Bulgaria Folder, Danube rivers North, Rila Mountains Center, Roman Roads of Thrace South.kmz

Bulgaria Folder, Danube rivers North, Rila Mountains Center, Roman Roads of Thrace South

Balkan Mountains
Balkan Mountains ;

Balkan Peninsula
Balkan Peninsula; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated on December 20 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Bulgaria (Rila Mountains, Upper Thracian Plain, South of the Danube)
Bulgaria ; Kutmichivitsa Region of Bulgaria; K Triangle, Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; St Theophilus the Confessor of Bulgaria; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Luke the New Stylite of Chalcedon, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; New-martyr John of Thasos, Commemorated December 20 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria (Sophia)
Bulgaria; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir, in Holy Baptism Basil, the Enlightener of the Russian Land, Commemorated on July 15 ; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated on August 8 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Cosmas the Bulgarian of Zographou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 21; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Venerable Pimen the Bulgarian of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated November 3 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated November 22 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated November 23 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; Venerable Nectarius of Bitolya and Mt Athos, Commemorated December 5 ; St Gregory Palamas the Archbishop of Thessalonica; St Nectarius of Bite, Commemorated December 15 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St Prochorus the Abbot in the Vranski Desert on the river Pshina in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Martyr Inna, Disciples of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated January 20 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; Venerable Luke of Hellas, Commemorated on February 7 ; St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Venerable Stephen (In Monasticism Simeon), the Myrrhgusher and Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on February 13; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe RecruitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ), Commemorated on February 17; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; St John the New Martyr of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 5; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1; St Methodius, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Moravia, Enlightener of the Slavs, Commemorated on April 6; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Hair-Shirt WearerÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28 ; New Martyr Acacius the Martyr of Mt Athos and Seres, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5; Equal of the Apostles and Teacher of the Slavs, Methodius, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; St Ephraim the Bulgarian, Patriarch of Serbia, Commemorated on June 15; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19 ; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of SS Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26 ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria
Bulgaria, Old Great Bulgaria; Martyr Abraham of Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 1;

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom
Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD, Odrysian kingdom ; Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times
Bulgaria, 46-681, Roman Times;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 681-1018, First Bulgarian Empire ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire
Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Second Bulgarian Empire; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Caliphates, Ottoman, Turk, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgarian History Folder

Bulgaria, 480BC-46AD Folder, Odrysian kingdom

Bulgaria, 46-681, Folder, Roman Times

Bulgaria, 000, 1st Century, Apostles Andrew, Herman, Centurion Cornelius

Bulgaria, 46, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle, First Called
Bulgaria, 1st Century, Saint Andrew the Apostle; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated on November 30; Martyr Inna, Disciple of the Apostle Andrew, in Scythia, Commemorated on January 20;

Bulgaria, 1st Century, Centurion, Cornelius the Centurion
Palestine Centurion, 1st Century, Cornelius the Centurion; Martyr Demetrius with his wife and son, at Skepsis on the Hellespont, Commemorated on September 11 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ;

Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy
Bulgaria, 30-70, Apostle Hermes of the Seventy; Holy Apostle Hermas of the Seventy was bishop at Philippopolis, and died a martyr in the first century. In the Epistle to the Romans, the holy Apostle Paul commands the Romans to greet Hermas (Rom 16:14) (Rom 16:14). Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ;

Bulgaria, 100, 2nd Century Folder, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea

Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea
Bulgaria, 177, Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13; Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13

Bulgaria, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Sophia the castle of Roman Emperor

Bulgaria, 293-311, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius 293-311
Galerius, Sophia, Castle of Roman emperor Galerius; Greatmartyr Theodore the Tyro (œthe ), Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 300, 4th Century Folder, Christianity dominant, Gothic Civil Wars

Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria, 300, Christianity the dominant religion in Bulgaria; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 305 approx., Martyr Alexander of Rome at Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Bulgaria, 343, Council of Sardica, in Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria
Council of Sardica ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18;

Bulgaria, 376-382, Fritigern, Gothic War of 376-382
Fritigern; Gothic War (376-“382) ; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Thervingi people;

Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War, 378, Fritgen over Athanaric, both Theringian Goths
Battle of Adrianople, Gothic Civil War; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Bulgaria, 378, Battle of Adrianople, Thrace, Gothic Civil War of 376-382, Valens dies by fire
Bulgaria, Battle of Adrianople, 378, Gothic Civil War of 376-382 ; Venerable Isaac the Ascetic of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on August 3; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ;

Bulgaria, 600, 7th Century Folder, Bulgars 632-668, Old Great Bularia

Bulgars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668
Bulghars, 7th Century, Old Great Bulgaria, 632-668; Bulgars, 7th Century; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 22;

Bulgaria, 681-1018, Folder, First Bulgarian Empire Folder

Bulgaria, 681-699, 7th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 700, 8th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 768-777, Telerig of Bulgaria; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 777-803, Bulgarian Tsar, Kardam of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Tsar, 777-803, Kardam of Bulgaria ; Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 800-864, 9th Century Folder, Pagan

Bulgaria, 800-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota, converted by Byzantine captive
Bulgaria, 800-833, Bulgarian Saint, Boyan or Enravota; Enravota or Boyan (Боян) was the eldest son of Omurtag of Bulgaria and the first Bulgarian Christian martyr, as well as the earliest Bulgarian saint to be canonized. in the early 9th century, Enravota was the elder brother of Malamir of Bulgaria, who succeeded their father Omurtag to the Bulgarian throne in 831. was possibly deprived of the throne because he favoured Christianity, which the boyars feared might endanger the court. long after the death of Omurtag, Enravota asked his brother to release a pious Byzantine captive who had been imprisoned by Omurtag. The captive's sermons persuaded Enravota to convert to Christianity and be baptized. informed of his brother's deeds, Malamir attempted to make him renounce Christianity, but did not succeed. Enravota was killed on the order of Malamir, around 833. 11th-century chronicler Theophylact of Bulgaria claimed he delivered the following prophetic speech before his death: faith, which I now die for, will spread and increase across the whole Bulgarian land, although you may wish to oppress it with my death. In any case, the Sign of Christ will establish itself and churches of God will be built everywhere and pure priests will serve the pure God and will deliver "sacrifice of praise and confession" to the invigorating Trinity. Idols, and priests as well, and their ungodly temples, will crumble and will turn into nothing, as if they had not existed. Besides, you alone (to Malamir), after many years, will cast away your ungodly soul without receiving anything in reward for your cruelty. In the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Enravota's feast day is 28 March. Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St. Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 803-814, Bulgarian Tsar, Krum, doubled Bulgaria in size
Bulgarian Tsar, 803-814, Krum ; (Bulgarian: Крум, Greek: Κρούμος/Kroumos)[A], often referred to as Krum the Fearsome (Bulgarian: Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814. During his reign the Bulgarian territory doubled in size, spreading from the middle Danube to the Dnieper and from Odrin to the Tatra Mountains. His able and energetic rule brought law and order to Bulgaria and developed the rudiments of state organization.[1][2] Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 814-831, Tsar, Omurtag, 30 year peace w Byzantines, coped w Franks, Builder
Bulgarian Tsar, 814-831, Omurtag of Bulgaria; (or Omortag) was a Great Khan (Kanasubigi)[3] of Bulgaria from 814 to 831. He is known as "the Builder". the very beginning of his reign he signed a 30-year peace treaty with the neighboring Byzantine Empire which remained in force to the end of his life. Omurtag successfully coped with the aggressive policy of the Frankish Empire to take Bulgaria's north-western lands and suppressed the unrest among several Slavic tribes. He made administrative reforms which increased the power and the authority of the central government. His reign was marked with a strong development of Bulgarian architecture with a number of significant construction projects Venerable Peter of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 1 ;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Tsar, Malamir, executed Enravota, 20yr? peace ended by Theophilos
Bulgarian Tsar, 831-836, Malamir ; was the ruler of Bulgaria 831–836. was a son of Omurtag and a grandson of Krum. His name may be of Slavic origin, which would make him the first Bulgar khan to possess a Slavic name; this has led to the speculation that his mother was a Slav, although that cannot be proven. Another theory is that it was an Iranian name, as there is an Iranian city named Malamir. became ruler of Bulgaria in 831 on the death of his father Omurtag, because his older brother Enravota (Voin) had forfeited his right to the succession by becoming a Christian. It is possible that Malamir was young and inexperienced at the time of his accession, and that affairs of state were managed by his kavhan (kaukhanos) Isbul. 833, Malamir executed his brother Enravota for refusing to renounce Christianity. After the expiration of the original 20-year peace treaty(?) with the Byzantine Empire in 836, emperor Theophilos ravaged the regions inside the Bulgarian frontier. The Bulgarians retaliated, and under the leadership of Isbul they reached Adrianople. At this time, if not earlier, the Bulgarians annexed Philippopolis (Plovdiv) and its environs. Several surviving monumental inscriptions from this reign make reference to the Bulgarian victories and others to the continuation of construction activities in and near Pliska. Malamir died in 836, allegedly as retribution for his execution of his older brother. several older studies, Malamir is identified with his successor Presian I, and it is assumed that he survived until the 850s as the direct predecessor of Boris I. This is very unlikely, as Malamir is attested as having been succeeded by his nephew (the son of his brother Zvinitsa), while Boris I was preceded by his father Presian I. Zlatarski resolved the problems in the fragmentary sources by determining that Malamir's unnamed nephew and successor was in fact Presian I, and Boris I was the latter's son. 17th century Volga Bulgar compilation Cagfar Taríxı (a work of disputed authenticity) represents Balamir (i.e., Malamir) as the son of Yomyrčak (i.e., Omurtag), and as the brother of Sabanša (i.e., Zvinica), who was the father of Birdžihan (i.e., Presian I). Knoll on Greenwich Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is named for Khan Malamir of Bulgaria. Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 831-836, Tzar, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan
Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria, Pagan
Bulgaria, 836-852, Tzar, Presian I of Bulgaria; Bulgaria, 831-836, Malamir of Bulgaria, Vladimir, Pagan; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28;

Bulgaria, 852-889, Tsar, Boris I, Christian, autocephalous Bulgarian Church
Bulgarian Tsar, 852-889, Boris I ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; Martyr Enravota - Boyan, the Prince of Bulgaria, Commemorated on March 28; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 860-916, Saint, Clement in Bulgaria
Bulgarian Saint, 860-916, Saint Clement of Ohrid; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25; St Boris (in Holy Baptism Michael), Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 2 ;

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6

Bulgaria, 864-899, 9th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted
Bulgaria, 864-865, Bulgaria converted to the Church, Christianity officially adopted; St. Photius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 6; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 889-893, Tsar, Vladimir, Serb Wars, Pagan, tried end Christianity, deposed&blinded by his f
Bulgarian Tsar, 889-893, Vladimir of Bulgaria; was the ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire from 889 to 893. 853 or 854, the Bulgar Army led by Vladimir, the son of Boris I of Bulgaria, invaded Serbia in an attempt to exact vengeance for the previous defeat of Presian in 839-842 against Vlastimir. Serbian Army, led by Mutimir and his brothers, defeated the Bulgars, capturing Vladimir and 12 boyars.[1] Boris I and Mutimir agreed on peace (and perhaps an alliance[1]), and Mutimir sent his sons Pribislav and Stefan to the border to escort the prisoners, where they exchanged items as a sign of peace. Boris gave them "rich gifts", while he was given "two slaves, two falcons, two dogs, and 80 furs". became ruler (Tzar) of Bulgaria when his father Boris-Mihail I (Boris adopted the name Mihail - Michael - after his baptism) decided to retire to a monastery after a reign of 36 years. Preserved seals with the inscription "Michael the Monk, who is archon of the Bulgarians" suggest, however, that Boris I never fully relinquished his power. was the oldest of Boris-Mihail's sons and possibly the only one of them who had been born before Boris' adoption of Christianity.[2] to Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Vladimir had taken part in a Bulgarian invasion of the Serbian lands, predating the Christianization of Bulgaria. little that is known about his reign includes a military alliance he concluded in 892 with the East Frankish (German) King Arnulf of Carinthia against Great Moravia which, having in mind the interests of the Byzantine Empire, was indirectly aimed against Constantinople. This was a serious straying from the pro-Byzantine policy of his father. is mainly remembered for his attempt to eliminate Christianity in Bulgaria and the re-institution of Paganism. This event is written of by Constantine of Preslav in his Didactic Gospel. started the process of destroying the Christian temples and persecuting of the clergymen, because he regarded them as instruments of Byzantium and its efforts to influence the Bulgarian kingdom. Vladimir-Rasate's actions were not well received by the population and the aristocracy, and he was only supported by a few of the boyars. Therefore, in 893, Boris I left the monastery he inhabited and dispossessed his son. He blinded Vladimir and put him in a dungeon, where his trails vanish. placed his third son Simeon on the Bulgarian throne during the Council of Preslav, itself a direct consequence of Vladimir-Rasate's ill-fated attempt to restore paganism.[3] Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 893-927, Tsar, Simeon I of Bulgaria, won against Byzantines, Serbs and Magyars
Bulgarian Tsar, 893-927, Simeon I of Bulgaria; Simeon ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,[3] during the First Bulgarian Empire. Simeon's successful campaigns against the Byzantines, Magyars and Serbs led Bulgaria to its greatest territorial expansion ever,[4] making it the most powerful state in contemporary Eastern and Southeast Europe.[5] His reign was also a period of unmatched cultural prosperity and enlightenment later deemed the Golden Age of Bulgarian culture.[6] During Simeon's rule, Bulgaria spread over a territory between the Aegean, the Adriatic and the Black Sea.[7][8] The newly independent Bulgarian Orthodox Church became the first new patriarchate besides the Pentarchy, and Bulgarian Glagolitic and Cyrillic translations of Christian texts spread all over the Slavic world of the time.[9] It was at the Preslav Literary School in the 890s that the Cyrillic alphabet was developed.[10][11][12] Halfway through his reign, Simeon assumed the title of Emperor (Tsar),[13] having prior to that been styled Prince (Knyaz).[14] Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 896-946, Bulgarian Saint, John of Rila
Bulgarian Saint, 896-946, John of Rila ; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 900, 10th Century Folder, Orthodox

Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila
Bulgaria, 900-946, Saint John of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Bulgaria, 927-969, Bulgarian Tsar, Peter I of Bulgaria, prosperity, well organized
Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; I ( I) (died 30 January 970) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 27 May 927 to 969. Early reign[edit] Peter I was the son of Simeon I of Bulgaria by his second marriage to the sister of George Sursuvul. Peter had been born early in the 10th century, but it appears that his maternal uncle was very influential at the beginning of his reign. In 913 Peter may have visited the imperial palace at Constantinople together with his older brother Michael. For unspecified reasons, Simeon had forced Michael to become a monk and had named Peter as his successor. To prove himself a worthy successor to his father both at home and in the eyes of foreign governments, Peter began his reign with a military offensive into Byzantine Thrace in 927 which was the last campaign of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927. Nevertheless, he followed up his quick successes by secretly negotiating a peace treaty before the Byzantine government had a chance to retaliate. The Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos eagerly accepted the proposal for peace and arranged for a diplomatic marriage between his granddaughter Maria and the Bulgarian monarch. In October 927 Peter arrived near Constantinople to meet Romanos and signed the peace treaty, marrying Maria on 8 November in the church of the Zoödochos Pege. To signify the new era in Bulgaro-Byzantine relations, the princess was renamed Eirene ("peace"). The extensive Preslav Treasure is thought to represent part of the dowry of the princess. The treaty of 927 actually represents the fruit of Simeon's military successes and diplomatic initiatives, ably continued by his son's government. Peace was obtained with the frontiers restored to those defined in treaties of 897 and 904. The Byzantines recognised the Bulgarian monarch's title of emperor (basileus, tsar) and the autocephalus status of the Bulgarian patriarchate, while the payment of an annual tribute to Bulgaria by the Byzantine Empire was renewed.[1] BULGARIA, First Empire. Peter I, with Irina (Maria Lakapena). 927–969. PB Seal (25mm, 13.28 g, 12h). Struck 927-945(?). Facing bust of Christ, raising hand in benediction and holding Gospels / Facing busts of Peter and Irina, holding patriarchal cross on globe between them. Jordanov Type III.3ÃÂa. VF, beige patina. // From the Iconodule Collection. Revolts and incursions[edit] The initial successes of Peter's reign were followed by several minor setbacks. Around 930, Peter faced a revolt led by his younger brother Ivan, who was defeated and sent into exile in Byzantium. Soon afterwards Peter's older brother Michael escaped from his monastery and led a more formidable rebellion, which terminated with his early death. The youngest brother, Benjamin (also called Bojan), was accused of being a werewolf and magician by the Italian Bishop Liutprand of Cremona, but he apparently posed no threat to Peter's authority. Perhaps taking advantage of these challenges to Peter's rule, the Prince of Serbia ÄŒaslav KlonimiroviÄ‡ escaped the Bulgarian capital Preslav in 933 and, with tacit Byzantine support, managed to raise a Serbian revolt against Bulgarian rule.[2] The revolt succeeded and Serbia recovered its independence. Peter may have had to also face the incursions of the Magyars, who had been defeated and forced into Pannonia by his father in 896. Perhaps after an initial defeat, Peter came to terms with the enemy and now used Magyar groups as his allies against Serbia. Various Magyar clans and chieftains appear to have begun to settle in what was still Bulgarian territory north of the Danube, where they may have become Bulgarian federates, enjoying independence from the ÃÂrpád dynasty. This arrangement paved the way for the eventual loss of the region to the Magyars, although that happened over the half-century following Peter's death. Peter apparently allowed these groups to cross Bulgaria and raid Byzantine territories in Thrace and Macedonia, perhaps as an underhanded reaction against Byzantine support for the Serbian rebellion. Domestic rule[edit] Peter I presided over a long and relatively peaceful reign, albeit one poorly illuminated by foreign or native sources. In spite of the challenges he encountered soon after his accession and the critical situation at the very end of his life, Peter's Bulgaria appears to have been prosperous and increasingly well organized, with an administrative apparatus noted by foreign travelers and confirmed by the numerous finds of imperial seals. Peter was particularly generous towards the Church, which he endowed lavishly throughout his reign. The emperor's generosity reached such an extent that it was seen as a corrupting factor by even Orthodox clerics, like Cosmas Presbyter. Others chose a path away from the temptations of the secular world, most notably Saint Ivan of Rila, but their ascetic existence still drew the attention of the monarch. Luxury and social tensions may have contributed to the spread of the Bogomil heresy, which Peter duly undertook to combat, soliciting the advice of famous hermits and even his uncle-in-law, Patriarch Theophylact of Constantinople. Conflict with Byzantium and Rus[edit] Main article: Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria Relations with the Byzantine Empire worsened after the death of Peter's wife in the mid-960s. Victorious over the Arabs, Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas refused to pay the annual tribute to Bulgaria in 966, complaining of the Bulgarian alliance with the Magyars, and he undertook a show of force at the Bulgarian border. Dissuaded from a direct attack against Bulgaria, Nikephoros II dispatched a messenger to the Rus prince Sviatoslav Igorevich to arrange a Rus attack against Bulgaria from the north. The Death of Emperor Peter I. Sviatoslav readily launched a campaign with a vast force of 60,000 troops, routed the Bulgarians on the Danube, and defeated them in a battle near Silistra, seizing some 80 Bulgarian fortresses in 968. Stunned by the success of his ally and suspicious of his actual intentions, Emperor Nikephoros II hastened to make peace with Bulgaria and arranged the marriage of his wards, the underage emperors Basil II and Constantine VIII, to two Bulgarian princesses. Two of Peter's sons were sent to Constantinople as both negotiators and honorary hostages. In the meantime Peter managed to secure the retreat of the Rus forces by inciting Bulgaria's traditional allies, the Pechenegs, to attack Kiev itself. In spite of this temporary success and the reconciliation with Byzantium, Bulgaria faced a new invasion by Sviatoslav in 969. The Bulgarians were defeated again, and Peter suffered a stroke, which led him to abdicate and become a monk. He died on 30 January 970. Reputation[edit] Compared with the military success of his father's reign, Peter has been traditionally considered a weak ruler, who lost lands and prestige, allowed his military forces to decline while his country was ravaged by foreign invaders, and turned Bulgaria into a Byzantine satellite governed by Byzantine agents in the persons of his empress and her retinue. This view has been questioned by more recent scholarship, which emphasizes the affluence and internal peace enjoyed by Bulgarian society during his long reign, re-evaluates the relationship between Bulgaria and its semi-nomadic neighbors (Magyars and Pechenegs), and questions the allegedly sinister role of Romanos' granddaughter and her retinue.[3] While Peter's reign witnessed the spread of the Bogomil heresy, its origins were more demographic (perhaps inspired by Paulicians settled earlier by Byzantine emperors in Thrace) than social, and the Bulgarian Orthodox Church canonized him as a saint. Peter was considered a good ruler in the Middle Ages, and when Bulgaria fell under Byzantine rule (1018–1185), leaders of attempts to restore Bulgarian independence adopted his name to emphasize legitimacy and continuity (both Peter Delyan and Constantine Bodin adopted the royal name of Peter in their attempts to regain the throne from the Byzantines). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism, heresy
Bulgaria, 927-969, Bogomilism Bulgarian Tsar, 927-969, Peter I of Bulgaria; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 927-972, Bulgarian Patriarch, Damian
Bulgarian Patriarch, 927-972, Damian Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 969-971, Bulgarian Tsar. Boris II of Bulgaria, hostage, lost Thrace to B, fought Sviaslav of Kiev
Bulgarian Tsar, 969-971. Boris II of Bulgaria ; II was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 969 to 977 (in Byzantine captivity from 971). Boris II was the eldest surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria and Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapena, a granddaughter of Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos of Byzantium. Boris had been born by 931, when he had visited Constantinople together with his mother. Nothing else is known of Boris II's life until 968, when he went to Constantinople again to negotiate a peace settlement with Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, and apparently to serve as an honorary hostage. This arrangement was intended to put an end to the conflict between Bulgaria and Byzantium, who would now join forces against Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev, whom the Byzantine emperor had pitted against the Bulgarians. In 969 a new Kievan invasion defeated the Bulgarians again and Peter I abdicated to become a monk. In circumstances that are not entirely clear, Boris II was allowed to return to Bulgaria and sit on his father's throne. (The later Byzantine chronicle of John Skylitzes confounds this with a later event, in which Boris and his brother escaped Constantinople after the so-called rebellion of the Kometopouloi in Macedonia.) The Byzantine emperor John Tzimisces returns in triumph in Constantinople with the captured Boris II and Preslav Icon Boris II was unable to stem the Kievan advance, and found himself forced to accept Sviatoslav of Kiev as his ally and puppet-master, turning against the Byzantines. A Kievan campaign into Byzantine Thrace was defeated at the Battle of Arkadioupolis in 970, and the new Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes advanced northwards. Failing to secure the defense of the Balkan passes, Sviatoslav allowed the Byzantines to penetrate into Moesia and lay siege to the Bulgarian capital Preslav. Although Bulgarians and Ruses joined in defending the city, the Byzantines managed to set afire the wooden structures and roofs by missiles, and took the fortress. Boris II now became a captive of John I Tzimiskes, who continued to pursue the Kievan Army, besieging Sviatoslav in DrÄƒstÄƒr (Silistra), while claiming to act as Boris' ally and protector, and treating the Bulgarian monarch with due respect. After Sviatoslav had come to terms and set out for Kiev, the Byzantine emperor returned to Constantinople in triumph. Far from liberating Bulgaria as he had claimed, John brought along Boris II and his family, together with the contents of the Bulgarian imperial treasury in 971. In a public ceremony in Constantinople, Boris II was ritually divested of his imperial insignia and was given the Byzantine court title of magistros as compensation. The Bulgarian lands in Thrace and lower Moesia now became part of the Byzantine Empire and were placed under Byzantine governors. Although the ceremony in 971 had been intended as a symbolic termination of the Bulgarian empire, the Byzantines were unable to assert their control over the western provinces of Bulgaria. These remained under the rule of their own governors, and especially of a noble family led by four brothers called the Kometopouloi (i.e., "the sons of the Count"), named David, Moses, Aron, and Samuel. The movement was regarded as a "revolt" by the Byzantine emperor, but it apparently saw itself as a sort of regency for the captive Boris II. As they began to raid neighboring territories under Byzantine rule, the Byzantine government resorted to a stratagem intended to compromise the leadership of this "revolt". This involved allowing Boris II and his brother Roman to escape from their honorary captivity at the Byzantine court, in the hope that their arrival in Bulgaria would cause a division between the Kometopouloi and other Bulgarian leaders. As Boris II and Roman entered the region under Bulgarian control in 977, Boris II dismounted and went ahead of his brother. Mistaken for a Byzantine notable due to his attire, Boris was shot in the chest by a deaf and mute border patrol. Roman managed to identify himself to the other guards and was duly accepted as emperor. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 971-997, Tsar, Roman of Bulgaria, B hostage, Sviatoslav and Tzimiskes pawn, castrated
toBulgarian Tsar, 971-997, Roman of Bulgaria; ( 930s-“997) was emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 977 to 991, being in Byzantine captivity thereafter still claiming the title. Reign[edit] Roman was the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria by his marriage with Maria (renamed Eirene) Lekapene, the granddaughter of the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos.[1] It is possible that he had the double name Roman-Simeon, but this may be due to confusion with another man in the sources. He was born around 930, and had probably visited Constantinople with his mother and older brothers soon after 931. We know nothing about Roman’s life until 968, when he joined his older brother Boris in Constantinople to negotiate a peace agreement between Bulgaria and Byzantium, during which they apparently served as honorary hostages at the Byzantine court. On their father’s abdication in 969, Boris and Roman returned to Bulgaria, where Boris II succeeded as emperor. Roman may have been proclaimed co-emperor in accordance with Byzantine usage, but the evidence for that is vague. In Bulgaria Roman probably shared his brother’s destiny, becoming first a pawn in the hands of Prince Sviatoslav I of Kiev and then in those of the Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimiskes. After the latter’s victory in 971, Roman was taken to Constantinople together with his brother’s family. To ensure that the Bulgarian dynasty would die out (Boris II apparently had only daughters), the Byzantine emperor had Roman castrated.[2] Boris and Roman remained in honorary captivity at the imperial palace until after the death of the emperor in 976. At this point the raids of the Cometopuli into Byzantine possessions in Macedonia led to a Byzantine stratagem intended to divide the leadership of the still-unconquered Bulgarian lands in the west. Temporarily jailed, Boris and Roman were allowed to escape in 977. During their attempt to cross the Bulgarian border, Boris II was taken for an enemy and killed by a guard. Roman managed to identify himself to the Bulgarian patrols, and was duly recognized by the Bulgarians as emperor. Although Roman was acknowledged as the official Bulgarian ruler, most of the military matters were left in the hands of Samuil, who was the youngest brother of the Cometopuli dynasty, and Roman devoted to church deeds similar to his father Peter in his end of life. During one of his invasions of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II succeeded in capturing Roman in 991. Roman remained in Byzantine captivity until his death in 997, and it was only then that Samuel took the Bulgarian imperial title. Such, at least, is the sequence of events reported by the trustworthy historian Yahya of Antioch. According to the later testimony of the Byzantine chronicler John Skylitzes, in 1004 Skopje was surrendered to Basil II by its governor Roman Simeon, who may have been mistaken for Emperor Roman in the text. Roman-Simeon received the title of patrikios and was named military governor or strategos of the theme of Abydos.' Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Bulgaria, 997-1014, Tsar, Samuel of Bulgaria, Orthodox, constant warfare against Byzantium, and ambitious Basil II
Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; was the Tsar (Emperor) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 997 to 6 October 1014.[5] 977 to 997, he was a general under Roman I of Bulgaria,[6] the second surviving son of Emperor Peter I of Bulgaria, and co-ruled with him, as Roman bestowed upon him the command of the army and the effective royal authority.[7] As Samuel struggled to preserve his country's independence from the Byzantine Empire, his rule was characterized by constant warfare against the Byzantines and their equally ambitious ruler Basil II. his early years Samuel managed to inflict several major defeats on the Byzantines and to launch offensive campaigns into their territory.[8] In the late 10th century, the Bulgarian armies conquered the Serb principality of Duklja[9] and led campaigns against the Kingdoms of Croatia and Hungary. But from 1001, he was forced mainly to defend the Empire against the superior Byzantine armies. Samuel died of a heart attack on 6 October 1014, two months after the catastrophic battle of Kleidion. His successors failed to organize a resistance, and in 1018, four years after Samuel's death, the country capitulated, ending the five decades-long Byzantine–Bulgarian conflict.[10] was considered "invincible in power and unsurpassable in strength".[11][12] Similar comments were made even in Constantinople, where John Kyriotes penned a poem offering a punning comparison between the Bulgarian Emperor and Halley's comet, which appeared in 989.[13][14] During Samuel's reign, Bulgaria gained control of most of the Balkans (with the notable exception of Thrace) as far as southern Greece. He moved the capital from Skopje to Ohrid,[8][15] which had been the cultural and military centre of southwestern Bulgaria since Boris I's rule,[16] and made the city the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. Because of this, his realm is sometimes called the Western Bulgarian Empire.[17][18] Samuel's energetic reign restored Bulgarian might on the Balkans, and although the Empire was disestablished after his death, he is regarded as a heroic ruler in Bulgaria.[19][20] Samuel is considered also a heroic ruler in today North Macedonia[21] (see the section Nomenclature). Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, lost empire to Byzantium
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. Saved from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. Due to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. After the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. After his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Ivan Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. Two women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22;

