Gaul Folder, South of the Roman Fortresses in Western Germany, till 486.kmz

Gaul Folder, South of the Roman Fortresses in Western Germany, till 486

Gaul (France, Belgium, and Northern Italy) before the year 486
Gaul and Roman Gaul; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Gaul (South of the German Frontier) before the year 486
Gaul and Roman Gaul; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Sweden, Ostragoths went to Gaul (South of the German Frontier) before the year 486
Gaul and Roman Gaul; St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31; Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 5; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Gaul (modern France)
Gaul (modern France); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4;

Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect
Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line and South of Sweden, difficult to protect. It is bounded on the East by the Vistula, on the South by the Mountains, and on the West by Rhine and its Roman German Frontier. ;

Gaul 50BC-486, Gaul History Folder

Gaul, 50 BC - 450 AD, Celtic Tribe of the Franks
Gaul, Remi, Celtic Tribe of the Franks, 50 BC - 450 AD; Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ;

Gaul, 000, 1st C Folder, Apostle Crecens ot70, Dionysius tAreopagite

Gaul, 60-100, Apostle Crescens of the Seventy
Gaul, 60-100, Apostle Crescens of the Seventy; Apostle Crescens of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 30;

Gaul, 90-96, of Athens, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite, important Orthodox writer, MOG description
Greece, 30-96, Saint, Dionysius the Areopagite ; Hill of Ares (The Aeropagus): Areopagus (both a place and a judicial body); Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Dionysius lived originally in the city of Athens. He was raised there and received a classical Greek education. He then went to Egypt, where he studied astronomy at the city of Heliopolis. It was in Heliopolis, along with his friend Apollophonos where he witnessed the solar eclipse that occurred at the moment of the death of the Lord Jesus Christ by Crucifixion. “Either the Creator of all the world now suffers, or this visible world is coming to an end,” Dionysius said. Upon his return to Athens from Egypt, he was chosen to be a member of the Areopagus Council (Athenian high court). the holy Apostle Paul preached at the place on the Hill of Ares (Acts 17:16-34), Dionysius accepted his salvific proclamation and became a Christian. For three years Saint Dionysius remained a companion of the holy Apostle Paul in preaching the Word of God. Later on, the Apostle Paul selected him as bishop of the city of Athens. And in the year 57 Saint Dionysius was present at the repose of the Most Holy Theotokos. the lifetime of the Mother of God, Saint Dionysius had journeyed from Athens to Jerusalem to meet Her. He wrote to his teacher the Apostle Paul: “I witness by God, that besides the very God Himself, there is nothing else filled with such divine power and grace. No one can fully comprehend what I saw. I confess before God: when I was with John, who shone among the Apostles like the sun in the sky, when I was brought before the countenance of the Most Holy Virgin, I experienced an inexpressible sensation. Before me gleamed a sort of divine radiance which transfixed my spirit. I perceived the fragrance of indescribable aromas and was filled with such delight that my very body became faint, and my spirit could hardly endure these signs and marks of eternal majesty and heavenly power. The grace from her overwhelmed my heart and shook my very spirit. If I did not have in mind your instruction, I should have mistaken Her for the very God. It is impossible to stand before greater blessedness than this which I beheld.” the death of the Apostle Paul, Saint Dionysius wanted to continue with his work, and therefore went off preaching in the West, accompanied by the Presbyter Rusticus and Deacon Eleutherius. They converted many to Christ at Rome, and then in Germany, and then in Spain. In Gaul, during a persecution against Christians by the pagan authorities, all three confessors were arrested and thrown into prison. By night Saint Dionysius celebrated the Divine Liturgy with angels of the Lord. In the morning the martyrs were beheaded. According to an old tradition, Saint Dionysius took up his head, proceeded with it to the church and fell down dead there. A pious woman named Catulla buried the relics of the saint. writings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite hold great significance for the Orthodox Church. Four books of his have survived to the present day: On the Celestial Hierarchy On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy On the Names of God On Mystical Theology In additional, there are ten letters to various people. book On the Celestial Hierarchies was written actually in one of the countries of Western Europe, where Saint Dionysius was preaching. In it he speaks of the Christian teaching about the angelic world. The angelic (or Celestial-Heavenly) hierarchy comprises the nine angelic Ranks: Seraphim Cherubim Thrones Dominions Powers Authorities Principalities Archangels Angels account of the Synaxis of the Bodiless Powers of Heaven is located under November 8. purpose of the divinely-established Angelic Hierarchy is the ascent towards godliness through purification, enlightenment and perfection. The highest ranks are bearers of divine light and divine life for the lower ranks. And not only are the sentient, bodiless angelic hosts included in the spiritual light-bearing hierarchy, but also the human race, created anew and sanctified in the Church of Christ. book of Saint Dionysius On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchies is a continuation of his book On the Celestial Hierarchies. The Church of Christ, like the Angelic ranks, in its universal service is set upon the foundation of priestly principles established by God. the earthly world, for the children of the Church, divine grace comes down indescribably in the holy Mysteries of the Church, which are spiritual in nature, though perceptible to the senses in form. Few, even among the holy ascetics, were able to behold with their earthly eyes the fiery vision of the Holy Mysteries of God. But outside of the Church’s sacraments, outside of Baptism and the Eucharist, the light-bearing saving grace of God is not found, neither is divine knowledge nor theosis (deification). book On the Names of God expounds upon the way of divine knowledge through a progression of the Divine Names. Dionysius’ book On Mystical Theology also sets forth the teaching about divine knowledge. The theology of the Orthodox Church is totally based upon experience of divine knowledge. In order to know God it is necessary to be in proximity to Him, to have come near to Him in some measure, so as to attain communion with God and deification (theosis). This condition is accomplished through prayer. This is not because prayer in itself brings us close to the incomprehensible God, but rather that the purity of heart in true prayer brings us closer to God. written works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite are of extraordinary significance in the theology of the Orthodox Church, and also for late Medieval Western theology. For almost four centuries, until the beginning of the sixth century, the works of this holy Father of the Church were preserved in an obscure manuscript tradition, primarily by theologians of the Alexandrian Church. The concepts in these works were known and utilized by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Dionysius the Great, pre-eminent figures of the catechetical school in Alexandria, and also by Saint Gregory the Theologian. Saint Dionysius of Alexandria wrote to Saint Gregory the Theologian a Commentary on the “Areopagitum.” The works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite received general Church recognition during the sixth-seventh centuries. relevant are the Commentaries written by Saint Maximus the Confessor (January 21). (trans. note: although many scholars suggest that the “Areopagitum” was actually written by an anonymous sixth century figure who employed the common ancient device of piously borrowing an illustrious name, this in no way diminishes the profound theological significance of the works.) the Russian Orthodox Church the teachings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite about the spiritual principles and deification were at first known through the writings of Saint John of Damascus (December 4). The first Slavonic translation of the “Areopagitum” was done on Mt. Athos in about the year 1371 by a monk named Isaiah. Copies of it were widely distributed in Russia. Many of them have been preserved to the present day in historic manuscript collections, among which is a parchment manuscript “Works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite” belonging to Saint Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus (September 16) in his own handwriting. to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Demetrius of Rostov says that the Hieromartyr Dionysius was beheaded in Athens, and that many miracles were worked at his grave.

Gaul, 96, Death of Dionysius the Aeropagite
Lutetia (ancient name for Paris); to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3;

Gaul, 100, 2nd C Folder, Iraneus oLugdunum (Lyons)

Gaul, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France, from Smyrna and Polycarp, anti Gnostic writer
Gaul, 150-202, Iraneus, Bishop of Lugdunum, Gaul, Lyons, France ; Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, was born in the year 130 in the city of Smyrna (Asia Minor). He received there the finest education, studying poetics, philosophy, rhetoric, and the rest of the classical sciences considered necessary for a young man of the world. guide in the truths of the Christian Faith was a disciple of the Apostle John the Theologian, Saint Polycarp of Smyrna (February 23). Saint Polycarp baptized the youth, and afterwards ordained him presbyter and sent him to a city in Gaul then named Lugdunum [the present day Lyons in France] to the dying bishop Pothinus. commission was soon entrusted to Saint Irenaeus. He was to deliver a letter from the confessors of Lugdunum to the holy Bishop Eleutherius of Rome (177-190). While he was away, all the known Christians were thrown into prison. After the martyric death of Bishop Pothinus, Saint Irenaeus was chosen a year later (in 178) as Bishop of Lugdunum. “During this time,” Saint Gregory of Tours (November 17) writes concerning him, “by his preaching he transformed all Lugdunum into a Christian city!” the persecution against Christians quieted down, the saint expounded upon the Orthodox teachings of faith in one of his fundamental works under the title: Detection and Refutation of the Pretended but False Gnosis. It is usually called Five Books against Heresy (Adversus Haereses). that time there appeared a series of religious-philosophical gnostic teachings. The Gnostics [from the Greek word “gnosis” meaning “knowledge”] taught that God cannot be incarnate [i.e. born in human flesh], since matter is imperfect and manifests itself as the bearer of evil. They taught also that the Son of God is only an outflowing (“emanation”) of Divinity. Together with Him from the Divinity issues forth a hierarchical series of powers (“aeons”), the unity of which comprise the “Pleroma”, i.e. “Fullness.” The world is not made by God Himself, but by the aeons or the “Demiourgos,” which is below the “Pleroma.” refuting this heresy, championed by Valentinus, Saint Irenaeus presents the Orthodox teaching of salvation. “The Word of God, Jesus Christ, through His inexplicable blessedness caused it to be, that we also, should be made that which He is ... ,” taught Saint Irenaeus. “Jesus Christ the Son of God, through exceedingly great love for His creation, condescended to be born of a Virgin, having united mankind with God in His own Self.” Through the Incarnation of God, creation becomes co-imaged and co-bodied to the Son of God. Salvation consists in the “Sonship” and “Theosis” (“Divinization”) of mankind. the refutation of another heretic, Marcian, who denied the divine origin of the Old Testament, the saint affirms the same divine inspiration of the Old and the New Testaments: “It is one and the same Spirit of God Who proclaimed through the prophets the precise manner of the Lord’s coming,” wrote the saint. “Through the apostles, He preached that the fulness of time of the filiation had arrived, and that the Kingdom of Heaven was at hand.” successors of the Apostles have received from God the certain gift of truth, which Saint Irenaeus links to the succession of the episcopate (Adv. Haer. 4, 26, 2). “Anyone who desires to know the truth ought to turn to the Church, since through Her alone did the apostles expound the Divine Truth. She is the door to life.” Irenaeus also exerted a beneficial influence in a dispute about the celebration of Pascha. In the Church of Asia Minor, there was an old tradition of celebrating Holy Pascha on the fourteenth day of the month of Nisan, regardless of what day of the week it happened to be. The Roman bishop Victor (190-202) forcefully demanded uniformity, and his harsh demands fomented a schism. In the name of the Christians of Gaul, Saint Irenaeus wrote to Bishop Victor and others, urging them to make peace. this incident, Saint Irenaeus drops out of sight, and we do not even know the exact year of his death. Saint Gregory of Tours, in his Historia Francorum, suggests that Saint Irenaeus was beheaded by the sword for his confession of faith in the year 202, during the reign of Severus. Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Saint Polycarp of Smyrna, and Saint Irenaeus of Lyons are three links in an unbroken chain of the grace of succession, which goes back to the Original Pastor, our Lord Jesus Christ Himself. his old age, Saint Irenaeus wrote to his old friend the priest Florinus: “When I was still a boy, I knew you... in Polycarp’s house.... I remember what happened in those days more clearly than what happens now.... I can describe for you the place where blessed Polycarp usually sat and conversed, the character of his life, the appearance of his body, and the discourses which he spoke to the people, how he spoke of the conversations which he had with John and others who had seen the Lord, how he remembered their words, and what he heard from them about the Lord ... I listened eagerly to these things, by the mercy of God, and wrote them, not on paper, but in my heart.” Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ; IRENAEUS, BISHOP OF LYONS, THEOLOGIAN (28 JUN 202) ;

