England Folder (Roman Britain, Great Britain, British Empire).kmz

England Folder (Roman Britain, Great Britain, British Empire)

England
England; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL; RICHARD HOOKER; WILLIAM TEMPLE; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; THOMAS TALLIS; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ;

British Empire - England
England; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Venerable Romanus the Martyr, Commemorated on January 5 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); Righteous Joseph of Arimathea; ALEXANDER CRUMMELL; RICHARD HOOKER; WILLIAM TEMPLE; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; THOMAS TALLIS; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ;

England, 43-410, Roman Britain
England, 43-410, Roman Britain; England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Britain, 43-410, Roman Britain
England, 43-410, Roman Britain; England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

England, 45-99, Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Bishop of Britain
England, 45-99, Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Bishop of Britain; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16;

England, 410-1066, Anglo-Saxons
England, 410-1066, Anglo-Saxons;

England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia, Broads
England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia; Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 410-461, Saint Patrick of Ireland
England, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, 420-634, Kingdom of Bernicia, Northumbria
Kingdom of Bernicia; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ;

England, 450-1045, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom
England, 450-1045, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom;

England, 455-871, Kingdom of Kent
England, 455-871, Kingdom of Kent ; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

England, 527-825, Kingdom of Essex (East Saxons)
England, 527-825, Kingdom of Essex (East Saxons); St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31;

England, 559-“664, Kingdom of Deira, Yorkshire (from the Huber to the Tees, aka Vale of York)
Kingdom of Deira; Vale of York St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ;

England, 593-1093, House of Wessex
England, 593-1093, House of Wessex; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 653-954, Kingdom of Northumbria (North Anglia)
Kingdom of Northumbria, north of the Humber Estuary from the River Tees to the River Tweed; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Adian, the bishop of Lindisfarne, Commemorated August 31; REMIGIUS OF RHEIMS, BISHOP, APOSTLE OF THE FRANKS (1 OCTOBER 530); St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739) ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870); AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 793-1066, Viking Invasions of England
England, 793-1066, Viking Invasions of England; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King
England, King of England, 1066-1087, William the Conqueror, Norman King ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1093-1707, Heptarchy, Kingdom of England
England, 1093-1707, Heptarchy, Kingdom of England;

England, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with France to control France
France, 1337-1453, 100 Years War, with England to control France;

England, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

England, 1642-1651, English Civil War
England, 1642-“1651, English Civil War; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688;

England, 1707-1800, Kingdom of Great Britain
England, 1707-1800, Kingdom of Great Britain;

England, 1800-Present, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

England, 1894-1962, Uganda Protectorate
England, 1894-1962, Uganda Protectorate; THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (3 JUNE 1886);

England, London History Folders (England and Great Britain)

England, 000-399, Folder, before the 5th Century, Roman Britain, Joseph of Arimathaea, Aristobulus of the Seventy

England, 000, 1st Century Folder, Joseph of Arimathaea, Aristibulus of the Seventy, Apostle Simon the Zealot

England, 1-33 Jesus' Time, Joseph of Arimathaea
England, 1-45 Jesus' Time, Joseph of Arimathaea; Righteous Joseph of Arimathea, Commemorated on July 31 ; JOSEPH OF ARIMATHAEA, (1 AUGUST NT);

England, 30-73 Jesus' Time, Apostle Simon the Zealot, the bridegroom at Cana
England, 30-50 Jesus' Time, Apostle Simon the Zealot; Apostle Simon the Zealot, Commemorated on May 10;

England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47
England, 47, Roman Britain, Londinium, AD 47 ; Roman Britain; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31 ;

England, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Britain, Gaul Caesar, Constantine's Father

England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great
England, 293-306, Roman Britain and Gaul Caesar, Constantius Chlorus, Father of Constantine the Great; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

England, 300, 4th Century Folder, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander)

England, 380-418, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander)
England, 360-418, Morgan or Pelagius (Islander); AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

England, 400-999, Folder 5th - 10th Century, Anglo Saxon Vikings

England, 400-499, 5th Century Folder, Anglo Saxons, St Patrick, King Arthur

England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia
England, 410-1066, Kingdom of East Anglia; Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 410-461, Saint, Patrick of Ireland
England, Saint, 410-461, Patrick of Ireland; PATRICK OF IRELAND, (17 MAR c461) ; St Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, 430's, Coroticus of Dumbarton, Briton Chieftan (River Clyde 6)
Coroticus of Dumbarton, Scotland (River Clyde 6); Alt Clut (Dumbarton), Scotland; Epistle to Coroticus; St. Patrick the Bishop of Armagh and Enlightener of Ireland, Commemorated on March 17;

England, Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216, AKA Cwynedd
Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216; Wales, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5;

England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045;

England, 450-490, Wales, Brycheiniog King, Brychan
England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 450-490, Brychan; England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045; St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated on January 7; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 488-510, Wales, Brycheiniog King, Nectan of Hartland
England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 488-510, Nectan of Hartland; England, Wales, Brycheiniog King, 450-490, Brychan; England, Wales, Brycheiniog Kingdom, 450-1045; St Brannock of Braunton, Commemorated on January 7; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 488-589 , Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, Saint David
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, 500-589, Saint David; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544);

England, 475-525, King Arthur, Late 5th Early 6th Century
England, 475-525, King Arthur, Late 5th Early 6th Century; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605);

England, 500-599, 6th Century Folder, Augustine of Canterbury, St Columba, Ireland called Scotland

England, 500-570, Irish Saint, St Ita of Killeady
England, Irish Saint, 500-570, St Ita of Killeady ; Ireland (then called Scotland); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Ita the Hermitess of Killeady, Commemorated on January 15 ;

England, 500-589 , Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, Saint David
England, Wales, Brycheiniog Saint, 500-589, Saint David; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544);

England, 527-918, Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918
Severn Valley, Mercia; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655; Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918;

England, 553-604, Saint, Augustine of Canterbury
England, 553-604, Saint, Augustine of Canterbury; St Augustine's Abby; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26;

England, 541-597, Scottish Saint Columba
England, Scottish Saint, 541-597, St Columba; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

England, 559-664, Kingdom of Deira, Yorkshire (from the Huber to the Tees, aka Vale of York)
Kingdom of Deira; Vale of York St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated October 12 ; CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ;

England, 584-612, Scottish Welsh Saint, St Kentigern Mungo
England, Scottish Welsh Saint, 584-612, St Kentigern Mungo; St Kentigern, first Bishop of Glasgow, Scotland, Commemorated on January 14;

England, 590-616, King of the English, Aethelberht (Ethelbert) of Kent, Queen Bertha brought c from France
England, 590-616, King of the English, King of Kent, Aethelberht of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31; AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; COLUMBA, ABBOT OF IONA AND MISSIONARY (9 JUNE 597) ;

England, 593-1093, House of Wessex
England, 593-1093, House of Wessex;

England, 593-616, King of the English, Ethelred of Bernicia, Ethelfirth
England, 593-616, King of the English, Ethelred of Bernicia, Ethelfirth ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12;

England, 596, Gregorian Mission
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

England, 597-604, St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 597-604, St Augustine, Archbishop of Canterbury; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604); BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ;

England, 599-624, King of the English, Redwald of East Anglia
England, 599-624, King of the English, Redwald of East Anglia ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12;

England, 600-699, 7th Century Folder, Adian of Lindisfarne, Synod of Whitby

England, 601-644, Paulinus of York, Gregorian Mission
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 601-671, James the Deacon, Gregorian Mission
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 601, Gregorian Mission
England, 601, Gregorian mission ; England, 600-644, Paulinus of York; England, 600-671, James the Deacon; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18

England, 604-616, King of the English, King Sabert of the East Saxons
England, King of the English, 604-616, King Sabert of the East Saxons; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31;

England, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651);

England, 616-640, King of the Ang Saxons (English), Eadbald of Kent, Christian setback, convert late
England, 616-640, King of the English, Eadbald of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Eanswythe the Abbess of Folkestone, Commemorated on August 31; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 616-633, King of the Angles (English), Edwin of Northumbria (Bernecia, Deira)
King of the English, 616-633, Edwin of Northumbria (Bernecia); AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 620-647, English Queen, Ethelburg of Kent
England, 620-647, English Queen, Ethelburg of Kent ; Kingdom of Kent, 455-871 ; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 624-632, King of the English, Eorpwald of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 624-632, Eorpwald of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 625-655, Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655
Severn Valley, Mercia; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; Penda, King of Mercia, 626-655; Kingdom of Mercia, 527-918;

England, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan
Wales, Kingdom of Gwynedd, 450-1216; Wales, 625-634, King Caedwalla of Cwynedd (North Wales), 625-634, AKA Cadwallon ap Cadfan; Saint Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5;

England, 627-644, English Bishop, Paulinus of York
English Bishop, 627-644, Paulinus of York; St Edwin, King and Martyr, Commemorated on October 12; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18;

England, 629-634, Sigeberht of East Anglia, Rendlesham
Sigeberht of East Anglia, 629-634 ; Rendlesham; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG);

England, 630-648, Saint Felix of Burgundy and Dunwich
England, 630-648, Saint Felix of Burgundy and Dunwich; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8; Felix, the Apostle of East Anglia, was born in the Burgundy region of Gaul (now France). It was he who converted King Sigebert (September 27), King of East Anglia, while he was in exile in Gaul. He was forced to flee there, in order to save himself from the intrigues of his kinsmen. Saint Sigebert (or Sigerberht, which means 'bright victory') was summoned home to claim his ancestral crown, he invited his Spiritual Father, Saint Felix, to leave Gaul to assist him in converting his idolatrous subjects to Christianity. Saint Felix was consecrated as a bishop in 631 by Archbishop Honorius of Canterbury (September 30), who sent him to preach in East Anglia. new Bishop was quite successful in his ministry. After seventeen years.he had converted almost the entire region. He established churches, monasteries, and a school for boys with the help of King Siegbert, and Saint Felix provided him with teachers from Canterbury. Because of this, some regard him as the founder of the university of Cambridge. Saint Felix also established schools at Felixstoe and at Flixton, or Felixton. after two years, King Sigebert abdicated in favor of his cousin Egric, and entered the monastery at Cnobersburgh, now Burgh Castle in Suffolk, the monastery he had founded for Saint Fursey, or Fursa (January 16), who had lived there for about ten years. In 642, after Saint Sigebert was killed in battle against King Penda of Mercia, Saint Fursey made a pilgrimage to Rome.Then he travelled to Gaul, where he established a monastery at Lagny-sur-Marne, near Paris, around the year 644. Felix reposed in 648 and was buried at Dunwich, but his relics were transferred to Ramsey Abbey in Huntingdonshire in 971. Saint Felix has given his name to Felixstowe in Suffolk, and to Felixkirk in Yorkshire. He is mentioned by Saint Bede (History of the English Church and People, Book 3, chapters 18 and 20). was once a large city, with fifty-two religious establishments, but was gradually swallowed up by the sea. The remains of the steeples may still be seen, underwater, about five miles from shore.

England, King of the English, 632-636, Ecgric of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 632-636, Ecgric of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, 633-642, King of the English, Oswald of Northumbria, Bamburgh Castle and York, Diera
King of the English, 633-642, Oswald of Northumbria; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); St Aidan the Bishop of Lindesfarne, Commemorated on August 31 ; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, King of the English, 636-654, Queen Anna of East Anglia
England, King of the English, 636-654, Queen Anna of East Anglia; St Felix of Burgundy the Bishop of Dunwich and Enlightener of East Anglia, Commemorated on March 8;

England, King of the English, 642-670, Oswiu of Northumbria, Bamburgh Castle
King of the English, 642-670, Oswiu of Northumbria ; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, 645-688, English Saint, Ethelberga of Barking
English Saint, 645-688, Ethelberga of Barking; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11; St James the Deacon, Commemorated on October 18;

England, 654-687, Saint, Cuthbert, Melrose Abby
England, 654-687, Saint, Cuthbert; Melrose Abbey; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 663-664, Synod of Whitby, went with Rome, at Hilda's double monastery
Synod of Whitby 663-664; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672) ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 665-666, Great Plague of London
England, 665-666, Great Plague of London; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 668-710, Educator, Saint Adrian of Canterbury
England, 668-710, Educator, Saint Adrian of Canterbury; England, 668-690, Saint Theodore of Tarsus, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 670-685, King of the English, Ecgfrith of Northumbria
King of the English, 670-685, Ecgfrith of Northumbria; CUTHBERT OF LINDISFARNE, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (20 MAR 687) (now 31 AUG); Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, 672, Synod of Hertford, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 672, Synod of Hertford, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury ; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 673-735, Saint Bede
English Saint, 673-735, Bede ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735) ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 675-693, English Saint, Earconwald, Bishop of London
England, English Saint, 675-693, Earconwald, Bishop of London; Venerable Ethelburga, Commemorated on October 11;

England, 678-739, Saint, WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, from Northumbria, England
Scotland, 610-651, Saint, Irish Monk, Aidan of Lindisfarne, England; AIDAN, MISSIONARY, ABBOT, BISHOP OF LINDISFARNE (31 AUGUST 651); WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739);

England, 679, Synod of Hatfield, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, condemned monotheism
England, 679, Synod of Hatfield, Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury; St Theodore of Tarsus the Archbishop of Canterbury, Commemorated on September 19; THEODORE OF TARSUS, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (19 SEP 690);

England, 685-705, King of the English, Aldfrith of Northumbria
England, 685-705, King of the English, Aldfrith of Northumbria; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); CHAD OF LICHFIELD, (2 MAR 672); BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 700-799, 8th Century Folder, Anglo Saxons, Viking Invasions

England, 701-754, Boniface, Sacred Oak at Geismar, from Cornwall, evangelized Netherlands, France, and West Germany
BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754); nicknamed Boniface ("good deeds"), was born around 680 near Crediton in Devonshire, England. he was five, he listened to some monks who were staying at his father's house. They had returned from a mission to the pagans on the continent, and Boniface was so impressed by them that he resolved to follow their example. Although his father had intended him for a secular career, he gave way to his son's entreaties and sent him at the age of seven to a monastery school. eventually became director of the school at Nursling, in Winchester, where he wrote the first Latin grammar in England, and gave lectures that were widely copied and circulated. illumination showing Bonface baptizing, and his martyrdom thirty, he was ordained and set out to preach in Friesland (overlaps with modern Holland), whence he was soon expelled because of war between its heathen king and Charles Martel of France. after a brief withdrawal, went into Hesse and Bavaria, having secured the support of the Pope and of Charles Martel for his work there. Hesse, in the presence of a large crowd of pagans, he cut down the Sacred Oak of Geismar, a tree of immense age and girth, sacred to the god Thor. It is said that after only a few blows of his axe, the tree tottered and crashed to the ground, breaking into four pieces and revealing itself to be rotted away within. was the beginning of a highly successful missionary effort, and the planting of a vigorous Christian church in Germany, where Boniface was eventually consecrated bishop. He asked the Christian Saxons of England to support his work among their kinsmen on the continent, and they responded with money, books, supplies, and above all, with a steady supply of monks to assist him in teaching and preaching. felling the oak, from an old German book of Saints did not confine his attentions to Germany. He worked to establish cooperation between the Pope and others in Italy on the one hand and Charles and his successors in France on the other. He persuaded Carloman and Pepin, the sons of Charles, to call synods for the reform of the church in their territories, where under previous rulers bishoprics had often been sold to the highest bidder. never forgot his initial failure in Friesland, and in old age resigned his bishopric and returned to work there. Many Frisians had been converted earlier by Willibrord (another Saxon missionary from England--see 7 Nov), but had lapsed after his death. Boniface preached among them with considerable success. On June 5, the eve of Pentecost, 754, he was preparing a group of Frisians for confirmation when they were attacked and killed by heathen warriors. historian Christopher Dawson estimates that he has had a greater influence on the history of Europe than any other Englishman. Sacred Oak of Thor at Geismar;

England, 709-716, King of the English, Ceolred of Mercia
England, King of the English, 709-716, Ceolred of Mercia ; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 716-757, King of the English, Aethelbald of Mercia
England, King of the English, 716-757, Aethelbald of Mercia; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; BONIFACE, BISHOP, MISSIONARY, MARTYR (5 JUNE 754);

England, 755-804, Alcuin, Scholar and Theologian for Charlemagne
England, 755-804, Alcuin, Scholar and Theologian for Charlemagne; York; WILLIBRORD OF UTRECHT, ARCHBISHOP AND MISSIONARY (NOV 7, 739); ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804); Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ;

England, 757-796, King of the English, Offa of Mercia
England, King of the English, 757-796, Offa of Mercia; ALCUIN, DEACON, SCHOLAR, AND ABBOT OF TOURS (20 MAY 804);

England, 800-899, 9th Century Folder, Viking Invasions, Alfred the Great, Battle of Edington

England, 855-870, King of the English, Edmund of East Anglia (Edmund the Martyr)
England, King of the English, 855-870, Edmund of East Anglia (Edmund the Martyr) ; EDMUND OF EAST ANGLIA, KING AND MARTYR (20 NOV 870);

England, 869-899, Alfred the Great
Wessex, 869-899, Alfred the Great King Alfred's Victory, 878; Great Heathen Army, Great Danish Army; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 13 ;

England, 871-899, King of the English, Alphred the Great, King of Wessex
England, King of the English, 871-899, Alphred the Great, King of Wessex ; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 878, Battle of Edington, Wessex, A S Kingdom of Wessex under Alfred over Great Summer Army of Dane Grunthrum
Battle of Edington in 878; the Battle of Edington, an army of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex under Alfred the Great defeated the Great Heathen Army led by the Dane Guthrum on a date between 6 and 12 May 878, resulting in the Treaty of Wedmore later the same year. sources locate the battle at "Eðandun". Until a scholarly consensus linked the battle site with the present-day town of Edington in Wiltshire, it was known as the Battle of Ethandun. This name continues to be used. Guthrum; (c. 835 - c. 890) was King of East Anglia in the late 9th century. A native of Denmark, he was one of the leaders of the "Great Summer Army" that arrived in Reading during April 871 to join forces with the Great Danish Army, whose intentions were to conquer the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England. combined armies were successful in conquering the kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria, and overran Alfred the Great's Wessex, but were ultimately defeated by Alfred at the Battle of Edington in 878. Danes retreated to their stronghold, where Alfred laid siege and eventually Guthrum surrendered. the terms of his surrender, Guthrum was obliged to be baptised as a Christian and then leave Wessex. The subsequent Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum set out the boundaries between Alfred and Guthrum's territories, as well as agreements on peaceful trade and the weregild value of its people. treaty is seen as the foundation of the Danelaw. Guthrum ruled East Anglia under his baptismal name of Æthelstan until his death.[1] ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899); GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936;

England, 900-999, 10th Century Folder, Battle of Brunaburh, Eng. v Scot. and Ire.

