France Folder, its rivers and mountains.kmz

France Folder, its rivers and mountains

France (Paris)
France; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; NATHAN SO–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage, Commemorated August 31 ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2 ; THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on January 30 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865); Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS) (2 JUNE 177); Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France (center of France)
France; Gaul; THOMAS MERTON; France; Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10; Hieromartyr Cyprian the Bishop of Carthage; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4;

Lutetia Parisiorum (ancient name for Paris)
Lutetia Parisiorum (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France
Gaul, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France ; Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

France, 481-843, Frankish Empire, from Paris 508-768
Frankish Empire, 481-843, from Paris 508-768; Glorification of the Venerable Zebulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

France, 800-924, Carolingian Empire, Holy Roman Empire
France, 800-924, Carolingian Empire, Holy Roman Empire;

France, 987-1848, Capetian France, Holy Roman Empire
France, 987-1848, Capetian France;

France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy
France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy; Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

France, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe
France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 16th Century, Hugenots, the French Reformed Church
France: original Land of the French Reformed Church: the Hugenots; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ;

France, 1529-1564, John Calvin
France, 1529-1564, John Calvin ; France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 1600-1660, Saint Vincent DePaul
France, 1600-1660, Saint Vincent DePaul; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1754-1763, French and Indian War
France, 1754-1763, French and Indian War; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16;

France, 1789-1799, French Revolution
France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1792-1804, French First Republic
France, 1792-1804, French First Republic; France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire
France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration
France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy
France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy ;

France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848
France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848;

France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic
France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic;

France, 1852-1870, Second French Empire
Second French Empire 1852-1870; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic
France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic;

France, 1940-1944, Vichy France
France, 1940-1944, Vichy France;

France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic
France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic;

France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic
France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic;

French History Folder

France, 92-99, 1st Century Folder, Dionysis the Aeropygite

France, First Century, Dionysis the Aeropygite
Areopagus Council, Athens (Athenian high court, Hill of Ares); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 92-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais, France and Belgium
Belgium, 98-99, Saint, Lucian of Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

France, 96, Death of Dionysius the Areopagite in Lutetai (Paris)
Lutetia (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

France, 150-491, Early Church Folder, Gaul and Western Roman Empire

France, 100, 2nd Century History Folder, Iraneus in Lyon, Gaul

France, 200, 3rd Century History Folder, Denis in Paris, Gaul

France, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France
Paris, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9;

France, 300, 4th Century History Folder, St Hilliary and St Martin, Black Plague

France, 330 - 367, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers
France, 330 - 367, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367);

France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

France, 348, Black Plague in France
France, 348, Black Plague in France; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

France, 400-481, 5th Century History Folder, Atilla the Hun, Remi of Rheims Gaul

France, 451, Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans, Atilla in Gaul 451
Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans; Atilla in Gaul 451 Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

France, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi
France, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530);

France, 451, Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 (Atilla vs Gaul)
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains 451 ; Attila the Hun defeated; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

France, 457-752, Frankish Mergovian Dynasty
France, 457-752, Frankish Mergovian Dynasty; France, 558-567, Frankish King, Charibert I; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27l

France, 481-843, Frankish Empire Folder, Dark Ages, Charles Martel, 718-41

France, 481-499, 5th Century History Folder, Frankish Empire, Clovis 1, Clotilde

France, 481-511, Frankish King, Clovis I, the beginning of France after Gaul, Orthodox
Belgium,486-511, Frankish King, Clovis I; (Latin: Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlodowig; c. 466 – 27 November 511)[1] was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.[2] He is considered to have been the founder of the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Frankish kingdom for the next two centuries. succeeded his father, Childeric I, as a king of Salian Franks in 481, and eventually came to rule an area extending from what is now the southern Netherlands to northern France, corresponding in Roman terms to Gallia Belgica (northern Gaul). At the Battle of Soissons (486) he established his military dominance of the rump state of the fragmenting Western Roman Empire which was then under the command of Syagrius. By the time of his death in either 511 or 513, Clovis had conquered several smaller Frankish tribes in the northeast of Gaul or modern day France. Clovis also conquered the Alemanni tribes in eastern Gaul, and the Visigothic kingdom of Aquitania in the southwest. These campaigns had added significantly to Clovis's domains, and established his dynasty as a major political and military presence in western Europe. is important in the historiography of France as "the first king of what would become France".[3] is also significant due to his conversion to Catholicism in 496, largely at the behest of his wife, Clotilde, who would later be venerated as a saint for this act, celebrated today in both the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church. Clovis was baptized on Christmas Day in 508.[4] The adoption by Clovis of Catholicism (as opposed to the Arianism of most other Germanic tribes) led to widespread conversion among the Frankish peoples; to religious unification across what is now modern-day France, Belgium and Germany; three centuries later, to Charlemagne's alliance with the Bishop of Rome; and in the middle of the 10th century under Otto I the Great, to the consequent birth of the early Holy Roman Empire. Frankish Empire, 481-843, Belgium (Francia or Frankland): the Frankish Empire, the capital later (508) moved to Paris; Franks;

France, 495-545, Saint, Clotilde (Clovis' wife)
France, 495-545, Saint, Clotilde (Clovis' wife); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated on September 7;

France, 500-599, 6th Century History Folder, Childebert 1, Mergovian Dynasty

France, 511-558, Frankish King, Childebert I, Mergovian Dynasty
Frankish King, 511-558, Childebert I ; Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

France, 700-799, 8th Century History Folder, Charlemagne, Alcuin of York

France, 768-814, Frankish King, Charlemagne
Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

France, 780-804, Alcuin of York, England
France, 780-804, Alcuin of York; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

France, 800-1789, Folder, Holy Roman Empire to French Revolution

France, 800, 9th Century Folder, Middle Ages begin, HRE begins, Carolingian Empire

Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne
Frankish King, 768-814, Charlemagne; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 814-840, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Pious
France, 814-840, Holy Roman Emperor, Louis the Pious; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 840-877, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the Bald
France, 840-877, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles the Bald; ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865) ;

France, 900, 10th Century Folder, Capetian France

France, 987-1848, Capetian France
France, 987-1848, Capetian France;

France, 1000, 11th Century Folder, 1st Crusade, Norman Vikings

France, 1059-1108, King of France, Philip I, first Crusade 1095
France, King of France, 1059-1108, Philip I ; I (23 May 1052 – 29 July 1108), called the Amorous,[1] was King of the Franks from 1060 to 1108. His reign, like that of most of the early Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time. The monarchy began a modest recovery from the low it reached in the reign of his father and he added to the royal demesne the Vexin[2] and Bourges. 1 Early life 2 Personal rule 3 Death 4 Issue 5 References 6 Sources life[edit] was born 23 May 1052 at Champagne-et-Fontaine, the son of Henry I and his wife Anne of Kiev.[3] Unusually for the time in Western Europe, his name was of Greek origin, being bestowed upon him by his mother. he was crowned king at the age of seven,[4] until age fourteen (1066) his mother acted as regent, the first queen of France ever to do so. Baldwin V of Flanders also acted as co-regent.[2] rule[edit] under Philip I the death of Baldwin VI of Flanders, Robert the Frisian seized Flanders.[5] Baldwin's widow, Richilda, requested aid from Philip, who was defeated by Robert at the battle of Cassel in 1071.[2] first married Bertha of Holland in 1072.[6] Although the marriage produced the necessary heir, Philip fell in love with Bertrade de Montfort, the wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. repudiated Bertha (claiming she was too fat) and married Bertrade on 15 May 1092.[7] 1094, he was excommunicated by Hugh of Die, for the first time;[7] after a long silence, Pope Urban II repeated the excommunication at the Council of Clermont in November 1095.[8] Several times the ban was lifted as Philip promised to part with Bertrade, but he always returned to her, but in 1104 Philip made a public penance and must have kept his involvement with Bertrade discreet.[9] In France, the king was opposed by Bishop Ivo of Chartres, a famous jurist.[10] appointed Alberic first Constable of France in 1060. A great part of his reign, like his father's, was spent putting down revolts by his power-hungry vassals. In 1077, he made peace with William the Conqueror, who gave up attempting the conquest of Brittany.[11] In 1082, Philip I expanded his demesne with the annexation of the Vexin, in reprisal against Robert Curthose's attack on William's heir, William Rufus. Then in 1100, he took control of Bourges.[12] was at the aforementioned Council of Clermont that the First Crusade was launched. Philip at first did not personally support it because of his conflict with Urban II. Philip's brother Hugh of Vermandois, however, was a major participant. effigy of King Philip I died in the castle of Melun and was buried per his request at the monastery of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire[13] – and not in St Denis among his forefathers. He was succeeded by his son, Louis VI, whose succession was, however, not uncontested. to Abbot Suger: Philip daily grew feebler. For after he had abducted the Countess of Anjou, he could achieve nothing worthy of the royal dignity; consumed by desire for the lady he had seized, he gave himself up entirely to the satisfaction of his passion. So he lost interest in the affairs of state and, relaxing too much, took no care for his body, well-made and handsome though it was. The only thing that maintained the strength of the state was the fear and love felt for his son and successor. When he was almost sixty, he ceased to be king, breathing his last breath at the castle of Melun-sur-Seine, in the presence of the [future king] Louis... They carried the body in a great procession to the noble monastery of St-Benoît-sur-Loire, where King Philip wished to be buried; there are those who say they heard from his own mouth that he deliberately chose not to be buried among his royal ancestors in the church of St. Denis because he had not treated that church as well as they had, and because among those of so many noble kings, his own tomb would not have counted for much. ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109);

France, 1095-1099, 1st Crusade, Levant and Anatolia
France, 1095-1099, 1st Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; France, King of France, 1059-1108, Philip I ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109);

France, 1100, 12th Century Folder, 2nd and 3rd Crusades

France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard
France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

France, 1110-1153, Philosopher, Abbot, Judge, Bernard of Clairvaux
France, 1100-1142, Philosopher, Peter Abelard; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII
France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, 1137-1204, Queen Consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine
France, 1137-1204, Eleanor of Aquitaine; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

France, 1147-1149, Second Crusade, Edessa, Iberia, Levant, Egypt, Anatolia
France, 1147-1149, Second Crusade, Iberia, Levant, Egypt, Anatolia; France, 1137-1180, King of France, Louis VII ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, 1179-1223, King of France, Philip II of France
France, King of France, 1179-1223, Philip II of France; France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; Henry II of England;

France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia
France, 1189-1192, Third Crusade, Levant and Anatolia; Philip II of France; Henry II of England;

France, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 4th-9th Crusades, Treaty of Paris, Union of Lyon

France, 1202-1204, Fourth Crusade, Balkans, against Eastern Christians
France, 1202-1204, Fourth Crusade, Balkans, against Eastern Christians; Philip II of France;

France, 1209-1229, Albigensian Crusade (Languedoc Region, Albi, France)
Albigensian Crusade; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221);

France, 1213-1221, Fifth Crusade, Levant and Egypt
France, 1213-1221, Fifth Crusade, Levant and Egypt; Andrew II of Hungary; Leopold VI, Duke of Austria;

