Russia, Moscow, 1400, 15th-17th Century Folder, Third Rome, Orthodox Protector.kmz

Russia, Moscow, 1400, 15th-17th Century Folder, Third Rome, Orthodox Protector

Russia, Moscow, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, Muslim White Horde, Civil War, Third Rome, Printing

Russia, Moscow, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Muslim White Horde
Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1408-1431, Patriarch, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev
Moscow Patriarch, 1408-1431, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1453, Muscovite Civil War, Inter Ruling Family Squabble
Muscovite Civil War 1425-1453, Inter Ruling Family Squabble; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow , allied with Teutonic Order
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, war with his Lithuanian Grandfather, Vytautas the Great
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, Basil the Dark or Blind, Civil War for Moscow, Vasily I's son
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, CW against Yury of Zvenigorod, D Donskoy's Son
Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark or Blind (Vasily II of Moscow) CW against Yury of Zvenigorod; Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki
Russia, Vologda, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17;

Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1449-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1505, Ivan III, G Prince, t Great, defeated Novg, expanded R, ended GH yoke
Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, G P Moscow, blinded Vasily, lack of support from boyars, who poisoned him
Moscow Prince, 1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand Prince Moscow; Yurievich Shemyaka (died 1453) was the second son of Yury of Zvenigorod by Anastasia of Smolensk and grandson of Dmitri Donskoi. His hereditary patrimony was the rich Northern town Galich-Mersky. Shemyaka (1445, 1446–1447) was twice Grand Prince of Moscow. causes of the Muscovite Civil War waged in the second quarter of the 15th century are still disputed. No small part, however, was played by Dmitri Donskoi's will, which ran contrary to Rurikid dynastic custom whereby the throne would pass from an elder brother to a younger one (agnatic seniority), rather than from father to son (primogeniture). The testament provided for the accession of his son, Vasily I, which was still in keeping with the tradition of lateral succession since Vasily was the eldest of his generation. the event of Vasily having no surviving son at his death, his brother, Dmitry's second son, Yury of Zvenigorod, was to succeed as grand prince in Moscow. Vasily I's death, however, Yury refused to come to Moscow and swear allegiance to his nephew, Vasily II, and claimed the throne himself in accordance with his right under the long-held custom of lateral inheritance. (He further claimed it was provided for in Dmitry's testament – but this ignored the provision that voided Yury's succession in the event of Vasily I producing a son). son, Dmitry Shemyaka, actively participated in all of his father's incursions against Moscow, culminating in Yury's capture of Moscow and accession as grand prince in 1433. Yury of Zvenigorod died in Moscow in 1434. of Shemyaka with Vasily II after the Latter's Blinding. Yury's death, Shemyaka continued to press his branch's claim to the grand princely throne, and was seldom at peace with Vasily II. Initially, Dmitry and his younger brother Dmitry Krasnyi concluded an alliance with Vasily against their elder brother Vasily Kosoy, who had proclaimed himself grand prince. They succeeded in driving Kosoy from Moscow and were rewarded with the towns of Uglich and Rzhev. The following year Shemyaka came to Moscow in order to invite Vasily II to his impending wedding with a princess of Yaroslavl, but was accused of siding with Kosoy and taken prisoner. He was released on the eve of a decisive clash between Vasily II and Vasily Kosoy. This action of Vasily II was successful - Shemyaka and his people did not help Vasily Kosoy and so he was completely defeated in the battle on the Cheryokha River in 1436, captured and blinded. Soon after, Shemyaka entered into an agreement with Vasily II, recognizing him as his suzerain ("older brother"). Next year, he was sent by Vasily II to expel the exiled Golden Horde Khan Ulugh Muhammad, but was defeated in the battle of Belyov. When Ulugh Muhammad in his turn besieged Moscow in 1439, Dmitry didn't sent his troops to Vasily and only the mediation of a Trinity hegumen could forestall a new civil war between the cousins. two men maintained an uneasy peace for much of the next decade until 1445, when Vasily II was taken prisoner by Olug Moxammat after the Muscovite forces were surprised by the Tatar prince outside Suzdal, Shemyaka seized Moscow, had the recently released Vasily blinded and proclaimed himself the Grand Prince of Vladimir. He could claim this by right of lateral inheritance since his father had sat on the throne. (A prince was excluded from the succession (izgoi) if his father had not sat on the throne before him.) Shemyaka's lack of support among the Muscovite boyars forced him, however, to leave the city for Lake Chukhloma, but he continued to press his claim to the grand princely throne. several peace treaties, Shemyaka continued to plot against his cousin. He suffered a series of defeats in 1450 and 1452 which forced him to seek refuge in Novgorod. There, on July 17, 1453, he was poisoned while eating a dinner of chicken in the Gorodishche, the princely compound south of the Market side of the city,[1] his cook having been bribed by Muscovite agents. Delighted at the news, Vasily II ennobled a herald who had first brought him the message of Shemyaka's death. Nikolai Karamzin famously wrote in his history that the grand prince showed "indecent joy" at the news of his rival's untimely demise. to chronicle sources, Shemyaka was buried in the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery south of Novgorod, [2] however, twentieth-century archaeological excavations of the necropolis of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in the Novgorod Kremlin suggest that the prince was actually buried there and his grave has been misidentified since at least 1616 as that of Prince Fedor Yaroslavich (died 1233).[3] the aftermath of Shemyaka's murder, his wife and son fled Novgorod to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where they were given Rylsk and Novgorod-Seversky in appanage. male line died out by 1561, but there are many living descendants from his daughter's marriage to Prince Alexander Chertoryzhsky. name survives in the Russian expression "Shemyakin sud" ("Shemyaka's Justice", "Shemyaka's Judgement"), which means hasty and unfair judgement. It comes from the 17th century literary work The Tale of Shemyaka's Judgement (see its translation here[4]). However modern researchers question the identification of Dmitry Shemyaka with Judge Shemyaka in the tale. St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1448-1461, Patriarch, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1448-1461, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos
Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos; The holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora
Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople 1453
Moscow, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1460, Hilarion's Ozersk [Lake] Monastery Founded, Pskov Lakes
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk
Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow; Saint Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1