England, 924-939, King of the English, Athelstan, conquered Viking York, first king of England, invaded Scotland, Brunaburh v
English King, 924-939, Athelstan; or Athelstan (c. 894 - 27 October 939) was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 924 to 927 and King of the English from 927 to 939 when he died.[a] He was the son of King Edward the Elder and his first wife, Ecgwynn. historians regard him as the first King of England and one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon kings. He never married and had no children. He was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund. Edward died in July 924, Æthelstan was accepted by the Mercians as king. His half-brother Ælfweard may have been recognised as king in Wessex, but died within three weeks of their father's death. Æthelstan encountered resistance in Wessex for several months, and was not crowned until September 925. 927 he conquered the last remaining Viking kingdom, York, making him the first Anglo-Saxon ruler of the whole of England. 934 he invaded Scotland and forced Constantine II to submit to him, but Æthelstan's rule was resented by the Scots and Vikings, and in 937 they invaded England. Æthelstan defeated them at the Battle of Brunanburh, a victory which gave him great prestige both in the British Isles and on the Continent. his death in 939 the Vikings seized back control of York, and it was not finally reconquered until 954. centralised government; he increased control over the production of charters and summoned leading figures from distant areas to his councils. These meetings were also attended by rulers from outside his territory, especially Welsh kings, who thus acknowledged his overlordship. legal texts survive from his reign than from any other 10th-century English king. They show his concern about widespread robberies, and the threat they posed to social order. His legal reforms built on those of his grandfather, Alfred the Great. was one of the most pious West Saxon kings, and was known for collecting relics and founding churches. household was the centre of English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the Benedictine monastic reform later in the century. No other West Saxon king played as important a role in European politics as Athelstan, and he arranged the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers. Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 929-988, Dunstan of Glasconbury, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 929-988, Dunstan of Glasconbury, Archbishop of Canterbury; DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 937, Battle of Brunaburh, Saxon England v Scotland and Ireland
England, 937, Battle of Brunaburh, Saxon England v Scotland and Ireland; Martyr Nectan of Hartland, Commemorated on June 17;

England, 939-946, King of the English, Edmund I, constant warfare, reconquests, killed in a brawl w outlaw
England, King of the English, 939-946, Edmund I ; I (921 - 26 May 946) was King of the English from 939 until his death. His epithets include the Elder, the Deed-doer, the Just, and the Magnificent.[2] was the son of Edward the Elder and his third wife Eadgifu of Kent, and a grandson of Alfred the Great. Edmund was a young child when his father died in 924 and was succeeded by his eldest son and Edmund's half-brother Æthelstan, who died in 939. Edmund then became king. reign was marked by almost constant warfare, including conquests or reconquests of the Midlands, Northumbria, and Strathclyde (the last of which was ceded to Malcolm I of Scotland). was killed in a brawl with an outlaw at Pucklechurch in Gloucestershire after six-and-a-half years as king. He was succeeded by his brother Eadred, who was succeeded by Edmund's sons Eadwig and then Edgar the Peaceful. DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 946-955, King of the English, Edread, won Northumbria
England, King of the English, 946-955, Edread; (also Edred, 'the Weak-in-the-Feet'[1]) (923 - 23 November 955) was King of the English from 946 until his death. He was the son of Edward the Elder and his third wife Eadgifu of Kent, and a grandson of Alfred the Great. Eadred came to the throne following the assassination of his older brother, Edmund I. chief achievement of his reign was to bring the Kingdom of Northumbria under total English control, which occurred with the defeat and expulsion of Eric Bloodaxe in 954. died at the age of 32 having never married, and was succeeded by his 15-year-old nephew, Eadwig. DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 955-959, King of the English, Eadwig (Edwy), disputes with nobles and church, premature death
England, King of the English, 955-959, Eadwig ; also spelled Edwy or Eadwige (c. 940 - October 959), sometimes called the All-Fair,[2] was King of the English from 955 until his premature death. elder son of Edmund I and Alfgifu of Shaftesbury, Eadwig became king in 955 aged 15 following the death of his uncle Eadred. short reign was tarnished by disputes with nobles and men of the church, including Archbishops Dunstan and Oda. He died in 959, having ruled less than four years. He was buried in the capital Winchester. His brother Edgar the Peaceful succeeded him. DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 959-975, King of the English, Edgar the Peaceful, unity, relative stability, advisor Dunstan
England, King of the English, 959-975, Edgar the Peaceful; (c. 943 – 8 July 975), known as the Peaceful or the Peaceable, was King of the English from 959 until his death. He was the younger son of Edmund I and Alfgifu of Shaftesbury, and came to the throne as a teenager, following the death of his older brother Eadwig. king, Edgar further consolidated the political unity achieved by his predecessors, with his reign being noted for its relative stability. most trusted advisor was Dunstan, whom he recalled from exile and made Archbishop of Canterbury. The pinnacle of Edgar's reign was his coronation at Bath in 973, which was organised by Dunstan and forms the basis for the current coronation ceremony. After his death he was succeeded by his son Edward, although the succession was disputed. ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 973, Council of Winchester, Regularis Concordia (Winchester)
England, 973, Council of Winchester, Regularis Concordia (Winchester); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988) ;

England, 975-978, King of the English, Edward the Martyr
England, King of the English, 975-978, Edward the Martyr; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 978-1016, King of the English, Ethelred the Unready
England, King of the English, 978-1016, Ethelred the Unready ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012); DUNSTAN OF CANTERBURY, MONK AND ARCHBISHOP (19 MAY 988;

England, 1000-1699, Folder 11th - 17th Century, Normans or Vikings

England, 1000-1099, London, 11th Century History Folder, Viking, William the Conqueror, King of England and Normandy

England, 1013-1014, King of England, Swein Forkbeard
England, 1013-1014, King of England, Swein Forkbeard ; ALPHEGE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, MARTYR (19 APR 1012);

England, 1014-1016, King of England, Aethelred the Unready
England, 1014-1016, King of England, Aethelred the Unready ;

England, 1016-1016, King of England, Edmund Ironside, Valourous, resisted the Danes
England, 1016-1016, King of England, Edmund Ironside; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ;

England, 1016-1035, King of England, Cnut the Great
England, 1016-1035, King of England, Cnut the Great ; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1035-1040, King of England, Harold Harefoot
England, 1035-1040, King of England, Harold Harefoot ; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1040-1042, King of England, Harthacnut
England, 1040-1042, King of England, Harthacnut; St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1042-1066, King of England, Edward the Confessor, Anglo Saxon
England, 1042-1066, King of England, Edward the Confessor; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); St Brihtwald of Wilton, Commemorated on January 22;

England, 1062-1095, Saint of England, Wulfstan of Worchester
England, 1062-1095, Saint of England, Wulfstan of Worchester; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King
England, 1066-1087, King of England, William the Conqueror, Norman King ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093); ANSELM OF CANTERBURY, MONK, ARCHBISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (21 APR 1109); WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1087-1100, King of England, William II of England
England, 1087-1100, King of England, William II of England; WULFSTAN OF WORCESTER, BISHOP (19 JAN 1095);

England, 1100-1199, London, 12th Century History Folder, Third Crusade, Richard the Lion Heart, King John

