated October 5 ;

Heraclea, Cyclades
Heraclea (Irakleia, Cyclades) ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Naxos Island, Cyclades
Naxos Island ; Repose of the Venerable Nicodemus the Hagiorite, Commemorated July 14 ; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14;

Paros
Paros; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Paros Island, Cyclades
Island of Paros; Venerable Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on August 18 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Hieromonk Seraphim, Bishop of the Phanar, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated January 31 ; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Syros Island, Cyclades
Syros Island, Cyclades; St. Arsenius of Paros, Commemorated on January 31;

Siphnos Island, Cyclades
Siphnos; St Athanasius Parios, Commemorated on June 24;

Delos Island
Delos, 1 Maccabees Ch 15

Tinos Island, Cyclades (Agean Sea)
Tinos Island (Agean Sea); Icon of the Mother of God "Tinos", Commemorated January 30 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25;

monastery of the Dormition on Mt. Kechrovounios, Tinos Is, Cyclades
Moni Kimisseos Theotokou Kechrovounio; Icon of the Mother of God “Tinos”, Commemorated on January 30;

Georgia Folder, its Rivers, Caucasus mountains, and Silk Road

Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia, Gorgasali, 7ft10in, met Peter in Byzantium
Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Georgia (Iberia, the land of St George)
Georgia (country) ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Martyr Christopher of Guria, Georgia, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated October 4 ; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated November 4 ; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyrdom of the Greatmartyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated December 11 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Georgia, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated January 2; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio, Commemorated February 4 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated February 21 ; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15 ; St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Mamai the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on May 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; Feast of All Saints of Georgia, Commemorated on June 26; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Iberia (Georgia, the land of St George)
Georgia (country) ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Martyr Christopher of Guria, Georgia, Commemorated on August 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia; New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated on October 30; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated October 4 ; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3 ; St John of Georgia, Commemorated November 4 ; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyrdom of the Greatmartyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated December 11 ; Synaxis of the Saints of Georgia, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated January 2; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio, Commemorated February 4 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated February 9 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Fathers and Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Iveron", Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated February 21 ; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15 ; St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Mamai the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on May 3; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Martyrs killed by the Latins at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on May 19; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24; Feast of All Saints of Georgia, Commemorated on June 26; St John the Bishop of the Goths in the Crimea, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Georgian History Folder

Georgia, 302 BC - 748 AD, History Folder, Caucasian Iberia

Georgia, 400 BC - 1st Century AD, Caucasian Iberia 302BC-580AD

Georgia, Caucasian Iberia (ie. Georgia), 302BC-580AD
Georgia, Caucasian Iberia (ie. Georgia), 302BC-580AD; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2 ; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Georgia, 000, 1st Century AD Folder, Robe of the Lord, Sts. Andrew , Matthias, Simon the Zealot, Bartholomew,

Georgia, 1-58, King, Aderki, or Rok, or Pharasmanes I of Iberia
Georgia, 1-58, King, Aderki, or Rok, or Pharasmanes I of Iberia; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St John Zedazeni of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Georgia, 33 AD, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus
Georgia, 33 AD, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Georgia, 33 AD, Elioz (Elias) of Mtskheta
Georgia, 33 AD, Elioz (Elias) of Mtskheta; Georgia, AD 33, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Georgia, 33 AD, Mary, Mother of God (Most Holy Theotokos), Georgia Protector
Georgia, 33 AD, Mary, Mother of God (Most Holy Theotokos), Georgia Protector; Saint Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1 ; Jerusalem Saint, 18 BC-62AD, Mary, Mother of God; The Nativity of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on September 8; The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15;

Georgia, 33 AD, Saint Andrew the First Called
Georgia, 33 AD, Saint Andrew the First Called Georgia, AD 33, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St. Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18;

Georgia, 33 AD, Apostle Matthias
Georgia, 33 AD, Apostle Matthias ; Georgia, 33 AD, Saint Andrew the First Called Georgia, AD 33, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St. Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18;

Georgia, 33 AD, Apostle Simon the Canaanite, Simon the Zealot
Georgia, 33 AD, Apostle Simon the Canaanite, Simon the Zealot ; Georgia, 33 AD, Apostle Matthias ; Georgia, 33 AD, Saint Andrew the First Called Georgia, AD 33, Robe of the Lord, Seamless robe of Jesus; Apostle Matthias of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 9; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St. Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; Apostle Simon the Zealot, Commemorated on May 10;

Georgia, 54-91, Georgian Saint, Bartholomew
Georgian Saint, 54-91, Bartholomew; Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Georgia, 200, 3rd Century Folder, St Nino, King Mirian III, St George, Christian Georgia

Georgia, 284-361, King Mirian III of Iberia (Converted by St Nino)
Georgia, 284-361, King Mirian III of Iberia (Converted by St Nino); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Georgia, 292-332, St Nino, Equal of the Apostles, to Georgia for the Robe
Georgia, 280-332, St Nino, Equal of the Apostles; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Georgia, 292-303, Saint George, Nino's Kin in Cappadocian, Armenia
Georgia, 295-303, Saint George ; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15;

Georgia, 300, 4th Century Folder, St and Queen, Salome of Ujarma with Nino

Georgia, 317-361, Saint Nino of Cappadocia, Armenia
Georgia, 317-361, Saint Nino of Cappadocia, Armenia; Georgia, 317-361, Saint Salome of Armenia; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Georgia, 317-361, Saint Salome of Armenia, aka Salome of Ujarma
Georgia, 317-361, Saint Salome of Armenia; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyrdom of the Great-martyr George of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20 ;

Georgian King, 361-378, Sauromaces II of Iberia
Georgian King, 361-378, Sauromaces II of Iberia;

Georgian King, 365-380, Mihrdat III of Iberia

Georgian King, 380-394, Aspacures III of Iberia
Georgian King, 380-394, Aspacures III of Iberia;

Georgian King, 394-406, Trdat of Iberia
Georgian King, 394-406, Trdat of Iberia; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Georgia, 400, 5th Century Folder, St King Vakhtan 7ft10in, St Susanna

Georgian King, 406-408, Pharasmanes IV of Iberia
Georgian King, 406-408, Pharasmanes IV of Iberia;

Georgia, 408-410, King, Mihrdat IV of Iberia
Georgian King, 408-410, Mihrdat IV of Iberia; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia, Gorgasali, 7ft10in, met Peter and Samuel in Byzantium
Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia, Gorgasali, 7ft10in, met Peter and Samuel in Byzantium; is written in the biography of Holy King Vakhtang IV Gorgasali that the king was introduced to Peter, a pupil of Saint Gregory the Theologian, during one of his visits to Byzantium, and he became very close to him. At that time he was also introduced to the future catholicos Samuel. close spiritual bond of the holy king and the catholicos, combined with their concerted efforts on behalf of the Church, contributed immeasurably to the establishment of friendly political relations between Georgia and Byzantium and the proclamation of the autocephaly of the Georgian Apostolic Church. Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Georgia, 456-468, King, Gubazes I of Lazica, King Vakhtang freed him from Byzantines
Georgia, 456-468, King, Gubazes I of Lazica; Around 456 Gubazes tried to negotiate an alliance with the Sassanid Persians in order to break free from Roman hegemony. In response, in 456, the emperor Marcian dispatched a military expedition against the Lazi, calling upon Gubazes to abdicate or to depose his son, who was his co-ruler, "as it was against tradition to have two joint rulers". Eventually Gubazes abdicated in favor of his son and, in 466, paid a visit to Constantinople, where he had to endure the reprimands of the emperor Leo I, but he was eventually treated with favour and sent back to his homeland, where he seems to have been able to resume his reign. Gubazes' visit to Constantinople is also mentioned in the Life of St. Daniel the Stylite, which reports that Gubazes accompanied Leo to see the renowned monk Daniel, who greatly impressed the Lazic king and even mediated a treaty between the two monarchs. This period coincided with a campaign launched against Lazica by its eastern neighbour, King Vakhtang I of Iberia, which is narrated in the Georgian Chronicles. Vakhtang was then a Sassanid vassal and his activities in Lazica may have been indirect assistance from the Sassanid shah, as previously offered to Gubazes during his break with Rome. Around 468 Gubazes, aided by the Romans, attacked the pro-Persian mountainous region of Suania, which had seceded from Lazic overlordship, but, aside from a couple of fortresses, he failed to retake the territory. His failure may have been due to the interference of the Iberians, since the Georgian Chronicles allude to another, in this case victorious, campaign, undertaken by Vakhtang of Iberia in Lazica around this time. Lazica region, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 6, Senaki River; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Saint Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Georgia, 460-475, Saint Shushanik (Susanna) Queen of Georgia
Georgia, 460-475, Saint Shushanik (Susanna) Queen of Georgia; Georgia, 470-482, Varsken, Viceroy of Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia; Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Georgia, 470-482, Varsken, Viceroy of Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia, Traitor, Killed Wife Susanna
Georgia, 470-482, Varsken, Viceroy of Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia; Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia; Georgia, 460-475, Saint Shushanik (Susanna) Queen of Georgia; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Georgia, 500, 6th Century Folder, 13 Assyrian Fathers, including John of Zedezeni, David Gareji, and St. Shio

Georgia, 502, War with Persia, Vakhtang I killed, 7ft10in
Georgia, 502, War with Iran, Vakhtang I killed; Catholicos Peter accompanied Holy King Vakhtang Gorgasali to war with the Persians in 502. It is written that œthe fatally wounded king Vakhtang summoned the catholicos, the queen, his sons and all the nobility. Saint Peter heard the king'™s last confession, granted the remission of his sins, presided at his funeral service, and blessed the prince Dachi (502-514) to succeed him as king of Kartli. Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Georgia, 502-534, Georgian King, Dachi of Iberia
Georgian King, 502-534, Dachi of Iberia ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Georgia, 534-547, King, Bacurius II of Iberia
Georgian King, 534-547, Bacurius II of Iberia; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Georgia, 540's, 13 Assyrian Fathers (St Shio, John of Zedazeni, David Gareji, Joseph of Alaverdi)
Georgia, 13 Assyrian Fathers, 6th Century; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St. David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9 ;

Georgia, 540's, 13 Assyrian Fathers (under St John of Zedazeni)
Georgia, 13 Assyrian Fathers, 6th Century; Thirteen Assyrian Fathers were, according to Georgian church tradition, a group of monastic missionaries who arrived from Mesopotamia to Georgia to strengthen Christianity in the country in the 6th century. They are credited by the Georgian church historians with the foundation of several monasteries and hermitages and initiation of the ascetic movement in Georgia.[1][2] lives of the Assyrian Fathers are related in a cycle of medieval Georgian hagiographic texts and are unattested beyond these sources. Some of these vitae are formalities composed for an 18th-century synaxary, but four of them exist in original form, as well a metaphrastic version. The dating as well as authorship of these texts is controversial. The Georgian Catholicoi Arsen I (830-87) and Arsen II (955-80) have been suggested as authors of some of the vitae. Other, unattributed, texts may have been composed earlier, in the late 7th century.[3] monasteries in modern Georgia are named after the Assyrian Fathers and are said to have been founded and led by them and their numerous disciples. In the Middle Ages, these religious foundations played an important role in forging Georgian Christian identity.[3] written and oral, names as many as 19 Assyrian monks active in Georgia in the 6th century and the number "13" seems to be largely symbolic. Modern scholarly opinion is divided as to whether they were Assyrians, Assyrian-educated Georgians, whether missionaries or refugees — monophysite or diophysite — from Syria, from which monophysitism had retreated while Georgia was still primarily monophysite at that time.[3] in Iberia where the fathers served Chief of the Assyrian Fathers were: Davit Garejeli / David of Gareja Ioane Zedazneli / John of Zedazeni Abibos Nekreseli / Abibos of Nekresi Shio Mgvimeli / Shio of Mgvime Ioseb Alaverdeli / Joseph of Alaverdi Anton Martkopeli / Anton of Martkopi Tadeoz Stepantsmindeli / Thaddeus of Stepantsminda Piros Breteli / Pyrrhus of Breti Iese Tsilkneli / Jesse of Tsilkani Stepane Khirseli / Stephen of Khirsa Isidore Samtavneli / Isidor of Samtavisi Mikael Ulumboeli / Michael of Ulumbo Zenon Ikaltoeli / Zenon of Ikalto Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on February 9 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St. David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9 ;

Georgia, 541-550, Georgian Saint, Eustathius of Mtskheta
Georgian Saint, 541-550, Eustathius of Mtskheta; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgiam Commemorated on December 2;

Georgia, 547-561, King, Pharasmanes V of Iberia, aka Parsman
Georgian King, 547-561, Pharasmanes V of Iberia; St. Evagrisi the disciple of St. Shio, Commemorated on February 4; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Georgia, 561-561, Georgian King, Pharasmanes VI of Iberia, Sassanid Dominated
Georgian King, 561-561, Pharasmanes VI of Iberia; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ;

Georgia, 561-580, Georgian King, Bacurius III of Iberia, abolished kingship
Georgian King, 561-580, Bacurius III of Iberia; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Georgia, 588-590, Georgian King, Guaram I of Iberia, Byzantine curopalates
Georgian King, 588-590, Guaram I of Iberia; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Georgia, 590-627, Georgian King, Stephen I of Iberia
Georgian King, 590-627, Stephen I of Iberia ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Georgia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Muslim Dagestan and Azerbaizhan

Dagestan, 664-, northeast of Georgia
Dagestan; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Caucasian Avars; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated November 29 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Azerbaizhan, 667-, east of Georgia
Azerbaizhan, 667-, east of Georgia; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10 ; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Georgia, 684-693, Georgian King, Guaram II of Iberia
Georgian King, 684-693, Guaram II of Iberia; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18;

Georgia, 693-748, Georgian King, Guaram III of Iberia
Georgian King, 693-748, Guaram III of Iberia; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8; St Mamai the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18;

Georgia, 736-914, History Folder, Arab Muslims in Georgia

Georgia, 700, 8th Century Folder, Arab Muslim Conquest of Georgia, St. Ephraim the Great of Atsquri Fortress

Georgia, 736-1122, Arab Muslim Conquest of Georgia, Marwan II
Georgia, 736-1122, Arab Muslim Conquest of Georgia, Marwan II ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8;

Georgia, 736-1080, Emirate of Tblisi
Georgia, 736-1080, Emirate of Tblisi ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8;

Georgia, 744-750, Saints David and Constantine Mkheidze
Georgia, 744-750, Saints David and Constantine Mkheidze; Argveti; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2

Georgia, 748-760, King, Adarnase III of Iberia
Georgian King, 748-760, Adarnase III of Iberia; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29;

Georgia, 760-780, King, Nerse of Iberia
Georgian King, 760-780, Nerse of Iberia; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29;

Georgia, 779-861, Saint Gregory of Khandzta (Chandzoe), Girgol
Georgia, 779-861, Saint Gregory of Khandzta Georgia, Khandzta monastery, 782, Founded by St Gregory of Khandzta; St Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated September 25 ; St. Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Georgia, 780-786, King, Stephen III of Iberia
Georgian King, 780-786, Stephen III of Iberia; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29;

Georgia, 782, Khandzta monastery, Founded by St Gregory of Khandzta
Georgia, Khandzta monastery, 782, Founded by St Gregory of Khandzta; St Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated September 25 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated October 5 ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Georgia, 782, Zarzma monastery by Serapion (Kvabliani River, Samtskhe )
Zarzma monastery; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Georgia, 786-830, King, Ashot I of Iberia, fought against Arabs, sought Byzantine protection
Georgian King, 786-830, Ashot I of Iberia; I the Great (died 826/830) was a presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia), first of the Bagratid family to have attained to this office c. 813. his base in Tao-Klarjeti, he fought to enlarge the Bagratid territories and sought the Byzantine protectorate against the Arab encroachment until being murdered c. 826. is also known as Ashot I Kouropalates for the Byzantine Kouropalates title he wore. patron of Christian culture and a friend of the church, he has been canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29;

Georgia, 788-854, Prince Constantine of Khandzta and Kartli, King of Georgia
Georgia, Arab Military Slave, 819-845, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ;

Georgia, 780-1917, Georgian Bagrationi dynasty
Georgian Bagrationi dynasty, 813-1801 or 1917; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Georgia, 790-870, St. Ephraim the Great of Atsquri Fortress
Atsquri Fortress; St. Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on September 25; St. Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15;

Georgia, 800, 9th Century Folder, House of Jaqeli, Samtskhe

Georgia, 800, 9th - 12th century, House of Jaqeli or Chorchaneli
Georgia, 9th - 12th century, House of Jaqeli or Chorchaneli ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2 ;

Georgia, 800, 9th Century -1490, House of George Chorchaneli
Georgia, 9th Century -1490, House of George Chorchaneli ; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ;

Georgia, 813-830, King, Ashot I Kuropalates of Iberia, first of the Bagratid Line
Georgia King, 813-830, Ashot I of Iberia, first of the Bagratid Line; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2 ; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15;

Georgia, 815-959, Hereti Kingdom of Kakheti Region
Hereti Kingdom of Kakheti Region; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30;

Georgia, 819-845, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Georgia, Arab Military Slave, 819-845, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ;

Georgia, 830-876, King, Bagrat I of Iberia, Bagrat Kuropalates
Georgia King, 830-876, Bagrat I of Iberia; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; St. Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Georgia, 837-872, King, Demetre II of Abkhazeti
Georgia King, 837-872, Demetre II of Abkhazeti ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Georgia, 888-923, King, Adarnase IV of Iberia, Bagratid d, Tao-K, Switching Alliances, w Armenia
Georgia, 888-923, King, Adarnase IV of Iberia, Bagratid d, Tao-K, Switching Alliances, w Armenia; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Georgia, 914-1122, History Folder, Arab Muslim Rule in Georgia

Georgia, 900, 10th Century Folder, Arab Rule in Georgia, Iveron Monastery on Mt Athos

Georgia, 900, 10th Century, Queen, Dinar of Hereti
Georgia Queen, 10th Century, Dinar of Hereti; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Georgia, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia, Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Georgia, 914-1122, Arab Rule in Georgia
Georgia, 914-1122, Arab Rule in Georgia; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Georgia, 950-985, General and Saint, Tornike Eristavi, Founder of Iveron Monastery
Iviron monastery ; Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, the Builder, Commemorated on July 28; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13;

Georgia, 955-1002, Saint, John the Iberian, John of Georgia
Georgia, Iberian Saint, 955-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4;

Georgia, 966-1000, K, Davit Kuropalates, T Great, of Tao, unification, w Bardas Phocas, lost to Basil II
Georgia, Iberian King, 966-1000, Davit Kuropalates, The Great; III Kuropalates (Georgian: დავით III კუროპალატი, Davit’ III Kuropalati) or David III the Great (დავით III დიდი, Davit’ III Didi), also known as David II, (c. 930s – 1000/1001) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid family of Tao, a historic region in the Georgian–Armenian marchlands, from 966 until his murder in 1000 or 1001. Kuropalates was a Byzantine courtier title bestowed upon him in 978 and again in 990. David is best known for his crucial assistance to the Byzantine Macedonian dynasty in the 976–9 civil war and his unique role in the political unification of various Georgian polities as well as his patronage of Christian culture and learning. Between 987 and 989, David joined his friend Bardas Phocas in a revolt against the Byzantine emperor Basil II, but was defeated and agreed to cede his lands to the empire on his death. Yet he was able to secure for his heir, Bagrat III, an opportunity to become the first ruler of a unified Georgian kingdom. Venerable John the Georgian, of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 12 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13 ; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12;

Georgia, 975-1014, Georgia King, Bagrat III, Bedia Cathedral, first King of Georgia
Georgia, 975-1014, Georgia King, Bagrat III, Bedia Cathedral ; III (Georgian: ბაგრატ III) (c. 960 – 7 May 1014), of the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Abkhazia from 978 on (as Bagrat II) and King of Georgia from 1008 on. He united these two titles by dynastic inheritance and, through conquest and diplomacy, added more lands to his realm, effectively becoming the first king of the Kingdom of Georgia. Before Bagrat was crowned as king, he had also reigned in Kartli as co-ruler with his father Gurgen from 976 to 978. Bedia Cathedral; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Georgia, 975-1024, Iberian Saint, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator
Georgia, Iberian Saint, 975-1024, Euthymius the Athonite, The Illuminator; Son of Georgia, Iberian Saint, 955-1002, John the Iberian, John of Georgia; St John of Georgia, Commemorated on November 4; St. Euthymius of Athos the translator, Commemorated on May 13;

Georgia, 980-983, Caucasian Iberia (Iveron Monestary, Mt Athos)
Caucasian Iberia; Caucasian Iberia (Iveron Monestary, Mt Athos, Macedonia); Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated September 6 ; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2 ; New Martyr Theologia, Commemorated on January 2; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18 ; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3;

Georgia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, King David IV, The Restorer, The Builder

Georgia, 1000-1040, Saint Basil of Khakhuli, man of letters
Georgia, 1000-1040, Saint Basil of Khakhuli; son of Bagrat (Georgian: ბასილი ბაგრატის ძე; basili bagratis dze) was an 11th-century Georgian monk and man of letters in the Kingdom of Georgia, frequently identified as a son of King Bagrat III. He was active at the Khakhuli Monastery. He is a saint of the Georgian Orthodox Church. Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21 ;

Georgia, 1010-1033, Catholicos Patriarch, Melchizedek I of Georgia
Georgia Catholicos Patriarch, 1010-1033, Melchizedek I of Georgia; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Georgia, 1010-1811, Catholicos-Patriarchy of All Georgia
Georgia, 1010-1811, Catholicos-Patriarchy of All Georgia; Georgia Catholicos Patriarch, 1010-1033, Melchizedek I of Georgia; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Georgia, 1014-1027, King, George I of Georgia
Georgia King, 1014-1027, George I of Georgia ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Georgia, 1027-1072, King, Bagrat IV of Georgia
Georgia King, 1027-1072, Bagrat IV of Georgia; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Georgia, 1029-1065, Saint, George of Mt Athos, Georgian, George the Hagiorite
Georgia, 1029-1065, Saint, George of Mt Athos, Georgian, George the Hagiorite; Georgia King, 1027-1072, Bagrat IV of Georgia; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated on December 21; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Georgia, 1072-1089, King, George II of Georgia
Georgia King, 1072-1089, George II of Georgia; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Georgia, 1083-1140, Philosopher, Ioane Petritsi aka John or Ioane Chimchimeli
Georgia, 1083-1140, Philosopher, Ioane Petritsi aka John or Ioane Chimchimeli ; St. John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10;

Georgia, 1089-1125, King, David IV of Georgia, The Restorer, The Builder
Georgian King, 1089-1125, David IV of Georgia, ; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Georgia, 1089-1118, Tutor, George of Chqondidi, might be Ibadi Vachnadze
Georgian Tutor, 1089-1118, George of Chqondidi; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated on January 18; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Georgia, 1089-1127, Saint, Arsenius of Iqalto, Writer, Philosopher, Theologian, Hymnographer, Tutor
Georgia, 1089-1127, Saint, Arsenius of Iqalto, Writer, Philosopher, Theologian, Hymnographer; Saint Arsenius of Iqalto, Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Georgia, 1100-1260, History Folder, Golden Age

Georgia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, St Queen Tamar, Golden Age

Georgia, 1101-1299, 12th-13th Centuries, Cuman-Kipchaks in Georgia, mercenaries
Qipchaks, Cuman-Kipchaks in Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Georgia, 1103, Council of Ruisi - Urbnisi (Ruisi Cathedral in Urbnisi) Royal Authority curbed Church Power, unified
Georgia, 1103, Council of Ruisi - Urbnisi (Ruisi Cathedral in Urbnisi) Ruisi - Urbnisi (Ruisi Cathedral in Urbnisi); Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Saint Arsenius of Iqalto, Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Georgia, 1121, Battle at Mt Didgori, Georgia over Seljuk Armies
Georgia, 1121, Battle at Mt Didgori battle at Didgori; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Georgia, 1125-1156, King, Demetrius I of Georgia
Georgian King, 1125-1156, Demetrius I of Georgia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Georgia, 1155-1184, King, George III
Georgian King, 1155-1184, George III, Golden Age of Georgia ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Georgia, 1170-1826, Andronikashvili Royal Family, Kakheti
Georgian Andronikashvili Royal Family, 1170-1826; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17;

Georgia, 1184-1213, Georgian King (Queen), Tamar
Georgian King (Queen), 1184-1213, Tamar, Golden Age of Georgia , First of the 13th Century Georgian Leaders, to discover who were those weak Georgian Leader of the 13th century; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Georgia, 1187-1207, David Soslan Bagrationi, King Consort to Tamar
Georgia, 1187-1207, David Soslan Bagrationi, King Consort to Tamar; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Georgia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Georgia over Azerbaijan Persia
Georgia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Azerbaijan, Georgia over Persia; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Georgia, 1195, Persian Azerbaijan invasion of Georgia
Shamkir, Azerbaijan; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Georgia, 1200, 1260-1810, History Folder, Imeretian Kingdom

Georgia, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Battle of Bassian, Home Grown Moslem Terrorists, Multiple M. Invasions

Georgia, 1203, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum, Georgia over Turks
Georgia, 1202, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum; St. Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Georgia, 1223-1245, Georgian King (Queen), Rusudan of Georgia
Georgian King (Queen), 1223-1245, Rusudan of Georgia ; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1;

Georgia, 1227, Home Grown Moslem Terrorists helped Invading Moslems attack Georgia
Khwarezmid Empire; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Georgia, 1247-1270, Georgian King, David VII of Georgia
Georgian King, 1247-1270, David VII of Georgia ; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Georgia, 1247-1270, Mongol Hegemony, Mongol Invasions of Georgia throughout 13th Century
Georgia, 1247-1270, Mongol Hegemony, Mongol Invasions of Georgia throughout 13th Century; St. Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30;

Georgia, 1260-1810, Imeretian Kingdom
Georgia, Imeretian Kingdom; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New;

Georgia, 1270-1289, Georgian King, Demetrius II, The Devoted, 3 wives at once, went to Khan to be killed
Georgian King, 1270-1289, Demetrius II, The Devoted ; II the Self-Sacrificer or the Devoted (1259-12 March 1289) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was king of Georgia in 1270–1289. 1 Life 2 Marriages and children 3 References 4 External links II goes to the Khan", by Henryk Hryniewski. of King David VII and his wife Gvantsa, Demetrius was only 2 years old when his mother was killed by the Mongols in 1261. He succeeded on his father's death in 1270, when he was 11 years old. He ruled under the regency of Sadun Mankaberdeli for some time. In 1277–1281, he took part in Abaqa Khan's campaigns against Egypt and in particularly distinguished himself at the Second Battle of Homs, (29 October 1281). Although he continued to be titled "king of Georgians and Abkhazians, etc", Demetrius's rule extended only over the eastern part of the kingdom. Western Georgia was under the rule of the Imeretian branch of the Bagrationi dynasty. Demetrius was considered quite a controversial person. Devoted to Christianity, he was criticized for his polygamy.[citation needed] In 1288, on the order of Arghun Khan, he subdued the rebel province of Derbend at the Caspian Sea. The same year, Arghun revealed a plot organized by his powerful minister Buqa, whose son was married to Demetrius's daughter. Bugha and his family were massacred, and the Georgian king, suspected to be involved in a plot, was ordered to the Mongol capital, or Arghun threatened to invade Georgia. Despite much advice from nobles, Demetrius headed for the Khan's residence to face apparent death, and was imprisoned there. He was beheaded at Movakan on 12 March 1289. He was buried at Mtskheta, Georgia, and canonized by the Georgian Orthodox Church. was succeeded by his cousin Vakhtang II. St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3; St. John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16; St Basil Ratishvili of Georgia, Commemorated on April 18 ;

Georgia, 1289-1292, King, Vakhtang II of Georgia
Georgian King, 1289-1292, Vakhtang II of Georgia; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3;

Georgia, 1292-1311, King, David VIII of Georgia
Georgian King, 1292-1311, David VIII of Georgia; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3;

Georgia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Tamerlane Invasions, Black Plague

Georgia, 1302-1308, Georgian King, Vakhtang III of Georgia
Georgian King, 1302-1308, Vakhtang III of Georgia ; Venerable Nicholas, Radiant Star of the Georgians, Commemorated on November 3;

Georgia, 1314-1346, King George V of Georgia, The Brilliant
Georgian King, 1314-1346, George V of Georgia, The Brilliant; St. Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Georgia, 1360-1394, Georgian King, Bagrat V
Georgian King, 1360-1394, Bagrat V ; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10;

Georgia, 1360-1394, Timur (Tamerlane) invaded Georgia seven times (1360-1394)
Georgia,Timur (Tamerlane) invaded Georgia seven times (1360-1394) ; Timur (Tamerlane) ; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10;

Georgia, 1366, Black Plague in Georgia
Georgia, 1366, Black Plague in Georgia; St. Euthymius the Elder of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8;

Georgia, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze

Georgia, 1412-1907, Chavchavadze Family, of Alazani, Kakheti
Georgia, Alazani, Kakheti, 1412-1907, Chavchavadze Family; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20;

Georgia, 1442-1446, Georgian King, Vakhtang IV of Georgia
Georgian King, 1442-1446, Vakhtang IV of Georgia; Icon of the Mother of God of Okonsk, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated on October 30; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Georgia, 1446-1466, Last King of United Georgia, George VIII
Georgian King, 1446-1466, George VIII ; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated on October 30; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Georgia, 1466-1762, Kingdom of Kartli
Georgia, 1466-1762, Kingdom of Kartli;

Georgia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Luther's 95 Theses, Queen Ketevan

Georgia, 1512-1801, House of Makhran-Batoni
Georgia, House of Makhran-Batoni, 1512-1801 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13;

Georgia, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Georgia, 1539-1561, Ashotan I, Prince of Mukhrani
Georgian Prince, 1539-1561, Ashotan I, Prince of Mukhrani ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13;

Georgia, 1549-1591, Saint, Nicholas V of Georgia, Catholicos Patriarch
Georgian Saint, 1549-1591, Nicholas V of Georgia, Catholicos Patriarch; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Georgia, 1520-1574, Georgian King, Levan 1 of Kakheti
Georgia, 1520-1574, Georgian King, Levan 1 of Kakheti; Georgian King, 1574-1605, Alexander II of Kakheti ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Georgia, 1574-1605, Georgian King, Alexander II of Kakheti
Georgian King, 1574-1605, Alexander II of Kakheti ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Georgia, 1580-1624, Ketevan the Martyr, Queen of Kakheti
Georgia, 1580-1624, Ketevan the Martyr, Queen of Kakheti; St. Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1 (Not the same Ketevan ?);

Georgia, 1599-1606, King, George X of Kartli
Georgian King, 1599-1606, George X of Kartli ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Georgia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Persian Resettlement, Catolicos Evdemoz, Queen Ketevan

Georgia, 1601-1602, King, David I of Kakheti
Georgian King, 1601-1602, David I of Kakheti; Georgian Queen, 1601-1602, Ketevan the Martyr; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Georgia, 1601-1602, Queen, Ketevan the Martyr
Georgian Queen, 1601-1602, Ketevan the Martyr; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13;

Georgia, 1605, King, Constantine I of Kakheti, Shia
Georgian Queen, 1601-1602, Ketevan the Martyr; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Georgia, 1605, Prince, Prince George of Kakheti (died 1605)
Georgian Prince, 1605, Prince George of Kakheti (died 1605); Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Georgia, 1605-1648, King, Teimuraz I of Kakheti
Georgian King, 1605-1648, Teimuraz I of Kakheti ; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti
Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Georgia, 1606-1616, King, Luarsab II of Kartli
Georgian King, 1606-1616, Luarsab II of Kartli ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Theodore (Tevdore) of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8;

Georgia, 1609, Turkish Invasion, Kvenadkotsi, Georgia (between Gori and Surami)
In 1609 Georgia suffered invasion by a Turkish army under the leadership of Deli-Mamad-khan. The young emperor gave decisive battle to the Turks near the village of Kvenadkotsi (between Gori and Surami). On the eve of battle the 14,000 Georgians spent all night in prayer. In the morning after Divine Liturgy and having received the Holy Mysteries, the Georgian forces put 60,000 enemy soldiers to flight in a heroic battle. Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Georgia, 1615-1619, King, Bagrat VII of Kartli
Georgian King, 1615-1619, Bagrat VII of Kartli; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3 ; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Georgia, 1616, Abbas I of Persia war with Georgia
Abbas I of Persia attack on Georgia (1616) ; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Georgia, 1616, Persian Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war, Shah Abbas 1, Resettlement
Shah Abbas 1; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war 1616 Shah Abbas 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ;