Bulgaria, 1018-1185, Folder, Controlled by Byzantium

Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav
Bulgaria, 1000-1016, Prince, John-Vladimir, Serbian Prince murdered by John-Vladislav; Vladimir or John Vladimir ([a] c. 990 - 22 May 1016) was the ruler of Duklja, the most powerful Serbian principality of the time,[1] from around 1000 to 1016. ruled during the protracted war between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire. Vladimir was acknowledged as a pious, just, and peaceful ruler. He is recognized as a martyr and saint, with his feast day being celebrated on 22 May.[b] Vladimir had a close relationship with Byzantium but this did not save Duklja from the expansionist Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria, who conquered the principality around 1010 and took Vladimir prisoner. medieval chronicle asserts that Samuel's daughter, Theodora Kosara, fell in love with Vladimir and begged her father for his hand. The tsar allowed the marriage and returned Duklja to Vladimir, who ruled as his vassal. Vladimir took no part in his father-in-law's war efforts. The warfare culminated with Tsar Samuel's defeat by the Byzantines in 1014 and death soon after. 1016, Vladimir fell victim to a plot by Ivan Vladislav, the last ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was beheaded in front of a church in Prespa, the empire's capital, and was buried there. was soon recognized as a martyr and saint. His widow, Kosara, reburied him in the Precista Krajinska Church, near his court in southeastern Duklja. 1381, his remains were preserved in the Church of St Jovan Vladimir near Elbasan, and since 1995 they have been kept in the Orthodox cathedral of Tirana, Albania. saint's remains are considered Christian relics, and attract many believers, especially on his feast day, when the relics are taken to the church near Elbasan for a celebration. cross Vladimir held when he was beheaded is also regarded as a relic. Traditionally under the care of the Andrović family from the village of Velji Mikulići in southeastern Montenegro, the cross is only shown to believers on the Feast of Pentecost, when it is carried in a procession to the summit of Mount Rumija. Vladimir is regarded as the first Serbian saint and the patron saint of the town of Bar in Montenegro. earliest, lost hagiography was probably written sometime between 1075 and 1089; a shortened version, written in Latin, is preserved in the Chronicle of the Priest of Duklja. His hagiographies in Greek and Church Slavonic were first published, respectively, in 1690 and 1802. The saint is classically depicted in icons as a monarch wearing a crown and regal clothes, with a cross in his right hand and his own head in his left hand. He is fabled to have carried his severed head to his place of burial. Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav, Murderer, mixed heritage, defended his country
Bulgaria, 1015-1018, Tsar, John-Vladislav; Vladislav ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from August or September 1015 to February 1018. The year of his birth is unknown; he was born at least a decade before 987, but probably not much earlier than that. from death by his cousin Gavril Radomir, the Bulgarian Emperor, in 976, Ivan Vladislav murdered him in October 1015 and seized the Bulgarian throne. to the desperate situation of the country following the decades-long war with the Byzantine Empire, and in an attempt to consolidate his position, he tried to negotiate truce with the Byzantine emperor Basil II. the failure of the negotiations he continued the resistance, attempting unsuccessfully to push the Byzantines back. During his period of rule, Ivan Vladislav tried to strengthen the Bulgarian army, reconstructed many Bulgarian fortresses and even carried out a counter-offensive, but he died at the Battle of Dyrrhachium in 1018. his death his widow, Empress Maria, the Patriarch and most of the nobility finally surrendered to Basil II, who soon suppressed the last remnants of resistance and brought about the end of the First Bulgarian Empire. Vladislav left a mixed heritage, varying from a reputation of being a ruthless murderer to a hero defending his country as well as he could. The descendants of Ivan Vladislav entered the Byzantine nobility and rose to the highest ranks of the hierarchy. women of his family became empresses of the Byzantine Empire and others became military commanders or high-ranking officials. He was an ancestor of the Byzantine emperor John II Komnenos. Bulgarian Tsar, 997-1014, Samuel of Bulgaria; St John-Vladimir the Prince of Bulgaria, the Greatmartyr and Miracle-worker, Commemorated on May 22; Holy Martyr John-Vladimir, a Serbian prince, was born in the tenth century. From his childhood he was raised in piety, and at maturity he wisely governed his holdings Illyria and Dalmatia, preserving the holy Faith in purity. noble prince was married to Kosara, a daughter of the Bulgarian Tsar Samuel. Summoned for talks with the Bulgarian Tsar John-Vladislav, he was treacherously murdered by the Tsar on May 22, 1015, at the entrance to a church. Kosara, the pious spouse of the holy prince, entered a women’s monastery that she built, and where also she died, not leaving the church until the very end of her life. The relics of the holy prince are located near Elbosan.

Bulgaria, 1185-1422, Folder, Second Bulgarian Empire

Bulgaria, 1185-1199, 12th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1197-1207, Emperor, Kaloyan, w R Pope, expansionist, took advantage of Fall of C against Latins
Bulgarian Emperor, 1197-1207, Kaloyan of Bulgaria; also known as Kalojan, Johannitsa or Ioannitsa (c. 1170 – October 1207) was Tsar of Bulgaria from 1196 to 1207. was a younger brother of Theodor and Asen who led the anti-Byzantine uprising of the Bulgarians and Vlachs in 1185. uprising ended with the restoration of the independence of Bulgaria. spent years as a hostage in Constantinople in the late 1180s. (who had been crowned emperor under the name Peter) made him his co-ruler after Asen was murdered in 1196. A year later, was also assassinated, and Kaloyan became the sole ruler of Bulgaria. obtain an imperial crown from the Holy See, Kaloyan entered into correspondence with Pope Innocent III, offering to acknowledge papal His expansionist policy brought him into conflict with the Byzantine Empire, Serbia and Hungary. King of Hungary allowed the papal legate who delivered a royal crown to Kaloyan to enter Bulgaria only at the Pope's demand. The legate crowned Kaloyan "King of the Bulgarians and Vlachs" on 8 November 1204, but Kaloyan continued to regard his realm as an empire. took advantage of the disintegration of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders (or "Latins") in 1204. captured fortresses in Macedonia and Thrace and supported the local population's riots against the crusaders. He defeated Baldwin I, Latin emperor of Constantinople, in the Battle of Adrianople on 14 April 1205. Baldwin was captured; he died in Kaloyan's prison. launched new campaigns against the crusaders and captured or destroyed dozens of their fortresses. He was thereafter known as Kaloyan the Romanslayer, because his troops murdered or captured thousands of Byzantines. He died under mysterious circumstances during the siege of Thessalonica in 1207. Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1200, 13th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Thrives