England, 1101-1135, King of England, Henry I of England, son of Conqueror, fought with b and french kings for Normandy, harsh but effective
England, 1100-1135, King of England, Henry I of England; I (c. 1068 – 1 December 1135), also known as Henry Beauclerc, was King of England from 1100 to his death in 1135. was the fourth son of William the Conqueror and was educated in Latin and the liberal arts. William's death in 1087, Henry's elder brothers Robert Curthose and William Rufus inherited Normandy and England, respectively, Henry was left landless. He purchased the County of Cotentin in western Normandy from Robert, but his brothers deposed him in 1091. He gradually rebuilt his power base in the Cotentin and allied himself with William against Robert. at the place where his brother William died in a hunting accident in 1100, Henry seized the English throne, promising at his coronation to correct many of William's less popular policies. married Matilda of Scotland and they had two surviving children, William Adelin and Empress Matilda; he also had many illegitimate children by his many mistresses. who invaded in 1101, disputed Henry's control of England; this military campaign ended in a negotiated settlement that confirmed Henry as king. peace was short-lived, and Henry invaded the Duchy of Normandy in 1105 and 1106, finally defeating Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray. kept Robert imprisoned for the rest of his life. Henry's control of Normandy was challenged by Louis VI of France, Baldwin VII of Flanders and Fulk V of Anjou, who promoted the rival claims of Robert's son, William Clito, and supported a major rebellion in the Duchy between 1116 and 1119. Following Henry's victory at the Battle of Brémule, a favourable peace settlement was agreed with Louis in 1120. by contemporaries to be a harsh but effective ruler, Henry skillfully manipulated the barons in England and Normandy. England, he drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxation, but also strengthened it with additional institutions, including the royal exchequer and itinerant justices. was also governed through a growing system of justices and an exchequer. Many of the officials who ran Henry's system were "new men" of obscure backgrounds, rather than from families of high status, who rose through the ranks as administrators. encouraged ecclesiastical reform, but became embroiled in a serious dispute in 1101 with Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury, which was resolved through a compromise solution in 1105. supported the Cluniac order and played a major role in the selection of the senior clergy in England and Normandy. son William drowned in the White Ship disaster of 1120, throwing the royal succession into doubt. took a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, in the hope of having another son, but their marriage was childless. response to this, he declared his daughter Matilda his heir and married her to Geoffrey of Anjou. relationship between Henry and the couple became strained, and fighting broke out along the border with Anjou. Henry died on 1 December 1135 after a week of illness. his plans for Matilda, the king was succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Blois, resulting in a period of civil war known as the Anarchy. 1 Early life, 1068–1099 1.1 Childhood and appearance, 1068–86 1.2 Inheritance, 1087–88 1.3 Count of the Cotentin, 1088–90 1.4 Fall and rise, 1091–99 2 Early reign, 1100–06 2.1 Taking the throne, 1100 2.2 Marriage to Matilda, 1100 2.3 Treaty of Alton, 1101–02 2.4 Conquest of Normandy, 1103–06 3 Government, family and household 3.1 Government, law and court 3.2 Relations with the Church 4 Later reign, 1107–35 4.1 Continental and Welsh politics, 1108–14 4.2 Rebellion, 1115–20 4.3 Succession crisis, 1120–24 4.4 Planning the succession, 1125–34 5 Death and legacy 5.1 Death 5.2 Historiography 6 Family and children 6.1 Legitimate 6.2 Illegitimate 6.3 Family tree 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography life, 1068–1099[edit] and appearance, 1068–86[edit] was probably born in England in 1068, in either the summer or the last weeks of the year, possibly in the town of Selby in Yorkshire.[1][nb 1] His father was William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy who had invaded England in 1066 to become the king of England, establishing lands stretching into Wales. The invasion had created an Anglo-Norman ruling class, many with estates on both sides of the English Channel.[2] These Anglo-Norman barons typically had close links to the Kingdom of France, which was then a loose collection of counties and smaller polities, under only the nominal control of the king.[3] Henry's mother, Matilda of Flanders, was the granddaughter of Robert II of France, and she probably named Henry after her uncle, King Henry I of France.[4] was the youngest of William and Matilda's four sons. Physically he resembled his older brothers Robert Curthose, Richard and William Rufus, being, as historian David Carpenter describes, "short, stocky and barrel-chested," with black hair.[5] As a result of their age differences and Richard's early death, Henry would have probably seen relatively little of his older brothers.[6] He probably knew his sister Adela well, as the two were close in age.[7] There is little documentary evidence for his early years; historians Warren Hollister and Kathleen Thompson suggest he was brought up predominantly in England, while Judith Green argues he was initially brought up in the Duchy.[8][nb 2] He was probably educated by the Church, possibly by Bishop Osmund, the King's chancellor, at Salisbury Cathedral; it is uncertain if this indicated an intent by his parents for Henry to become a member of the clergy.[10][nb 3] It is also uncertain how far Henry's education extended, but he was probably able to read Latin and had some background in the liberal arts.[11] He was given military training by an instructor called Robert Achard, and Henry was knighted by his father on 24 May 1086.[12] 1087–88[edit] century picture ------------------13th-century depiction of Henry 1087, William was fatally injured during a campaign in the Vexin.[13] Henry joined his dying father near Rouen in September, where the King partitioned his possessions among his sons.[14] The rules of succession in western Europe at the time were uncertain; in some parts of France, primogeniture, in which the eldest son would inherit a title, was growing in popularity.[15] In other parts of Europe, including Normandy and England, the tradition was for lands to be divided, with the eldest son taking patrimonial lands – usually considered to be the most valuable – and younger sons given smaller, or more recently acquired, partitions or estates.[15] dividing his lands, William appears to have followed the Norman tradition, distinguishing between Normandy, which he had inherited, and England, which he had acquired through war.[16] William's second son, Richard, had died in a hunting accident, leaving Henry and his two brothers to inherit William's estate. Robert, the eldest, despite being in armed rebellion against his father at the time of his death, received Normandy.[17] England was given to William Rufus, who was in favour with the dying king.[17] Henry was given a large sum of money, usually reported as £5,000, with the expectation that he would also be given his mother's modest set of lands in Buckinghamshire and Gloucestershire.[18][nb 4] William's funeral at Caen was marred by angry complaints from a local man, and Henry may have been responsible for resolving the dispute by buying off the protester with silver.[20] returned to Normandy, expecting to have been given both the Duchy and England, to find that William Rufus had crossed the Channel and been crowned king.[21] The two brothers disagreed fundamentally over the inheritance, and Robert soon began to plan an invasion of England to seize the kingdom, helped by a rebellion by some of the leading nobles against William Rufus.[22] Henry remained in Normandy and took up a role within Robert's court, possibly either because he was unwilling to side openly with William Rufus, or because Robert might have taken the opportunity to confiscate Henry's inherited money if he had tried to leave.[21][nb 5] William Rufus sequestered Henry's new estates in England, leaving Henry landless.[24] 1088, Robert's plans for the invasion of England began to falter, and he turned to Henry, proposing that his brother lend him some of his inheritance, which Henry refused.[25] Henry and Robert then came to an alternative arrangement, in which Robert would make Henry the count of western Normandy, in exchange for £3,000.[25][nb 6] Henry's lands were a new countship created by a delegation of the ducal authority in the Cotentin, but it extended across the Avranchin, with control over the bishoprics of both.[27] This also gave Henry influence over two major Norman leaders, Hugh d'Avranches and Richard de Redvers, and the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel, whose lands spread out further across the Duchy.[28] Robert's invasion force failed to leave Normandy, leaving William Rufus secure in England.[29] of the Cotentin, 1088–90[edit] of Bishop Odo (wielding club at centre) who imprisoned Henry from 1088–89. From the Bayeux Tapestry. Henry quickly established himself as count, building up a network of followers from western Normandy and eastern Brittany, whom historian John Le Patourel has characterised as "Henry's gang".[30] His early supporters included Roger of Mandeville, Richard of Redvers, Richard d'Avranches and Robert Fitzhamon, along with the churchman Roger of Salisbury.[31] Robert attempted to go back on his deal with Henry and re-appropriate the county, but Henry's grip was already sufficiently firm to prevent this.[32] Robert's rule of the duchy was chaotic, and parts of Henry's lands became almost independent of central control from Rouen.[33] this period, neither William nor Robert seems to have trusted Henry.[34] Waiting until the rebellion against William Rufus was safely over, Henry returned to England in July 1088.[35] He met with the King but was unable to persuade him to grant him their mother's estates, and travelled back to Normandy in the autumn.[36] While he had been away, however, Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, who regarded Henry as a potential competitor, had convinced Robert that Henry was conspiring against the duke with William Rufus.[37] On landing, Odo seized Henry and imprisoned him in Neuilly-la-Forêt, and Robert took back the county of the Cotentin.[38] Henry was held there over the winter, but in the spring of 1089 the senior elements of the Normandy nobility prevailed upon Robert to release him.[39] no longer formally the Count of Cotentin, Henry continued to control the west of Normandy.[40] The struggle between his brothers continued. William Rufus continued to put down resistance to his rule in England, but began to build a number of alliances against Robert with barons in Normandy and neighbouring Ponthieu.[41] Robert allied himself with Philip I of France.[42] In late 1090 William Rufus encouraged Conan Pilatus, a powerful burgher in Rouen, to rebel against Robert; Conan was supported by most of Rouen and made appeals to the neighbouring ducal garrisons to switch allegiance as well.[43] issued an appeal for help to his barons, and Henry was the first to arrive in Rouen in November.[44] Violence broke out, leading to savage, confused street fighting as both sides attempted to take control of the city.[44] Robert and Henry left the castle to join the battle, but Robert then retreated, leaving Henry to continue the fighting.[45] The battle turned in favour of the ducal forces and Henry took Conan prisoner.[45] Henry was angry that Conan had turned against his feudal lord. He had him taken to the top of Rouen Castle and then, despite Conan's offers to pay a huge ransom, threw him off the top of the castle to his death.[46] Contemporaries considered Henry to have acted appropriately in making an example of Conan, and Henry became famous for his exploits in the battle.[47] and rise, 1091–99[edit] of Mont St Michel ----------------- Mont Saint-Michel, site of the 1091 siege the aftermath, Robert forced Henry to leave Rouen, probably because Henry's role in the fighting had been more prominent than his own, and possibly because Henry had asked to be formally reinstated as the count of the Cotentin.[48] In early 1091, William Rufus invaded Normandy with a sufficiently large army to bring Robert to the negotiating table.[49] The two brothers signed a treaty at Rouen, granting William Rufus a range of lands and castles in Normandy. In return, William Rufus promised to support Robert's attempts to regain control of the neighbouring county of Maine, once under Norman control, and help in regaining control over the duchy, including Henry's lands.[49] They nominated each other as heirs to England and Normandy, excluding Henry from any succession while either one of them lived.[50] now broke out between Henry and his brothers.[51] Henry mobilised a mercenary army in the west of Normandy, but as William Rufus and Robert's forces advanced, his network of baronial support melted away.[52] Henry focused his remaining forces at Mont Saint-Michel, where he was besieged, probably in March 1091.[53] The site was easy to defend, but lacked fresh water.[54] The chronicler William of Malmesbury suggested that when Henry's water ran short, Robert allowed his brother fresh supplies, leading to remonstrations between Robert and William Rufus.[55] The events of the final days of the siege are unclear: the besiegers had begun to argue about the future strategy for the campaign, but Henry then abandoned Mont Saint-Michel, probably as part of a negotiated surrender.[56][nb 7] He left for Brittany and crossed over into France.[57] next steps are not well documented; one chronicler, Orderic Vitalis, suggests that he travelled in the French Vexin, along the Normandy border, for over a year with a small band of followers.[58] By the end of the year, Robert and William Rufus had fallen out once again, and the Treaty of Rouen had been abandoned.[59] In 1092, Henry and his followers seized the Normandy town of Domfront.[60] Domfront had previously been controlled by Robert of Bellême, but the inhabitants disliked his rule and invited Henry to take over the town, which he did in a bloodless coup.[61] Over the next two years, Henry re-established his network of supporters across western Normandy, forming what Judith Green terms a "court in waiting".[62] By 1094, he was allocating lands and castles to his followers as if he were the Duke of Normandy.[63] William Rufus began to support Henry with money, encouraging his campaign against Robert, and Henry used some of this to construct a substantial castle at Domfront.[64] Rufus crossed into Normandy to take the war to Robert in 1094, and when progress stalled, called upon Henry for assistance.[65] Henry responded, but travelled to London instead of joining the main campaign further east in Normandy, possibly at the request of the King, who in any event abandoned the campaign and returned to England.[66][nb 8] Over the next few years, Henry appears to have strengthened his power base in western Normandy, visiting England occasionally to attend at William Rufus's court.[68] In 1095 Pope Urban II called the First Crusade, encouraging knights from across Europe to join.[67] Robert joined the Crusade, borrowing money from William Rufus to do so, and granting the King temporary custody of his part of the Duchy in exchange.[69] The King appeared confident of regaining the remainder of Normandy from Robert, and Henry appeared ever closer to William Rufus. They campaigned together in the Norman Vexin between 1097 and 1098.[70] reign, 1100–06[edit] the throne, 1100[edit] Pontificals --------------A 17th-century manuscript drawing of Henry's coronation. the afternoon of 2 August 1100, King William went hunting in the New Forest, accompanied by a team of huntsmen and a number of the Norman nobility, including Henry.[71] An arrow, possibly shot by the baron Walter Tirel, hit and killed William Rufus.[72] Numerous conspiracy theories have been put forward suggesting that the King was killed deliberately; most modern historians reject these, as hunting was a risky activity, and such accidents were common.[73][nb 9] Chaos broke out, and Tirel fled the scene for France, either because he had shot the fatal arrow, or because he had been incorrectly accused and feared that he would be made a scapegoat for the King's death.[72] rode to Winchester, where an argument ensued as to who now had the best claim to the throne.[75] William of Breteuil championed the rights of Robert, who was still abroad, returning from the Crusade, and to whom Henry and the barons had given homage in previous years.[76] Henry argued that, unlike Robert, he had been born to a reigning king and queen, thereby giving him a claim under the right of porphyrogeniture.[77] Tempers flared, but Henry, supported by Henry de Beaumont and Robert of Meulan, held sway and persuaded the barons to follow him.[78] He occupied Winchester Castle and seized the royal treasury.[79] was hastily crowned king in Westminster Abbey on 5 August by Maurice, the bishop of London, as Anselm, the archbishop of Canterbury, had been exiled by William Rufus, and Thomas, the archbishop of York, was in the north of England at Ripon.[80] In accordance with English tradition and in a bid to legitimise his rule, Henry issued a coronation charter laying out various commitments.[81] The new king presented himself as having restored order to a trouble-torn country.[82] He announced that he would abandon William Rufus's policies towards the Church, which had been seen as oppressive by the clergy; he promised to prevent royal abuses of the barons' property rights, and assured a return to the gentler customs of Edward the Confessor; he asserted that he would "establish a firm peace" across England and ordered "that this peace shall henceforth be kept".[83] addition to his existing circle of supporters, many of whom were richly rewarded with new lands, Henry quickly co-opted many of the existing administration into his new royal household.[84] William Giffard, William Rufus's chancellor, was made the bishop of Winchester, and the prominent sheriffs Urse d'Abetot, Haimo Dapifer and Robert Fitzhamon continued to play a senior role in government.[84] By contrast, the unpopular Ranulf Flambard, the bishop of Durham and a key member of the previous regime, was imprisoned in the Tower of London and charged with corruption.[85] The late king had left many Church positions unfilled, and Henry set about nominating candidates to these, in an effort to build further support for his new government.[86] The appointments needed to be consecrated, and Henry wrote to Anselm, apologising for having been crowned while the archbishop was still in France and asking him to return at once.[87] to Matilda, 1100[edit] ------------Picture of Matilda first wife, Matilda of Scotland 11 November 1100 Henry married Matilda, the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland.[88] Henry was now around 31 years old, but late marriages for noblemen were not unusual in the 11th century.[89] The pair had probably first met earlier the previous decade, possibly being introduced through Bishop Osmund of Salisbury.[90] Historian Warren Hollister argues that Henry and Matilda were emotionally close, but their union was also certainly politically motivated.[91][nb 10] Matilda had originally been named Edith, an Anglo-Saxon name, and was a member of the West Saxon royal family, being the niece of Edgar the Ætheling, the great-granddaughter of Edmund Ironside and a descendant of Alfred the Great.[93] For Henry, marrying Matilda gave his reign increased legitimacy, and for Matilda, an ambitious woman, it was an opportunity for high status and power in England.[94] had been educated in a sequence of convents, however, and may well have taken the vows to formally become a nun, which formed an obstacle to the marriage progressing.[95] She did not wish to be a nun and appealed to Anselm for permission to marry Henry, and the Archbishop established a council at Lambeth Palace to judge the issue.[95] Despite some dissenting voices, the council concluded that although Matilda had lived in a convent, she had not actually become a nun and was therefore free to marry, a judgement that Anselm then affirmed, allowing the marriage to proceed.[95][nb 11] Matilda proved an effective queen for Henry, acting as a regent in England on occasion, addressing and presiding over councils, and extensively supporting the arts.[97] The couple soon had two children, Matilda, born in 1102, and William Adelin, born in 1103; it is possible that they also had a second son, Richard, who died young.[98][nb 12] Following the birth of these children, Matilda preferred to remain based in Westminster while Henry travelled across England and Normandy, either for religious reasons or because she enjoyed being involved in the machinery of royal governance.[100] had a considerable sexual appetite and enjoyed a substantial number of sexual partners, resulting in many illegitimate children, at least nine sons and 13 daughters, many of whom he appears to have recognised and supported.[101] It was normal for unmarried Anglo-Norman noblemen to have sexual relations with prostitutes and local women, and kings were also expected to have mistresses.[102][nb 13] Some of these relationships occurred before Henry was married, but many others took place after his marriage to Matilda.[103] Henry had a wide range of mistresses from a range of backgrounds, and the relationships appear to have been conducted relatively openly.[100] He may have chosen some of his noble mistresses for political purposes, but the evidence to support this theory is limited.[104] of Alton, 1101–02[edit] of Henry -----------Early 14th-century depiction of Henry early 1101, Henry's new regime was established and functioning, but many of the Anglo-Norman elite still supported his brother Robert, or would be prepared to switch sides if Robert appeared likely to gain power in England.[105] In February, Flambard escaped from the Tower of London and crossed the Channel to Normandy, where he injected fresh direction and energy to Robert's attempts to mobilise an invasion force.[106] By July, Robert had formed an army and a fleet, ready to move against Henry in England.[107] Raising the stakes in the conflict, Henry seized Flambard's lands and, with the support of Anselm, Flambard was removed from his position as bishop.[108] The King held court in April and June, where the nobility renewed their oaths of allegiance to him, but their support still appeared partial and shaky.[109] the invasion imminent, Henry mobilised his forces and fleet outside Pevensey, close to Robert's anticipated landing site, training some of them personally in how to counter cavalry charges.[110] Despite English levies and knights owing military service to the Church arriving in considerable numbers, many of his barons did not appear.[111] Anselm intervened with some of the doubters, emphasising the religious importance of their loyalty to Henry.[112] Robert unexpectedly landed further up the coast at Portsmouth on 20 July with a modest force of a few hundred men, but these were quickly joined by many of the barons in England.[113] However, instead of marching into nearby Winchester and seizing Henry's treasury, Robert paused, giving Henry time to march west and intercept the invasion force.[114] two armies met at Alton, Hampshire, where peace negotiations began, possibly initiated by either Henry or Robert, and probably supported by Flambard.[114] The brothers then agreed to the Treaty of Alton, under which Robert released Henry from his oath of homage and recognised him as king; Henry renounced his claims on western Normandy, except for Domfront, and agreed to pay Robert £2,000 a year for life; if either brother died without a male heir, the other would inherit his lands; the barons whose lands had been seized by either the King or the Duke for supporting his rival would have them returned, and Flambard would be reinstated as bishop; the two brothers would campaign together to defend their territories in Normandy.[115][nb 14] Robert remained in England for a few months more with Henry before returning to Normandy.[117] the treaty, Henry set about inflicting severe penalties on the barons who had stood against him during the invasion.[118] William de Warenne, the Earl of Surrey, was accused of fresh crimes, which were not covered by the Alton amnesty, and was banished from England.[119] In 1102 Henry then turned against Robert of Bellême and his brothers, the most powerful of the barons, accusing him of 45 different offences.[120] Robert escaped and took up arms against Henry.[121] Henry besieged Robert's castles at Arundel, Tickhill and Shrewsbury Castles, pushing down into the south-west to attack Bridgnorth.[122] His power base in England broken, Robert accepted Henry's offer of banishment and left the country for Normandy.[123] of Normandy, 1103–06[edit] of Tinchebray ------The village of Tinchebray in 2008 network of allies in Normandy became stronger during 1103.[124] He arranged the marriages of his illegitimate daughters, Juliane and Matilda, to Eustace of Breteuil and Rotrou III, Count of Perche, respectively, the latter union securing the Norman border.[125] Henry attempted to win over other members of the Norman nobility and gave other English estates and lucrative offers to key Norman lords.[126] Duke Robert continued to fight Robert of Bellême, but the Duke's position worsened, until by 1104, he had to ally himself formally with Bellême to survive.[127] Arguing that the Duke had broken the terms of their treaty, the King crossed over the Channel to Domfront, where he met with senior barons from across Normandy, eager to ally themselves with him.[128] He confronted the Duke and accused him of siding with his enemies, before returning to England.[129] continued to disintegrate into chaos.[130] In 1105, Henry sent his friend Robert Fitzhamon and a force of knights into the Duchy, apparently to provoke a confrontation with Duke Robert.[131] Fitzhamon was captured, and Henry used this as an excuse to invade, promising to restore peace and order.[130] Henry had the support of most of the neighbouring counts around Normandy's borders, and King Philip of France was persuaded to remain neutral.[132] Henry occupied western Normandy, and advanced east on Bayeux, where Fitzhamon was held.[133] The city refused to surrender, and Henry besieged it, burning it to the ground.[133] Terrified of meeting the same fate, the town of Caen switched sides and surrendered, allowing Henry to advance on Falaise, Calvados, which he took with some casualties.[134] His campaign stalled, and the King instead began peace discussions with Robert.[135] The negotiations were inconclusive and the fighting dragged on until Christmas, when Henry returned to England.[136] invaded again in July 1106, hoping to provoke a decisive battle.[137] After some initial tactical successes, he turned south-west towards the castle of Tinchebray.[138] He besieged the castle and Duke Robert, supported by Robert of Bellême, advanced from Falaise to relieve it.[138] After attempts at negotiation failed, the Battle of Tinchebray took place, probably on 28 September.[139][nb 15] The battle lasted around an hour, and began with a charge by Duke Robert's cavalry; the infantry and dismounted knights of both sides then joined the battle.[141] Henry's reserves, led by Elias I, Count of Maine, and Alan IV, Duke of Brittany, attacked the enemy's flanks, routing first Bellême's troops and then the bulk of the ducal forces.[142] Duke Robert was taken prisoner, but Bellême escaped.[142] mopped up the remaining resistance in Normandy, and Duke Robert ordered his last garrisons to surrender.[143] Reaching Rouen, Henry reaffirmed the laws and customs of Normandy and took homage from the leading barons and citizens.[144] The lesser prisoners taken at Tinchebray were released, but the Duke and several other leading nobles were imprisoned indefinitely.[145] The Duke's son, William Clito, was only three years old and was released to the care of Helias of Saint-Saens, a Norman baron.[146] Henry reconciled himself with Robert of Bellême, who gave up the ducal lands he had seized and rejoined the royal court.[147] Henry had no way of legally removing the Duchy from his brother, and initially Henry avoided using the title "duke" at all, emphasising that, as the King of England, he was only acting as the guardian of the troubled Duchy.[148] family and household[edit] Government, law and court[edit] Henry's royal seal, showing the King on horseback (l) and seated on his throne (r) information on English government during this period: England in the Middle Ages § High Middle Ages (1066–1272) inherited the kingdom of England from William Rufus, giving him a claim of suzerainty over Wales and Scotland, and acquired the Duchy of Normandy, a complex entity with troubled borders.[149] The borders between England and Scotland were still uncertain during Henry's reign, with Anglo-Norman influence pushing northwards through Cumbria, but his relationship with King David I of Scotland was generally good, partially due to Henry's marriage to his sister.[150] In Wales, Henry used his power to coerce and charm the indigenous Welsh princes, while Norman Marcher Lords pushed across the valleys of South Wales.[151] Normandy was controlled via various interlocking networks of ducal, ecclesiastical and family contacts, backed by a growing string of important ducal castles along the borders.[152] Alliances and relationships with neighbouring counties along the Norman border were particularly important to maintaining the stability of the Duchy.[153] ruled through the various barons and lords in England and Normandy, whom he manipulated skilfully for political effect.[154] Political friendships, termed amicitia in Latin, were important during the 12th century, and Henry maintained a wide range of these, mediating between his friends in various factions across his realm when necessary, and rewarding those who were loyal to him.[155] He also had a reputation for punishing those barons who stood against him, and he maintained an effective network of informers and spies who reported to him on events.[156] Henry was a harsh, firm ruler, but not excessively so by the standards of the day.[157] Over time, he increased the degree of his control over the barons, removing his enemies and bolstering his friends until the "reconstructed baronage", as historian Warren Hollister describes it, was predominantly loyal and dependent on the King.[158] itinerant royal court comprised various parts.[159] At the heart was his domestic household, called the domus; a wider grouping was termed the familia regis, and formal gatherings of the court were termed curia.[160] The domus was divided into several parts. The chapel, headed by the chancellor, looked after the royal documents, the chamber dealt with financial affairs and the master-marshal was responsible for travel and accommodation.[161] The familia regis included Henry's mounted household troops, up to several hundred strong, who came from a wider range of social backgrounds, and could be deployed across England and Normandy as required.[162] Initially Henry continued his father's practice of regular crown-wearing ceremonies at his curia, but they became less frequent as the years passed.[163] Henry's court was grand and ostentatious, financing the construction of large new buildings and castles with a range of precious gifts on display, including his private menagerie of exotic animals, which he kept at Woodstock Palace.[164] Despite being a lively community, Henry's court was more tightly controlled than those of previous kings.[165] Strict rules controlled personal behaviour and prohibited members of the court from pillaging neighbouring villages, as had been the norm under William Rufus.