Gaul, 150-202, Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, from Smyrna near Ephesus, under Polycarp, preaching transformed Lyons
France, 150-202, Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, France (Saone River Mouth, Rhone River 4), from Smyrna near Ephesus, under Polycarp, preaching transformed Lyons, wrote of Orthodox faith against gnosis; Lyons; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, was born in the year 130 in the city of Smyrna (Asia Minor). received there the finest education, studying poetics, philosophy, rhetoric, and the rest of the classical sciences considered necessary for a young man of the world. guide in the truths of the Christian Faith was a disciple of the Apostle John the Theologian, Saint Polycarp of Smyrna (February 23). Polycarp baptized the youth, and afterwards ordained him presbyter and sent him to a city in Gaul then named Lugdunum [the present day Lyons in France] to the dying bishop Pothinus. commission was soon entrusted to Saint Irenaeus. was to deliver a letter from the confessors of Lugdunum to the holy Bishop Eleutherius of Rome (177-190). he was away, all the known Christians were thrown into prison. the martyric death of Bishop Pothinus, Saint Irenaeus was chosen a year later (in 178) as Bishop of Lugdunum. “During this time,” Saint Gregory of Tours (November 17) writes concerning him, “by his preaching he transformed all Lugdunum into a Christian city!” the persecution against Christians quieted down, the saint expounded upon the Orthodox teachings of faith in one of his fundamental works under the title: Detection and Refutation of the Pretended but False Gnosis. It is usually called Five Books against Heresy (Adversus Haereses). that time there appeared a series of religious-philosophical gnostic teachings. The Gnostics [from the Greek word “gnosis” meaning “knowledge”] taught that God cannot be incarnate [i.e. born in human flesh], since matter is imperfect and manifests itself as the bearer of evil. They taught also that the Son of God is only an outflowing (“emanation”) of Divinity. Together with Him from the Divinity issues forth a hierarchical series of powers (“aeons”), the unity of which comprise the “Pleroma”, i.e. “Fullness.” The world is not made by God Himself, but by the aeons or the “Demiourgos,” which is below the “Pleroma.” refuting this heresy, championed by Valentinus, Saint Irenaeus presents the Orthodox teaching of salvation. “The Word of God, Jesus Christ, through His inexplicable blessedness caused it to be, that we also, should be made that which He is ... ,” taught Saint Irenaeus. “Jesus Christ the Son of God, through exceedingly great love for His creation, condescended to be born of a Virgin, having united mankind with God in His own Self.” Through the Incarnation of God, creation becomes co-imaged and co-bodied to the Son of God. Salvation consists in the “Sonship” and “Theosis” (“Divinization”) of mankind. the refutation of another heretic, Marcian, who denied the divine origin of the Old Testament, the saint affirms the same divine inspiration of the Old and the New Testaments: “It is one and the same Spirit of God Who proclaimed through the prophets the precise manner of the Lord’s coming,” wrote the saint. “Through the apostles, He preached that the fulness of time of the filiation had arrived, and that the Kingdom of Heaven was at hand.” successors of the Apostles have received from God the certain gift of truth, which Saint Irenaeus links to the succession of the episcopate (Adv. Haer. 4, 26, 2). “Anyone who desires to know the truth ought to turn to the Church, since through Her alone did the apostles expound the Divine Truth. She is the door to life.” Irenaeus also exerted a beneficial influence in a dispute about the celebration of Pascha. In the Church of Asia Minor, there was an old tradition of celebrating Holy Pascha on the fourteenth day of the month of Nisan, regardless of what day of the week it happened to be. The Roman bishop Victor (190-202) forcefully demanded uniformity, and his harsh demands fomented a schism. In the name of the Christians of Gaul, Saint Irenaeus wrote to Bishop Victor and others, urging them to make peace. this incident, Saint Irenaeus drops out of sight, and we do not even know the exact year of his death. Saint Gregory of Tours, in his Historia Francorum, suggests that Saint Irenaeus was beheaded by the sword for his confession of faith in the year 202, during the reign of Severus. Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian, Saint Polycarp of Smyrna, and Saint Irenaeus of Lyons are three links in an unbroken chain of the grace of succession, which goes back to the Original Pastor, our Lord Jesus Christ Himself. his old age, Saint Irenaeus wrote to his old friend the priest Florinus: “When I was still a boy, I knew you... in Polycarp’s house.... I remember what happened in those days more clearly than what happens now.... I can describe for you the place where blessed Polycarp usually sat and conversed, the character of his life, the appearance of his body, and the discourses which he spoke to the people, how he spoke of the conversations which he had with John and others who had seen the Lord, how he remembered their words, and what he heard from them about the Lord ... I listened eagerly to these things, by the mercy of God, and wrote them, not on paper, but in my heart.”

Gaul, 161-180, Zealot Seusippus oTriplet martyrs, converted by grandmother iGaul, burnt but bodies not destroyed
Gaul, 161-180, Martyr Seusippus, his brothers, grandmother iGaul (France, Western Germany, and Northwest Italy) before the year 486, GM Leonilla baptized old age bPolycarp disciples, converted triplet grandsons, these zealot brothers pulled down idols&reproached pagans, judge ordered Leonilla go prison convert gsons, but she praised them, flogged fire but bodies not destroyed by flames, L beheaded, others witnessed, converted, martyred or recorded story; Gaul and Roman Gaul; Martyred brothers Speusippus, Eleusippus, Meleusippus, and those with them, in Gaul, Commemorated on January 16; Holy Martyrs Speusippus, Eleusippus, Meleusippus, and their grandmother Leonilla together with Neon, Turbo and Jonilla suffered in Gaul (by another account, in Cappadocia) in the second century, during the persecution under Marcus Aurelius (161-180). received Baptism in her old age from one of the disciples of Saint Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, she afterwards converted her three grandsons (who were triplets) to Christ. brothers, in their zeal for the Lord, pulled down idols and reproached the pagans for their folly. judge ordered Leonilla to go to the prison and tell her grandchildren to renounce Christ and worship the idols. she praised them for their bravery and their firm confession of faith. three were hanged on a tree, then flogged. Finally, the martyrs were thrown into a fire, but their bodies were undamaged by the flames. the torture and death of her grandchildren, Saint Leonilla was beheaded with a sword. Jonilla also suffered with her. She saw the steadfast faith of the holy martyrs and said that she too was a Christian. The torturers hung her up by the hair, lacerated her body, then beheaded her. left behind her husband and young son. Neon witnessed the exploits of the holy brothers, and wrote an account of their sufferings. gave his manuscript to Turbo, and openly confessed himself a Christian, for which he was fiercely beaten and died from his beating. Turbo, after he copied out the exploits of the passion-bearers, also ended his life by martyrdom. martyrs are particularly revered in Spain, where many churches are dedicated to them. relics of the holy martyrs were given by the Byzantine emperor Zeno to a French nobleman from the city of Langres, where they now rest.

Gaul, 200, 3rd C Folder, patron saint oFrance Dennis, Sebastian oRome, C's father Constantius Chlorus,

Gaul, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France, Paris, France, Lutetia Parisorum, Gaul, carried his head
Gaul, 220-258, Denis or Dionysius, patron saint of France Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9; Dionysius (or Denis) has, for many centuries, been regarded as the patron saint of France. is believed that Saint Dionysius was sent to preach the Gospel at Lutetia Parisiorum (modern Paris) in Gaul around 250. He was beheaded in 258 with the priest Rusticus and the deacon Eleutherius at Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs). A later legend claims that Saint Dionysius carried his severed head from Montmartre to his burial place at Vicus Catulliacus, now known as Saint Denis. The abbey of Saint-Denis, where French kings were interred, was built on the site of their martyrdom. identification of this Saint Dionysius with Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3) appears to be an error made by a ninth century writer.