Bulgaria, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to several Empires
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, 1204-1261, Latin Empire Constantinople, Crusader State
Constantinople, 1204-1261, Latin Empire, Crusader State; The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantine Empire as the Western-recognized Roman Empire in the east, with a Catholic emperor enthroned in place of the Eastern Orthodox Roman emperors. The Fourth Crusade had originally been called to retake the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem but a sequence of economic and political events culminated in the Crusader army sacking the city of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Originally, the plan had been to restore the deposed Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who had been usurped by Alexios III Angelos, to the throne. The crusaders had been promised financial and military aid by Isaac's son Alexios, with which they had planned to continue to Jerusalem. When the crusaders reached Constantinople the situation quickly turned volatile and while Isaac and Alexios briefly ruled, the crusaders did not receive the payment they had hoped for. In April 1204, they captured and plundered the city's enormous wealth. The crusaders selected their own emperor from among their own ranks, Baldwin of Flanders, and divided the territory of the Byzantine Empire into various new vassal crusader states. The Latin Empire's authority was immediately challenged by Byzantine rump states led by the Laskaris family (connected to the Angelos dynasty of 1185–1204) in Nicaea and the Komnenos family (which had ruled as Byzantine Emperors 1081–1185) in Trebizond. From 1224 to 1242 the Komnenos Doukas family, also connected to the Angeloi, challenged Latin authority from Thessalonica. The Latin Empire failed to attain political or economic dominance over the other Latin powers that had been established in former Byzantine territories in the wake of the Fourth Crusade, especially Venice, and after a short initial period of military successes it went into a steady decline due to constant war with Bulgaria to the north and the various Byzantine claimants. Eventually, the Nicaean Empire recovered Constantinople and restored the Byzantine Empire under Michael VIII Palaiologos in 1261. The last Latin emperor, Baldwin II, went into exile, but the imperial title survived, with several pretenders to it, until the 14th century. Like the term "Byzantine Empire", "Latin Empire" was not a contemporary term used by the empire itself or the rest of the world. The Byzantines referred to the Latin Empire as the Frankokratia (Î¦ÃÂÂÂÎ±Î³ÎºÎ¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Franks") or the Latinokratia (Î›Î±ÃÂÂ„Î¹Î½Î¿ÎºÃÂÂÂÎ±ÃÂÂ„Î¯Î±, lit. "rule of the Latins") and the Latin Emperors themselves referred to the empire by various names, commonly imperium Constantinopolitanum (lit. Empire of Constantinople), but also imperium Romaniae (lit. Empire of Romania) and imperium Romanorum (lit. Empire of the Romans). The term Romania ("Land of the Romans") had been used unofficially by the population of the Byzantine Empire for their country for centuries.

Bulgaria, 1207-1218, Emperor, Boril, w Latins&Hungrns, against Ivan Asen II w Thesslnc&Serbia, Asen won
Bulgarian Emperor, 1207-1218, Boril of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: ) was the emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1207 to 1218. He was the son of an unnamed sister of his predecessor, Kaloyan and Kaloyan's brothers, Peter II and Ivan Asen I, who had restored the independent Bulgarian state. Kaloyan died unexpectedly in October 1207, Boril married his widow, a Cuman princess and seized the throne. cousin, Ivan Asen, fled from Bulgaria, enabling Boril to strengthen his position. His other kinsmen, Strez and Alexius Slav, refused to acknowledge him as the lawful monarch. took possession of the land between the Struma and Vardar rivers with the support of Stefan Nemanja of Serbia. Alexius Slav secured his rule in the Rhodope Mountains with the assistance of Henry, the Latin Emperor of Constantinople. launched unsuccessful military campaigns against the Latin Empire and the Kingdom of Thessalonica during the first years of his reign. convoked the synod of the Bulgarian Church in early 1211. At the assembly, the bishops condemned the Bogomils for heresy. an uprising broke out against him in Vidin between 1211 and 1214, he sought the assistance of Andrew II of Hungary, who sent reinforcements to suppress the rebellion. made peace with the Latin Empire in late 1213 or early 1214. After Henry died in 1216 and Andrew II left Hungary for a crusade, Ivan Asen returned to Bulgaria. He captured and blinded Boril in Tarnovo in St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II, blinded Bl, defeated Doucas of Thessa, Via trade, return to Orthodoxy
Bulgaria, 1218-1241, Emperor, Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria ; Asen II, also known as John Asen II or John Asan II (Bulgarian: ; 1190s -May/June 1241), was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241. He was still a child when his father Ivan Asen I “ one of the founders of the Second Bulgarian Empire “ was killed in 1196. His supporters tried to secure the throne for him after his uncle, Kaloyan, was murdered in 1207, but Kaloyan's other nephew, Boril, overcame them. Ivan Asen fled from Bulgaria and settled in the Rus' principalities. Boril could never strengthen his rule which enabled Ivan Asen to muster an army and return to Bulgaria. He captured Tarnovo and blinded Boril in 1218. Initially, he supported the full communion of the Bulgarian Church with the Papacy and concluded alliances with the neighboring Catholic powers, Hungary and the Latin Empire of Constantinople. He tried to achieve the regency for the 11-year-old Latin Emperor, Baldwin II, after 1228, but the Latin aristocrats did not support Ivan Asen. He inflicted a crushing defeat on Theodore Komnenos Doukas of the Empire of Thessalonica, in the Battle of Klokotnitsa in 1230. Theodore's empire soon collapsed and Ivan Asen conquered large territories in Macedonia, Thessaly and Thrace. control of the trade on the Via Egnatia enabled Ivan Asen to implement an ambitious building program in Tarnovo and struck gold coins in his new mint in Ohrid. He started negotiations about the return of the Bulgarian Church to Orthodoxy after the barons of the Latin Em,,pire had elected John of Brienne regent for Baldwin II in 1229. Ivan Asen and the Emperor of Nicaea, John III Vatatzes, concluded an alliance against the Latin Empire at their meeting in 1235. During the same conference, the rank of patriarch was granted to the head of the Bulgarian Church in token of its autocephaly (independence). Ivan Asen and Vatatzes joined their forces in attacking Constantinople, but the former realized that Vatatzes could primarily take advantage of the fall of the Latin Empire and broke off his alliance with Nicaea in 1237. After the Mongols invaded the Pontic steppes, several Cuman groups fled to Bulgaria. Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14, Transfer of her relics Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ;

Bulgaria, 1241-1246, Emperor, Kaliman I, Mongols invaded, poisoned?
Bulgarian Emperor, 1241-1246, Kaliman I of Bulgaria; Asen I, also known as Coloman Asen I or Koloman (Bulgarian: Калиман Асен I; 1234-August/September 1246) was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1241 to 1246. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Anna Maria of Hungary. He was only seven when he succeeded his father in 1241. In the following years, the Mongols invaded Bulgaria and imposed a yearly tax on the country. He may have been poisoned, according to contemporaneous rumors about his death.

Bulgaria, 1246-1256, Emperor, Michael Asen I, Epirus' Doucas invaded Bulgaria, m by his noblemen
Bulgarian Emperor, 1246-1256, Michael Asen I of Bulgaria; II Asen (Bulgarian: Михаил II Асен; c. 1239 – December 1256/January 1257),[a] more accurately[citation needed] Michael Asen I,[citation needed] was Emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria from 1246 to 1256 or 1257. He was the son of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene Komnene Doukaina. He succeeded his half-brother, Kaliman I Asen. His mother or other relative must have ruled Bulgaria during his minority. John III Doukas Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Michael II of Epirus invaded Bulgaria shortly after Michael's ascension. Vatatzes captured the Bulgarian fortresses along the river Vardar; Michael of Epirus took possession of western Macedonia. In alliance with the Republic of Ragusa, Michael II Asen broke into Serbia in 1254, but he could not occupy Serbian territories. After Vatatzes died, he reconquered most territories lost to Nicea, but Vatatzes's son and successor, Theodore II Laskaris, launched a successful counter-offensive, forcing Michael to sign a peace treaty. Shortly after the treaty, discontented boyars (noblemen) murdered Michael. St. Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on January 14;

Bulgaria, 1256-1256, Emperor, Kaliman Asen II, m cousin hunting, Rostislav to Rus with daughter and emperor title
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1256, Kaliman Asen II of Bulgaria; Asen II (Bulgarian: Калиман Асен II), or commonly, but less accurately Koloman Asen II, ruled as tsar of Bulgaria for a short time in 1256. The year of his birth is unknown. Kaliman Asen II was the son of sebastokrator Alexander, who was the younger brother of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. Kaliman Asen II's mother is unknown, and attempts to identify her as a Serbian princess are based on the erroneous identification of Kaliman Asen II with the sebastokrator Kaloyan, who was still alive in 1258/59. In 1256 Kaliman Asen murdered his first cousin Michael Asen I during a hunting party in the environs of the capital Tărnovo and usurped the throne. In the process he married Michael Asen I's widow, the unnamed daughter of Rostislav Mihailovich, but he was unable to maintain himself on the throne. Rostislav advanced on Tărnovo from Belgrade, and Kaliman Asen II fled the capital. Rostislav returned home with his daughter and claiming the title of emperor of Bulgaria, while a brother-in-law of Michael Asen I, Mitso Asen took the throne. In the meantime, Kaliman Asen II had been murdered after being abandoned by most of his supporters.

Bulgaria, 1256-1257, Emperor, Mitso Asen, related to Epirus' Doucas, not Michael Rostislav of Chernigov
Bulgarian Emperor, 1256-1257, Mitso Asen of Bulgaria; Asen (Bulgarian: Мицо Асен) or Micho Asen (Мичо Асен) was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1256 until 1257. Asen ascended the throne by virtue of his marriage to Maria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria by Irene Komnene of Epirus. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, and his antecedents are unclear, but neither his name (which is found in official contexts and is not the diminutive of "Michael"), nor his career described in the Byzantine sources allow an identification with Michael, the son of the Rus' prince and Hungarian Ban Rostislav Mikhailovich, nor any other member of the house of Chernigov. It is likely that, like his successor Constantine Tikh, Mitso Asen adopted the name Asen after his accession to the throne. He became emperor of Bulgaria after the murder of his wife's cousin, Kaliman Asen II, in 1256. Although he acquired some support in the capital Tărnovo and in Preslav, he was faced by the hostility of much of the provincial nobility. Following an obscure unsuccessful campaign against Theodore II Lascaris of the Empire of Nicaea, Mitso lost control even over the commoners. the nobility proclaimed Constantine Tikh emperor instead, Mitso and his family fled the capital in 1257 and attempted to resist from Preslav and then Mesembria (now Nesebăr). In exchange for asylum and lands, he turned over Mesembria and its environs to Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos and sought refuge in Nicaea. He was given lands in the Troad, where he remained with his family. The date of his death is unknown, but it is likely that he was no longer alive in 1277/1278, when his son Ivan Asen III was put forward as a claimant to the Bulgarian throne by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII.