Georgia, 1617-1642, Saint, Eudemus I, Catholicos of Georgia
Georgia, 1617-1642, Saint, Eudemus I, Catholicos of Georgia; Bodbe Monastery; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ;

Georgia, 1621-1682, Queen Mariam Dadiani
Mingrelia (Samegrelo); Georgia, 1621-1682, Queen Mariam Dadiani; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Georgia, 1625, Battle of Martkopi, Georgia defeats Persia
Martkopi, Georgia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Georgia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia
Georgia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia Marabda; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ;

Georgia, 1630, Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery
Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery 1630 Abbas I of Persia attack on Georgia (1616) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Georgia, 1632-1642, Catholicos, Evdemoz or Eudemus I of Georgia
Georgian Catholicos, 1632-1642, Evdemoz or Eudemus I of Georgia ; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Georgia, 1632-1658, King, Rostom-Khan or Rostom of Kartli, Shia Muslim
Georgian King, 1632-1658, Rostom-Khan or Rostom of Kartli, Shia Muslim; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Georgia, 1645-1762, Kingdom of Kakheti, Eastern Georgia
Kingdom of Kakheti; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Georgia, 1650-1660, Saint, Bidzina Cholokashvili
Georgia, 1650-1660, Saint, Bidzina Cholokashvili; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Georgia, 1658-1675, King, King Vakhtang V of Kartli, Shia Muslim
Georgian King, 1658-1675, King Vakhtang V of Kartli, Shia Muslim ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1661-1675, King, Archil II of Imereti
Georgian King, 1661-1675, Archil II of Imereti ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1675-1703, King, Heraclius I of Kakheti
Georgian King, 1675-1703, Heraclius I of Kakheti; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1700, 18th and 19th Century, Georgia under Russian Control

Georgia, 1703-1724, Georgian King, Vakhtang VI, of Kartli
Georgian King, 1703-1724, Vakhtang VI, of Kartli; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgian King, 1724-1727, Jesse of Kartli
Georgian King, 1724-1727, Jesse of Kartli; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1727-1744, King, Teimuraz II of Kakheti, Power after Turks and G rebel against Persians, s rus help, poet
Georgian King, 1727-1744, Teimuraz II of Kakheti; II (1680/1700-1762) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from 1732 to 1744, then of Kartli from 1744 until his death. Teimuraz was also a lyric poet. 1 Life 2 Reburial 3 Family 4 References 5 Sources was a son of Erekle I and his wife Anna. Together with his mother, Teimuraz ruled as regent for his absent brother David II (Imam Quli-Khan) from 1709 to 1715. In 1732, the Turks killed the next king and Teimuraz’s other brother, Constantine, and took control of his kingdom. His successor, Teimuraz, fled to the mountains of Pshavi and fought the occupants from there. July 1735, the resurgent Persian ruler Nader Shah Afshar invaded Kakheti and forced the Turks out of most of eastern Georgia. Nader summoned Teimuraz to his headquarters at Erivan and, upon his refusal to convert to Islam, had him detained. was placed under the nominal government of Teimuraz's Muslim nephew Ali Mirza. In October 1735, Teimuraz escaped to the mountains of Kakheti and fomented unrest against the Persian rule, but he was captured by the close of 1736. these years, part of Georgian nobles staged a powerful rebellion against the Persian regime. 1738, the shah had to release Teimuraz to counter the Georgian opposition, and made him governor of Kakheti, while his son Erekle II campaigned with Nader in India.[1][2] uprising now turned into a brutal civil war between pro- and anti-Persian factions. Teimuraz, aided by his son Erekle II, was able to crush the rebels led by Givi Amilakhvari. a reward, the shah abolished, in 1742, a heavy tribute laid upon Kakheti, and helped Teimuraz to subdue autonomous duchies of the Aragvi and the Ksani in 1743 and 1744 respectively. For his service against the Ottomans and an anti-Persian revolt, in 1744, Teimuraz was confirmed by the shah as king of Kartli, and his son Erekle was given a Kakhetian crown, thus laying the ground for the eventual reunification of these Georgian kingdoms. importantly, they were recognised as Christian kings for the first time since 1632. Both monarchs were crowned at the Cathedral of the Living Pillar (Svetitskhoveli) at Mtskheta on October 1, 1745. their power growing increasingly stronger, Teimuraz and Erekle soon repudiated their allegiance to the Persian suzerain. Shah ordered 30,000 Persian troops to move into Georgia and entrusted a Georgian convert (and a former anti-Persian leader) Amilakhvari with the punitive operation. The shah was, however, murdered in 1747, and his empire became engulf into complete chaos. rulers of Kartli and Kakheti took advantage of the situation and expelled all Persian garrisons from their kingdoms. 1749 to 1750, they checked several attempts of Persian pretenders to create their powerbase in the eastern Transcaucasia, and made the neighbouring khanates of Yerevan, Ganja, and Nakhichevan their tributaries. fought then against the Dagestani clansmen who frequently raided the Georgian marchlands, but without complete success. several previous Georgian rulers, he hoped that the expanding Russian empire would be the only protector for the Christians of Caucasus against the Ottoman and Persian aggressions. sent an embassy to St Petersburg in 1752, but nothing came of this mission. In 1760, he visited the Russian court himself to gain a support for his project of a Georgian expedition to Persia to put a Russian candidate on the shah’s throne. The Russians were too preoccupied with the Seven Years' War to seriously consider Teimuraz’s idea. died suddenly in the Russian capital on January 8, 1762 (just a fortnight after Elizabeth of Russia incidentally), and was buried next to his father-in-law Vakhtang VI in the Cathedral of the Assumption, Astrakhan. his death, Erekle succeeded as king of Kartli, bringing both eastern Georgian kingdoms into a single state (Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti) he was constantly at war or on guard, Teimuraz found some time to translate from Persian and compose, virtually on horseback, his own poems and lyrics. Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1736, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni, Invaded Georgia, destroyed Shio's relics
Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime (relics story), Commemorated on March 3;

Georgia, 1744-1761, Teimuraz II, Kakheti and Kartli, sought Russian help
Georgian King, 1744-1761, Teimuraz II, of Kakheti and Kartli; II (1680/1700-1762) of the Bagrationi dynasty, was a king of Kakheti, eastern Georgia, from 1732 to 1744, then of Kartli from 1744 until his death. Teimuraz was also a lyric poet. 1 Life 2 Reburial 3 Family 4 References 5 Sources was a son of Erekle I and his wife Anna. Together with his mother, Teimuraz ruled as regent for his absent brother David II (Imam Quli-Khan) from 1709 to 1715. In 1732, the Turks killed the next king and Teimuraz’s other brother, Constantine, and took control of his kingdom. His successor, Teimuraz, fled to the mountains of Pshavi and fought the occupants from there. July 1735, the resurgent Persian ruler Nader Shah Afshar invaded Kakheti and forced the Turks out of most of eastern Georgia. Nader summoned Teimuraz to his headquarters at Erivan and, upon his refusal to convert to Islam, had him detained. was placed under the nominal government of Teimuraz's Muslim nephew Ali Mirza. In October 1735, Teimuraz escaped to the mountains of Kakheti and fomented unrest against the Persian rule, but he was captured by the close of 1736. these years, part of Georgian nobles staged a powerful rebellion against the Persian regime. 1738, the shah had to release Teimuraz to counter the Georgian opposition, and made him governor of Kakheti, while his son Erekle II campaigned with Nader in India.[1][2] uprising now turned into a brutal civil war between pro- and anti-Persian factions. Teimuraz, aided by his son Erekle II, was able to crush the rebels led by Givi Amilakhvari. a reward, the shah abolished, in 1742, a heavy tribute laid upon Kakheti, and helped Teimuraz to subdue autonomous duchies of the Aragvi and the Ksani in 1743 and 1744 respectively. For his service against the Ottomans and an anti-Persian revolt, in 1744, Teimuraz was confirmed by the shah as king of Kartli, and his son Erekle was given a Kakhetian crown, thus laying the ground for the eventual reunification of these Georgian kingdoms. importantly, they were recognised as Christian kings for the first time since 1632. Both monarchs were crowned at the Cathedral of the Living Pillar (Svetitskhoveli) at Mtskheta on October 1, 1745. their power growing increasingly stronger, Teimuraz and Erekle soon repudiated their allegiance to the Persian suzerain. Shah ordered 30,000 Persian troops to move into Georgia and entrusted a Georgian convert (and a former anti-Persian leader) Amilakhvari with the punitive operation. The shah was, however, murdered in 1747, and his empire became engulf into complete chaos. rulers of Kartli and Kakheti took advantage of the situation and expelled all Persian garrisons from their kingdoms. 1749 to 1750, they checked several attempts of Persian pretenders to create their powerbase in the eastern Transcaucasia, and made the neighbouring khanates of Yerevan, Ganja, and Nakhichevan their tributaries. fought then against the Dagestani clansmen who frequently raided the Georgian marchlands, but without complete success. several previous Georgian rulers, he hoped that the expanding Russian empire would be the only protector for the Christians of Caucasus against the Ottoman and Persian aggressions. sent an embassy to St Petersburg in 1752, but nothing came of this mission. In 1760, he visited the Russian court himself to gain a support for his project of a Georgian expedition to Persia to put a Russian candidate on the shah’s throne. The Russians were too preoccupied with the Seven Years' War to seriously consider Teimuraz’s idea. died suddenly in the Russian capital on January 8, 1762 (just a fortnight after Elizabeth of Russia incidentally), and was buried next to his father-in-law Vakhtang VI in the Cathedral of the Assumption, Astrakhan. his death, Erekle succeeded as king of Kartli, bringing both eastern Georgian kingdoms into a single state (Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti) he was constantly at war or on guard, Teimuraz found some time to translate from Persian and compose, virtually on horseback, his own poems and lyrics. St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 17; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Georgia, 1752-1782, King, Solomon I of Imereti, The Great
Georgia, 1752-1782, King, Solomon I of Imereti, The Great ; St. Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St. Anthony of Chqondidi, Commemorated on October 13;

Georgia, 1762-1798, King, Heraclius II (Erekle II) of Georgia and Kartli
Georgian King, 1762-1798, Heraclius II (Erekle II) of Georgia and Kartli; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chqondidi, Commemorated on October 13; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 17; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, 1762-1800, Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, Tbilisi, Georgia
Georgian Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti, 1762-1800, Tbilisi, Georgia; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2;

Georgia, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74), Turks in Georgia
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Georgia, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire
Georgia, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire; Saint Hilarion the New of Georgia, Commemorated on February 14; the Russian annexation of Kartli-Kakheti, the imperial court of the tsar increased diplomatic correspondence with the court of King Solomon II. king was urged likewise to unite the Imeretian Kingdom to Russia. Solomon summoned a council of noblemen, and it was decided that Imereti would remain independent, while maintaining friendly relations with Russia until the king’s death. However, it was agreed that since King Solomon had no heir, after his repose the court of the imperial tsar would acquire jurisdiction over the region. the political climate in Georgia became increasingly tense, and the ability of the Imeretian court to govern was severely undermined. court was suddenly besieged with cases of envy and treason, and it became necessary for the king to flee to Turkey. Protopresbyter Ise Qanchaveli accompanied King Solomon II to his place of exile and remained with him to the end of the king’s life. the king’s death in 1815, Fr. Ise received an amnesty from Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) on behalf of the king and his court. Ise himself planned to go into reclusion in the village where he was born, King Solomon’s widow, Queen Mariam, summoned him to Moscow where she was being held in “honorable captivity.” Fr. Ise brought to her a piece of the Life-giving Cross of our Lord, which had belonged to King Solomon, and the queen preserved her husband’s treasure in the court church. life at the imperial court was tiresome for the God-fearing Fr. Ise, so he exchanged his clothing for beggars’ rags and set off for Mt. Athos in the year 1819.

Georgia, 1789-1815, Georgian King, Solomon II of Imereti, final King of G
Georgian King, 1789-1815,Solomon II of Imereti; II (1772 – February 7, 1815), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was the last King of Imereti (western Georgia) from 1789 to 1790 and from 1792 until his deposition by the Imperial Russian government in 1810. was born as David to Prince Archil of Imereti, brother of King Solomon I of Imereti, by his wife Helene, daughter of King Heraclius II of Georgia. Solomon I, who died in 1784 without a male heir, named his nephew David as his successor. However, Solomon's cousin David II prevented him, and another rival prince, from being crowned as king and occupied the throne, leading to a civil war. II interfered on behalf of his grandson and sent in an army, defeating David II at the Battle of Matkhoji on June 11, 1789. David, son of Archil, was crowned as King of Imereti under the name of Solomon II, but David II continued his efforts to resume the throne until his final defeat in 1792. He ruled under the protection of his maternal grandfather, Heraclius II, and continued Solomon I's policy of restricting the powers of feudal aristocracy. In 1795, he and Heraclius fought with a small Imeretian force at the Battle of Krtsanisi against the Persians, only to be completely defeated by the latter. Heraclius' death in 1798, and the annexation of the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (east of Imereti) by Russia in 1800, the situation in Imereti became precarious. refractory vassals, princes of Mingrelia and Guria (west of Imereti), assumed the Russian protection and put forward territorial claims to the royal domains. Solomon attempted to enlist Ottoman and Persian support against the anticipated Russian encroachment. However, the Russian commander in Georgia, Prince Pavel Tsitsianov, moved his army into Imereti and forced Solomon to succumb to Russian vassalage in the convention of Elaznauri of April 25, 1804. Yet, Solomon's relations with Russia continued to be strained. February 20, 1810, the Russian administration removed Solomon from the throne and sent in troops to take control of the kingdom. Solomon retaliated by rallying people against Russia and tried to enlist Turkey, Persia and Napoleonic France in his cause. Outnumbered and defeated, Solomon fled to the Ottoman possessions in Trebizond where he died in 1815 and was buried at the Saint Gregory of Nyssa Church.[1] The body of Solomon II, the last reigning Georgian king, was moved from Trebizond to Gelati Monastery, Georgia, in 1990.[2] was married to Mariam (1783–1841), daughter of Katsia Dadiani, Prince of Mingrelia, with no children. St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, 1795, Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors
Georgia, Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, 1795, Muslim Traitors inside the gates ; Persian Qajar Shah, 1789-1797, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Georgia, 1797, Black Plague in Georgia
Georgia, 1366, Black Plague in Georgia; St. Euthymius the Elder of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8;

Georgia, 1798-1800, King, George XII of Georgia
Georgian King, 1798-1800, George XII of Georgia; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chqondidi, Commemorated on October 13; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, 1800, 19th Century, History Folder, Dagestani Muslim Invasions

Georgia, 1802, Great Fast of 1802 (Lent)
The Great Fast ; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, 1851, Dagestani Invasions of David Gareja Monastery 1851
Georgia, Dagestani Invasion 1851; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Georgia, 1844-1907, Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo
Georgia, 1844-1907, Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27;

Georgia, 1854-1931, Historian, Zakaria Chichinadze
Georgian Historian, 1854-1931, Zakaria Chichinadze ; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Georgia, 1857-1907, Politician, Ilia Chavchavadze, Ilia the Righteous
Georgia, 1857-1907, Ilia Chavchavadze, Ilia the Righteous; Georgian Politician, 1857-1907, Ilia Chavchavadze; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St. Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16;

Georgia, 1875-1918, Saint, Kyrion II of Georgia
Georgia, 1875-1918, Saint, Kyrion II of Georgia; Nikozi (Inner Kartli); Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Georgia, 1900, 20th Centory, History Folder, British Protection, Soviet Union, and Georgia

Georgia, 1918-1920, Georgia under British Protection
Georgia, 1918-1920, Georgia under British Protection;

Georgia, 1920-1991, Georgia in the Soviet Union
Georgia, 1920-1991, Georgia in the Soviet Union;

Georgia, 1989, Arrival of Iveron Protectoress Icon
Georgia, 1989, Arrival of Iveron Protectoress Icon ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River Folder, Samtskhe, Ossetia South, and Kartli

Kura (Mtkvari) River

Kura (Mtkvari) River Source (Lesser Caucasus)
Lesser Caucasus;

Kola, the village of Kola was located at the source of the Mtkvari River
Kola, the village of Kola was located at the source of the Mtkvari River; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated on February 22 ; centuries ago, the village of Kola was located at the source of the Mtkvari River.

Kola, Georgia (Kura (Mtkvari) River Source)
Kola; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated February 21 ;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 1,2,3,4,&5, Samtskhe Folder (Southern G, rivers flow North)

Kura (Mtkvari) River 1 (Artaani Region)

Samtskhe-Saatabago (Kura River Source)
Samtskhe; Samtskhe; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery, Commemorated December 31;

Samtskhe region (Southern Georgia, aka Meskheti and Javakheti)
Samtskhe; Samtskhe; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated on October 30; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

House of Chorchaneli, House of Jaqeli, George Chorchaneli
House of Chorchaneli, House of Jaqeli; St. Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated on October 29; St. George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2;

Meskheti (mountainous area of Southwestern Georgia, Samtskhe, Javakheti)
Meskheti; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; St Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on September 25 ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Artaani or Erusheti Region, Southern Georgia along Upper Kura River
Artaani Region; Erusheti Region; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 2 (Artaani Region)

Kura (Mtkvari) River 3 (Artaani Region)

Erusheti, Javakheti, Samtskhe, Georgia (Early center of Georgian Christianity, Kura River 3)
Erusheti, Javakheti, Georgia (Early center of Georgian Christianity); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Erusheti Mountain Range (along current Turkey Georgia border)
Erusheti, Javakheti, Georgia (Early center of Georgian Christianity); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Kvelistsikhe Fortress, Southern Georgia (Kura River 3.5)
Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Erusheti, Javakheti, Georgia (Early center of Georgian Christianity); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 4 (current border)

House of Jaqeli (Chorchaneli), Principality of Samtskhe
House of Jaqeli (Chorchaneli), Principality of Samtskhe; St. Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated on October 29; St. George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 4, Kvabliani&Sairme Folder, Zarzma Mts, South flow from Meskheti

Kvabliani River

Tsiskvili (Zarzma)
Tsiskvili: the residents of Tsiskvili met them with hostility and tried to block their path. That very same night a miracle occurred: an earthquake split the rocks that were holding back Lake Satakhve and washed away the entire village of Tsiskvili. Only two brothers survived. To this day this place has been called ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœZarzmaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ [the word ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœzariÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ is often used to denote a tragic occurrence]. Zarzma monastery St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated on October 29 ;

Zarzma monastery (Kvabliani River, Kura River 4, Samtskhe ) 782 approx. by Serapion
Zarzma monastery; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Kvabliani River Source (Meskheti Range)

Kvabliani River Mouth (Kura River 5)

Sairme River

Meskheti Range
Meskheti Range near Abastumani Georgia;

Sairme, Sairme Monastery, 1788
Sairme; Sairme Monastery; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ;

Odzrkhe Monastery, Sairme, Georgia, 1788
Odzrkhe; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 5, Javakheti River Folder, Southern Georgia, Atsquri Fortress

Kura (Mtkvari) River 5 (ravine begins)
Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Javakheti Region (South Central Georgia)
Javakheti Region, Historically, Javakheti borders in the west to the Kura River (Mtkvari), and in the north, south and east with the Shavvasheti, Samsari and Nialiskuri mountains.; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Samtskhe-Javakheti
Samtskhe; Samtskhe; St Serapion of Zarzma; St Jotham Zedgenidze; Venerable Sabiana, Abbess of the Samtskhe Monastery

Javakheti Mountains, South Central Georgia
Javakheti Range runs north to souith; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Javakheti River (Southern Georgia)

Javakheti River Source (Javakheti Mountains)

Lake Paravani, South Central Georgia
Lake Paravani; St Jotham Zedgenidze, Commemorated October 30; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on January 14 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29 ; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19;

Ninotsminda (Javakheti River, Meskheti Region, Souther Georgia)
Ninotsminda; St Arsenius the Bishop of Ninotsminda, Commemorated on July 31 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17;

Tsqarostavi Church
Erusheti or the Tsqarostavi Church in the Javakheti region. Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Vardzia Cave Monestary, southern Georgia (Javakheti River) 1180's
Vardzia Monestary; Vardzia Cave Monestary, southern Georgia (Javakheti River) 1180's; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Kumurdo Cathedral, Southern Georgia, 964
Kumurdo Cathedral, Southern Georgia; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1;

Javakheti (Javakheti River)
Javakheti; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Samtskhe Tadzrisi Monastery

Sapara (Samtskhe) Monastery
Sapara (Samtskhe) Monastery;

Akhaltsikhe, Georgia (Javakheti River Mouth, Kura River 5)
Akhaltsikhe; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Atsquri Fortress, 850 or middle of the 9th Century
Atsquri Fortress; St. Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on September 25; St. Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15;

Tadzrisi, Samtskhe (Kura River 5 where ravine begins)
Tadzrisi, Samtskhe, Georgia (Kura River 5 where Ravine Begins); Venerable George of Mount Athos, Commemorated on June 27;

Dviri Monastery in Borjomi town (Kura River 5.6)
Dviri Fortress in Borjomi town (Kura River 5.6) Borjomi town in Borjomi Region; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Dviri Fortress in Borjomi town (Kura River 5.6)
Dviri Fortress in Borjomi town (Kura River 5.6) Borjomi town in Borjomi Region; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Borjomi town in Borjomi Region (Kura River 5.6)
Borjomi town in Borjomi Region; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Nedzvi [Akhaldaba] Monastery (Kura River 5.7)
Nedzvi [Akhaldaba] Monastery); Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 6, 7, and 8, Rivers flow South, Ossetia South

Ossetia South, Central Georgia, now Shida Kartli, Kura River 6, 7, & 8
Ossetia; Ossetians; South Ossetia (now Shida Kartli); Ossetia (now Shida Kartli); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Khevi Area (Kazbegi District, Ossetia North, and Mtskheta Region, Ossetia South)
Khevi Area; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 6 (ravine ends)
Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Kvelta, Georgia (end of the ravine, Kura River 6)
Kvelta; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8;

Surami, Georgia (Kura River 6)
Surami; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 7 (Liakhvi River)

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 7, Liakhvi River Folder, Kvabtakhevi M, Samachablo d

Liakhvi River

Liakhvi River Source 2

Liakhvi River Source 1 (along the border)

Liakhvi River Source 2 (along the border)

Liakhvi River Gorge
Liakhvi Gorge; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Samachablo district, Georgia
Samachablo district; St John, Commemorated on September 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ;

Caucasus
Caucasus; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24 ; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Transcaucasus 1
Transcaucasus; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30 ;

Transcaucasus 2
Transcaucasus; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Liakhvi River 1 (Kvabtakhevi Monastery)

Tskhinvali, Georgia (capital of Ossetia South)
Tskhinvali; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ; Samachablo; St John, Commemorated on September 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated September 29 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ;

Tbeti monastery (Kartli, Central Georgia, Liakhvi River 1)
Tbeti monastery; Kartli, Central-Eastern Georgia, includes Tiblisi; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated October 5 ;

Ikorta church, Inner Kartli (Liakhvi River 1)
Ikorta church; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ;

Shida [Inner] Kartli
Shida [Inner] Kartli; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Kvabtakhevi Monastery, Central Georgia (Liakhvi River 1) 1180's
Kvabtakhevi Monastery; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Nikozi, Georgia (Ossetia South, Inner Kartli, Liakhvi River 1)
Nikozi (Inner Kartli); Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Saint Hilarion the New of Georgia, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Liakhvi River Mouth (Gori, Kura River 7)

Lori and nearby Castle of Agarani,where Tamar suddenly became ill
Lori and nearby Castle of Agarani,where Tamar suddenly became ill; Gori, Georgia; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Gori (Lori), Georgia (Liakhvi River Mouth, Kura (Mtkvari) River7)
Gori, Georgia; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Kvenadkotsi, Georgia 1609 (between Gori and Surami)
In 1609 Georgia suffered invasion by a Turkish army under the leadership of Deli-Mamad-khan. The young emperor gave decisive battle to the Turks near the village of Kvenadkotsi (between Gori and Surami). On the eve of battle the 14,000 Georgians spent all night in prayer. In the morning after Divine Liturgy and having received the Holy Mysteries, the Georgian forces put 60,000 enemy soldiers to flight in a heroic battle. Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Shida (Inner) Kartli
Shida (Inner) Kartli; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia,Commemorated on October 28 ;

Urbnisi, Central Georgia (Liakhvi River, Kura River 7)
Urbnisi; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Ruisi - Urbnisi (Ruisi Cathedral in Urbnisi, Kura River 7, Liakhvi River Mouth) 780
Ruisi - Urbnisi (Ruisi Cathedral in Urbnisi); 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 7.5, Ksani River Folder

Ksani River

Ksani River Source (Greater Caucusus Mountain Range)

Ksani River 1
St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia; Once, with the blessing of his teacher Saint John of Zedazeni, Saint Jesse performed a miracle to strengthen the people in their Faith. He descended to the bank of the Ksani River, followed by Saint John and a multitude of people. He made the sign of the Cross over the river, touched his staff to the water and commanded: “In the name of our Lord and God Jesus Christ, I command you, river: follow me!â€ÂÂ Immediately the river reversed its current and began to flow backwards, following in Saint Jesse’s footsteps right up to Tsilkani Church.

Ksani River 2

Ksani River Mouth (Kura River 7.5)

Ksani Fortress, Central Georgia (Ksani River Mouth)
Ksani Fortress; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 7.5, Ksani River Mouth, Narekvavi River Folder, Tsilikani

Narckvavi River

Narekvavi River Source

Narekvavi River 1 (Tsilkani, and Tsilikani Cathedral)

Tsilkani, Georgia (Narekvavi River 1)
Tsilkani, Georgia (Town near T. Cathedral, Narekvavi River 1); St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia;

Tsilkani Church, (Probably near Tsilkani Cathedral, Narekvavi River 1)
Tsilkani Church, (Probably near Ksani Fortress, Ksani River 2); Icon of the Mother of God Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe HealerÃ‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated December 2; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Tsilkani cathedral (Left Bank of the Narckvavi)
Tsilkani cathedral; The Healer Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 18;

Narekvavi River Mouth, Ksani River Mouth

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 7.8, Kaspi River Folder

Kaspi River

Kaspi River Source

Kaspi River 1 (Armazi)

Armazi Monastery, Georgia (Kaspi River 1) 1150
Armazi Monestary; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St John, Commemorated on September 21 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ;

Armazi Fortress, Ossetia South
Armazi Fortress; Vakhtang could run up here from down at Mtskheta. Vested in armor and fully armed, he could carry a war-horse on his shoulders and climb from Mtskheta to the Armazi Fortress in the mountains outside the city. On foot he could outrun a deer. St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Tsikhegoji (Armazi, Kaspi River 1)
Tsikhegoji; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia;

Kaspi River 2 (Samtavisi)

Samtavisi Monastery, Kaspi, Georgia
Samtavisi Monastery; Nevertheless, that night the priests and monks of Rekhi came, took the body of the holy martyr, and buried it with great honor at Samtavisi Monastery (located midway between Mtskheta and Gori). Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Kaspi, Georgia (Kaspi River Mouth, Kura River 7.8)
Kaspi; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 8 (Mtskheta, Aragvi River)

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 8, Aragvi River Folder, Mtskheta

Aragvi River

Aragvi River Source (North of Gudari)

Aragvi River 1 (Pshavi)

Khevsureti (Aragvi River 1)
Khevsureti; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18 ;

Pshavi (Aragvi River 1)
Pshavi; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18 ;

Aragvi Gorge
Aragvi Gorge; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Aragvi River 2

Aragvi River Mouth (Samtavro aka Mtskheta, Kura River 8)
Aragvi Province; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia;

Aragvi River Mouth, Mtsheta Folder, Zedezeni, Saguramo, Cave of Shio

Mtskheta, Georgia (Aragvi River Mouth (Kura River 8))
Mtskheta; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated July 29 ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Karsani, Mtskheta, Georgia (Aragvi River Mouth (Kura River 8))
Mtskheta; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated July 29 ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Tkhoti Mountain - One of the Three Crosses
Tkhoti Mountain is the mountain to the North West of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monestary is to the South East of Mtskheta. Ujarma village is to the North East of Mtskheta. Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Jvari (Cross) Monastery is at the confluence of the Aragvi and Mtkvari Rivers. The capital is Tiblizi.