Gaul, 284-305, Sebastian at Rome, shot with arrows, survived, clubbed to death, thrown into sewer, appeared
Gaul, 284-305, Sebastian at Rome, from Narbonum, Gaul, head imperial guards, brave, wise, honest, secret christian, converted healed many, shot with arrows, survived, clubbed to death, thrown into sewer, appeared to woman to have his body put in catacombs; Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18; Holy Martyr Sebastian was born in the city of Narbonum in Gaul (modern France), and he received his education at Mediolanum (now Milan). the co-reigning emperors Diocletian and Maximian (284-305) he occupied the position of head of the imperial guards. Sebastian was respected for his authority, and was loved by the soldiers and those at court. was a brave man filled with wisdom; his word was honest, his judgment just. He was insightful in advice and faithful in his service and in everything entrusted to him. was a secret Christian, not out of fear, but so that he could provide help to the brethren in a time of persecution. noble Christian brothers Marcellinus and Mark had been locked up in prison, and at first they firmly confessed the true Faith. under the influence of the tearful entreaties of their pagan parents (Tranquillinus and Marcia), and also their own wives and children, they began to waver in their intent to suffer for Christ. Sebastian went to the imperial treasurer, at whose house Marcellinus and Mark were held in confinement, and addressed the brothers who were on the verge of yielding to the entreaties of their family. “O valiant warriors of Christ! Do not cast away your everlasting crowns of victory because of the tears of your relatives. not remove your feet from the necks of your enemies who lie prostrate before you, lest they regain their strength and attack you more fiercely than before. your banner high over every earthly attachment. those whom you see weeping knew that there is another life where there is neither sickness nor death, where there is unceasing gladness and everything is beautiful, then assuredly they would wish to enter it with you. who fears to exchange this brief earthly life for the unending joys of the heavenly Kingdom is foolish indeed. For he who rejects eternity wastes the brief time of his existence, and will be delivered to everlasting torment in Hades.” Saint Sebastian said that if necessary, he would be willing to endure torment and death in order to show them how to give their lives for Christ. Saint Sebastian persuaded the brothers to go through with their act of martyrdom, and his speech stirred everyone present. They saw how his face shone like that of an angel, and they saw how seven angels clothed him in a radiant garment, and heard a fair Youth say, “You shall be with Me always.” the wife of the jailer Nicostratus, had lost her ability to speak six years previously. She fell down at the feet of Saint Sebastian, by her gestures imploring him to heal her. The saint made the Sign of the Cross over the woman, and she immediately began to speak and she glorified the Lord Jesus Christ. said that she had seen an angel holding an open book in which everything Saint Sebastian said was written. Then all who saw the miracle also came to believe in the Savior of the world. Nicostratus removed the chains from Marcellinus and Mark and offered to hide them, but the brothers refused. said, “Let them tear the flesh from our bodies with cruel torments. They can kill the body, but they cannot conquer the soul which contends for the Faith.” Nicostratus and his wife asked for Baptism, and Saint advised Nicostratus to serve Christ rather than the Eparch. He also told him to assemble the prisoners so that those who believed in Christ could be baptized. Nicostratus then requested his clerk Claudius to send all the prisoners to his house. Sebastian spoke to them of Christ, and became convinced that they were all inclined to be baptized. He summoned the priest Polycarp, who prepared them for the Mystery, instructing them to fast in preparation for Baptism that evening. Claudius informed Nicostratus that the Roman eparch Arestius Chromatus wanted to know why the prisoners were gathered at his house. told Claudius about the healing of his wife, and Claudius brought his own sick sons, Symphorian and Felix to Saint Sebastian. the evening the priest Polycarp baptized Tranquillinus with his relatives and friends, and Nicostratus and all his family, Claudius and his sons, and also sixteen condemned prisoners. The newly-baptized numbered 64 in all. before the eparch Chromatus, Nicostratus told him how Saint Sebastian had converted them to Christianity and healed many from sickness. The words of Nicostratus persuaded the eparch. summoned Saint Sebastian and the presbyter Polycarp, and was enlightened by them, and became a believer in Christ. Nicostratus and Chromatus, his son Tiburtius and all his household accepted holy Baptism. The number of the newly-enlightened increased to 1400. Upon becoming a Christian, Chromatus resigned his office of eparch. this time the Bishop of Rome was Saint Gaius (August 11). He blessed Chromatus to go to his estates in southern Italy with the priest Polycarp. Christians unable to endure martyrdom also went with them. Father Polycarp went to strengthen the newly-converted in the Faith. the son of Chromatus, desired to accept martyrdom and he remained in Rome with Saint Sebastian. Of those remaining, Saint Gaius ordained Tranquillinus as a presbyter, and his sons Marcellinus and Mark were ordained deacons. Nicostratus, his wife Zoe and brother Castorius, and Claudius, his son Symphorian and brother Victorinus also remained in Rome. They gathered for divine services at the court of the emperor together with a secret Christian named Castulus, but soon the time came for them to suffer for the Faith. pagans arrested Saint Zoe first, praying at the grave of the Apostle Peter. At the trial she bravely confessed her faith in Christ. She died, hung by her hair over the foul smoke from a great fire of dung. Her body then was thrown into the River Tiber. Appearing in a vision to Saint Sebastian, she told him about her death. priest Tranquillinus was the next to suffer: pagans pelted him with stones at the grave of the holy Apostle Peter, and his body was also thrown into the Tiber. Nicostratus, Castorius, Claudius, Victorinus, and Symphorian were seized at the riverbank, when they were searching for the bodies of the martyrs. They were led to the eparch, and the saints refused his command to offer sacrifice to idols. They tied stones to the necks of the martyrs and then drowned them in the sea. false Christian Torquatus betrayed Saint Tiburtius. When the saint refused to sacrifice to the idols, the judge ordered Tiburtius to walk barefoot on red-hot coals, but the Lord preserved him. Tiburtius walked through the burning coals without feeling the heat. The torturers then beheaded Saint Tiburtius, and his body was buried by unknown Christians. also betrayed the holy Deacons Marcellinus and Mark, and Saint Castulus (March 26). After torture, they threw Castulus into a pit and buried him alive, but Marcellinus and Mark had their feet nailed to the same tree stump. They stood all night in prayer, and in the morning they were stabbed with spears. Sebastian was the last one to be tortured. The emperor Diocletian personally interrogated him, and seeing the determination of the holy martyr, he ordered him taken out of the city, tied to a tree and shot with arrows. Irene, the wife of Saint Castulus, went at night in order to bury Saint Sebastian, but found him alive and took him to her home. Sebastian soon recovered from his wounds. Christians urged him to leave Rome, but he refused. Coming near a pagan temple, the saint saw the emperors approaching and he publicly denounced them for their impiety. ordered the holy martyr to be taken to the Circus Maximus to be executed. They clubbed Saint Sebastian to death, and cast his body into the sewer. holy martyr appeared to a pious woman named Lucina in a vision, and told her to take his body and bury it in the catacombs. This she did with the help of her slaves. Today his basilica stands on the site of his tomb.

Gaul, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great
England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Gaul, 300, 4th C Folder, E Constantine tG, HILARY oPotiers, Constantine II, Martin oTours, John Cassian tRoman

Gaul, 306-337, Caesar and Emperor, Constantine the Great, Legal Christianity
Byzantine Emperor, 306-337, Constantine the Great ; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Onesimus of Magnesia, Commemorated on July 14 ; Martyr Julita (Ulita) of Tarsus, Commemorated on July 15 ; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; MACRINA THE YOUNGER, MONASTIC AND TEACHER (19 JUL 379) ; Venerable Macrina the Sister of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Eusignius of Antioch, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Bassa of Edessa, and her sons, Commemorated on August 21; St Hosius the Confessor the Bishop of Cordova, Commemorated August 27 ; St Alexander the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 30; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated on September 1; Martyr Menodora at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 10; Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem, Commemorated on September 13; FEAST OF THE HOLY CROSS, (14 SEP 335); The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Martyr Callisthene and her father Audactus of Ephesus, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Polychronius the Presbyter, Commemorated on October 7; Martyr Theotecnus of Antioch, Commemorated on October 10 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26; Martyr Nestor of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 27; Hieromartyr Cyriacus the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on October 28 ; Venerable Abramius the Recluse of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on October 29; St Marcian of Cyrrhus, Commemorated on November 2; Dedication of the Church of the Greatmartyr George in Lydia, Commemorated on November 3; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Anna, Commemorated on November 28; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated on December 12 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on December 23; St Paul the Bishop of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on December 23; Martyr Zoticus the Keeper of Orphans, Commemorated on December 30; St. Basil the Great, Archbishop of Casarea in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 1; St Emilia, the Mother of St Basil the Great, Commemorated on January 1; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356); Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Martyr Silvanus Bishop of Emesa, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; St Parthenius the Bishop of Lampsacus on the Hellespont, Commemorated on February 7; Venerable Eusebius the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 15; Martyr Victor of Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Agapitus the Confessor the Bishop of Synnada in Phrygia, Commemorated on February 18; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; St Eustathius the Archbishop of Antioch, Commemorated on February 21; First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Commemorated on February 24; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3; Uncovering of the Precious Cross and the Precious Nails by the Empress St Helen in Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Arcadius of Cyprus, Commemorated on March 6; Hieromartyr Capiton of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Eugene of Cherson, Commemorated on March 7; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; 40 Holy Martyrs of Sebaste, Commemorated on March 9; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Hieromartyr Mark the Bishop of Arethusa, who suffered under Julian the Apostate, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 30; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Akaki Asistavi of Georgia, Commemorated on May 7; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Martyr Philadelphus and 18 others in Sicily, Commemorated on May 10; Commemoration of the Founding of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 11 ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; St Sabinus the Archbishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; The Entrance of St Nino (Nina) the Enlightener into Georgia, Commemorated on May 19; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; EPHREM OF EDESSA, DEACON AND HYMN-WRITER (10 JUNE 373); Martyr Alexander at Constantinople, Commemorated on June 10; St Triphyllius the Bishop of Leucosia (Nicosia) in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 13; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379);