France, 1221-1274, Robert de Sorbonne, Educator
France, 1221-1274, Robert de Sorbonne, Educator; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX, fair, succesful, arbitrator, saint
France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), commonly known as Saint Louis or Louis the Saint, is the only King of France to be canonized in the Catholic Church. Louis was crowned in Reims at the age of 12, following the death of his father Louis VIII; his mother, Blanche of Castile, ruled the kingdom as regent until he reached maturity. During Louis' childhood, Blanche dealt with the opposition of rebellious vassals and obtained a definitive victory in the Albigensian Crusade, which had started 20 years earlier. As an adult, Louis IX faced recurring conflicts with some of his realm's most powerful nobles, such as Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux. Simultaneously, Henry III of England attempted to restore the Angevin continental possessions, but was promptly routed at the Battle of Taillebourg. Louis annexed several provinces, notably parts of Aquitaine, Maine and Provence. Louis IX is one of the most notable European monarchs of the Middle Ages. His reign is remembered as a medieval golden age in which the Kingdom of France reached an economic as well as political peak. His fellow European rulers esteemed him highly, not only for his pre-eminence in arms or the unmatched wealth of his kingdom, but also for his reputation of fairness and moral integrity: he was often asked to arbitrate their disputes.[1] He was a reformer and developed French royal justice, in which the king was the supreme judge to whom anyone could appeal for the amendment of a judgment. He banned trials by ordeal, tried to end the scourge of private wars, and introduced the presumption of innocence in criminal procedure. To enforce his new legal system, Louis IX created provosts and bailiffs. Honoring a vow he had made while praying for recovery during a serious illness, Louis IX led the Seventh and Eighth crusades against the Ayyubids, Bahriyya Mamluks and Hafsid Kingdom. He was captured in the first and ransomed. He died from dysentery during the latter, and was succeeded by his son Philip III. In the eyes of his many admirers through the centuries, Louis IX has been regarded as the ideal Christian ruler, though contemporaries occasionally rebuked him as a "monk king".[2][3] He is seen as inspired by Christian zeal and Catholic devotion, a just king who exacted his due but strove to be fair to all, from the lowest peasant to the proudest noble. Moderate in his habits, reasonable, brave, kind, chivalrously polite and charming, he was a splendid knight beloved by all. Valuing Catholic orthodoxy, his laws punished blasphemy by mutilation of the tongue and lips.[4] He is the only canonized king of France, and there are consequently many places named after him. LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1228-1229, Sixth Crusade, Cyprus and Jerusalem Control (Near East)
France, 1228-1229, Sixth Crusade, Cyprus and Jerusalem (Near East); The Sixth Crusade, commonly known as the Crusade of Frederick II (1228–1229), was a military expedition to recapture the city of Jerusalem. It began seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade and involved very little actual fighting. The diplomatic maneuvering of the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily, Frederick II, resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem regaining some control over Jerusalem for much of the ensuing fifteen years (1229–1239, 1241–1244)[1] as well as over other areas of the Holy Land. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor; Andrew II of Hungary; Leopold VI, Duke of Austria;

France, 1248-1254, 7th Crusade to Cyprus and Egypt, then Palestine trip, Louis ransomed
France, 1248-1254, 7th Crusade to Cyprus and Egypt, then Palestine trip; The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. Louis' Christian army was defeated by the Ayyubid army led by Fakhr al-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh and their allies, the Bahriyya Mamluks, led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun. Shaykh al-Shuyukh was killed in the war, and Louis was captured. Approximately 800,000 bezants were paid in ransom for his return.[3][4][5] France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1259, Treaty of Paris 1259, France and England, caused 100 yr war
France, 1259, Treaty of Paris 1259; France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1270, 8th Crusade to Tunis, Louis IX died
France, 1270, 8th Crusade to Tunis; The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the Hafsid dynasty in 1270. The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh, if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade. The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth. The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia, with his disease-ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards.[1] France, 1226-1270, King of France, Louis IX; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270);

France, 1270-1285, King of France, Philip III of France, expanded French infuuence
France, 1270-1285, King of France, Philip III of France; Philip III (1 May 1245 – 5 October 1285), called the Bold[a][b] (French: le Hardi), was king of France from 1270 until his death in 1285. His father, Louis IX, died in Tunis during the Eighth Crusade. Philip, who was accompanying him, returned to France and was anointed king at Reims in 1271. Philip inherited numerous territorial lands during his reign, the most notable being the County of Toulouse, which was returned to the royal domain in 1271. With the Treaty of Orléans, he expanded French influence into the Kingdom of Navarre and following the death of his brother Peter during the Sicilian Vespers, the County of Alençon was returned to the crown lands. Following the Sicilian Vespers, Philip led the Aragonese Crusade in support of his uncle. Initially successful, Philip, his army racked with sickness, was forced to retreat and died from dysentery in Perpignan in 1285. He was succeeded by his son Philip IV. Monastic Martyrs of Karyes, Commemorated on December 5;

France, 1271-1272, 9th Crusade, Jerusalem (Near East), Edward I of England
France, 1271-1272, 9th Crusade, Jerusalem (Near East); Lord Edward's crusade,[1] sometimes called the Ninth Crusade,[2] was a military expedition to the Holy Land under the command of the future King Edward I of England in 1271–1272. It was an extension of the Eighth Crusade and was the last of the Crusades to reach the Holy Land before the fall of Acre in 1291 brought an end to the permanent crusader presence there. The Ninth Crusade saw Edward clash with Baibars, with both achieving limited victories. The Crusaders were ultimately forced to withdraw, since Edward had pressing concerns at home and felt unable to resolve the internal conflicts within the remnant Outremer territories. It is arguable that the Crusading spirit was nearly "extinct" by this period as well.[3] It also foreshadowed the imminent collapse of the last remaining crusader strongholds along the Mediterranean coast. Edward I of England;

France, 1274, Union of Lyons convoked in 1272, convened 1274, peace among Christians, revoked
France, 1272, Union of Lyons 1272; The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arles (in modern France), in 1274.[1] Pope Gregory X presided over the council, called to act on a pledge by Byzantine emperor Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West.[2] The council was attended by about 300 bishops, 60 abbots[3] and more than a thousand prelates or their procurators, among whom were the representatives of the universities. Due to the great number of attendees, those who had come to Lyon without being specifically summoned were given "leave to depart with the blessing of God" and of the Pope. Among others who attended the council were James I of Aragon, the ambassador of the Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos with members of the Greek clergy and the ambassadors of Abaqa Khan of the Ilkhanate. Thomas Aquinas had been summoned to the council, but died en route at Fossanova Abbey. Bonaventure was present at the first four sessions, but died at Lyon on 15 July 1274. As at the First Council of Lyon, Thomas Cantilupe was an English attendee and a papal chaplain.[4] In addition to Aragon, which James represented in person, representatives of the kings of Germany, England, Scotland, France, the Spains and Sicily[5] were present, with procurators also representing the kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Bohemia, the "realm of Dacia" and the duchy of Poland. In the procedures to be observed in the council, for the first time the nations appeared as represented elements in an ecclesiastical council, as they had already become represented in the governing of medieval universities. This innovation marks a stepping-stone towards the acknowledgment of coherent ideas of nationhood, which were in the process of creating the European nation-states. The main topics discussed at the council were the conquest of the Holy Land and the union of the Eastern and Western Churches. The first session took place on 7 May 1274 and was followed by five additional sessions on 18 May 1274, 4 or 7 June 1274, 6 July 1274, 16 July 1274, and 17 July 1274. By the end of the council, 31 constitutions were promulgated. In the second session, the fathers approved the decree Zelus fidei, which contained no juridical statutes but rather summed up constitutions about the perils of the Holy Land, the means for paying for a proposed crusade, the excommunication of pirates and corsairs and those who protected them or traded with them, a declaration of peace among Christians, a grant of an indulgence for those willing to go on crusade, restoration of communion with the Greeks, and the definition of the order and procedure to be observed in the council. The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque (two words added to the Nicene Creed), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II,[2] heir to Michael VIII. The council also recognized Rudolf I as Holy Roman Emperor, ending the interregnum.[2] 26 Monk-Martyrs of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21;

France, 1285-1314, King of France, Philip IV of France, Philip the Fair, centralized state, Avignon Papacy
France, 1285-1314, King of France, Philip IV of France, Philip the Fair; IV (April-“June 1268 -“ 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (French: Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314. By virtue of his marriage with Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Philip I from 1284 to 1305, as well as Count of Champagne. Although Philip was known as handsome, hence the epithet le Bel, his rigid and inflexible personality gained him (from friend and foe alike) other nicknames, such as the Iron King (French: le Roi de fer). His fierce opponent Bernard Saisset, bishop of Pamiers, said of him: "he is neither man nor beast. He is a statue."[2][a] relied on skilful civil servants, such as Guillaume de Nogaret and Enguerrand de Marigny, to govern the kingdom rather than on his nobles. Philip and his advisors were instrumental in the transformation of France from a feudal country to a centralized state.[3] The king, who sought an uncontested monarchy, compelled his vassals by wars and restricted feudal usages.[4] His ambitions made him highly influential in European affairs. His goal was to place his relatives on foreign thrones. Princes from his house ruled in Naples and Hungary. He tried and failed to make another relative the Holy Roman Emperor. He began the long advance of France eastward by taking control of scattered fiefs.[5] most notable conflicts of Philip's reign include a dispute with the English over King Edward I's fiefs in southwestern France, and a war with the Flemish, who had rebelled against French royal authority and humiliated Philip at the Battle of the Golden Spurs in 1302. The war with the Flemish resulted in Philip's ultimate victory with which he received a significant portion of Flemish cities, which were added to the crown lands along with a vast sum of money. In 1306, Philip expelled the Jews from France, and in 1307 he annihilated the order of the Knights Templar. He was in debt to both groups and saw them as a "state within the state". To further strengthen the monarchy, Philip tried to take control of the French clergy, leading to a violent conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. This conflict resulted in the transfer of the papal court to the enclave of Avignon in 1309. final year saw a scandal amongst the royal family, known as the Tour de Nesle affair, in which Philip's three daughters-in-law were accused of adultery. His three sons were successively kings of France: Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Their deaths without surviving sons of their own would compromise the future of the French royal house, which until then seemed secure, precipitating a succession crisis that would eventually lead to the Hundred Years' War (1337-“1453). CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Avignon Papacy, 100 Yr War,

France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy, 7 Popes resided in Avignon, Arles
France, 1309-1377, Avignon Papacy; The Avignon Papacy, also known as the Babylonian Captivity, was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome.[1] The situation arose from the conflict between the papacy and the French crown, culminating in the death of Pope Boniface VIII after his arrest and maltreatment by Philip IV of France. Following the further death of Pope Benedict XI, Philip forced a deadlocked conclave to elect the French Clement V as pope in 1305. Clement refused to move to Rome, and in 1309 he moved his court to the papal enclave at Avignon, where it remained for the next 67 years. This absence from Rome is sometimes referred to as the "Babylonian captivity of the Papacy".[2][3] A total of seven popes reigned at Avignon, all French,[4][5] and all under the influence of the French Crown. In 1376, Gregory XI abandoned Avignon and moved his court to Rome (arriving on January 17, 1377). But after Gregory's death in 1378, deteriorating relations between his successor Urban VI and a faction of cardinals gave rise to the Western Schism. This started a second line of Avignon popes, subsequently regarded as illegitimate. The last Avignon antipope, Benedict XIII, lost most of his support in 1398, including that of France; after five years besieged by the French, he fled to Perpignan in 1403. The schism ended in 1417 at the Council of Constance, after two popes had reigned in opposition to the papacy in Rome.[6] Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