[165] was responsible for a substantial expansion of the royal justice system.[166][nb 16] In England, Henry drew on the existing Anglo-Saxon system of justice, local government and taxes, but strengthened it with additional central governmental institutions.[168] Roger of Salisbury began to develop the royal exchequer after 1110, using it to collect and audit revenues from the King's sheriffs in the shires.[169] Itinerant justices began to emerge under Henry, travelling around the country managing eyre courts, and many more laws were formally recorded.[170] Henry gathered increasing revenue from the expansion of royal justice, both from fines and from fees.[171] The first Pipe Roll that is known to have survived dates from 1130, recording royal expenditures.[172] Henry reformed the coinage in 1107, 1108 and in 1125, inflicting harsh corporal punishments to English coiners who had been found guilty of debasing the currency.[173][nb 17] In Normandy, he restored law and order after 1106, operating through a body of Norman justices and an exchequer system similar to that in England.[175] Norman institutions grew in scale and scope under Henry, although less quickly than in England.[176] Many of the officials that ran Henry's system were termed "new men", relatively low-born individuals who rose through the ranks as administrators, managing justice or the royal revenues.[177][nb 18] with the Church[edit] information on religion in England during this period: Religion in Medieval England and the King[edit] of seal seal of Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury ability to govern was intimately bound up with the Church, which formed the key to the administration of both England and Normandy, and this relationship changed considerably over the course of his reign.[179] William the Conqueror had reformed the English Church with the support of his Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc, who became a close colleague and advisor to the King.[180][nb 19] Under William Rufus this arrangement had collapsed, the King and Archbishop Anselm had become estranged and Anselm had gone into exile. Henry also believed in Church reform, but on taking power in England he became embroiled in the investiture controversy.[182] argument concerned who should invest a new bishop with his staff and ring: traditionally, this had been carried out by the King in a symbolic demonstration of royal power, but Pope Urban II had condemned this practice in 1099, arguing that only the papacy could carry out this task, and declaring that the clergy should not give homage to their local temporal rulers.[183] Anselm returned to England from exile in 1100 having heard Urban's pronouncement, and informed Henry that he would be complying with the Pope's wishes.[184] Henry was in a difficult position. On one hand, the symbolism and homage was important to him; on the other hand, he needed Anselm's support in his struggle with his brother Duke Robert.[185] stuck firmly to the letter of the papal decree, despite Henry's attempts to persuade him to give way in return for a vague assurance of a future royal compromise.[186] Matters escalated, with Anselm going back into exile and Henry confiscating the revenues of his estates. Anselm threatened excommunication, and in July 1105 the two men finally negotiated a solution.[187] A distinction was drawn between the secular and ecclesiastical powers of the prelates, under which Henry gave up his right to invest his clergy, but retained the custom of requiring them to come and do homage for the temporalities, the landed properties they held in England.[188] Despite this argument, the pair worked closely together, combining to deal with Duke Robert's invasion of 1101, for example, and holding major reforming councils in 1102 and 1108.[189] long-running dispute between the Archbishops of Canterbury and York flared up under Anselm's successor, Ralph d'Escures.[190] Canterbury, traditionally the senior of the two establishments, had long argued that the Archbishop of York should formally promise to obey their Archbishop, but York argued that the two episcopates were independent within the English Church and that no such promise was necessary. Henry supported the primacy of Canterbury, to ensure that England remained under a single ecclesiastical administration, but the Pope preferred the case of York.[190] The matter was complicated by Henry's personal friendship with Thurstan, the Archbishop of York, and the King's desire that the case should not end up in a papal court, beyond royal control.[190] Henry needed the support of the Papacy in his struggle with Louis of France, however, and therefore allowed Thurstan to attend the Council of Rheims in 1119, where Thurstan was then consecrated by the Pope with no mention of any duty towards Canterbury.[191] Henry believed that this went against assurances Thurstan had previously made and exiled him from England until the King and Archbishop came to a negotiated solution the following year.[192] after the investiture dispute, Henry continued to play a major role in the selection of new English and Norman bishops and archbishops.[193] He appointed many of his officials to bishoprics and, as historian Martin Brett suggests, "some of his officers could look forward to a mitre with all but absolute confidence".[194] Henry's chancellors, and those of his queens, became bishops of Durham, Hereford, London, Lincoln, Winchester and Salisbury.[195] Henry increasingly drew on a wider range of these bishops as advisors – particularly Roger of Salisbury – breaking with the earlier tradition of relying primarily on the Archbishop of Canterbury.[196] The result was a cohesive body of administrators through which Henry could exercise careful influence, holding general councils to discuss key matters of policy.[197] This stability shifted slightly after 1125, when he began to inject a wider range of candidates into the senior positions of the Church, often with more reformist views, and the impact of this generation would be felt in the years after Henry's death.[198] beliefs and piety[edit] of Reading Abbey ruined chapter house of Reading Abbey in 2008 other rulers of the period, Henry donated to the Church and patronised various religious communities, but contemporary chroniclers did not consider him an unusually pious king.[199] His personal beliefs and piety may, however, have developed during the course of his life. Henry had always taken an interest in religion, but in his later years he may have become much more concerned about spiritual affairs.[200] If so, the major shifts in his thinking would appear to have occurred after 1120, when his son William Adelin died, and 1129, when his daughter's marriage teetered on the verge of collapse.[201][nb 20] a proponent of religious reform, Henry gave extensively to reformist groups within the Church.[203] He was a keen supporter of the Cluniac order, probably for intellectual reasons.[204] He donated money to the abbey at Cluny itself, and after 1120 gave generously to Reading Abbey, a Cluniac establishment.[204] Construction on Reading began in 1121, and Henry endowed it with rich lands and extensive privileges, making it a symbol of his dynastic lines.[205] He also focused effort on promoting the conversion of communities of clerks into Augustinian canons, the foundation of leper hospitals, expanding the provision of nunneries, and the charismatic orders of the Savigniacs and Tironensians.[206] He was an avid collector of relics, sending an embassy to Constantinople in 1118 to collect Byzantine items, some of which were donated to Reading Abbey.[207] reign, 1107–35[edit] and Welsh politics, 1108–14[edit] faced an increased threat from France, Anjou and Flanders after 1108.[208] King Louis VI succeeded to the French throne in 1108 and began to reassert central royal power.[208] Louis demanded Henry give homage to him and that two disputed castles along the Normandy border be placed into the control of neutral castellans.[209] Henry refused, and Louis responded by mobilising an army.[210] After some arguments, the two kings negotiated a truce and retreated without fighting, leaving the underlying issues unresolved.[210][nb 21] Fulk V assumed power in Anjou in 1109 and began to rebuild Angevin authority.[212] He inherited the county of Maine, but refused to recognise Henry as his feudal lord and instead allied himself with Louis.[213] Robert II of Flanders also briefly joined the alliance, before his death in 1111.[214] of coin coin of Henry's rival, Louis VI of France 1108, Henry betrothed his six-year-old daughter, Matilda, to Henry V, the future Holy Roman Emperor.[215] For King Henry, this was a prestigious match; for Henry V, it was an opportunity to restore his financial situation and fund an expedition to Italy, as he received a dowry of £6,666 from England and Normandy.[216][nb 22] Raising this money proved challenging, and required the implementation of a special "aid", or tax, in England.[218] Matilda was crowned German queen in 1110.[219] responded to the French and Angevin threat by expanding his own network of supporters beyond the Norman borders.[220] Some Norman barons deemed unreliable were arrested or dispossessed, and Henry used their forfeited estates to bribe his potential allies in the neighbouring territories, in particular Maine.[221] Around 1110, Henry attempted to arrest the young William Clito, but William's mentors moved him to the safety of Flanders before he could be taken.[222] At about this time, Henry probably began to style himself as the duke of Normandy.[223][nb 23] Robert of Bellême turned against Henry once again, and when he appeared at Henry's court in 1112 in a new role as a French ambassador, he was arrested and imprisoned.[225] broke out in France and Anjou between 1111 and 1113, and Henry crossed into Normandy to support his nephew, Count Theobald II, Count of Champagne, who had sided against Louis in the uprising.[226] In a bid to isolate Louis diplomatically, Henry betrothed his young son, William Adelin, to Fulk's daughter Matilda, and married his illegitimate daughter Matilda to Duke Conan III of Brittany, creating alliances with Anjou and Brittany respectively.[227] Louis backed down and in March 1113 met with Henry near Gisors to agree a peace settlement, giving Henry the disputed fortresses and confirming Henry's overlordship of Maine, Bellême and Brittany.[228] the situation in Wales was deteriorating. Henry had conducted a campaign in South Wales in 1108, pushing out royal power in the region and colonising the area around Pembroke with Flemings.[229] By 1114, some of the resident Norman lords were under attack, while in Mid-Wales, Owain ap Cadwgan blinded one of the political hostages he was holding, and in North Wales Gruffudd ap Cynan threatened the power of the Earl of Chester.[230] Henry sent three armies into Wales that year, with Gilbert Fitz Richard leading a force from the south, Alexander, King of Scotland, pressing from the north and Henry himself advancing into Mid-Wales.[230] Owain and Gruffudd sued for peace, and Henry accepted a political compromise.[231] He reinforced the Welsh Marches with his own appointees, strengthening the border territories.[232] 1115–20[edit] pennies of Henry I, struck at the Oxford mint about the succession, Henry sought to persuade Louis VI to accept his son, William Adelin, as the legitimate future Duke of Normandy, in exchange for his son's homage.[233] Henry crossed into Normandy in 1115 and assembled the Norman barons to swear loyalty; he also almost successfully negotiated a settlement with Louis, affirming William's right to the Duchy in exchange for a large sum of money. However, Louis, backed by his ally Baldwin of Flanders, instead declared that he considered William Clito the legitimate heir to the Duchy.[234] broke out after Henry returned to Normandy with an army to support Theobald of Blois, who was under attack from Louis.[235] Henry and Louis raided each other's towns along the border, and a wider conflict then broke out, probably in 1116.[235][nb 24] Henry was pushed onto the defensive as French, Flemish and Angevin forces began to pillage the Normandy countryside.[237] Amaury III of Montfort and many other barons rose up against Henry, and there was an assassination plot from within his own household.[237] Henry's wife, Matilda, died in early 1118, but the situation in Normandy was sufficiently pressing that Henry was unable to return to England for her funeral.[238] responded by mounting campaigns against the rebel barons and deepening his alliance with Theobald.[239] Baldwin of Flanders was wounded in battle and died in September 1118, easing the pressure on Normandy from the north-east.[240] Henry attempted to crush a revolt in the city of Alençon, but was defeated by Fulk and the Angevin army.[241] Forced to retreat from Alençon, Henry's position deteriorated alarmingly, as his resources became overstretched and more barons abandoned his cause.[242] Early in 1119, Eustace of Breteuil and Henry's daughter, Juliana, threatened to join the baronial revolt.[243] Hostages were exchanged in a bid to avoid conflict, but relations broke down and both sides mutilated their captives.[244] Henry attacked and took the town of Breteuil, Eure, despite Juliana's attempt to kill her father with a crossbow.[244][nb 25] In the aftermath, Henry dispossessed the couple of almost all of their lands in Normandy.[246] situation improved in May 1119 when he enticed Fulk to switch sides by finally agreeing to marry William Adelin to Fulk's daughter, Matilda, and paying Fulk a large sum of money.[247] Fulk left for the Levant, leaving the County of Maine in Henry's care, and the King was free to focus on crushing his remaining enemies.[248] During the summer Henry advanced into the Norman Vexin, where he encountered Louis's army, resulting in the Battle of Brémule.[249] Henry appears to have deployed scouts and then organised his troops into several carefully formed lines of dismounted knights.[250] Unlike Henry's forces, the French knights remained mounted; they hastily charged the Anglo-Norman positions, breaking through the first rank of the defences but then becoming entangled in Henry's second line of knights.[251] Surrounded, the French army began to collapse.[250] In the melee, Henry was hit by a sword blow, but his armour protected him.[252] Louis and William Clito escaped from the battle, leaving Henry to return to Rouen in triumph.[253] war slowly petered out after this battle, and Louis took the dispute over Normandy to Pope Callixtus II's council in Reims that October.[254] Henry faced a number of French complaints concerning his acquisition and subsequent management of Normandy, and despite being defended by Geoffrey, the Archbishop of Rouen, Henry's case was shouted down by the pro-French elements of the council.[255] Callixtus declined to support Louis, however, and merely advised the two rulers to seek peace.[256] Amaury de Montfort came to terms with Henry, but Henry and William Clito failed to find a mutually satisfactory compromise.[257] In June 1120, Henry and Louis formally made peace on terms advantageous to the King of England: William Adelin gave homage to Louis, and in return Louis confirmed William's rights to the Duchy.[258] crisis, 1120–24[edit] of White Ship 14th-century depiction of the sinking of the White Ship at Barfleur on 25 November 1120 succession plans were thrown into chaos by the sinking of the White Ship on 25 November 1120.[259] Henry had left the port of Barfleur for England in the early evening, leaving William Adelin and many of the younger members of the court to follow on that night in a separate vessel, the White Ship.[260] Both the crew and passengers were drunk and, just outside the harbour, the ship hit a submerged rock.[261][nb 26] The ship sank, killing as many as 300 people, with only one survivor, a butcher from Rouen.[261] Henry's court was initially too scared to report William's death to the King. When he was finally told, he collapsed with grief.[263] disaster left Henry with no legitimate son, his various nephews now the closest possible male heirs.[264] Henry announced he would take a new wife, Adeliza of Louvain, opening up the prospect of a new royal son, and the two were married at Windsor Castle in January 1121.[265][nb 27] Henry appears to have chosen her because she was attractive and came from a prestigious noble line. Adeliza seems to have been fond of Henry and joined him in his travels, probably to maximise the chances of her conceiving a child.[267] The White Ship disaster initiated fresh conflict in Wales, where the drowning of Richard, Earl of Chester, encouraged a rebellion led by Maredudd ap Bleddyn.[268] Henry intervened in North Wales that summer with an army and, although he was hit by a Welsh arrow, the campaign reaffirmed royal power across the region.[268] alliance with Anjou – which had been based on his son William marrying Fulk's daughter Matilda – began to disintegrate.[269] Fulk returned from the Levant and demanded that Henry return Matilda and her dowry, a range of estates and fortifications in Maine.[269] Matilda left for Anjou, but Henry argued that the dowry had in fact originally belonged to him before it came into the possession of Fulk, and so declined to hand the estates back to Anjou.[270] Fulk married his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, and granted them Maine.[271] Once again, conflict broke out, as Amaury de Montfort allied himself with Fulk and led a revolt along the Norman-Anjou border in 1123.[271] Amaury was joined by several other Norman barons, headed by Waleran de Beaumont, one of the sons of Henry's old ally, Robert of Meulan.[272][nb 28] dispatched Robert of Gloucester and Ranulf le Meschin to Normandy and then intervened himself in late 1123.[274] He began the process of besieging the rebel castles, before wintering in the Duchy.[275] In the spring of 1124, campaigning began again. In the battle of Bourgthéroulde, Odo Borleng, castellan of Bernay, Eure, led the King's army and received intelligence that the rebels were departing from the rebel base in Beaumont-le-Roger allowing him to ambush them as they traversed through the Brotonne forest. Waleran charged the royal forces, but his knights were cut down by Odo's archers and the rebels were quickly overwhelmed.[276] Waleran was captured, but Amaury escaped.[276] Henry mopped up the remainder of the rebellion, blinding some of the rebel leaders – considered, at the time, a more merciful punishment than execution – and recovering the last rebel castles.[277] He paid Pope Callixtus a large amount of money, in exchange for the Papacy annulling the marriage of William Clito and Sibylla on the grounds of consanguinity.[278][nb 29] the succession, 1125–34[edit] and Adeliza did not conceive any children, generating prurient speculation as to the possible explanation, and the future of the dynasty appeared at risk.[280][nb 30] Henry may have begun to look among his nephews for a possible heir. He may have considered Stephen of Blois as a possible option and, perhaps in preparation for this, he arranged a beneficial marriage for Stephen to a wealthy heiress, Matilda.[282] Theobald of Blois, his close ally, may have also felt that he was in favour with Henry.[283] William Clito, who was King Louis's preferred choice, remained opposed to Henry and was therefore unsuitable.[284] Henry may have also considered his own illegitimate son, Robert of Gloucester, as a possible candidate, but English tradition and custom would have looked unfavourably on this.[285] plans shifted when the Empress Matilda's husband, the Emperor Henry, died in 1125.[286] The King recalled his daughter to England the next year and declared that, should he die without a male heir, she was to be his rightful successor.[287] The Anglo-Norman barons were gathered together at Westminster at Christmas 1126, where they swore to recognise Matilda and any future legitimate heir she might have.[287][nb 31] Putting forward a woman as a potential heir in this way was unusual: opposition to Matilda continued to exist within the English court, and Louis was vehemently opposed to her candidacy.[289] conflict broke out in 1127, when the childless Charles I, Count of Flanders, was murdered, creating a local succession crisis.[290] Backed by King Louis, William Clito was chosen by the Flemings to become their new ruler.[291] This development potentially threatened Normandy, and Henry began to finance a proxy war in Flanders, promoting the claims of William's Flemish rivals.[292] In an effort to disrupt the French alliance with William, Henry mounted an attack into France in 1128, forcing Louis to cut his aid to William.[293] William died unexpectedly in July, removing the last major challenger to Henry's rule and bringing the war in Flanders to a halt.[294] Without William, the baronial opposition in Normandy lacked a leader. A fresh peace was made with France, and Henry was finally able to release the remaining prisoners from the revolt of 1123, including Waleran of Meulan, who was rehabilitated into the royal court.[295] Henry rebuilt his alliance with Fulk of Anjou, this time by marrying Matilda to Fulk's eldest son, Geoffrey.[296] The pair were betrothed in 1127 and married the following year.[297] It is unknown whether Henry intended Geoffrey to have any future claim on England or Normandy, and he was probably keeping his son-in-law's status deliberately uncertain. Similarly, although Matilda was granted a number of Normandy castles as part of her dowry, it was not specified when the couple would actually take possession of them.[298] Fulk left Anjou for Jerusalem in 1129, declaring Geoffrey the Count of Anjou and Maine.[299] The marriage proved difficult, as the couple did not particularly like each other and the disputed castles proved a point of contention, resulting in Matilda returning to Normandy later that year.[300] Henry appears to have blamed Geoffrey for the separation, but in 1131 the couple were reconciled.[301] Much to the pleasure and relief of Henry, Matilda then gave birth to a sequence of two sons, Henry and Geoffrey, in 1133 and 1134.[302] and legacy[edit] of Henry 14th-century depiction of Henry mourning the death of his son between Henry, Matilda, and Geoffrey became increasingly strained during the King's final years. Matilda and Geoffrey suspected that they lacked genuine support in England. In 1135 they urged Henry to hand over the royal castles in Normandy to Matilda whilst he was still alive, and insisted that the Norman nobility swear immediate allegiance to her, thereby giving the couple a more powerful position after Henry's death.[303] Henry angrily declined to do so, probably out of concern that Geoffrey would try to seize power in Normandy.[304] A fresh rebellion broke out amongst the barons in southern Normandy, led by William III, Count of Ponthieu, whereupon Geoffrey and Matilda intervened in support of the rebels.[305] campaigned throughout the autumn, strengthening the southern frontier, and then travelled to Lyons-la-Forêt in November to enjoy some hunting, still apparently healthy.[306] There he fell ill – according to the chronicler Henry of Huntingdon, he ate too many ("a surfeit of") lampreys against his physician's advice – and his condition worsened over the course of a week.[307] Once the condition appeared terminal, Henry gave confession and summoned Archbishop Hugh of Amiens, who was joined by Robert of Gloucester and other members of the court.[308] In accordance with custom, preparations were made to settle Henry's outstanding debts and to revoke outstanding sentences of forfeiture.[309] The King died on 1 December 1135, and his corpse was taken to Rouen accompanied by the barons, where it was embalmed; his entrails were buried locally at the priory of Notre-Dame du Pré, and the preserved body was taken on to England, where it was interred at Reading Abbey.[310] Henry's efforts, the succession was disputed. When news began to spread of the King's death, Geoffrey and Matilda were in Anjou supporting the rebels in their campaign against the royal army, which included a number of Matilda's supporters such as Robert of Gloucester.[15] Many of these barons had taken an oath to stay in Normandy until the late king was properly buried, which prevented them from returning to England.[311] The Norman nobility discussed declaring Theobald of Blois king.[312] Theobald's younger brother, Stephen of Blois, quickly crossed from Boulogne to England, however, accompanied by his military household.[313] Hugh Bigod dubiously testified that Henry, on his deathbed, had released the barons from their oath to Matilda,[314] and with the help of his brother, Henry of Blois, Stephen seized power in England and was crowned king on 22 December.[315] Matilda did not give up her claim to England and Normandy, appealing at first to the Pope against the decision to allow the coronation of Stephen,[314] and then invading England to start a prolonged civil war, known as the Anarchy, between 1135 and 1153.[316] AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1135-1154, King, Stephen. of Blois, Boulogne, Normandy, Anarchy, long Civil War w Matilda and Henry
England, 1135-1154, King of England, Stephen, King of England ; (1092 or 1096 – 25 October 1154), often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was King of England from 22 December 1135 to his death. A younger son of the Count of Blois, he was Count of Boulogne jure uxoris from 1125 until 1147 and Duke of Normandy from 1135 until 1144. His reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda, whose son, Henry II, succeeded Stephen as the first of the Angevin kings of England. was born in the County of Blois in central France; his father, Count Stephen-Henry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was brought up by his mother, Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror. Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. He married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry I's son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; William's death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. early years of Stephen's reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matilda's husband Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou. In 1138, the Empress's half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. He was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. In 1153, the Empress's son Henry invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither side's barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephen's second son. Stephen died the following year. Modern historians have extensively debated the extent to which his personality, external events, or the weaknesses in the Norman state contributed to this prolonged period of civil war. AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1140-1170, Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, killed over rights of the church
England, 1140-1170, Saint Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury; Becket (/ˈbɛkɪt/), also known as Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas of London[1] and later Thomas à Becket[note 1] (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion. He engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1154-1189, King of E, Henry II, Norman, Angevin Empire, Common Law, Matilda's son, Brittany, Anjou, Maine, Touraine
England, 1154-1189, King of England, Henry II of England ; II (5 March 1133 – 6 July 1189), also known as Henry Curtmantle (French: Court-manteau), Henry FitzEmpress or Henry Plantagenet, was King of England from 1154 to his death. He was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. Louis VII of France made him Duke of Normandy in 1150. Henry became Count of Anjou and Maine upon the death of his father, Geoffrey of Anjou, in 1151. marriage in 1152 to Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose marriage to Louis VII had recently been annulled, made him Duke of Aquitaine. became Count of Nantes by treaty in 1185. he was 40 he controlled England, large parts of Wales, the eastern half of Ireland and the western half of France—an area that would later come to be called the Angevin Empire. At various times, Henry also partially controlled Scotland, Wales and the Duchy of Brittany. became actively involved by the age of 14 in the efforts of his mother Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, to claim the throne of England, then occupied by Stephen of Blois. Stephen agreed to a peace treaty after Henry's military expedition to England in 1153, and Henry inherited the kingdom on Stephen's death a year later. Henry was an energetic and sometimes ruthless ruler, driven by a desire to restore the lands and privileges of his grandfather Henry I. During the early years of his reign the younger Henry restored the royal administration in England, re-established hegemony over Wales and gained full control over his lands in Anjou, Maine and Touraine. Henry's desire to reform the relationship with the Church led to conflict with his former friend Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury. This controversy lasted for much of the 1160s and resulted in Becket's murder in 1170. Henry soon came into conflict with Louis VII, and the two rulers fought what has been termed a "cold war" over several decades. Henry expanded his empire at Louis's expense, taking Brittany and pushing east into central France and south into Toulouse; despite numerous peace conferences and treaties, no lasting agreement was reached. and Eleanor had eight children—three daughters and five sons. Three of his sons would be king, though Henry the Young King was named his father's co-ruler rather than a stand-alone king. As the sons grew up, tensions over the future inheritance of the empire began to emerge, encouraged by Louis and his son King Philip II. In 1173 Henry's heir apparent, "Young Henry", rebelled in protest; he was joined by his brothers Richard (later a king) and Geoffrey and by their mother, Eleanor. France, Scotland, Brittany, Flanders, and Boulogne allied themselves with the rebels. The Great Revolt was only defeated by Henry's vigorous military action and talented local commanders, many of them "new men" appointed for their loyalty and administrative skills. Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted again in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. The Norman invasion of Ireland provided lands for his youngest son John (later a king), but Henry struggled to find ways to satisfy all his sons' desires for land and immediate power. By 1189, Young Henry and Geoffrey were dead, and Philip successfully played on Richard's fears that Henry II would make John king, leading to a final rebellion. Decisively defeated by Philip and Richard and suffering from a bleeding ulcer, Henry retreated to Chinon Castle in Anjou. He died soon afterwards and was succeeded by Richard. empire quickly collapsed during the reign of his son John (who succeeded Richard), but many of the changes Henry introduced during his long rule had long-term consequences. Henry's legal changes are generally considered to have laid the basis for the English Common Law, while his intervention in Brittany, Wales, and Scotland shaped the development of their societies and governmental systems. Historical interpretations of Henry's reign have changed considerably over time. In the 18th century, scholars argued that Henry was a driving force in the creation of a genuinely English monarchy and, ultimately, a unified Britain. During the Victorian expansion of the British Empire, historians were keenly interested in the formation of Henry's own empire, but they also expressed concern over his private life and treatment of Becket. Late-20th-century historians have combined British and French historical accounts of Henry, challenging earlier Anglocentric interpretations of his reign. HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200); THOMAS OF CANTERBURY, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (29 DEC 1170); AELRED OF RIEVAULX, ABBOT (12 JANUARY 1167);