Gaul, 335-367, HILARY of Poitiers, Gaul, the Athanasius of the West, exiled, wrote essays, sent back, persuaded Arian bishop
Gaul, 335-367, HILARY of Poitiers, Gaul (Clain River 3) the Athanasius of the West. He was bishop of Poitiers, exiled to Phrygia 357, wrote essays, sent back to Gaul, to Milan persuaded Arian bishop ; Poitiers; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; Hilary, the great opponent of Arianism, was born around 320. was raised as a pagan, but converted to Christianity as an adult. became Bishop of Poitiers in 350. When the emperor Constantius II attempted to impose Arianism on the western Church, Saint Hilary led a vigorous opposition to his efforts. Because of his outspoken criticism, he was exiled to Phrygia in 356. There he became such a defender and champion of Orthodoxy that the emperor decided it would be less trouble to allow him to return to his diocese. Hilary continued to fight against Arianism until his death in 368. His holy relics still rest in the cathedral bearing his name at Poitiers in France. has lent his name to the “Hilary term” of English law courts and universities, which begin on or near his Feast Day. HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; of Poitiers (315-367) lived during the great controversy between Athanasius, who taught that the Son is fully God, equally with the Father, and Arius, who denied this. is sometimes called "the Athanasius of the West." He was bishop of Poitiers, when he refused to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, the Arian emperor Constantius (one of the sons of Constantine) banished him to Phrygia in 357. His exile lasted three years, during which time he wrote several essays, including On the Trinity. Finally the Emperor was forced to send him back to Gaul because he was causing such difficulties for the Arians in the East. In 364, he journeyed to Milan, where he engaged in public debate with the Arian bishop Auxentius, and persuaded him of the error of his ways.

Gaul, 337-340, Emperor, Constantine II, Orthodox, Gaul, died invading Italy
Roman Emperor, 337-340, Constantine II (emperor); II (Latin: Flavius Claudius Constantinus; February 316 – 340) was Roman emperor from 337 to 340. Son of Constantine the Great and co-emperor alongside his brothers, his attempt to exert his perceived rights of primogeniture led to his death in a failed invasion of Italy in 340. St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Caesarius, brother of St Gregory the Theologian, Commemorated on March 9 ; CYRIL OF JERUSALEM, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (18 MAR 386); GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangraz, Commemorated on March 31; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Commemoration of the Apparition of the Sign of the Precious Cross Over Jerusalem, in 351 AD, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Gaul, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful, Arien opponent wHiliary, against Priscillian or any heretic execution
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful, served army unwillingly, at Amiens gave half cloak cold beggar, Jesus appeared wearing his cloak, Heard Jesus say only catechumen, but clothed me, baptized, barbarians invaded Gaul, asked permission resign commission, cowardice charce, offered stand front line, protected by cross, cross caused barbarians surrender without fight, allowed to leave, time as hermit and travels, Hiliary's friend, Poitiers, exorcist, bishop Tours 371, still ascetic, monastery, French monasticism founder, conversed wAngels, Peter Paul visions, died 397, many western churches dedicated middle ages, most his relics lost French Revolution, MARTIN with Hiliary an opponent of the Ariens, from Illyricum publicly scourged&exiled, driven fMilan, returned Gaul, converted pagans wFir Tree story, intervened release prisoners, heretic Priscillian guilty bishops court, excommunication adequate, state no power to punish, but executed, he Ex bishops, took them back for pardons, concession botherd him; France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; was born around 330 of pagan parents. His father was a soldier, who enlisted Martin in the army at the age of fifteen. winter day he saw an ill-clad beggar at the gate of the city of Amiens. Martin had no money to give, but he cut his cloak in half and gave half to the beggar. (Paintings of the scene, such as that by El Greco, show Martin, even without the cloak, more warmly clad than the beggar, which rather misses the point.) a dream that night, Martin saw Christ wearing the half-cloak. had for some time considered becoming a Christian, and this ended his wavering. He was promptly baptized. the end of his next military campaign, he asked to be released from the army, saying: "Hitherto I have faithfully served Caesar. Let me now serve Christ." was accused of cowardice, and offered to stand unarmed between the contending armies. He was imprisoned, but released when peace was signed. became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers, a chief opponent in the West of the Arians, who denied the full deity of Christ, and who had the favor of the emperor Constantius. to his parents' home in Illyricum (Yugoslavia, approximately), he opposed the Arians with such effectiveness that he was publicly scourged and exiled. was subsequently driven from Milan, and eventually returned to Gaul. he founded the first monastary in Gaul, which lasted until the French Revolution. 371 he was elected bishop of Tours. His was a mainly pagan diocese, but his instruction and personal manner of life prevailed. one instance, the pagan priests agreed to fell their idol, a large fir tree, if Martin would stand directly in the path of its fall. He did so, and it missed him very narrowly. an officer of the Imperial Guard arrived with a batch of prisoners who were to be tortured and executed the next day, Martin intervened and secured their release. of ToursIn the year 384, the heretic (Gnostic) Priscillian and six companions had been condemned to death by the emperor Maximus. bishops who had found them guilty in the ecclesiastical court pressed for their execution. Martin contended that the secular power had no authority to punish heresy, and that the excommunication by the bishops was an adequate sentence. this he was upheld by Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. He refused to leave Treves until the emperor promised to reprieve them. No sooner was his back turned than the bishops persuaded the emperor to break his promise; Priscillian and his followers were executed. This was the first time that heresy was punished by death. was furious, and excommunicated the bishops responsible. But afterwards, he took them back into communion in exchange for a pardon from Maximus for certain men condemned to death, and for the emperor's promise to end the persecution of the remaining Priscillianists. never felt easy in his mind about this concession, and thereafter avoided assmblies of bishops where he might encounter some of those concerned in this affair. died on or about 11 November 397 (my sources differ) and his shrine at Tours became a sanctuary for those seeking justice. Feast of Martin, a soldier who fought bravely and faithfully in the service of an earthly sovereign, and then elisted in the service of Christ, also the day of the Armistice which marked the end of the First World War. On it we remember those who have risked or lost their lives in what they perceived as the pursuit of justice and peace. by James Kiefer St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martin the Merciful, Bishop of Tours, was born at Sabaria in Pannonia (modern Hungary) in 316. his father was a Roman officer, he also was obliged to serve in the army. did so unwillingly, for he considered himself a soldier of Christ, though he was still a catechumen. the gates of Amiens, he saw a beggar shivering in the severe winter cold, so he cut his cloak in two and gave half to the beggar. night, the Lord Jesus Christ appeared to the saint wearing Martin’s cloak. He heard the Savior say to the angels surrounding Him, “Martin is only a catechumen, but he has clothed Me with this garment.” The saint was baptized soon after this, and reluctantly remained in the army. years later, the barbarians invaded Gaul and Martin asked permission to resign his commission for religious reasons. The commander charged him with cowardice. Saint Martin demonstrated his courage by offering to stand unarmed in the front line of battle, trusting in the power of the Cross to protect him. The next day, the barbarians surrendered without a fight, and Martin was allowed to leave the army. traveled to various places during the next few years, spending some time as a hermit on an island off Italy. became friendly with Saint Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers (January 14), who made Martin an exorcist. several years of the ascetic life, Saint Martin was chosen to be Bishop of Tours in 371. As bishop, Saint Martin did not give up his monastic life, and the place where he settled outside Tours became a monastery. fact, he is regarded as the founder of monasticism in France. conversed with angels, and had visions of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29) and of other saints. is called the Merciful because of his generosity and care for the poor, and he received the grace to work miracles. a life of devoted service to Christ and His Church, the saint fell ill at Candes, a village in his diocese, where he died on November 8, 397. was buried three days later (his present Feast) at Tours. the Middle Ages, many Western churches were dedicated to Saint Martin, including Saint Martin’s in Canterbury, and Saint Martin-in-the-Fields in London. 1008, a cathedral was built at Tours over the relics of Saint Martin. This cathedral was destroyed in 1793 during the French Revolution, together with the relics of Saint Martin and Saint Gregory of Tours (November 17). new cathedral was built on the site many years later. Some fragments of the relics of Saint Martin were recovered and placed in the cathedral, but nothing remains of Saint Gregory’s relics. Martin’s name appears on many Greek and Russian calendars. His commemoration on October 12 in the Russian calendar appears to be an error, since ancient sources give the November date.