France, 1314-1316, King of France, Louis X of France, Quarrelsome, Headstrong, Stubborn, serfs buy freedom, abolished slavery, Jews back
France, 1314-1316, King of France, Louis X of France; X (4 October 1289 – 5 June 1316), called the Quarrelsome, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn (French: le Hutin), was King of France from 1314 to 1316, succeeding his father Philip IV. After the death of his mother, Joan I of Navarre, he was also King of Navarre as Louis I from 1305 until his death in 1316. short reign in France was marked by tensions with the nobility, due to fiscal and centralization reforms initiated by Enguerrand de Marigny, the Grand Chamberlain of France, under the reign of his father. Louis' uncle—Charles of Valois, leader of the feudalist party—managed to convince the king to execute Enguerrand de Marigny. allowed serfs to buy their freedom (which was the first step towards the abolition of serfdom), abolished slavery, and readmitted French Jews into the kingdom. 1305, Louis married Margaret of Burgundy, with whom he had Joan II of Navarre. Margaret was later convicted of adultery and died in prison, possibly murdered by strangulation.[citation needed] In 1315, Louis married Clementia of Hungary, who gave birth to John I of France five months after the king's death. The infant John's death a few days later led to a disputed succession.[2][3] CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1316-1322, King of France, Philip V of France, the Long, first a regent, Salic law, no male heir
France, 1316-1322, King of France, Philip V of France; V (c. 1293 – 3 January 1322), known as the Tall (French: Philippe le Long), was King of France and Navarre (as Philip II). He reigned from 1316 to 1322. the second son of king Philip IV, he was granted an appanage, the County of Poitiers, while his elder brother, Louis X, inherited the throne in 1314. When Louis died in 1316, he left a daughter and a pregnant wife, Clementia of Hungary. Philip the Tall successfully claimed the regency. Queen Clementia gave birth to a boy, who was proclaimed king as John I, but the infant king lived only for five days. the death of his nephew, Philip immediately had himself crowned at Reims. However, his legitimacy was challenged by the party of Louis X's daughter Joan. Philip V successfully contested her claims for a number of reasons, including her youth, doubts regarding her paternity (her mother was involved in the Tour de Nesle Affair), and the Estates General's determination that women should be excluded from the line of succession to the French throne. The succession of Philip, instead of Joan, set the precedent for the French royal succession that would be known as the Salic law. V restored somewhat good relations with the County of Flanders, which had entered into open rebellion during his father's rule, but simultaneously his relations with Edward II of England worsened as the English king, who was also Duke of Guyenne, initially refused to pay him homage. A spontaneous popular crusade started in Normandy in 1320 aiming to liberate the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors. Instead the angry populace marched to the south attacking castles, royal officials, priests, lepers, and Jews. V engaged in a series of domestic reforms intended to improve the management of the kingdom. These reforms included the creation of an independent Court of Finances, the standardization of weights and measures, and the establishment of a single currency. V died from dysentery in 1322 without a male heir and was succeeded by his younger brother Charles IV. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1322-1328, King of France, Charles IV of France, the Fair, peasant revolt in Flanders, no male Heir
France, 1322-1328, King of France, Charles IV of France; IV[note 1] (18/19 June 1294 - 1 February 1328), called the Fair (le Bel) in France and the Bald (el Calvo) in Navarre, was last king of the direct line of the House of Capet, King of France and King of Navarre (as Charles I) from 1322 to 1328. Charles was the third son of Philip IV; like his father, he was known as "the fair" or "the handsome".[1][2] in 1323 Charles was confronted with a peasant revolt in Flanders, and in 1324 he made an unsuccessful bid to be elected Holy Roman Emperor. As Duke of Guyenne, King Edward II of England was a vassal of Charles, but he was reluctant to pay homage to another king. In retaliation, Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos (1324). In a peace agreement, Edward II accepted to swear allegiance to Charles and to pay a fine. In exchange, Guyenne was returned to Edward but with a much-reduced territory. Charles IV died without a male heir, the senior line of the House of Capet, descended from Philip IV, became extinct. He was succeeded in Navarre by his niece Joan II and in France by his paternal first cousin Philip of Valois. However, the dispute on the succession to the French throne between the Valois monarchs descended in male line from Charles's grandfather Philip III of France, and the English monarchs descended from Charles's sister Isabella, was a factor of the Hundred Years' War. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1328-1350, King of France, Philip VI of France, the Fortunate, Edward's claim, began 100 yrs war, Navy lost, continental war, black death
France, 1328-1350, King of France, Philip VI of France; VI ( 17 November 1293 - 22 August 1350), called the Fortunate (French: le Fortuné) and of Valois, was the first King of France from the House of Valois, reigning from 1328 until his death. reign was dominated by the consequences of a succession dispute. When King Charles IV died in 1328, the nearest male relative was his nephew Edward III of England, but the French nobility preferred Charles's paternal cousin Philip. At first, Edward seemed to accept Philip's succession, but he pressed his claim to the throne of France after a series of disagreements with Philip. The result was the beginning of the Hundred Years' War in 1337. initial successes at sea, Philip's navy was annihilated at the Battle of Sluys in 1340, ensuring that the war would occur on the continent. The English took another decisive advantage at the Battle of Crécy (1346), while the Black Death struck France, further destabilizing the country. 1349, Philip VI bought the Dauphiné from its ruined ruler Humbert II and entrusted the government of this province to his grandson Charles. Philip VI died in 1350 and was succeeded by his son John II, the Good. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France, on the continent
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

France, 1350-1364, King of France, John II of France, black death, Jacqueries, free companies, English aggression
France, 1350-1364, King of France, John II of France; II (French: Jean II; 26 April 1319 – 8 April 1364), called John the Good (French: Jean le Bon), was King of France from 1350 until his death. When he came to power, France faced several disasters: the Black Death, which killed nearly half of its population; popular revolts known as Jacqueries; free companies (Grandes Compagnies) of routiers who plundered the country; and English aggression that resulted in catastrophic military losses, including the Battle of Poitiers of 1356, in which John was captured. John was a prisoner in London, his son Charles became regent and faced several rebellions, which he overcame. To liberate his father, he concluded the Treaty of Brétigny (1360), by which France lost many territories and paid an enormous ransom. In an exchange of hostages, which included his second son Louis, Duke of Anjou, John was released from captivity to raise funds for his ransom. Upon his return to France, he created the franc to stabilize the currency and tried to get rid of the free companies by sending them to a crusade, but Pope Innocent VI died shortly before their meeting in Avignon. When John was informed that Louis had escaped from captivity, he voluntarily returned to England, where he died in 1364. He was succeeded by his son Charles V. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA
France, 1353-1380, Saint, CATHERINE of SIENA; Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, 1364-1380, King of France, Charles V of France, the Wise, regent for captured Father, raised taxes, Jacquerie peasant revolt, success in HY War
France, 1364-1380, King of France, Charles V of France; V (21 January 1338 - 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: le Sage; Latin: Sapiens), was King of France from 1364 to his death. His reign marked an early high point for France during the Hundred Years' War, with his armies recovering much of the territory held by the English, and successfully reversed the military losses of his predecessors. became regent of France when his father John II was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. To pay for the defense of the kingdom, Charles raised taxes. As a result, he faced hostility from the nobility, led by Charles the Bad, King of Navarre; the opposition of the French bourgeoisie, which was channeled through the Estates-General led by Étienne Marcel; and with a peasant revolt known as the Jacquerie. Charles overcame all of these rebellions, but in order to liberate his father, he had to conclude the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, in which he abandoned large portions of south-western France to Edward III of England and agreed to pay a huge ransom. became king in 1364. With the help of talented advisers, his skillful management of the kingdom allowed him to replenish the royal treasury and to restore the prestige of the House of Valois. He established the first permanent army paid with regular wages, which liberated the French populace from the companies of routiers who regularly plundered the country when not employed. Led by Bertrand du Guesclin, the French Army was able to turn the tide of the Hundred Years' War to Charles' advantage, and by the end of Charles' reign, they had reconquered almost all the territories ceded to the English in 1360. Furthermore, the French fleet, led by Jean de Vienne, managed to attack the English coast for the first time since the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. V died in 1380. He was succeeded by his son Charles VI, whose disastrous reign allowed the English to regain control of large parts of France. CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

France, Pope, 1370-1378, Gregory XI, in Avignon, France
Pope, 1370-1378, Gregory XI, the last of the Avignon Popes; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ;

France, Pope, 1389-1394, Antipope Clement VII
France, Pope, 1389-1394, Antipope Clement VII; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380) ;

France, 1380-1422, King of France, Charles VI, the Beloved, then the Mad, mental illness, lost Agincourt
France, 1380-1422, King of France, Charles VI; VI (3 December 1368 - 21 October 1422), called the Beloved (French: le Bien-Aimé) and later the Mad (French: le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422. He is known for his mental illness and psychotic episodes which plagued him throughout his life. Charles's reign would see his army crushed at the Battle of Agincourt, leading to the signing of the Treaty of Troyes, which made his future son-in-law Henry V of England his regent and heir to the throne of France. However, Henry would die shortly before Charles, which gave the House of Valois the chance to continue the fight against the English, leading to their eventual victory and the end of the Hundred Years' War in 1453. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

France, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Loss to English at Agincourt, Joan of Arc

France, 1415, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Years War with France
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

France, 1422-1461, King of France, Charles VII (The Dauphin)
France, 1422-1461, King of France, Charles VII (The Dauphin); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

France, 1428-1431, Saint, Joan of Arc
France, 1428-1431, Saint, Joan of Arc; Orleans; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

France, 1461-1483, King of France, Louis XI of France
France, 1461-1483, King of France, Louis XI of France;

France, 1483-1498, King of France, Charles VIII of France
France, 1483-1498, King of France, Charles VIII of France;

France, 1498-1515, King of France, Louis XII of France
France, 1498-1515, King of France, Louis XII of France ;

France, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Luther's 95 Theses, Hugenots, Calvin, Jesuits

France, 1500, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe
France, 16th Century, Protestant Reformation throughout Europe; JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, commemorated May 28;

France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits
France, 1511-1556, Ignatius of Loyola, Founder of the Jesuits; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

France, 1515-1547, King of France, Francis I of France, Arts, Mona Lisa, Americas, Colonies
France, 1515-1547, King of France, Francis I of France; I (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547. He was the son of Charles, Count of Angoulême, and Louise of Savoy. He succeeded his first cousin once removed Louis XII, who died without a son. prodigious patron of the arts, he promoted the emergent French Renaissance by attracting many Italian artists to work for him, including Leonardo da Vinci, who brought the Mona Lisa with him, which Francis had acquired. Francis' reign saw important cultural changes with the growth of central power in France, the spread of humanism and Protestantism, and the beginning of French exploration of the New World. Jacques Cartier and others claimed lands in the Americas for France and paved the way for the expansion of the first French colonial empire. his role in the development and promotion of a standardized French language, he became known as le Père et Restaurateur des Lettres (the 'Father and Restorer of Letters').[1] He was also known as François au Grand Nez ('Francis of the Large Nose'), the Grand Colas, and the Roi-Chevalier (the 'Knight-King')[1] for his personal involvement in the wars against his great rival Emperor Charles V, who was also King of Spain. the policy of his predecessors, Francis continued the Italian Wars. The succession of Charles V to the Burgundian Netherlands, the throne of Spain, and his subsequent election as Holy Roman Emperor, meant that France was geographically encircled by the Habsburg monarchy. In his struggle against Imperial hegemony, Francis sought the support of Henry VIII of England at the Field of the Cloth of Gold.[2] When this was unsuccessful, he formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with the Muslim sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, a controversial move for a Christian king at the time.[3] FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552;

France, 1517+, 16th Century, Hugenots, the French Reformed Church
France: original Land of the French Reformed Church: the Hugenots; CHARLES TODD QUINTARD, BISHOP OF TENNESSEE, 1898, Commemorated February 16 ;

France, 1534-1540, Society of Jesus, Jesuits
France, 1540, Society of Jesus, Jesuits ; The Society of Jesus (SJ; Latin: Societas Iesu) is a religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. It was founded by Ignatius of Loyola and six companions with the approval of Pope Paul III in 1540. The members are called Jesuits (/ËˆdÊ’É›zjuÉªt/; Latin: Iesuitæ).[2] The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations. Jesuits work in education, research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, sponsor direct social ministries, and promote ecumenical dialogue. The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General.[3][4] The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.[5] The historic curia of Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit mother church. The Society of Jesus as a congregation had some militaristic tendencies. This was so because St. Ignatius who was its leading founder was a nobleman who had a military background. An example of these military tendencies is that members of the society were expected to accept orders to go anywhere in the world, where they might be required to live in extreme conditions. Accordingly, the opening lines of the founding document declared that the society was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God[a] to strive especially for the defence and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine".[7] Jesuits are thus sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's soldiers",[8] "God's marines",[9] or "the Company", which evolved from references to Ignatius' history as a soldier and the society's commitment to accepting orders anywhere and to endure any conditions.[10] The society participated in the Counter-Reformation and, later, in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council. FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3;

France, 1547-1559, King of France, Henry II of France
France, 1547-1559, King of France, Henry II of France ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552;

France, 1559-1560, King of France, Henry II of France
France, 1559-1560, King of France, Henry II of France ;