Zedazeni Mountain, Saguramo Range, Mtskheta, Georgia
Zedazeni Mountain; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9;

Saguramo (Zedazeni, Aragvi River 2)
Saguramo Range (including Zedazeni Mountain) located immediately to the north of Tiblisi and south of Saguramo and Zedazeni Monastery. ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20 ;

Zedazeni Monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia (Aragvi River 2) 540's
Zedazeni Monastery. This location is only approximate. Zedazeni Monestary is located on the Zedazeni mountain the hills of Saguramo, northeast to Mtskheta and to the east side of the Aragvi River. ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated December 2 ; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated December 12 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St Mamai the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on May 3; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Saguramo Range
Saguramo Range (including Zedazeni Mountain) located immediately to the north of Tiblisi and south of Saguramo and Zedazeni Monastery. ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20 ;

Shio Mgvime monastery, Georgia (the cave of Shio, Kura River 8) 540's
Shio Mgvime (the cave of Shio); St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9;

Tsikhedidi Village, across Kura River from Caves of Shio, Mgvime Monastery
Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28; Shio Mgvime (the cave of Shio); Saint Evagrisi, disciple of Saint Shio, Commemorated on February 4;

Mgvime, Shio Mgvime monastery, Georgia (the cave of Shio, Kura River 8) 540's
Shio Mgvime (the cave of Shio); St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio, Commemorated February 4 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated March 3 ; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9;

Sarkineti Mountains, Mtskheta, Georgia
St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio; St John (Chrysostom) IV, the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on March 3;

Armazi Monastery, Georgia (near Mtskheta)
Armazi Monastery; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ;

Tsitsamuri Forest near Tsitsamuri
Tsitsamuri Forest near Tsitsamuri Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20 ;

Ujarma Village, Mtskheta, Georgia, One of the Three Crosses
Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia; Tkhoti Mountain is the mountain to the North West of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monestary is to the South East of Mtskheta. Ujarma village is to the North East of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monastery is at the confluence of the Aragvi and Mtkvari Rivers. The capital is Tiblizi. St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia;

Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Mtskheta, Georgia, 310 approx.
Svetitskhoveli Cathedral; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29 ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Jvari (Cross) Monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia, One of the Three Crosses, 320 approx.
Jvari (monastery) Tkhoti Mountain is the mountain to the North West of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monestary is to the South East of Mtskheta. Ujarma village is to the North East of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monastery is at the confluence of the Aragvi and Mtkvari Rivers. The capital is Tiblizi.; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Holy Cross (Jvari) Monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia, 320 approx.
Jvari (monastery) Tkhoti Mountain is the mountain to the North West of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monestary is to the South East of Mtskheta. Ujarma village is to the North East of Mtskheta. Jvari (Cross) Monastery is at the confluence of the Aragvi and Mtkvari Rivers. The capital is Tiblizi.; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Samtavro Monastery, Mtskheta, Georgia, 350
Samtavro Monastery; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; St George (John) of Georgia; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Samtavro Convent, Mtskheta, Georgia, 350
Samtavro Convent; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ;

Samtavro Transfiguration Orthodox Church
Samtavro Transfiguration Orthodox Church; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 9 and 10, Kartli

Kartli, Central Georgia (Kura River 9 and 10)
Kartli (Region near the Kura River including Tiblisi); 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; Royal Martyr Mirdati , King of Kartl; Martyr Salome the Georgian; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18; Icon of the Mother of God "the Healer", Commemorated September 18; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia; St Sidonia of Georgia; Martyr Kozman; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Salome of Ujarma St Ephraim the Lesser; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Iberia, Caucasian Iberia, Kartli, Central Georgia
Caucasian Iberia; New Martyr George of Iberia, Commemorated on January 2 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Kura (Mtkvari) River 9 (Tiblisi)

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 9, Kartli, Tiblisi River Folder

Tbilisi River

Tiblisi River (Upper Source)

Tiblisi River Source (along the border)

Eastern David Gareja Mountains - Dodo's Range
St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Trialeti, Kartli (Tiblisi River 1)
Trialeti mountainous area of the Trialeti Range; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Trialeti (range or mountain area)
Trialeti mountainous area, of the Trialeti Range; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Hieromartyr Theodore (Tevdore) of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Tiblisi River 1 (Tiblisi Monastery)

Atrak, the Qipchaks ruler, David's Father in Law, Battle of Didgori
Qipchaks, Cuman-Kipchaks in Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Didgori, Mount Didgori, Battle of Didgori
Mount Didgori battle at Didgori; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26;

Mount Didgori
Mount Didgori battle at Didgori; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26;

Kvabtakhevi Monastery (North Side of Mt. Didgori, 34 miles West of Tiblisi) 1200
Kvabtakhevi Monastery; Martyrs of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10;

Manglisi Church (Tiblisi River 1) 320
Manglisi Church; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe, of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8;

Betania Monastery, Georgia (Tiblisi River 1) 1180's
Betania Monastery; St George (John) of Georgia, Commerated September 8 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on September 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Manglisi, Kartli, Georgia (near Tiblisi River 1)
Manglisi; Manglisi Cathedral; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8;

Tiblisi River Mouth (Kura River 9)

Tiblisi River Mouth, Downtown Kartli Town aka Tiblisi

Tbilisi, Kartli, Georgia Capital (Tiblisi River Mouth, Kura River 9)
Tbilisi; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29 ; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28 ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia, Commemorated on September 26; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Arrival of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Georgia; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated September 29 ; Martyr Kozman, Commemorated October 17 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio, Commemorated February 4 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Evagrisi the disciple of St Shio; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; St George the God-Bearer, Commemorated on July 3; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Kartli (town, Tbilisi)
Kartli; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Healer, Commemorated on September 18 ; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; Hieromartyr Theodore of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30;

Kartli Region (Lowlands, Central Georgia, Tiblisi)
Kartli (Region near the Kura River including Tiblisi) Royal Martyr Mirdati , King of Kartl; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated July 30 ; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated August 21 ; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe HealerÃ‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; St Melchizedek I, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated October 1 ; Martyr Kozman, Commemorated October 17 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2 ; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia; Hierarch Samuel, Second Catholicos of Georgia; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Metekhi, Tiblisi, Georgia (Mtkvari (Kura) River 9)
Metekhi, a neighborhood of Tiblisi; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Nariqala Fortress (in Tbilisi)
Nariqala Fortress (in Tbilisi) ; Martyr Evdemoz, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Tabakhmela-Kojori
Tabakhmela Kojori-Tabakhmela;

Kojori-Tabakhmela, Kartli
Kojori-Tabakhmela; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ;

Kojori (Agarani or Azeuli) Fortress, Georgia
Kojori (Agarani or Azeuli Fortress); Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ;

Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral, 575
Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Sioni Cathedral, Tbilisi, 575
Tbilisi Sioni Cathedral; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated on October 7; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Tbilisi Monastery, 1350 or 14th Century
Tbilisi Monastery; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiblisi, Georgia, 1871
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tiblisi, Georgia; Translation of the relics of Saint Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Tbilisi Seminary, Tiblisi River Mouth, 1817-1919
Tbilisi Seminary; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Saint Hilarion the New of Georgia, Commemorated on February 14;

Tbilisi State University, Georgia, 1918
Tbilisi State University; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ; Georgian National Treasury;

Salosi, Tiblisi (Ben Gabriel Salosi Ave)
Salosi, Tiblisi (Ben Gabriel Salosi Ave); Saint John Shavteli, ishop of Gaenati and Saint Eulogius, Prophet and Fool-for-Christ of Salosi, Commemorated on April 1;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 10 (Rustavi)

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 10, Martkopi (Rutavi) River Folder

Martkopi River

Martkopi River Source (along the border)

Martkopi, Georgia (Martkop (Rutai)i River 1)
Martkopi, Georgia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Martkopi River Mouth (Kura River 10, Rutavi

Rustavi, Kartli, Georgia (Kura (Mtkvari) River 10)
Rustavi; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 10, Khrami River Folder, Somkhiti and Tashiri

Khrami River

Khrami River Source (along the border)

Pitareti Monastery, Georgia (Trialeti Range, Kartli) 1180's
Pitareti Monastery; Trialeti mountainous area, of the Trialeti Range; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Georgia, Kura River 10, Khrami River 1, Mashavera River Folder

Mashavera River

Mashavera River Source (along the border)

Kipchaks area in Georgia
Kartli lowlands: Kipchaks area in Georgia; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ;

Mashavera River Mouth (Khrami River 1)

Dmanisi, Georgia (Mashavera River Mouth, Khrami River 1)
Dmanisi village in Mashavera River Valley; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ;

Bolnisi, Georgia (Khama River 1.8)`
Bolnisi, Georgia (Kama River 1.8); Saint John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10;

Khrami River 2 (Bolnia and Marneuli)

Kvemo Kartli (between Khrami and Tiblisi Rivers, Khrami River 2)
Kvemo Kartli; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji;

Tashiri Region North (between Khrami River 2 and Tiblisi River 1)
Tashiri Region; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Marabda, Kartli (Khrami River 2)
Marabda; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ;

Martqopi, Kartli (Khrami River 2)
Martqopi; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Khrami River Mouth (Kura River 10)

Gardabani, Kartli (Khrami River, Kura River 10)
Gardabani if on a plateau above the Mtkvari River. Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Georgia, Kura River 10, Khrami River Mouth, Debed River Folder

Debed River

Debed River Source (along the border in the Transcaucasus)

Debed River Mouth (Kura River 10)

Somkhiti Region (Khrami River 2, Debed River, Central Georgia)
Somkhiti Region; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Georgia, Central Georgia, Kura River 10, Transcaucasus Folder

Transcaucasus (South Caucasus)
Transcaucasus or South Caucasus; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ;

Alaverdi, Southern Georgia (Transcaucasus) or Northern Armenia
Alaverdi; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Akhiza Fortress
Akhiza Fortress; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia;

Tashiri Region South (South Caucasus, Transcaucas)
Tashiri Region; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Tashiri Castle, Lori Berd Fortress (Tashir River)
Tashiri Castle, Lori Berd Fortress; Hieromartyr Theodore (Tevdore) of Kvelta, Commemorated on June 8;

Tsurtavi (Gugark), Tashiri, Kartli, Georgia
Tsurtavi (Gugark), Tashiri, Georgia; Georgia, 470-482, Varsken, Viceroy of Gugark, Tashiri, Georgia; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Tashir River

Dzoraget River

Dzoraget River Mouth (Debed River)

Lesser Caucasus Mountains
Lesser Caucasus;

Kura (Mtkvari) River 11 (Shamkori)

Kura (Mtkvari) River 12 (Azerbaijan)

Kura (Mtkvari) River 13 (Shirvan)

Kura (Mtkvari) River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Georgia, Southwest Georgia, Chorokhi River Folder , Tao-Klarjeti and Atchara

Chorokhi River Source (Kesis Dagi)

Chorokhi River 1

Chorokhi River 2 (near Kordila)

Chorokhi River 3 (Khakhuli Monastery)

Khakhuli Church
Khakhuli Church ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated December 21 ;

Khakhuli Monastery, Georgia (Chorokhi River 3) approx. 970
Khakhuli Monastery; St Hilarion of Tvali, Commemorated on July 24; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated December 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated December 21 ; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Basil of Georgia, the son of King Bagrat III, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Ishkhani monastery (Chorokhi River 3) 641
Ishkhani monastery; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5;

Nigali valley, Southwestern Georgia (Chorokhi River 4)
Nigali valley; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29 ;

Laze, Georgia, Capital Artvin (Nigali Valley, Chorokhi River 4)
Laz People, Laze, Armenia, Capital Artvin; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29;

Georgia, Southwest Georgia, Chorokhi River 4, Klarjeti River Folder, Klarjeti

Klarjeti River

Klarjeti, Tao-Klarjeti region, Soutwestern Georgia
Tao-Klarjeti region; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; Venerable George the Scribe, of Khakhuli, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated December 21 ; St John of Khakhuli the Oqropiri, also called Chrysostom, Commemorated on March 10; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18;

Akhiza Fortress, Artvin, Klarjeti River, Southwest Georgia
Akhiza Fortress, Artvin, Klarjeti River, Southwest Georgia; Tao-Klarjeti region; Saint Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Shavshet-Klarjeti Region, Soutwestern Georgia (Klarjeti River)
Shavshet-Klarjeti Region; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Shavshet, Georgia
Shavshet, Georgia; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Klarjeti Wilderness, Southwestern Georgia
Klarjeti Wilderness; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18;

Chandzoe (Khandzta) monastery, Klarjeti Wilderness, Southwest Georgia, 782
Khandzta; St Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated September 25 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated October 5 ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Shatberdi , 41-55'20"E, Fertile Land and Monastery for Chandzoe
Shatberdi , 41-50"N 41-55'20"E, Fertile Land and Monastery;

Khandzta (Chandzoe) monastery, Klarjeti Wilderness, Southwest Georgia, 782
Khandzta; St Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated September 25 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated October 5 ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated January 29; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; St Michael of Ulompo, Georgia, Commemorated on May 3 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Parekhi Monastery (Opiza, Klarjeti River) 641 approx.
Parekhi Monastery; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Opiza Monastery, southwestern Georgia, 641 approx.
Opiza Monastery; St Serapion of Zarzma, Commemorated October 29 ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Michael of Parekhi, Commemorated on May 27;

Georgia, Southwest Georgia, Chorokhi River 4, Artanuji River Folder, Tao

Artanuji River

Tao Region - Southwestern Georgia (Artanuji River)
Tao Region; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated December 21 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Euthymius the New, Founder of the Iveron Monastery and His Fellow Georgian Saints of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on May 13; Martyr David of Georgia, Commemorated on May 18;

Artanuji Castle, Southwest Georgia
Artanuji Castle; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Artanuji Fortress, Tao, Southwest Georgia
Artanuji Fortress ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Artanuji, Southwest Georgia
Artanuji; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Artanuji monestary
Artanuji monestary; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ;

Ancha Monastery and Cathedral (Tao)
Ancha Monastery and Cathedral (Tao); 1Anchi, Bishopric of Ancha; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5

Chorokhi River 5

Chorokhi River 6 (Ajara River Mouth)

Georgia, Southwest Georgia, Chorokhi River 6, Ajara River Folder, Atchara, Khikhani Fortress

Ajara River

Ajara River Source (along the border)

Khikhani Fortress and Village in Upper Atchara
Khikhani Village in Upper Atchara, Khikhani Fortress in the region of Khulo St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated August 17;

Adjara River Mouth (Chorokhi River 6)

Atchara (Adjara river region of Southwestern Georgia)
Atchara (Adjara River region of Southwestern Georgia); Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Hieromartyr Theodore of Atchara, Commemorated on February 17; Gallows and a guillotine were erected in the villages of Atcharistsqali, Keda, Chakvi, Khulo, Machakhela, and Gonio. The documents preserved in the manuscript collection at Akhaltsikhe Museum describe in even more horrific detail the martyrdom of the Atcharan Christians. Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Acharistsqali (Adjara's Water)
Acharistsqali (Adjara's Water); Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Chorokhi River Mouth (Black Sea)

Shemokmedi, Guria (Chorokhi River Mouth)
Batumi, Guria; metropolitan of Batumi-Shemokmedi; Shemokmedi Monestary ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Gonio (Chorokhi River Mouth, Black Sea)
Gonio; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Georgia, Northwestern Georgia Folder, Abkhazeti, Samegrelo

Abkhazeti Region (Northwest Georgia, Southwest Caucasus Mts, Samegrelo)
Abkhazeti Region, A disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus ; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Alazani River

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River Folder, Imereti

Rioni River

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 1-3, Upper Rioni River Folder, Gelati and Raca

Rioni River Source (Caucasus Mountains)
Rioni River Source (Caucasus Mountains);

Svaneti Province
Svaneti Province; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ;

Chelishi Monastery, Lentekhi, Lower Svaneti
Chelishi Monastery, Lentekhi, Lower Svaneti; St. Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16;

Rioni River 1 (Skhvava and Racha)

Racha Region, Georgia (Upper Rioni River Valley)
Racha; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated July 30 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated January 21 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8

Skhvava (Village near Racha)
Skhvava (Village near Racha); St George (John) of Georgia ;

Nikortsminda Cathedral, 1010 (Rioni River 1)
Nikortsminda Cathedral, 1010 (Rioni River 1); Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Rioni River 2 (Tsageri)

Tsageri (in lower Svaneti, Rioni River 2)
Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ;

Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri, Georgia (Rioni River 2)
Schemarum Fortress, Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); Tsageri (in lower Svaneti); St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13 ; St. Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21; Martyr Anastasius the Disciple of the Venerable Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on January 21;

Rioni River 3 (Kutaisi, Gelati Monastery)

Gaenati (Gelati) Monastery, Georgia (Rioni River 3) 1106
Gaenati (Gelati) Monastery; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Gelati Monastery, Georgia (Rioni River 3) 1106
Gelati Monastery; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated Febraury 6; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Motsameta monastery (Rioni River 3) 1072
Motsameta monastery; Martyrs David and Constantine, Princes of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2;

Gelati Theological Academy, Rioni River 3, Georgia, 1106
Gelati Theological Academy; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated Febraury 6; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Bagrati Cathedral (Rioni River 3) 1003
Bagrati Cathedral; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ;

Cathedral of King Davit the Restorer in Kutaisi (Rioni River 3) 1003
Bagrati Cathedral; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; St. Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20;

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 3, Argveti River Folder

Argveti River

Argveti River Source

Argveti, Region (Westcentral Georgia, Argveti River Folder)
Argveti; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2

Argveti River 1

Ubisi in Imereti (Argveti River 1) before 861
Ubisi in Imereti; Saint George's Monastery founded by Saint Gregory of Khandzta before 861; Gregory of Khandzta, 820-861; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Saint George's Monastery, before 861
Ubisi in Imereti; Saint George's Monastery founded by Saint Gregory of Khandzta before 861; Gregory of Khandzta, 820-861; Saint Gregory of Chandzoe, Georgia, Commemorated on October 5;

Shorapani, Kutaisi (Argveti River 1)
Shorapani; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ;

Sakara, Imerti (Argveti River of Riori River)
Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated August 18 ;

Argveti River 2

Tabakini Monastery in Zestaponi (Argveti River 2)
Tabakini Monastery in Zestaponi (Argveti River 2); St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ;

Argveti River Mouth (Rioni River 3)

Imereti region (Western Inland Georgia, Rioni and Argveti Rivers)
Imereti region; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ;

Kutaisi, Imereti, Georgia (Argveti River Mouth, Rioni River 3)
Kutaisi; Kutaisi-Gaenati; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated October 27 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated Janaury 3; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 4-6 and Black Sea, Lower Rioni River Folder

Rioni River 4

Rioni River 5 (Chkodidi aka Abasha, Guria)

Tao region (Western Inland and Southern Georgia, South of Rioni River)
Tao region; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated January 18 ; St Ephraim the Lesser, Commemorated February 21 ; 9 Martyred brothers of Kola, Commemorated February 21 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Guria Province (Rioni River 5 and 6, Western Inland Georgia)
Guria; Martyr Christopher of Guria, Georgia, Commemorated August 16 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ;

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 5, Chgondidi River Folder

Chqondidi River

Chgondidi River Source (along the border)

Chqondidi River 1 (Martvili Monastery)

Chqondidi, Georgia (Chkondidi River 1)
Chqondidi; Martvili Monastery in Egrisi; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Martvili Monastery, Chqondidi River 1, Georgia, 7th Century and 1788
Martvili Monastery in Egrisi; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable George of Mt. Athos, Georgian, Commemorated on June 27;

Chqondidi River 2 (Chkondidi aka Abasha)

Abasha (aka Chqondidi, the capital of Western Georgia)
Abasha; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Chkondidi (Rioni River 5, the capital of Western Georgia)
Chkondidi; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated October 13 ;

Chqondidi River Mouth ( Rioni River 5)

Rioni River 6 (Senaki River, Ozurgeti, Guria)

Ozurgeti district of Guria, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 6
Ozurgeti district of Guria; Martyr Christopher of Guria, Georgia, Commemorated August 16 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated January 3 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ;

Georgia, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 6, Senaki River Folder

Senaki River

Senaki River Source (along the border)

Senaki River 1

Tsikhegoji (Tsikhedidi), Western Georgia, Egrisi
Tsikhegoji; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; St. Evagrisi the disciple of St. Shio, Commemorated on February 4; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9;

Lazica region, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 6, Senaki River
Lazica region, Western Inland Georgia, Rioni River 6, Senaki River; St Tsotne Dadiani the Confessor, Commemorated on July 30 ; Saint Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Senaki
Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati;

Senaki district, Western Georgia
Senaki district; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18 ;

Senaki River Mouth (Rioni River 6)

Rioni River Mouth (Black Sea)

Georgia, Western Coast Georgia Folder (or Armenia)

Atchara, Western Georgia or Armenia
Atchara; Principality of Hamamshen; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Artaz region, Western Georgia or Armenia
Artaz region; Principality of Hamamshen; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4; Martyred Fathers and Mothers of Atchara, Commemorated on May 29;

Rize, Western Georgia (Riza)
Rize; Martyr Orentius, one of the seven martyred brothers in Georgia, Commemorated on June 24;

Qipchaks,, 1101-1299, 12th-13th Centuries, Cuman-Kipchaks in Georgia, mercenaries

Georgia, Eastern Georgia Folder, Alazani and Iori Rivers , Kakheti, Hereti

Kakheti Region (Alazani and Iori Rivers, Eastern Georgia)
Kakheti Region; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated January 19 ; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Georgia, Eastern Georgia, Kakheti, History Folder

Georgia, Alazani, Kakheti, 1412-1907, Chavchavadze Family
Georgia, Alazani, Kakheti, 1412-1907, Chavchavadze Family; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20;

Georgia, Kakheti, 1802, Great Fast of 1802 (Lent)
The Great Fast ; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, Eastern Georgia, Iori River Folder (Center of Eastern Georgia) David Gareja monastery

Iori River (from Ersto Valley)

Iori River Source (above Ersto)

Tusheti (Iori River Source)
Tusheti; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18 ;

Iori River 1 (Ertso Valley, Tianeti)

Ertso (upper Lori river valley)
Ertso; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ;

Tianeti (Lori River 1)
Tianeti; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Iori River 2 (Kakheti region Eastern Georgia)

Tsiv-Gombori Range
Tsiv-Gombori Range;

Iori River 3 (Tvali, Gare Valley)

Tvali, Kakheti, Georgia
Tvali, Kakheti, Georgia ; Venerable Macarius the Faster, Abbot of the Khakhuli Monastery, Commemorated December 21 ;

Kakheti (Tvali or Gare or Sagarego is the capital of Kakheti, Iori River 3)
Tvali; Gare (Gare Valley); Sagarego Kakheti; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated November 19 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated January 19 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Archil II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Gare-Kakheti
Gare-Kakheti. Outer Kakheti (Gare Kakheti) along the middle Iori River basin; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Gare, Georgia (Sagarego, Gare Valley of Gare-Kakheti Area), 540's
Gare, Georgia (Sagarego, Gare Valley of Gare-Kakheti Area) ; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Ujarma, Kakheti, Georgia (Iori River 3)
Ujarma, Kakheti; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated on January 15 ;

Iori River 4 (David Gareja Monastery)

Saint John the Baptist Monastery, David Gareja complex, Georgia (Iori River 4), 540's
David Gareja monastery complex (Georgia) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Kozman; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated September 29 ; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

David Gareja monastery complex, Kakheti, Georgia (Iori River 4), 540's
David Gareja monastery complex (Georgia) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Kozman; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated September 29 ; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Gareji, David Gareja monastery complex, Georgia (Iori River 4) 540's
David Gareja monastery complex (Georgia) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Kozman; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable Serapion, Abbot and Wonderworker of the St. John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated August 24 ; Venerable Simeon the Wonderworker, Commemorated September 4 ; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Onuphrius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated September 29 ; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated January 25 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

David Gareja Mountains (Mravalmta (the Rolling Mountains))
David Gareja Mountains (Mravalmta (the Rolling Mountains)); St David Gareji, Commemorated on June 9;

Iori River Mouth (Kura River 11)

Georgia, Eastern Georgia, Alazani River Folder (Kakheti, Hereti, Northeastern Georgia)

Alazani River Source (Greater Caucasus Range)
Alazani River;

Atsquri, Georgia (Akhmeta, Kakheti, Alazani River Source)
Atsquri, Georgia (Akhmeta, Kakheti); St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15;

Alazani River Valley 1 (Alsquri)

Bakhtrioni Fortress, Kakheti (Strategic Crossroads to Caucasus Mts, Alazani River 1)
Bakhtrioni Fortress, Kakheti (Strategic Crossroads to Caucasus Mts) ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5;

Akhmeta, Kakheti
Akhmeta; St Joseph the Catholicos of Georgia ; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2;

Atsquri, Kakheti, Georgia (Alazani River 1)
Atsquri (Akhmeta, Alazani River 1); Tetri Giorgi (Saint George), his chief shrine ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“ a 14th-century Orthodox Christian church overlooking the village Atsquri in what is now Akhmeta Municipality ; Venerable Fathers and Mothers of the Klarjeti Wilderness, Commemorated on October 5; St George Matskevereli of Georgia, Commemorated on April 2; St Ephraim the Great of Atsquri, Commemorated on April 15;

Alaverdi Monestary, Kakheti Georgia (Alazani River 1) 11th Century
Alaverdi Monestary; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Joseph, Abbot of Alaverdi, Georgia, Commemorated September 15 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated September 18 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Gremi, Kakheti, Georgia (Alazani River 1)
Gremi, Kakheti, Georgia ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ;

Iqalto, Kakheti, Northeastern Georgia (Alazani River Valley)
Iqalto; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated February 6; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Iqalto monastery, Georgia, 540 of so
Iqalto monastery; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Telavi (Alazani River 1)
Telavi; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Alazani River Valley 2 (Qvareli)

Nekressi, Georgia (Alazani River 2)
Nekressi ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Village of Gremi in Kakheti
Village of Gremi in Kakheti; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher;

Qvareli, Kakheti, Georgia (Alazani River Valley 2)
Qvareli in Kakheti, Georgia (Alazani River Valley 2) Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated July 20 autocephaly

Bakurtsikhe, Kakheti, Eastern Georgia
Bakurtsikhe, Georgia; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Khirsa Monastery in Kakheti, Georgia
Khirsa Monastery in Kakheti ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated September 8 ; St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated January 19 ;

Alazani River Valley 3 (Tsurtavi)

Tsurtavi, Eastern Georgia
Gachiani; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia;

Bodbe Monastery, Northeastern Georgia, 350
Bodbe Monastery; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; St Nino (Nina), Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Salome of Ujarma, Commemorated January 15 ;

Alazani River Valley 4 (Hereti and Zakatalsk Regions)

Hereti, Georgia (Alanzi River Valley, Kakheti)
Hereti; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated August 28 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30;

Georgia, Eastern Georgia, Alazani River 4, Task River Folder, Zakatalsk

Talsk River

Zakatalsk region (Talsk River of Alazani)
Zakatalsk region; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated November 10 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Zakatalsk (Talsk River of Alazani)
Zakatalsk (Talsk River) ; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated November 10 ; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Alazani River Valley 5

Alazani River Mouth (Kura River 11)

Hereti Kingdom of Kakheti Region, Georgia
Hereti Kingdom of Kakheti Region; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated January 26 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30;

Georgia, Silk Road Folder (to China to Turkey)

Silk Road, Trabezon to Merv

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan Folder (included with Georgia)

Dagestan, 664-, northeast of Georgia, Caspian Sea
Dagestan; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Caucasian Avars; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated November 29 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Azerbaizhan, 667-, east of Georgia, Caspian Sea
Azerbaizhan, 667-, east of Georgia; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10 ; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable Dodo of the St David-Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on May 17; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan History Folder

Georgia, Dagestan, 54-91, Georgian Saint, Bartholomew
Georgian Saint, 54-91, Bartholomew; Armenian King, 54-91, Triadates I; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT); Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Georgia, Dagestan, Land of the Huns, 1st to 7th century AD, Caspian Sea and Cacausus Mts
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Georgia, Dagestan, 664-, northeast of Georgia
Dagestan; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Caucasian Avars; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated November 29 ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Sunni Muslim
Azerbaijan, 889-929, Sajid dynasty ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan, 901-928, Sajid Amir, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
Azerbaijan, Sajid Amir, 901-928, Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia, Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; St Gregory of Chandzoe in Georgia, Commemorated on October 5; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Georgia, Dagastan, 1187-1189, Davit-Soslan Bagrationi, King Consort to Queen Tamar
Alania, Christian Bagrationi's; David Soslan, King Consort, Kingdom of Georgia, 1187-1189, 1207, Bagrationi, Husband of Queen Tamar; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Georgia, Dagestan, 1200-1864, Avar Khanate, Sunni
Dagestan, Earyly 13th Century-1864, Avar Khanate, Sunni ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Georgia, Dagestan, 1642-1860, Gazikumukh Khanate, Sunni Muslim
Dagestan, 1642-1860, Gazikumukh Khanate, Sunni Muslim; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan, Russia and Persia
Dagestan Treaty, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Georgia, Dagestan Azerbaijan War, 1826-1828, Russo-Persian War (1826-Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“28)
Dagestan Azerbaijan War, 1826-1828, Russo-Persian War (1826ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â“28); Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Georgia, Degestan, 1834-1859, Dagastan Iman, Imam Shamil, Avar Khanate, Sunni Muslim
Dagastan Iman, 1834-1859, Imam Shamil, Avar Khanate, Sunni Muslim; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, Dagestan, 1851, Dagestani Invasions of David Gareja Monastery
Dagestani Invasion 1851; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Hieromartyr Gabriel the Lesser, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizan, Azerbaizan Folder,

Eastern Transcaucasus, Azerbaizhan (Eastern Southern Caucasus)

Albania, Caucasian Albania (Azerbaizhan)
Caucasian Albanian ; Martyr Suchias and his Soldiers in Georgia, Commemorated on April 15;

Ganja, Azerbaijan
Ganja, Azerbaijan; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Shamkori, Azerbaijan (Shamkir Region)
Shamkori, Azerbaijan (Shamkir Region); St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Karabakh Region, Azerbaijan
Karabakh, an area extending from the highlands of the Lesser Caucasus down to the lowlands between the rivers Kura and Aras ; Mothers of the Kvabtakhevi Monastery in Georgia, Commemorated on April 10;

Shirvan, Azerbaijan (Kura River 13)
Shirvan; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Kaladzori fortress in Shirvan, Azerbaijan (Kura River 13)
Kaladzori fortress in Shirvan, Azerbaijan (Kura River 13); Shirvan; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Kaladzori Castle in Shirvan, Azerbaijan (Kura River 13)
Kaladzori fortress in Shirvan, Azerbaijan (Kura River 13); Shirvan; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer, Commemorated on May 23;

Arran Territory (Caucasus, Azerbaizhan)
Arran (Caucasus); St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Mugan plain, Azerbaizhan
Mugan plain around the Aras River in Azerbaijan and Northwest Iran. St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Nakharebou, Azerbaijan, 1788
Nakharebou; St Jacob the Elder, and disciple of St Anthony of Chkondidi, Commemorated on October 13;

Baku (Albanus), Azerbaijan
Alban (Baku); Return of theRelics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11 ;

Alban (Baku), Azerbaijan
Alban (Baku); Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Apostle Bartholomew of the Twelve, Commemorated on June 11;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaizhan, Dagestan Folder

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan, Derbend Area Folder, West Caspian, North Caucusus

Derbend, Dagestan
Derbend, Dagestan; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Caucasus, Greater Caucasus Mountains Southeast
Greater Caucasus Mountains;

Land of the Huns, 1st to 7th century AD, Caspian Sea and Cacausus Mts
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Albanus (Derbent, Dagestan, Caspian Sea)
Albanus (Derbent, Dagestan, Caspian Sea) ; BARTHOLOMEW THE APOSTLE, (24 AUGUST NT) ;

Dagestan, Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent, North Caucusus, West Caspian
Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent ; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6;

Khazaria, Land of the Khzars, Dagestan , Derbent, North Caucusus, Above Silk Road
Land of the Khzars, Khazaria, Derbent ; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11 and April 6;

Sarir, Dagestan
Sarir, Dagestan; Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan, Terek River Folder, Ossetia North

Terek River

Terek River Source (SW of Mount Kazbek)

Mt. Kazbegi
Mt. Kazbegi; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Khevi Creek

Trinity Church, Gergeti (Ossetia Region, near Terek River Source) 1300-1399, 14th Century
Gergeti Trinity Church; Venerable Joseph the Elder and Wonderworker of Khevi, Georgia, Commemorated October 7 ;

Trinity Creek

Trinity Creek Upper Trinity Creek

Trinity Church (a picture)
-˜
Stepantsminda-Sameba Georgia
http://www.heritagesites.ge/

Trinity Church, Gergeti, Tsminda samebo church, Georgia
Stepantsminda-Sameba,,Georgia

Bethlehem Cave, Betlemi in the rocks of Mt Mkinvartsveri (Georgia)
,,Georgia

Bethlehem Cave 13,450 feet on this trail to the peak?

Stepantsminda, Dagestan (Terek River Source)
Stepantsminda ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7;

Terek River 1 (Terek, Ossetia)

Ossetia Region (North and South of the Caucasus, Ossetian Language)
Ossetia Region North and South; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia;

Terek, Ossetia or Vladikavkaz (capital of North Ossetia)
Terek, Ossetia or Vladikavkaz (capital of North Ossetia); St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated on September 19 ;

Ingushetia Region (Assa River Valley, Chechnya, North Caucasus, Dagestan)
Ingushetia Region; Located in the North Caucasus region with its capital at Magas.