Gaul, 336-397, Martin of Tours, cold beggar cloak story, Jesus appeared, front line cross story, conversed wAngels&saints
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful, served army unwillingly, at Amiens gave half cloak cold beggar, Jesus appeared wearing his cloak, Heard Jesus say only catechumen, but clothed me, baptized, barbarians invaded Gaul, asked permission resign commission, cowardice charce, offered stand front line, protected by cross, cross caused barbarians surrender without fight, allowed to leave, time as hermit and travels, Hiliary's friend, Poitiers, exorcist, bishop Tours 371, still ascetic, monastery, French monasticism founder, conversed wAngels, Peter Paul visions, died 397, many western churches dedicated middle ages, most his relics lost French Revolution, MARTIN with Hiliary an opponent of the Ariens, from Illyricum publicly scourged&exiled, driven fMilan, returned Gaul, converted pagans wFir Tree story, intervened release prisoners, heretic Priscillian guilty bishops court, excommunication adequate, state no power to punish, but executed, he Ex bishops, took them back for pardons, concession botherd him; France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; was born around 330 of pagan parents. His father was a soldier, who enlisted Martin in the army at the age of fifteen. winter day he saw an ill-clad beggar at the gate of the city of Amiens. Martin had no money to give, but he cut his cloak in half and gave half to the beggar. (Paintings of the scene, such as that by El Greco, show Martin, even without the cloak, more warmly clad than the beggar, which rather misses the point.) a dream that night, Martin saw Christ wearing the half-cloak. had for some time considered becoming a Christian, and this ended his wavering. He was promptly baptized. the end of his next military campaign, he asked to be released from the army, saying: "Hitherto I have faithfully served Caesar. Let me now serve Christ." was accused of cowardice, and offered to stand unarmed between the contending armies. He was imprisoned, but released when peace was signed. became a disciple of Hilary of Poitiers, a chief opponent in the West of the Arians, who denied the full deity of Christ, and who had the favor of the emperor Constantius. to his parents' home in Illyricum (Yugoslavia, approximately), he opposed the Arians with such effectiveness that he was publicly scourged and exiled. was subsequently driven from Milan, and eventually returned to Gaul. he founded the first monastary in Gaul, which lasted until the French Revolution. 371 he was elected bishop of Tours. His was a mainly pagan diocese, but his instruction and personal manner of life prevailed. one instance, the pagan priests agreed to fell their idol, a large fir tree, if Martin would stand directly in the path of its fall. He did so, and it missed him very narrowly. an officer of the Imperial Guard arrived with a batch of prisoners who were to be tortured and executed the next day, Martin intervened and secured their release. of ToursIn the year 384, the heretic (Gnostic) Priscillian and six companions had been condemned to death by the emperor Maximus. bishops who had found them guilty in the ecclesiastical court pressed for their execution. Martin contended that the secular power had no authority to punish heresy, and that the excommunication by the bishops was an adequate sentence. this he was upheld by Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. He refused to leave Treves until the emperor promised to reprieve them. No sooner was his back turned than the bishops persuaded the emperor to break his promise; Priscillian and his followers were executed. This was the first time that heresy was punished by death. was furious, and excommunicated the bishops responsible. But afterwards, he took them back into communion in exchange for a pardon from Maximus for certain men condemned to death, and for the emperor's promise to end the persecution of the remaining Priscillianists. never felt easy in his mind about this concession, and thereafter avoided assmblies of bishops where he might encounter some of those concerned in this affair. died on or about 11 November 397 (my sources differ) and his shrine at Tours became a sanctuary for those seeking justice. Feast of Martin, a soldier who fought bravely and faithfully in the service of an earthly sovereign, and then elisted in the service of Christ, also the day of the Armistice which marked the end of the First World War. On it we remember those who have risked or lost their lives in what they perceived as the pursuit of justice and peace. by James Kiefer St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; Martin the Merciful, Bishop of Tours, was born at Sabaria in Pannonia (modern Hungary) in 316. his father was a Roman officer, he also was obliged to serve in the army. did so unwillingly, for he considered himself a soldier of Christ, though he was still a catechumen. the gates of Amiens, he saw a beggar shivering in the severe winter cold, so he cut his cloak in two and gave half to the beggar. night, the Lord Jesus Christ appeared to the saint wearing Martin’s cloak. He heard the Savior say to the angels surrounding Him, “Martin is only a catechumen, but he has clothed Me with this garment.” The saint was baptized soon after this, and reluctantly remained in the army. years later, the barbarians invaded Gaul and Martin asked permission to resign his commission for religious reasons. The commander charged him with cowardice. Saint Martin demonstrated his courage by offering to stand unarmed in the front line of battle, trusting in the power of the Cross to protect him. The next day, the barbarians surrendered without a fight, and Martin was allowed to leave the army. traveled to various places during the next few years, spending some time as a hermit on an island off Italy. became friendly with Saint Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers (January 14), who made Martin an exorcist. several years of the ascetic life, Saint Martin was chosen to be Bishop of Tours in 371. As bishop, Saint Martin did not give up his monastic life, and the place where he settled outside Tours became a monastery. fact, he is regarded as the founder of monasticism in France. conversed with angels, and had visions of Saints Peter and Paul (June 29) and of other saints. is called the Merciful because of his generosity and care for the poor, and he received the grace to work miracles. a life of devoted service to Christ and His Church, the saint fell ill at Candes, a village in his diocese, where he died on November 8, 397. was buried three days later (his present Feast) at Tours. the Middle Ages, many Western churches were dedicated to Saint Martin, including Saint Martin’s in Canterbury, and Saint Martin-in-the-Fields in London. 1008, a cathedral was built at Tours over the relics of Saint Martin. This cathedral was destroyed in 1793 during the French Revolution, together with the relics of Saint Martin and Saint Gregory of Tours (November 17). new cathedral was built on the site many years later. Some fragments of the relics of Saint Martin were recovered and placed in the cathedral, but nothing remains of Saint Gregory’s relics. Martin’s name appears on many Greek and Russian calendars. His commemoration on October 12 in the Russian calendar appears to be an error, since ancient sources give the November date.

Gaul, 340 - 368, Saint Hilliary oPoitiers, great arianism oponnent, exiled tPhrygia, orthodox champion there
France, 340 - 368, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers, great arianism oponnent, raised pagan, adult conversion, bishop i350, opposed Constantius II's arianism, 356 exiled tPhrygia, great orthodox champion there, so returned to his diocese, continued fight till death 368, relics in Hiliary Cathedral Poitiers, Hiliary term in courts & universities begin near his feast day; France, 330 - 367, Saint Hilliary of Poitiers; Saint Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated on January 13; Hilary, the great opponent of Arianism, was born around 320. was raised as a pagan, but converted to Christianity as an adult. became Bishop of Poitiers in 350. the emperor Constantius II attempted to impose Arianism on the western Church, Hilary led a vigorous opposition to his efforts. of his outspoken criticism, he was exiled to Phrygia in 356. he became such a defender and champion of Orthodoxy that the emperor decided it would be less trouble to allow him to return to his diocese. Hilary continued to fight against Arianism until his death in 368. holy relics still rest in the cathedral bearing his name at Poitiers in France. has lent his name to the “Hilary term” of English law courts and universities, which begin on or near his Feast Day. HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367); of Poitiers (315-367) lived during the great controversy between Athanasius, who taught that the Son is fully God, equally with the Father, and Arius, who denied this. is sometimes called "the Athanasius of the West." was bishop of Poitiers, and when he refused to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Arian emperor Constantius (one of the sons of Constantine) banished him to Phrygia in 357. exile lasted three years, during which time he wrote several essays, including On the Trinity. the Emperor was forced to send him back to Gaul because he was causing such difficulties for the Arians in the East. 364, he journeyed to Milan, where he engaged in public debate with the Arian bishop Auxentius, and persuaded him of the error of his ways. by James Kiefer

Gaul, 370-429, Honoratus oArles, Gaul (Rhone River 8), founded Lerins Monastery (French Rivierra) Deliverance&Clairvoyance
Gaul, 370-429, Honoratus oArles, Gaul (Rhone River 8), founded Lerins Monastery (French Rivierra), fDistinquished Roman Family, pilgrimage Greece&Rome, then Hermit Ise oLerins, Joined by 3 Saints&Others, Sts Lupus oTroyes, Eucherius oLyons, Hilary oArles, depleted youthful vigor wFasting&asceticism, so body made way for spirit, same as those younger&stronger, visitng sick when sicker, treated spiritual diseases, freeing vice enslavement, clairvoyant insight into character, for appropriate remedies, consecrated bishop and died 429; Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Honoratus was born in Gaul (modern France) about 350, came from a distinguished Roman family. a pilgrimage to Greece and Rome, he became a hermit on the isle of Lerins, he was joined by Saints Lupus of Troyes (July 29), Eucherius of Lyons (November 16), and Hilary of Arles (May 5), among others. saint depleted his youthful vigor through fasting and asceticism, so “the powers of the body made way for the power of the spirit.” in poor health, he managed to follow the same rule of fasting and keeping vigil as those who were younger and stronger than he. would visit the sick when he was even sicker than they were, offering consolation for body and soul. fearing he had not done enough for them, he would review each case in his mind to determine how he could ease their suffering. with virtues, Saint Honoratus treated a variety of spiritual diseases, many from their enslavement to vice. insight into each person’s character him to apply the appropriate remedies for restoring souls to spiritual health. Honoratus died in 429 after being consecrated as Bishop of Arles. Hilary, his relative and successor, delivered a eulogy which still survives.

Gaul, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman
Gaul, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Gaul, 400, 5th C Folder, Vincent oLerins, Prosper oAquitaine, Genevieve oParis, Atilla approaching Paris, Remigius oRheims

Gaul, 404-456, Vincent oLerins, Soldier, Monk, Author, true faith held everywhere, always, & by all, defended term Theotokos
France, 404-456, Vincent of Lerins Abbey (French Rivierra) Soldier, Monk, Author, Commonitorium (anti heresy), follow true faith held everywhere, always, & by all, defended term Theotokos; Lerins monestary; Saint Vincent of Lerins, Commemorated on May 24; in the late fourth century in Toulouse in Gaul, Vincent initially served in the military, later left the world to become a monk at the renowned Lérins Monastery, he was ordained to the priesthood. is widely known for his work, Commonitorium, which he wrote around the year 434 AD, which he differentiated between the Church's teachings and the heresies of his time. is remembered for writing that Christians must follow the true faith that has been held “everywhere, always, and by all.” also defended the term “Theotokos” with regard to the Mother of God in opposition to the teachings of Nestorius that were condemned at the Third Ecumenical Council. Vincent died peacefully in 456 AD. His relics are preserved at Lérins.