Bulgaria, 1257-77, Emperor, Konstan Tikh, Sofia noble, Nemanja gson, Tarnovo nobles, Nicea, w Mongols, regent wife o union
Bulgarian Emperor, 1257-1277, Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria; Tih (Bulgarian: Константин Тих Асен; fl. 1257–77) or Constantine I Tikh (Константин I), was the tsar of Bulgaria from 1257 to 1277. life[edit] Tih was a wealthy Bulgarian boyar (or nobleman) whose estates were located in the region of Sofia or Skopje.[1][2] Konstantin stated in his charter to the Saint George Monastery near Skopje that Stefan Nemanja of Serbia was his grandfather.[3] The Byzantine historian, George Pachymeres, described him as a "half-Serbian".[4] He could have been related to the Serbian royal house through either his mother or father.[4] If he was a patrilinear relative of Nemanja, his father, Tih, may have been the son of Nemanja's brother, Tihomir, according to historian Srdjan Pirivatrić.[5] Pirivatrić[6] and other scholars[7][8] also say, Konstantin may have been a son or a nephew of the Bulgarian boyar John Tihomir, who controlled Skopje in the late 12th century. If Konstantin was related to the Serbian royal house through his mother, a daughter or a niece of Nemanja must have been his mother.[9] Tih mounted the Bulgarian throne after the death of Michael II Asen,[10] but the circumstances of his ascension are obscure.[1] Michael Asen was murdered by his cousin, Kaliman in late 1256 or early 1257.[2][1] Before long, Kaliman was also killed, and the male line of the Asen dynasty died out.[2] Mikhailovich, Duke of Macsó (who was Michael and Kaliman's father-in-law), and the boyar Mitso (who was Michael's brother-in-law), laid claim to Bulgaria.[1] Rostislav captured Vidin, Mitso held sway over southeastern Bulgaria, but none of them could secure the support of the boyars who controlled Tarnovo.[11] The latter offered the throne Konstantin who accepted the election.[1] divorced his first wife (whose name is unknown), and married Irene Doukaina Laskarina in 1258.[1] Irene was the daughter of Theodore II Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea, and Elena of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[1][12] The marriage with a descendant of the Bulgarian royal family strengthened his position.[1][12] He was thereafter called Konstantin Asen.[12] The marriage also forged an alliance between Bulgaria and Nicaea,[10][12] which was confirmed one or two years later, when the Byzantine historian and official George Akropolites came to Tarnovo.[13] with Hungary[edit] Mikhailovich invaded Bulgaria with Hungarian assistance in 1259.[14] In the following year, Rostislav left his duchy to join the campaign of his father-in-law, Béla IV of Hungary, against Bohemia.[14][15] Taking advantage of Rostislav's absence, Konstantin broke into his realm and reoccupied Vidin.[15] He also sent an army to attack the Banate of Severin, but the Hungarian commander, Lawrence, fought the invaders off.[15][14] Bulgarian invasion of Severin outraged Béla IV.[15] Soon after he concluded a peace treaty with Ottokar II of Bohemia in March 1261, Hungarian troops stormed into Bulgaria under the command of Béla IV's son and heir, Stephen.[15] They captured Vidin and besieged Lom on the Lower Danube,[14] but they were unable to bring Konstantin to a pitched battle, because he withdrew to Tarnovo.[15] The Hungarian army left Bulgaria before the end of the year, but the campaign restored northwestern Bulgaria to Rostislav.[15] with the Byzantine Empire[edit] c.1260 minor brother-in-law, John IV Laskaris, was dethroned and blinded by his former guardian and co-ruler, Michael VIII Palaiologos, before the end of 1261.[10] Michael VIII's army had occupied Constantinople already in July, thus the coup made him the sole ruler of the restored Byzantine Empire.[10] The rebirth of the empire changed the traditional relations between the powers of the Balkan Peninsula.[16] Furthermore, Konstantine's wife decided to take vengeance of her brother's mutilation and persuaded Konstantine to turn against Michael.[15][17] who still held southeastern Bulgaria, made an alliance with the Byzantines, but another powerful nobleman, Jacob Svetoslav, who had taken control of the southwestern region, was loyal to Konstantine.[18] Benefiting from a war between the Byzantine Empire, the Republic of Venice, Achaea and Epirus, Konstantine invaded Thrace and captured Stanimaka and Philippopolis (now Asenovgrad and Plovdiv in Bulgaria) in the autumn of 1262.[18][19] Mitso was also forced to flee to Mesembria (now Nesebar in Bulgaria).[20] After Konstantine laid siege to the town, Mitso sought assistance from the Byzantines, offering to surrender Mesembria to them in exchange for landed property in the Byzantine Empire.[21] Michael VIII accepted the offer and sent Michael Glabas Tarchaneiotes to help Mitso in 1263.[20] second Byzantine army stormed into Thrace and recaptured Stanimaka and Philippopolis.[21] After seizing Mesembria from Mitso, Glabas Tarchaneiotes continued his campaign along the Black Sea and occupied Agathopolis, Sozopolis and Anchialos (now Ahtopol, Sozopol and Pomorie in Bulgaria).[20] Meanwhile, the Byzantine fleet took control of Vicina and other ports at the Danube Delta.[21] Glabas Tarchaneiotes attacked Jacob Svetoslav who could only resist with Hungarian assistance, thus he accepted Béla IV's suzerainty.[22][23] a consequence of the war with the Byzantines, by the end of 1263, Bulgaria lost significant territories to his two principal enemies, the Byzantine Empire and Hungary.[24] Konstantin could only seek assistance from the Tatars of the Golden Horde to put an end to his isolation.[24] The Tatar khans had been the overlords of the Bulgarian monarchs for almost two decades, although their rule was only formal.[16] A former Sultan of Rum, Kaykaus II, who had been imprisoned at Michael VIII's order, also wanted to regain his throne with the Tatars' help.[24] One of his uncles was a prominent leader of the Golden Horde and he sent messages to him to persuade the Tatars to invade the Byzantine Empire with Bulgarian assistance.[25] According to the Byzantine historian, Nicephorus Gregoras, Kaykaus also approached Konstantin, offering much money to him if he came to release him.[26] of Tatars crossed the frozen Lower Danube to invade the Byzantine Empire in late 1264.[26][24] Konstantin soon joined them,[27] although he had fallen from a horse and broken his leg.[28] The united Tatar and Bulgarian armies launched a sudden attack against Michael VIII who was returning from Thessaly to Constantinople, but they could not capture the emperor.[29] Konstantin laid siege the Byzantine fortress of Ainos (now Enez in Turkey), forcing the defenders to surrender.[29] The Byzantines also agreed to release Kaykaus (who soon left for the Golden Horde), but his family was kept imprisoned even thereafter.[27][30] Konstantine's alliance with the Tatars strengthened his position.[31] Jacob Svetoslav again accepted his suzerainty.[32][31] Taking advantage of a civil war in Hungary, Jacob Svetoslav also invaded the Banate of Severin.[32][31] The Hungarian civil war ended with the division of the country between Béla IV and Stephen in March 1266.[31] Stephen launched a military campaign against Bulgaria and captured Vidin in June.[31] Konstantin tried to resist, but the Hungarians defeated his army and plundered the region of Tarnovo.[31] The Hungarians captured Pleven and other fortresses on the Danube and forced Jacob Svetoslav to again do homage to Stephen.[33] Thereafter Jacob Svetoslav was styled as "emperor of Bulgaria" in the Hungarian royal charters.[33][32] seal of Konstantin Asen. Inscription in Bulgarian: "+Konstantin, in Christ the God, a faithful tsar and autocrat of the Bulgarians, Asen." I of Anjou and Baldwin II, the dispossessed Latin Emperor of Constantinople, made an alliance against the Byzantine Empire in 1267.[34] To prevent Bulgaria from joining the anti-Byzantine coalition, Michael VIII offered his niece, Maria Palaiologina Kantakouzene, to the widowed Konstantin in 1268.[28] The emperor also pledged that he would return Mesembria and Anchialos to Bulgaria as her dowry if she gave birth to a son.[28][35] married Maria, but Michael VIII broke his promise and did not renounce the two towns after the birth of Konstantin and Maria's son, Michael.[35] Outraged by the emperor's betrayal, Konstantin sent envoys to Charles to Naples in September 1271.[35] The negotiations continued during the following years, showing that Konstantin was willing to support Charles against the Byzantines.[35] Konstantin broke into Thrace in 1271 or 1272, but Michael VIII persuaded Nogai, the dominant figure in the westernmost territory of the Golden Horde, to invade Bulgaria.[28][36] The Tatars plundered the country, forcing Konstantin to return and abandon his claim to the two towns.[28][36] Nogai set up his capital in Isaccea near the Danube Delta, thus he could easily attack Bulgaria.[36] Konstantin had been seriously injured after a riding accident and could not move without assistance, because he was paralyzed from the waist down.[37][38] ambitious wife took control of the government.[39] After Michael VIII's envoys accepted Pope Gregory X's proposal to a church union at the Second Council of Lyon in summer 1274, she became one of the leading opponents of the union.[39][38] She even tried to persuade Baibars, the Mamluk sultan of Egypt, to attack the Byzantine Empire.[40] was also determined to secure the throne to her son.[41] Jacob Svetoslav, however, had a strong claim to succeed Konstantin, because his wife was a granddaughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria.[41] first adopted Jacob Svetoslav to persuade him to acknowledge her son's right to the throne, but later she had him poisoned.[38] He also had other noblemen captured or executed, which made Konstantin's rule unpopular.[41] The paralyzed Konstantin could not prevent Nogai's Tatars from making regular plundering raids against Bulgaria.[42] The local inhabitants of the regions which were most exposed to the Tatar raids had to organize the defense without the monarch's support.[42] to the expensive and unsuccessful wars, repeated Mongol raids, and economic instability (Constantine was the first Bulgarian ruler to mint his own coins on a vast scale), the government was faced with a revolt in The social and economic aspects of this movement have been stressed by Marxist historians,[44] but its true character is elusive. What is clear is that a swineherd or swine-owner named Ivaylo became a leader of the discontented and attracted many (presumably mostly lower-class)[45] followers, asserting his control over a significant area.[46] Constantine set out against Ivaylo with his guard, but was decisively defeated and slain in his chariot.[47][48]