Chechnya
Chechnya; St. Arsenius the Great, Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on September 25;

Alania, Christian Bagrationi's
Alania, Christian Bagrationi's; David Soslan, King Consort, Kingdom of Georgia, 1187-1189, 1207, Bagrationi, Husband of Queen Tamar; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

North Caucasus
North Caucasus ; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Osetian land, Dagestani Persians, Alans
Ossetia: Ossetian Land is the area both north and south of the Caucasus Mountians ; Ossetians came from Persia (Iran). ; These persians were Alans; These Alans were Aryan or Indo-Persians; These Aryans were from northern Indian including Nepal, Pakistan and the Ganges River Area called Aryavarta; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Ossetia North, Dagestan
Ossetia; St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, Commemorated September 19 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated November 30 ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28 ; St John Zedazneli of Zaden, in Georgia with his 12 Disciples, Commemorated on May 7; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8 ;

North Ossetia-“Alania
North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19;

North Osetia-Alania, Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280,
North Ossetia-“Alania; Khan Mengu-Temir, 1266-1280; Saint Theodore, Prince of Smolensk and Yaroslav, and his sons Saints David and Constantine, Commemorated on September 19;

Terek River 2 (Ossetia)

Terek River 3 (Sunzha River Mouth)

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan,Terek River 3, Sunzha River Folder

Sunzha River Source (Greater Caucasus Mountains)

Caucasaus, Greater Caucasus Mountains
Greater Caucasus Mountains;

Sunzha River

Sunzha River Mouth (Terek River 3)

Terek River 4 (Kizhar, Terek River Delta)

Kizliar, Dagestan (Terek River Delta, Caspian Sea)
Kizliar; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28;

Terek River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Dagestan, Avar people (Caucasus)
Dagestan, Avar people (Caucasus) ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2 ;

Georgia, Dagestan and Azerbaijan, Kuma River Folder

Kuma River

Kuma River Delta

Kuma River Delta 2

Kuma River Tributary

Kuma River Source (west of Kislovodsk)

Kuma River 1 (Mineralnye Vody)
Kuma River 1 (Mineralnye Vody);

Dagestan, Kuma River 1.5, Podkumok River Folder

Podkumok River

Podkumok River Source

Podkumok River 1 (Kislovodsk)
Podkumok River 1 (Kislovodsk);

Podkumok River 2 (Yessentuki)
Podkumok River 2 (Yessentuki);

Podkumok River 3 (Pyatigorsk)
Podkumok River 3 (Pyatigorsk);

Podkumok River 4 (Georgiyevsk)
Podkumok River 4 (Georgiyevsk);

Podkumok River Mouth (Kuma River 1.5)

Kuma River 2 (Zelenokumsk)
Kuma River 2 (Zelenokumsk);

Kuma River 3 (Budyonnovsk)
Kuma River 3 (Budyonnovsk);

Kuma River 4 (Neftekumsk)
Kuma River 4 (Neftekumsk);

Kuma River (Russia) Mouth
Kuma River (Russia) Mouth;

Hungary Folder, Left side Danube 7-9, Tisza rivers and mountains, Transylvania and Slovakia

Hungary (Tisa river drainage and Little Hungarian Plain)
Hungary; Little Hungarian Plain (Pannonia and Sabaria); Great Hungarian Plain; Huns or Hunnic People, Atilla the Hun; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Hunnic Empire (Hungary)
Hunnic Empire; Huns;

Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary)
Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary), Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Magyars (Hungarians)
Magyars or Hungarians; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Polovetsia (Cumans in Hungary, Cumania)
Polovetsia; Cumania; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Esztergom, Hungary (Danube River 6)
Esztergom (Danube River 6); Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ;

Hungary History Folder

Hungary, 000, 1st-7th Century, Land of the Huns

Hungary, Land of the Huns, 1st to 7th century AD
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Hungary, 336-350, Queen Fritigil of the Marcomanni, Huns
Hungary, 336-350, Queen Fritigil of the Marcomanni ; Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Hungary, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil, Huns
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Hungary, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful, Roman from Hungary
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Hungary, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose, Queen Fritigil asked A instrictions in Christian Faith
Rome, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Hungary, 434-453, Atilla the Hun
Hungary, 434-453, Atilla the Hun ; Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Hungary, 800, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary, HRE

Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary
Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary; Hungary, 895-907, Ruler, Arpad; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27;

Hungary, 895-907, Ruling Prince, Arpad, first Magyar or Hungarian prince, could be a Khazar
Hungary, 895-907, Ruling Prince, Arpad; (c. 845 – c. 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the founder of our country, and Arphad's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Arphad ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301. 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Towards the Hungarian Conquest 1.3 Reign 1.4 Death 2 Legacy 3 Family 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 External links life[edit] information: Almos Arphad was the son of Almos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles.[1][2] His mother's name and family are unknown.[3] According to historian Gyula Kristo, Arphad was born around 845.[4] His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, arpa, which is of Turkic origin.[4] Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians had never at any time had any other prince before Arphad, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Arphad's father.[5][6] Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.[6][7] The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians.[8] However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Almos or Arphad should be promoted instead of him.[7] The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.[9] They preferred Arphad to his father, because he was greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule.[5][7] Thereafter, Arphad was made prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."[5][9] Constantine Porphyrogenitus refers to Arphad as the great prince of Tourkia.[10][11][12] reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Arphad's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is rather vague and scarcely credible, but Andras Rona-Tas writes that its core is reliable.[7][13] latter historian adds that Arphad's election was promoted by Almos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Rona-Tas's view, Arpahd succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.[13] the Hungarian Conquest[edit] information: Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Kurszan, and Liuntika earliest reliable source of Arpahd's life is an early 10th-century document, the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk.[4][14][15] It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886-912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 to give presents and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire.[15] Sclerus met with their two leaders, Arphad and Kurszan, at the Lower Danube.[15][16] Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria.[16][17] An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Arphad's son, Liuntika.[16] positions held by Arphad and Kurszan at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Arphad was the gyula, and Kurszan was the kende.[16] In contrast, Kristo said that Kurszan was the gyula and Arphad represented his father, Almos kende.[15] [18] statue in Bereni (Szekelybere, Romania) Arpahd's statue in Szekelybere (Bereni, Romania) that time, the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the [Hungarians], in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube. [Providence] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians. — Leo the Wise: Tactics[19] Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them.[16][20] The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896.[21] The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.[22] Illuminated Chronicle says that Árpád's father Álmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania.[1][23][24] Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Álmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people.[1][22][25] In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Álmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Árpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince.[23] Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle's report on Álmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Álmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians.[26] The latter chronicle says that Álmos appointed Árpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.[27][28] city of King Attila" (Aquincum, Budapest) of Aquincum – city of King Attila in the Gesta Hungarorum[29] name is completely unknown to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[11] These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszan.[11] According to Kristo and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszan must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Arphad succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende.[11][30] a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszan was the kende and Arphad gyula only succeeded him when Kurszan was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.[11][31] contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle—emphasize Arphad's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[1][32] The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Arphad's military skills and his generosity.[33] This chronicle also emphasizes that Teteny, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity only after Arphad had authorized him to conquer it.[34][35] crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as Budafelhévíz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Árpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila, of whose line Prince Árpád descended. They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Árpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him. — Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[36] Gesta Hungarorum says that Arphad took an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary, and had his son, Prince Zoltan elevated to prince in his life.[37][38] the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious.[12] For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.[39] statue in Nagymegyer date of Arphad's death is debated.[40] The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907.[1][40] However, Kristo wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian land-taking instead of its actual date around If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Arphad was buried at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila where a village, Feheregyhaza, developed near Buda a century later.[37][40] Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Árpád.[38] Árpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him.[41] Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Árpád.[22] Árpád is known among Hungarians as honalapító or the "founder of our homeland".[38] Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27;

Hungary, 907-950, Ruling Prince, Zoltan, second Magyar or Hungarian prince, defeated Great Moravia
Hungary, 907-950, Ruling Prince, Zoltan, second Magyar or Hungarian prince, could be a Khazar; (c. 880 or 903 - c. 950), also Zolta,[1][2] is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as the third Grand Prince of the Hungarians who succeeded his father Arphad around 907. Although modern historians tend to deny this report on his reign, because other chronicles do not list him among the Hungarian rulers, there is consensus that even if Zoltan never ascended the throne, all monarchs ruling in Hungary from the House of Arphad after around 955 were descended from him. 1 Life 1.1 Zoltan in the Gesta Hungarorum 1.2 Modern historians' views 2 Family 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources in the Gesta Hungarorum[edit] historians' main source of Zoltan's life is the Gesta Hungarorum, a late 12th-century chronicle whose writer is now known as Anonymous.[3] to this source, Zoltan was the only son of Arphad, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.[3] In contrast, the nearly contemporary Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus writes that Zaltas[4] was Árpád's fourth son.[3] Zoltan's name seemingly derived from the Arabian sultan title with Turkic mediation, but modern scholars have not unanimously accepted this etymology.[3] to Anonymous, Zoltan was born after 903, during his father's second campaign against Menumorut.[1] The latter was one of the many local rulers who are solely mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum among the opponents of the Hungarians during their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[5] the Gesta Hungarorum's narration, Menumorut was forced to surrender and to give his daughter in marriage to Zoltan[1][6] in 904 or 905.[2] When Menumorut died, Zoltan inherited his father-in-law's duchy east of the river Tisza, which Anonymous claims was inhabited by the peoples that are called Kozar.[7][8] Anonymous also states that Zoltan, still a minor, succeeded his father who died around 907.[3] Zoltan, in turn, later abdicated in favour of his son Taksony and died in the third year of his son's reign.[9][3] his son Zolta succeeded [Arphad], who was similar to his father in character but dissimilar in appearance. Prince Zolta was a little lisping and pale, with soft, blonde hair, of middling stature; a warlike duke, brave in spirit, merciful to his subjects, sweet of speech, but covetous of power, whom all the leading men and warriors of Hungary loved marvelously. Some time later, when Zolta was thirteen, all the leading men of the realm by their common counsel and of their equal wish appointed rectors of the kingdom beneath the prince to mend through the guidance of customary law the conflicts and lawsuits of litigants. — Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[10] historians' views historians reject most details of Zoltán's life presented by Anonymous. For instance, the Hungarian historian Gyula Kristo says that Zoltan was born around 880 instead of around 903.[11] His Romanian colleague Alexandru Madgearu likewise writes that either Zoltan was born many years earlier than 903 or his marriage must have happened years after 904.[1] father-in-law's identity is also debated. Medievalist Pal Engel says that Menumorut is one of the imaginary figures[5] invented by Anonymous in order to describe the conquering Hungarians' heroic wars against them. Historian Charles R. Bowlus writes that he was a Moravian ruler whose daughter's marriage with Zoltan symbolized the end of Great Moravia.[1] Medievalist Tudor Salagean also says that Menumorut was a real person, the ruler of a one-time duchy inhabited by Romanians, Slavs and many other peoples at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[8] statement that Zoltan succeeded his father as grand prince, or even the idea that Zoltan ever ruled the federation of the Hungarian tribes have also been challenged. For instance, historian Sandor L. Toth writes that Zoltan, being the youngest among Arphad's four sons, could hardly precede his elder brothers in the line of succession.[3] Kristo also says that other Hungarian chroniclers do not make mention of Zoltan's rule, implying that Anonymous only inserted Zoltan into the incompletely preserved list of the grand princes because he knew that all Hungarian monarchs from the House of Arphad descended from him.[11] Right-believing Prince Wenceslas of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4;

Hungary, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia
Czech Land, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia;

Hungary, 1000-1538, Kingdom of Hungary, HRE

Hungary, 1000-1538, Kingdom of Hungary, Middle Ages, Orthodox then Roman C.
Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1538, Middle Ages) Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ;

Hungary, 1000-1918, 1920-1946, Kingdom of Hungary
Hungary, 1000-1918, 1920-1946, Kingdom of Hungary ; MARGARET;

Hungary, 1131-1141, Hungarian King, Bela II of Hungary
Hungarian King, 1131-1141, Bela II of Hungary ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Hungary, 1174-1196, Hungarian King, Bela III of Hungary
Hungarian King, 1174-1196, Bela III of Hungary; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Hungary, 1196-1204, King, Emeric, cooperated with HRE, Republic of Venice, King of Serbia
Hungary, 1196-1204, King, Emeric; also known as Henry or Imre (1174 - 30 November 1204), was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1196 and 1204. 1184, his father, Béla III of Hungary, ordered that he be crowned king, and appointed him as ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195. Emeric ascended the throne after the death of his father. the first four years of his reign, he fought his rebellious brother, Andrew, who forced Emeric to make him ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia as appanage. cooperated with the Holy See against the Bosnian Patarenes, whom the Catholic Church considered to be heretics. advantage of a civil war, Emeric expanded his suzerainty over Serbia. failed to prevent the Republic of Venice, which was assisted by crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, from seizing Zadar in 1202. also could not impede the rise of Bulgaria along the southern frontiers of his kingdom. was the first Hungarian monarch to use the "Árpád stripes" as his personal coat of arms and to adopt the title of King of Serbia. his death, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus III, crowned king.

Hungary, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to several empires

Hungary, 1204-1205, King, Child King Ladislaus III, Andrew ignored the order
Hungary, 1204-1205, King, Child King Ladislaus III; III (c. 1200 - 7 May 1205) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1204 and 1205. He was the only child of King Emeric. Ladislaus was crowned king upon the orders of his ill father, who wanted to secure his infant son's succession. dying king made his brother, Andrew, regent for the period of Ladislaus's minority. Duke Andrew ignored the child's interests. As a result, Ladislaus's mother, Constance of Aragon, fled to Austria, taking Ladislaus with her. Ladislaus died unexpectedly in Vienna.

Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary, Roman Catholic, St. Elizabeth's dad, Halych, 5th Crusade
Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; II (c. 1177 -21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych (the historic province of Galicia (Halychyna), and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia) in 1188. rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary, to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum. the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III, in 1204. the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended the throne in 1205. to historian Laszlo Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I, started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary.[1] introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite the loss of royal revenues. was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities, but the local boyars and neighboring princes prevented him from conquering the principalities. participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure. the servientes regis, or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222, confirming their privileges. led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise. first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. veneration of their daughter, Elizabeth of Hungary, was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew's lifetime. After Andrew's death, his sons, Béla and Coloman, accused his third wife, Beatrice d'Este, of adultery and never considered her son, Stephen, to be a legitimate son of Andrew. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II, indulgences, a w Seljuk Sunnis, damn flood, failure
Hungary, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II of Hungary ; Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1221-1231, Queen, Elizabeth of Hungary, Thuringa, Germany, Philanthropist, Hospitals
Hungary, 1221-1231, Queen, Elizabeth of Hungary; Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1241-1242, Mongol Invasion by Batu Khan
Hungary, 1241-1242, Golden Horde Mongol Invasion by Batu Khan; Repose of Saint Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28;

Hungary, 1342-1382, King, Louis I the G, Hungary, Croatia and Poland, R Catholic
Hungary, 1342-1382, King, Louis I the Great of Hungary ; I, also Louis the Great (5 March 1326 - 10 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. He was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland, to survive infancy. 1338 treaty between his father and Casimir III of Poland, Louis's maternal uncle, confirmed Louis's right to inherit the Kingdom of Poland if his uncle died without a son. In exchange, Louis was obliged to assist his uncle to reoccupy the lands that Poland had lost in previous decades. bore the title of Duke of Transylvania between 1339 and 1342 but did not administer the province. was of age when he succeeded his father in 1342, but his deeply religious mother exerted a powerful influence on him. inherited a centralized kingdom and a rich treasury from his father. the first years of his reign, Louis launched a crusade against the Lithuanians and restored royal power in Croatia; troops defeated a Tatar army, expanding his authority towards the Black Sea. When his brother, Andrew, Duke of Calabria, husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples, was assassinated in 1345, Louis accused the queen of his murder and punishing her became the principal goal of his foreign policy. launched two campaigns to the Kingdom of Naples between 1347 and 1350. His troops occupied large territories on both occasions, and Louis adopted the styles of Neapolitan sovereigns (including the title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem), but the Holy See never recognized his claim. arbitrary acts and atrocities committed by his mercenaries made his rule unpopular in Southern Italy. He withdrew all his troops from the Kingdom of Naples in 1351. his father, Louis administered Hungary with absolute power and used royal prerogatives to grant privileges to his courtiers. he also confirmed the liberties of the Hungarian nobility at the Diet of 1351, emphasizing the equal status of all noblemen. the same Diet, he introduced an entail system and a uniform rent payable by the peasants to the landowners, and confirmed the right to free movement for all peasants. waged wars against the Lithuanians, Serbia, and the Golden Horde in the 1350s, restoring the authority of Hungarian monarchs over territories along frontiers that had been lost during previous decades. forced the Republic of Venice to renounce the Dalmatian towns in 1358. also made several attempts to expand his suzerainty over the rulers of Bosnia, Moldavia, Wallachia, and parts of Bulgaria and Serbia. These rulers were sometimes willing to yield to him, either under duress or in the hope of support against their internal opponents, but Louis's rule in these regions was only nominal during most of his reign. attempts to convert his pagan or Orthodox subjects to Catholicism made him unpopular in the Balkan states. Louis established a university in Pecs in 1367, but it was closed within two decades because he did not arrange for sufficient revenues to maintain it. Louis inherited Poland after his uncle's death in 1370. Since he had no sons, he wanted his subjects to acknowledge the right of his daughters to succeed him in both Hungary and Poland. For this purpose, he issued the Privilege of Koszyce in 1374 spelling out the liberties of Polish noblemen. However, his rule remained unpopular in Poland. Hungary, he authorized the royal free cities to delegate jurors to the high court hearing their cases and set up a new high court. from a skin disease, Louis became even more religious during the last years of his life. the beginning of the Western Schism, he acknowledged Urban VI as the legitimate pope. After Urban deposed Joanna and put Louis's relative Charles of Durazzo on the throne of Naples, Louis helped Charles occupy the kingdom. Hungarian historiography, Louis was regarded for centuries as the most powerful Hungarian monarch who ruled over an empire "whose shores were washed by three seas". Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœCzestochowaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon, R Catholic
Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon; II of Opole (Polish: WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw Opolczyk, German: Wladislaus von Oppeln, Hungarian: Oppelni László, Ukrainian: ÃÂÂ’ÃÂÂ»ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ´ÃÂÂ¸ÑÂÂÃÂÂ»ÃÂÂ°ÃÂÂ² ÃÂÂžÃÂÂ¿ÃÂÂ¾ÃÂÂ»ÑŒÑ‡ÃÂÂ¸ÃÂÂº) (ca. 1332 – 18 May 1401) was a Duke of Opole from 1356 (as a Bohemian vassal), Count palatine of Hungary during 1367–1372, ruler over Lubliniec since 1368, Duke of WieluÅ„ during 1370–1392, ruler over BolesÅ‚awiec from 1370 (only for his life), Governor of Galicia–Volhynia during 1372–1378, ruler over Pszczyna during 1375–1396, Count palatine of Poland in 1378, Duke of DobrzyÅ„ and Kujawy during 1378–1392 (as a Polish vassal), ruler over Głogówek from 1383 and ruler over Krnov during 1385–1392. Vladislaus was the eldest son of Duke Bolko II of Opole by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Bernard of Åšwidnica. Life[edit] Early years[edit] Vladislaus was a descendant of the House of Piast.[1] Little is known about his youth. As a young prince, in order to gain more political experience, he went to Hungary around 1353, where he probably remained until the death of his father (1356). There he also got married. Duke of Opole[edit] After Duke Bolko II's death, Vladislaus and his brothers Bolko III and Henry inherited Duchy of Opole (then fiefdom of the Bohemian Crown) as co-rulers; however, the strong personality of Vladislaus soon dominated the whole government and encourage his brothers to accept a modest part of their inheritance. Bolko III and Henry remained as co-Dukes of Opole, but only formally. Cooperation with King Louis I the Great of Hungary[edit] The political career of Vladislaus began in the mid 1360s in the Hungarian court of King Louis I. Already in 1364 he took part in the famous Congress of Cracow as part of the Hungarian suite. However, the most important mission of Vladislaus on behalf of King Louis took place two years later (in 1366), when he negotiated conditions of the planned marriage between a niece of Hungarian ruler and Wenceslaus, son of Emperor Charles IV. The faithful service to the Hungarian House of Anjou resulted in the appointment of Vladislaus as Count palatine, which made him most important man after the King in the country. The functions of this post were primarily broad judicial powers, who could be had only with the King. In this office, Vladislaus showed great commitment and capability; he created the rule of four Congregatio generalis, which handled court cases. Despite his huge income, his new post in the Hungarian affected Vladislaus' finances. Death of Casimir III the Great. Homage to the Kingdom of Poland[edit] During his time as count palatine, Vladislaus didn't stop to participate in the foreign politics; the example of this was, among other things, his trip to Bulgaria in 1368. In 1370, after the death of Casimir III the Great, the Duke of Opole actively participated in preparing the succession of King Louis I of Hungary in the Polish throne. As a reward, King Louis give him the towns of WieluÅ„ and CzÄ™stochowa. By that time, Vladislaus' brother Bolko III inherited Strzelce Opolskie from their uncle Albert and with this, the Duke of Opole could maintain the sole government over his domains (the youngest brother, Henry, died in 1365 without issue). In 1371 Vladislaus led an armed expedition against the Crown of Bohemia (this assault caused a terrible devastation of Moravia); however, next year Vladislaus was the head of a mediation mission to resolve dispute between the Emperor (also Bohemian King) Charles IV and King Louis I. Ruthenia Lord and Heir[edit] Ducal seal Ladislaus Dei Gracia Dux Opoliensis Wieloniensis et Terre Russie Domin et Heres (ca. 1387) In October 1372 Vladislaus was unexpectedly deprived from the office of Count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence was significantly decreased. As a compensation, was made Governor of Hungarian-ruled part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia. In this new position, the Duke of Opole successfully contributing to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. Vladislaus mainly resided in Lviv, but at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halych. The only serious conflict during his time as Governor was related to his approaching to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which caused the angry of the local boyars, who were strongly Catholics. Probably following Vladislaus's advice, in 1374 King Louis I published a provincial privilege for the Polish nobility (szlachta) in KoÅ¡ice, which ensured the succession of the King's daughters after his death. Count palatine of Poland and ruler of Kujawy[edit] In 1378 the departure of Queen Elisabeth from Poland to Hungary, forced King Louis to release Vladislaus from his post of Governor and appointed him with the empty position of Polish Count palatine. But almost immediately Vladislaus had to face the strong resistance of the Polish nobility, dissatisfied with the decision of King Louis to named heirs to his daughters, and soon was forced to resign. As compensation for his resignation, the Duke of Opole received from the Hungarian ruler the towns of DobrzyÅ„ Land and part of Kujawy (with towns Bydgoszcz, InowrocÅ‚aw and Gniewkowo). These territories were on the border of the Teutonic Order lands, which soon shortly Vladislaus established close contacts, who included allowed the prosecution of criminals by Teutonic knights in his domains. In Kujawy, Vladislaus entered in a dispute over finances with the Bishop of PÅ‚ock, DobiesÅ‚aw Sówka, resulting in the excommunication of the Duke, who was repealed a year later by the Archbishop of Gniezno. As a gesture of reconciliation with the Church, Vladislaus founded the Pauline monastery of Our Lady at Jasna Góra in CzÄ™stochowa; also, the Duke brought the famous Black Madonna of CzÄ™stochowa, who according to oldest documents, travelled from Jerusalem, via Constantinople and BeÅ‚z, to finally reach CzÄ™stochowa in August 1382. The deaths of his brother Bolko III (21 October 1382), leaving four minor sons, and one month later (14 September) of the Duke Henry of Niemodlin without issue, made it possible to Vladislaus extend his influence on Upper Silesia, as a rule over Strzelce and Niemodlin (although only as a regent of his nephews) and Głogówek (granted to him one year later, in 1383). The Duke of Opole also supported the Church career of the eldest son of Bolko III, Jan KropidÅ‚o trying to obtain for him, despite his young age, the dignity of the Bishop of PoznaÅ„. Death of Louis I and relations with Vladislaus II JagieÅ‚Å‚o[edit] Russian (Kingdom of Russia) Coins of Opolczy (1389) On 10 September 1382 King Louis I of Hungary, Vladislaus' protector, died. Despite the earlier support given to him to late King's daughters, Vladislaus put his own nomination to the royal crown. However, he wasn't popular among the Polish nobility, who decanted (in connection with the broken engagement between Queen Hedwig and William of Habsburg) for Duke Siemowit IV of PÅ‚ock. Contrary to the old historiography, the Duke of Opole supported the new Polish King WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o during the first period of his reign. Some historians accept the fact that in 1386 Vladislaus stood as the King's godfather when he converted to the Catholic faith. However, the cooperation between the Duke of Opole and the King was short-lived: in 1388, after the King dispossessed him from Bydgoszcz, the Duke lead a coup who planned to capture the King and Wawel Castle. Defeated and captured by the Starosta (provincial governor) Sędziwój PaÅ‚uka, Vladislaus was forced to capitulate and resign from any claim to the Polish throne. King WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw II JagieÅ‚Å‚o also blocked the nomination of Jan KropidÅ‚o for the post of Archbishop of Gniezno. Cooperation with the Teutonic Order. Vladislaus' ambitions and war with Poland. Death[edit] Further frictions with the King of Poland took place in May 1391, when Vladislaus pledged the land of Złotów to the Teutonic Order. Aware of the danger that the Teutonic Order too close to his bordes, the King ordained the deprivation of Vladislaus from his fiefs in Polish territory. Against the Royal power, the Duke of Opole capitulated, and in 1392 transferred the disputed territories to Poland (with the exception of BolesÅ‚awiec, which, completely loyal to WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw, only accepted the annexation to the Polish Kingdom after the death of the Duke of Opole). However, the attitude of Vladislaus was not changed and in 1393 he sold his rights over DobrzyÅ„ to the Teutonic Order. Has also tried to encourage the Great master of the Teutonic Order, Konrad von Wallenrode, to attack the Kingdom with the combination of the troops of Teutonic knights in Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, but the conflict ended unexpectedly. The war, which began successfully (for example, with the siege to Nowy Korczyn on 26 July 1393), finally ended in 1396, when the royal army decided to attack the Silesian lands of Vladislaus. After the Polish troops took control over Strzelce, on 6 August of that year, Vladislaus' nephews decided to make peace with the King of Poland. Since then, the government of the Duchy of Opole was virtually taken over by the sons of Bolko III, and Vladislaus was relegated to a second status. Disappointed because of his ambitions failed disastrously, Vladislaus died on 18 May 1401 in Opole, and was buried in the local Franciscan monastery. Marriages and issue[edit] Around 1355 and during his stay in Hungary, Vladislaus married firstly Elisabeth (b. 1340 – d. c. 1369), daughter of Nicolae Alexandru Basarab, Voivode of Wallachia.[2][3][4][5] They had three daughters: Kinga (b. 1355/57 – d. after 1369), a nun at Alt-Buda. Elisabeth [Agnes] (b. 1360 – d. by 9 September 1411), married in 1372 to Margrave Jobst of Moravia, King of the Romans. Katharina (b. c. 26 March 1367 – d. 6 June 1420), married in 1382 to Duke Henry VIII of Żagań-Głogów-Ścinawa. By 1369, Vladislaus married secondly Euphemia (b. c. 1352 – d. by 9 December 1424), daughter of Duke Siemowit III of Masovia. They had two daughters: Hedwig (b. 1376/78 – d. after 13 May 1390), married before 25 January 1390 to Duke Vygantas-Alexander of KernavÄ—. Euphemia (d. young, before 30 March 1408). Because he died without male heirs, Vladislaus' nephews Bolko IV and Bernard inherited the whole Duchy except Głogówek, who was given by the Duke to his wife, Euphemia, as her dower. Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœCzestochowaÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, 1533-1586, Transylvanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, 1538-1700, Ottoman Hungary, Hapsburgs of Austria

Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area
Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area;

Hungary, 1541-1699, Hapsburgs of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Hungary, 1541-1564, Hapsburgs of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I; Hungary, 1541-1699, Hapsburgs of Austria; Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area;

Hungary, 1541-1699, Protestant Hungary, Transylvania
Hungary, 1541-1699, Protestant Hungary, Transylvania; Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, 1700-, Holy League, dethronement of the Habsburgs

Hungary, Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797
Hungary, Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Venice, Northern Italy; Saint Sophronius, Confessor of Ciorara, Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa
Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, Danube River Folder

Esztergom, Hungary (Danube River 5.5)
Esztergom, Hungary; Repose of Venerable John, Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Budapest, Hungary (Danube River 7)
Budapest; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ;

Danube Mouth (North Black Sea)
Danube Mouth (North Black Sea) Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Hungary, Slovakia Folder

Slovakia (rivers of the Western Carpathians)
Slovakia ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Slovakia, Land of the Carpatho-Russians (Primarily Slovakia)
Carpatho-Russians or Rusyn or Ruthenians; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Carpathians - Western Carpathians - Slovakia
Western Carpathians;

Hungary, Slovakia History

Slovakia, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Slovakia, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Slovakia, Sajo River Folder

Sajo River

Sajo River Source (Low Tatras Mountains)

Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia
Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia ;

Sajo River Mouth (Tisza River 9)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River Folder

Hornad River

Hornad River 1 (Torysa River)

Hornad River Mouth (Sajo River )

Hornad River Source (King's Bald Mountain)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River 1, Torysa River Folder

Torysa River

Torysa River Soure (Levoca Mountains)

Beskids, Slovakia
Beskids, Slovakia;

Levoca Mountains, Slovakia
Levoca Mountains, Slovakia;

Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia, Hungary)
Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia); Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Torysa River 1 (Lipany)

Torysa River 2 (Sabinov)

Torysa River 3 (Velky Saris)

Torysa River 4 (Presov, Slovakia)

Presov, Slovakia (Torysa River 4)
Presov; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Torysa River Mouth (Hornad River )

Hungary, Slovakia, Ondava River Folder

Ondava River

Ondava River Source (along the border)

Ondava River 1 (Borov, Slovakia)

Borov, Slovakia (Ondava River 1)
Borov; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov, Ondava River 1)
Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov); Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Ondava River 2

Ondava River 3

Ondava River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Slovakia, Western Slovakia Folder, Klinkovo (Danube 5.3)

Klinkovo, Slovakia (Danube River 5.3)
Klinkovo, Slovakia; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26;

Hungary, Transylvania Folder

Dacia (Transylvania and Moldovia)
Dacia; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1533-1601, Lithuanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Partos, Transylvania, Romania
Partos, Transylvania, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ;

Aries River Source (Bihor Mountains)
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Sofronie of Cioara; Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mukachev Castle, Transylvania, Hungary (Latorica River 2)
Mukachev Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Banat region, Transylvania (Timishoara, Bega River and Canal)
Banat region; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Timishoara, Banat Region, Transylvania, Romania, Art Capital of EU
Timishoara, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Hungary and Transylvania, Tisa River Folder

Tisza River

Chornohora Mountains
Chornohora Mountains;

Tisza River Source 1 (Chornohora Mountains)

Tisza River 1

Tisza River 2

Tisza River 3

Tisza River 4 (Tiszabecs)

Batar River Mouth (Tisza River 4)

Tur River Mouth (Tisza River 5)

Crasna River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Tisza River 6 (Somes and Crasna Rivers)

Tisza River 8 (Tokaj, Bodrog River)

Zagyva River Mouth (Tisza River 10)

Koros River Mouth (Tisza River 11)

Tisza River 12 (Szeged, Mures River)

Cik River Mouth (Tisza River 13)

Jegricka River Mouth (Tisza River 14)

Tisza River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Tisza River Gorgany Tisza

Gorgany Range
Gorgany Range;

Tisza River Source 2 (Gorgany Range)

Bodrog River

Bodrog River Source (Latorica and Ondava River Confluence)

Bodrog River Mouth (Tisza River 8)

Iza River

Iza River Mouth (Tisza River 2)

Viseu River

Viseu River Source (Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Viseu River Mouth (Tisza River 1)

Hungary, Pannonia Folder, Little Hungarian Plain

Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain, 476-WWI
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Sabaria (Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain)
Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Little Hungarian Plain, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania
Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;

Lithuania Folder, and its rivers

Lithuania (Neman and Neris Rivers, Moscow to Poland Road)
Lithuania ; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; SAMUEL ISAAC JOSEPH SCHERESCHEWSKY, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, BISHOP (14 OCT 1906) ; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated October 5 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of "Vilna", Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; St Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated February 3 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; The Vilno Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated February 23 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God of Smolensk the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœSweet-KissingÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Lithuania, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

Lithuania, 1569-1795, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania, 1569-1795, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Lithuania, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union, Protestant
Lithuania, 1593, Polish, Lithuanian, Swedish Union;

Lithuania, 1596, Land of the Uniates (Eastern Europe including Lithuania and Poland) Unia began 1596
Uniates or Eastern Catholics under the Pope of Rome (Eastern Europe, North Afria, Middle East, and India); Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12, says After the emergence of the Unia (1596) the icon passed into the hands of the Catholics and was placed in a church of the Belynich Catholic monastery; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Lithuania, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Lithuania, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Lithuania, 1721-1917, mostly controlled by Russian Empire
Lithuania, 1721-1917, mostly controlled by Russian Empire; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Lithuanian History Folder

Lithuania, 1251-1517, Folder, Orthodox, Pagan, Tartar and Roman Catholic

Lithuania, 1251-1263, Great Prince, Mindaugas, Orthodox Christian
Lithuania, 1251-1263, Great Prince, Mindaugas, Orthodox Christian; Lithuania Great Prince, 1264-1267, Vaisvilkas; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated October 5 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Lithuania, 1260-1299, Dovmont, Duke of Nalsia and later Pskov, Pagan in Lithuania
Lithuania, 1260-1299, Dovmont, Duke of Nalsia and later Pskov (Utena); Utena, Lithuania; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Lithuania, 1263-1264, King, Treniota, Pagan
Lithuania, 1263-1264, King, Treniota; St. Simeon the Bishop of Polotsk and Tver, Commemorated on February 3;

Lithuania, 1264-1267, Great Prince, Vaisvilkas, Orthodox Christian
Lithuania Great Prince, 1264-1267, Vaisvilkas; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated October 5 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Lithuania, 1267-1269, Great Prince, Shvarn, Orthodox Christian
Lithuania Great Prince, 1264-1267, Vaisvilkas; St Charitina the Princess of Lithuania, Commemorated October 5 ; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Lithuania, 1269-1282, Great Prince, Traidenis, Pagan
Lithuania, 1269-1282, Great Prince, Traidenis, Pagan; Saint Oleg, Prince of Briansk, Commemorated on September 20;