Russia, Moscow, 1462-1505, Ivan III, Great, regent for blind father, ended Mongol yoke, 3x territory
Moscow Prince, 1462-1505, Ivan III of Russia, The Great ; III Vasilyevich ( 22 January 1440, Moscow -27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great,[1][2] was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462. tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Mongols/Tatars over Russia, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, introduced a new legal codex and laid the foundations of the Russian state. 1480 victory over the Great Horde is cited as the restoration of Russian independence 240 years after the fall of Kiev to Mongols' invasion.[3] was the first Russian ruler to style himself "tsar", albeit not as an official title. marriage to Sofia Paleologue, he made the double-headed eagle Russia's coat of arms and adopted the idea of Moscow as Third Rome. 43-year reign was one of the longest in Russian history, second only to his grandson Ivan IV. Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated on August 28; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1462, Saint Jonah, Bishop of Perm, Converted Great Perm to Christ
Saint Jonah, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Jonah, Bishop of Great Perm, was successor to Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Perm (August 19), who was murdered by the Vogulani in 1455. In the year 1462 Saint Jonah converted the inhabitants of Great Perm to Christ. He journeyed throughout his extensive diocese to spread and consolidate the Christian Faith. The saint reposed on June 6, 1470 and was buried at Ust-Vym at the Annunciation cathedral.