France, 1560-1574, King of France, Charles IX of France
France, 1560-1574, King of France, Charles IX of France;

France, 1574-1575, King of France, Henry III of France
France, 1574-1575, King of France, Henry III of France;

France, 1575-1610, King of France,Henry IV of France
France, 1575-1610, King of France,Henry IV of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1600, 17th Century Folder, St Vincent DePaul, Centralized Power, Versailles

France, 1610-1643, King of France, Louis XIII of France
France, 1610-1643, King of France, Louis XIII of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1643-1715, King of France, Louis XIV of France
France, 1643-1715, King of France, Louis XIV of France; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist
France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

France, 1700-1789, 18th Century Folder, Versailles to the French Revolution

France, 1715-1774, King of France, Louis XV of France
France, 1715-1774, King of France, Louis XV of France;

France, 1774-1791, King of France, Louis XVI of France
France, 1774-1791, King of France, Louis XVI of France;

France, 1789-1940, Folder, French Revolution to WWII

France, 1789-1799, 18th Century Folder, French Revolution

France, 1789-1799, French Revolution
France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; The French Revolution began in May 1789 when the Ancient Regime was abolished in favour of a constitutional monarchy. Its replacement in September 1792 by the First French Republic led to the execution of Louis XVI in January 1793, and an extended period of political turmoil. This culminated in the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul in November 1799, which is generally taken as its end point. Many of its principles are now considered fundamental aspects of modern liberal democracy.[1] The intellectual origins of the Revolution came from a global network of European and Aerican 'patriots', who shared ideas and political principles, contacts accelerated by the American Revolution.[2] Together, they marked the beginning of the Age of Revolution, which continued into the mid-19th century and impacted much of Europe and the Americas.[3] However, the French quickly discarded the American Revolution as a reference point, and the two revolutions are generally viewed as distinct events, with different causes.[4] Between 1700 and 1789, the French population increased from 18 million to 26 million, leading to large numbers of unemployed, accompanied by sharp increases in food prices caused by years of bad harvests.[5] Widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General in May 1789, the first since 1614. In June, the Estates were converted into a National Assembly, which swept away the existing establishment in a series of radical measures. These included the abolition of feudalism, state control of the Catholic Church and extending the right to vote. The next three years were dominated by the struggle for political control, exacerbated by economic depression and social unrest. External powers like Austria, Britain and Prussia viewed the Revolution as a threat, leading to the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792. Disillusionment with Louis XVI led to the establishment of the First French Republic on 22 September 1792, followed by his execution in January 1793. In June, an uprising in Paris replaced the Girondins who dominated the Assembly with a Committee of Public Safety under Maximilien Robespierre. This sparked the Reign of Terror, an attempt to eradicate alleged "counter-revolutionaries"; by the time it ended in July 1794, over 16,600 had been executed in Paris and the provinces. As well as external enemies, the Republic faced a series of internal Royalist and Jacobin revolts; in order to deal with these, the Directory took power in November 1795. Despite military success, the cost of the war led to economic stagnation and internal divisions, and in November 1799, the Directory was replaced by the Consulate. This is generally viewed as marking the end of the Revolutionary period. Many Revolutionary symbols such as La Marseillaise and phrases like LibertÃƒÂ©, ÃƒÂ©galitÃƒÂ©, fraternitÃƒÂ© reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution.[6] Over the next two centuries, its key principles like equality would inspire campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage.[7] Its values and institutions dominate French politics to this day, and many historians regard the Revolution as one of the most important events in human history.[8] Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1792-1804, French First Republic
France, 1792-1804, French First Republic; In the history of France, the First Republic, was founded on 22 September 1792 during the French Revolution. The First Republic lasted until the declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon, although the form of the government changed several times. This period was characterized by the fall of the monarchy, the establishment of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror, the Thermidorian Reaction and the founding of the Directory, and, finally, the creation of the Consulate and Napoleon's rise to power. France, 1789-1799, French Revolution; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1798, French Conquest of Malta, Hide the Relics
France, 1798, French Conquest of Malta, Hide the Relics; The Siege of Malta, also known as the Siege of Valletta or the French Blockade (Maltese: L-Imblokk tal-FranÃ„Â‹iÃ…Â¼i), was a two-year siege and blockade of the French garrison in Valletta and the Three Cities, the largest settlements and main port on the Mediterranean island of Malta, between 1798 and 1800. Malta had been captured by a French expeditionary force during the Mediterranean campaign of 1798, and garrisoned with 3,000 men under the command of Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois. After the British Royal Navy destroyed the French Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of the Nile on 1 August 1798, the British were able to initiate a blockade of Malta, assisted by an uprising among the native Maltese population against French rule. After its retreat to Valletta, the French garrison faced severe food shortages, exacerbated by the effectiveness of the British blockade. Although small quantities of supplies arrived in early 1799, there was no further traffic until early 1800, by which time starvation and disease was having a disastrous effect on health, morale, and combat capability of the French troops. In February 1800, a significant convoy under Contre-Admiral Jean-Baptiste PerrÃƒÂ©e sent from Toulon made a determined effort to resupply the garrison. The blockade squadron under Rear-Admiral Lord Nelson intercepted the convoy within sight of the starving troops on Malta. PerrÃƒÂ©e was killed and his flagship captured in the ensuing and brief Battle of the Malta Convoy (1800); no supplies reached Malta. The following month, the ship of the line Guillaume Tell set sail from Valletta to Toulon, laden with soldiers, but this too was intercepted and in a hard-fought battle was forced to surrender to a larger British squadron. These defeats rendered the French position on Valletta untenable, and its surrender inevitable. Although Vaubois held out for another five months, he eventually surrendered on 4 September and Malta was taken by Britain. Malta ; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, October 12 ; knights of Rhodes; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ; Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John (no Wiki link);

France, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Napoleonic Wars, 1st and 2nd French Empires, 1st 3 Republics

France, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars
France, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars; Napoleonic Wars (1803-“1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions. It produced a brief period of French domination over most of continental Europe. The wars stemmed from the unresolved disputes associated with the French Revolution and its resultant conflict. The wars are often categorised into five conflicts, each termed after the coalition that fought Napoleon: the Third Coalition (1805), the Fourth (1806-“07), the Fifth (1809), the Sixth (1813-“14), and the Seventh (1815). upon ascending to First Consul of France in 1799, had inherited a republic in chaos; he subsequently created a state with stable finances, a strong bureaucracy, and a well-trained army. In 1805, Austria and Russia formed the Third Coalition and waged war against France. In response, Napoleon defeated the allied Russo-Austrian army at Austerlitz in December 1805, which is considered his greatest victory. At sea, the British severely defeated the joint Franco-Spanish navy in the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. This victory secured British control of the seas and prevented the invasion of Britain itself. Concerned about increasing French power, Prussia led the creation of the Fourth Coalition with Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, and the resumption of war in October 1806. Napoleon quickly defeated the Prussians at Jena and the Russians at Friedland, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. The peace failed, though, as war broke out in 1809, when the badly prepared Fifth Coalition, led by Austria, was quickly defeated at Wagram. to isolate and weaken Britain economically through his Continental System, Napoleon launched an invasion of Portugal, the only remaining British ally in continental Europe. After occupying Lisbon in November 1807, and with the bulk of French troops present in Spain, Napoleon seized the opportunity to turn against his former ally, depose the reigning Spanish royal family and declare his brother King of Spain in 1808 as Jose I. The Spanish and Portuguese revolted with British support and expelled the French from Iberia in 1814 after six years of fighting. Russia, unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade, routinely violated the Continental System, prompting Napoleon to launch a massive invasion of Russia in 1812. The resulting campaign ended in disaster and the near destruction of Napoleon's Grande Armies. by the defeat, Austria, Prussia, and Russia formed the Sixth Coalition and began a new campaign against France, decisively defeating Napoleon at Leipzig in October 1813 after several inconclusive engagements. The Allies then invaded France from the east, while the Peninsular War spilled over into southwestern France. Coalition troops captured Paris at the end of March 1814 and forced Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba, and the Bourbons were restored to power. But Napoleon escaped in February 1815, and reassumed control of France for around one hundred days. After forming the Seventh Coalition, the Allies defeated him permanently at Waterloo in June 1815 and exiled him to Saint Helena, where he died six years later.[30] Congress of Vienna redrew the borders of Europe and brought a period of relative peace. The wars had profound consequences on global history, including the spread of nationalism and liberalism, the rise of Britain as the world's foremost naval and economic power, the appearance of independence movements in Latin America and subsequent collapse of the Spanish Empire and Portuguese Empire, the fundamental reorganisation of German and Italian territories into larger states, and the introduction of radically new methods of conducting warfare but also civil law. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21 ;

France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire, aka Republic
France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; First French Empire,[4] officially the French Republic (until 1809) then the French Empire (French: Empire Francais; Latin: Imperium Francicum),[b] was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century. Although France had already established a colonial empire overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a kingdom under the Bourbons and a republic after the French Revolution. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the First Empire to distinguish it from the restorationist Second Empire (1852-“1870) ruled by his nephew Napoleon III. 18 May 1804, Napoleon was granted the title Emperor of the French by the French (Senate) and was crowned on 2 December 1804,[8] signifying the end of the French Consulate and of the French First Republic. Despite his coronation, the empire continued to be called the œFrench Republic until 1809. The French Empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, and allied nations, notably at the Battle of Austerlitz in 1805.[9] French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, at the Battle of Jena-“Auerstedt in 1806 and the Battle of Friedland in 1807,[10] before Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. series of wars, known collectively as the Napoleonic Wars, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had 130 departments, ruled over 44 million subjects, maintained an extensive military presence in Germany, Italy, Spain, and the Duchy of Warsaw, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies.[11] Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the Napoleonic Code throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalized divorce, and seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice were abolished, as were aristocratic privileges in all places except Poland.[12] France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the Empire. Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1804-1814, Napoleon I Bonaparte, statesman and m leader, french revolution, wars, and empire
France, 1804-1814, Napoleon I Bonaparte; Bonaparte (15 August 1769 -“ 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who led many successful campaigns during the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars, and was Emperor of the French (as Napoleon I) from 1804 until 1814 and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions during the Napoleonic Wars. He won many of these wars and a vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over much of continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Napoleon is regarded as one of the greatest military commanders in history, and his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. His political and cultural legacy has made him one of the most celebrated and controversial leaders in human history.[2][3] Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica a few months after the young independent republic was annexed by the Kingdom of France, Napoleon's modest family descended from minor Italian nobility. He was serving as an artillery officer in the French Royal Army when the French Revolution erupted in 1789. He rapidly rose through the ranks of the military, seizing the new opportunities presented by the Revolution and becoming a general at age 24. The French Directory eventually gave him command of the Army of Italy after he suppressed the 13 Vendemiaire revolt against the government by royalist insurgents. At age 26, he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and the Italian monarchs aligned with the Habsburgs in the War of the First Coalition, ”winning virtually every battle, conquering the Italian Peninsula in a year while establishing "sister republics" with local support, and becoming a war hero in France. 1798, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power. He orchestrated a coup in November 1799 and became First Consul of the Republic. After the Peace of Amiens in 1802, Napoleon turned his attention to France's colonies. He sold the Louisiana Territory to the United States, and he attempted to restore slavery to the French Caribbean colonies. However, while he was successful in restoring slavery in the eastern Caribbean, Napoleon failed in his attempts to subdue Saint-Domingue, and the colony that France once proudly boasted of as the "Pearl of the Antilles" became independent as Haiti in 1804. Napoleon's ambition and public approval inspired him to go further, and he became the first Emperor of the French in 1804. The balance of power in Europe shattered, intractable differences with the British meant that the French were soon facing a Third Coalition by 1805. Napoleon emerged triumphant over this coalition with decisive victories in the Ulm Campaign and a historic success over the Russian Empire and Austrian Empire at the Battle of Austerlitz which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. formed the Franco-Persian alliance and wanted to re-establish the Franco-Indian alliances with the Muslim Indian emperor Tipu Sultan by providing a French-trained army during the Anglo-Mysore Wars, with the continuous aim of having an eventual open way to attack the British in India.[4][5] In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about French continental expansion. Napoleon quickly defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, then marched his Grande Armie deep into Eastern Europe and annihilated the Russians in June 1807 at the Battle of Friedland. France then forced the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to sign the Treaties of Tilsit in July 1807, bringing an uneasy peace to the continent. Tilsit signified the high-water mark of the French Empire. In 1809, the Austrians and the British challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle of Wagram in July. then occupied the Iberian Peninsula, hoping to extend the Continental System and choke off British trade with the European mainland, and declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish and the Portuguese revolted with British support. The Peninsular War lasted six years, featured extensive guerrilla warfare, and ended in victory for the Allies in 1814. The Continental System caused recurring diplomatic conflicts between France and its client states, especially Russia. The Russians were unwilling to bear the economic consequences of reduced trade and routinely violated the Continental System, enticing Napoleon into another war. The French launched a major invasion of Russia in the summer of 1812. The campaign destroyed Russian cities, but did not yield the decisive victory Napoleon wanted. It resulted in the collapse of the Grande Armie and inspired a renewed push against Napoleon by his enemies. 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in the War of the Sixth Coalition against France. A lengthy military campaign culminated in a large Allied army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in October 1813, but his tactical victory at the minor Battle of Hanau allowed retreat onto French soil. The Allies then invaded France and captured Paris in the spring of 1814, forcing Napoleon to abdicate in April. He was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Tuscany, and the Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. Napoleon escaped from Elba in February 1815 and took control of France once again. The Allies responded by forming a Seventh Coalition which defeated him at the Battle of Waterloo in June. He was exiled to the remote British island of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, where he died six years later at the age of 51. influence on the modern world brought liberal reforms to the numerous territories that he conquered and controlled, such as the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe. His Napoleonic Code has influenced the legal systems of more than 70 nations around the world. British historian Andrew Roberts states: "The ideas that underpin our modern world-”meritocracy, equality before the law, property rights, religious toleration, modern secular education, sound finances, and so on- ”were championed, consolidated, codified and geographically extended by Napoleon. To them he added a rational and efficient local administration, an end to rural banditry, the encouragement of science and the arts, the abolition of feudalism and the greatest codification of laws since the fall of the Roman Empire".[6] Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ;

France, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era
Croatia, 1805-1809, Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era; Dalmatia in the Napoleonic Era[edit] The Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy from 1806 to 1810 included the Dalmatia that had belonged to Venice until 1797 Dalmatia as a part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1811 Later in 1797, in the treaty of Campo Formio, Napoleon I gave Dalmatia to Austria in return for Belgium. The republics of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and Poljica retained their independence, and Ragusa grew rich by its neutrality during the earlier Napoleonic wars. By the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, Istria, Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor were handed over to France. In 1805 Napoleon created his Kingdom of Italy around the Adriatic sea, annexing to it the former Venetian Dalmatia from Istria to Cattaro (Kotor). In 1806, the Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) finally succumbed to foreign (French) troops under general Marmont, the same year a Montenegrin force supported by the Russians tried to contest the French by seizing Boka Kotorska. The allied forces have pushed the French to Ragusa. The Russians induced the Montenegrins to render aid and they proceeded to take the islands of KorÃ„ÂÂÂÂula and BraÃ„ÂÂÂÂ but made no further progress, and withdrew in 1807 under the treaty of Tilsit. The Republic of Ragusa was officially annexed to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy in 1808. In 1809, the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out, and French and Austrian forces also fought in the Dalmatian Campaign (1809). In the summer, Austrian forces retook Dalmatia, but this lasted only until the Treaty of SchÃƒÂ¶nbrunn, when Austria ceded a number of additional provinces north of Dalmatia to France, so Napoleon removed Dalmatia from his Kingdom of Italy and created the Illyrian Provinces. The major part of the Dalmatian population was Roman Catholic. St. Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1809, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn
France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn; The Treaty of Schonbrunn , sometimes known as the Peace of Schonbrunn or Treaty of Vienna, was signed between France and Austria at Schonbrunn Palace near Vienna on 14 October 1809. The treaty ended the Fifth Coalition during the Napoleonic Wars, after Austria had been defeated at the decisive Battle of Wagram on 5-6 July. France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date of 10 Oct 1809 NS; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1809, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date or 10 Oct 1809 NS
France, 1809, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date or 10 Oct 1809 NS; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Russian Patriotic War of 1812
France, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Russian Patriotic War of 1812 France, 1804-1815, Napolionic Era, First French Empire; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13;

France, 1812, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God stolen to Paris, France
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12;

France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration
France, 1814-1830, Bourbon Restoration; The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of the executed Louis XVI, namely Louis XVIII and Charles X, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government aiming to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the Ancien RÃƒÂ©gime. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France. They were nonetheless unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution and Napoleon. Exhausted by decades of war, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization.[1] St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18;

France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy
France, 1830-1848, July Monarchy, Orleans Monarchy ; The July Monarchy (French: Monarchie de juillet, officially the Kingdom of France, French: Royaume de France) was a liberal constitutional monarchy in France under Louis Philippe I, starting with the July Revolution of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. It marks the end of the Bourbon Restoration (1814Ã¢Â€Â“1830). It began with the overthrow of the conservative government of Charles X, the last king of the House of Bourbon. Louis Philippe, a member of the more liberal OrlÃƒÂ©ans branch of the House of Bourbon, proclaimed himself as Roi des FranÃƒÂ§ais ("King of the French") rather than "King of France", emphasizing the popular origins of his reign. The king promised to follow the juste milieu, or the middle-of-the-road, avoiding the extremes of both the conservative supporters of Charles X and radicals on the left. The July Monarchy was dominated by wealthy bourgeoisie and numerous former Napoleonic officials. It followed conservative policies, especially under the influence (1840Ã¢Â€Â“48) of FranÃƒÂ§ois Guizot. The king promoted friendship with Great Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the French conquest of Algeria. By 1848, a year in which many European states had a revolution, the king's popularity had collapsed, and he was overthrown.

France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848
France, 1848, French Revolution of 1848; The 1848 Revolution in France, sometimes known as the February Revolution, was one of a wave of revolutions in 1848 in Europe. In France the revolutionary events ended the July Monarchy (1830-“1848) and led to the creation of the French Second Republic. Following the overthrow of King Louis Philippe in February 1848, the elected government of the Second Republic ruled France. In the months that followed, this government steered a course that became more conservative. On 23 June 1848, the people of Paris rose in insurrection,[1] which became known as June Days uprising , a bloody but unsuccessful rebellion by the Paris workers against a conservative turn in the Republic's course. On 2 December 1848, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III) was elected president of the Second Republic, largely on peasant support. Exactly three years later he suspended the elected assembly, establishing the Second French Empire, which lasted until 1870. Louis Napoleon went on to become the de facto last French monarch. The February revolution established the principle of the "right to work" (droit au travail), and its newly established government created "National Workshops" (ateliers nationaux) for the unemployed. At the same time a sort of industrial parliament was established at the Luxembourg Palace, under the presidency of Louis Blanc, with the object of preparing a scheme for the organization of labor. These tensions between liberal Orleanist and Radical Republicans and Socialists led to the June Days Uprising.

France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic
France, 1848-1852, French Second Republic; French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoeon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution to the 1851 coup by which the president made himself Emperor Napoleon III and initiated the Second Empire. It officially adopted the motto of the First Republic, Liberty Fraternity. The Second Republic witnessed the tension between the "Social and Democratic Republic" and a liberal form of republicanism, which exploded during the June Days uprising of 1848. The Republic would ultimately last four years, one of the shortest regimes in French history.

France, 1852-1870, Second French Empire
Second French Empire 1852-1870; was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France. Historians in the 1930s and 1940s often disparaged the Second Empire as a precursor of fascism.[4] That interpretation is no longer promulgated, and by the late 20th century they were celebrating it as leading example of a modernising regime.[5][6] Historians have generally given the Empire negative evaluations on its foreign policy, and somewhat more positive evaluations of domestic policies, especially after Napoleon III liberalised his rule after 1858. He promoted French business and exports. The greatest achievements came in material improvements, in the form of a grand railway network that facilitated commerce and tied the nation together and centered it on Paris. It had the effect of stimulating economic growth, and bringing prosperity to most regions of the country. The Second Empire is given high credit for the rebuilding of Paris with broad boulevards, striking public buildings, and very attractive residential districts for upscale Parisians. In international policy, Napoleon III tried to emulate his uncle, engaging in numerous imperial ventures around the world as well as several wars in Europe. Using very harsh methods, he built up the French Empire in North Africa and in Southeast Asia. Napoleon III also sought to modernise the Mexican economy and bring it into the French orbit, but this ended in a fiasco. He badly mishandled the threat from Prussia, and by the end of his reign, Napoleon III found himself without allies in the face of overwhelming German force.[7] Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1852-1870, Emperor of France, Napoleon III
Emperor of France, 1852-1870, Napoleon III ; the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first president of France, from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch, from 1852 to 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and became the emperor of the French. He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the French overseas empire, and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. Second French Empire 1852-1870; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic (FTR)
France, 1870-1940, French Third Republic; was the system of government adopted in France from 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940 after France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