Lithuania, 1316-1377, Great Prince, Olgerd (Algirdas) Pagan, then Orthodox, then Pagan
Lithuanian Great Prince, 1316-1377, Olgerd (Algirdas); Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14;

Lithuania, 1345-1377, Great Prince, Algirdas and his family, Pagans and Orthodox
Lithuanian Great Prince, 1345-1377, Algirdas and his family; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Lithuania, 1362-1394, Lithuanian King, Vladimir Olgerdovich, Pagan
Kiev Lithuanian King, 1362-1394, Vladimir Olgerdovich; Venerable Gregory the Recluse, of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Arsenius the Lover-of-Labor of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on May 8; Venerable Leontius of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on June 18;

Lithuania, 1368-1372, Lithuanian-“Muscovite War, Moscow v over Tver and Lith
Lithuania, 1368-1372, Lithuanian-“Muscovite War; Lithuanian–Muscovite War, known in Russia as Litovschina encompasses three raids by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1368, 1370, and 1372. organized the raids against Dmitry Donskoy in support of the Principality of Tver, chief rival of Moscow. 1368 and 1370, Lithuanians besieged Moscow and burned the posad, but did not succeed in taking the city's Kremlin. 1372, the Lithuanian army was stopped near Lyubutsk where, after a standoff, the Treaty of Lyubutsk was concluded. Lithuanians agreed to cease their aid to Tver, which was defeated in 1375. Mikhail II of Tver had to acknowledge Dmitry as "elder brother".[1] Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14;

Lithuania, 1377-1434, Lithuanian Great Prince Wladyslaw II Jagiello, Pagan to Roman Catholic
Lithuanian Great Prince, 1377-1434, Wladyslaw II Jagiello; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16;

Lithuania, 1382-1402, Ivan Olshansky, friend of Prince Vitovt (Vytautas the Great), First Olshansky Prince
Lithuania, 1382-1402, Ivan Olshansky, friend of Vytautas the Great, First Olshansky Prince, Yurii Dubrovitsky-Olshansky, Father of Juliana Lithuanian prince Vitovt 1392-1430 (Vytautas the Great); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Lithuania, 1385-1406, Patriarch Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow, Kiev and Lithuania

Lithuania, 1392-1430, Prince Vitovt (Vytautas the Great) Roman Catholic
Lithuanian prince Vitovt 1392-1430 (Vytautas the Great); Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed HeavenÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Lithuania, 1418-1430, Uliana Olshanska (Juliana Olshanskaya) Orthodox Saint
Lithuania, 1418-1430, Uliana Olshanska (Juliana Olshanskaya); Lithuania, 1382-1402, Ivan Olshansky, friend of Vytautas the Great, First Olshansky Prince, Yurii Dubrovitsky-Olshansky, Father of Juliana Lithuanian prince Vitovt 1392-1430 (Vytautas the Great); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Lithuania, 1430-1432, Prince Svidrigailo
Lithuania, 1430-1432, Prince Svidrigailo; Lithuanian prince Vitovt 1392-1430 (Vytautas the Great); Saint Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Lithuania, 1440-1492, Grand Duke, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland, Roman Catholic
Lithuanian Grand Duke, 1440-1492, Casimir IV Jagiellon, King Poland; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14 ; Venerable Tikhon of Luchov, Kostroma, Commemorated on June 16;

Lithuania, 1492-1506, G Duke, Alexander I Jagiellon, Polish K, Catholic, war w Ivan III, peace, married Ivan's d
Alexander I Jagiellon, Grand Duke Lithuania, King Poland, 1492-1506; Alexander Jagiellon (5 August 1461 – 19 August 1506) of the House of Jagiellon was the grand duke of Lithuania and later also king of Poland.[2] was the fourth son of Casimir IV Jagiellon. He was elected grand duke of Lithuania on the death of his father (1492) and king of Poland on the death of his brother John I Albert (1501). 1 Biography 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links was born as the fourth son of King Casimir IV of Poland and Elisabeth, daughter of the King Albert of Hungary. At the time of his father's death in 1492, his eldest brother Vladislaus had already become king of Bohemia (1471) and Hungary and Croatia (1490), and the next oldest brother, Casimir, had died (1484) after leading an ascetic and pious life in his final years, resulting in his eventual canonization. While the third oldest brother, John I Albert was chosen by the Polish nobility (szlachta) to be the next king of Poland, the Lithuanians instead elected Alexander to be their next grand duke. greatest challenge that Alexander faced upon assuming control of the grand duchy was an attack on Lithuania by Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia and his allies, the Tatars of the Crimean Khanate, which commenced shortly after his accession. III considered himself the heir to the lands of Kievan Rus', and was striving to take back the territory previously gained by Lithuania. to successfully stop the incursions, Alexander sent a delegation to Moscow to make a peace settlement, which was signed in 1494 and ceded extensive land over to Ivan. an additional effort to instill a peace between the two countries, Alexander was betrothed to Helena, the daughter of Ivan III; they were married in Vilnius on 15 February 1495. peace did not last long, however, as Ivan III resumed hostilities in 1500. The most Alexander could do was to garrison Smolensk and other strongholds and employ his wife Helena to mediate another truce between him and her father after the disastrous Battle of Vedrosha (1500). In the terms of this truce, Lithuania had to surrender about a third of its territory to the nascent expansionist Russian state. 17 June 1501, Alexander's older brother John I Albert died suddenly, and Alexander was crowned king of Poland on 12 December of that year. shortage of funds immediately made him subservient to the Polish Senate and szlachta, who deprived him of control of the mint (then one of the most lucrative sources of revenue for the Polish kings), curtailed his prerogatives, and generally endeavored to reduce him to a subordinate position. 1505, the Sejm passed the Act of Nihil novi, which forbade the king to issue laws without the consent of the nobility, represented by the two legislative chambers, except for laws governing royal cities, crown lands, mines, fiefdoms, royal peasants, and Jews. This was another step in Poland's progression towards a "Noble's Democracy". Alexander's reign, Poland suffered additional humiliation at the hands of her subject principality, Moldavia. Only the death of Stephen, the great hospodar of Moldavia, enabled Poland still to hold her own on the Danube River. Meanwhile, the liberality of Pope Julius II, who issued no fewer than 29 bulls in favor of Poland and granted Alexander Peter's Pence and other financial help, enabled him to restrain somewhat the arrogance of the Teutonic Order. Jagiellon never felt at home in Poland, and bestowed his favor principally upon his fellow Lithuanians, the most notable of whom was the wealthy Lithuanian magnate Michael Glinski, who justified his master's confidence by his great victory over the Tatars at Kleck (5 August 1506), news of which was brought to Alexander on his deathbed in Vilnius. was the last known ruler of the Gediminid dynasty to have maintained the family's ancestral Lithuanian language.[citation needed] After his death, Polish became the sole language of the family, thus fully Polonising the Jagiellons. 1931, during the refurbishment of Vilnius Cathedral, the forgotten sarcophagus of Alexander was discovered, and has since been put on display. St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14 ;

Lithuania, 1506-1548, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland
Lithuania, 1506-1548, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Sigismund I the Old, King of Poland; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19;

Lithuania, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia from Lithuania
Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Lithuania, 1517-1721, Folder, Lithuania Poland and Sweden, Protestant

Lithuania, 1533-1586, Grand Duke Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant
Poland, 1533-1586, King Stephen Bathory, of Transylvania, Protestant, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov Ã¢Â€Âœthe ProtectionÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœTendernessÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœElets-ChernigovÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23;

Lithuania, 1569-1795, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth
Lithuania, 1569-1795, Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7; Martyr Galacteon of Vologda, Commemorated September 24 ; Venerable Dorothy of Kashin, Commemorated September 24;

Lithuania, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III Vasa of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic
Poland, 1587-1632, King Sigismund III of Poland, Warsaw, Catholic ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated September 5 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23;

Lithuania, 1600-1616, Commander, Alexander Joseph Lisowski, Polish Lithuanian
Lithuanian Commander, 1600-1616, Alexander Joseph Lisowski, Polish Lithuanian; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24;

Lithuania, 1605-1618, Lithuanian invasion of Moscow (1605-1618)
Lithuanian invasion of Moscow ; Battle of Klushino; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Lithuania, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King, Tsar of Russia 1610
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Å‚adysÅ‚aw IV Vasa[a] or Ladislaus IV of Poland (9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648) was King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and titular King of Sweden, who ruled from 1632 until his death in 1648. WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw IV was the eldest son of Sigismund III Vasa (Polish: Zygmunt III Waza) and his wife, Anna Habsburg of Austria. Born into the House of Vasa, WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw was elected Tsar of Russia by the Seven Boyars in 1610 when the Polish army captured Moscow, but did not assume the throne due to his father's position and a popular uprising. Nevertheless, until 1634 he used the titular title of Grand Duke of Muscovy. Elected king of Poland in 1632, he was largely successful in defending the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against foreign invasion, most notably in the Smolensk War of 1632–34, in which he participated personally. He supported religious tolerance and carried out military reforms, such as the founding of the Commonwealth Navy. WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw was also a renowned patron of the arts and music. He failed, however, at reclaiming the Swedish throne, gaining fame by defeating the Ottoman Empire, strengthening royal power, and reforming the Commonwealth's political system. He died without a legitimate male heir and was succeeded to the Polish throne by his half-brother, John II Casimir Vasa (Jan Kazimierz Waza). WÅ‚adysÅ‚aw's death marked the end of relative stability in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as conflicts and tensions that had been growing over several decades came to a head with devastating consequences. The Khmelnytsky Uprising in the east (1648) and the subsequent Swedish invasion ("the Deluge", 1655–60) weakened the country and diminished Poland's status as a regional power.[1] Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Lithuania, 1721- , Folder , Partitions and Russian Protectorate

Lithuania, 1772, First Partition of Poland Lithuania

Lithuania, 1773-1789, Protectorate of the Russian Empire

Lithuania, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1793, Second Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Lithuania, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania
Poland, 1795, Third Partition of Poland Lithuania;

Lithuania, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95
Poland, 1793-1795, Administrative Divisions 93-95 ;

Lithuania, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw
Poland, 1807-1815, Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw;

Fatherland War of 1812 (Neman River Crossing, Lithuania)
Fatherland War of 1812 (Neman River Crossing), French Invasion of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœKursk-RootÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 27 ;

Lithuania, 1814-1918, Congress of Vienna, Russian Prussian Rule
Poland, 1814-1815, Congress of Vienna; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9;

Lithuania, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule
Poland, 1863, Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14;

Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule
Polish Revolt of 1863, Lithuanians revolting against Russian rule; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14;

Lithuania, 1863-1874, Polish Russian Viceroy, Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg
Poland, 1863-1874, Polish Russian Viceroy, Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert von Berg ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14;

Lithuania, Neman and Neris Rivers Folder

Neman River

Neman River Source (a confluence in Belarus)

Neman River 1 (Masty, Belarus)

Neman River 2 (Grodno, Belarus)

Grodnensk district, Lithuania (Neman River 2)
Grodnensk; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Kamenetsk Resurrection monastery, Lithuania (in Grodnensk district)
Kamenetsk Resurrection monastery (in Grodnensk district) Grodno Region; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7;

Neman River 3 (Druskininkai, Lithuania)

Neman River 4 (Alytus, Lithuania)

Neman River 5 (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Lithuania, Neman River 5, Neris River Folder

Neris River

Neris River Source (Lake Narach, Belarus)

Neris River 1 (Vilnus, Lithuania)

Lithuania, Neman River 5, Neris River 1, Vilnia River Folder

Vilnia River

Vilnia River Source (Vindziunai, along the border)

Vilnia River 1 (Olshanski Palace)

Olshanski Palace, Lithuania (Rokantiskes Castle, Vilnia River, Nerris River 1, )
Rokantiskes Castle; Olshanski Family; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Vilnia River Mouth (Vilnus, Neris River 1)

Vilnius, Lithuania (Vilnia River Mouth, Neris River 1)
Vilnius (Vilno, Vilna), Lithuania; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of "Vilna", Commemorated December 26 ; The Vilno Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated February 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on February 15; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Martyr Anthony of Vilnius, Lithuania, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Uncovering of the relics of Holy Princess Juliana Olshanskaya, Commemorated on July 6;

Vilnius’s Holy Trinity Monastery and Icon, 1347
Vilnius’s Holy Trinity Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Martyrs Anthony, John, and Eustathius of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14;

Japanese Embassy (Vilnus, Lithuania)
THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Chiune Sugihara, Commemorated July 16 ;

Neris River 2 (Kernave, Lithuania)

Neris River Mouth (Neman River 5)

Kovno, Russian Empire, Lithuania (Neris River Mouth, Neman River 5)
Kovno, Russian Empire, Lithuania; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Neman River 6 (Neman, Russia)

Neman River Mouth (Curonian Lagoon, Baltic Sea)

Lithuania, Grodno, Dnieper Bug Canal Folder (Portages and Canals)

Lithuania, Belarus, Moscow Road to Poland Folder

Zhirovits, Lithuania (Moscow Road to Poland 7)
Zhyrovichy Monastery; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7;

Zhyrovichy Monastery, Lithuania, 1470

Molcha, Lithuania (Moscow Road to Poland 7, Svislocha River 2)
Molcha, Belarus; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24;

Latvia Folder (Livonia, Lower Western Dvina River)

Latvia (Livonia)
Latvia (Livonia); Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœof the SignÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, the Ã¢Â€ÂœKursk-RootÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 8 ; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Livonia (Latvia)
Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "Kursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8 ; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29;

Livonian Knights, Latvia, 1204-1237
Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Livonian Knights, Latvia, 1237-1561, Order of Teutonic Order
Livonian Order of Teutonic Order, 1237-1561; Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Latvia - 1204-1582, Latvia Livonia History Folder

Latvia, 1200, 13th-16th Century History Folder, Livonian Knights and Order

Latvia, 1204-1237, Livonian Knights
Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Latvia, 1237-1561, Livonian Knights, Order of Teutonic Order
Livonian Order of Teutonic Order, 1237-1561; Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Latvia, 1500, 16th Century History Folder, War with Russia, Seige of Pskov Caves

Latvia, 1500's, Livonia, Land of the Aesti People
Land of the Aesti People; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20 ;

Latvia, 1558-1583, Livonian War 1558-1583 (Russia vs a Western Coalition)
Livonian War 1558-1583 (in Livonia and Estonia, Russia vs a Western Coalition); Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated February 20 ;

Latvia, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582)
Moscow, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582); Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov "œthe Protection", Commemorated on October 1; St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of "œTenderness", Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œTenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Latvia, Lower Western Dvina River Folder, Riga

Western Dvina River 1 (Andreapol, Tver, Russia)

Western Dvina River 2 (Zapadnaya Dvina, Tver, Russia)

Western Dvina River 3 (Velizh, Tver, Russia)

Mezha River Mouth (Western Dvina or Daugava River 3)

Western Dvina River 4 (Ruba, Belarus, Russia)

Western Dvina River 4 (Vitebsk, Belarus, Russia)

Western Dvina River 5 (Beshankovichy, Belarus, Rusia)

Western Dvina River 6 (Polotsk, Belarus, Russia)

Palata River Mouth (Western Dvina or Daugava River 6)

Western Dvina River 7 (Navapolatsk and Polotsk, Belarus, Russia)

Dysna River Mouth (Western Dvina or Daugava River 8)

Western Dvina River 9 (Verkhnyadzvinsk, Belarus, Russia)

Aiviekste River Mouth (Western Dvina or Daugava River 14)

Riga, Latvia
Riga; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bishoprick of Livonia
Livonian Knights ; Bishoprick of Livonia; Venerable Hilarion the Abbot of Gdov and Pskov Lake, Commemorated October 21 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ;

Teutonic Knights, Latvia, 1237-1561, Livonian Knights, Order of Teutonic Order, Riga
Livonian Order of Teutonic Order, 1237-1561; Livonia; Livonian Knights; Turaida Castle; St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16 ; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Kasplya River

Kasplya River Source (Valdai Hills)

Kasplya River Mouth (Western Dvina or Daugava River 4)

Egypt Folder, its river and roads

Egypt (aka Rahab)
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

British Empire - Egypt - Lower Nile River below the Cataracts and the Sinai
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Egypt, Cataracts of the Nile, Aswan Dam

Egypt (capital Cairo and Goshen)
Egypt; Goshen; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Church New Year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; Venerable Ammon; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Egypt, History Folder

Egypt, 1900 BC to 1500 BC, History Folder, Joseph and Pharaohs to Moses and Joshua

Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph
Egypt, 1900 BC, Egyptian Saint, Joseph;

Egypt, 1701 BC-1661 BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, Merneferre Ay, at abandoned capitol
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1701BC-1661BC, Merneferre Ay; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Moses
Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses; Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1672BC-1648BC, Mersekhemre Ined
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1649BC-1609BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, uncertain, Semqen
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1649BC-1609BC uncertain, Semqen; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1654BC-1544BC, Egyptian Patriarch, Joshua
Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1500 BC to 170 AD, History Folder, Simeon, Septuagent, Later Ancient Times, Jews Drawn Back to Egypt

Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah
Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 597 BC, Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, BC 360-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver
Egypt, BC 300-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver; Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 247-132 BC, Septuagint
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 247-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Noph, aka Memphis, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea
Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos of the 70, erudite, Alexandria, Corinth, Crete, Caesurea ; Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Sosthenes, Apollos, Cephas, Tychicus, Epaphroditus, Caesar, and Onesiphorus, Commemorated on December 8;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Mark from Cyprus and Jerusalem, Gethsemane Garden
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria, St Mark
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Egypt, 170 - 640, Patriarchs and Saints History Folder

Egypt, 100, 2nd Century Folder, St Clement

Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria
Egypt, 170-215, Saint Clement of Alexandria; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Origen and first Hermit St Paul of Thebes

Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint
Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria
Egypt, 220-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria; Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus
Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes, the first Christian hermit
Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great;

Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple, his beautiful wife's affair
Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria
Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria; Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great
Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Scholar, Arius of Alexandria
Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 276-311, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria, e anathama leniency, excomd Arius
Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria; Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ;

Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 280-307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Egypt, 280-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermits of Egyptian Desert

Egypt, 300-395, Egyptian Saint, Onuphrius
Egyptian Saint, 300-395, Onuphrius; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas
Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17;

Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus
Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra
Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Saint Cleopatra (died 319 or 327) was a Christian saint who lived between the 3rd century and 4th century. She is venerated in the Catholic Church,[1] Oriental Orthodoxy[citation needed] and Eastern Orthodoxy[2]. Cleopatra originally came from a village called Edra near Mount Tabor in Lower Galilee.[3] She was a contemporary of the holy martyr Saint Varus and had witnessed his suffering and execution. After Varus' death, Cleopatra had his remains taken to her home in Daraa, Syria where she had them buried with reverence. Cleopatra was a widow, whose only child, was a son named John. By 319, John had attained the officer rank of centurion, but to her great sorrow, had died suddenly. Cleopatra, in grief, turned to the relics of Saint Varus, begging the saint to return her son. She dreamt that Varus and John appeared to her as radiant in bright attire with crowns upon their heads and took this to mean that the Lord had received John into the Heavenly Kingdom, and was comforted.[3] She moved to live by the church that she had built was over the relics of Saint Varus and her son. Miracles were reported by people who had come to pray at the church. Cleopatra spent her remaining years in the service of God. She gave her property to the poor and spent her time praying and fasting.[3] She died in 327. Apart from Cleopatra, her son John is also recognised as a saint in Orthodox Christianity. The feast day of Saints Cleopatra and John is 19 October. Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Blessed Cleopatra with her son John, in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion the Great
Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion ; St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Egypt, 312-348, Egyptian Patriarch, Pachomius the Great, Cenobitic monasticism
Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373);

Egypt, 320-391, Saint, Marcarius the Great, Scetis, Lamp of the Desert
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Egyptian Saint, 320-391, Marcarius the Great; of Egypt ( 300–391) was a Coptic Christian monk and hermit. He is also known as Macarius the Elder, Macarius the Great and The Lamp of the Desert. 1 Life 2 Death and relics 3 Attributed writings: the 50 Spiritual Homilies and Letters 4 Legacy and monastery 5 Saint Macarius Depicted on the Camposanto Fresco in Pisa 6 References[12] 7 See also 8 Further reading 9 External links Macarius was born in Lower Egypt. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in Al Minufiyah Governorate, Egypt around 300 A.D. At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smuggling saltpeter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.[1] Macarius is known for his wisdom. His friends and close kin used to call him Paidarion Geron which meant the “old young man”, i.e. “the young man with the elders’ wisdom."[3] the wish of his parents Macarius entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.[4] Shortly after, his parents died as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.[4] while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the Nitrian Desert to escape all mundane glory. a hermit, Macarius spent seven years living on only pulse and raw herbs.[5] He spent the following three years consuming four or five ounces of bread a day and only one vessel of oil a year.[5] While at the desert, he visited Anthony the Great and learned from him the laws and rules of monasticism. he returned to the Scetic Desert at the age of forty, he became a priest.[6] The fame of his sanctity drew many followers. The community, which took up its residence in the desert, was of the semi-eremitical type. The monks were not bound by any fixed rule; their cells were close together, and they met for Divine worship only on Saturdays or Sundays. He presided over this monastic community for the rest of his life. a brief period of time, Macarius was banished to an island in the Nile by the Emperor Valens, along with Saint Macarius of Alexandria, during a dispute over the doctrine of the Nicene Creed. Both men were victims of religious persecution by the followers of then Bishop Lucius of Alexandria. During their time on the island, the daughter of a pagan priest had become ill. The people of the island believed that she was possessed by an evil spirit. Both saints prayed over the daughter, which in turn had saved her. The pagan people of the island were so impressed and grateful that they stopped their worship of the pagan gods and built a church. When word of this got back to the Emperor Valens and Bishop Lucius of Alexandria, they quickly allowed both men to return home. At their return on 13 Paremhat, they were met by a multitude of monks of the Nitrian Desert, numbered fifty thousand, among whom were Saint Pishoy and Saint John the Dwarf. and relics[edit] died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. Pope Michael V of Alexandria brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the Nitrian Desert on 19 Mesori. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his monastery, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in Scetes, Egypt. writings: the 50 Spiritual Homilies and Letters[edit] Macarius the Great standing next to a Cherub. Spiritual Homilies were ascribed to Macarius a few generations after his death, and these texts had a widespread and considerable influence on Eastern monasticism and Protestant pietism.[7] was particularly in the context of the debate concerning the 'extraordinary giftings' of the Holy Spirit in the post-apostolic age, since the Macarian Homilies could serve as evidence in favour of a post-apostolic attestation of 'miraculous' Pneumatic giftings to include healings, visions, exorcisms, etc. Macarian Homilies have thus influenced Pietist groups ranging from the Spiritual Franciscans (West) to Eastern Orthodox monastic practice to John Wesley to modern charismatic Christianity. modern patristic scholars have established that it is not likely that Macarius the Egyptian was their author.[8] The identity of the author of these fifty Spiritual Homilies has not been definitively established, although it is evident from statements in them that the author was from Upper Mesopotamia, where the Roman Empire bordered the Persian Empire, and that they were not written later than 534.[9] addition to the homilies, a number of letters have been ascribed to Macarius. Gennadius (De viris illustribus 10) recognizes only one genuine letter of Macarius, which is addressed to younger monks. The first letter, called "Ad filios Dei," may indeed be the genuine letter by Macarius the Egyptian that is mentioned by Gennadius (Vir. Ill.10), but the other letters are probably not by Macarius. The second letter, the so-called "Great Letter" used the De instituto christiana of Gregory of Nyssa, which was written c. 390; the style and content of the "Great Letter" suggest that its author is the same anonymous Mesopotamian who wrote the fifty Spiritual Homilies.[10] seven so-called Opuscula ascetica edited under his name by Petrus Possinus (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by Simeon the Logothete, who is probably identical with Simeon Metaphrastes (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of St. Augustine. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of Adam, and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in semi-Pelagian fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation. and monastery[edit] is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. the Methodist Churches, Macarius is regarded highly for writing on the topic of entire sanctification.[11] of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great,[3] which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern.” This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wilderness” or “the glowing monastery,” which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.[3] Today it belongs to the Coptic Orthodox Church. entirety of the Nitrian Desert is sometimes called the Desert of Macarius, for he was the pioneer monk in the region. The ruins of numerous monasteries in this region almost confirm the local tradition that the cloisters of Macarius were equal in number to the days of the year. Macarius Depicted on the Camposanto Fresco in Pisa[edit] Macarius The Great, Camposanto, Trionfo Della Morte Macarius the Great, one of the Egyptian desert recluses and a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great, is depicted on the right edge of the Triumph of Death fresco in Pisa. A group of leisurely aristocrats and their animals occupy the central part of the fresco. These rich young men and women riding horses, surrounded by their decorative hunting dogs have gone on a pleasant journey. Suddenly, their path, somewhere deep in the woods, is barred by three open sarcophagi with bodies in different degrees of decomposition. Everybody in the scene, including the men, women and even the animals are horrified by this terrible and palpable presence of death. The unsupportable stench hits their noses. The abhorrent scene dismays them. Only Saint Macarius the Great, made wise and powerful by his faith, stands above them all. The mystic Saint teaches the youngsters a lesson about life and death by reading from the scroll. The Florentine sculptor Benvenuto Cellini was inspired by this depiction of Saint Macarius in his painted portrait. Virginmartyr Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo
Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Paphnutius the Ascetic
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 325-395, Egyptian Saint, Thais
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Thais; Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 328-373, Patriarch, Athanasias of Alexandria, The Great, Trinity defender, 5 exiles
Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St. Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius; Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29;

Egypt, 334-368, Egyptian Patriarch, Theodorus of Tabennese
Egyptian Patriarch, 334-368, Theodorus of Tabennese ; Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy
Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great
Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egypt, 350-405, Egyptian Saint, Moses the Black
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28;

Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes
Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, 360-450, Egyptian Saint, Pimen the Great, Sketes
Egyptian Saint, 360-450, Pimen the Great; Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable Pimen the Great, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 370-450, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great
Egypt, 370-445, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ;

Egypt, 380-457, Saint Apollinaria, Marcarius Monastery, Sketis Desert
Egypt, 380-457, Saint Apollinaria; Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Saint Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 384-412, Impious Pope Theophilus of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 384-412, Pope Theophilus of Alexandria; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Egypt, 384-450, Egyptian Saint, Isadore of Pelusium
Egyptian Saint, d. 450, Isadore of Pelusium; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6;

Egypt, 390's, First of Two Origenist Crises
Egypt, 390's, First of Two Origenist Crises; Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 400, 5th Century Folder, Nestorius, Mary of Egypt, Cyril of Alexandria

Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius
Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius; Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 412-444, Egyptian Patriarch, Cyril of Alexandria, C of Ephesus 431, anti Nestor, Novat and Jew
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers. Roman Emperor Theodosius II, however, condemned him for behaving like a "proud pharaoh", and the Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church."[1] is well known for his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late. is also known for his expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and for inflaming tensions that led to the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by a Christian mob. Historians disagree over the extent of his responsibility in this. tried to oblige the pious Christian emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450) to himself by dedicating his Paschal table to him.[2] It is also important to note that Cyril's Paschal table was provided with a Metonic basic structure in the form of a Metonic 19-year lunar cycle adopted by him around AD 425, which was very different from the first Metonic 19-year lunar cycle invented around AD 260 by Anatolius, but exactly equal to the similar lunar cycle which had been introduced around AD 412 by Annianus; the julian equivalent of this Alexandrian lunar cycle adopted by Cyril and nowadays referred to as the 'classical (Alexandrian) 19-year lunar cycle' would only much later emerge again: a century later in Rome as the basic structure of Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table (AD 525) and two more centuries later in England as the one of Beda's Easter table (AD 725).[3] Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February. This date is used by the Western Rite Orthodox Church. Yet the 1969 Catholic Calendar revision moved it to 27 June, considered to be the day of the saint's death, as celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[4] The same date has been chosen for the Lutheran calendar. The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria
Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 444-451, Egyptian Patriarch, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite
Egyptian Patriarch, 444-451, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Egypt, 500, 6th Century Folder, Pope Theodosius of Alexandria

Egypt, 536-567, Patriarch, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 536-567, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises
Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises; Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician
Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10;

Egypt, 580-608, Patriarch, Eulogius of Alexandria and Antioch
Egypt, 580-608, Eulogius of Alexandria and Antioch; Saint Eulogius, Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13;

Egypt, 600-640, 7th Century Folder, St John of the Ladder

Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder; Commemorated on March 30;

Egypt, 606-616, Patriarch, John the Merciful of Alexandria, against Monophysite h
Egyptian Patriarch, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22;

Egypt, 610-685, Egyptian Saint, Anastasius Sinaita
Egyptian Saint, 610-685, Anastasius Sinaita; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20;

Egypt, 640 - Present, History Folder, Arab and Moslem Period

Egypt, 640-699, 7th Century Folder, Muslim conquest of Alexandria

Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad
Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad; Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Egypt, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Egypt, 800, 9th Century Folder, Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni

Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni
Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni ; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Egypt, 900, 10th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Egypt, 909-1171, m's d, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily
Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam Fatimid Caliphate, an Ismaili Shia caliphate of the 10th to the 12th centuries AD, spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin,[4] ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. The Fatimid caliphate represented the peak of Ismaili political success. Ismailis had faithful supporters in the lands governed by the Fatimids' rivals, and areas with a significant Ismaili population and presences were able to set up their own independently-administered polities, which were loyal to the Imam in Egypt.[5] The Fatimids (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙÂØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†â€Ž, romanized: al-FÄÂá¹ÂimÄ«yÅ«n) claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama, Berbers living in the west of the North African littoral (in Kabylie in present-day Algeria). In 909, using the military resources of the Kutama, the Fatimids occupied Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt, and in 973 they established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire, which developed a new and "indigenous Arabic" culture.[6] The ruling class belonged to the Ismai'li branch of Shi'a Islam, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants of Ali and Fatimah were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. Orientalist authors sometimes use the separate term Fatimi (or "Fatimite") to refer to the caliphate's subjects. After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Copts.[7] However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.[8][need quotation to verify] During the late eleventh and twelfth centuries the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin invaded its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.[9]