Russia, Moscow, 1463-1473, Patriarch, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1463-1473, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III, Tartar v, but Amin sued for peace and paid h
Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III; of Ivan III[edit] War (1467–1469)[edit] Russians used skis to facilitate transportation during their winter campaigns fragile peace was broken in 1467, when Ibrahim of Kazan came to the throne and Ivan III of Russia supported the claims of his ally or vassal Qasim Khan. Ivan's army sailed down the Volga, with their eyes fixed on Kazan, but autumn rains and rasputitsa ("quagmire season") hindered the progress of Russian forces. When frosty winter came, the Russian generals launched an invasion of the northern Vyatka Region. The campaign fell apart for lack of unity of purpose and military capability. following year, the Russians set out from Kotelnich in the Vyatka Land. They sailed down the Vyatka River and the Kama towards the Volga, pillaging merchant vessels on their way. In response, Ibrahim mounted a counter-offensive, overran Vyatka, and forced local inhabitants into slavery for the duration of the campaign.[3] 1469, a much stronger army was raised and, sailing down the Volga and the Oka, linked up in Nizhny Novgorod. The Russians marched downstream and ravaged the neighbourhood of Kazan but did not dare to lay siege to the Tatar capital because Qasim's widow had pledged to negotiate an advantageous peace with Ibrahim (her son). In the meantime, the units from Yaroslavl and Veliky Ustyug vainly attempted to win Vyatka to the Russian side. After negotiations were broken, the Tatars clashed with the Russians in two bloody but indecisive battles. autumn 1469 Ivan III launched a third invasion of the khanate. The Russian commander, Prince Daniil Kholmsky, besieged Kazan, cut off water supplies, and compelled Ibrahim to surrender. Under the terms of the peace settlement, the Tatars set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. of Kazan (1487)[edit] Vyatka Region remained the principal bone of contention between Kazan and Moscow for decades to come. In 1478, shortly before his death, Ibrahim devastated the region. In revenge, Ivan III sent his generals to sack the neighbourhood of Kazan. At that time Ibrahim died and was succeeded by Ilham, whilst his half-brother Moxammat Amin fled to Moscow. Ivan III allowed him to settle in Kashira and pledged his support for Moxammat's claims to the Tatar throne. 1484 Russia placed Moxammat Amin on the throne, but within a year Ilham regained power. In 1487 Ivan again found it prudent to intervene in Kazan affairs and replace Ilham with Moxammat Amin. Prince Kholmsky sailed down the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod and laid siege to Kazan on 18 May. The city fell to the Russians on 9 June. Ilham was sent in chains to Moscow before being imprisoned in Vologda, while Moxammat Amin was proclaimed the new khan.[4] In reference to this victorious campaign, Ivan III proclaimed himself "Lord of Volga Bulgaria".[citation needed] of Arsk Field (1506)[edit] last war of Ivan's reign was instigated by Ilham's widow, who married Moxammat Amin and persuaded him to assert his independence from Moscow in 1505. The rebellion broke out into the open on Saint John's Day, when the Tatars massacred Russian merchants and envoys present at the annual Kazan Fair. A huge army of the Kazan and Nogai Tatars then advanced towards Nizhny Novgorod and besieged the city. The affair was decided by 300 Lithuanian archers, who had been captured by Russians in the Battle of Vedrosha and lived in Nizhny in captivity. They managed to put the Tatar vanguard into disarray: the khan's brother-in-law was killed in action and the horde retreated. death prevented hostilities from being renewed until May 1506, when Prince Fyodor Belsky led Russian forces against Kazan. After the Tatar cavalry attacked his rear, many Russians took flight or drowned in the Foul Lake (22 May). Prince Vasily Kholmsky was sent to relieve Belsky and defeated the khan on Arsk Field on June 22. Moxammat Amin withdrew to the Arsk Tower but, when the Russians started to celebrate their victory, ventured out and inflicted an excruciating defeat on them (June 25). Although it was the most brilliant Tatar victory in decades, Moxammat Amin – for some reason not clearly understood – resolved to sue for peace and paid homage to Ivan's successor, Vasily III of Russia. Mongol, Perm, 1467-1479, Tartar Khan, Ibrahim of Kazan; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1471-1480, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow
Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1473-1489, Patriarch, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1473-1489, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1480, Meeting of the Vladimir Icon, saving Moscow, ending Mongol Horde Yoke
Russia, Moscow, 1480, Meeting of the Vladimir Icon, saving Moscow, ending Mongol Horde Yoke; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of the Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; the church celebrates the miracle of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, which led to the saving of Moscow from the invasion of Khan Achmed in 1480. Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on May 21 and August 26. Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was established to commemorate the deliverance of Moscow from an invasion of Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei in 1521. The Tatar hordes approached Moscow, burning and destroying Russian cities and villages, and exterminating their inhabitants. Prince Basil raised an army against the Tatars, while Metropolitan Barlaam and the people of Moscow prayed fervently for deliverance. At this time a certain pious blind nun had a vision. She saw Moscow’s bishop-saints exiting from the Savior gates of the Kremlin, forsaking the city and taking with them the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, the holiest object in the city of Moscow. This was God’s chastisement for the sins of its inhabitants. the Savior gates the holy hierarchs were met by Saints Sergius of Radonezh (Sept. 25) and Barlaam of Khutyn (Nov. 6), tearfully imploring them not to leave Moscow. All of them offered intense prayer to the Lord for the forgivness of their transgressions and the deliverance of Moscow from its enemies. After this prayer the bishop-saints returned to the Kremlin, and they carried back the holy Vladimir Icon. Basil the Blessed (August 2) saw a similar vision. It was revealed to him that Moscow would be saved, through the intercession of the Theotokos and the prayers of the saints. The Tatar Khan also had a vision of the Mother of God with a fearsome host, contending against his forces. The Tatars fled in fear, and the capital of the Russian realm was saved. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on June 23 and August 26. Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Saint, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius, Gennadius Bible
Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judaizers, heretic Jews using Hebrew OT created after Jesus
Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judiazers, heretic Christians using Hebrew OT created after Jesus; Judaizers are Christians who teach it is necessary to adopt Jewish customs and practices, especially those found in the Law of Moses, to be saved. The term is derived from the Koine Greek word, used once in the Greek New Testament (Galatians 2:14),[1] when Paul publicly challenges Peter for compelling gentile converts to Early Christianity to "judaize".[2][3] This episode is known as the incident at Antioch. This term includes groups who claim the necessity of continued obedience to the Law of Moses found in the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) for gentiles.[4] Members of such groups dispute the label because "Judaizers" is sometimes used as a pejorative. Most Christians believe that much of the Old Covenant has been superseded, while according to some modern Protestants it has been completely abrogated and replaced by the Law of Christ. The Christian debate over Judaizing began in the lifetime of the apostles, notably at the Council of Jerusalem and the incident at Antioch. It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about Paul the Apostle and Judaism, Protestant views of the Ten Commandments, and Christian ethics. Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1488-1552, Saint, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ
Moscow Saint, 1488-1552, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible
Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible; St. Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin
Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Return of Smolensk, War with Protestants