England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England, Lion Heart, French and English hero, only 6 mos in England
England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Le quor de lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior.[1] troubador Bertran de Born also called him Richard Oc-e-Non (Occitan for Yes and No), possibly from a reputation for terseness.[2] the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father.[1] Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalized a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.[3] probably spoke both French and Occitan.[4] He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies.[5] Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects.[6] He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.[7] HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade and Richard the Lion Heart
England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade; England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade riots against Jews, stopped by Hugh of Lincoln
England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade riots against Jews, stopped by Hugh of Lincoln England, 1189-1192, Third Crusade; England, 1189-1199, King of England, Richard I of England ; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1194-1240, Edmund Rich (Edmund of Abingdon)
Edmund Rich (Edmund of Abingdon); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253) Richard of Wyche;

England, 1195-1253, Robert Grosseteste
England, 1195-1253, Robert Grosseteste; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253) Richard of Wyche ;

England, 1199-1216, King of E, John, collapse of Angevin E, to Capetian France, Magna Carta, Villain
England, 1199-1216, King of England, John, King of England; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200);

England, 1200-1299, London, 13th Century History Folder, Magna Carta by John, and Henry III

England, 1215, Magna Carta Signing at Runnymede (Thames River 4)
Magna Carta Signing at Runnymede ; ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253) ;

England, 1216-1272, King, Henry III of England, defeated popular rebel barons, charter of 1225, allied w Poitevins
England, King of England, 1216-1272, Henry III of England; HUGH OF LINCOLN, BISHOP, PROTECTOR OF THE OPPRESSED (17 NOV 1200); ROBERT GROSSETESTE, BISHOP OF LINCOLN (9 OCT 1253); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

England, 1300-1399, London, 14th Century History Folder, 100 Years War, John Wycliff, Julian of Norwich

England, 1307-1327, King, Edward II, boyfriend Gaveston, d by Robert the Bruce, Parliment growth
King of England, 1307-1327, Edward II of England; II (25 April 1284 - 21 September 1327), also called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. fourth son of Edward I, Edward became the heir apparent to the throne following the death of his elder brother Alphonso. in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on campaigns to pacify Scotland. In 1306, he was knighted in a grand ceremony at Westminster Abbey. his father's death, Edward succeeded to the throne in 1307. married Isabella, the daughter of the powerful King Philip IV of France, in 1308, as part of a long-running effort to resolve tensions between the English and French crowns. had a close and controversial relationship with Piers Gaveston, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of their relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers, or sworn brothers. relationship with Gaveston inspired Christopher Marlowe's 1592 play Edward II, along with other plays, films, novels and media. power as Edward's favourite provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the king into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms, called the Ordinances of 1311. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Widespread famine followed, and criticism of the king's reign mounted. Despenser family, in particular Hugh Despenser the Younger, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Despensers' lands in 1321, and forced the king to exile them. In response, Edward led a short military campaign, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, formally revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate a peace treaty in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Instead, she allied herself with the exiled Roger Mortimer, and invaded England with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled to Wales, where he was captured in November. The king was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favour of his 14 year-old son, Edward III, and he died in Berkeley Castle on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime. contemporaries criticised his performance as king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics later argued that the growth of parliamentary institutions during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term.