Egypt, 909-934, F Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, F&Ali's son, Umayyads r, as usurpers, Abbasids r, not Ali's sons, occultation, millenialist ex
Egypt, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah; Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn al-Husayn (873 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ بالله‎), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh imam of the Isma'ili faith. in the late 9th century since the murder of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, in 661, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, a large part of the Muslim community rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Family of Muhammad. The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, profited from this during their rise to power against the Umayyads; but their claim too was rejected by the Shi'a, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of al-Husayn and Hasan, Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[1] A line of imams emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.[1] The sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, had appointed (naá¹£á¹£) his son Isma'il ibn Ja'far as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of Shi'a held that al-Sadiq had designated another son, Musa al-Kazim, as his heir. Others followed other sons, Muhammad and Abdallah al-Aftah—shortly after his death, they went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a messiah.[2] Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who vanished in 874.[1][3] Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late 9th century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of "Isma'ili".[1][4][5] Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.[6] Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into hiding ("occultation"), and that they would soon return as a messiah, a mahdÄ« ("the Rightly Guided One") or qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m ("He Who Arises"), to usher in the end times.[1][7] The mahdÄ« would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital Baghdad, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer Constantinople, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.[8] The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the mahdÄ« would reveal the true, "inner" (bÄÂá¹Âin) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few selected initiates. The mahdÄ« would dissolve the outer forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of Adam, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.[9] Secret leadership of the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa at Salamiya While the mahdÄ« Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (daÊ¿wa, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (á¸¥ujja).[10] The first known á¸¥ujja was a certain Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from Askar Mukram, in what is now southwestern Iran. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.[11] His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in Basra, where he claimed to belong to the Aqil branch of the Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities and he moved on to the small town of Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert.[12] There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, Ahmad and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died c. 827/8, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.[13][14] During the late 9th century, millenialist expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdÄ«.[15] In this chaotic atmosphere, where the Abbasids were preoccupied with suppressing the uprising, the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.[16] Missionaries (dÄÂ'Ä«s) like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread the network of agents to the area round Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and the Maghreb (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893).[17][18] The real leadership remained hidden at Salamiya, and only the chief dÄÂ'Ä«s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.[19] The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary (dÄÂ'Ä« al-duÊ¿ÄÂt) and "gateway" (bÄÂb) to the hidden leader.[20] Early life The future caliph al-Mahdi Billah was born as Sa'id, the son of Ahmad's elder son, al-Husayn, who died around 880.[21] The official biography gives the date of birth as 31 July 874, although a different tradition gives a date exactly one year earlier.[22] After his father's death, he was fostered by his uncle Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, who was without an heir of his own—his son and grandchild were reportedly captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage.[22] Most of the information about Sa'id's early life comes from the memoirs of the eunuch chamberlain Ja'far, who was a few months older than Sa'id and came with him to the household at Salamiya. The two were reared by the same wet-nurse, and Ja'far became a close confidant of Sa'id until his death.[23] Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.[22] While ostensibly merely the stewards for the absent imam, Ja'far reports that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh—perhaps encouraged by the rapid progress of the daÊ¿wa, now establishing armed strongholds—secretly declared himself to senior members of the daÊ¿wa not as the á¸¥ujja for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but the actual imam; and that he claimed for his nephew the title of mahdÄ«, and the latter's infant son the title of qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m.[24] Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim (see below). In the most common, Abdallah the Elder was proclaimed to be the son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams who supposedly preceded Ahmad is not the same; for example, Sa'id himself in a letter claimed descent not from Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but from the latter's older brother Abdallah. Anti-Isma'ili Sunni and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. The situation is further complicated by the use of the title qÄÂÊ¾Ä«m, normally a synonym for the mahdÄ«, for Sa'id's son. This has led to suggestions (first by Bernard Lewis) of two parallel lines of imams, one public (and of non-Alid descent), serving as trustees of the hidden, real one. In this interpretation, Sa'id was the last representative of the former line, and his "son" was the genuine imam.[25][26] Leadership of the daÊ¿wa When Abu'l-Shalaghlagh died around 899, Sa'id became the new head of the movement.[27] Soon after, the letters from Salamiya revealed changes in the official doctrine of the daÊ¿wa. This worried Hamdan Qarmat, who sent his brother-in-law to Salamiya to investigate the matter. It was there that Abdan learned that Sa'id claimed that the imam was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id's father al-Husayn, and now Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement: Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi dÄÂ'Ä«s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters.[28][29] It was Al-Shi'i's success which was the signal to Al Mahdi to set off from Salamyah disguised as a merchant. In 905 he started proselytising. However, he was captured by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat-Allah due to his Ismaili beliefs and thrown into a dungeon in Sijilmasa. In early 909 Al-Shi'i sent a large expedition force to rescue Al Mahdi, conquering the Khariji state of Tahert on its way there. After gaining his freedom, Al Mahdi became the leader of the growing state and assumed the position of imam and caliph. Al Mahdi then led the Kutama Berbers who captured the cities of Qairawan and Raqqada. By March 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced with the Fatimids. As a result, the last stronghold of Sunni Islam in North Africa was removed from the region. Reign Al-Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqada, Al-Qayrawan (in what is now Tunisia). After that his power grew. At the time of his death he had extended his reign over the Maghreb, but campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. The historian Heinz Halm has described the early Fatimid regime as being little more than a "hegemony of the Kutama".[30] The position of these semi-civilized tribesmen as the chosen warriors of the imam-caliph was greatly resented, not only by the other Berber tribes, but chiefly by the inhabitants of the cities, where the Arabic culture predominated.[31] As Halm writes, the situation was similar to a scenario where, "in the early eighteenth-century North America, the Iroquois, converted to Catholicism by Jesuit missionaries, had overrun the Puritan provinces of New England, installed their chieftains as governors in Boston, Providence and Hartford, and proclaimed a European with dubious credentials as King of England".[31] The first years of Fatimid rule in Ifriqiya, Sicily, and Tripolitania were marked by revolts by the local inhabitants against the arrogance and exactions of the Kutama.[32] Al-Mahdi founded the capital of his empire, al-Mahdiyyah, on the Tunisian coast sixteen miles south-east of Al-Qayrawan, which he named after himself. The city was located on a peninsula on an artificial platform "reclaimed from the sea", as mentioned by the Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri. The Great mosque of Mahdia was built in 916 on the southern side of the peninsula.[33] Al-Mahdi took up residence there in 920. In 922 the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I sent envoys to al-Mahdi to propose a joint attack on the Byzantine capital Constantinople with the Bulgarians providing a large land army, and the Arabs a navy. It was proposed that all spoils would be divided equally, with the Bulgarians keeping Constantinople and the Fatimids gaining the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy.[34] As a result of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, by 922 the Bulgarians controlled almost the whole Balkan peninsula but Simeon I's main objective to capture Constantinople remained out of his reach because he lacked a navy. Although the Byzantines and the Fatimids had concluded a peace treaty in 914, since 918 the Fatimids had renewed their attacks on the Italian coast.[34] Al-Mahdi accepted the proposal and sent back his own emissaries to conclude the agreement.[34] On the way home the ship was captured by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast and the envoys of both countries were sent to Constantinople.[34] When the Byzantine emperor Romanos I learned about the secret negotiations, the Bulgarians were imprisoned, while the Arab envoys were allowed to return to Al-Mahdiyyah with rich gifts for the caliph. The Byzantines then sent their own embassy to North Africa to outbid Simeon I and eventually the Fatimids agreed not to aid Bulgaria.[35] After his death, Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im, reconquest of Sicily
Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im; Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù… Ù…ØÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡, "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith. History[edit] Al-Qa'im was born in Salamiyah in Syria in 895 with the name Muhammad. After his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. However, campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. In 934 Al-Qa'im succeeded his father as Caliph, after which he never again left the royal residence at Mahdia. Nevertheless, the Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the Ligurian coast was plundered and the city of Genoa sacked. From 944 to 947 the realm was plunged into crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of the Aurès Mountains of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qa'im was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (13th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (r. 946-953). Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, supressed the large-scale Kharijite rebellion
Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; Tahir Isma'il (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø·Ø§Ù‡Ø± إسماعيل‎, romanized: AbÅ« á¹¬ÄÂhir Ê¾IsmÄÂÊ¿Ä«l; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± Ø¨Ù†ØµØ± الله‎, romanized: al-Maná¹£Å«r bi-Naá¹£r AllÄÂh, lit. 'The Victor with the Help of God'), was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death. He presided over a period of crisis, having to confront the large-scale Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid. He succeeded in suppressing the revolt and restoring the stability of the Fatimid regime. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatmid center moved to Cairo from Tunis in 969
Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ… Ù…Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¹Ø²Ù‘ Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† الله‎, romanized: AbÅ« TamÄ«m MaÊ¿ad al-MuÊ¿izz li-DÄ«n AllÄÂh, lit. 'Glorifier of the Religion of God'; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975. It was during his caliphate that the center of power of the Fatimid dynasty was moved from Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) to Egypt. The Fatimids founded the city of al-QÄÂhirah (Cairo) "the Victorious" in 969 as the new capital of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt.[1] Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah, good admin, econ, but extrav, Katuma Berbers west, Turks east, replacng slaves, into Syria, empl Ch Jews, not sunnis
Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah; Mansur Nizar (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± نزار‎, romanized: AbÅ« Maná¹£Å«r NizÄÂr; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² بالله‎, romanized: al-Ê¿AzÄ«z biÊ¾llÄÂh, lit. 'the mighty through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. Nizar, the future al-Aziz Billah, was born on 10 May 955, the third son of the fourth Fatimid Caliph, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).[1][2] His mother, Durzan, usually known as al-Sayyida al-MuÊ¿izzÄ«ya ("the Lady of al-Mu'izz") was the chief concubine of al-Mu'izz, and likely of Bedouin origin. She was known for her beautiful singing voice, which earned her the nickname TaghrÄ«d ("Twitter").[3] She died in 995.[4] In 974 his older brother Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz —who had been the designated heir in preference to the oldest of al-Mu'izz's sons, Tamim—died, and Nizar found himself as his father's designated successor (walÄ« al-Ê¿ahd).[5] The succession was not confirmed in front of the members of the dynasty and court, however, until a day before al-Mu'izz's death on 18 December 975.[1] His official proclamation as caliph was delayed until 9 August 976.[1] Administration and economy[edit] According to the sources, al-Aziz Billah was "tall, with red hair and blue eyes, generous, brave, fond of horses and hunting and very humane and tolerant in disposition".[1] He was marked for his skill as an administrator, reforming the finances of the Fatimid state, standardizing and streamlining the payment of officials, and taking steps to ensure their integrity.[1] At the same time, he was known for his extravagant lifestyle and obsession for precious objects and materials, rare animals and delicacies; it is said that on one occasion, he had carrier pigeons bring him cherries from Ba'albek.[6] The Egyptian economy was also nurtured, and tax revenue thereby increased, through the expansion of streets and canals and the establishment of a stable currency. The general economic well-being was also apparent in an elaborate building programme. The most influential official during most of his reign was Ya'qub ibn Killis, who was the first in Fatimid history to be designated as "vizier", in 979. Apart from two brief periods when Ibn Killis fell into disgrace—in 979 and 984—he remained al-Aziz's chief minister until his death in 991.[1] Just like his master, Ibn Killis lived in great luxury, facilitated by a salary of 100,000 gold dinars.[7] Ibn Killis is credited with the capable administration of the public finances, which ensured a full treasury despite the vast sums expended by the luxury-loving Caliph,[8] but also for his role as a patron of men of letters, and the author of a book that codified Fatimid laws.[1] In contrast, his successors did not long remain in office, and in the short space of five years, the post of vizier was occupied by six men: Ali ibn Umar al-Addas, Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat, al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Baziyar, Abu Muhammad ibn Ammar, al-Fadl ibn Salih, and Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus.[1] Military reforms[edit] Al-Aziz also undertook major military reforms. Berbers, and especially the Kutama tribe, had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies, and had played the main role in the takeover of Ifriqiya and the conquest of Egypt and the southern Levant under al-Aziz's predecessors.[9] Until the 970s, the Kutama provided the cavalry, with the infantry composed of Slavic (á¹¢aqÄÂliba), Greek (RÅ«m) and Black African (SÅ«dÄÂn or Ê¿abÄ«d) slaves.[10][11] However, the forays into the Levant revealed the inadequacies of an army based solely on the Kutama, and from 978, al-Aziz, began to introduce mercenaries from the Islamic East, especially Turks and Daylamites. The adoption of the ghilmÄÂn system had far-reaching repercussions, as the Turkish ghilmÄÂn assumed senior positions in the state and began to rival the Kutama for influence, especially as the flow of new recruits from the Kutama homeland ebbed after c. 987/88.[12][13] Consequently, a fierce antagonism developed between the two groups, termed MaghÄÂriba ("Westerners") and MashÄÂriqa ("Easterners") respectively, which would erupt in open warfare after al-Aziz's death.[14][15][16] Religious policies[edit] The employment of the Christian Ibn Nesturus, just as that of the Jew Manashsha as Secretary for Syria, was a prominent example of the Fatimids' tolerance in religious matters, further encouraged under al-Aziz by his Melkite Christian wife. Two of her brothers, Orestes and Arsenius, were appointed as Patriarch of Jerusalem and metropolitan bishop of Cairo, respectively.[1] The Coptic Christians also benefited from the Caliph's favour, allowing them to rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church despite Muslim opposition, or refusing to punish a Muslim man who converted to Christianity.[1] This leniency, crowned by the appointment to high office of Ibn Nesturus and Manashsha, was resented by the Muslim populace, with Muslim opinion incensed by hostile tracts circulating among them. The Caliph was briefly forced to depose his two ministers and imprison them, but soon their undoubted skill ensured their release and reinstatement.[1] Anti-Christian animus was most evident in 996, when merchants from Amalfi were suspected of being responsible for a fire that destroyed the arsenal at Cairo; in a city-wide anti-Christian pogrom, the Amalfitans were murdered and churches were ransacked.[1] This tolerance did not extend towards the Sunni Muslim population, however, as al-Aziz followed a fervently Isma'ili agenda: he erected inscriptions denouncing the Companions of the Prophet, abolished the Tarawih prayers in 982, and initiated the celebration of the Ashura festival in Cairo. In 991, a man found in possession of the Sunni legal treatise Muwatta Imam Malik was executed.[1] The reign of Al-Aziz was also culturally significant. Ibn Killis founded the al-Azhar University in Cairo (988) which went on to become the most important centre of learning in the Islamic world. Likewise a library with 200,000 volumes was built in Cairo. According to Professor Samy S. Swayd Fatimid missionaries made their Dawah in China during the reign of Al-Aziz.[17] Expansion into Syria[edit] Map of Early Islamic Syria and its provinces in the 9th–10th centuries In foreign affairs, al-Aziz concentrated on the extension of Fatimid control over Syria,[7] whose conquest had begun immediately after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969.[18][19] Background[edit] Possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a constant foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt both before and after the Fatimids, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country by the powers of Western Asia.[20] In the Fatimid case, this drive was given additional impetus by their ambitions to lead the entire Islamic world and unseat the Abbasid Caliphate by conquering Iraq and the eastern Islamic lands, which was possible only via Syria.[7][21] At the same time, the balance of power in the region was altered with the simultaneous expansion of the Byzantine Empire into northern Syria against the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 969. The Fatimids used the Byzantine advance as a major item in their propaganda, claiming to be the only power capable of championing the jihad against the "infidel" threat.[22] However, Fatimid policy with regard to Syria during the early part of al-Aziz's reign was dominated by the vizier Ibn Killis, who, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "believed that the Fatimids should concentrate on controlling Palestine and southern Syria, while leaving the north of the Hamdanids and their successors to form a buffer state against the Byzantines, with whom the caliph should try to keep on good terms".[21] Despite initial successes, the initial Fatimid invasion of Syria, under the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Fallah, quickly came to a halt through a combination of rebellions by the citizens of Damascus and the Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert.[23][24] In August 971, the Fatimids were defeated in battle against the Bedouin and their Qarmatian allies, leading to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and even a short-lived Qarmatian invasion of Egypt.[18][25][26] When al-Aziz came to power, Damascus was ruled by the Turk Alptakin, who with only 300 of his fellow Turks had taken power by exploiting the unpopularity of the Fatimids' Kutama troops, gained popular support by restoring order in the city, and held it against the Fatimids, recognizing Abbasid suzerainty.[7][21] Further south, Palestine was under Fatimid control, but the powerful Bedouin chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, was opposed to them and held the provincial capital Ramla.[7] Reconquest of Damascus[edit] "O Commander of the Faithful, maintain peace with the Byzantines as long as they maintain peace with you. Be satisfied if the Hamdanids [of Aleppo] recognize you in the mint and the [Friday] oration. Do not spare Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, [however], if you get hold of him." Advice of Ya'qub ibn Killis to al-Aziz on his deathbed.[27] In 975 al-'Aziz took control of Baniyas in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of the Sunni Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers.[28] In 976, the Fatimid general Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt, campaigned against Damascus, but after two months of clashes before the city he had to retreat due to the arrival of Alptakin's Qarmatian allies.[7] Followed by Alptakin's forces, Jawhar was pushed back to Tiberias, Ramla and finally Ascalon, where he was besieged.[7] The siege lasted for seventeen months and ended in early 978 with a negotiated agreement, which abandoned the entire territory from Ascalon to Damascus to Alptakin. Only Gaza remained under direct Fatimid control, although Alptakin was prepared to acknowledge the nominal suzerainty of al-Aziz over the territories he ruled. Jawhar and his men had also to undergo the humiliation of passing under a sword and lance in token of their defeat while departing Ascalon for Egypt.[7][29] The Fatimid court could not accept this humiliating agreement, which not only left Egypt vulnerable to attack, but also deprived senior members of the Fatimid elite—including Ibn Killis himself—of important properties around Damascus.[30] As a result, al-Aziz took the field in person and, at the head of an enormous army, defeated and captured Alptakin in August 978.[7][30] The Qarmatians were bribed with promises of an annual payment of tribute to retreat to Bahrayn, thus bringing an end to their incursions into Syria.[7][30] The events of the previous years also demonstrated to Ibn Killis the dangers of continuing to rely on the Kutama. As a result, the Caliph unexpectedly showed clemency to Alptakin, taking him and his Turkish followers into Fatimid service.[7][30] Alptakin himself was taken to Cairo, where he was lavishly honoured by the Caliph, arousing the envy of Ibn Killis, who had Alptakin poisoned.[7] Nevertheless, as noted before, this event was of momentous importance and marked a major departure from previous Fatimid practice; especially in Syria, the Turkish ghilmÄÂn remained influential and often occupied the position of governor of Damascus.[13] Damascus itself was taken over by one of Alptakin's lieutenants, Qassam, with the support of the local population and the city militia (aá¸¥dÄÂth), who wished to avoid a renewed Berber occupation.[7][30] The Fatimid general al-Fadl ibn Salih, a protégé of Ibn Killis, was sent with a Berber army against Qassam, but other than a show of force against the coastal cities failed to achieve anything and retreated to Palestine.[7][31] Matters became complicated with the arrival of Abu Taghlib, the ousted Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, who contacted al-Aziz with an offer to capture the city if they supported him with troops. This was opposed by Ibn al-Jarrah, who feared lest the Hamdanid and his followers form the Banu Uqayl tribe, rivals to the Tayy, threaten his own position, particularly his possession of Ramla and the pasture lands of his tribe. Al-Fadl apparently played a duplicitous game, encouraging Abu Taghlib in his designs on Ramla in an effort to sow dissension among the Arab tribes and strengthen Fatimid authority; however, in August 979, when Ibn al-Jarrah attacked Abu Taghlib and his men at Ramla, al-Fadl came to his aid with his own troops. Abu Taghlib was taken captive and executed.[7][32][33] This battle established Ibn al-Jarrah and his Tayy as a major player in the region's power politics: despite his recognition of Fatimid suzerainty, the Tayy chieftain was a virtually independent ruler and remained a constant nuisance for the Fatimid government for decades.[31] Bowl fragment with a mounted warrior, 11th century Damascus continued to resist Fatimid attempts to capture it, notably under the Kutama chieftain Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah in 979/80,[7][31] while, despite al-Fadl's efforts to use the Uqayl to contain them, the Tayy and their unchecked depredations grew to be a menace to the settled and agrigultural districts of southern Syria: Ramla was "reduced to a ghost town", in the words of Kennedy, and the Ghuta plain around Damascus and the Hawran region were so devastated that Damascus faced famine, alleviated only through supplies sent from Homs, ruled by the Turk Bakjur for the Hamdanids of Aleppo.[31] As a result of the successive failures of Berber commanders to capture Damascus and restore order in the province, the Fatimid court appointed a Turk, Baltakin, a former follower of Alptakin, as commander of the next expedition into Syria. Baltakin defeated Ibn al-Jarrah, who fled north to Antioch and the protection of the Byzantines, while Qassam was finally forced to surrender Damascus in early 983, albeit under generous terms that allowed him to remain in control under a Fatimid-appointed governor.[7][31] Contest for Aleppo[edit] After securing Fatimid rule in central and southern Syria, Caliph al-Aziz aimed to capture Aleppo as well, but was restrained by Ibn Killis while he lived.[7] The question of Aleppo was complicated, as it risked provoking a direct confrontation with Byzantium.[34] Since 969, the Hamdanid emirate had been tributary to the Byzantines. Its ruler, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991), resented this dependence, but was forced to abide with it in order to prevent an outright Fatimid conquest. As a result, his policy vacillated between the two powers.[35][36] Nevertheless, the Fatimids benefited from the weakness of the Hamdanids, as many Hamdanid supporters began entering Fatimid service. For example, Raja al-Siqlabi defected with 300 of his men, and was appointed governor of Acre and Caesarea.[11] The most important such defection was that of the Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, in 983. Bakjur contacted al-Aziz directly and offered to enter Fatimid service against Aleppo in exchange for the governorship of Damascus.[7][11] Attracted by the possibility of taking over not only Homs but possibly Aleppo as well, al-Aziz agreed to Bakjur's offer over the vehement opposition of Ibn Killis, who was briefly deposed and imprisoned in conjunction with a harvest failure that led to famine in the capital.[11] The Caliph provided Bakjur with an army, with which he attacked Aleppo in September. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) for help, who sent his general Bardas Phokas the Younger to assist Aleppo. Forewarned of the Byzantines' approach by the exiled Ibn al-Jarrah, Bakjur raised the siege and fled to Fatimid territory. The Byzantines proceeded to sack Homs in October, and returned the city to Hamdanid control.[7][37] In 987/8, a seven-year truce was concluded with the Byzantines. It stipulated an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque at Constantinople.[38] Despite his failure, Bakjur was named governor of Damascus by al-Aziz, and was joined by Ibn al-Jarrah. Ibn Killis, who was released and restored to his office after barely two months, immediately began working against the two. Bakjur gradually made himself unpopular to the Damascenes due to his cruelty, and after several failed efforts, in 989 Ibn Killis finally persuaded al-Aziz to replace Bakjur with one of the vizier's personal ghilmÄÂn, Ya'qub al-Siqlabi. Bakjur fled to Raqqa, from where he continued his unsuccessful attacks on Aleppo.[7][11] At the same time, Baltakin was sent to pacify the Bedouin tribes who were raiding the Hajj caravans, leading to the establishment of a Fatimid garrison at Wadi al-Qura, north of Medina.[11] Ibn Killis' death in 991 freed al-Aziz to pursue a more aggressive stance in the Aleppo question. Immediately he dismissed Ibn Killis' protégé and appointed the Turk Manjutakin as governor of Damascus.[7][39] Manjutakin's use of Damascus as his base during the subsequent campaigns shows the consolidation of Fatimid control in the area, but also, as Hugh Kennedy remarks, the changes it brought to the "political and economic geography of Syria": given the continued insecurity of the overland routes due to the depredations of the Bedouin, the Fatimids supplied their forces in Syria by sea—notably via Tripoli—and as a result the chief coastal towns rose in importance, as centres of Fatimid control and administration as well as commerce, experiencing a revival which continued into the 12th century.[40] Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the doux of Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[41] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the Battle of the Orontes in September and again besieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, in person in April 995.[41] Basil crossed Asia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army. Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without giving battle.[41] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli but failed to capture it; nevertheless, the Fatimids lost control of the city, which became independent under its qadi.[38] The Byzantine emperor then occupied and fortified Tartus.[38] Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, beginning large-scale preparations at Cairo.[42][43] Byzantine and Hamdanid embassies carrying proposals for a truce were received in September 995, but rejected.[42] Al-Aziz's preparations were set back when the fleet being prepared at Cairo was destroyed by a fire, which set off an anti-Christian pogrom in the city.[44] Manjutakin was ordered to recapture Tartus, but its Armenian garrison was able to fend off his attacks; and a Fatimid fleet sent to assist the siege was lost in a storm off the coast.[38][44] Al-Aziz died on 14 October 996, before setting out on his campaign.[45] The Byzantine–Fatimid conflict continued under his successor until the conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000.[46] Arabia and North Africa[edit] Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian peninsula. The Hajj—at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost.[47] The emirs of Mecca, although de facto autonomous, recognized the Fatimids' suzerainty, in token of which the Fatimids enjoyed the prestigious privilege of furnishing each year the new cover of the Kaaba (the kiswa).[47] Finally, in 992 the Fatimids were acknowledged as caliphs in the Yemen,[47] and even their old enemies, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, came around to acknowledge their claims.[47] According to Kennedy, these diplomatic victories were the result of the more energetic foreign policy pursued by al-Aziz, particularly after the death of Ibn Killis, which bolstered his credentials by demonstrating "his ability and willingness to undertake the two major public responsibilities of a caliph, to safeguard the Hajj and to lead the Muslims against the infidel Byzantines".[47] On the other hand, North Africa, including the former Fatimid heartland of Ifriqiya, was mostly neglected.[7] Effective power there had passed to the Zirid viceroy of Ifriqiya, Buluggin ibn Ziri (r. 972–984), who was confirmed in office by al-Aziz, as was his son al-Mansur (r. 984–996).[7] In 992, al-Aziz even confirmed al-Mansur's son Badis as heir-apparent, thereby strengthening the Zirids' claim to dynastic succession.[47] Indeed, as Kennedy remarks, "nothing is more striking than the speed with which [the Fatimids] were prepared to allow North Africa to go its own way";[47] apart from diplomatic exchanges of gifts,[47] the Zirids governed their domains increasingly independently from the Fatimid court, even to the point of warring with the Kutama, the erstwhile mainstay of the Fatimid regime.[7] In a similar manner, al-Aziz contended himself with recognizing the succession of the Kalbid emirs of Sicily after the event.[7] Nearer to Egypt, the governor of Barqa (Cyrenaica) is known to have brought presents to the court of Cairo, but otherwise there are no indications of the Fatimids' exercising any control over him.[47] Al-Aziz died on 13 October 996. His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021) succeeded him as Caliph.

Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), important Shia
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; Å« Ê¿AlÄ« Maná¹£Å«r (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-á¸¤ÄÂkim bi-Amr AllÄÂh (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØÂØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; literally "The Ruler by the Order of God"[1]), was the sixth Fatimid caliph[2] and 16th Ismaili[3] imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1-2 million Musta’lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[4][5] Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.[6][7] Historian Paul Walker writes: "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."[8] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Egypt, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Egypt, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries

Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Independent Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali, modern independent Egypt, Christians protected, dynasty till 52
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria
Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Egypt, 1863-1899, Patriarch, Sophronius III, Constantinople, Alexandria, unfair Nectarios expulsion
Egypt, 1863-1899, Sophronius III of Constantinople, and Alexandria; St. Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria Side Folder

Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt
Alexandria; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 14 ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia ; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated September 13 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 25 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373) ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, St Mark, 62-400
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, by P II Philadelphus in 285 BC
Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt; Alexandria; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ;

Pharos Island, lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
Pharos Island, Alexandria, Egypt; Monastic Martyr and Confessor Stephen the New, Commemorated on November 28;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark in 62, or Pantaenus in 181
Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.; The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria.[1] The teachers and students of the school (also known as the Didascalium) were influential in many of the early theological controversies of the Christian church. It was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity, the other being the School of Antioch. According to Jerome the Alexandrian school was founded by John Mark the Apostle. The earliest recorded dean was supposedly Athenagoras (176).[citation needed] He was succeeded by Pantaenus 181, who was succeeded as head of the school by his student Clement of Alexandria in 190.[2] Other notable theologians with a connection to the school include Origen, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Heraclas, Dionysius "the Great", and Didymus the Blind. Others, including Jerome and Basil, made trips to the school to interact with the scholars there. Continuity with the ancient school is claimed by the Coptic Theological Seminary, Cairo. Hieromartyr Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria side, Egyptian Desert Locations Folder
There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile.

Egyptian desert
Egyptian Desert (Nitrian Desert) ; There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile. Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Hellius of Egypt; gift of clairvoyance and directed animals to his service;; Venerable Sisoes the Great; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; 546 Martyred Companions of Paphnutius in Egypt; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egyptian Desert Fathers (Scetes Desert)
Scetis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405 ; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

one of the Egyptian monasteries
one of the Egyptian monasteries Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century
Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century;

Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert, 360
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert;

Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert, 335
Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert;

Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century
Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century;

Egyptian Sand Sea
Egyptian Sand Sea, Egyptian Desert; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Scetes monasteries, Egyptian Desert, 330, 360 of them
Scetes monestary; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10;

Scetis, Egyptian Desert
Scetis ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Nitrian desert and Caves of Scetis
Nitrian desert; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Nitrean Desert (Egyptian Hermits)
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19 ;

Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338
Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Nitria (first Lavra, Lake Nitria) 330
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-Giver of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Lake Nitria
Lake Nitria, Lake Nitria is one kilometer south of Nitria; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5;

Canopis, Egypt
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Salamis monastery near Alexandria, Egypt
Salamis monastery, somewhere near Alexandria; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 31 ;

Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria
Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria; Virginmartyr Rhais of Alexandria, Commemorated September 5 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ;

St Menas Monastery southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side Folder

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Way of the Sea Folder (Egypt to Syria) Pelusium

Way of the Sea (Egypt to Syria)

Way of the Sea 1 (El-Qantarah)

Way of the Sea 2 (Pelusium)

Pelusium, Egypt (Way of the Sea 2)
Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt
Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9;

Way of the Sea 3 (Arish, Egypt)

Way of the Sea 4 (Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 5 (Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea (Askalon, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 6 (Ashdod, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 7 (Joppa, Israel)

Way of the Sea 8 (Caesarea, Dor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 9 (Megiddo, Israel)

Way of the Sea 10 (Jezreel Valley)

Way of the Sea 11 (Tiberias, Israel)

Way of the Sea 12 (Migdal, Israel)

Way of the Sea 13 (Capernaum, Israel)

Way of the Sea 14 (Hazor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 15 (Jacob's Ford, Israel)

Way of the Sea 16 (Golan Heights, Israel)

Way of the Sea 17 (Damascas, Syria)

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Kings Highway Folder, Heliopolis

Heliopolis, Egypt (intersection Kings HWY and Way to the Sea)
Heliopolis, Egypt ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Damietta, Goshen, Egypt
Damietta, Egypt ; Louis IX, (25 August 1270) ;

Tanis, Egypt
Tanis or Tathnis; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Zoan (Pi-Ramses), Moses' Miracles before Pharoh
Zoan (Pi-Ramses); Psalm 78: Part II

Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times, 597 BC
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Thmuis, Egypt
Thmuis; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ;

Mansurah, Goshen, Egypt
Mansurah, Egypt ; Louis IX (25 August 1270) ;

Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt
Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Cairo, Egypt (Goshen, Pelusium Side)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Egypt, Nile River Folder, Thebaid, Tabenna and Cairo

Nile River

Blue Nile 19 (Egypt)

Nile River Way

Nile River Way (Alexandria)

Nile River Source 1 (Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish, Ethiopia)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Nile River Source 2 (Blue Nile and White Nile confluence, Sudan)

Nile River 1 (Shendi, Sudan)

Nile River 2 (Atbara, Sudan)

Abarta River Mouth (Nile River 2)

Nile River 3

Nile River 4

Nile River 5

Nile River 9 (Sudan)

Nile River 10 (Egypt)

Nile River 11 (Aswan Dam)

Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite
Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite;

Nile River 12 (Tabenna)

Tabenna, Upper Egypt (Nile River 12)
Tabenna, in Upper Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Maria's monestary, 323
Maria's monestary on the other side of the Nile from Tabenna which is located on an Island in the Nile (this is the largest island?) near Thebes. Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pachomius' Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt
Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt, on the Nile ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Nile River 13 (Thebes, Thebaid)

Thebaid Region (Upper Egypt, Nile River 13)
Thebaid; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Thebaid Region of Ancient Egypt; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Thebes, Egypt (Nile River 13)
Thebes, Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Shenesit (Nile River 13), Anthony's Fort
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Anthony's Fort Across the River from Thebaid, Shenesit (Nile River 13)
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Nile River 14 (Assiout)

Lycopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 14)
Lycopolis; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14)
Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14) 1912
Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14); Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Nile River 15 (Hermopolis and Antinoe)

Hermopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 15)
Hermopolis (Nile River); St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Bishop Dioscorus; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12 ;

desert of Hermopolis
desert of Hermopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ;

Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15)
Antinoe or Antinopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20;

Nile River 16 (Oxyrhynchos)

Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid, Nile River 16)
Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid); St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Heracleopolis, Egypt

Nile River 17 (Memphis)

Nile River Mouth (Heliopolis, Cairo, Nile Delta, Mediteranean Sea)

Cairo, Egypt (Nile River Mouth)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Babylon Fortress, Egypt
Babylon Fortress, Egypt; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4;

Memphis, Egypt
Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, Sinai Peninsula Folder, Sinai Monastery, an icon of Horeb in Median

Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Sinai Desert, Egypt
Sinai Desert, Egypt; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Mount Horeb (Sinai) in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 565
St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush", Commemorated September 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Sinai monastery, Egypt, 565
Sinai monastery; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated November 29 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder", Commemorated on March 30;

Hazeroth, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Hazeroth, in Numbers Chapters 11, 12 and 33

Elim, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Elim, The Desert of Sin is between Elim and Mt Horeb (Mt Sinai) in Midian; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14;

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Sinai, Egypt
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Egypt;

England Folder (Roman Britain, Great Britain, British Empire)

England
England; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL; RICHARD HOOKER; WILLIAM TEMPLE; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; THOMAS TALLIS; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ;

British Empire - England
England; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL; RICHARD HOOKER; WILLIAM TEMPLE; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; THOMAS TALLIS; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ;