Bulgaria, 1277-1279, Emperor, Ivaylo, pig farmer, peasant uprising
Bulgarian Emperor, 1277-1279, Ivaylo of Bulgaria; also spelled Ivailo, (Bulgarian: Ивайло), nicknamed Bardokva ("radish" or "lettuce" in Bulgarian) or Lakhanas (Λαχανᾶς, "cabbage") in Greek, was a rebel leader and tsar of Bulgaria.[1] 1277, he spearheaded a peasant uprising and forced the nobles to accept him as emperor. He reigned as emperor from 1278 to 1279, scoring victories against the Byzantines and the Mongols, but beset by foreign and domestic enemies, which included the Bulgarian nobility, he was forced into exile among the Mongols, where he presented himself as a dethroned vassal. --------------------------The Mongols then killed him in 1280 as an enemy of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus.[2] career as a monarch has been used as an example of early, anti-feudal class warfare by Marxist historians and as translated through folk songs, traditions and legends served as inspiration to Bulgarian guerrilla (hajduk) freedom fighters during the Ottoman period of Bulgarian history.[3] Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1279-1280, Emperor, Ivan Asen III, set up by Michael VIII, Mongol allies, accepted by Tarnovo nobility, coward
Bulgarian Emperor, 1279-1280, Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria; Asen III (Bulgarian: Иван Асен III, also Йоан Асен III, Ioan Asen III, and in English John Asen III), ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1279–1280. Ivan Asen III was the son of Mitso Asen of Bulgaria and Maria of Bulgaria, a daughter of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria and Irene of Thessalonica. He was probably born in about 1259/60, and died in exile in 1303. the rapid success of Ivaylo of Bulgaria, the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos summoned Ivan Asen to his court, granted him the title of despotēs, and married him to his eldest daughter Irene Palaiologina in 1277 or 1278. VIII then sent several Byzantine armies to attempt to assert Ivan Asen III on the throne of Bulgaria. Although Ivailo defeated several of these attempts, he was blockaded for three months in Drăstăr (Silistra) by the Mongol allies of Michael VIII. In the interval a Byzantine force besieged the Bulgarian capital Tărnovo and, hearing a rumor of Ivailo's death in battle, the local nobility surrendered and accepted Ivan Asen III as emperor in 1279. strengthen his position in Tarnovo, Ivan Asen III married his sister Maria (Kira Maria) to the Bulgaro-Cuman nobleman George Terter, but failed to assert himself throughout the country. Ivailo reappeared before the walls of the capital and defeated two Byzantine attempts to relieve Ivan Asen III. Despairing of success, Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina secretly fled Tarnovo with choice treasures from the palace treasury, including pieces captured from defeated Byzantine Emperors in former victories. Reaching Mesembria (Nesebăr), the imperial couple sailed for Constantinople, where the enraged Michael VIII refused to receive them for days for their cowardice. 1280 or 1281 Ivan Asen III traveled to the Golden Horde, competing with Ivailo in a bid to win support for restoration in Bulgaria. The Mongol chieftain Nogai Khan eventually had Ivailo murdered, but failed to restore Ivan Asen III in Bulgaria. The latter returned to his family possessions in the Troad, and died in 1303. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1292, Emperor, George I, continuation of decline
Bulgarian Emperor, 1280-1292, George I of Bulgaria; Terter I (Bulgarian: Георги Тертер I), of the Terter dynasty ruled as tsar of Bulgaria 1280–1292. The date of his birth is unknown, and he died in 1308/1309. Second Empire. Georgi Terter I, 1280–1292. Groš (Silver, 21 mm, 1.45 g, 6 h), Imitating a grosso of Giovanni Dandolo (1280-1289), uncertain mint. IC XC Christ Pantokrator enthroned facing. Rev. S M VENETI D DΛNDVL Dux and St. Mark standing facing, holding banner of Venice between them. Raduchev & Zhekov Type 1.17.1. Youroukova & Penchev 160. reign of George Terter I represents a continuation of Bulgaria's precipitous decline during the second half of the 13th century. George Terter I managed to maintain himself on the throne for more than a decade (unlike his two immediate predecessors), he appears to have failed to assert himself against the centrifugal forces even in his own capital. This severely limited any possibility of engaging in grand-scale international politics or even standing up to foreign aggression and Mongol raids. the chaotic years preceding George Terter I's accession Bulgaria had lost all of Thrace to the Byzantine Empire, and under his reign its remaining possessions in Macedonia were divided between the Serbians and the Byzantines in 1282–1284. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai, Hesychast, Writer
Bulgaria, 1280-1346, Saint Gregory of Sinai; Gregory of Sinai (1260s – November 27, 1346) was instrumental in the emergence of "technical" (Athonite) Hesychasm on Athos in the early 14th century. in Smyrna, he was captured by Seljuk Turks as a young man, he was eventually ransomed to Cyprus and became a monk at Saint Catherine's Monastery. Later, he moved to Crete, where he learned the practices of Hesychasm from a monk named Arsenios, in 1310 to Athos, where he remained until 1335. Increasing Muslim raids on Athos pushed Gregory and some disciples into the Bulgarian Empire, where he would find protection under Bulgarian Emperor Ivan Alexander and where he founded a monastery near Paroria, Strandzha mountains in south east Bulgaria. Philokalia includes five works in Greek by Gregory, Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts Texts the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts Stillness: Fifteen Texts Prayer: Seven Texts Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, 1292-1298, Emperor, Smilets, wishes of Nogai Khan, Mongol overlordship, but raids continued
Bulgarian Emperor, 1292-1298, Smilets of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Смилец) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1292 to 1298. The date of his birth is unknown. Smilec is credited with being descended "from the noblest family of the Bulgarians", his antecedents are completely unknown. Judging by the landholdings of his brothers Radoslav and Vojsil, the family held extensive lands between the Balkan mountains and Sredna Gora. ascending the throne replacing George Terter I in 1292, Smilec had married an unnamed Byzantine princess, the daughter of the sebastokratōr Constantine Palaiologos, a half-brother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. from the information that Smilec became emperor of Bulgaria according to the wishes of Nogai Khan, we know nothing of the circumstances of Smilec's accession. He was crowned by Patriarch Joachim III. Joachim III was executed for treason in 1300 by emperor Theodore Svetoslav, George Terter I's son, and historian John Van Antwerp Fine Jr. theorizes that the alleged treachery might be linked to the obscure period when Smilets overthrew George Terter I.[1] reign of Smilec has been considered the height of Mongol overlordship in Bulgaria. Nevertheless, Mongol raids may have continued, as in 1297 and 1298. these raids pillaged parts of Thrace (then entirely in Byzantine hands), perhaps Bulgaria was not one of their objectives. In fact, in spite of the usually pro-Byzantine policy of Nogai, Smilec was quickly involved in an unsuccessful war against the Byzantine Empire at the beginning of his reign. 1296/1297 Smilec married his daughter Theodora to the future Serbian King Stefan Uroš III Dečanski, and this union produced the Serbian king and later emperor Stefan Uroš IV Dušan. 1298 Smilec disappears from the pages of history, apparently after the beginning of Chaka's invasion. He may have been killed by Chaka or died of natural causes while the enemy advanced against him. Smilec was briefly succeeded by his young son Ivan II. Point in Antarctica is named after Smilets of Bulgaria. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1298-1299, Emperor, Ivan II, regent mother, Serbian alliance attempt, then exile
Bulgarian Emperor, 1298-1299, Ivan II of Bulgaria; II (Bulgarian: Иван II, or Йоан II, Ioan II, also styled inconsistently Ivan IV or Ioan IV), reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1298 to 1299. The date of his birth is unknown, but probably not much earlier than c. 1290. He died as a monk in exile before 1330. II succeeded his father Smilets as emperor in Tărnovo in 1298. The new ruler was a child, and the government was in the hands of his mother, the unnamed daughter of sebastocrator Constantine Palaiologos and niece of Michael VIII Palaiologos called simply "Smiltsena" ("wife of Smilets"). widowed empress apparently defeated Smilets' brothers Radoslav and Voysil (Vojsil), who sought refuge in the Byzantine Empire and entered into Byzantine service. meet this threat and the invasion of the Mongol prince Chaka, Ivan II's mother sought an alliance with Aldimir (Eltimir), the brother of the former ruler George Terter I. Aldimir was accordingly married to Smilets' daughter Marina (Marija) and, if this had not happened earlier, was given the title of despotēs and invested with an extensive landholding around Krăn. 1299 the Bulgarian government attempted unsuccessfully to make an alliance with Serbian King Stefan Milutin to the exclusion of the latter's projected alignment with the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. regents of Ivan II were unable to strengthen their position, and abandoned Tărnovo to Chaka, who installed himself as emperor in 1299. II and his retinue settled in the possessions of Aldimir, where they may have remained even after the accession of Aldimir's nephew Theodore Svetoslav to the throne in 1300. In 1305 Ivan II's mother was negotiating with the Byzantine government in Constantinople on behalf of either Aldimir or her son, but with Aldimir's subjugation by Theodore Svetoslav in the same year, the family disappears into obscurity. II spent the remainder of his life as an exile in Byzantium, under the name Iōannēs Komnēnos Doukas Angelos Branas Palaiologos, and shortly before his death he became a monk under the name Joasaph. He died before 1330. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1299-1300, Emperor, Chaka, son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan, overlord for b-in-law Theodore Svetoslav
Bulgarian Emperor, 1299-1300, Chaka of Bulgaria; (Bulgarian: Чака) reigned as tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. The date of his birth is unknown. was the son of the Mongol leader Nogai Khan by a wife named Alaka. Sometime after 1285 Chaka married a daughter of George Terter I of Bulgaria, named Elena. In the late 1290s, Chaka supported his father Nogai in a war against the legitimate khan of the Golden Horde Toqta, but Toqta was victorious and defeated and killed Nogai in 1299. about the same time Chaka had led his supporters into Bulgaria, intimidated the regency for Ivan II into fleeing the capital, and imposed himself as ruler in Tărnovo in 1299. It is not completely certain whether he reigned as Emperor of Bulgaria or simply acted as the overlord of his brother-in-law Theodore Svetoslav. He is accepted as a ruler of Bulgaria by Bulgarian historiography. did not long enjoy his new position of power, as the armies of Toqta followed him into Bulgaria and besieged Tărnovo. Theodore Svetoslav, who had been instrumental in assisting Chaka's seizure of power, organized a plot in which Chaka was deposed and strangled in prison in 1300. His head was sent to Toqta, which in turn secured Theodore Svetoslav's position as the new emperor of Bulgaria. It seems that Theodore Svetoslav's cooperation contributed to the withdrawal of Mongol interference in Bulgaria. Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1300-1362, 14th Century Folder, 2nd Bulgarian Empire Ends

Bulgaria, 1300-1322, Emperor, Theodor Svetoslav, wise ruler, stability, prosperity, killed traitors r for Mongols
Bulgarian Emperor, 1300-1322, Theodor Svetoslav; Svetoslav (Bulgarian: Тодор Светослав, Todor Svetoslav and also Теодор Светослав, Teodor Svetoslav) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria from 1300 to 1322. The date of his birth is unknown. was a wise and capable ruler who brought stability and relative prosperity to the Bulgarian Empire after two decades of constant Mongol intervention in the internal issues of the Empire. Theodore Svetoslav's reign began with the return of Southern Bessarabia to Bulgaria and a few years later he managed to defeat the Byzantines and retake most of northern Thrace occupied by them during the crisis. After 1307 he led a peaceful policy towards all neighbours, which resulted in expanded trade and economy. from his external and economic successes, Theodore Svetoslav dealt with the separatists among the nobility including his uncle. He persecuted the traitors who he thought were responsible for the Mongol interference and even the Patriarch, Joachim III, was executed. life[edit] Svetoslav was the son of George Terter I by Maria. Soon after the accession of Ivan Asen III in 1279 his father divorced his mother in order to marry the sister of the new emperor. Maria and Theodore Svetoslav were sent to the Byzantine Empire as hostages, and settled in Nicaea. accession of George Terter I to the throne in 1280 did not alter matters, but in 1281 Theodore Svetoslav was betrothed (in absentia) to a daughter of the sebastokratōr John I Doukas of Thessaly, as part of a diplomatic alliance. The young bride-to-be arrived in Tărnovo, but never met her intended husband. 1284 George Terter I concluded a new treaty with Andronikos II Palaiologos, and retrieved his first wife, while Theodore Svetoslav at first remained a hostage. The same treaty required the breaking off of the alliance with Thessaly and Theodore Svetoslav's intended bride was also sent to Byzantium. It was only in 1285 that the Patriarch of Bulgaria Joakim III arrived in Constantinople and arranged for the release of Theodore Svetoslav, who was now supposed to marry a daughter of the high court official John Synadenos. We have no information whether this marriage materialized. activities[edit] Bulgaria Theodore Svetoslav was associated as co-emperor by his father, who issued coins representing them side by side. Nevertheless, after particularly devastating Mongol raids, George Terter I dispatched his son as hostage to Nogai Khan, the effective leader of the Mongol Golden Horde in about 1289. Perhaps in connection with the same events, Theodore Svetoslav's unnamed sister married Nogai's son Chaka. During part of his exile, Theodore Svetoslav became impoverished and sought to improve his fortunes by marrying the rich Euphrosyne, the god-daughter of Nogai's wife Euphrosyne Palaiologina, who was herself an illegitimate daughter of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. Svetoslav left obscurity in 1298 or 1299, when he accompanied his brother-in-law Chaka in an invasion of Bulgaria. The regency for Ivan II fled Tărnovo in 1299, and Theodore Svetoslav helped convince the Bulgarian nobility to accept Chaka as ruler. However, the armies of the khan of the Golden Horde Toqta entered Bulgaria in pursuit of his enemy Chaka, and Theodore Svetoslav promptly organized a plot, deposing Chaka and having him strangled in prison in 1300. Theodore Svetoslav now became emperor of Bulgaria and sent Chaka's severed head as a present to Toqta, who withdrew his armies from the country. of Bulgaria[edit] Bulgarian Empire under Theodore Svetoslav campaign of Theodore Svetoslav (1303-1304) reign of Theodore Svetoslav is connected with the internal stabilization and pacification of the country, the end of Mongol overlordship, the reassertion of relatively effective central control over outlying provinces, and the recovery of portions of Thrace lost to the Byzantine Empire since the wars against Ivaylo of Bulgaria. Svetoslav pursued a ruthless course of action, punishing all who stood in his way, including his former benefactor, Patriarch Joachim III, who was accused of treason and executed. In the face of the new emperor's brutality, some noble factions sought to replace him with other claimants to the throne, backed by Andronikos II. A new claimant appeared in the person of the sebastokratōr Radoslav Voïsil or Vojsil, from Sredna Gora, a brother of the former emperor Smilets, who was defeated, and captured by Theodore Svetoslav's uncle, the despotēs Aldimir (Eltimir), at Krăn in about 1301. Another pretender was the former emperor Michael Asen II, who unsuccessfully tried to advance into Bulgaria with a Byzantine army in about 1302. Theodore Svetoslav exchanged thirteen high-ranking Byzantine officers captured on Radoslav's defeat for his father George Terter I, whom he settled in a life of luxury in an unidentified city. a consequence of his victories, Theodore Svetoslav felt secure enough to move on to the offensive by 1303 and captured the fortresses of northeastern Thrace, including Mesembria (Nesebăr), Anchialos (Pomorie), Sozopolis (Sozopol), and Agathopolis (Ahtopol) in 1304. The Byzantine counterattack failed at the battle of Skafida near Poros (Burgas), where the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos was turned to flight. Nevertheless, the war continued, with Michael IX and Theodore Svetoslav taking turns pillaging each other's lands. In the following 1305 Theodore Svetoslav's uncle Aldimir appears to have entered into negotiations with the Byzantines, and Theodore Svetoslav annexed his uncle's lands. In 1306 Theodore Svetoslav gained the services of the rebellious Alan mercenaries to the Byzantines, whom he settled in Bulgaria, and made unsuccessful overtures to the mercenaries of the Catalan Company, who had also rebelled against their Byzantine employers. The war ended with a peace treaty in 1307, cemented with a marriage between the widowed Theodore Svetoslav and Theodora, a daughter of the Co-emperor Michael IX Palaiologos. copper coin of Theodore Svetoslav. the end of his life Theodore Svetoslav remained at peace with his neighbors. His reassertion of central control over outlying provinces such as Vidin was probably peaceful, and the sparsely documented recovery of the banate of Severin from the Kingdom of Hungary must have been achieved during the dynastic struggles in that country. In 1318 the Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin visited Tărnovo, in spite of his earlier alliance with Andronikos II and his divorce from Theodore Svetoslav's sister Anna. only possible sign of new hostilities are two Mongol raids into Byzantine Thrace in 1320 and 1321, but these were probably executed with Bulgarian cooperation and are connected with the beginning of the civil war between Andronikos II Palaiologos and his grandson Andronikos III Palaiologos. In fact, Theodore Svetoslav sent military support to his brother-in-law Andronikos III, allegedly hoping to ensnare and capture his ally. a surprisingly successful reign (given the misadventures of his youth), Theodore Svetoslav died in early 1322, and was succeeded by his son George Terter II. Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgaria, 1322-1323, Bulgarian Emperor, George II of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1322-1323, George II of Bulgaria; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1323-1330, Michael Shishman of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1323-1330, Michael Shishman of Bulgaria; Venerable Cosmas of the Zographou Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on September 22;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1330-1331, Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1330-1331, Ivan Stephen of Bulgaria;

Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Bulgarian Emperor, Tsar Ivan Alexander
Bulgaria, 1331-1371, Bulgarian Emperor, Tsar Ivan Alexander; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ;

Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe
Bulgaria, 1346-1353, Black Death in Europe ;

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Folder, Ottoman Bulgaria, The Turks

Bulgaria, 1362-1399, 14th Century Folder, Turks in Adrianople

Bulgaria, 1362-1919, Ottoman Caliphate, Turks, first based in Adrianople
Ottoman Caliphate, first based in Adrianople, 1362-1919 (The Turks);

Bulgaria, 1362-1389, Ottoman Sultan, Murad I, a Turk
Ottoman Sultan, 1362-1389, Murad I; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1363-1453, Ottoman Empire, Edirne, Bulgaria (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Edirne, Bulgaria, 1363-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, "œthe blind one", Commemorated on October 9; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Bulgaria, 1371, Battle of Marica, (Maritsa River 8), victorious Turks greatly outnumbered by attacking Serbs (4K Turks to 50K Serbs)
Battle of Marica; Long list of Serbian-Turkish Conflicts 1371-1526 Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1395, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1395, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria;

Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1396, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria
Bulgarian Emperor, 1371-1396, Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria;

Bulgaria, 1400, 15th Century Folder, Ottoman Empire Begins

Bulgaria, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Bulgarian, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Bulgaria, 1413-1453, Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis (the Turks)
Ottoman Empire, Adrianopolis, Bulgaria, 1413-1453 (the Turks); St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; New Martyr Ephraim, Commemorated on May 5;

Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II, economic development, Trade increase, could have invaded Europe
Bulgaria, 1421-1451, Ottoman Empire Sultan, Murat II; II (16 June 1404[1][2] - 3 February 1451) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and again from 1446 to 1451. II's reign was a period of important economic development. Trade increased and Ottoman cities expanded considerably. In 1432, the traveller Bertrandon de la Broquière noted that Ottoman annual revenue had risen to 2,500,000 ducats, and that if Murad II had used all available resources he could easily have invaded Europe.[4] St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19;

Bulgaria, 1444-1481, Ottoman Empire, Sultan, Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman Empire Sultan, 1444-1481, Mehmed the Conqueror; II (30 March 1432 - 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror ( lit. The Father of Conquest; Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmed), was an Ottoman sultan who ruled from August 1444 to September 1446, and then later from February 1451 to May 1481. In Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by John Hunyadi after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce Peace of Szeged. When Mehmed II ascended the throne again in 1451 he strengthened the Ottoman navy and made preparations to attack Constantinople. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire. the conquest Mehmed claimed the title "Caesar" of the Roman Empire, based on the fact that Constantinople had been the seat and capital of the surviving Eastern Roman Empire since its consecration in 330 AD by Emperor Constantine I.[4] The claim was only recognized by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nonetheless, Mehmed II viewed the Ottoman state as a continuation of the Roman Empire for the remainder of his life, seeing himself as continuing the Empire rather than replacing it. continued his conquests in Anatolia with its reunification and in Southeast Europe as far west as Bosnia. At home he made many political and social reforms, encouraged the arts and sciences, and by the end of his reign, his rebuilding program had changed Constantinople into a thriving imperial capital. He is considered a hero in modern-day Turkey and parts of the wider Muslim world. Among other things, Istanbul's Fatih district, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge and Fatih Mosque are named after him. Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Matrona of Chios, Commemorated on October 20; Blessed John the King of Serbia and his parents, Commemorated on December 10 ; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18; St Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18; Righteous Theodora, wife of the Emperor Theophilus, the Iconoclast, Commemorated on February 11; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Eleni (who was also called Susanna), New martyr of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; St Zosimas II of Kumurdo, Commemorated on May 1; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Bulgaria, 1700, 18th Century Folder, History of Slav Bulgarians

Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria, Historian, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1742-1773, Paisius of Hilandar and Bulgaria ; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Свети Паисий Хилендарски) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1762, Paisius' History of the Slav-Bulgarians, National Awakening
Bulgaria, 1762, History of the Slav-Bulgarians; Paisius of Hilendar or Paìsiy Hilendàrski (Bulgarian: Свети Паисий Хилендарски) (1722–1773) a Bulgarian clergyman and a key Bulgarian National Revival figure. He is most famous for being the author of Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya, the second modern Bulgarian history after the work of Petar Bogdan Bakshev from 1667, "History of Bulgaria".[1] Bulgarians are taught that he was the forefather of the Bulgarian National Revival.[2] was born in the Samokov eparchy of the time. There is a dispute about the exact place of birth, between the town of Bansko[3][4] and villages around Samokov like Relyovo.[5] He established himself in the Hilandar monastery on Mount Athos in 1745, where he was later a hieromonk and deputy-abbot. Collecting materials for two years through hard work and even visiting the Habsburg Monarchy, he finished his Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya in 1762 in the Zograf Monastery. The book was the first attempt to write a complete history of Bulgaria and attempted to awake and strengthen Bulgarian national consciousnesses.[6] most famous part of the whole book is the paragraph: "Oh, you unwise moron! Why are you ashamed to call yourself a Bulgarian and why don't you read and speak in your native language? Weren't Bulgarians powerful and glorious once? Didn't they take taxes from strong Romans and wise Greeks? Out of all the Slavic nations they were the bravest one. Our rulers were the first ones to call themselves kings, the first ones to have patriarchs, the first ones to baptise their people.(...) Why are you ashamed of your great history and your great language and why do you leave it to turn yourselves into Greeks? Why do you think they are any better than you? Well, here you're right because did you see a Greek leave his country and ancestry like you do?" more or less signifies the purpose of the author who speaks about the danger of Bulgarians falling victim to the Hellenization policies of the mainly Greek clergy. These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.[7][8][9] The book's first manual copy was done by Sophronius of Vratsa in 1765. Structurally, Istoriya Slavyanobolgarskaya consists of two introductions, several chapters that discuss various historic events, a chapter about the "Slavic teachers", the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, a chapter about the Bulgarian saints, and an epilogue. As Paisius toured Bulgaria as a mendicant friar, he brought his work, which was copied and spread among the Bulgarians. He is thought to have died on the way to Mount Athos near Ampelino (modern-day Asenovgrad). page of Istoriya slavyanobulgarska (Slav-Bulgarian History) Peak on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is named after Paisiy of Hilendar.[10] saint is portrayed on the obverse of the Bulgarian 2 lev banknote, issued in 1999 and 2005.[11] Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1800, 19th Century Folder, National Awakening

Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, Early 19th Century
Bulgaria, 1800, National awakening of Bulgaria, early 19th Century; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; St. Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30;

Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians
Bulgaria, 1877-1878, Bulgarian Russian-Turkish War, with Bulgarians 3x number of Russians; Bulgaria, 1876, April Uprising, Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1) Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Bulgaria, Roman Roads Triangle Folder, Via Egnatia, Eastern Triangle

Kutmichevitsa, Southwest Macedonia or Albania (K Triangle Area)
Kutmichevitsa, (K Triangle Area), the northwestern part of the region of Macedonia and the southern part of Albania, broadly taken to be the area included in the triangle ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ;

Kutmichevitsa Triangle - K Triangle
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Skopje-Salonik-Vlora
Kutmichevitsa triangle Saloniki-Skopje-Vlora; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated on November 25;

K Triangle Vlora-Saloniki-Skopje

Valona, Albania (Aous River Mouth)
Valona, Albania; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Anysia at Thessalonica, Commemorated on December 30 ;

Via Egnatia Folder (Main East West Roman Road, K Triangle)

Via Egnatia (The East West Roman Road)
Key towns along the Via Egnatia East West Roman Road Listed from west to east: Ancient name Modern name Modern country Dyrrachium, later Epidamnos Durras Albania Claudiana Peqin Albania Apollonia By the village of Pojani (7 km W of Fier) Albania Masio Scampa Elbasan Albania Lychnida Ohrid North Macedonia Resen Resen North Macedonia Heraclea Bitola North Macedonia Florina Florina Greece Edessa Edessa Greece Pella Pella Greece Thessalonike Thessaloniki Greece Pydna Possibly Kitros, 6 km SW of modern Pydna Greece Amphipolis Amfipoli Greece Philippi 14 km NW of Kavala Greece Neapolis Kavala Greece Traianoupolis Traianoupoli Greece Kypsela Turkey Aenus Enez Turkey Aproi Village of Kermeyan Turkey Adrianople Edirne (not on the main Via Egnatia) Turkey Perinthus, later Heraclea Village of MarmaraereaŸlisi Turkey Caenophrurium Sinekli in Silivri district Turkey Selymbria Silivri Turkey Melantias Turkey Rhegion Kaekmece, 15 km W of Istanbul Turkey Byzantium, later Constantinople Istanbul Turkey

Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium
Via Egnatia - Dyrrachium;

Via Egnatia - Claudiana
Via Egnatia - Claudiana ;

Via Egnatia - Bottom of the K Triangle Claudiana to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Thessalonica
Via Egnatia - Thessalonica;

Via Egnatia - Pydna
Via Egnatia - Pydna;

Via Egnatia - Pydna to Thessalonica

Via Egnatia - Amphipolis
Via Egnatia - Amphipolis;

Via Egnatia - Philippi
Via Egnatia - Philippi;

Via Egnatia - Neapolis
Via Egnatia - Neapolis;

Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis
Via Egnatia - Traianoupolis;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela
Via Egnatia - Kypsela ;

Via Egnatia - Kypsela to Perinthus

Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos
Via Egnatia - Aenus or Enos;

Via Egnatia - Enos to Kypsela

Via Egnatia - Apros
Via Egnatia - Apros;

Via Egnatia - Adrianople
Via Egnatia - Adrianople ;

Via Egnatia - Drizipara
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome)
Drizipara, Bulgaria (on Via Egnatia, Martyr Alexander of Rome); Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea Thracia
Via Egnatia - Perinthus or Heraclea;

Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium
Via Egnatia - Caenophrurium;

Via Egnatia - Selymbria
Via Egnatia - Selymbria ;

Via Egnatia - Melantias
Via Egnatia - Melantias;

Via Egnatia - Rhegion
Via Egnatia - Rhegion;

Via Egnatia - Byzantium
Via Egnatia - Byzantium;

Bulgaria, Southeastern Bulgaria, Thracian Penninsula Folder, Via Engnatia

Thracian Penninsula
Thracian Penninsula, also known as Thracian Italy; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25 ; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe)
Moisia, Thrace (Moisi Tribe); Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna Commemorated on July 23;

Thracia, Bulgaria
Roman Province Thracia; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13;

Heraclea Sintica, Thrace, Bulgaria (Strumitza Mouth, Strymon River 9)
Heraclea Sintica; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated on August 20; St Anastasius of the Strumitza Eparchy, Commemorated on August 29; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8 ;

Perinth, Thrace, Bulgaria (on Via Egratia and Agean Sea)
Perinth; Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia, Commemorated on May 11; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria (Perinth, Via Egnatia)
Heraclea, Thrace, Bulgaria; Venerable Philotheus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on October 8 ; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Selymbria, Thrace (Roman Road Via Engratia, Agean Sea)
Selymbria; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22;

Anastasiopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Anastasiopolis; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15;

Apollonia, Thrace, Bulgaria
Apollonia, Thrace; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Zosimus the Soldier at Antioch, in Pisidia, Commemorated on June 19;

Malko Tarnovo (Southeastern Bulgaria, Thrace)
Malko Tarnovo; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ;