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1550, Saint, Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil IIIl, Adequate, consolidation, annexed Pskov, captured Smolensk
Moscow Prince, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil, Grand Prince of Moscow ; III Ivanovich (also Basil; 25 March 1479-3 December 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil . had three brothers: Yuri, born in 1480, Simeon, born in 1487 and Andrei, born in 1490, as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492).[1] is sometimes mockingly referred to as Vasili the Adequate due to his rule taking place between those of Ivan the Great and his son Ivan the Terrible, as well as the relative uneventfulness of his reign. affairs[edit] Map of Russia (Moscovia) published by Sigismund von Herberstein in 1549 III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. also took advantage of the difficult position of Sigismund of Poland to capture Smolensk, the great eastern fortress of Lithuania (siege started 1512, ended in 1514), chiefly through the aid of the rebel Lithuanian, Prince Mikhail Glinski, who provided him with artillery and engineers. The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender (1522).[2] 1521 Vasili received an emissary of the neighboring Iranian Safavid Empire, sent by Shah Ismail I whose ambitions were to construct an Irano-Russian alliance against the common enemy, the Ottoman Empire.[3] was equally successful against the Crimean Khanate. Although in 1519 he was obliged to buy off the Crimean khan, Mehmed I Giray, under the very walls of Moscow, towards the end of his reign he established Russian influence on the Volga. In 1531-“32 he placed the pretender Cangali khan on the throne of Khanate of Kazan.[2] was the first grand-duke of Moscow who adopted the title of tsar and the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire.[2] affairs[edit] Vasili Basil of Caesarea and prince Vasili III of Russia. Icon internal policy, Vasili III enjoyed the support of the Church in his struggle with the feudal opposition. In 1521, metropolitan Varlaam was banished for refusing to participate in Vasili's fight against an appanage prince, Vasili Ivanovich Shemyachich. Rurikid princes Vasili Shuisky and Ivan Vorotynsky were also sent into exile. The diplomat and statesman, Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, was executed in 1525 for criticizing Vasili's policies. Maximus the Greek (publicist), Vassian Patrikeyev (statesman) and others were sentenced for the same reason in 1525 and 1531. During the reign of Vasili III, the landownership of the gentry increased, while authorities actively tried to limit immunities and privileges of boyars and the nobility. life[edit] Church of Ascension was built by Vasili III to commemorate the birth of his heir. 1526 when he was 47 years old, Vasili had been married to Solomonia Saburova for over 20 years with no heir to his throne being produced. Conscious of her husband's disappointment, Solomonia tried to remedy this by consulting sorcerers and going on pilgrimages. When this proved unsuccessful, Vasili consulted the boyars, announcing that he did not trust his two brothers to handle Russia's affairs. boyars suggested that he take a new wife, and despite much opposition from the clergy, he divorced his barren wife and married Princess Elena Glinskaya, the daughter of a Serbian princess and niece of his friend Michael Glinski. many of the boyars approved of his choice, as Elena was of Catholic upbringing. Vasili was so smitten that he defied Russian social norms and trimmed his beard to appear younger. After three days of matrimonial festivity, the couple consummated their marriage, though initially it appeared that Elena was as sterile as Solomonia. Russian populace began to suspect this was a sign of God's disapproval of the marriage. However, to the great joy of Vasili and the populace, the new tsaritsa gave birth to a son, who would succeed him as Ivan IV. Three years later, a second son, Yuri, was born.[1] to a story, Solomonia Saburova also bore a son in the convent where she had been confined, just several months after the controversial divorce. out hunting on horseback near Volokolamsk, Vasili felt a great pain in his right hip, the result of an abscess. He was transported to the village of Kolp, where he was visited by two German doctors who were unable to stop the infection with conventional remedies. that his time was short, Vasili requested to be returned to Moscow, where he was kept in the Saint Joseph Cathedral along the way. By 25 November 1533, Vasili reached Moscow and asked to be made a monk before dying. Taking on the name Varlaam, Vasili died at midnight, 4 December 1533.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœTendernessÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; Blessed John Ã¢Â€Âœthe HairyÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam (Barlaam), Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia from Lithuania
Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga
Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Russia, Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei
Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was established to commemorate the deliverance of Moscow from an invasion of Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei in 1521. The Tatar hordes approached Moscow, burning and destroying Russian cities and villages, and exterminating their inhabitants. Prince Basil raised an army against the Tatars, while Metropolitan Barlaam and the people of Moscow prayed fervently for deliverance. At this time a certain pious blind nun had a vision. She saw Moscow’s bishop-saints exiting from the Savior gates of the Kremlin, forsaking the city and taking with them the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, the holiest object in the city of Moscow. This was God’s chastisement for the sins of its inhabitants. the Savior gates the holy hierarchs were met by Saints Sergius of Radonezh (Sept. 25) and Barlaam of Khutyn (Nov. 6), tearfully imploring them not to leave Moscow. All of them offered intense prayer to the Lord for the forgivness of their transgressions and the deliverance of Moscow from its enemies. After this prayer the bishop-saints returned to the Kremlin, and they carried back the holy Vladimir Icon. Basil the Blessed (August 2) saw a similar vision. It was revealed to him that Moscow would be saved, through the intercession of the Theotokos and the prayers of the saints. The Tatar Khan also had a vision of the Mother of God with a fearsome host, contending against his forces. The Tatars fled in fear, and the capital of the Russian realm was saved. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on June 23 and August 26.