England, 43-410, Roman Britain
England, 43-410, Roman Britain; England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Britain, 43-410, Roman Britain
England, 43-410, Roman Britain; England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

England, 45-99, Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Bishop of Britain
England, 45-99, Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Bishop of Britain; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16;

England, 410-1066, Anglo-Saxons
England, 410-1066, Anglo-Saxons;

England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia, Broads
England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia; Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 410-461, Saint Patrick of Ireland
England, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, 420-634, Kingdom of Bernicia, Northumbria
Kingdom of Bernicia; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ;

England, 450-1045, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom
England, 450-1045, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom;

England, 455-871, Kingdom of Kent
England, 455-871, Kingdom of Kent ; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

England, 527-825, Kingdom of Essex (East Saxons)
England, 527-825, Kingdom of Essex (East Saxons); St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31;

England, 559-“664, Kingdom of Deira, Yorkshire (from the Huber to the Tees, aka Vale of York)
Kingdom of Deira; Vale of York St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ;

England, 593-1093, House of Wessex
England, 593-1093, House of Wessex; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 653-954, Kingdom of Northumbria (North Anglia)
Kingdom of Northumbria, north of the Humber Estuary from the River Tees to the River Tweed; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Adian, the bishop of Lindisfarne, Commemorated August 31; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530); St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 793-1066, Viking Invasions of England
England, 793-1066, Viking Invasions of England; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King
England, King of England, 1066-1087, William the Conqueror, Norman King ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1093-1707, Heptarchy, Kingdom of England
England, 1093-1707, Heptarchy, Kingdom of England;

England, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with France to control France
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

England, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant

England, 1642-1651, English Civil War
England, 1642-“1651, English Civil War; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688;

England, 1707-1800, Kingdom of Great Britain
England, 1707-1800, Kingdom of Great Britain;

England, 1800-Present, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

England, 1894-1962, Uganda Protectorate
England, 1894-1962, Uganda Protectorate; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

England, London History Folders (England and Great Britain)

England, 000-399, Folder, before the 5th Century, Roman Britain, Joseph of Arimathaea, Aristobulus of the Seventy

England, 000, 1st Century Folder, Joseph of Arimathaea, Aristibulus of the Seventy, Apostle Simon the Zealot

England, 1-33 Jesus' Time, Joseph of Arimathaea
England, 1-45 Jesus' Time, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

England, 30-50 Jesus' Time, Apostle Simon the Zealot
England, 30-50 Jesus' Time, Apostle Simon the Zealot; Apostle Simon the Zealot, Commemorated on May 10;

England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47
England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Roman Britain; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

England, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Britain, Gaul Caesar, Constantine's Father

England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great
England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

England, 300, 4th Century Folder, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander)

England, 380-418, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander)
England, 360-418, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

England, 400-999, Folder 5th - 10th Century, Anglo Saxon Vikings

England, 400-499, 5th Century Folder, Anglo Saxons, St Patrick, King Arthur

England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia
England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia; Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 410-461, Saint, Patrick of Ireland
England, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, 430's, Coroticus of Dumbarton, Briton Chieftan (River Clyde 6)
Coroticus of Dumbarton, Scotland (River Clyde 6); Alt Clut (Dumbarton), Scotland; Epistle to Coroticus; St. Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216, AKA Cwynedd
Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216; Wales, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5;

England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045;

England, 450-490, Wales, Brycheiniog King, Brychan
England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 450-490, Brychan; England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045; St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated on January 7; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 488-510, Wales, Brycheiniog King, Nectan of Hartland
England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 488-510, Nectan of Hartland; England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 450-490, Brychan; England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045; St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated on January 7; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 488-589 , Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, Saint David
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, 500-589, Saint David; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544);

England, 475-525, King Arthur, Late 5th Early 6th Century
England, 475-525, King Arthur, Late 5th Early 6th Century; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

England, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, Augustine of Canterbury, St Columba, Ireland called Scotland

England, 500-570, Irish Saint, St Ita of Killeady
England, Irish Saint, 500-570, St Ita of Killeady ; Ireland (then called Scotland); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

England, 500-589 , Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, Saint David
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, 500-589, Saint David; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544);

England, 527-918, Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918
Severn Valley, Mercia; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655; Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918;

England, 553-604, Saint, Augustine of Canterbury
England, 553-604, Saint, Augustine of Canterbury; St Augustine's Abby; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

England, 541-597, Scottish Saint Columba
England, Scottish Saint, 541-597, St Columba; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

England, 559-664, Kingdom of Deira, Yorkshire (from the Huber to the Tees, aka Vale of York)
Kingdom of Deira; Vale of York St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ;

England, 584-612, Scottish Welsh Saint, St Kentigern Mungo
England, Scottish Welsh Saint, 584-612, St Kentigern Mungo; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

England, 590-616, King of the English, Aethelberht (Ethelbert) of Kent
England, 590-616, King of the English, King of Kent, Aethelberht of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

England, 593-1093, House of Wessex
England, 593-1093, House of Wessex;

England, 593-616, King of the English, Ethelred of Bernicia, Ethelfirth
England, 593-616, King of the English, Ethelred of Bernicia, Ethelfirth ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12;

England, 597-604, St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 597-604, St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604);

England, 599-624, King of the English, Redwald of East Anglia
England, 599-624, King of the English, Redwald of East Anglia ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12;

England, 600-699, 7th Century Folder, Adian of Lindisfarne, Synod of Whitby

England, 600-644, Paulinus of York
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 600-671, James the Deacon
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 601, Gregorian Mission
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 604-616, King of the English, King Sabert of the East Saxons
England, King of the English, 604-616, King Sabert of the East Saxons; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31;

England, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651);

England, 616-640, King of the Ang Saxons (English), Eadbald of Kent, Christian setback, convert late
England, 616-640, King of the English, Eadbald of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 616-633, King of the Angles (English), Edwin of Northumbria (Bernecia, Deira)
King of the English, 616-633, Edwin of Northumbria (Bernecia); AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 620-647, English Queen, Ethelburg of Kent
England, 620-647, English Queen, Ethelburg of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 624-632, King of the English, Eorpwald of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 624-632, Eorpwald of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 625-655, Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655
Severn Valley, Mercia; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655; Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918;

England, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan
Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216; Wales, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5;

England, 627-644, English Bishop, Paulinus of York
English Bishop, 627-644, Paulinus of York; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18;

England, 629-634, Sigeberht of East Anglia, Rendlesham
Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 630-648, Saint Felix of Burgundy and Dunwich
England, 630-648, Saint Felix of Burgundy and Dunwich; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; Felix, the Apostle of East Anglia, was born in the Burgundy region of Gaul (now France). It was he who converted King Sigebert (September 27), King of East Anglia, while he was in exile in Gaul. He was forced to flee there, in order to save himself from the intrigues of his kinsmen. Saint Sigebert (or Sigerberht, which means 'bright victory') was summoned home to claim his ancestral crown, he invited his Spiritual Father, Saint Felix, to leave Gaul to assist him in converting his idolatrous subjects to Christianity. Saint Felix was consecrated as a bishop in 631 by Archbishop Honorius of Canterbury (September 30), who sent him to preach in East Anglia. new Bishop was quite successful in his ministry. After seventeen years.he had converted almost the entire region. He established churches, monasteries, and a school for boys with the help of King Siegbert, and Saint Felix provided him with teachers from Canterbury. Because of this, some regard him as the founder of the university of Cambridge. Saint Felix also established schools at Felixstoe and at Flixton, or Felixton. after two years, King Sigebert abdicated in favor of his cousin Egric, and entered the monastery at Cnobersburgh, now Burgh Castle in Suffolk, the monastery he had founded for Saint Fursey, or Fursa (January 16), who had lived there for about ten years. In 642, after Saint Sigebert was killed in battle against King Penda of Mercia, Saint Fursey made a pilgrimage to Rome.Then he travelled to Gaul, where he established a monastery at Lagny-sur-Marne, near Paris, around the year 644. Felix reposed in 648 and was buried at Dunwich, but his relics were transferred to Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire in 971. Saint Felix has given his name to Felixstowe in Suffolk, and to Felixkirk in Yorkshire. He is mentioned by Saint Bede (History of the English Church and People, Book 3, chapters 18 and 20). was once a large city, with fifty-two religious establishments, but was gradually swallowed up by the sea. The remains of the steeples may still be seen, underwater, about five miles from shore.

England, King of the English, 632-636, Ecgric of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 632-636, Ecgric of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 633-642, King of the English, Oswald of Northumbria, Bamburgh Castle and York, Diera
King of the English, 633-642, Oswald of Northumbria; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, King of the English, 636-654, Queen Anna of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 636-654, Queen Anna of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, King of the English, 642-670, Oswiu of Northumbria, Bamburgh Castle
King of the English, 642-670, Oswiu of Northumbria ; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, 645-688, English Saint, Ethelberga of Barking
English Saint, 645-688, Ethelberga of Barking; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18;

England, 654-687, Saint, Cuthbert
England, 654-687, Saint, Cuthbert; Melrose Abbey; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 663-664, Synod of Whitby, went with Rome, at Hilda's double monastery
Synod of Whitby 663-664; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 665-666, Great Plague of London
England, 665-666, Great Plague of London; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 668-710, Educator, Saint Adrian of Canterbury
England, 668-710, Educator, Saint Adrian of Canterbury; England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 670-685, King of the English, Ecgfrith of Northumbria
King of the English, 670-685, Ecgfrith of Northumbria; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, 672, Synod of Hertford, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 672, Synod of Hertford, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 673-735, Saint Bede
English Saint, 673-735, Bede ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735) ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 675-693, English Saint, Earconwald, Bishop of London
England, English Saint, 675-693, Earconwald, Bishop of London; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11;

England, 678-739, Saint, WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, from Northumbria, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739);

England, 679, Synod of Hatfield, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 679, Synod of Hatfield, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 685-705, King of the English, Aldfrith of Northumbria
England, 685-705, King of the English, Aldfrith of Northumbria; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 700-799, 8th Century Folder, Anglo Saxons, Viking Invasions

England, King of the English, 709-716, Ceolred of Mercia
England, King of the English, 709-716, Ceolred of Mercia ; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, King of the English, 716-757, Aethelbald of Mercia
England, King of the English, 716-757, Aethelbald of Mercia; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 755-804, Alcuin, Scholar and Theologian for Charlemagne
England, 755-804, Alcuin, Scholar and Theologian for Charlemagne; York; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, King of the English, 757-796, Offa of Mercia
England, King of the English, 757-796, Offa of Mercia; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

England, 800-899, 9th Century Folder, Viking Invasions, Alfred the Great, Battle of Edington

England, 855-870, King of the English, Edmund of East Anglia (Edmund the Martyr)
England, King of the English, 855-870, Edmund of East Anglia (Edmund the Martyr) ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870);

England, 869-899, Alfred the Great
Wessex, 869-899, Alfred the Great King Alfred's Victory, 878; Great Heathen Army, Great Danish Army; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 13 ;

England, 871-899, King of the English, Alphred the Great, King of Wessex
England, King of the English, 871-899, Alphred the Great, King of Wessex ; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 878, Battle of Edington, Wessex
Battle of Edington in 878; Guthrum; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

England, 900-999, 10th Century Folder, Battle of Brunaburh, Eng. v Scot. and Ire.

England, 924-939, King of the English, Athelstan
English King, 924-939, Athelstan; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 929-988, Dunstan of Glasconbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 929-988, Dunstan of Glasconbury, Archbishop of Canterbury; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 937, Battle of Brunaburh, Saxon England v Scotland and Ireland
England, 937, Battle of Brunaburh, Saxon England v Scotland and Ireland; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 939-946, King of the English, Edmund I
England, King of the English, 939-946, Edmund I ; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 946-955, King of the English, Edread
England, King of the English, 946-955, Edread; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 955-959, King of the English, Eadwig (Edwy)
England, King of the English, 955-959, Eadwig ; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 959-975, King of the English, Edgar the Peaceful
England, King of the English, 959-975, Edgar the Peaceful; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 973, Council of Winchester, Regularis Concordia (Winchester)
England, 973, Council of Winchester, Regularis Concordia (Winchester); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 975-978, King of the English, Edward the Martyr
England, King of the English, 975-978, Edward the Martyr; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 978-1016, King of the English, Ethelred the Unready
England, King of the English, 978-1016, Ethelred the Unready ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 1000-1699, Folder 11th - 17th Century, Normans or Vikings

England, 1000-1099, London, 11th Century History Folder, Viking, William the Conqueror, King of England and Normandy

England, 1013-1014, King of England, Swein Forkbeard
England, 1013-1014, King of England, Swein Forkbeard ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

England, 1014-1016, King of England, Aethelred the Unready
England, 1014-1016, King of England, Aethelred the Unready ;

England, 1016-1016, King of England, Edmund Ironside, Valourous, resisted the Danes
England, 1016-1016, King of England, Edmund Ironside; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ;

England, 1016-1035, King of England, Cnut the Great
England, 1016-1035, King of England, Cnut the Great ; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1035-1040, King of England, Harold Harefoot
England, 1035-1040, King of England, Harold Harefoot ; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1040-1042, King of England, Harthacnut
England, 1040-1042, King of England, Harthacnut; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1042-1066, King of England, Edward the Confessor, Anglo Saxon
England, 1042-1066, King of England, Edward the Confessor; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1062-1095, Saint of England, Wulfstan of Worchester
England, 1062-1095, Saint of England, Wulfstan of Worchester; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King
England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1087-1100, King of England, William II of England
England, 1087-1100, King of England, William II of England; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1100-1199, London, 12th Century History Folder, Third Crusade, Richard the Lion Heart, King John

England, 1101-1135, King of England, Henry I of England, son of Conqueror, fought with b and french kings for Normandy, harsh but effective
England, 1100-1135, King of England, Henry I of England; I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, Henry was left landless. He purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William against Robert. at the place where his brother William died in a hunting accident in 1100, Henry seized the English throne, promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less popular policies. married Matilda of Scotland and they had two surviving children, William Adelin and Empress Matilda; he also had many illegitimate children by his many mistresses. who invaded in 1101, disputed Henry's control of England; this military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king. peace was short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray. kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou, who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120. by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skillfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxation, but also strengthened it with additional institutions, including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices. was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system were "new men" of obscure backgrounds, rather than from families of high status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105. supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy. son William drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the royal succession into doubt. took a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, in the hope of having another son, but their marriage was childless. response to this, he declared his daughter Matilda his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou. relationship between Henry and the couple became strained, and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness. his plans for Matilda, the king was succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy. 1 Early life, 1068–1099 1.1 Childhood and appearance, 1068–86 1.2 Inheritance, 1087–88 1.3 Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90 1.4 Fall and rise, 1091–99 2 Early reign, 1100–06 2.1 Taking the throne, 1100 2.2 Marriage to Matilda, 1100 2.3 Treaty of Alton, 1101–02 2.4 Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06 3 Government, family and household 3.1 Government, law and court 3.2 Relations with the Church 4 Later reign, 1107–35 4.1 Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14 4.2 Rebellion, 1115–20 4.3 Succession crisis, 1120–24 4.4 Planning the succession, 1125–34 5 Death and legacy 5.1 Death 5.2 Historiography 6 Family and children 6.1 Legitimate 6.2 Illegitimate 6.3 Family tree 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography life, 1068–1099[edit] and appearance, 1068–86[edit] was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire.[1][nb 1] His father was William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy who had invaded England in 1066 to become the king of England, establishing lands stretching into Wales. The invasion had created an Anglo-Norman ruling class, many with estates on both sides of the English Channel.[2] These Anglo-Norman barons typically had close links to the Kingdom of France, which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the nominal control of the king.[3] Henry's mother, Matilda of Flanders, was the granddaughter of Robert II of France, and she probably named Henry after her uncle, King Henry I of France.[4] was the youngest of William and Matilda's four sons. Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert Curthose, Richard and William Rufus, being, as historian David Carpenter describes, "short, stocky and barrel-chested," with black hair.[5] As a result of their age differences and Richard's early death, Henry would have probably seen relatively little of his older brothers.[6] He probably knew his sister Adela well, as the two were close in age.[7] There is little documentary evidence for his early years; historians Warren Hollister and Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England, while Judith Green argues he was initially brought up in the Duchy.[8][nb 2] He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy.[10][nb 3] It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended, but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts.[11] He was given military training by an instructor called Robert Achard, and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086.[12] 1087–88[edit] century picture ------------------13th-century depiction of Henry 1087, William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin.[13] Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September, where the King partitioned his possessions among his sons.[14] The rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was growing in popularity.[15] In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands – usually considered to be the most valuable – and younger sons given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates.[15] dividing his lands, William appears to have followed the Norman tradition, distinguishing between Normandy, which he had inherited, and England, which he had acquired through war.[16] William's second son, Richard, had died in a hunting accident, leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William's estate. Robert, the eldest, despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death, received Normandy.[17] England was given to William Rufus, who was in favour with the dying king.[17] Henry was given a large sum of money, usually reported as £5,000, with the expectation that he would also be given his mother's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire.[18][nb 4] William's funeral at Caen was marred by angry complaints from a local man, and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute by buying off the protester with silver.[20] returned to Normandy, expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England, to find that William Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king.[21] The two brothers disagreed fundamentally over the inheritance, and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the kingdom, helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus.[22] Henry remained in Normandy and took up a role within Robert's court, possibly either because he was unwilling to side openly with William Rufus, or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry's inherited money if he had tried to leave.[21][nb 5] William Rufus sequestered Henry's new estates in England, leaving Henry landless.[24] 1088, Robert's plans for the invasion of England began to falter, and he turned to Henry, proposing that his brother lend him some of his inheritance, which Henry refused.[25] Henry and Robert then came to an alternative arrangement, in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy, in exchange for £3,000.[25][nb 6] Henry's lands were a new countship created by a delegation of the ducal authority in the Cotentin, but it extended across the Avranchin, with control over the bishoprics of both.[27] This also gave Henry influence over two major Norman leaders, Hugh d'Avranches and Richard de Redvers, and the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, whose lands spread out further across the Duchy.[28] Robert's invasion force failed to leave Normandy, leaving William Rufus secure in England.[29] of the Cotentin, 1088–90[edit] of Bishop Odo (wielding club at centre) who imprisoned Henry from 1088–89. From the Bayeux Tapestry. Henry quickly established himself as count, building up a network of followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany, whom historian John Le Patourel has characterised as "Henry's gang".[30] His early supporters included Roger of Mandeville, Richard of Redvers, Richard d'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon, along with the churchman Roger of Salisbury.[31] Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and re-appropriate the county, but Henry's grip was already sufficiently firm to prevent this.[32] Robert's rule of the duchy was chaotic, and parts of Henry's lands became almost independent of central control from Rouen.[33] this period, neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted Henry.[34] Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over, Henry returned to England in July 1088.[35] He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him their mother's estates, and travelled back to Normandy in the autumn.[36] While he had been away, however, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, who regarded Henry as a potential competitor, had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the duke with William Rufus.[37] On landing, Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly-la-Forêt, and Robert took back the county of the Cotentin.[38] Henry was held there over the winter, but in the spring of 1089 the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him.[39] no longer formally the Count of Cotentin, Henry continued to control the west of Normandy.[40] The struggle between his brothers continued. William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in England, but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring Ponthieu.[41] Robert allied himself with Philip I of France.[42] In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan Pilatus, a powerful burgher in Rouen, to rebel against Robert; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well.[43] issued an appeal for help to his barons, and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November.[44] Violence broke out, leading to savage, confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the city.[44] Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle, but Robert then retreated, leaving Henry to continue the fighting.[45] The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner.[45] Henry was angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord. He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then, despite Conan's offers to pay a huge ransom, threw him off the top of the castle to his death.[46] Contemporaries considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan, and Henry became famous for his exploits in the battle.[47] and rise, 1091–99[edit] of Mont St Michel ----------------- Mont Saint-Michel, site of the 1091 siege the aftermath, Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen, probably because Henry's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own, and possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count of the Cotentin.[48] In early 1091, William Rufus invaded Normandy with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating table.[49] The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen, granting William Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy. In return, William Rufus promised to support Robert's attempts to regain control of the neighbouring county of Maine, once under Norman control, and help in regaining control over the duchy, including Henry's lands.[49] They nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy, excluding Henry from any succession while either one of them lived.[50] now broke out between Henry and his brothers.[51] Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of Normandy, but as William Rufus and Robert's forces advanced, his network of baronial support melted away.[52] Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint-Michel, where he was besieged, probably in March 1091.[53] The site was easy to defend, but lacked fresh water.[54] The chronicler William of Malmesbury suggested that when Henry's water ran short, Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies, leading to remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus.[55] The events of the final days of the siege are unclear: the besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign, but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint-Michel, probably as part of a negotiated surrender.[56][nb 7] He left for Brittany and crossed over into France.[57] next steps are not well documented; one chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, suggests that he travelled in the French Vexin, along the Normandy border, for over a year with a small band of followers.[58] By the end of the year, Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again, and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned.[59] In 1092, Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront.[60] Domfront had previously been controlled by Robert of Bellême, but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town, which he did in a bloodless coup.[61] Over the next two years, Henry re-established his network of supporters across western Normandy, forming what Judith Green terms a "court in waiting".[62] By 1094, he was allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy.[63] William Rufus began to support Henry with money, encouraging his campaign against Robert, and Henry used some of this to construct a substantial castle at Domfront.[64] Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094, and when progress stalled, called upon Henry for assistance.[65] Henry responded, but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign further east in Normandy, possibly at the request of the King, who in any event abandoned the campaign and returned to England.[66][nb 8] Over the next few years, Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in western Normandy, visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus's court.[68] In 1095 Pope Urban II called the First Crusade, encouraging knights from across Europe to join.[67] Robert joined the Crusade, borrowing money from William Rufus to do so, and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the Duchy in exchange.[69] The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert, and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus. They campaigned together in the Norman Vexin between 1097 and 1098.[70] reign, 1100–06[edit] the throne, 1100[edit] Pontificals --------------A 17th-century manuscript drawing of Henry's coronation. the afternoon of 2 August 1100, King William went hunting in the New Forest, accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a number of the Norman nobility, including Henry.[71] An arrow, possibly shot by the baron Walter Tirel, hit and killed William Rufus.[72] Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King was killed deliberately; most modern historians reject these, as hunting was a risky activity, and such accidents were common.[73][nb 9] Chaos broke out, and Tirel fled the scene for France, either because he had shot the fatal arrow, or because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a scapegoat for the King's death.[72] rode to Winchester, where an argument ensued as to who now had the best claim to the throne.[75] William of Breteuil championed the rights of Robert, who was still abroad, returning from the Crusade, and to whom Henry and the barons had given homage in previous years.[76] Henry argued that, unlike Robert, he had been born to a reigning king and queen, thereby giving him a claim under the right of porphyrogeniture.[77] Tempers flared, but Henry, supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan, held sway and persuaded the barons to follow him.[78] He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal treasury.[79] was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice, the bishop of London, as Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, had been exiled by William Rufus, and Thomas, the archbishop of York, was in the north of England at Ripon.[80] In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise his rule, Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments.[81] The new king presented himself as having restored order to a trouble-torn country.[82] He announced that he would abandon William Rufus's policies towards the Church, which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy; he promised to prevent royal abuses of the barons' property rights, and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the Confessor; he asserted that he would "establish a firm peace" across England and ordered "that this peace shall henceforth be kept".[83] addition to his existing circle of supporters, many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands, Henry quickly co-opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household.[84] William Giffard, William Rufus's chancellor, was made the bishop of Winchester, and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot, Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government.[84] By contrast, the unpopular Ranulf Flambard, the bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime, was imprisoned in the Tower of London and charged with corruption.[85] The late king had left many Church positions unfilled, and Henry set about nominating candidates to these, in an effort to build further support for his new government.[86] The appointments needed to be consecrated, and Henry wrote to Anselm, apologising for having been crowned while the archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once.[87] to Matilda, 1100[edit] ------------Picture of Matilda first wife, Matilda of Scotland 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland.[88] Henry was now around 31 years old, but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century.[89] The pair had probably first met earlier the previous decade, possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of Salisbury.[90] Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close, but their union was also certainly politically motivated.[91][nb 10] Matilda had originally been named Edith, an Anglo-Saxon name, and was a member of the West Saxon royal family, being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling, the great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendant of Alfred the Great.[93] For Henry, marrying Matilda gave his reign increased legitimacy, and for Matilda, an ambitious woman, it was an opportunity for high status and power in England.[94] had been educated in a sequence of convents, however, and may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun, which formed an obstacle to the marriage progressing.[95] She did not wish to be a nun and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry, and the Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the issue.[95] Despite some dissenting voices, the council concluded that although Matilda had lived in a convent, she had not actually become a nun and was therefore free to marry, a judgement that Anselm then affirmed, allowing the marriage to proceed.[95][nb 11] Matilda proved an effective queen for Henry, acting as a regent in England on occasion, addressing and presiding over councils, and extensively supporting the arts.[97] The couple soon had two children, Matilda, born in 1102, and William Adelin, born in 1103; it is possible that they also had a second son, Richard, who died young.[98][nb 12] Following the birth of these children, Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled across England and Normandy, either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the machinery of royal governance.[100] had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in many illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13 daughters, many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported.[101] It was normal for unmarried Anglo-Norman noblemen to have sexual relations with prostitutes and local women, and kings were also expected to have mistresses.[102][nb 13] Some of these relationships occurred before Henry was married, but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda.[103] Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds, and the relationships appear to have been conducted relatively openly.[100] He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes, but the evidence to support this theory is limited.[104] of Alton, 1101–02[edit] of Henry -----------Early 14th-century depiction of Henry early 1101, Henry's new regime was established and functioning, but many of the Anglo-Norman elite still supported his brother Robert, or would be prepared to switch sides if Robert appeared likely to gain power in England.[105] In February, Flambard escaped from the Tower of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy, where he injected fresh direction and energy to Robert's attempts to mobilise an invasion force.[106] By July, Robert had formed an army and a fleet, ready to move against Henry in England.[107] Raising the stakes in the conflict, Henry seized Flambard's lands and, with the support of Anselm, Flambard was removed from his position as bishop.[108] The King held court in April and June, where the nobility renewed their oaths of allegiance to him, but their support still appeared partial and shaky.[109] the invasion imminent, Henry mobilised his forces and fleet outside Pevensey, close to Robert's anticipated landing site, training some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges.[110] Despite English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers, many of his barons did not appear.[111] Anselm intervened with some of the doubters, emphasising the religious importance of their loyalty to Henry.[112] Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a modest force of a few hundred men, but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England.[113] However, instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry's treasury, Robert paused, giving Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force.[114] two armies met at Alton, Hampshire, where peace negotiations began, possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert, and probably supported by Flambard.[114] The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton, under which Robert released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king; Henry renounced his claims on western Normandy, except for Domfront, and agreed to pay Robert £2,000 a year for life; if either brother died without a male heir, the other would inherit his lands; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned, and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop; the two brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy.[115][nb 14] Robert remained in England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy.[117] the treaty, Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during the invasion.[118] William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, was accused of fresh crimes, which were not covered by the Alton amnesty, and was banished from England.[119] In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of Bellême and his brothers, the most powerful of the barons, accusing him of 45 different offences.[120] Robert escaped and took up arms against Henry.[121] Henry besieged Robert's castles at Arundel, Tickhill and Shrewsbury Castles, pushing down into the south-west to attack Bridgnorth.[122] His power base in England broken, Robert accepted Henry's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy.[123] of Normandy, 1103–06[edit] of Tinchebray ------The village of Tinchebray in 2008 network of allies in Normandy became stronger during 1103.[124] He arranged the marriages of his illegitimate daughters, Juliane and Matilda, to Eustace of Breteuil and Rotrou III, Count of Perche, respectively, the latter union securing the Norman border.[125] Henry attempted to win over other members of the Norman nobility and gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords.[126] Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême, but the Duke's position worsened, until by 1104, he had to ally himself formally with Bellême to survive.[127] Arguing that the Duke had broken the terms of their treaty, the King crossed over the Channel to Domfront, where he met with senior barons from across Normandy, eager to ally themselves with him.[128] He confronted the Duke and accused him of siding with his enemies, before returning to England.[129] continued to disintegrate into chaos.[130] In 1105, Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a force of knights into the Duchy, apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert.[131] Fitzhamon was captured, and Henry used this as an excuse to invade, promising to restore peace and order.[130] Henry had the support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy's borders, and King Philip of France was persuaded to remain neutral.[132] Henry occupied western Normandy, and advanced east on Bayeux, where Fitzhamon was held.[133] The city refused to surrender, and Henry besieged it, burning it to the ground.[133] Terrified of meeting the same fate, the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered, allowing Henry to advance on Falaise, Calvados, which he took with some casualties.[134] His campaign stalled, and the King instead began peace discussions with Robert.[135] The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until Christmas, when Henry returned to England.[136] invaded again in July 1106, hoping to provoke a decisive battle.[137] After some initial tactical successes, he turned south-west towards the castle of Tinchebray.[138] He besieged the castle and Duke Robert, supported by Robert of Bellême, advanced from Falaise to relieve it.[138] After attempts at negotiation failed, the Battle of Tinchebray took place, probably on 28 September.[139][nb 15] The battle lasted around an hour, and began with a charge by Duke Robert's cavalry; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle.[141] Henry's reserves, led by Elias I, Count of Maine, and Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, attacked the enemy's flanks, routing first Bellême's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces.[142] Duke Robert was taken prisoner, but Bellême escaped.[142] mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy, and Duke Robert ordered his last garrisons to surrender.[143] Reaching Rouen, Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from the leading barons and citizens.[144] The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released, but the Duke and several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely.[145] The Duke's son, William Clito, was only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint-Saens, a Norman baron.[146] Henry reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême, who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal court.[147] Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother, and initially Henry avoided using the title "duke" at all, emphasising that, as the King of England, he was only acting as the guardian of the troubled Duchy.[148] family and household[edit] Government, law and court[edit] Henry's royal seal, showing the King on horseback (l) and seated on his throne (r) information on English government during this period: England in the Middle Ages § High Middle Ages (1066–1272) inherited the kingdom of England from William Rufus, giving him a claim of suzerainty over Wales and Scotland, and acquired the Duchy of Normandy, a complex entity with troubled borders.[149] The borders between England and Scotland were still uncertain during Henry's reign, with Anglo-Norman influence pushing northwards through Cumbria, but his relationship with King David I of Scotland was generally good, partially due to Henry's marriage to his sister.[150] In Wales, Henry used his power to coerce and charm the indigenous Welsh princes, while Norman Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of South Wales.[151] Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal, ecclesiastical and family contacts, backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders.[152] Alliances and relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining the stability of the Duchy.[153] ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy, whom he manipulated skilfully for political effect.[154] Political friendships, termed amicitia in Latin, were important during the 12th century, and Henry maintained a wide range of these, mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm when necessary, and rewarding those who were loyal to him.[155] He also had a reputation for punishing those barons who stood against him, and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who reported to him on events.[156] Henry was a harsh, firm ruler, but not excessively so by the standards of the day.[157] Over time, he increased the degree of his control over the barons, removing his enemies and bolstering his friends until the "reconstructed baronage", as historian Warren Hollister describes it, was predominantly loyal and dependent on the King.[158] itinerant royal court comprised various parts.[159] At the heart was his domestic household, called the domus; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis, and formal gatherings of the court were termed curia.[160] The domus was divided into several parts. The chapel, headed by the chancellor, looked after the royal documents, the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master-marshal was responsible for travel and accommodation.[161] The familia regis included Henry's mounted household troops, up to several hundred strong, who came from a wider range of social backgrounds, and could be deployed across England and Normandy as required.[162] Initially Henry continued his father's practice of regular crown-wearing ceremonies at his curia, but they became less frequent as the years passed.[163] Henry's court was grand and ostentatious, financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display, including his private menagerie of exotic animals, which he kept at Woodstock Palace.[164] Despite being a lively community, Henry's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings.[165] Strict rules controlled personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages, as had been the norm under William Rufus.[165] was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system.[166][nb 16] In England, Henry drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxes, but strengthened it with additional central governmental institutions.[168] Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after 1110, using it to collect and audit revenues from the King's sheriffs in the shires.[169] Itinerant justices began to emerge under Henry, travelling around the country managing eyre courts, and many more laws were formally recorded.[170] Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice, both from fines and from fees.[171] The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130, recording royal expenditures.[172] Henry reformed the coinage in 1107, 1108 and in 1125, inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency.[173][nb 17] In Normandy, he restored law and order after 1106, operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in England.[175] Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry, although less quickly than in England.[176] Many of the officials that ran Henry's system were termed "new men", relatively low-born individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators, managing justice or the royal revenues.[177][nb 18] with the Church[edit] information on religion in England during this period: Religion in Medieval England and the King[edit] of seal seal of Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church, which formed the key to the administration of both England and Normandy, and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign.[179] William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc, who became a close colleague and advisor to the King.[180][nb 19] Under William Rufus this arrangement had collapsed, the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into exile. Henry also believed in Church reform, but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the investiture controversy.[182] argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring: traditionally, this had been carried out by the King in a symbolic demonstration of royal power, but Pope Urban II had condemned this practice in 1099, arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task, and declaring that the clergy should not give homage to their local temporal rulers.[183] Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard Urban's pronouncement, and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope's wishes.[184] Henry was in a difficult position. On one hand, the symbolism and homage was important to him; on the other hand, he needed Anselm's support in his struggle with his brother Duke Robert.[185] stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree, despite Henry's attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of a future royal compromise.[186] Matters escalated, with Anselm going back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates. Anselm threatened excommunication, and in July 1105 the two men finally negotiated a solution.[187] A distinction was drawn between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates, under which Henry gave up his right to invest his clergy, but retained the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities, the landed properties they held in England.[188] Despite this argument, the pair worked closely together, combining to deal with Duke Robert's invasion of 1101, for example, and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and 1108.[189] long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm's successor, Ralph d'Escures.[190] Canterbury, traditionally the senior of the two establishments, had long argued that the Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop, but York argued that the two episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary. Henry supported the primacy of Canterbury, to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical administration, but the Pope preferred the case of York.[190] The matter was complicated by Henry's personal friendship with Thurstan, the Archbishop of York, and the King's desire that the case should not end up in a papal court, beyond royal control.[190] Henry needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis of France, however, and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119, where Thurstan was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury.[191] Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year.[192] after the investiture dispute, Henry continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and Norman bishops and archbishops.[193] He appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and, as historian Martin Brett suggests, "some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute confidence".[194] Henry's chancellors, and those of his queens, became bishops of Durham, Hereford, London, Lincoln, Winchester and Salisbury.[195] Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors – particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of Canterbury.[196] The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful influence, holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy.[197] This stability shifted slightly after 1125, when he began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church, often with more reformist views, and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry's death.[198] beliefs and piety[edit] of Reading Abbey ruined chapter house of Reading Abbey in 2008 other rulers of the period, Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities, but contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king.[199] His personal beliefs and piety may, however, have developed during the course of his life. Henry had always taken an interest in religion, but in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs.[200] If so, the major shifts in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120, when his son William Adelin died, and 1129, when his daughter's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse.[201][nb 20] a proponent of religious reform, Henry gave extensively to reformist groups within the Church.[203] He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac order, probably for intellectual reasons.[204] He donated money to the abbey at Cluny itself, and after 1120 gave generously to Reading Abbey, a Cluniac establishment.[204] Construction on Reading began in 1121, and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges, making it a symbol of his dynastic lines.[205] He also focused effort on promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian canons, the foundation of leper hospitals, expanding the provision of nunneries, and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and Tironensians.[206] He was an avid collector of relics, sending an embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items, some of which were donated to Reading Abbey.[207] reign, 1107–35[edit] and Welsh politics, 1108–14[edit] faced an increased threat from France, Anjou and Flanders after 1108.[208] King Louis VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.[208] Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans.[209] Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.[210] After some arguments, the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.[210][nb 21] Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.[212] He inherited the county of Maine, but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.[213] Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.[214] of coin coin of Henry's rival, Louis VI of France 1108, Henry betrothed his six-year-old daughter, Matilda, to Henry V, the future Holy Roman Emperor.[215] For King Henry, this was a prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.[216][nb 22] Raising this money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special "aid", or tax, in England.[218] Matilda was crowned German queen in 1110.[219] responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.[220] Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.[221] Around 1110, Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.[222] At about this time, Henry probably began to style himself as the duke of Normandy.[223][nb 23] Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and imprisoned.[225] broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew, Count Theobald II, Count of Champagne, who had sided against Louis in the uprising.[226] In a bid to isolate Louis diplomatically, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Duke Conan III of Brittany, creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively.[227] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of Maine, Bellême and Brittany.[228] the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108, pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.[229] By 1114, some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of the political hostages he was holding, and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl of Chester.[230] Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the south, Alexander, King of Scotland, pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.[230] Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.[231] He reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.[232] 1115–20[edit] pennies of Henry I, struck at the Oxford mint about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.[233] Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with Louis, affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money. However, Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy.[234] broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.[235] Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in 1116.[235][nb 24] Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside.[237] Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry, and there was an assassination plot from within his own household.[237] Henry's wife, Matilda, died in early 1118, but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral.[238] responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald.[239] Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on Normandy from the north-east.[240] Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon, but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army.[241] Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.[242] Early in 1119, Eustace of Breteuil and Henry's daughter, Juliana, threatened to join the baronial revolt.[243] Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.[244] Henry attacked and took the town of Breteuil, Eure, despite Juliana's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow.[244][nb 25] In the aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.[246] situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk's daughter, Matilda, and paying Fulk a large sum of money.[247] Fulk left for the Levant, leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies.[248] During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army, resulting in the Battle of Brémule.[249] Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.[250] Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.[251] Surrounded, the French army began to collapse.[250] In the melee, Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.[252] Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.[253] war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II's council in Reims that October.[254] Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by Geoffrey, the Archbishop of Rouen, Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.[255] Callixtus declined to support Louis, however, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.[256] Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.[257] In June 1120, Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the King of England: William Adelin gave homage to Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.[258] crisis, 1120–24[edit] of White Ship 14th-century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship at Barfleur on 25 November 1120 succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.[259] Henry had left the port of Barfleur for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel, the White Ship.[260] Both the crew and passengers were drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged rock.[261][nb 26] The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.[261] Henry's court was initially too scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told, he collapsed with grief.[263] disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his various nephews now the closest possible male heirs.[264] Henry announced he would take a new wife, Adeliza of Louvain, opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121.[265][nb 27] Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line. Adeliza seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child.[267] The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn.[268] Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and, although he was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region.[268] alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son William marrying Fulk's daughter Matilda – began to disintegrate.[269] Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.[269] Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou.[270] Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, and granted them Maine.[271] Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman-Anjou border in 1123.[271] Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by Waleran de Beaumont, one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.[272][nb 28] dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123.[274] He began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.[275] In the spring of 1124, campaigning began again. In the battle of Bourgthéroulde, Odo Borleng, castellan of Bernay, Eure, led the King's army and received intelligence that the rebels were departing from the rebel base in Beaumont-le-Roger allowing him to ambush them as they traversed through the Brotonne forest. Waleran charged the royal forces, but his knights were cut down by Odo's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.[276] Waleran was captured, but Amaury escaped.[276] Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel leaders – considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel castles.[277] He paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity.[278][nb 29] the succession, 1125–34[edit] and Adeliza did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.[280][nb 30] Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress, Matilda.[282] Theobald of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.[283] William Clito, who was King Louis's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.[284] Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this.[285] plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125.[286] The King recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to be his rightful successor.[287] The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster at Christmas 1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.[287][nb 31] Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.[289] conflict broke out in 1127, when the childless Charles I, Count of Flanders, was murdered, creating a local succession crisis.[290] Backed by King Louis, William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new ruler.[291] This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a proxy war in Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.[292] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.[293] William died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt.[294] Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made with France, and Henry was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.[295] Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son, Geoffrey.[296] The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.[297] It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy castles as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.[298] Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.[299] The marriage proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.[300] Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.[301] Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry, Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons, Henry and Geoffrey, in 1133 and 1134.[302] and legacy[edit] of Henry 14th-century depiction of Henry mourning the death of his son between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained during the King's final years. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England. In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry's death.[303] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy.[304] A fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy, led by William III, Count of Ponthieu, whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda intervened in support of the rebels.[305] campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Forêt in November to enjoy some hunting, still apparently healthy.[306] There he fell ill – according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, he ate too many ("a surfeit of") lampreys against his physician's advice – and his condition worsened over the course of a week.[307] Once the condition appeared terminal, Henry gave confession and summoned Archbishop Hugh of Amiens, who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court.[308] In accordance with custom, preparations were made to settle Henry's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding sentences of forfeiture.[309] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at the priory of Notre-Dame du Pré, and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey.[310] Henry's efforts, the succession was disputed. When news began to spread of the King's death, Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester.[15] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England.[311] The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king.[312] Theobald's younger brother, Stephen of Blois, quickly crossed from Boulogne to England, however, accompanied by his military household.[313] Hugh Bigod dubiously testified that Henry, on his deathbed, had released the barons from their oath to Matilda,[314] and with the help of his brother, Henry of Blois, Stephen seized power in England and was crowned king on 22 December.[315] Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, appealing at first to the Pope against the decision to allow the coronation of Stephen,[314] and then invading England to start a prolonged civil war, known as the Anarchy, between 1135 and 1153.[316] AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1135-1154, King, Stephen. of Blois, Boulogne, Normandy, Anarchy, long Civil War w Matilda and Henry
England, 1135-1154, King of England, Stephen, King of England ; (1092 or 1096 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death. A younger son of the Count of Blois, he was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. was born in the County of Blois in central France; his father, Count Stephen-Henry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother, Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. Stephen died the following year. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1140-1170, Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, killed over rights of the church
England, 1140-1170, Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; Becket (/ˈbɛkɪt/), also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London[1] and later Thomas à Becket[note 1] (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1154-1189, King of E, Henry II, Norman, Angevin Empire, Common Law, Matilda's son, Brittany, Anjou, Maine, Touraine
England, 1154-1189, King of England, Henry II of England ; II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 to his death. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, in 1151. marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185. he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland, Wales and the Duchy of Brittany. became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII, and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached. and Eleanor had eight children—three daughters and five sons. Three of his sons would be king, though Henry the Young King was named his father's co-ruler rather than a stand-alone king. As the sons grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard (later a king) and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John (later a king), but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. By 1189, Young Henry and Geoffrey were dead, and Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry II would make John king, leading to a final rebellion. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by Richard. empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his son John (who succeeded Richard), but many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule had long-term consequences. Henry's legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales, and Scotland shaped the development of their societies and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. Late-20th-century historians have combined British and French historical accounts of Henry, challenging earlier Anglocentric interpretations of his reign. HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200); THOMAS OF CANTERBURY, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (29 DEC 1170); AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England, Lion Heart, French and English hero, only 6 mos in England
England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Le quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior.[1] troubador Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness.[2] the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.[1] Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalized a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.[3] probably spoke both French and Occitan.[4] He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies.[5] Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects.[6] He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.[7] HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade and Richard the Lion Heart
England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade; England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade riots against Jews, stopped by Hugh of Lincoln
England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade riots against Jews, stopped by Hugh of Lincoln England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade; England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1194-1240, Edmund Rich (Edmund of Abingdon)
Edmund Rich (Edmund of Abingdon); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253) Richard of Wyche;