England, 1310-1349, Richard Rolle of Hampole, Mystic and Writer
England, 1310-1349, Richard Rolle of Hampole, Mystic and Writer ; Richard Rolle of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

England, 1327-1377, King of England, Edward III of England, formidable Military, claimed French throne, starting 100 yr war
England, King of England, 1327-1377, Edward III of England; III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377), also known as Edward of Windsor before his accession, was King of England and Lord of Ireland from January 1327 until his death in 1377. is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. fifty-year reign was the second-longest in medieval English history, and saw vital developments in legislation and government, in particular the evolution of the English Parliament, as well as the ravages of the Black Death. He outlived his eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, and the throne passed to his grandson, Richard II. was crowned at age fourteen after his father was deposed by his mother, Isabella of France, and her lover Roger Mortimer. At age seventeen he led a successful coup d'état against Mortimer, the de facto ruler of the country, and began his personal reign. a successful campaign in Scotland he declared himself rightful heir to the French throne in 1337. started what became known as the Hundred Years' War.[1] some initial setbacks, this first phase of the war went exceptionally well for England; victories at Crécy and Poitiers led to the highly favourable Treaty of Brétigny, in which England made territorial gains, and Edward renounced his claim to the French throne. This phase would become known as the Edwardian War. Edward's later years were marked by international failure and domestic strife, largely as a result of his inactivity and poor health. was a temperamental man but capable of unusual clemency. He was in many ways a conventional king whose main interest was warfare. Admired in his own time and for centuries after, he was denounced as an irresponsible adventurer by later Whig historians such as Bishop William Stubbs, but modern historians credit him with some significant achievements.[2][3] JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384;

England, 1348, Order of the Garter
England, 1348, Order of the Garter ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

England, 1350-1384, JOHN WYCLIFF, Bible Translator
England, 1350-1384, JOHN WYCLIFF; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384;

England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince
Gaunt; England, 1360-1399, John of Gaunt, nobleman, soldier, statesman and prince JOHN WYCLIF, Commemorated October 30 ;

England, 1360-1396, Author Walter Hilton
England, 1360-1396, Author Walter Hilton; Walter Hilton of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440;

England, 1362-1416, Author, Julian of Norwich
England, 1362-1416, Author, Julian of Norwich; Julian's Business Model, The Passion of Christ, using business terminology; England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe; Margery Kemp of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440, Commemorated September 28 ;

England, 1377-1399, King of England, Richard II of England, regents, 100yr war, personality disorder, deposed
England, 1377-1399, King of England, Richard II of England; II (6 January 1367 - c. 14 February 1400), also known as Richard of Bordeaux, was King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard's father, Edward, Prince of Wales, died in 1376, leaving Richard as heir apparent to his grandfather, King Edward III. Upon the death of Edward III, the 10-year-old Richard succeeded to the throne. Richard's first years as king, government was in the hands of a series of regency councils, influenced by Richard's uncles John of Gaunt and Thomas of Woodstock. England then faced various problems, most notably the Hundred Years' War. A major challenge of the reign was the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, and the young king played a central part in the successful suppression of this crisis. Less warlike than either his father or grandfather, he sought to bring an end to the Hundred Years' War. A firm believer in the royal prerogative, Richard restrained the power of the aristocracy and relied on a private retinue for military protection instead. In contrast to his grandfather, Richard cultivated a refined atmosphere centred on art and culture at court, in which the king was an elevated figure. king's dependence on a small number of courtiers caused discontent among the influential, and in 1387 control of government was taken over by a group of aristocrats known as the Lords Appellant. By 1389 Richard had regained control, and for the next eight years governed in relative harmony with his former opponents. In 1397, he took his revenge on the Appellants, many of whom were executed or exiled. The next two years have been described by historians as Richard's "tyranny". In 1399, after John of Gaunt died, the king disinherited Gaunt's son, Henry Bolingbroke, who had previously been exiled. Henry invaded England in June 1399 with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, he deposed Richard and had himself crowned king. Richard is thought to have been starved to death in captivity, although questions remain regarding his final fate. posthumous reputation has been shaped to a large extent by William Shakespeare, whose play Richard II portrayed Richard's misrule and his deposition as responsible for the 15th-century Wars of the Roses. Modern historians do not accept this interpretation, while not exonerating Richard from responsibility for his own deposition. While probably not insane, as many historians of the 19th and 20th centuries believed, he may have had a personality disorder, particularly manifesting itself towards the end of his reign. Most authorities agree that his policies were not unrealistic or even entirely unprecedented, but that the way in which he carried them out was unacceptable to the political establishment, leading to his downfall. JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384; DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417);

England, 1381, Peasants' Revolt 1381
Peasants' Revolt 1381; JOHN WYCLIF, TRANSLATOR AND CONTROVERSIALIST, 30 OCT. 1384 ; DAME JULIAN OF NORWICH, CONTEMPLATIVE (8 MAY 1417);

England, 1400-1499, London, 15th Century History Folder, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Yrs War, King Henry V, Printing

England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe
England, 1400-1438, Author Margery Kempe; Margery Kemp of RICHARD ROLLE, WALTER HILTON, AND MARGERY KEMPE, MYSTICS, 28 Sept. 1349, 1396, c. 1440, Commemorated September 28 ;

England, 1413-1422, King of England, Henry V, claimed F Throne, 100 Y War success, Agincourt, but died before u, immortalized by S
England, 1413-1422, King of England, Henry V ; V (16 September 1386 – 31 August 1422), also called Henry of Monmouth, was King of England from 1413 until his death in 1422. his relatively short reign, Henry's outstanding military successes in the Hundred Years' War against France made England one of the strongest military powers in Europe.[1] Immortalised in Shakespeare's "Henriad" plays, Henry is known and celebrated as one of the greatest warrior kings of medieval England. the reign of his father Henry IV, Henry gained military experience fighting the Welsh during the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr and against the powerful aristocratic Percy family of Northumberland at the Battle of Shrewsbury. Henry acquired an increasing role in England's government due to the king's declining health, but disagreements between father and son led to political conflict between the two. After his father's death in 1413, Henry assumed control of the country and asserted the pending English claim to the French throne. 1415, Henry embarked on war with France in the ongoing Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between the two nations. His military successes culminated in his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) and saw him come close to conquering France. Taking advantage of political divisions within France, he conquered large portions of the kingdom, resulting in Normandy's occupation by the English for the first time since 1345–1360. After months of negotiation with Charles VI of France, the Treaty of Troyes (1420) recognised Henry V as regent and heir apparent to the French throne, and he was subsequently married to Charles's daughter, Catherine of Valois. seemed to point to the formation of a union between the kingdoms, in the person of Henry. However, he died two years later and was succeeded by his only child, the infant Henry VI. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

England, 1415, Battle of Agincourt in 100 Years War with France
Battle of Agincourt; Hundred Years War (1337-1453); GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

England, 1422-1461, King, Henry VI, disputed f king, regents, timid, unstable, Queen Margaret, private armies in england, Richard, civil W of Roses, colleges
England, 1422-1461, King of England, Henry VI; VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. The only child of Henry V, he succeeded to the English throne at the age of nine months upon his father's death, and succeeded to the French throne on the death of his maternal grandfather, Charles VI, shortly afterwards. inherited the long-running Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), in which his uncle Charles VII contested his claim to the French throne. He is the only English monarch to have been also crowned King of France (as Henry II, in 1431). early reign, when several people were ruling for him, saw the pinnacle of English power in France, but subsequent military, diplomatic, and economic problems had seriously endangered the English cause by the time Henry was declared fit to rule in 1437. found his realm in a difficult position, faced with setbacks in France and divisions among the nobility at home. his father, Henry is described as timid, shy, passive, well-intentioned and averse to warfare and violence; he was also at times mentally unstable. ineffective reign saw the gradual loss of the English lands in France. Partially in the hope of achieving peace, in 1445 Henry married Charles VII's niece, the ambitious and strong-willed Margaret of Anjou. peace policy failed, leading to the murder of one of Henry's key advisers, William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and the war recommenced, with France taking the upper hand; by 1453, Calais was Henry's only remaining territory on the continent. the situation in France worsened, there was a related increase in political instability in England. With Henry effectively unfit to rule, power was exercised by quarrelsome nobles, while factions and favourites encouraged the rise of disorder in the country. Regional magnates and soldiers returning from France formed and maintained increasing numbers of private armed retainers, with whom they fought one another, terrorised their neighbours, paralysed the courts, and dominated the government.[1] Margaret did not remain unpartisan and took advantage of the situation to make herself an effective power behind the throne. military disasters in France and a collapse of law and order in England, the Queen and her clique came under accusations, especially from Henry VI's increasingly popular cousin Richard, Duke of York, of misconduct of the war in France and misrule of the country. in 1453, Henry had a series of mental breakdowns, and tensions mounted between Margaret and Richard of York over control of the incapacitated King's government and over the question of succession to the English throne. war broke out in 1455, leading to a long period of dynastic conflict known as the Wars of the Roses. Henry was deposed on 4 March 1461 by Richard's son, who took the throne as Edward IV. Margaret continuing to lead a resistance to Edward, Henry was captured by Edward's forces in 1465 and imprisoned in the Tower of London. was restored to the throne in 1470 but Edward retook power in 1471, killing Henry's only son and heir, Edward of Westminster, in battle and imprisoning Henry once again. "lost his wits, his two kingdoms and his only son",[2] Henry died in the Tower during the night of 21 May, possibly killed on the orders of King Edward. were attributed to Henry after his death and he was informally regarded as a saint and martyr until the 16th century. He left a legacy of educational institutions, having founded Eton College, King's College, Cambridge, and, (together with Henry Chichele), All Souls College, Oxford. Shakespeare wrote a trilogy of plays about his life, depicting him as weak-willed and easily influenced by his wife, Margaret. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

England, 1461-1483, King, Edward IV, Civil War of Roses, Killed by Henry Tudor who married Edward's daughter
England, 1461-1483, King, Edward IV; IV (28 April 1442 - 9 April 1483) was King of England from 4 March 1461 to 3 October 1470,[1] then again from 11 April 1471 until his death in 1483. was a central figure in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England fought between the Yorkist and Lancastrian factions between 1455 and 1487. inherited the Yorkist claim when his father, Richard, Duke of York, died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. defeating Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461, he deposed King Henry VI and took the throne. His marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in 1464 led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker". In 1470, a revolt led by Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence, briefly re-installed Henry VI. fled to Flanders, where he gathered support and invaded England in March 1471; after victories at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he resumed the throne. Shortly afterwards, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Despite a continuing threat from Henry Tudor, the last Lancastrian claimant, Edward reigned in relative peace for the next twelve years. Edward died suddenly in April 1483, his minor son became King Edward V, with his father's brother, the Duke of Gloucester, as Lord Protector. In June, Gloucester seized the throne as Richard III after declaring his nephews illegitimate; they are generally supposed to have been murdered shortly afterwards. In 1485, he was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor, who ruled as Henry VII, and married Edward IV's daughter, Elizabeth of York, thus uniting the two houses. JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431 ;

England, 1483-1483, King, Edward V, dominated by his uncle who deposed him, King Richard III
England, 1483-1483, King, Edward V; V (2 November 1470 - c. June/July 1483)[1] was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 9 April to 26 June 1483. He succeeded his father, Edward IV,[2] upon the latter's death. V was never crowned, and his brief reign was dominated by the influence of his uncle and Lord Protector, the Duke of Gloucester, who deposed him to reign as King Richard III; this was confirmed by the Act entitled Titulus Regius, which denounced any further claims through his father's heirs. V and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York were the Princes in the Tower who disappeared after being sent to heavily guarded royal lodgings in the Tower of London. Responsibility for their deaths is widely attributed to Richard III, but the lack of any solid evidence and conflicting contemporary accounts allow for other possibilities.

England, 1483-1485, King, Richard III, two revolts, Henry Tudor and French Troups won second revolt
England, 1483-1485, King, Richard III; III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the last decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses, marked the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the protagonist of Richard III, one of William Shakespeare's history plays. Richard was created Duke of Gloucester in 1461 after his brother ascended the throne as King Edward IV. In 1472 he married Anne Neville, daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. He governed northern England during Edward's reign and played a role in the invasion of Scotland in 1482. When Edward IV died in April 1483, Richard was named Lord Protector of the realm for Edward's eldest son and successor, the 12-year-old Edward V. Arrangements were made for Edward V's coronation on 22 June 1483. Before the king could be crowned, the marriage of his parents was declared bigamous and therefore invalid. Now officially illegitimate, their children were barred from inheriting the throne. On 25 June, an assembly of lords and commoners endorsed a declaration to this effect and proclaimed Richard as the rightful king. He was crowned on 6 July 1483. Edward and his younger brother Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York, called the "Princes in the Tower", were not seen in public after August and accusations circulated that they had been murdered on King Richard's orders. were two major rebellions against Richard during his reign. October 1483, an unsuccessful revolt was led by staunch allies of Edward IV and Richard's former ally, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. in August 1485, Henry Tudor and his uncle, Jasper Tudor, landed in southern Wales with a contingent of French troops and marched through Pembrokeshire, recruiting soldiers. Henry's forces defeated Richard's army near the Leicestershire town of Market Bosworth. Richard was slain, making him the last English king to die in battle. Henry Tudor then ascended the throne as Henry VII.

England, 1485-1509, King, Henry Tudor, Henry VII, with French help, ended war of Roses, married Edward IV's daughter
England, 1485-1509, King, Henry Tudor, Henry VII; VII (28 January 1457 - 21 April 1509) was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor. mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Henry's father, Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, a half-brother of Henry VI of England and descendant of the Welsh Tudors of Penmynydd, died three months before his son Henry was born. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward of York (later King Edward IV), a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. Edward re-took the throne in 1471, Henry Tudor spent 14 years in exile in Brittany. He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward. was successful in restoring power and stability to the English monarchy following the civil war. He is credited with a number of administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives. His supportive policy toward England's wool industry and his standoff with the Low Countries had long-lasting benefit to the whole English economy. He paid very close attention to detail, and instead of spending lavishly he concentrated on raising new revenues. New taxes stabilised the government's finances. After his death, a commission found widespread abuses in the tax collection process. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.

England, 1500-1599, London, 16th Century History Folder, Luther's 95 Theses, Henry VIII, Book of Common Prayer

England, 1505-1536, Bible Translator, William Tyndall
England, 1505-1536, Bible Translator, William Tyndall; England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale
England, 1508-1569, Bible Translator and Bishop, Miles Coverdale; WILLIAM TYNDALE and MILES CLOVERDALE, TRANSLATOR OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII, 6 marriages, E Reformation
England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1532-1540, Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister to Henry VIII, arranged the marriages, executed for treason
England, 1532-1540, Thomas Cromwell, Chief Minister to Henry VIII ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, 1549, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, reformer, book of C P, r supremacy, 39 A, executed
England, 1533-1555, Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER , Commemorated May 22;

England, 1539, House of Lords
England, 1539, House of Lords; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958;

England, 1542-1567, King of Scotland, Mary, Queen of Scots, and France, married the Dauhin
England, 1542-1567, King of England, Mary, Queen of Scots ; HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600);

England, 1547-1553, King of England, Edward VI, never reached maturity, social problems, protestant
England, 1547-1553, King of England, Edward VI ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1549, First Book of Common Prayer
England, 1549, First Book of Common Prayer; Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ; THE FIRST BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, 1549, Commemorated May 22 ;

England, 1553-1558, King of England, Queen Mary 1, Tudor, Bloody Mary, to reverse reformation
England, 1553-1558, King of England, Queen Mary 1, Bloody Mary ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1558-1603, Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth 1, established E protestant church
England, 1558-1603, Queen of England, Queen Elizabeth 1; England, 1509-1547, King of England, Henry VIII ; Tudor Dynasty, Lancaster York; Palace of Whitehall; Miles Coverdale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); William Tyndale of WILLIAM TYNDALE [AND MILES COVERDALE], TRANSLATORS OF THE BIBLE (6 OCT 1536, 1569); HUGH LATIMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555), NICHOLAS RIDLEY, BISHOP AND MARTYR (16 OCTOBER 1555) ; John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; THOMAS CRANMER, BISHOP AND MARTYR (21 MARCH 1556) ;

England, 1560-1617, Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley
England, 1560-1617, Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1567-1625, King of Scotland and England, James VI and I, S and E Union, Literature
England, 1567-1625, King of England, James I ; VI and I (James Charles Stuart; 19 June 1566-“ 27 March 1625) was King of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the Scottish and English crowns on 24 March 1603 until his death in 1625. The kingdoms of Scotland and England were individual sovereign states, with their own parliaments, judiciaries, and laws, though both were ruled by James in personal union. was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, and a great-great-grandson of Henry VII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and thus a potential successor to all three thrones. James succeeded to the Scottish throne at the age of thirteen months, after his mother was compelled to abdicate in his favour. Four different regents governed during his minority, which ended officially in 1578, though he did not gain full control of his government until 1583. In 1603, he succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland, Elizabeth I, who died childless. He continued to reign in all three kingdoms for 22 years, a period known after him as the Jacobean era, until his death. After the Union of the Crowns, he based himself in England (the largest of the three realms) from 1603, returning to Scotland only once, in 1617, and styled himself "King of Great Britain and Ireland". He was a major advocate of a single parliament for England and Scotland. In his reign, the Plantation of Ulster and British colonisation of the Americas began. 57 years and 246 days, James's reign in Scotland was the longest of any Scottish monarch. He achieved most of his aims in Scotland but faced great difficulties in England, including the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 and repeated conflicts with the English Parliament. Under James, the "Golden Age" of Elizabethan literature and drama continued, with writers such as William Shakespeare, John Donne, Ben Jonson, and Sir Francis Bacon contributing to a flourishing literary culture.[1] James himself was a talented scholar, the author of works such as Daemonologie (1597), The True Law of Free Monarchies (1598), and Basilikon Doron (1599). He sponsored the translation of the Bible into English that would later be named after him: the Authorized King James Version.[2] Sir Anthony Weldon claimed that James had been termed "the wisest fool in Christendom", an epithet associated with his character ever since.[3] Since the latter half of the 20th century, historians have tended to revise James's reputation and treat him as a serious and thoughtful monarch.[4] He was strongly committed to a peace policy, and tried to avoid involvement in religious wars, especially the Thirty Years' War (1618-“1648) that devastated much of Central Europe. He tried but failed to prevent the rise of hawkish elements in the English Parliament who wanted war with Spain.[5] RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600); John Merbecke of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; Thomas Tallis of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE, and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; William Byrd of WILLIAM BYRD, JOHN MERBECKE and THOMAS TALLIS, Musicians, 1623, 1585, 1585. Commemorated on November 21 ; NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645); Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, Playwright, 23 April, 1616; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1574-1600, Richard Hooker, Theologian
England, 1574-1600, Richard Hooker, Theologian; RICHARD HOOKER, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN (3 NOV 1600); England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh
England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible
England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626);