Gaul, 410-455, Prosper oAquitaine, Heresies Eradicator, renowned lay theolog, writings echoed Augustine, science joined virtue
France, 410-455, Prosper of Aquitaine (Garonne River 3.7), Eradicator of Heresies, renowned lay theologian, many his writings echoed Augustine on grace, science joined virtue, math, astronomy, chronology, one soul wHis wife, convinced her Num, entered monastery ; Aquitaine (Garonne River 3.7); Saint Prosper of Aquitaine, Commemorated on July 7; Prosper (Prosper Tiro), Eradicator of Heresies," as Saint Photios (February 6) calls him, born in the Aquitaine around the year 390. was a renowned lay theologian, although few details of his life are known. know Saint Prosper chiefly from his writings. A contemporary writer described him as "a holy and venerable man. Many of Saint Prosper's writings echo the teaching of Saint Augustine (June 15) on grace. Saint Augustine, Saint Prosper was also an opponent of the Pelagian heresy. This wise man seems to have spent his life embroiled in controversies with heretics. For the semi-Pelagians in particular, Prosper was one of their most fearsome adversaries. Saint Prosper, science was joined to virtue. It is evident that he applied himself to literature, and especially to acquiring knowledge of Holy Scripture. He was no less an expert in human sciences than he was in theology. He excelled particularly in mathematics, astronomy, and chronology. His great learning and holiness made him well known throughout the entire Church. Prosper has sometimes been identified, mistakenly, with Saint Paulinus of Reggio (June 25), who was a bishop. Everything we know about him leads us to believe that Saint Prosper was not a bishop, nor even a priest. a poem to his wife he wrote: "Lift me up again if I fall; correct yourself if I point out some fault. Let it never be sufficient for us to be one body, let us also be one soul." 428, Saint Prosper persuaded his wife to become a nun, and he entered a monastery at Marseilles. Saint Leo the Great was chosen as the Bishop of Rome in 440, he sent for Prosper to become his secretary. Many historians believe that the admirable treatise "On the Incarnation of the Word," which is ascribed to Saint Leo, is actually the work of Saint Prosper. is possible, however, that Saint Leo may have reworked it in his own style. Prosper reposed in Rome, sometime after 455. icon of Saint Prosper depicts him holding a scroll which reads: "The Orthodox Faith subdues the monster of heresy."

Gaul, 442-512, Genevieve oParis, Germanus noticed her a7 aProphecied she lead many tSalvatn, clairvoyant &M gifts, eSat Vigil
France, 442-512, Genevieve oParis, fNanterre, Gaul (Seine River 5, Paris Area), tended sheep Mt Valerien, Germanus noticed her a7, he placed his hand on her head aProphecied she lead many tSalvation, she wished tDedicate, he gave brass medal oCross, he told never wear bracelets etc, 417 tParis monastery a15, fasting prayer, clairvoyance&Miracles gifts, people recognized holy vessel, years later 451 Atilla tHun approched, she & nuns prayed, Atilla left, she emphasized Saturday Virgil because it symbolizes the Lord wFind us ready, one stormy saturday night her light went out on way, she made Cross sign, it burned wBright flame, relics destroyed French Revolution, Wine Maker Saint; Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; Genevieve (Geneviève) was born of wealthy parents in Gaul (modern France) in the village of Nanterre, near Paris, around 422. father’s name was Severus, and her mother was called Gerontia. to the custom of the time, she often tended her father’s sheep on Mount Valerien. the child was about seven years old, Saint Germanus of Auxerre (July 31) noticed her as he was passing through Nanterre. the Service that night the Bishop placed his hand on her head and told her parents that she would become great in the sight of God, and would lead many to salvation. Genevieve told him that she wished to dedicate herself to Christ, he gave her a brass medal with the image of the Cross to wear around her neck. Germanus told her never to wear bracelets, or necklaces made with pearls, gold, or silver, and to avoid wearing any other ornaments around her neck, or on her fingers. she was fifteen, Genevieve was taken to Paris to enter the monastic life. fasting,vigil and prayer, she progressed in monasticism, received from God the gifts of clairvoyance and of working miracles. the people of Paris and the surrounding area regarded Genevieve as a holy vessel (2 Timothy 2:21). later, Saint Genevieve was told that Attila the Hun was approaching Paris, and the other nuns prayed and fasted, entreating God to spare the city. the barbarians turned away from Paris and went off in another direction. Genevieve considered the Saturday night Vigil service to be very important, since it symbolizes how our entire life should be. “We must keep vigil in prayer and fasting so that the Lord will find us ready when He comes,” she said. was on her way to church with her nuns one stormy Saturday night when the wind extinguished her lantern. nuns could not find their way without a light, since it was dark and stormy, and the road was rough and muddy. Genevieve made the Sign of the Cross over the lantern, and the candle within burned with a bright flame. In this manner they were able to make their way to the church for the service. is a tradition that the church which Saint Genevieve suggested King Clovis should build in honor of Saints Peter and Paul, would become her own resting place when she fell asleep in the Lord around 512 at the age of eighty-nine. holy relics were later transferred to the church of Saint-Étienne-du-Mont in Paris. of her relics, and those of other saints, were destroyed at the time of the French Revolution. the Middle Ages, Saint Genevieve was regarded as the patron Saint of wine makers.

Gaul, 451, Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans, Atilla in Gaul 451
Attila the approaching Paris - Orleans; Atilla in Gaul 451 Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Gaul, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi, baptized Clovis of the Franks and 4,000 in 496
France, 458-530, Saint Remigius of Rheims, Remi; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530); (Latin Remigius) was born about 438 and became bishop of Rheims about 460, at the remarkably young age of 22. (Both he and the city were named for his tribe, the Remi.) his time, the Roman Empire and the Christian church were jointly faced with a serious practical problem -- the barbarian invasions. series of droughts in central Asia had driven its inhabitants out in all directions in search of more livable territory. brought the Goths, for example, across the Danube in the early 300's. the Emperor Constantine had died in 337, and during his lifetime the Church had debated the question of whether the Logos, the Word who was made flesh for our salvation in the person of Jesus of Nazareth, was (as Arius taught) the first and greatest of the beings created by God, but nevertheless not eternal, and not God; or was (as Athanasius taught) fully God, co-eternal and co-equal with the Father. the Council of Nicea in 325, the Athanasian position had been endorsed by an overwhelming majority of the bishops assembled from throughout the Christian world. the Arians refused to accept the decision, and there were attempts to re-negotiate and find a compromise that would make everyone happy. Constantine died, and his Empire was divided among his sons, with Constantius Emperor of the East, and eventually of the whole Empire. And Constantius was an Arian, and made a serious attempt to stamp out the Athanasian position by banishing its leaders and pressuring churches into electing or accepting Arian bishops. his reign, missionaries, led by one Bishop Ulfilas, were sent to convert the Goths. And naturally, Ulfilas was an Arian. He preached with great vigor and eloquence among the Goths, and translated the Bible into their language (omitting, we are told, the wars of the Hebrews, on the grounds that the Goths were quite warlike enough without further encouragement). In fact, the portions of his translation that have survived are the only material we have in the Gothic language, and as such are highly valued by students of the history of languages. the Goths became Arian Christians, and so did the Vandals. And these two highly warlike peoples were most of the time either making war on the settled peoples of the Empire or hiring out as mercenaries to defend the borders of the Empire from the next wave of invaders. may remember that Ambrose, bishop of Milan (died 397, remembered 7 December), was commanded by the Empress Mother to hand over a church for the use of her soldiers, who were Goths and Arians, and that Ambrose refused, and filled the church with members of his congregation, who sang hymns composed by Ambrose for the occasion, and the soldiers did not attack. may also remember that when Augustine lay on his deathbed in his town of Hippo in North Africa (near Carthage or modern Tunis), the city was under attack by Vandal troops, who had come into Africa out of Spain, and who captured and vandalized (that is where we get the term) the cities of North Africa, and Sicily and Sardinia and Corsica (which they made into bases for piracy) and the southern part of Italy. Long after Arianism had died out elsewhere, it was the religion of the Goths and Vandals and related peoples, and being an Arian was the mark of a good Army man. a new people appeared on the scene, a pagan warrior tribe called the Franks. In the late 400's, they were led by a chief called Clovis, a pagan but married to a Christian wife, Clotilda. His wife and Bishop Remi (remember him?) spoke to him about the Christian faith, but he showed no particular signs of interest until one day when he was fighting a battle against the Alemanni, and was badly outnumbered and apparently about to lose the battle. He took a vow that if he won, he would turn Christian. tide of battle turned, and he won. Two years later, he kept his vow and was baptized by Remi at Rheims on Christmas Day, 496, together with about 3000 of his followers. became the traditional and "proper" place for a French king to be crowned, as we learn from the story of Joan of Arc. It remained so until the French Revolution.) Clovis was converted to the Athanasian (or orthodox, or catholic) faith rather than the Arian, and this fact changed the religious history of Europe. The clergy he brought to his court were catholic, and when the Franks as a whole became Christians, which did not happen overnight, they became catholic Christians, meaning in this context that they were Athanasian rather than Arian, and accepted the belief that it was God himself, and not a particularly prominent angel, who came down from heaven and suffered for our salvation. the preceding century, the Arians had had a near-monopoly on military power, and now this was no longer true. The conversion of the Franks brought about the conversion of the Visigoths, and eventually (about 300 years later) the empire of Charlemagne and the beginning of the recovery of Western Europe from the earlier collapse of government and of city life under the impact of plague, lead poisoning, currency inflation, confiscatory taxation, multiple invasions, and the assorted troubles of the Dark Ages. Remigius and the demons noted above, Clot(h)ilda, a Christian princess of Burgundy, married the pagan Clovis, King of the Franks, thus preparing the way for his baptism by Remi in 496, and for the conversion of the Franks. Their great-grandaughter, Bertha, married the pagan Ethelbert, King of Kent, thus preparing the way for his baptism by Augustine of Canterbury in 601, and for the eventual conversion of southeast England. Bertha and Ethelbert's daughter, Ethelburga, married the pagan Edwin, King of Northumbria, thereby preparing the way for his baptism by Paulinus in 627, and for the eventual conversion of many in the North of England. James Kiefer