Russia, Moscow, 1521, Tenderness Icon painted and transferred to Pskov, glorified in 1524, protector in 1581
Russia, Pskov, 1521, Tenderness Icon transferred to Pskov, glorified in 1524, protector in 1581; Siege of Pskov; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Feast of the Pskov-Protection Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in memory of the miraculous deliverance of Pskov from the invading troops of the Polish king Stephen Bathory in 1581. During the siege, they carried forth the wonderworking Dormition Icon of the Mother of God in procession from the monastery. the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Most Holy Virgin appeared to the Elder Dorotheus with various Russian Saints: the holy Great Prince Vladimir and the Pskov Princes Vsevolod-Gabriel and Dovmont-Timothy, Saint Anthony of Kiev Caves, Cornelius of Pskov, Euphrosynus of Spaso-Elazar and Savva of Krypetsk, Blessed Nicholas of Pskov and Saint Niphon, Archbishop of Novgorod, the organizer of the Pskov Spaso-Mirozh monastery. from the Pechor side from the Spaso-Mirozhsk monastery across the River Velika, the Mother of God with the Saints entered the church of the Protection monastery. The Saints besought the All-Pure Virgin to have pity on the sinful citizens of Pskov and save the city “from the imposition of woes.” The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. After their deliverance from the enemy, the grateful people of Pskov built a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, “Appearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.” The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21 ; sacred Tenderness Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was painted and brought to the Pskov Caves monastery through the efforts of the devout Pskov merchants Basil and Theodore. It was transferred it to the town of Pskov in the year 1521, and was glorified by miracles of healing in 1524. The Tenderness Icon is especially honored as the protector of the city when it was besieged by the Polish King Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in the year 1581. Both the Tenderness Icon and the Dormition Icon were glorified at that time. Tenderness Icon is also honored on October 7, the day when Pskov was liberated from Napoleon's invasion in 1812. Other days on which the Tenderness Icon is commemorated are: June 23, August 26, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; “Tenderness” Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was found in the monastery of the caves in 1521, and was transferred to the city of Pskov by the pious Christians Basil and Theodore. Icon is particularly renowned for the deliverance of Pskov and the Pskov Caves monastery from the army of Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in 1581. It is commemorated on May 21, June 23, August 26, October 7, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Tenderness Icon of the Mother of God is of the Eleousa (Umilenie) type, and is regarded as the patroness of the city of Pskov.

Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1525-1736, Great Abatis Line Folder

1 First Great Line finished 1566

First Great Abatis Line along Oka finished 1566

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera
Meshchera (Meshchera Lowlands); Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk;

2 Second Great Line finished 1640

Second Great Abatis Line Finished 1640

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl;

3 Third Great Line finished 1736

Third Great Abatis Line 1736

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan;

Russia, Moscow, 1533-1584, Ivan, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich, intelligent, devout, terrible
Moscow, 1533-1584, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated August 14 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated on September 22; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1542-1563, Patriarch, Macarius, Metropolitan all Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1542-1563, Macarius, Metropolitan of all Russia; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1539-1542, Patriarch, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1539-1542, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547
Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547 ; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia , Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721, Fall of Constantinople thru Great Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1552, Kazan campaign 1552 Tsar Ivan the Terrible
Russo-Kazan Wars; Fall of Kazan 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583)
Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583); Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God
Russia, Pskov, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God; Mirozh Icon appeared at the Mirozh monastery in the year 1198. But later, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, at a time when a plague raged at Pskov, an ancient report tells how tears flowed from both eyes of the icon. Many benefits and healings for man occured from the icon of the Mother of God. Mirozh Icon is an “Orans” (“Praying”) type. On either side of the Most Holy Theotokos stand the Pskov Saints: on the right, the holy Prince Dovmont-Timothy (May 20); on the left, his wife, the holy nun Martha, in the world named Maria Dimitrievna (November 8, 1300). Tsar Ivan Vasilievich took away the wonderworking icon from Pskov, but at the monastery an exact copy remained: the so-called “Great Panagia” from the Savior-Mirozh monastery. September 24, 1567, on the Feast of Saint Abraham at the Mirozh monastery there occurred a miraculous sign from an ancient icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The celebration of the Mirozh Icon of the Sign was established in that same year, with the blessing of Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod and Pskov. A special service to this icon was composed, and was published in the 1666 MENAION. Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1568-1570, Russo-Turkish War (1568-“70)

Russia, Moscow, 1571, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Moscow's Dormition cathedral
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582)
Siege of Pskov; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Feast of the Pskov-Protection Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in memory of the miraculous deliverance of Pskov from the invading troops of the Polish king Stephen Bathory in 1581. During the siege, they carried forth the wonderworking Dormition Icon of the Mother of God in procession from the monastery. the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Most Holy Virgin appeared to the Elder Dorotheus with various Russian Saints: the holy Great Prince Vladimir and the Pskov Princes Vsevolod-Gabriel and Dovmont-Timothy, Saint Anthony of Kiev Caves, Cornelius of Pskov, Euphrosynus of Spaso-Elazar and Savva of Krypetsk, Blessed Nicholas of Pskov and Saint Niphon, Archbishop of Novgorod, the organizer of the Pskov Spaso-Mirozh monastery. from the Pechor side from the Spaso-Mirozhsk monastery across the River Velika, the Mother of God with the Saints entered the church of the Protection monastery. The Saints besought the All-Pure Virgin to have pity on the sinful citizens of Pskov and save the city “from the imposition of woes.” The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. After their deliverance from the enemy, the grateful people of Pskov built a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, “Appearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.” The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21 ; sacred Tenderness Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was painted and brought to the Pskov Caves monastery through the efforts of the devout Pskov merchants Basil and Theodore. It was transferred it to the town of Pskov in the year 1521, and was glorified by miracles of healing in 1524. The Tenderness Icon is especially honored as the protector of the city when it was besieged by the Polish King Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in the year 1581. Both the Tenderness Icon and the Dormition Icon were glorified at that time. Tenderness Icon is also honored on October 7, the day when Pskov was liberated from Napoleon's invasion in 1812. Other days on which the Tenderness Icon is commemorated are: June 23, August 26, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; “Tenderness” Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was found in the monastery of the caves in 1521, and was transferred to the city of Pskov by the pious Christians Basil and Theodore. Icon is particularly renowned for the deliverance of Pskov and the Pskov Caves monastery from the army of Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in 1581. It is commemorated on May 21, June 23, August 26, October 7, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Tenderness Icon of the Mother of God is of the Eleousa (Umilenie) type, and is regarded as the patroness of the city of Pskov.