Strandzha Mountains
Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Gregory of Sinai Monastery, Strandzha Mountains, 1335
Gregory of Sinai Monastery; Strandzha Mountains; St. Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17;

Bulgaria, Southwestern Bulgaria, Nestos River Folder (Aegean Sea)

Nestos River

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains)
Nestos River Source (Rila Mountains);

Bansk, Southwestern Bulgaria (Bansko, in the Highlands, Nestos River)
Bansko; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated October 30 ; Venerable Dragutin (Theoctistus in Monasticism) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Nestos River Mouth (Philippi, Thasos, Thrace)
Nestos River Mouth (Thasos, Thrace);

Rhodope Region
Rhodope Region;

Meglen (Meglena, Almopia), Bulgaria or Macedonia (Axios River Mouth)
Meglena (Meglen), Macedonia or Bulgaria; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River Folder, south to the Agean Sea, Thrace

Maritsa River

Maritza River Source (Rila Mountains)

Rila Mountains
Rila Mountains; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria;

Rila Monastery, Bulgaria (Maritza River Source) 927
Rila Monastery ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Blessed Peter the King of Bulgaria, Commemorated January 30 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of the Venerable John of Rila from Trnovo to Rila, Commemorated on July 1;

Maritza River 1 (Balkan Peninsula)

Maritza River 2

Maritza River 3

Maritza River 4

Maritza River 5 (Philippopolis (Plovdiv), Thrace)

Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Roman Road Via Militaris 5, Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 5, Philippopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Philippoplis; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated on August 20; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle Hermes of the Seventy, Commemorated November 5 ; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr Alexander of Rome, Commemorated on May 13; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Roman Road, Via Militarius 5, Maritza River 5)
Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bitel (Butili) near Kuklen and Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5)
Kuklen Monastery of St.St. Kosma and Damyan, Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Maritza River 5) ; Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Saint Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 31 ; Venerable Paisius of Hilandar, Bulgaria, Commemorated on June 19;

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 5, Chepelare River Folder

Chepelare River

Chepelare River Source (along the border)

Petritsoni (now Bachkovo) Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria, 1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Bachkovo Monastery (Chepelare River 1)1083
Petritsoni Georgian Monastery, Bulgaria (now Bachkovo); St John Chimchimeli the Philosopher, Commemorated on February 10 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Sardica, Lydia? Thrace, Bulgaria (Chapelare River, Maritza River 5)
Council of Sardica; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Clement of the Seventy ;

Chepalare River Mouth (Maritza River 5)

Maritza River 8 (Thrace)

Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Egnatia, Maritza River 8)
Thrace; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated August 8 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Severus and 38 Soldiers in Thrace, Commemorated August 20; Hieromartyr Philip the Bishop of Heraclea, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; St Liberius the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on August 27 ; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Hieromartyr Cornelius the Centurion, Commemorated on September 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Demetrius of Thrace, Commemorated November 15 ; Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called, Commemorated November 30 ; Venerable Daniel the Stylite of Constantinople, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Nicholas the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated December 24 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Manuel the Bishop in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 22; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Apostle Hermas of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on March 22; Venerable Hypatius the Abbot of Rufinus in Chalcedon, Commemorated on March 31; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Pausilippus of Heraclea in Thrace, Commemorated on April 8; New Martyr Raphael of Lesbos, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Theodore Trichinas "œthe Hair-Shirt Wearer" and Hermit Near Constantinople, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St Achilles the Bishop of Larissa, Commemorated on May 15 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Peter of Mt. Athos, Commemorated on June 12 ; Translation of the relics of St Theodore the Sykeote, Commemorated on June 15; Hieromartyr Eusebius the Bishop of Samosata, Commemorated on June 22;

Maritza River 9 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 9, Ardiscus River Folder

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River

Rhodope Mountains

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Source (Rhodope Mountains)

Ardiscus (Arda, Studen) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 9)

Maritza River 10 (Adrianopolis)

Bulgaria, Central Bulgaria, Maritza River 10, Tonus River Folder

Tonsus River

Tonsus River Source (Balkan Mountains)

Haemus or Balkan Mountains
Haemus or Balkan Mountains;

Upper Thracian Plain
Upper Thracian Plain;

Dirrachia, Bulgaria (Tonsus River Source)
Dirrachia, Bulgaria ; Venerable John (Koukouzelis) the Hymnographer of Mt. Athos, Albania, Commemorated October 1 ;

Tonsus River 1 (Upper Thracian Plain, Stara Zagora)

Stara Zagora, Bulgaria (Upper Thracian Plain)
Stara Zagora; New Martyr Triandaphyllus of Stara Zagora, Commemorated August 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

Eski Zagora in the Trnovo region, Bulgaria
Eski Zagora; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Sliven, Bulgaria (Tonsus River 1)
Sliven; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ;

Tonsus (Tundzha, Tunca) River Mouth (Adrianopolis, Maritza River 10)

Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Roman Road, Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 6, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, œthe blind one, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Jedrene (Edirne, Adrianopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Tonsus, Ardiscus Rivers, at Maritza River 9)
Adrianople; Venerable Cosmas the Eunuch and Hermit of Palestine, Commemorated on August 3; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Martyr Agathonicus of Nicomedia, and others who suffered under Maximian, Commemorated on August 22; 40 Women Martyrs at Heraclea, in Thrace, Commemorated September 1 ; Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St. Stephen of Serbia, Ã¢Â€Âœthe blind oneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9; St Alexander the Bishop at Adrianopolis, Commemorated on October 22 ; St Athanasius the Patriarch of Constantinople; Venerable Athanasius the Younger the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated October 28 ; Martyr Maximus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Maritsa (Hebrus) River Mouth (Aegean Sea)

Aenus (Ainos, Enos), Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza (Hebrus) River Mouth, Roman Road Via Egnatia)
Aenus; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Martyr Sophia of Thrace, Commemorated on June 4;

Enos, Thrace, Bulgaria (Maritza River Mouth)
Enos, Thrace; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19;

Trajanopolis, Thrace, Bulgaria (Via Egnatia, Maritza River Mouth)
Trajanopolis; Virginmartyr Glyceria at Heraclea, Commemorated on May 13 ;

Bulgaria, Northern Bulgaria, Danube Rivers in Bulgaria Folder

Danube River in Bulgaria

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Bulgaria, Roman Road, Via Militaris Folder, from Belgrade, Serbia to Adrianopolis, Bulgaia

Roman Road, Via Militarius

Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade)
Roman Road, Via Militarius 1, Singidunum (Belgrade); Roman Road, Via Militarius;

Roman Road, Via Militarius 2 , Viminacium, Roman Moesia Superior (Prima) Capitol
Viminacium, capital of Roman Moesia Superior (Prima), on Via Militarius; Saint Donatus, Bishop of Euroea in Epirus, Commemorated on April 30;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5)
Roman Road, Via Militaris 3 (Naissus or Nish, Serbia (South Morava River 5) Nish, Serbia; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Serdica or Sofia, Bulgaria
Roman Road, Via Militaris 4, Sofia, Bulgaria Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, on Roman Road. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 12, Iskar River Folder

Iskar River

Iskar River Source (Dmaga Peak, Rila, Bulgaria)

Iscar River 1 (Sophia)

Sofia, Bulgaria (at the foot of Mt Vitosha, Iskar River 1)
Sofia, occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula ; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30 ; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria
Lesnov, Sophia Province , Bulgaria; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ;

Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia, 1882
Patriarchical Cathedral of Alexander Neversky at Sofia; Bulgarian Orthodox Church; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30;

Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1882
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia, Bulgaria; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Mount Vitosha (overlooking Sophia, Bulgaria)
Mount Vitosha;

Sofia (at the foot of Mt Vitosha, Roman Road Via Militaris)
Sofia occupies a strategic position at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula. Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated August 30; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Skrino in the Sredets district [now Sofia]
Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Sredets (Sofia, Iscar River 1)
Sredets, Sofia; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Greatmartyr George the New at Sofia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on May 26;

Iskar River Mouth (Northwest border of Builgaria) at Danube River 12

Vidin, Bulgaria (Iskar River Mouth, Danube River 12)
Vidin, Bulgaria ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ;

village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia
village of Slatena, Meglena diocese, on the border of Bulgaria and Serbia; New Martyr Chryse (Zlata) of Meglena, Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 13;

Danube River 13 (Oltenia)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Cherni Osam River Folder

Cherni Osam River

Cherni Osam River Source (along the border)

Cherni Osam River 1 (Cherni Osam)

Cherni Osam River 2 (Moesia)

Moesia, Bulgaria (Cherni Osam River 2)
Moesia; Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24;

Cherni Osam River 3 (Slavyanovo)

Cherni Osam River Mouth (Danube River 13, Oltenia)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13, Yantra River Folder

Yantra River

Yantra River Source (Central Balkan Mountains)
Central Balkan Mountains, Stara Planina;

Yantra River 1

Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1) 1833
Sokolsky Monastery, Bulgaria; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ;

Gabrovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 1)
Gabrovo, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Yantra River 2 (Tarnvo)

Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3)
Trnovo, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2); New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14 ; Translation of the relics of Venerable St John the Abbot of Rila in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 19 ; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21 ; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Gabriel, Founder of Lesnov Monastery in Bulgaria, Commemorated January 15 ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ;

Potuka, Bulgaria (Yantra River 2.3, across river from Trnovo)
Potuka; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22 ;

Trovono Cathedral, 1000, 11th Century
Trovono Cathedral, 11th Century; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated on October 14;

Yantra River 3

Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia)
Nicopolis ad Istrum, Moesia (Gothic Settelment, Northern Bulgaria Wallacia); Moesia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Yantra River 4

Yantra River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Svishtov, Bulgaria (Yantra River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Svishtov, Bulgaria ; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated January 16 ;

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 13.5, Rusenski River Folder

Rusenski Lom River

Ruschuk, Bulgaria (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13)
Ruschuk, Bulgaria; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Basarbov Monastery (Rusenski Lom River Mouth, Danube River 13) 1185
Basarbov Monestary; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Rusenski Lom River Source (Razgrad, Bulgaria)

Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972 (Rivers Source)
Veliki Preslav, high point, Bulgarian Capital, 893-972; Blessed Peter, King of Bulgaria, Commemorated on January 30;

Rusenski Lom River Mouth (Danube River 13)

Danube River 14 (Bucharest)

Bulgaria, Northern, Danube River 14, Argus River from Bucharest

Dorostolum, Bulgaria (Silistra, Danube River 14.5, Southeast of Bucharest)
Dorostolum (Dorostorum); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14)
Silistra, Bulgaria (Dorostolum, Danube River 14); Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; Martyr Dasius of Dorostorum, Commemorated November 20 ; Martyr Pasikrates in Moesia, Bulgaria, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr Dada at Dorostolum, Commemorated on April 28;

Danube River 15 (Overview 3)

Bulgaria, Northeastern Bulgaria, Povadiya River Folder, Black Sea

Povadiya River

Epivato Village, Black Sea, Bulgaria
village of Epivato, between Silistra on the Danube and Constantinople; Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia, Commemorated October 14 ;

Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria
Mesembria, Thrace, Bulgaria; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5 ;

Danube River ( North Border of Bulgaria)

Dobrogea, Bulgaria (on the Romania Border above Povadiya River Mouth)
Dobrogea; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Marcianopolis, Northeast Bulgaria (Lake Beloslav)
Marcianopolis (Lake Beloslav); Martyr Theodotus of Adrianopolis, Commemorated on September 15 ; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated on September 16 ; Martyr Melitina of Marcianopolis, Commemorated September 16 ;

Myzean city of Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Udum, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Varna, Bulgaria (Provadiya River Mouth, Black Sea)
Myzean city of Udum; St Sebastiana the Martyr and Disciple of St Paul the Apostle at Heraclea, Commemorated September 16 ; Hieromartyr Dorotheus the Bishop of Tyre, Commemorated on June 5;

Plisk (first capital of Danubian Bulgaria)
Plisk; St Nahum of Ochrid, the Disciple of St Cyril and Methodius, Equals of the Apostles, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire)
Great Basilica, Pliska (Cathedral of First Bulgarian Empire); Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid, Bishop of Greater Macedonia, and his companions, Commemorated on July 27;

Provadiya River Source (Studenitsa Monastery)

Provadiya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav, Black Sea)

Devnya River Mouth (Lake Beloslav)