Gaul Locations (Dirty)

Lutetia, Gual (ancient name for Paris)
Lutetia (ancient name for Paris); Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9; Dionysius (or Denis) has, for many centuries, been regarded as the patron saint of France. is believed that Saint Dionysius was sent to preach the Gospel at Lutetia Parisiorum (modern Paris) in Gaul around 250. He was beheaded in 258 with the priest Rusticus and the deacon Eleutherius at Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs). A later legend claims that Saint Dionysius carried his severed head from Montmartre to his burial place at Vicus Catulliacus, now known as Saint Denis. The abbey of Saint-Denis, where French kings were interred, was built on the site of their martyrdom. identification of this Saint Dionysius with Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3) appears to be an error made by a ninth century writer. Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated on October 3; to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Dionysius lived originally in the city of Athens. He was raised there and received a classical Greek education. He then went to Egypt, where he studied astronomy at the city of Heliopolis. It was in Heliopolis, along with his friend Apollophonos where he witnessed the solar eclipse that occurred at the moment of the death of the Lord Jesus Christ by Crucifixion. “Either the Creator of all the world now suffers, or this visible world is coming to an end,” Dionysius said. Upon his return to Athens from Egypt, he was chosen to be a member of the Areopagus Council (Athenian high court). the holy Apostle Paul preached at the place on the Hill of Ares (Acts 17:16-34), Dionysius accepted his salvific proclamation and became a Christian. For three years Saint Dionysius remained a companion of the holy Apostle Paul in preaching the Word of God. Later on, the Apostle Paul selected him as bishop of the city of Athens. And in the year 57 Saint Dionysius was present at the repose of the Most Holy Theotokos. the lifetime of the Mother of God, Saint Dionysius had journeyed from Athens to Jerusalem to meet Her. He wrote to his teacher the Apostle Paul: “I witness by God, that besides the very God Himself, there is nothing else filled with such divine power and grace. No one can fully comprehend what I saw. I confess before God: when I was with John, who shone among the Apostles like the sun in the sky, when I was brought before the countenance of the Most Holy Virgin, I experienced an inexpressible sensation. Before me gleamed a sort of divine radiance which transfixed my spirit. I perceived the fragrance of indescribable aromas and was filled with such delight that my very body became faint, and my spirit could hardly endure these signs and marks of eternal majesty and heavenly power. The grace from her overwhelmed my heart and shook my very spirit. If I did not have in mind your instruction, I should have mistaken Her for the very God. It is impossible to stand before greater blessedness than this which I beheld.” the death of the Apostle Paul, Saint Dionysius wanted to continue with his work, and therefore went off preaching in the West, accompanied by the Presbyter Rusticus and Deacon Eleutherius. They converted many to Christ at Rome, and then in Germany, and then in Spain. In Gaul, during a persecution against Christians by the pagan authorities, all three confessors were arrested and thrown into prison. By night Saint Dionysius celebrated the Divine Liturgy with angels of the Lord. In the morning the martyrs were beheaded. According to an old tradition, Saint Dionysius took up his head, proceeded with it to the church and fell down dead there. A pious woman named Catulla buried the relics of the saint. writings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite hold great significance for the Orthodox Church. Four books of his have survived to the present day: On the Celestial Hierarchy On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy On the Names of God On Mystical Theology In additional, there are ten letters to various people. book On the Celestial Hierarchies was written actually in one of the countries of Western Europe, where Saint Dionysius was preaching. In it he speaks of the Christian teaching about the angelic world. The angelic (or Celestial-Heavenly) hierarchy comprises the nine angelic Ranks: Seraphim Cherubim Thrones Dominions Powers Authorities Principalities Archangels Angels The account of the Synaxis of the Bodiless Powers of Heaven is located under November 8. purpose of the divinely-established Angelic Hierarchy is the ascent towards godliness through purification, enlightenment and perfection. The highest ranks are bearers of divine light and divine life for the lower ranks. And not only are the sentient, bodiless angelic hosts included in the spiritual light-bearing hierarchy, but also the human race, created anew and sanctified in the Church of Christ. book of Saint Dionysius On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchies is a continuation of his book On the Celestial Hierarchies. The Church of Christ, like the Angelic ranks, in its universal service is set upon the foundation of priestly principles established by God. the earthly world, for the children of the Church, divine grace comes down indescribably in the holy Mysteries of the Church, which are spiritual in nature, though perceptible to the senses in form. Few, even among the holy ascetics, were able to behold with their earthly eyes the fiery vision of the Holy Mysteries of God. But outside of the Church’s sacraments, outside of Baptism and the Eucharist, the light-bearing saving grace of God is not found, neither is divine knowledge nor theosis (deification). book On the Names of God expounds upon the way of divine knowledge through a progression of the Divine Names. Dionysius’ book On Mystical Theology also sets forth the teaching about divine knowledge. The theology of the Orthodox Church is totally based upon experience of divine knowledge. In order to know God it is necessary to be in proximity to Him, to have come near to Him in some measure, so as to attain communion with God and deification (theosis). This condition is accomplished through prayer. This is not because prayer in itself brings us close to the incomprehensible God, but rather that the purity of heart in true prayer brings us closer to God. written works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite are of extraordinary significance in the theology of the Orthodox Church, and also for late Medieval Western theology. For almost four centuries, until the beginning of the sixth century, the works of this holy Father of the Church were preserved in an obscure manuscript tradition, primarily by theologians of the Alexandrian Church. The concepts in these works were known and utilized by Clement of Alexandria, Origen, Dionysius the Great, pre-eminent figures of the catechetical school in Alexandria, and also by Saint Gregory the Theologian. Saint Dionysius of Alexandria wrote to Saint Gregory the Theologian a Commentary on the “Areopagitum.” The works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite received general Church recognition during the sixth-seventh centuries. relevant are the Commentaries written by Saint Maximus the Confessor (January 21). (trans. note: although many scholars suggest that the “Areopagitum” was actually written by an anonymous sixth century figure who employed the common ancient device of piously borrowing an illustrious name, this in no way diminishes the profound theological significance of the works.) the Russian Orthodox Church the teachings of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite about the spiritual principles and deification were at first known through the writings of Saint John of Damascus (December 4). The first Slavonic translation of the “Areopagitum” was done on Mt. Athos in about the year 1371 by a monk named Isaiah. Copies of it were widely distributed in Russia. Many of them have been preserved to the present day in historic manuscript collections, among which is a parchment manuscript “Works of Saint Dionysius the Areopagite” belonging to Saint Cyprian, Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus (September 16) in his own handwriting. to one tradition, he was killed at Lutetia (ancient name of Paris, France) in the year 96 during the persecution under the Roman emperor Dometian (81-96). Today most scholars and theologians believe that Saint Dionysius the Areopagite did not die in Gaul, and that Saint Dionysius (or Denys) of Paris is a different saint with the same name. Demetrius of Rostov says that the Hieromartyr Dionysius was beheaded in Athens, and that many miracles were worked at his grave. Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop. Commemorated on October 9; Dionysius (or Denis) has, for many centuries, been regarded as the patron saint of France. is believed that Saint Dionysius was sent to preach the Gospel at Lutetia Parisiorum (modern Paris) in Gaul around 250. was beheaded in 258 with the priest Rusticus and the deacon Eleutherius at Montmartre (Hill of the Martyrs). later legend claims that Saint Dionysius carried his severed head from Montmartre to his burial place at Vicus Catulliacus, now known as Saint Denis. abbey of Saint-Denis, where French kings were interred, was built on the site of their martyrdom. identification of this Saint Dionysius with Saint Dionysius the Areopagite (October 3) appears to be an error made by a ninth century writer.

Nanterre, Gaul (Seine River 5, Paris Area)
Nanterre (Seine River 5) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ;

Nogent-Sur-Seine, Gaul (near Paris, Seine River 4)
Nogent-Sur-Seine, France (near Paris, Seine River 4); Venerable Cloud (Clodoald) the Abbot-Founder of Nogent-Sur-Seine Near Paris, Commemorated September 7 ;

Auxerre, Gaul (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31 ; Gaul; Britain; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461); St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17 ;

Mediolanum, Gaul (now Milan, Northern Italy)
Mediolanum (Milan); Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Munchen (Munich), Gaul (Isar River, Bavaria)
Munich (Isar River, Bavaria); Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated January 31; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Cremona, Gaul and Northern Italy (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3); St. Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated on July 13 ;

Cenomanis, Gaul and France (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5)
Cenomanis, Gaul (Le Mans, Sarthe River 5); St Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated July 13 ;

Aptia Julia, Gaul, France
Aptia Julia; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Marseille, Gaul (Rhone River Mouth)
Marseille; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Myrrhbearer and Equal of the Apostles Mary Magdalene, Commemorated on July 22; FRANCIS OF ASSISI, FRIAR (4 OCT 1226); THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Hiram "Harry" Bingham IV; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Septimania, Southern Gaul
Septimania, Gaul; Islamic Invasion of Gaul; Arab Muslim Conquest of Hispania 711-718;

Toulouse, Southern Gaul, Langedoc - high point, Capital of the Visigoths (Garonne River 1)
Capital of the Visigoths - Toulouse; Toulouse; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Saint Vincent of Lerins, Commemorated on May 24;

Thenon, Gaul (Gironde area, N-S and E-W Crossroads)
Thenon (N-S and E-W Crossroads) ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ;