France, 1870-1871, FTR President, Napoleon III
France, French Third Republic President, 1870-1871, Napoleon III; the nephew of Napoleon I, was the first president of France, from 1848 to 1852, and the last French monarch, from 1852 to 1870. First elected president of the French Second Republic in 1848, he seized power by force in 1851, when he could not constitutionally be re-elected, and became the emperor of the French. He founded the Second French Empire and was its only emperor until the defeat of the French Army and his capture by Prussia and its allies in the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. He worked to modernize the French economy, rebuilt the center of Paris, expanded the French overseas empire, and engaged in the Crimean War and the Second Italian War of Independence. JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1871-1873, FTR President, Adolphe Thiers, historian, journalist, liberal
France, French Third Republic President, 1871-1873, Adolphe Thiers; was a French statesman and historian. He was the second elected President of France, and the first President of the French Third Republic. Thiers was a key figure in the July Revolution of 1830, which overthrew the Bourbon monarchy, and the French Revolution of 1848, which established the Second French Republic. He served as a prime minister in 1836, 1840 and 1848, dedicated the Arc de Triomphe, and arranged the return to France of the remains of Napoleon from Saint-Helena. He was first a supporter, then a vocal opponent of Louis-NapolÃƒÂ©on Bonaparte (who served from 1848 to 1852 as President of the Second Republic and then reigned as Emperor Napoleon III from 1852 to 1871). When Napoleon III seized power, Thiers was arrested and briefly expelled from France. He then returned and became an opponent of the government. Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, which Thiers opposed, he was elected chief executive of the new French government and negotiated the end of the war. When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1871, Thiers gave the orders to the army for its suppression. At the age of seventy-four, he was named President of the Republic by the French National Assembly in August 1871. His chief accomplishment as president was to achieve the departure of German soldiers from most of French territory two years ahead of schedule. Opposed by the monarchists in the French assembly and the left wing of the Republicans, he resigned on 24 May 1873, and was replaced as President by Patrice de MacMahon. When he died in 1877, his funeral became a major political event; the procession was led by two of the leaders of the republican movement, Victor Hugo and Leon Gambetta, who, at the time of his death, were his allies against the conservative monarchists. He was also a notable literary figure, the author of a very successful ten-volume history of the French Revolution (Histoire de la RÃƒÂ©volution franÃƒÂ§aise) and a twenty-volume history of the Consulate and Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte (Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire). In 1834 he was elected to the AcadÃƒÂ©mie FranÃƒÂ§aise. JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1873-1879, FTR President, Patrice de MacMahon, General, Conservative, Constitution guard
France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; MacMahon led the main French army in the war against the Germans in 1870. He was trapped and wounded at the Battle of Sedan in September 1870. The army surrendered to the Germans, including MacMahon and Emperor Napoleon III. Thus France lost the war and the Emperor went into exile. After convalescence MacMahon was appointed head of the Versailles Army, which defeated the Paris Commune revolt in May 1871 and set the stage for his political career. MacMahon was a devout conservative Catholic, a traditionalist who despised socialism and strongly distrusted the secular Republicans. He took seriously his duty as the neutral guardian of the Constitution and rejected suggestions of a monarchist coup d'ÃƒÂ©tat. He also refused to meet with Gambetta, the leader of the Republicans. He moved for a parliamentary system in which the assembly selected the ruling government of the Third Republic, but he also insisted on an upper chamber. He later dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, resulting in public outrage and a Republican electoral victory. Soon after MacMahon resigned and retired to private life. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, MONASTIC AND MARTYR, 1916, Commemorated December 1; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn, France and Austria, after Austrian defeat
France, 1875, 10 Oct 1809 NS, Treaty of Schonbrunn; France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date
France, 1875, June 26 1875: Simeon's Seal Date; France, French Third Republic President, 1873-1879, Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1879-1887, FTR President, Jules Grevey, a Mason, so Separation of Church and State
France, French Third Republic President, 1879-1887, Jules Grevey; Judith Paul Gracvy (15 August 1807-“ 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction. Given that his predecessors were monarchists who tried without success to restore the French monarchy, Gracvy is seen as the first real republican President of France.[1][2] at Mont-sous-Vaudrey in the Jura Mountains, he became an advocate in 1837 distinguishing himself at the Conference du barreau de Paris, and, having steadily maintained republican principles under the Orleans monarchy, was elected by his native department to the Constituent Assembly of 1848. Foreseeing that Louis Bonaparte would be elected president by the people, he proposed to vest the chief authority in a president of the Council elected and removable by the Assembly, or in other words, to suppress the Presidency of the Republic. After the coup d'tat this proposition gained Greveu a reputation for sagacity, and upon his return to public life in 1868 he took a prominent place in the Republican party. at "La Constante in Arras,[3] his Masonic activity is inseparable from his political action,[4] specially in the struggle for separation of Church and State that marked the beginning of the Third Republic and MacMahon resignation. the fall of the Empire he was chosen president of the Assembly on 16 February 1871, and occupied this position until 2 April 1873, when he resigned on account of the opposition of the Right, which blamed him for having called one of its members to order in the session of the previous day. On 8 March 1876 he was elected president of the Chamber of Deputies, a post which he filled with such efficiency that upon the resignation of Marshal MacMahon he seemed to step naturally into the Presidency of the Republic (30 January 1879), and was elected without opposition by the republican parties.[5] shrewd, attentive to the public interest and his own, but without any particular distinction, he would have left an unblemished reputation if he had not accepted a second term (18 December 1885). Shortly afterwards, his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, was found to be trafficking in the awards of the Legion of Honour. Grevey was not accused of personal participation in these scandals, but he was somewhat obstinate in refusing to realize that he was indirectly responsible for the misuse his relative had made of access to the Elysae, and it had to be unpleasantly impressed upon him that his resignation was inevitable (2 December 1887).[6] This political matter was the first one to feed anti-Masonic opinion in France.[7] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

France, 1887-1894, FTR President, Marie Francois Sadi Carrnot, scientific engineer, assinated
France, French Third Republic President, 1887-1894, Marie Francois Sadi Carrnot; Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois was the son of the statesman Hippolyte Carnot and was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne. His third given name Sadi was in honour of his uncle Nicolas LÃƒÂ©onard Sadi Carnot, the engineer who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and is generally regarded as the founder of the subject, named after the famed Persian poet Sadi of Shiraz. Like his uncle, Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois too came to be known as Sadi Carnot. In his scientific-mindedness and Republican leanings, he resembled his grandfather, Lazare Carnot, the military modernizer and member of the post-Revolutionary French Directory. Marie FranÃƒÂ§ois was educated as a civil engineer and was a highly distinguished student at both the ÃƒÂ‰cole Polytechnique and the ÃƒÂ‰cole des Ponts et ChaussÃƒÂ©es. After his academic course, he obtained an appointment in the public service. His hereditary republicanism caused the government of national defence to entrust him in 1870 with the task of organizing resistance in the dÃƒÂ©partements of the Eure, Calvados and Seine-InfÃƒÂ©rieure, and he was made prefect of Seine-InfÃƒÂ©rieure in January 1871. In the following month he was elected to the French National Assembly by the dÃƒÂ©partement CÃƒÂ´te-d'Or. He joined the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group, Gauche rÃƒÂ©publicaine. In August 1878 he was appointed secretary to the minister of public works. He became minister in September 1880 and again in April 1885, moving almost immediately to the ministry of finance, which post he held under both the Ferry and the Freycinet administrations until December 1886.[2] Presidency[edit] Depiction of Carnot's assassination appearing in Le Petit Journal IllustrÃƒÂ© When the Daniel Wilson scandals occasioned the downfall of Jules GrÃƒÂ©vy in December 1887, Carnot's reputation for integrity made him a candidate for the presidency, and he obtained the support of Georges Clemenceau and many others, so that he was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by General Boulanger.[2] President Carnot's ostensible part during this agitation was confined to augmenting his popularity by well-timed appearances on public occasions, which gained credit for the presidency and the republic. When, early in 1889, Boulanger was finally driven into exile, it fell to Carnot to appear as head of the state on two occasions of special interest, the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution in 1889 and the opening of the Paris Exhibition of the same year.[3] The success of both was regarded as a popular ratification of the republic, and though continually harassed by the formation and dissolution of ephemeral ministries, by socialist outbreaks, and the beginnings of anti-Semitism, Carnot had only one serious crisis to surmount, the Panama scandals of 1892, which, if they greatly damaged the prestige of the state, increased the respect felt for its head, against whose integrity none could breathe a word.[2] Carnot was in favour of the Franco-Russian Alliance and received the Order of St Andrew from Alexander III. Death[edit] Carnot was reaching the zenith of his popularity, when, on 24 June 1894, after delivering a speech at a public banquet in Lyon in which he appeared to imply that he would not seek re-election, he was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio.[2] Carnot died shortly after midnight on 25 June.[4] The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the PanthÃƒÂ©on on 1 July 1894.[5] Caserio called the assassination a political act, and was executed on 16 August 1894.[6] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated December 1;

France, 1894-1895, FTR President, Jean Casimir-Perier, short term, ignored by his ministers
France, French Third Republic President, 1894-1895, Jean Casimir-Perier; On 24 June 1894, after the assassination of President Carnot, he was elected President of the Republic by 451 votes against 195 for Henri Brisson and 97 for Charles Dupuy. His presidency lasted only six months. The resignation of the Dupuy ministry on 14 January 1895 was followed the next day by that of the President. Casimir-Perier explained his action by the fact that he found himself ignored by the ministers, who did not consult him before taking decisions, and did not keep him informed upon political events, especially in foreign affairs. As of 2020, of all Presidents of France through its history, Casimir-Perier had the shortest presidency. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1;

France, 1895-1899, FTR President, Felix Faure, Someone who offended no one
France, French Third Republic President, 1895-1899, Felix Faure; CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; Wealthy tanner, He became more prominent in French politics up until unexpectedly becoming president, during which time France's relations with Russia improved. Interested in matters concerning economics, railways and the navy. He became under-secretary for the colonies. In 1894 he obtained cabinet rank as minister of marine in the administration of Charles Dupuy. In the following January he was unexpectedly elected President of the Republic upon the resignation of President Casimir-Perier. Someone who offended no one. Faure answered perfectly to this description.

France, 1899-1906, FTR President, Emile Loubet, successful Paris exposition, one world G, served full term
France, French Third Republic President, 1899-1906, Emile Loubet ; Trained in law, he became mayor of Montelimar, where he was noted as a forceful orator. He was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 and the Senate in 1885. He was appointed as a Republican minister under Carnot and Ribot. He was briefly Prime Minister of France in 1892. As President (1899-“1906), he saw the successful Paris Exhibition of 1900, and the forging of the Entente Cordiale with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, resolving their sharp differences over the Boer War and the Dreyfus Affair. His reputation as an orator of great force and lucidity of exposition and as a safe and honest statesman procured for him president of the republic in succession to Felix Faure . He was marked out for fierce opposition and bitter insult, as the representative of that section of the Republican party which sought the revision of the Dreyfus affair. The president was struck on the head with a cane by an anti-Dreyfusard. In that month President Loubet summoned Waldeck-Rousseau to form a cabinet, and at the same time entreated Republicans of all shades of opinion to rally to the defence of the state. By the efforts of Loubet and Waldeck-Rousseau the Dreyfus affair was settled, when Loubet, acting on the advice of General Galliffet, minister of war, remitted the ten years' imprisonment to which Dreyfus was condemned at Rennes.[1] Loubet's presidency saw an acute stage of the clerical question, which was attacked by Waldeck-Rousseau and in still more drastic fashion by the Combes ministry. The French ambassador was recalled from the Vatican in April 1905, and in July the separation of church and state was voted in the Chamber of Deputies. Feeling had run high between France and Britain over the mutual criticisms passed on the conduct of the South African War and the Dreyfus affair respectively. These differences were composed, by the Anglo-French entente, and in 1904 a convention between the two countries secured the recognition of French claims in Morocco in exchange for non-interference with the British occupation of Egypt. President Loubet belonged to the peasant-proprietor class, and had none of the aristocratic proclivities of President Faure. He inaugurated the Paris Exhibition of 1900, received the emperor Nicholas II of Russia at the French maneuvers of 1901 and paid a visit to Russia in 1902.[1] Loubet also exchanged visits with King Edward VII, with the king of Portugal, the king of Italy and the king of Spain. During the king of Spain's visit in 1905, an attempt was made on his life, a bomb being thrown under his carriage as he and with his guest left the Opera. When his presidency came to an end in January 1906, he became the first President of the Third Republic to have served a full term and without resigning a second one.[1] He retired into private life and died on 20 December 1929 at the age of 90. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1;