England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright
England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright; England, 1584-1616, William Shakesphere, Poet and Playwright;

England, 1585-1601, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
England, 1585-1601, Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex; England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1593-1631, JOHN DONNE
England, 1593-1631, JOHN DONNE: England, 1574-1618, Sir Walter Raleigh; England, 1575-1626, Bishop Lancelot Andrewes, King James Bible; England, King of England, 1567-1625, James I ; LANCELOT ANDREWES, BISHOP AND SCHOLAR (26 SEPT 1626); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1593-1645, ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD
England, 1593-1645, ARCHBISHOP WILLIAM LAUD; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645);

England, 1600-1699, London, 17th Century History Folder, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell

England, 1601, Essex House, London, Earl of Essex Rebellion
Essex House, London, Earl of Essex Rebellion 1601; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1604-1610, Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft
England, 1604-1610, Archbishop of Canterbury, Richard Bancroft ; ROBERT HUNT, PRIEST & FIRST CHAPLAIN AT JAMESTOWN, 1608, Commemorated April 26 ;

England, 1613-1633, Priest and Poet, George Herbert
England, 1613-1633, Priest and Poet, George Herbert; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633);

England, 1625-1649, King of England, Charles I, divine right of k, high church, civil war, killed
England, 1625-1649, King of England, Charles I ; I (19 November 1600-“ 30 January 1649)[a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603 (as James I), he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life. He became heir apparent to the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1612 on the death of his elder brother Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales. unsuccessful and unpopular attempt to marry him to the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Anna culminated in an eight-month visit to Spain in 1623 that demonstrated the futility of the marriage negotiations. Two years later he married the Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria of France. his succession in 1625, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. believed in the divine right of kings, and was determined to govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated antipathy and mistrust from Reformed religious groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic. supported high church Anglican ecclesiastics such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to aid continental Protestant forces successfully during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments, and helped precipitate his own downfall. 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and the Commonwealth of England was established as a republic. The monarchy would be restored to Charles's son, Charles II, in 1660. JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645); Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; GEORGE HERBERT, PRIEST AND POET (27 FEBRUARY 1633); JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1635-1691, RICHARD BAXTER
England, 1635-1691, RICHARD BAXTER; RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ;

England, 1642-1651, English Civil War
England, 1642-“1651, English Civil War; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; WILLIAM LAUD, ARCHBISHOP AND MARTYR (10 JANUARY 1645);

England, 1649-1651, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II
England, 1649-1651, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II ; Palace of Whitehall; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1649-1660, King of England, English Interregnum
England, 1649-1660, King of England, English Interregnum Palace of Whitehall; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1653-1658, Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell's (Parliment's) Army, E Civil War
England, 1653-1658, Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell, Cromwell's Army ; Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599-“ 3 September 1658)[note 1] was an English general and statesman who led the Parliament of England's armies against King Charles I during the English Civil War and ruled the British Isles as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. He acted simultaneously as head of state and head of government of the new republican commonwealth. Cromwell was born into the middle gentry to a family descended from the sister of Henry VIII's minister Thomas Cromwell. Little is known of the first 40 years of his life, as only four of his personal letters survive along with a summary of a speech that he delivered in 1628.[2] He became an Independent Puritan after undergoing a religious conversion in the 1630s, taking a generally tolerant view towards the many Protestant sects of his period.[3] He was an intensely religious man, and he fervently believed that God was guiding his victories. He was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon in 1628 and for Cambridge in the Short (1640) and Long (1640-“1649) Parliaments. He entered the English Civil Wars on the side of the "Roundheads" or Parliamentarians. His nickname was "Old Ironsides". He demonstrated his ability as a commander and was quickly promoted from leading a single cavalry troop to being one of the principal commanders of the New Model Army, playing an important role under General Sir Thomas Fairfax in the defeat of the Royalist ("Cavalier") forces. Cromwell was one of the signatories of King Charles I's death warrant in 1649, and he dominated the short-lived Commonwealth of England as a member of the Rump Parliament (1649-“1653). He was selected to take command of the English campaign in Ireland in 1649-“1650. Cromwell's forces defeated the Confederate and Royalist coalition in Ireland and occupied the country, bringing to an end the Irish Confederate Wars. During this period, a series of Penal Laws were passed against Roman Catholics (a significant minority in England and Scotland but the vast majority in Ireland), and a substantial amount of their land was confiscated. Cromwell also led a campaign against the Scottish army between 1650 and 1651. On 20 April 1653, he dismissed the Rump Parliament by force, setting up a short-lived nominated assembly known as Barebone's Parliament before being invited by his fellow leaders to rule as Lord Protector of England (which included Wales at the time), Scotland, and Ireland from 16 December 1653.[4] As a ruler, he executed an aggressive and effective foreign policy. He died from natural causes in 1658 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Royalists returned to power along with King Charles II in 1660, and they had his corpse dug up, hung in chains, and beheaded. Cromwell is one of the most controversial figures in the history of the British Isles, considered a regicidal dictator by historians such as David Sharp,[5] a military dictator by Winston Churchill,[6] and a hero of liberty by John Milton, Thomas Carlyle, and Samuel Rawson Gardiner. His tolerance of Protestant sects did not extend to Catholics; his measures against them in Ireland have been characterised by some as genocidal or near-genocidal,[7] and his record is strongly criticised in Ireland.[8] He was selected as one of the ten greatest Britons of all time in a 2002 BBC poll.[9] JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667); NICHOLAS FERRAR, DEACON, MAN OF PRAYER (1 DEC 1637); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711); JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1656-1674, Thomas Traherne, Progressive Poet, Discovered in 1902
England, 1656-1674, Thomas Traherne, Progressive Poet, Discovered in 1902; THOMAS TRAHERNE, PRIEST AND POET, 27 Sept. 1674;

England, 1659, Christian Commonwealth, Pure Biblical Republic
England, 1659, Christian Commonwealth, Pure Biblical Republic ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1660, The Restoration, Charles II Crowned in Westminster Abby
England, 1660, The Restoration, Charles II Crowned in Westminster Abby; JEREMY TAYLOR, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (13 AUGUST 1667);

England, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II of England, restoration
England, 1660-1685, King of England, Charles II of England; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711);

England, 1662, Act of Uniformity 1662 (to Book of Common Prayer)
England, 1662, Act of Uniformity 1662 (to Book of Common Prayer); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; Anne Hutchinson of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

England, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist
France, 1682-1742, Elie Neau, French Huguenot and American Catechist; ELIE NAUD, (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722;

England, 1685-1688, King of England, James II & VIII, last catholic monarch
England, 1685-1688, King of England, James II & VIII ; Palace of Whitehall; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; JOHN BUNYAN, WRITER, 30 August 1688; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; JOHN ELIOT, MISSIONARY TO THE AMERICAN INDIANS, 21 MAY 169;

England, 1687, Declaration of Indulgence, for freedom of religion
England, 1687, Declaration of Indulgence (1687); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ;

England, 1689-1702, King of England, William and Mary, King and Queen, William of Orange, Protestant, Glorious Revolution
England, 1689-1702, King of England, William and Mary, King and Queen ; III (William Henry; Dutch: Willem Hendrik; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702),[b] also widely known as William of Orange, was sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s and King of England, Ireland and Scotland from 1689 until his death. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II.[1] He is sometimes informally known as "King Billy" in Ireland and Scotland.[2] His victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is commemorated by unionists, who display orange colours in his honour. Popular histories usually refer to his joint reign with his wife, Queen Mary II, as that of William and Mary. was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, who died a week before his birth, and Mary, Princess of Orange, the daughter of King Charles I of England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1677, during the reign of his uncle King Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland, he married his cousin Mary, the fifteen-year-old daughter of his maternal uncle James, Duke of York. A Protestant, William participated in several wars against the powerful Catholic King Louis XIV of France, in coalition with both Protestant and Catholic powers in Europe. Protestants heralded him as a champion of their faith. In 1685, his Catholic uncle and father-in-law, James, became king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. James's reign was unpopular with the Protestant majority in Britain, who feared a revival of Catholicism. by a group of influential British political and religious leaders, William invaded England in what became known as the Glorious Revolution. In 1688, he landed at the south-western English port of Brixham. Shortly afterwards, James was deposed. reputation as a staunch Protestant enabled him and his wife to take power. During the early years of his reign, William was occupied abroad with the Nine Years' War (1688–97), leaving Mary to govern the kingdom alone. She died in 1694. 1696, the Jacobites plotted unsuccessfully to assassinate William and return his father-in-law to the throne. lack of children and the death in 1700 of his nephew Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, the son of his sister-in-law Anne, threatened the Protestant succession. The danger was averted by placing distant relatives, the Protestant Hanoverians, in line to the throne with the Act of Settlement 1701. his death in 1702, the king was succeeded in Britain by Anne and as titular Prince of Orange by his cousin, John William Friso. Palace of Whitehall; Henry Purcell of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); RICHARD BAXTER, PASTOR AND WRITER, 1691, Commemorated December 8 ; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711) ; George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

England, 1690-1748, Isaac Watts, Hymnographer, new poetry
England, 1690-1748, Isaac Watts, Hymnographer, new poetry; Stoke Newington; ISAAC WATTS HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26 ;

England, 1700-Present, Folder 18th - 21st Century, Great Britain

England, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Great Britain, Methodists

England, 1702-1714, 1st King of Great Britain, Queen Anne, 17 pregnancies no h, protestant
England, 1702-1714, King of Great Britain, Queen Anne ; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); THOMAS KEN, BISHOP AND NON-JUROR (21 MAR 1711); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1705-1753, Saint, George Berkeley (to be is to be perceived)
England, 1705-1753, Saint, George Berkeley (to be is to be perceived); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) ;

England, 1712-1752, Saint, Joseph Butler, Butler's Analogy
England, 1712-1752, Saint, Joseph Butler, Butler's Analogy; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16;

England, 1714-1727, King of GB, George I, Hanover in HRE, European Wars, o jacobites, parliment
King of Great Britain, 1714-1727, George I ; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ELIE NAUD (ELIAS NEAU), HUGUENOT WITNESS TO THE FAITH, 7 Sept. 1722 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; THOMAS BRAY, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (15 FEB 1730); JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1727-1791, Salina Hastings, Calvinist Methodist Church Builder
England, 1727-1791, Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, built Calvanist Methodist Churches; Donnington Hall, Salina Hastings, Calvinist Methodist Church Builder; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15 ;

England, 1727-1760, King of GB, George II, Summers in Hanover G, H Succession, little domestic control, war hero
England, King of Great Britain, 1727-1760, George II; CONRAD WEISER, WITNESS TO PEACE and RECONCILIATION, 1760, Commemorated July 13; SAMSON OCCUM, WITNESS TO THE FAITH IN NEW ENGLAND, 1792, Commemorated July 14 ; George Frederick Handel of JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH, GEORGE FREDERICK HANDEL and HENRY PURCELL, COMPOSERS, 1750, 1759, 1695. Commemorated July 28; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; ISAAC WATTS, HYMNWRITER, 1748, Commemorated November 26; JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761); NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ; George Berkeley of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752) , Commemorated June 16 ; Joseph Butler of GEORGE BERKELEY and JOSEPH BUTLER, BISHOPS and THEOLOGIANS (1753, 1752), Commemorated June 16 ;

England, 1729, Holy Club at Christ Church Oxford (The Methodists)
Holy Club at Christ Church Oxford (The Methodists); FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770, Commemorated November 15;

England, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

England, 1755-1774, Major General William Johnson, Husband of Mohawk Molly Bryant
Major General William Johnson, Husband of Molly Bryant, served 1755-1774; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ;

England, 1760-1820, King of GB and UK, George III, conflicts, his Kingdom, Europe, Colonies, Africa, Asia
England, 1760-1820, King of Great Britain, George III of the United Kingdom; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; Samuel Johnson of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; Timothy Cutler of SAMUEL JOHNSON, TIMOTHY CUTLER, & THOMAS BRADBURY CHANDLER, PRIESTS, 1772, 1765, 1790, Commemorated August 17 ; HENRY MUHLENBERG, PATRIARCH OF AMERICAN LUTHERANS, 7 October 1787 ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); SAMUEL SEABURY, BISHOP (14 NOV 1784), (BESTOWAL OF THE AMERICAN EPISCOPATE); Francis Ashbury of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770; George Whitefield of FRANCIS ASBURY & GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelists, 1816, 1770; JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY, RENEWERS OF THE CHURCH (3 MAR 1791); JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16;

England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher
England, 1779-1836, CHARLES SIMEON, Teacher; Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836) ;

Bampton Lectures, 1780, Oxford
Bampton Lectures; CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ;

England, 1780-1834, William Carey
England, 1795, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834;

England, 1780-1825, Parlimentarian, William Wilberforce
England, 1780-1825, Parlimentarian, William Wilberforce ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30;

England, 1795-1966, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society
England, 1795, London Missionary Society, Baptist Missionary Society; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22;

England, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Q Victria, C Socialism, Smith Wigglesworth, Salvatn Army

England, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars
England, 1803-1815, Napoleonic Wars; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21;

England, 1820-1830, King of Great Britain, George IV of the United Kingdom, extravagant, regency f 1810, L Liverpool
England, 1820-1830, King of Great Britain, George IV of the United Kingdom; IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820 until his own death ten years later. From 1811 until his accession, he served as regent during his father's final mental illness. IV was the eldest child of King George III and Queen Charlotte. He led an extravagant lifestyle that contributed to the fashions of the Regency era. He was a patron of new forms of leisure, style and taste. He commissioned John Nash to build the Royal Pavilion in Brighton and remodel Buckingham Palace, and commissioned Sir Jeffry Wyatville to rebuild Windsor Castle. George's charm and culture earned him the title "the first gentleman of England", but his dissolute way of life and poor relationships with his parents and his wife, Caroline of Brunswick, earned him the contempt of the people and dimmed the prestige of the monarchy. He excluded Caroline from his coronation and asked the government to introduce the unpopular Pains and Penalties Bill in an unsuccessful attempt to divorce her. presiding over the British Empire's emergence as a global hegemon, George IV's rule was tarnished by scandal and financial extravagance. His ministers found his behaviour selfish, unreliable and irresponsible, and he was strongly influenced by favourites.[1] Taxpayers were angry at his wasteful spending during the Napoleonic Wars. During most of George's regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Liverpool's government presided over Britain's ultimate victory over Napoleon and negotiated a peace settlement with the French. After Liverpool's retirement, George IV was forced to accept Catholic emancipation despite opposing it. His only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte, predeceased him in 1817; on his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother, King William IV. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872);

England, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern
Ireland, 1820-1882, John Nelson Darby, Bible Translation and Plymouth Brethern; Leap Castle (Barrow River Source); PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

England, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism
England, Broads, 1825-1872, F.D. Maurice, Anglican theologian, Christian Socialism; PAUL JONES, BISHOP (4 SEP 1941);

England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom, reforms, child labor, slavery, electoral sys
England, 1830-1837, King of Great Britain, William IV of the United Kingdom ; IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death in 1837. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, becoming the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover. served in the Royal Navy in his youth, spending time in North America and the Caribbean, and was later nicknamed the "Sailor King".[1][2] 1789, he was created Duke of Clarence and St Andrews. In 1827, he was appointed as Britain's first Lord High Admiral since 1709. As his two older brothers died without leaving legitimate issue, he inherited the throne when he was 64 years old. reign saw several reforms: the poor law was updated, child labour restricted, slavery abolished in nearly all of the British Empire, and the British electoral system refashioned by the Reform Act 1832. William did not engage in politics as much as his brother or his father, he was the last monarch to appoint a British prime minister contrary to the will of Parliament. He granted his German kingdom a short-lived liberal constitution. the time of his death, William had no surviving legitimate children, but he was survived by eight of the ten illegitimate children he had by the actress Dorothea Jordan, with whom he cohabited for twenty years. Late in life, he married and apparently remained faithful to the young princess who would become Queen Adelaide. was succeeded by his niece Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom, and his brother King Ernest Augustus in Hanover. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); WILLIAM CAREY, MISSIONARY TO INDIA, 19 October 1834; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878);