Lugdunum (Lyons), Gaul (Rhone River 4), capital of Gaul
Lugdunum (Lyons in France); Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Hieromartyr Hippolytus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated January 30 ;

Vienne, Gaul (Claine River 3)
Vienne, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177) ;

Poitiers, Gaul (Clain River 3)
Poitiers; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; CECILIA OF ROME, MARTYR AT ROME, c. 280, Commemorated November 22; St Hilary the Bishop of Poitiers, Commemorated January 13 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ;

Bordeaux, Gaul (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France; St Paulinus the Merciful the Bishop of Nola, Commemorated January 23 ;

Aquitaine, Gaul (Garonne River 3.7)
Aquitaine (Garonne River 3.7); Saint Prosper of Aquitaine, Commemorated on July 7;

Vienne, Gaul (Rhone River 5)
Vienne, Isere, France; BLANDINA AND HER COMPANIONS, (Formerly THE MARTYRS OF LYONS), (2 JUNE 177)

Arles, Gaul (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8); St Honoratus the Archbishop of Arles and Founder of Lerins Monastery, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

Langres, Gaul (Champagne-Ardenne, Marne River Source)
Langres Cathedral; Martyr Speusippus in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Burgundy, Gaul (Morvan Hills, rivers source area, Saone drainage)
Burgundy; BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX, ABBOT, THEOLOGIAN, AND POET (20 AUGUST 1153); REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Besancon, Gaul (Doubs River 2)
Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Francia, Frankland, Gaul (Doubs River 2)
Francia, Frankland, Gaul (Doubs River 2) Besancon, France on the Doubs River; Venerable John Calabytes "the Hut-Dweller", Commemorated January 15 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Tours, Gaul (Loire River 22)
Tours; Battle of Tours 732; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804) ; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

Breton or Brittany Region, Gaul
Brittany; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated January 7 ; St. Elian, Missionary to Cornwall, England, Commemorated on January 13; St Gregory Dialogus, the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on March 12; PETER ABELARD, Abbot, Theologian, Philosopher, 21 April 1142 ;

Amiens, Gaul (a former crossroads, Somme River 5)
Amiens (a former crossroads); MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ;

Tournai, Gaul (Capital of Francia or Frankland, 421-508)
Tournai, Gaul (Capital of Francia 421-508); Glorification of Venerable Zabulon and Sosanna, parents of Saint Nino, Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20;

Beauvais, Gaul (Avalon River Mouth, Therain River 4)
Beauvais; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Rheims, Gaul (near Aisne River 29, Champagne-Ardenne, Marne Department)
Rheims (near Aisne River 29) ; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530) ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Orleans, Gaul (Loire River 20)
Orleans; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

Narbonum, Southern Gaul (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated December 18;

Troyes, Gaul (Seine River 2)
Troyes (Seine River 2), City of Tricassinum (Troyes); Martyr Patroclus of Troyes, Commemorated August 17 ;

Treves, Gaul (Trier Germany), (Saar River Mouth, Moselle River 5)
Trier in Germany; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; The Placing of the Cincture (Sash) of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on August 31; Emperor Maximian (305-311) ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, Roman Line of Forts in Germany)
Rhine Frontier, Gaul and Roman Empire (Limes Germanicus, German Line of Forts); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Gaul (Clean), Roman Roads or Major Rivers, places

Gaul (Clean), its Area, includes France, Belgium, and Northern Italy
Gaul, its Area, includes France, Belgium, and Northern Italy

Gaul (Clean), France, Roman Roads or Major Rivers

Gaul (Clean) France, its Area
France, its Area

Somme River

Seine River

Priory (Prison of) Saint-Lazare
VINCENT DE PAUL; Prison Saint-Lazare;

Paris, France (Seine River 5)
Paris; NATHAN SÖDERBLOM, ARCHBISHOP OF UPPSALA, 1931, Commemorated July 12; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660; Hieromartyr Dionysius of Paris, Bishop, Commemorated on October 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God “Jerusalemâ€, Commemorated on October 12; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; ANNA JULIA HAYWOOD COOPER, Educator (1964), Commemorated Febraury 28 ; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; St Germanus the Bishop of Paris, Commemorated on May 28; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ; Hieromartyr Lucian the Bishop at Beauvais in France, Commemorated on June 3;

Conciergerie Prison, Paris
Conciergerie Prison, Paris ; VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660 ;

Joigny (Yonne River 2.5)
VINCENT DE PAUL, HELPER OF THE POOR, 27 Sept. 1660;

Yonne River

Auxerre, Gaul (Yonne River 2)
Auxerre, France (Yonne River) ;

Vanne River

Liore River

Massif Central (Central France)
Massif Central;

Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano)
Puy de Dome (dormant lava dome of a volcano);

Britany Area

Brittany or Breton Region, France
Brittany;

Normandy Area

Normandy, France (Lower Seine to Cotentin Peninsula)
Normandy;

Pitou Region (Poitevan Marsh, Poitiers, Limoge high point, Clain River)

Clain River

Poitou Region, (Poitiers, Limoge high point, Poitevan Marsh, Clain River)
Poitevan Marsh;

Poitiers, Gaul (Clain River 3)
Poitiers;

Dordogne River

Garonne River

Bordeaux, Gaul (Garonne River Mouth)
Bordeaux, France;

Aude River

Narbonum, Gaul (Aude River Mouth, Mediterranean Sea)
Narbonum;

Rhone River

Arles, Gaul (Rhone River 8)
Arles (Rhone River 8);

Lerins Abbey (French Rivierra) 410
Lerins monestary;

Saone River

Lugdunum (Lyons), Gaul (Rhone River 4), capital of Gaul
Lugdunum (Lyons in France);

Maginot Line - French Line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

El'zasa in German Empire, or Alsace, France, Maginot Line
Alsace; Martyr Sophia and her three daughters at Rome, Commemorated on September 17;

Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France
Siegfried Line - German Line between Germany and France;

Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect

Lourdes, Southwest France (Healing Spring, East of Oloron, France on Way of St James, Spain)
Lourdes; Bernadette of Lourdes, Nun and Visionary, 16 April 1879 ;

Way of St James (Oloron)

Way of St James (Ostabat)

Way of St James (Camino Real)

Way of St James (Jaca)

Gaul (Clean), Northern Italy, Roman Roads, Rivers, places Folder (Clean)

Gaul (Clean), Northern Italy, its Area

Po River

Savoy Area

Dora Riparia River, Savoy

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Second Source (Mount Cenis Pass and Lake)

Arc River, Savoy

Leysse River, Savoy

Isere River, Savoy

Drome River, Savoy

Ticino River

Ticino River Source (Nufenen Pass in Switzerland)

Lambro River

Lake Como

Milan (Mediolanum), Northern Italy (Lambro River 5)
Milan;

Mediolanium (Milan), Gaul, Northern Italy (Lambro River 5)
Milan;

Lombardy Region, Northern Italy (capitol is Milan, Lambro River)
Lombardy; Lombards in Sicily; Lombards; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21;

Adda River

Umbrail Pass, Italy Switzerland, connecting Santa Maria & Bormio
Umbrail Pass;

Grison Alps, Switzerland
Grison Alps

Foscagno Pass, Italy in Sondrio province
Foscagno Pass;

Gavia Pass, Italy between two provinces
Gavia Pass;

Stelvio Pass, Italy and Switzerland
Stelvio Pass

Mera River from Source 2

Mera River

Mera River Source (Piz Duan Mt, Oberhalbstein Alps, Switzerland )

Mera River Mouth (Lake Como, Ada River 4)
Mera River;

Adige (Atesis) River

Adige Source Reschen Pass, connecting Tyrol Austria with Tyrol Italy
Reschen Pass

Adige River from third source, Aurino Stream

Puster Valley
Puster Valley;

Padua, Northern Italy (near Venice, Adige River Mouth, Adriatic Sea)
Padua, Northern Italy;

Tuscany, Northern Italy
Tuscany; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-Hands of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third , Commemorated on August 16 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Arno River

Florence, Tuscany (High Point, Arno River 1)
Florence; Medici Family; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Reno River

Bologna, Italy (Apennine Mountains, Reno River Valley)
Bologna, Italy; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea) 1738
Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea);

Ravenna, Northern Italy (Candiano Canal, Reno River Mouth)
Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Northern Italy, Via Aurelia Folder - Pisa to Rome (Clean)

Via Aurelia (Roman Road - Pisa to Rome)
Via Aurelia;

Northern Italy, 1000, 11th C Folder, Walk to Canossa (Clean)

Walk to Canossa

Northern Italy, Amber Road Folder (Clean)

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Venice, Northern Italy (Adige River Mouth, Amber Road)
Venice; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 6 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Gaul (Clean), Belgium, Roman Roads, Rivers, places, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus

Gaul (Clean), Belgium, its Area, includes Germanicus Limes, German Frontier

Roman German Frontier - Lower Limes Germanica

Roman German Frontier - Upper Limes Germanticus

Roman German Frontier - Rhaetian Limes Germaticus

Meuse River

Lys River

Scheldt River

Maginot Line - French line between France and Germany
Maginot Line;

Sweden, Germania, Goths started down in Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line, difficult to protect
Germania, not Germany, the fertile plain North of this Line and South of Sweden, difficult to protect. It is bounded on the East by the Vistula, on the South by the Mountains, and on the West by Rhine and its Roman German Frontier. ;

Brussels-Scheldt Canal

Brussels, Belgium (Scheldt Canal)
Brussels;

Gaul, German Frontier Folder- Roman Limes Germanticus (Clean)
Frontier (Limes) Germanticus;

Gaul, German Frontier, Lower Rhine Frontier Folder

Gaul, German Frontier, Upper Rhine Frontier Folder

Gaul, German Frontier, Rhaetian Frontier Folder
Roman Province of Rhaetia; Reschen Pass;