Russia, Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I, Theodore, pious, retiring, R ruled by Boris G, wife's b, death then TofT
Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Theodore Ioannovich ; I Ivanovich or Feodor I Ioannovich ( 31 May 1557 - 16 January (NS) 1598), also known as Feodor the Bellringer, was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584-“1598). Feodor's mother died when he was three, and he grew up in the shadow of his father, Ivan the Terrible. A pious man of retiring disposition, Feodor took little interest in ,politics, and the country was effectively administered in his name by Boris Godunov, the brother of his beloved wife Irina. His childless death left the Rurikid dynasty extinct, and spurred Russia's descent into the catastrophic Time of Troubles. In Russian documents, Feodor is sometimes called blessed. He is also listed in the "Great Synaxaristes" of the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on January 7 (OS).[1] Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; St John the Hermit of Pskov; Commemorated on October 24; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1585-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov, Tartar, defacto regent then Tzar in 1598, T of T, English trade
Moscow, 1598-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov ; Fyodorovich Godunov (possibly 1551 – 23 April [O.S. 13 April] 1605) ruled the Tsardom of Russia as de facto regent from c. 1585 to 1598 and then as the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. After the end of his reign, Russia descended into the Time of Troubles. 1 Early years 2 Regency 3 Reign 4 Arts and popular media 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links years[edit] Godunov was the most noted member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin (Chet), which came from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century.[2] This legend is written in the annals dating from early 17th century. He was descended from the Tatar Prince Chet, who went from the Golden Horde to Russia and founded the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Boris was the son of Feodor Ivanovich Godunov Krivoy (the one-eyed) (died, c. 1568-1570) and his wife Stepanida Ivanovna. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue. career began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 for taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as an archer of the guard. The following year he became an oprichnik – a member of Ivan's personal guard and secret police. In 1570/1571, Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy, head of the oprichniks. 1580, the Tsar chose Boris Godunov's sister Irina Godunova (1557 - 26 October/23 November 1603) to be the wife of his second son and eventual heir, the fourteen-year-old Feodor Ivanovich (1557-1598). On this occasion, Godunov was promoted to the rank of Boyar.[2] 15 November 1581, Godunov was present when the Tsar murdered his own eldest son, the crown prince Ivan. Godunov tried to intervene but received blows from the Tsar's sceptre. The elder Ivan immediately repented, and Godunov rushed to get help for the Tsarevich, who died four days later.[3] years later, on his deathbed, Ivan IV appointed a council consisting of Godunov, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, Vasili Shuiski and others to guide his son and successor of Russia Feodor I, who was feeble both in mind and body: he took refuge from the dangers of the palace in devotion to religion; and though his people called him a saint, they recognized that he lacked the iron to govern men.[4] the time of his death, Ivan also had a three-year-old son, Dmitry Ivanovich (1581–1591), from his seventh and last marriage. son (and his mother's family) had no claim to the throne because the Orthodox Church recognized only Ivan's first three marriages as legitimate. after Ivan's death the council had both Dmitri and his mother, Maria Nagaya, moved to Uglich, some 120 miles north of Moscow. Dmitri died there in 1591 at the age of ten under suspicious circumstances. Dmitri's death was announced by the ringing of the church bell, the Uglich population rose up to protest the suspected assassination, which they believed was commissioned by Boris Godunov. swiftly quelled the rebellion. Godunov ordered the removal of the Uglich bell's clapper (the bell's tongue). He had the offending bell flogged in public and exiled to Siberia along with the townspeople who had not been executed.[5] official commission headed by Vasili Shuiski was sent to determine the cause of death. The official verdict was that the boy had cut his throat during an epileptic seizure. widow claimed that her son had been murdered by Godunov's agents. Godunov's guilt was never established and shortly thereafter Dmitri's mother was forced to take the veil.[4] Dmitry Ivanovich was laid to rest and promptly, though temporarily, forgotten. estate near Moscow the coronation of Feodor Ivanovich as Tsar Feodor I on 31 May 1584, Boris received honors and riches as a member of the regency council, in which he held the second place during the life of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich. When Nikita died in 1586, Boris had no serious rival for the regency. conspiracy of other boyars and of Dionysius II, Metropolitan of Moscow, sought to break Boris's power by divorcing the Tsar from Godunov's childless sister. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were banished or sent to monasteries. After that, Godunov remained supreme in Russia and he corresponded with foreign princes as their equal. policy was generally pacific and always prudent. In 1595, he recovered from Sweden some towns lost during the former reign. Five years previously he had defeated a Tatar raid upon Moscow, for which he received the title of Konyushy, an obsolete dignity even higher than that of Boyar. He supported an anti-Turkish faction in the Crimea and gave the Khan subsidies in his war against the sultan. encouraged English merchants to trade with Russia by exempting them from duties. He built towns and fortresses along the north-eastern and south-eastern borders of Russia to keep the Tatar and Finnic tribes in order. These included Samara, Saratov, Voronezh, and Tsaritsyn, as well as other lesser towns. He colonized Siberia with scores of new settlements, including Tobolsk. his rule, the Russian Orthodox Church received its patriarchate, placing it on an equal footing with the ancient Eastern churches and freeing it from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople. This pleased the Tsar, as Feodor took a great interest in church affairs. Godunov's most important domestic reform, a 1597 decree forbade peasants to transfer from one landowner to another (which they had been free to do each year around Saint George's Day in November), thus binding them to the soil. This ordinance aimed to secure revenue, but it led to the institution of serfdom in its most oppressive form.[2] (See also Serfdom in Russia.) the death of the childless Feodor on 7 January 1598, as well as the rumored assassination of Feodor's much younger brother Dimitry, supposedly ordered by Boris himself to guarantee his seat on the throne, self-preservation as much as ambition led Boris' rise to power. Had he not done so, the mildest treatment he could have hoped for would have been lifelong seclusion in a monastery. His election was proposed by Patriarch Job of Moscow, who believed that Boris was the one man capable of coping with the difficulties of the situation. Boris, however, would accept the throne only from the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly), which met on 17 February and unanimously elected him on 21 February. On 1 September, he was solemnly crowned tsar. Mausoleum in front of the Cathedral of the Assumption at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius the first years of his reign, he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled well. He recognized the need for Russia to catch up with the intellectual progress of the West and did his best to bring about educational and social reforms. He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a large scale, the first to send young Russians abroad to be educated, and the first to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. After the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he pursued gaining access to the Baltic Sea and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians and hoped to take a bride from a foreign royal house, thereby increasing the dignity of his own dynasty.[2] However he declined the personal union proposed to him in 1600 by the diplomatic mission led by Lew Sapieha from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[citation needed]. died after a lengthy illness and a stroke on 13/23 April 1605. He left one son, Feodor II, who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Boris' widow were murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs in Moscow on 10/20 June 1605.[6] Boris's first son, Ivan, was born in 1587 and died in 1588. His daughter, Xenia, was born in 1582. She was engaged to Johann of Schleswig-Holstein, but he died shortly before their planned wedding in October 1602. Xenia was given the name "Olga" upon being forced to take monastic vows at the Voskresensky Monastery in Beloozero and her name is inscribed as "the Nun Olga Borisovna" at the crypt of the Godunovs at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius where she lived from 1606, when she sojourned there to attend the reburial of her father, until her death in 1622.[7] Boris, his wife, and their children are buried together in a mausoleum near the entrance of the Assumption Cathedral at Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. and popular media[edit] life was dramatised by the founder of Russian literature, Alexander Pushkin, in his play Boris Godunov (1831), which was inspired by Shakespeare's Henry IV. Modest Mussorgsky based his opera Boris Godunov on Pushkin's play. Sergei Prokofiev later wrote incidental music for Pushkin's drama. In 1997, the score of a 1710 baroque opera based on the reign of Boris by German composer Johann Mattheson was rediscovered in Armenia and returned to Hamburg, Germany. This opera, never performed during the composer's lifetime, had its world premiere in 2005 at the Boston Early Music Festival & Exhibition. was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by Shaun Dooley in the radio plays Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power[8] and Boris Godunov: Ghosts[9] written by Mike Walker and which were the first two plays in the first series of Tsar. The plays were broadcast on 11 and 18 September 2016. character Boris Badenov in the cartoon The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show takes his name from a play on Godunov's name. Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1589-1605, Patriarch, Job of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1589-1605, Job of Moscow ; also known as Job of Moscow (d. 19 June 1607) was the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia and is a saint of the Orthodox Church. According to Debra A. Coulter: was known as a humble man of impeccable morals, learned for his times, who worked for the good of the church and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity.[1] St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1591, Crown Prince, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8, famously impersonated
Moscow Crown Prince, 1591, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation
Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties, T of T
Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Protestant TimeOfTroubles,Turk&Chinese Mslm Wars