England, 1833-1841, Oxford Movement, High Church doctrine and discipline
Oxford Movement; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; John Henry Newman EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); Other well-known Tractarians included John Keble, Charles Marriott, Richard Hurrell Froude, Robert Wilberforce, Isaac Williams and William Palmer. RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21; JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

England, 1837-1901, King of Great Britain, Queen Victoria, Victorian Era, expansion, industry, science
England, 1837-1901, King of Great Britain, Queen Victoria ; (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death, in 1901. Known as the Victorian era, her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors. It was a period of industrial, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. In 1876, Parliament voted her the additional title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (the fourth son of King George III), and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After both the Duke and his father died in 1820, she was raised under close supervision by her mother and her comptroller, John Conroy. She inherited the throne aged 18 after her father's three elder brothers died without surviving legitimate issue. Though a constitutional monarch, privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality. Victoria married her first cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1840. Their children married into royal and noble families across the continent, earning Victoria the sobriquet "the grandmother of Europe" and spreading haemophilia in European royalty. After Albert's death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism in the United Kingdom temporarily gained strength, but in the latter half of her reign, her popularity recovered. Her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. She died on the Isle of Wight in 1901. The last British monarch of the House of Hanover, she was succeeded by her son Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30; CATHERINE WINKWORTH, Poet, Commemorated August 7 ; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); JOHN COLERIDGE PATTESON, BISHOP OF MELANESIA, AND HIS COMPANIONS, MARTYRS (20 SEP 1871) ; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; JAMES HANNINGTON AND THE MARTYRS OF UGANDA, (29 OCT 1885); KING KAMEHAMEHA AND QUEEN EMMA OF HAWAII , (28 NOV 1864); JOHN HORDEN, Commemorated December 15 ; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22 ; VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, PRIEST AND THEOLOGIAN, 1890, Commemorated February 21; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; JOHN KEBLE, PRIEST, POET, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (29 MAR 1866), Commemorated March 29; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872); PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; GEORGE AUGUSTUS SELWYN, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (11 APR 1878); CHRISTINA ROSSETTI, POET, 1894, Commemorated April 27 ; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ;

England, 1838, Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), F.D. Maurice
England, 1838, Christian Socialists Movement (CSM), F.D. Maurice; FREDERICK DENISON MAURICE, Priest and Theologian (1 April 1872);

England, 1849-1912, William Boothe, Founder Salvation Army
England, 1849-1912, William Boothe, Founder Salvation Army; PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Smith Wigglesworth, Commemorated March 12;

England, 1852, Theologian, William Palmer, Orthodox communion
English Theologian, 1852, William Palmer, Orthodox communion; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

England, 1865, Salvation Army, Blind Beggar Tavern, London
Salvation Army, 1865, Blind Beggar Tavern, London; Salvation Army, 1865, Blind Beggar Tavern, London; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

England, 1866, Cowley, Oxfordshire, Society of St. John the Evangelist, Anglican monasteries
Society of St. John the Evangelist; CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, PRIEST, RENEWER OF THE CHURCH (18 SEP 1882); RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, Commemorated January 16 ; BERNARD MIZEKI, CATECHIST AND MARTYR IN AFRICA (18 JUNE 1896);

England, 1867-1942, WILSON CARLILE, THE CHURCH ARMY
England, 1867-1942, WILSON CARLILE, THE CHURCH ARMY; WILSON CARLILE, PRIEST, FOUNDER OF THE CHURCH ARMY, 26 September 1942.;

England, 1867, First Lambeth Conference, Anglican, expressing the mind of the communion on issues of the day
England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937; Lambeth Conference is a decennial assembly of bishops of the Anglican Communion convened by the Archbishop of Canterbury. The first such conference took place at Lambeth in 1867. the Anglican Communion is an international association of autonomous national and regional churches and is not a governing body, the Lambeth Conferences serve a collaborative and consultative function, expressing "the mind of the communion" on issues of the day.[1] which a Lambeth Conference may pass are without legal effect, but they are nonetheless influential. So, although the resolutions of conferences carry no legislative authority, they "do carry great moral and spiritual authority."[This quote needs a citation] "Its statements on social issues have influenced church policy in the churches."[2] conferences form one of the communion's four "Instruments of Communion".[3] Lambeth; Lambeth Convention; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ;

England, 1877, Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877
Cambridge Brotherhood to Deli (Cambridge Mission to Delhi) 1877; St. Stephen's College, Delhi, located at the University of Delhi; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POORIN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12;

England, 1879-1947, Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT
England, 1879-1947, Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT; Menston, Yorkshire, birthplace of Smith Wigglesworth; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1947, Commemorated March 12 ;

England, 1882, Church Army, St Pauls Cathedral, Westminster Slums
England, 1882, Church Army, St Pauls Cathedral, Westminster Slums; WILSON CARLILE PRIEST, FOUNDER OF THE CHURCH ARMY, 26 September 1942 ; JOHN DONNE, Priest, Poet, and Preacher (31 March 1631);

England, 1889, Christian Social Union (UK) 1889 at Oxford
Christian Social Union (UK) 1889 at Oxford; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12;

England, 1894-1936, G K Chesterton, Writer and Apologist in defense of Roman Catholicism
England, 1894-1936, G K Chesterton, Writer and Apologist in defense of Roman Catholicism; Keith Chesterton KC*SG (29 May 1874 - 14 June 1936) was an English writer,[2] philosopher, lay theologian, and literary and art critic. He has been referred to as the "prince of paradox".[3] Time magazine observed of his writing style: "Whenever possible Chesterton made his points with popular sayings, proverbs, allegories—first carefully turning them inside out."[4] created the fictional priest-detective Father Brown,[5] and wrote on apologetics. Even some of those who disagree with him have recognised the wide appeal of such works as Orthodoxy and The Everlasting Man.[4][6] Chesterton routinely referred to himself as an "orthodox" Christian, and came to identify this position more and more with Catholicism, eventually converting to Catholicism from High Church Anglicanism. Biographers have identified him as a successor to such Victorian authors as Matthew Arnold, Thomas Carlyle, John Henry Newman, and John Ruskin.[7] On his contributions, T. S. Eliot wrote: was importantly and consistently on the side of the angels. Behind the Johnsonian fancy-dress, so reassuring to the British public, he concealed the most serious and revolutionary designs—concealing them by exposure ... Chesterton's social and economic ideas...were fundamentally Christian and Catholic. He did more, I think, than any man of his time—and was able to do more than anyone else, because of his particular background, development and abilities as a public performer—to maintain the existence of the important minority in the modern world. He leaves behind a permanent claim upon our loyalty, to see that the work that he did in his time is continued in ours.[8] GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12; Keith Chesterton was born in London in 1874. He became a well-known writer and lecturer. He was officially received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1922, but had been writing from a Romanist point of view for a long time before that. Some of his writing is specifically Roman Catholic, and (in my judgement) he sometimes attacks Protestant positions without troubling to understand them. However, much of his writing is "generic Christian," and is read with profit and delight by many theologically well-informed Protestant readers. If you are a Protestant, you will have to read him with your mind in gear, but then you have no business to read anything whatsoever with your mind out of gear.

England, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, Oxford Group, World Wars I and II, Queen Elizabeth

England, 1900-1944, WILLIAM TEMPLE, Archbishop of Canterbury
England, 1900-1944, WILLIAM TEMPLE, Archbishop of Canterbury; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944;

England, 1901-1910, King of Great Britain, Edward VII, military modernization, peacemaker, socialism
England, 1901-1910, King of Great Britain, Edward VII ; VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Emperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910. The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and nicknamed Bertie, Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent to the British throne for almost 60 years. During the long reign of his mother, he was largely excluded from political power, and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, but, despite public approval, his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother. king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after the Second Boer War. He reinstituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called Peacemaker, but his relationship with his nephew, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, was poor. The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords. CHARLES CHAPMAN GRAFTON, BISHOP OF FOND DU LAC & ECUMENIST, 30 August 1912 ; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND œFRIEND OF THE POOR IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12 ; Woodbine Willie aka GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1904-1905, Welsh Revival, Swansea, Wales
Wales, 1904-1905, Welsh Revival, Swansea, Wales ; 1904-1905 Welsh Revival; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ;

England, 1910-1936, GB King, George V, socialism, communism, fascism, Irish Republicism, Indian Indepence
England, 1910-1936, King of Great Britain, George V; V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria, George was third in the line of succession behind his father, Prince Albert Edward, and his own elder brother, Prince Albert Victor. From 1877 to 1892, George served in the Royal Navy, until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne. On the death of Victoria in 1901, George's father ascended the throne as Edward VII, and George was created Prince of Wales. He became king-emperor on his father's death in 1910. V's reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, and the Indian independence movement, all of which radically changed the political landscape of the British Empire. The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. As a result of the First World War (1914–1918), the empires of his first cousins Nicholas II of Russia and Wilhelm II of Germany fell, while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, which he renamed from the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment. 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the British Commonwealth of Nations. He had smoking-related health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son, Edward VIII. GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; Charles Gore of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915 AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16 ; Richard Meau Benson of RICHARD MEUX BENSON, RELIGIOUS, 1915, AND CHARLES GORE, BISHOP OF WORCESTER, BIRMINGHAM & OXFORD, 1932, Commemorated January 16; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; Woodbine Willie aka GEOFFREY ANKETELL STUDDERT KENNEDY PRIEST, 1929, Commemorated March 8; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; PANDITA MARY RAMABAI, PROPHETIC WITNESS AND EVANGELIST IN INDIA, 1922. Commemorated April 5; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8; GILBERT KEITH CHESTERTON, APOLOGIST and WRITER, 1936, Commemorated June 12 ; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1921, Oxford Group, First Century Christian Fellowship
England, 1921, Oxford Group, First Century Christian Fellowship Keswick, England ; Keswik, England, home of the Oxford Group; SAMUEL SHOEMAKER, PRIEST AND EVANGELIST, 1963, Commemorated January 31 ; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England, 1936-1952, King of Great Britain, George VI, WWII, Empire decline after the war
England, 1936-1952, King of Great Britain, George VI; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940; WILLIAM TEMPLE, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY (6 NOV. 1944); C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); VEDANAYAGAM SAMUEL AZARIAH, FIRST INDIAN ANGLICAN BISHOP, DORNAKAL, 1945, Commemorated January 2 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND "œFRIEND OF THE POOR" IN INDIA, 1940. Commemorated February 12 ; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); ERIC LIDDELL, MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22; Smith Wigglesworth, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated March 12; OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ; INI KOPURIA, FOUNDER OF THE MELANESIAN BROTHERHOOD, 1945; EVELYN UNDERHILL, THEOLOGIAN AND MYSTIC (15 JUNE 1941);

England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937
England, 1937, Lambeth Conference of 1937; Lambeth; Lambeth Convention; PAUL SHINJI SASAKI AND PHILIP LENDEL TSEN, BISHOP OF TOKYO, 1946; BISHOP OF HONAN, CHINA, 1954; Oct. 31; JAMES THEODORE HOLLY, BISHOP OF HAITI AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, (13 March 1911), Commemorated November 8 ;

England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date
England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy;

England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Ephraim's Seal Date
England and US, 1941, March 12, 1941: Ephraim's Seal Date ; US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy;

England and US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy
US Policy, 1941-1945, Lend-Lease Policy; March 12, 1941: Joseph's Seal Date;

England, 1952- , Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II, decolonization, commonwealth, long reign and life
England, 1952- , Queen of Great Britain, Elizabeth II; GEORGE BELL, BISHOP OF CHICHESTER, AND ECUMENIST, 3 October 1958; C S LEWIS, SCHOLAR AND SPIRITUAL WRITER (22 NOV 1963); George Jeffreys, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1962, Commemorated January 26 ; JANANI LUWUM, ARCHBISHOP OF UGANDA, MARTYR (16 FEB 1977); OSCAR ROMERO, ARCHBISHOP OF SAN SALVADOR, AND THE MARTYRS OF EL SALVADOR, (24 March 1980) ;

England, General Locations Folder

England, Great North Road Folder

Great North Road

Great North Road - Shelby to York to Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Smithfield

Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield)
Smithfield, North London (Great North Road (AI), Smithfield); Roger Williams of ROGER WILLIAMS and ANNE HUTCHINSON, PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1683, 1643, Commemorated February 5;

Great North Road (A1) - Angel, Islington

Great North Road (A1) - Alconbury
At Alconbury, the Great North Road joined the Old North Road, an older route from London which follows the Roman Ermine Street. Here a milestone records mileages to London via both routes: 65 by the Old North Road and 68 by the Great North Road.[4] From Alconbury the Great North Road follows the line of Ermine Street north, through Stilton and Stamford as far as Colsterworth (at the A151 junction).

Great North Road (A10) - Stilton

Great North Road (A1) - Stamford

Great North Road (A1) - Colsterworth
At Colsterworth the Great North Road diverges west of the Roman road and continues through Grantham, Newark, Retford and Bawtry to Doncaster. North of Doncaster the Great North Road again follows a short section of Ermine Street called Roman Rigg or Roman Ridge. Further north the Great North Road crossed the Roman Dere Street near Boroughbridge from where it went via Dishforth and Topcliffe to Northallerton and then through Darlington and Durham. A road forked off to the left at the bridge in Boroughbridge to follow Dere Street, thence from Scotch Corner to Penrith and on to Glasgow. Part of this route was used for the original A1, with a local road from Scotch Corner via Barton to Darlington making the link back to the old Great North Road.

Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster
Great North Road (A1) - Doncaster (left to Ferrybridge and Edinburgh, right to Selby and York)

Great North Road (A1) - Roman Ridge

Great North Road (A1) - Ferrybridge (to Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Boroughbridge (Overview)

Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth
Great North Road (A1) - Dishforth (right to Topcliffe and Darrington, left to Scotch Corner and Glascow or Scotch Corner, Darrington and Edinburgh)

Great North Road (A1) - Topcliffe

Great North Road (A1) - Northallerton

Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow turn left)
Great North Road (A1) - Scotch Corner (to Glasgow, Scotland turn left; continue on A1 to Edinburg, Scotland)

Great North Road (A1) - Darlington

Great North Road (A1) - Durham

Great North Road (A1) - Selby (to York)

Great North Road (A1) - York

Great North Road (A1) - Edinburgh

Great North Road (A1) - Glasgow

England - Great Britain
Great Britain; The Island of Great Britain; Britons (historical); GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelist, 1770; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

Britain, England - Great Britain
Great Britain; The Island of Great Britain; Britons (historical); GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Evangelist, 1770; St Oswald, king and martyr, Commemorated on August 5 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896; INDEPENDENCE DAY, (United States of America) (4 JULY 1776);

England - United Kingdom
United Kingdom; WILLIAM LAW, WRITER, PRIEST, AND NON-JUROR (09 APR 1761; HARRIET BEECHER STOWE, WRITER AND PROPHETIC WITNESS, July 1, 1896;

England - British Empire
British Empire; CHARLES FREER ANDREWS, PRIEST AND ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFRIEND OF THE POORÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ IN INDIA, 1940, Commemorated February 12; CHARLES SIMEON;

England - Land of the Anglo-Saxons (Southeast Britain)
Anglo-Saxons, were Germans who setteled in Southeast Britain. AUGUSTINE OF CANTERBURY, BISHOP AND MISSIONARY (26 MAY 605); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 26 ;

England - Britain
Britain; Roman Britain; ALFRED THE GREAT, KING OF THE WEST SAXONS (26 OCT 899) ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated October 31 ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy, Commemorated on October 31; HILDA OF WHITBY, ABBESS AND PEACEMAKER (18 NOV 680); Apostle Simon Zealotes, Commemorated on May 10 ; BEDE THE VENERABLE, PRIEST, MONK, SCHOLAR (25 MAY 735); St Augustine of Canterbury, Evangelizer of England, Commemorated on May 26; BERTHA and ETHELBERT, QUEEN & KING OF KENT, 616, Commemorated May 27 ; Venerable Bede, the Church Historian, Commemorated on May 27 ; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304); St Alban the Protomartyr of Britain, Commemorated on June 22; St Germanus the Bishop of Auxerre, Commemorated on July 31;

England - Britain of the Middle Ages
Britain of the Middle Ages; DAVID (DEWI) OF WALES, (1 MAR 544) ; Apostle Aristobulus of the Seventy the Bishop of Britain, Commemorated on March 16; St Cuthbert, wonderworker of Britain, Commemorated on March 20;

England - Roman Britain (England)
Roman Britain; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

England - British Isles
British Isles; ALBAN, FIRST MARTYR OF BRITAIN (22 JUNE 304);