France, 1900-1940, 20th Century Folder, 3rd French Republic

France, 1906-1913, FTR President, Armand Fallieres, opponent of the death penalty
France, French Third Republic President, 1906-1913, Armand Fallieres; Clement Armand Fallieres ( 6 November 1841 -“ 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913. He was born at Mezin in the departement of Lot-et-Garonne, France, where his father was clerk of the peace. He studied law and became an advocate at Nerac, beginning his public career there as municipal councilor (1868), afterwards mayor (1871), and as councillor-general of the department of Lot-et-Garonne (1871). Being an ardent Republican, he lost this position in May 1873 upon the fall of Thiers, but in February 1876 was elected deputy for Nerac. In the chamber he sat with the Opportunist Republican parliamentary group, Gauche republicaine, signed the protestation of 18 May 1877, and was re-elected five months later. In 1880 he became under-secretary of state in the department of the interior in Jules Ferry's ministry (May 1880 to November 1881). From 7 August 1882 to 20 February 1883 he was minister of the interior, and for a month (from 29 January 1883) was prime minister. His ministry had to face the question of the expulsion of the pretenders to the throne of France, owing to the proclamation by Prince Napoleon (January 1883). Falliees, who was ill at the time, was not able to face the storm of opposition, and resigned when the senate rejected his project. The following November, however, he was chosen as minister of public instruction by Jules Ferry, and carried out various reforms in the school system.[1] He resigned in March 1885, becoming minister of the interior in Maurice Rouvier's cabinet two years later. He exchanged his portfolio in December for that of the department of justice. He returned again to the ministry of the interior in February 1889, and finally retook the department of justice from March 1890 to February 1892. In June 1890 his departement (Lot-et-Garonne) elected him to the senate by 417 votes to 23. There Fallieres remained independent of party struggles, although maintaining his influence among the Republicans. In March 1899 he was elected president of the senate, and retained that position until January 1906, when he was chosen by a union of the groups of the Left in both chambers as candidate for the presidency of the republic. He was elected on the first ballot by 449 votes against 371 for his opponent, Paul Doumer. Fallieres was an outspoken opponent of the death penalty and commuted the sentences of many prisoners sentenced to death.[citation needed] CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1913-1920, FTR President, Raymond Poincare, Democratic Republican, Paris Peace Conference after WWI
France, French Third Republic President, 1913-1920, Raymond Poincare ; Raymond Nicolas Landry PoincarÃƒÂ© (UK: /Ã‹ÂˆpwÃƒÂ¦ÃŒÂƒkÃ‰Â‘Ã‹ÂÂÂÂreÃ‰Âª/[1] [US: stress final syllable], French: [ÃŠÂÂÂÂÃ‰Â›mÃ‰Â”ÃŒÂƒ pwÃ‰Â›ÃŒÂƒkaÃŠÂÂÂÂe]; 20 August 1860 Ã¢Â€Â“ 15 October 1934) was a French statesman who served three times as 58th Prime Minister of France, and as President of France from 1913 to 1920. Trained in law, PoincarÃƒÂ© was elected as a Deputy in 1887 and served in the cabinets of Dupuy and Ribot. In 1902, he co-founded the Democratic Republican Alliance, the most important centre-right party under the Third Republic, becoming Prime Minister in 1912 and serving as President of the Republic from 1913 to 1920. He purged the French government of all opponents and critics and single-handedly controlled French foreign policy from 1912 to the beginning of World War I. He was noted for his strongly anti-German attitudes, shifting the Franco-Russian Alliance from the defensive to the offensive, visiting Russia in 1912 and 1914 to strengthen Franco-Russian relations, and giving France's support for Russian military mobilization during the July Crisis of 1914. From 1917, he exercised less influence as his political rival Georges Clemenceau had become Prime Minister. At the Paris Peace Conference, he advocated Allied occupation of the Rhineland for at least 30 years and French support for Rhenish separatism. In 1922 PoincarÃƒÂ© returned to power as Prime Minister. In 1923 he ordered the Occupation of the Ruhr to enforce payment of German reparations. By this time PoincarÃƒÂ© was seen, especially in the English-speaking world, as an aggressive figure (PoincarÃƒÂ©-la-Guerre) who had helped to cause the war in 1914 and who now favoured punitive anti-German policies. His government was defeated by the Cartel des Gauches at the elections of 1924. He served a third term as Prime Minister in 1926Ã¢Â€Â“1929. CHARLES DE FOUCAULD, Hermit and Servant of the Poor, 1916, Commemorated Dec;ember 1; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1920, Paul Deschanel
France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1920, Paul Deschanel; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1920-1924, French Third Republic President, Alexandre Millerand
France, French Third Republic President, 1920-1924, Alexandre Millerand; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1924-1931, French Third Republic President, Gaston Doumergue
France, French Third Republic President, 1924-1931, Gaston Doumergue; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1931-1932, French Third Republic President, Paul Doumer
France, French Third Republic President, 1931-1932, Paul Doumer; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, French Third Republic President, 1932-1940, Albert Francois Lebrun
France, French Third Republic President, 1932-1940, Albert Francois Lebrun; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1940-1999, Folder, Vichy France, Fourth and Fifth Republics

France, 1940-1944, Vichy France
France, 1940-1944, Vichy France; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic
France, 1944-1946, Provisional Government of the French Republic; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic
France, 1946-1958, French Fourth Republic; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fourth Republic President,1947-1954, Vincent Auriol
France, Fourth Republic President,1947-1954, Vincent Auriol; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fourth Republic President,1954-1959, Rene Coty
France, Fourth Republic President,1954-1959, Rene Coty; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10;

France, Fifth Republic President, 1959-1969, Charles de Gaulle
France, Fifth Republic President, 1959-1969, Charles de Gaulle;

France, 1959-Present, French Fifth Republic

France, Somme River Folder (Northern France)

Somme River

Maginot Line - French Line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France
Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France;

Somme River Source (former Forest of Arrouaise)

Somme River 1

Somme River 2

Somme River 3

Somme River 4 (Corbie)

Corbie, France (Somme River 4)
Corbie (Somme River 4); ANSKAR, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY TO DENMARK AND SWEDEN (3 FEB 865);

Somme River 5 (Amiens)

Amiens, France (a former crossroads, Somme River 5)
Amiens (a former crossroads); MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ;

Somme River Mouth (English Channel)

France, Seine River Folder (North Central France)

Seine River

Aube Department
Aube Department; Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River Source (Source-Seine, Burgundy)
Source-Seine;

Seine River 1

Seine River 2 (Troyes)

Troyes, France (Seine River 2)
Troyes (Seine River 2), City of Tricassinum (Troyes); Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Seine River 3 (Aube River)

France, Seine River 3, Aube River Folder

Aube River

Clairvaux (Aube River 1) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Aube River Source

Aube River Mouth (Seine River 3)

Seine River 4 (Yonne River)

France, Seine River 4, Yonne River Folder

Yonne River

Yonne River Source (Morvan Hills)
Morvan Hills;

Morvan Hills

Yonne River 1 (Vezelay Abby)

Vezelay Abby (near Yonne River 1 in Burgandy) 750 approx.
Vezelay Abby ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Yonne River 2 (Auxerre)

Auxerre, France (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Gaul; Britain; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Auxerre Cathedral, 1215
Auxerre Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Joigny (Yonne River 2.5)
VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

Yonne River 3 (Sens, Vanne River Mouth)

Sens, Northern France (Vanne River Mouth, Yonne River)
Sens; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Vanne River Mouth (Sens, Yonne River 3)

Vanne River

Yonne (river) Mouth (Seine River 4)

Seine River 5 (Paris, Oise River, Marne River)

France, Seine River 5, Marne River Folder

Marne River

Champagne-Ardenne Region, France (Marne and Ainse Rivers)
Champagne-Ardenne Region of France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Haute-Marne Department, France (High Marne)
Haute-Marne; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431;

Marne Department, France
Marne Department;

Langres Cathedral, France (Champagne-Ardenne, Marne River Source)
Langres Cathedral; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Marne River Source (Champagne-Ardenne)

Marne River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth) 644
Lagny-sur-Marne monastery or Lagny Abbey (Marne River Mouth); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

France, Seine River 5, Paris Area Folder

Paris, France (Seine River 5)
Paris; NATHAN SA–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Prison (Priory of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Priory (Prison of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Argenteuil (near Paris)
Argenteuil near Paris; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Nanterre, France (Seine River 5, Paris Area)
Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Valerien, Mount Valerien
Valerien, Mount Valerien; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

Abbey of St Denis (Paris, France) 1144
Abbey of St Denis in France; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9;

Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis, Paris, 1144
Vicus Catulliacus, now known as St Denis; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Swedish Embassy, Paris
Embassy of Sweden, Paris; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ;

Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs)
Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs) ; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated October 9 ;

University of Paris (Sarbonne) 1150
University of NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated June 14 ; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Sorbonne, Paris (University of Paris) 1150, 1257
Sorbonne; NATHAN SÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â–DERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; NATHAN SODERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931;

Bastille Prison
Bastille Prison; France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, France

Luxembourg Gardens
75006 Paris, France
Luxembourg Gardens - Garden
75006 Paris
France
Le Jardin du Luxembourg, or the Luxembourg Garden, located in the 6th arrondissement of Paris, was created beginning in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the widow of King Henry IV of France, for a new residence she constructed, the Luxembourg Palace.
Wikipedia
Did you know: Created in 1612 by Marie de' Medici, the 25-hectare Jardin du Luxembourg is the second largest public park in Paris.
Construction started: 1612
17th-century park with formally laid-out gardens, trees planted in patterns & statues on pedestals.
senat.fr

Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542
Saint-Germain-des-Pres Cathedral, 542; St. Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

Saint Etienne du Mont Church, Paris
Saint Etienne du Mont Church; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3;

French National Museum of Natural History, 1635
Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Museum of Natural History, Paris, 1635
Natural History Museum in Paris; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Quinze-Vingts Hospital
Quinze-Vingts Hospital ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Conciergerie Prison, Paris
Conciergerie Prison, Paris ; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660 ;

Leville Cemetary, France
Leville Cemetary; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3 ;

Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5)
Leville, France, Leuville-sur-Orge (Seine River 4.5); Saint Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3;

Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4)
Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ;

France, Seine River 5, Oise River Folder

Oise River

Oise River Source (south of Chimay, Belgium)

Oise River 1 (Hirson, Aisne)

Oise River 2 (Guise, Aisne)

Oise River 3 (Chauny, Aisne)

Oise River 4 (Noyon, Oise)

Noyon, France (Oise River 4)
Noyon, France (Oise River 4); JOHN CALVIN, THEOLOGIAN, 1564, Commemorated May 28;

Oise River 5 (Compiegne, Aisne River Mouth)

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 5, Ainse River Folder

Ainse River

Aisne River Source (Rembercourt-Sommaisne, Argonne Forest)

Aisne River 1 (Meuse Department)

Forest of Argonne (East of Aisne River)
Forest of Argonne;

Aisne River 2

Aisne River 3

Aisne River 4

Aisne River 8 (Sainte-Menehould, Marne Dept)

Aisne River 26 (Falaise)

Aisne River 27 (Vouziers, Ardennes)

Aisne River 28 (Rethel, Ardennes)

Aisne River 29 (Rheims)

Rheims (near Aisne River 29, Champagne-Ardenne, Marne Department)
Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Aisne River 30 (Soissons, Aisne)

Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons, France (Aisne River 30) 557
Abbey of St. Medard, Soissons ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Ainse River 31

Aisne River Mouth (Oise River 5)

Oise River 6 (Overview)

France, Seine River 5, Oise River 6, Therain River Folder

Therain River

Therain River Source (between Grumesnil and St Michael d'Halescourt)

Therain River 1

Therain River 2 (Songeons)

Therain River 3 (Milly)

Therain River 4 (Beauvais)

Therain River 5 (Hermes)

Beauvais, France (Avalon River Mouth, Therain River 4) 1225
Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Therain River 6 (Mouy)

Therain River Mouth (Oise River 6)

Oise River 7 (Creil, Oise)

Oise River 8 (Overview)

Oise River 9 (Auvers, Val-d'Oise)

Oise River 10 (Pontoise, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 11 (Cergy, Val d'Oise)

Oise River 12 (Jouy-le-Moutier, Val d'Oise)

Oise River Mouth (Paris, Seine River 5)

Seine River 6

Seine River 7

France, Seine River 7.5, Eure River Folder, Chartres Cathedral

Eure River from Loire

Eure River from Eure

Eure River Source (Marchanville)

Eure River 1, Eure-et-Loir Dept, Chartres Cathedral

Chartres Cathedral (Eure Liore River 1, betweeen Paris and Orleans, on a hill, 1194-1220
Chartres Cathedral; Chartres, France; HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179);

Eure River 2, Eure Dept

Eure River Mouth (Seine River 7.5)
Eure River;

Seine River 8 (Rouen and Bec Abbey)

Bec, Monastery of Bec, Normandy, France (Bec Abbey, Seine River 8) 1034
Monastery of Bec (Bec Abbey) ; ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, Monk, Archbishop, Theologian, 21 April 1109 ;

Seine River Mouth (Le Havre, English Channel)

Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy
Cotentin Peninsula

Normandy, France (Lower Seine to Cotentin Peninsula)
Normandy; Duchy of Normandy; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, Commemorated January 19 ;

Falaise, Calvados, Normandy, France
Falaise, Calvados, birthplace of William the Conqueror; HUGH OF LINCOLN BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200) ;

Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944
Battle of Falaise Gap, 1944;

France, Loire River Folder (Central France)

Liore River

Loire River Source (Cevennes, Mt Mont Gerbier de Jonc)
Loire River, it flows north to Orleans then west to the Atlantic Ocean;

Mont Gerbier de Jonc (its springs the source of the Loire)
Mont Gerbier de Jonc; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Le Chambon-sur-Lignon on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon (Liore River Source)
Le Chambon-sur-Lignon, on the Plateau Vivarais-Lignon; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Andre and Magda Trocm, Commemorated July 16 ;

Loire River 1 (Monistrol)

Loire River 2 (Aurec)

Loire River 3 (Andrezieux-Boutheon)

Loire River 4 (Balbigny)

Loire River 5 (Roanne)

Loire River 6 (Marcigny)

Loire River 7 (Digoin, near Cluny Abby)

Loire River 8

Loire River 9

Loire River 10

Loire River 11 (Nevers)

Liore River 12

Liore River 13

Liore River 14

Loire River 20 (Orleans)

Dominican house in Orleans
Dominican house in Orleans ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Orleans, France (Loire River 20)
Orleans; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Loire River 22 (Tours)

Tours, France (Loire River 22)
Tours; Battle of Tours 732; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804) ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

Touraine Region, Tours (Loire River 24 and its tributaries)
Touraine; Traversed by the Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne, the Touraine makes up a part of the Paris Basin.