England, 1195-1253, Robert Grosseteste
England, 1195-1253, Robert Grosseteste; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253) Richard of Wyche ;

England, 1199-1216, King of E, John, collapse of Angevin E, to Capetian France, Magna Carta, Villain
England, 1199-1216, King of England, John, King of England; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1200-1299, London, 13th Century History Folder, Magna Carta by John, and Henry III

England, 1215, Magna Carta Signing at Runnymede (Thames River 4)
Magna Carta Signing at Runnymede ; ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253) ;

England, 1216-1272, King, Henry III of England, defeated popular rebel barons, charter of 1225, allied w Poitevins
England, King of England, 1216-1272, Henry III of England; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200); ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

England, 1300-1399, London, 14th Century History Folder, 100 Years War, John Wycliff, Julian of Norwich

England, 1307-1327, King, Edward II, boyfriend Gaveston, d by Robert the Bruce, Parliment growth
King of England, 1307-1327, Edward II of England; II (25 April 1284 - 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns. had a close and controversial relationship with Piers Gaveston, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of their relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers, or sworn brothers. relationship with Gaveston inspired Christopher Marlowe's 1592 play Edward II, along with other plays, films, novels and media. power as Edward's favourite provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the king into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms, called the Ordinances of 1311. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Widespread famine followed, and criticism of the king's reign mounted. Despenser family, in particular Hugh Despenser the Younger, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Despensers' lands in 1321, and forced the king to exile them. In response, Edward led a short military campaign, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, formally revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate a peace treaty in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Instead, she allied herself with the exiled Roger Mortimer, and invaded England with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled to Wales, where he was captured in November. The king was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favour of his 14 year-old son, Edward III, and he died in Berkeley Castle on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime. contemporaries criticised his performance as king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics later argued that the growth of parliamentary institutions during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term.

England, 1310-1349, Richard Rolle of Hampole, Mystic and Writer
England, 1310-1349, Richard Rolle of Hampole, Mystic and Writer ; Richard Rolle of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

England, 1327-1377, King of England, Edward III of England, formidable Military, claimed French throne, starting 100 yr war
England, King of England, 1327-1377, Edward III of England; III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. fifty-year reign was the second-longest in medieval English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II. was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer. At age seventeen he led a successful coup d'état against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337. started what became known as the Hundred Years' War.[1] some initial setbacks, this first phase of the war went exceptionally well for England; victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny, in which England made territorial gains, and Edward renounced his claim to the French throne. This phase would become known as the Edwardian War. Edward's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health. was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, he was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians such as Bishop William Stubbs, but modern historians credit him with some significant achievements.[2][3] JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384;

England, 1348, Order of the Garter
England, 1348, Order of the Garter ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

England, 1350-1384, JOHN WYCLIFF, Bible Translator
England, 1350-1384, JOHN WYCLIFF; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384;

England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince
Gaunt; England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince JOHN WYCLIF, Commemorated October 30 ;

England, 1360-1396, Author Walter Hilton
England, 1360-1396, Author Walter Hilton; Walter Hilton of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

England, 1362-1416, Author, Julian of Norwich
England, 1362-1416, Author, Julian of Norwich; Julian's Business Model, The Passion of Christ, using business terminology; England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe; Margery Kemp of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440, Commemorated September 28 ;

England, 1377-1399, King of England, Richard II of England
England, 1377-1399, King of England, Richard II of England; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384; DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417);

England, 1381, Peasants' Revolt 1381
Peasants' Revolt 1381; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ; DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417);

England, 1400-1499, London, 15th Century History Folder, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Yrs War, King Henry V, Printing

England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe
England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe; Margery Kemp of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440, Commemorated September 28 ;

England, 1413-1422, King of England, Henry V, claimed F Throne, 100 Y War success, Agincourt, but died before u, immortalized by S
England, 1413-1422, King of England, Henry V ; V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422. his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the Hundred Years' War against France made England one of the strongest military powers in Europe.[1] Immortalised in Shakespeare's "Henriad" plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior kings of medieval England. the reign of his father Henry IV, Henry gained military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr and against the powerful aristocratic Percy family of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury. Henry acquired an increasing role in England's government due to the king's declining health, but disagreements between father and son led to political conflict between the two. After his father's death in 1413, Henry assumed control of the country and asserted the pending English claim to the French throne. 1415, Henry embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between the two nations. His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) and saw him come close to conquering France. Taking advantage of political divisions within France, he conquered large portions of the kingdom, resulting in Normandy's occupation by the English for the first time since 1345–1360. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes (1420) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles's daughter, Catherine of Valois. seemed to point to the formation of a union between the kingdoms, in the person of Henry. However, he died two years later and was succeeded by his only child, the infant Henry VI. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

England, 1415, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Years War with France
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

England, 1422-1461, King of England, Henry VI
England, 1422-1461, King of England, Henry VI; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

England, 1500-1599, London, 16th Century History Folder, Luther's 95 Theses, Henry VIII, Book of Common Prayer

England, 1505-1536, Bible Translator, William Tyndall
England, 1505-1536, Bible Translator, William Tyndall; England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale
England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII, 6 marriages, E Reformation
England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1532-1540, Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister to Henry VIII, arranged the marriages, executed for treason
England, 1532-1540, Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister to Henry VIII ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, 1549, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, reformer, book of C P, r supremacy, 39 A, executed
England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1539, House of Lords
England, 1539, House of Lords; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

England, 1542-1567, King of Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, and France, married the Dauhin
England, 1542-1567, King of England, Mary, Queen of Scots ; HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600);

England, 1547-1553, King of England, Edward VI, never reached maturity, social problems, protestant
England, 1547-1553, King of England, Edward VI ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1549, First Book of Common Prayer
England, 1549, First Book of Common Prayer; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, 1549, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1553-1558, King of England, Queen Mary 1, Tudor, Bloody Mary, to reverse reformation
England, 1553-1558, King of England, Queen Mary 1, Bloody Mary ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1558-1603, Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth 1, established E protestant church
England, 1558-1603, Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth 1; England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1560-1617, Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley
England, 1560-1617, Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1567-1625, King of Scotland and England, James VI and I, S and E Union, Literature
England, 1567-1625, King of England, James I ; VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566-“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began. 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the longest of any Scottish monarch. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament. Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.[1] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597), The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible into English that would later be named after him: the Authorized King James Version.[2] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since.[3] Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.[4] He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in religious wars, especially the Thirty Years' War (1618-“1648) that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain.[5] RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600); John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645); Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Playwright, 23 April, 1616; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1574-1600, Richard Hooker, Theologian
England, 1574-1600, Richard Hooker, Theologian; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600); England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh
England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible
England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626);

England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright
England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright; England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright;

England, 1585-1601, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
England, 1585-1601, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex; England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1593-1631, JOHN DONNE
England, 1593-1631, JOHN DONNE: England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1593-1645, ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD
England, 1593-1645, ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645);

England, 1600-1699, London, 17th Century History Folder, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell

England, 1601, Essex House, London, Earl of Essex Rebellion
Essex House, London, Earl of Essex Rebellion 1601; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1604-1610, Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft
England, 1604-1610, Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ;

England, 1613-1633, Priest and Poet, George Herbert
England, 1613-1633, Priest and Poet, George Herbert; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633);

England, 1625-1649, King of England, Charles I, divine right of k, high church, civil war, killed
England, 1625-1649, King of England, Charles I ; I (19 November 1600-“ 30 January 1649)[a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603 (as James I), he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 on the death of his elder brother Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France. his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic. supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall. 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy would be restored to Charles's son, Charles II, in 1660. JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645); Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1635-1691, RICHARD BAXTER
England, 1635-1691, RICHARD BAXTER; RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ;

England, 1642-1651, English Civil War
England, 1642-“1651, English Civil War; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645);

England, 1649-1651, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II
England, 1649-1651, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II ; Palace of Whitehall; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1649-1660, King of England, English Interregnum
England, 1649-1660, King of England, English Interregnum Palace of Whitehall; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1653-1658, Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell's (Parliment's) Army, E Civil War
England, 1653-1658, Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell's Army ; Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599-“ 3 September 1658)[note 1] was an English general and statesman who led the Parliament of England's armies against King Charles I during the English Civil War and ruled the British Isles as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. He acted simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republican commonwealth. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628.[2] He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period.[3] He was an intensely religious man, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640-“1649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil Wars on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians. His nickname was "Old Ironsides". He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role under General Sir Thomas Fairfax in the defeat of the Royalist ("Cavalier") forces. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649-“1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649-“1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651. On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland, and Ireland from 16 December 1653.[4] As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power along with King Charles II in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp,[5] a military dictator by Winston Churchill,[6] and a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner. His tolerance of Protestant sects did not extend to Catholics; his measures against them in Ireland have been characterised by some as genocidal or near-genocidal,[7] and his record is strongly criticised in Ireland.[8] He was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time in a 2002 BBC poll.[9] JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1656-1674, Thomas Traherne, Progressive Poet, Discovered in 1902
England, 1656-1674, Thomas Traherne, Progressive Poet, Discovered in 1902; THOMAS TRAHERNE, PRIEST AND POET, 27 Sept. 1674;

England, 1659, Christian Commonwealth, Pure Biblical Republic
England, 1659, Christian Commonwealth, Pure Biblical Republic ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1660, The Restoration, Charles II Crowned in Westminster Abby
England, 1660, The Restoration, Charles II Crowned in Westminster Abby; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667);

England, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II of England, restoration
England, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II of England; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711);

England, 1662, Act of Uniformity 1662 (to Book of Common Prayer)
England, 1662, Act of Uniformity 1662 (to Book of Common Prayer); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

England, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist
France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

England, 1685-1688, King of England, James II & VIII, last catholic monarch
England, 1685-1688, King of England, James II & VIII ; Palace of Whitehall; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1687, Declaration of Indulgence, for freedom of religion
England, 1687, Declaration of Indulgence (1687); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ;

England, 1689-1702, King of England, William and Mary, King and Queen, William of Orange, Protestant, Glorious Revolution
England, 1689-1702, King of England, William and Mary, King and Queen ; III (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702),[b] also widely known as William of Orange, was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II.[1] He is sometimes informally known as "King Billy" in Ireland and Scotland.[2] His victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by unionists, who display orange colours in his honour. Popular histories usually refer to his joint reign with his wife, Queen Mary II, as that of William and Mary. was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, who died a week before his birth, and Mary, Princess of Orange, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1677, during the reign of his uncle King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he married his cousin Mary, the fifteen-year-old daughter of his maternal uncle James, Duke of York. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France, in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain, who feared a revival of Catholicism. by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the Glorious Revolution. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of Brixham. Shortly afterwards, James was deposed. reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the Nine Years' War (1688–97), leaving Mary to govern the kingdom alone. She died in 1694. 1696, the Jacobites plotted unsuccessfully to assassinate William and return his father-in-law to the throne. lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, the son of his sister-in-law Anne, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing distant relatives, the Protestant Hanoverians, in line to the throne with the Act of Settlement 1701. his death in 1702, the king was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin, John William Friso. Palace of Whitehall; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

England, 1690-1748, Isaac Watts, Hymnographer, new poetry
England, 1690-1748, Isaac Watts, Hymnographer, new poetry; Stoke Newington; ISAAC WATTS HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26 ;

England, 1700-Present, Folder 18th - 21st Century, Great Britain

England, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Great Britain, Methodists

England, 1702-1714, 1st King of Great Britain, Queen Anne, 17 pregnancies no h, protestant
England, 1702-1714, King of Great Britain, Queen Anne ; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1705-1753, Saint, George Berkeley (to be is to be perceived)
England, 1705-1753, Saint, George Berkeley (to be is to be perceived); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) ;

England, 1712-1752, Saint, Joseph Butler, Butler's Analogy
England, 1712-1752, Saint, Joseph Butler, Butler's Analogy; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16;

England, 1714-1727, King of GB, George I, Hanover in HRE, European Wars, o jacobites, parliment
King of Great Britain, 1714-1727, George I ; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1727-1791, Salina Hastings, Calvinist Methodist Church Builder
England, 1727-1791, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, built Calvanist Methodist Churches; Donnington Hall, Salina Hastings, Calvinist Methodist Church Builder; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

England, 1727-1760, King of GB, George II, Summers in Hanover G, H Succession, little domestic control, war hero
England, King of Great Britain, 1727-1760, George II; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13; SAMSON OCCUM, WITNESS TO THE FAITH IN NEW ENGLAND, 1792, Commemorated July 14 ; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1729, Holy Club at Christ Church Oxford (The Methodists)
Holy Club at Christ Church Oxford (The Methodists); FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15;

England, 1755-1774, Major General William Johnson, Husband of Mohawk Molly Bryant
Major General William Johnson, Husband of Molly Bryant, served 1755-1774; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ;

England, 1760-1820, King of GB and UK, George III, conflicts, his Kingdom, Europe, Colonies, Africa, Asia
England, 1760-1820, King of Great Britain, George III of the United Kingdom; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); Francis Ashbury of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770; JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16;

England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher
England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher; Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) ;

Bampton Lectures, 1780, Oxford
Bampton Lectures; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ;

England, 1780-1834, William Carey
England, 1795, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834;

England, 1780-1825, Parlimentarian, William Wilberforce
England, 1780-1825, Parlimentarian, William Wilberforce ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30;

England, 1795-1966, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society
England, 1795, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

England, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Q Victria, C Socialism, Smith Wigglesworth, Salvatn Army

England, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars
England, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21;

England, 1820-1830, King of Great Britain, George IV of the United Kingdom, extravagant, regency f 1810, L Liverpool
England, 1820-1830, King of Great Britain, George IV of the United Kingdom; IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820 until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's final mental illness. IV was the eldest child of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era. He was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace, and commissioned Sir Jeffry Wyatville to rebuild Windsor Castle. George's charm and culture earned him the title "the first gentleman of England", but his dissolute way of life and poor relationships with his parents and his wife, Caroline of Brunswick, earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy. He excluded Caroline from his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in an unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. presiding over the British Empire's emergence as a global hegemon, George IV's rule was tarnished by scandal and financial extravagance. His ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible, and he was strongly influenced by favourites.[1] Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending during the Napoleonic Wars. During most of George's regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Liverpool's government presided over Britain's ultimate victory over Napoleon and negotiated a peace settlement with the French. After Liverpool's retirement, George IV was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte, predeceased him in 1817; on his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother, King William IV. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872);

England, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern
Ireland, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern; Leap Castle (Barrow River Source); PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

England, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism
England, Broads, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941);

England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom, reforms, child labor, slavery, electoral sys
England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

England, 1833-1841, Oxford Movement, High Church doctrine and discipline
Oxford Movement; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; John Henry Newman EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Hurrell Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and William Palmer. RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21; JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

England, 1837-1901, King of Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Victorian Era, expansion, industry, science
England, 1837-1901, King of Great Britain, Queen Victoria ; (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death, in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, Parliament voted her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After both the Duke and his father died in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Though a constitutional monarch, privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism in the United Kingdom temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. She died on the Isle of Wight in 1901. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, Poet, Commemorated August 7 ; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); JOHN HORDEN, Commemorated December 15 ; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); CHRISTINA ROSSETTI, POET, 1894, Commemorated April 27 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

England, 1838, Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), F.D. Maurice
England, 1838, Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), F.D. Maurice; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872);

England, 1849-1912, William Boothe, Founder Salvation Army
England, 1849-1912, William Boothe, Founder Salvation Army; PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

England, 1852, Theologian, William Palmer, Orthodox communion
English Theologian, 1852, William Palmer, Orthodox communion; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

England, 1865, Salvation Army, Blind Beggar Tavern, London
Salvation Army, 1865, Blind Beggar Tavern, London; Salvation Army, 1865, Blind Beggar Tavern, London; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

England, 1866, Cowley, Oxfordshire, Society of St. John the Evangelist, Anglican monasteries
Society of St. John the Evangelist; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

England, 1867-1942, WILSON CARLILE, THE CHURCH ARMY
England, 1867-1942, WILSON CARLILE, THE CHURCH ARMY; WILSON CARLILE, PRIEST, FOUNDER OF THE CHURCH ARMY, 26 September 1942.;

England, 1867, First Lambeth Conference
England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937; Lambeth; Lambeth Convention; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ;

England, 1877, Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POORIN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

England, 1879-1947, Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT
England, 1879-1947, Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT; Menston, Yorkshire, birthplace of Smith Wigglesworth; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

England, 1882, Church Army, St Pauls Cathedral, Westminster Slums
England, 1882, Church Army, St Pauls Cathedral, Westminster Slums; WILSON CARLILE PRIEST, FOUNDER OF THE CHURCH ARMY, 26 September 1942 ; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1889, Christian Social Union (UK) 1889 at Oxford
Christian Social Union (UK) 1889 at Oxford; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12;

England, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, Oxford Group, World Wars I and II, Queen Elizabeth

England, 1900-1944, WILLIAM TEMPLE, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 1900-1944, WILLIAM TEMPLE, Archbishop of Canterbury; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944;

England, 1901-1910, King of Great Britain, Edward VII, military modernization, peacemaker, socialism
England, 1901-1910, King of Great Britain, Edward VII ; VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and nicknamed Bertie, Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne for almost 60 years. During the long reign of his mother, he was largely excluded from political power, and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, but, despite public approval, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother. king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called Peacemaker, but his relationship with his nephew, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, was poor. The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12 ; Woodbine Willie aka GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1904-1905, Welsh Revival, Swansea, Wales
Wales, 1904-1905, Welsh Revival, Swansea, Wales ; 1904-1905 Welsh Revival; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ;

England, 1910-1936, GB King, George V, socialism, communism, fascism, Irish Republicism, Indian Indepence
England, 1910-1936, King of Great Britain, George V; V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was third in the line of succession behind his father, Prince Albert Edward, and his own elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1892, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. On the death of Victoria in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. He became king-emperor on his father's death in 1910. V's reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of the British Empire. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations. He had smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; Woodbine Willie aka GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1921, Oxford Group, First Century Christian Fellowship
England, 1921, Oxford Group, First Century Christian Fellowship Keswick, England ; Keswik, England, home of the Oxford Group; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 1936-1952, King of Great Britain, George VI, WWII, Empire decline after the war
England, 1936-1952, King of Great Britain, George VI; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND "œFRIEND OF THE POOR" IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12 ; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937
England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937; Lambeth; Lambeth Convention; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ;

England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date
England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy;

England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Ephraim's Seal Date
England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Ephraim's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy;

England and US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy
US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date;

England, 1952- , Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II, decolonization, commonwealth, long reign and life
England, 1952- , Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ;

England, General Locations Folder

England, Great North Road Folder

Great North Road

Great North Road - Shelby to York to Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Smithfield

Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield)
Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield); Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

Great North Road (A1) - Angel, Islington

Great North Road (A1) - Alconbury
At Alconbury, the Great North Road joined the Old North Road, an older route from London which follows the Roman Ermine Street. Here a milestone records mileages to London via both routes: 65 by the Old North Road and 68 by the Great North Road.[4] From Alconbury the Great North Road follows the line of Ermine Street north, through Stilton and Stamford as far as Colsterworth (at the A151 junction).

Great North Road (A10) - Stilton

Great North Road (A1) - Stamford

Great North Road (A1) - Colsterworth
At Colsterworth the Great North Road diverges west of the Roman road and continues through Grantham, Newark, Retford and Bawtry to Doncaster. North of Doncaster the Great North Road again follows a short section of Ermine Street called Roman Rigg or Roman Ridge. Further north the Great North Road crossed the Roman Dere Street near Boroughbridge from where it went via Dishforth and Topcliffe to Northallerton and then through Darlington and Durham. A road forked off to the left at the bridge in Boroughbridge to follow Dere Street, thence from Scotch Corner to Penrith and on to Glasgow. Part of this route was used for the original A1, with a local road from Scotch Corner via Barton to Darlington making the link back to the old Great North Road.

Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster
Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster (left to Ferrybridge and Edinburgh, right to Selby and York)

Great North Road (A1) - Roman Ridge

Great North Road (A1) - Ferrybridge (to Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Boroughbridge (Overview)

Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth
Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth (right to Topcliffe and Darrington, left to Scotch Corner and Glascow or Scotch Corner, Darrington and Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Northallerton

Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow turn left)
Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow, Scotland turn left; continue on A1 to Edinburg, Scotland)

Great North Road (A1) - Darlington

Great North Road (A1) - Durham

Great North Road (A1) - Selby (to York)

Great North Road (A1) - York

Great North Road (A1) - Edinburgh

Great North Road (A1) - Glasgow

England - Great Britain
Great Britain; The Island of Great Britain; Britons (historical); GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelist, 1770; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

Britain, England - Great Britain
Great Britain; The Island of Great Britain; Britons (historical); GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelist, 1770; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

England - United Kingdom
United Kingdom; WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

England - British Empire
British Empire; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; CHARLES SIMEON;

England - Land of the Anglo-Saxons (Southeast Britain)
Anglo-Saxons, were Germans who setteled in Southeast Britain. AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

England - Britain
Britain; Roman Britain; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10 ; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304); St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31;

England - Britain of the Middle Ages
Britain of the Middle Ages; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544) ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England - Roman Britain (England)
Roman Britain; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

England - British Isles
British Isles; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304);