Liore River 23 (Tours, Cher River Mouth)

France, Loire River 23, Cher River Folder

Cher River

Cher River Source (Massif Central)
Massif Central;

Fathers of the Sacred Heart, Issoudun, France (Cher River 2)
Fathers of the Sacred Heart; DAMIEN of MOLOKAI, PRIEST AND LEPER, 1889, Commemorated April 15 ;

Cher River Mouth (Tours, Loire River 23)

Liore River 24 (Indre River Mouth)

France, Loire River 24, Indre River Folder

Indre River

Indre River Source

Indre River Mouth (Loire River 24)

Liore River 25 (Vienne River Mouth)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River Folder

Vienne River

Vienne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)
Plateau de Millevaches;

Plateau de Millevaches

Vienne River 1 (Limoges)

Vienne River 1

Limoge (Vienne River 1 Source)
Limoges (Vienne River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Vienne River 2 (Clain River)

France, Loire River 25, Vienne River 2, Clain River Folder

Clain River

Clain River 1

Clain River 2

Clain River 3 (Poitiers and Vienne)

Poitiers, France (Clain River 3)
Poitiers; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ;

Poitou Region (Poitevan Marsh, Clain River 3, Poitiers)
Poitevan Marsh; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Marais Poitevin (a large marshland western France)
Marais Poitevin; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Vienne, France (Claine River 3)
Vienne, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ;

Clain River Mouth (Vienne River 2)

Vienne River Mouth (Loire River 25)

Chinon, France (near Vienne River Mouth and Loire River 25)
Chinon; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Candes-Saint-Martin (Loire River 25, Vienne River)
Candes-Saint-Martin; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Liore River 27 (Anjou)

Liore River 28 (Maine and Sarthe Rivers)

France, Liore River 28, Maine and Sarthe Rivers Folder

Maine River

Maine River Source

Maine River 1

Mayenne River Mouth (Maine River)

Maine River Mouth (Loire River 28)

Sarthe River

Sarthe River Source

Sarthe River 1

Sarthe River 2

Sarthe River 3

Sarthe River 5 (LeMans, Cenomanis)

Cenomanis, France and Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5)
Cenomanis, Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ;

Maine County (Maine River, Le Manz, Sarthe River 5)
Maine County (Maine River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Sarthe River 7 (Overview)

Sarthe River Mouth (Maine River)

Anjou (Lower Loire Valley Western France)
Anjou; Serbia, 1245-1314, Helen of Anjou, Saint Helen of Serbia; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St. Helen of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30;

Armorica, France (now Brittany, Liore River 30)
Armorica (now Brittany), and Nantes is the largest city in Brittany; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ;

Liore River 31 (Nantes)

Nantes, Brittany (Liore River 31)
Nantes, Brittany ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Liore River Mouth (Atlantic Ocean)

Celts, Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland)
Land of the Celtic People (Brittany, Britain, Scotland, Wales, Ireland); HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870);

France, Massif Central Folder (Central France)

Massif Central (Central France)
Massif Central; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano)
Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Orcines, Massif Central, France
Orcines; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Auvergne , France (Massif Central Volcano, west of the upper Loire)
Auvergne Province ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Clermont-Ferrand (Puy de Dome region)
Clermont-Ferrand; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

France, Brittany Folder (Western France)

Brittany or Breton Region, France
Brittany; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ; St. Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys, Brittany, 570 approx.
monastery of Saint-Gildas-de-Rhuys ; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers Folder (Southwest France)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River Folder

Dordogne River

Dordogne 1 (Beaulieu-sur-Dordogne)

Dordogne River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Dordogne River 2 (Vezere River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 2, Vezere River Folder

Vezere River

Vezere River Source (Plateau De Millevaches)

Vezere River 1 (Thenon)

Thenon, France (N-S and E-W Crossroads, Vezere River 1)
Thenon (N-S and E-W Crossroads) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ;

Vezere River Mouth (Dordogne River 2)

Dordogne River 3 (Isle River Mouth)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Dordogne River 3, Isle River Folder

Isle River

Isle River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Isle River 1 (Perigeaux)

Perigeux (Isle River 1)
Perigeux (Isle River) ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Isle River Mouth (Dordogne River)

Dordogne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary)

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River Folder

Garonne River

Garonne River Source (Aran Valley)
Aran Valley;

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, West of Garonne River Source)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Garonne River 1 (Toulouse)

Toulouse, Langedoc - Capital of the Visigoths (Garonne River 1)
Capital of the Visigoths - Toulouse; Toulouse; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Languedoc Region (south central France, East of Garonne River)
Languedoc Region, The province of Languedoc covered an area in the central part of southern France, roughly the region between the RhÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â´ne River (border with Provence) and the Garonne River (border with Gascony), extending northwards to the CÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â©vennes and the Massif Central (border with Auvergne); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Garonne River 2 (Tarn River Mouth)

Gascony, Southwest France (Basque Country, West of Garonne River)
Gascony; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; FRANCIS XAVIER, Missionary to the Far East, 1552, Commemorated December 3 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 2, Tarn River Folder

Tarn River

Tarn River Source (Mt Lozere)

Cevennes Range
Cevennes Range;

Tarn River 1

Tarn River 2 (Tarn Gourges)

Tarn River 3

Languedoc (Tarn and Upper Garonne Rivers)
Languedoc; Albigenses; Catharism; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221)

Tarn River 4

Tarn River 5 (Montauban)

Lycee de Montauban, Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Montauban, France (Tarn River 5)
Montauban, France (Tarn River 5) THOMAS MERTON, MONK, POET, SPIRITUAL WRITER, 1968, Commemrated December 10 ;

Tarn River Mouth (Garonne River 2)

Garonne River 3 (Lot River Mouth)

Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River)
Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204;

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204
Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1142-1204; Aquitaine Region, France (Southwest Coast, west of Garonne River); HILDEGARD OF BINGEN, VISIONARY (17 SEP 1179); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

France, Gironde Estuary Rivers, Garonne River 3, Lot River Folder

Lot River

Lot River Source (Plateau de Millevaches)

Lot River 1 (Cahors)

Cahors, France (Lot River 1)
Cahors (Lot River); LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Lot River Mouth (Garonne River 3)

Garonne River Mouth (Gironde Estuary Bay of Biscay Atlantic Ocean)

Bordeaux, France (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ;

France, Aude River Folder (Southeastern France)

France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin)
France, Southern France (south of Marais Poitevin, a large marshland); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Aude River

Aude River Source (Pyrenees mountains)
Pyrenees mountains;

Aude River 1

Aude River 2

Aude River 3

Rousillon County, Catalonia, France (Aude River)
Rousillon County; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ;

Aude River Mouth (Mediterranean Sea)

Narbonum, France (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18;

France, French Rivierra Folder (Southeastern France)

Cimella, France (Cimelum, near Nice)
Cimella (Cimelum) near Nice; Martyr Pontious at Cimella in France ; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated August 4 ; Hieromartyr Fabian the Pope of Rome

Lerins Abbey (French Rivierra) 410
Lerins monestary; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Lerins Islands, Southeastern France
Lerins Islands, Southeastern France ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

France, Rhone and Saone Rivers Folder (Eastern France)

Rhone River

Rhone River (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River (Marseille)

Rhone River Source (Rhone Glacier, Switzerland)
Rhone Glacier;

Rhone River 1 (near Crans-Montana, Switzerland)

Rhone River 2 (Geneva, Switzerland, Lake Geneva)

Rhone River 3 (near Val-d'Isere, Courchevel, Meribel, France)

Chartreuse Mountains (Rhone River 3, Carthusians)
Chartreuse Mountains (Carthusians); Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse (Rhone River 3)
Carthusians - Grande Chartreuse; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

Rhone River 4 (Lyon, Saone River Mouth)

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River Folder

Saone River

Saone River Source (Vosges Mt Range)

Saone River 1 (Darney)

Saone River 2 (Monthureux-sur-Saone)

Saone River 3 (Chatillon-sur-Saone)

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 3, Grosne River Folder

Grosne River

Grosne River Source (Saint-Bonnet-des-Bruyeres)
Grosne River;

Grosne River 1 (Cluny Abbey)

Cluny Abbey, France (Grosne River 1) 910
Cluny; Cluny Abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Grosne River Mouth (Saone River 3)

La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3)
La Fert Abbey (Grosne River Mouth, Saone River 3) BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Saone River 4 (Jussey)

Luxeuil Abbey, France
Luxeuil Abbey (Burgendy, France, between Rhine and Meuse Rivers); Venerable Comgall of Bangor, Commemorated on May 10;

Saone River 5 (Cistercian, Citeaux, Abby)

Cistercian abbey, France (Saone River 5) 1098
Cistercian abbey; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated January 7 ;

Citeaux Abby, 1098
Citeaux Abby; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Corcelles-les-Citeaux
Corcelles-les-Citeaux; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Autun (Saone-and-Loire Rivers Department)
Autun; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Autun Cathedral, 1120
Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28;

St Symphorian'™s monastery, Autun, Saone, 452
St Symphorian'™s monastery; Autun Cathedral; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28 ;

Burgundy, France (Morvan Hills, rivers source area, Saone drainage)
Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

France, Rhone River 4, Saone River 5, Doubs River Folder

Doubs River

Doubs River Source (Mouthe)
Mouthe;

Doubs River 1 (Montbeliard)
Montbiliard;

Besancon, France (Doubs River 2)
Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Doubs River 2 (Besancon)

Doubs River Mouth (Saone River 5)
Doubs River;

Saone River 6 (Saone-et-Loire)

Macon, France (Saone River 6.7)
Macon ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Saone River 7 (Belleville et Saone

Mongre, Notre Dame de Mongre High School (Saone River 7.3) 1848
Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Villefranche-sur-Saone (Saone River 7.3)
Villefranche-sur-Saone ; Notre Dame de Mongr High School; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Saone River 8 (Caluire-et-Cuire)

Saone River Mouth (Lyons, Rhone River 4)

Lyons, France (Saone River Mouth, Rhone River 4)
Lyons; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov, Commemorated September 20 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Hieromartyr Polycarp the Bishop of Smyrna, Commemorated on February 23; Hieromartyr Pionius of Smyrna and those with him, Commemorated on March 11; POLYCARP; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177); IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

Clairvaux Abby, 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

La Ferte or Clairvaux (48:09 N 4:47 E) 1115
Clairvaux Abbey ; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153);

Rhone River 5 (Vienne)

Rhone River 6 (near Grenoble, France)

Rhone River 7 (Avignon)

Avignon, France (Rhone River 7)
Avignon; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Rhone River 8 (Arles)

Arles, France (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille, Gulf of Lyon)

Rhone River Mouth (Fos Harbor)

Rhone River Mouth (Marseille)

Marseille, France (Rhone River Mouth)
Marseille; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles
Monastery of St Victor in Marseilles;

Aix-en-Provence (Rhone River Mouth, Marseille)
Aix-en-Provence; Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

Provence (Southeastern France, east of Rhone River)
Provence Region; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Cate d'Azur; PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, SCIENTIST AND MILITARY CHAPLAIN, 1955, Commemorated April 10 ;

France, Maginot Line, Northeast France between France and Germany

Strasbourg, France (Maginot Line)
Strasbourg, France; England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569);