Russia, Moscow, 1605-18, Swede Pole-Moscow War, TOT Civil Wars, famine, boyar false Dimitris, Pole Tzar
Moscow, 1605-1618, Swedisn Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18) ; Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1605-1606, Tsar, False Dmitriy I, true Dmitriy suicide or killed
Moscow Tsar, 1605-1606, False Dmitriy I ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1610, Tsar Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky, TiOfTroubles, died in Warsaw prison
Moscow Tsar, 1606-1610, Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes, 300 yr intercessor, from Tof T, strict church
Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus, was glorified on May 12, 1913. memory of Patriarch Hermogenes as a holy martyr was passed on from generation to generation for three centuries, and people increasingly regarded him as an intercessor and supplicant for the Russian land before the Throne of the Almighty. terrible years of national hardship, the nation turned to the memory of the heroic Patriarch. The Russian people came to his tomb with their personal tribulations, sicknesses and infirmities, reverently asking the help of Saint Hermogenes, and the All-Merciful Lord rewarded their faith. from all ends of Russia began to flock to Moscow for the glorification of the hieromartyr Hermogenes 300 years after his death. Pilgrims hastened to venerate the relics of the holy Patriarch, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kremlin, where panikhidas were served almost without interruption. the eve of the glorification there was a procession with an icon of Saint Hermogenes, and after it a grave cover, on which the saint was depicted full-length in mantiya and holding a staff. Beside the icon of the Patriarch they carried an icon of Saint Dionysius of Radonezh, his fellow-struggler in spiritual and patriotic deeds for the liberation of the Russian land from Polish-Lithuanian usurpers. the bell tower of Ivan the Great hung a tremendous banner, “Rejoice, Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Great Intercessor of the Russian land.” A hundred thousand candles blazed in the hands of believers. At the end of the procession, they began to chant the Paschal Canon and a Canon to Saint Hermogenes, at the shrine where the relics of the Patriarch rested. all-night Vigil took place under the open skies at all the Kremlin squares. On this night a number of healings occurred through the prayers of Saint Hermogenes. For example, a certain sick person came to the Dormition Cathedral on crutches, and was healed as he approached the shrine with the relics of the saint. Another sick person was healed, who had suffered from terrible crippling disease. They brought him to the reliquary of the hieromartyr Hermogenes on a stretcher, where he was completely cured. These and other similar healings, witnessed by a multitude of the faithful, were remarkable proofs of the holiness of the new Russian wonderworker. Sunday May 12, Divine Liturgy was celebrated at the Dormition Cathedral. Presiding at the celebration of the solemn glorification of the new saint was His Beatitude Gregorios, Patriarch of Antioch. At the finish of Liturgy in all the churches of Moscow, Moliebens were served to Saint Hermogenes and a procession made to the Moscow Kremlin, in which more than twenty hierarchs took part. They accompanied the procession singing, “O Holy Hierarch Father Hermogenes, pray unto God for us.” From this day the liturgical veneration of Saint Hermogenes began. Thus, the wish of the faithful Russian people was fulfilled. Through their prayers the Russian Orthodox Church received a heavenly patron. Holy Synod of the Russian Church established the commemoration of the hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus for February 17, the day of his repose (his life and works are found under this day), and May 12, the day of his glorification. is the national significance of Saint Hermogenes, a tireless struggler for the purity of Orthodoxy and the unity of the Russian land. His ecclesial and civil activity during several centuries serves as an outstanding example of his ardent faith and love for the Russian people. ecclesial activity of the archpastor is characterized by an attentive and strict regard for church services. Under him were published a GOSPEL, a MENAION for September (1607), October (1609), November (1610), and for the first twelve days of December. The “Great Primary Rule” was printed in 1610. Saint Hermogenes did not merely give his blessing for this book, but carefully oversaw the accuracy of the text. With the blessing of Saint Hermogenes the Service to the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (November 30) also was translated from Greek into the Russian language, and his Feast began to be celebrated in the Dormition Cathedral. the supervision of the Archpastor, new presses were made for printing service books, and a new print shop was built. This was damaged during the 1611 conflagration, when Moscow was burned by the Poles. Concerned about the order of divine services, Saint Hermogenes compiled a “Letter to all the People, Especially Priests and Deacons, on the Improvement of Church Singing.” The “Letter” chastizes the clergy for performing Church services not according to the Typikon, for unnecessary talking, and lay people for their irreverent attitude toward the divine services. literary activity of the first hierarch of the Russian Church is widely known. He wrote “An Account of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the Service to this Icon (1594);” “A Letter to Patriarch Job, Containing an Account of the Kazan Martyrs” (1591), a collection of articles in which questions about divine services (1598) are examined; there are patriotic documents and appeals, directed to the Russian nation (1606-1613), and other works. contemporaries speak of Patriarch Hermogenes as a man of outstanding intellect and erudition, “a Master of great reason and thought,” “very remarkable,” “very accomplished in wisdom and refined in learning,” “ever concerning himself about divine literature, and all the books about the Old Law and the New Grace, and pursuing to the end various Church rules and principles of law.” Saint Hermogenes spent a lot of time in monastery libraries, especially in the library of the Moscow Chudov monastery, where he copied precious historical accounts from ancient manuscripts. the seventeenth century they called the Chronicle by His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes the “Resurrection Chronicle.” In the collected works of the saint and his archpastoral documents there are many quotations from Holy Scripture, and examples taken from history, which testify to his profound knowledge of the Word of God and his familiarity with the Church literature of his time. Hermogenes incorporated his research in his preaching and teaching. The saint’s contemporaries regard the Archpastor as “a man of reverence,” “purity of life,” “a true shepherd of the flock of Christ,” and “a sincere upholder of the Christian faith”. qualities of Saint Hermogenes were quite especially apparent during the Time of Troubles, when the Russian land was overwhelmed by internal chaos, and worsened by Polish-Lithuanian intrigue. During this dark period, the First Hierarch of the Russian Church selflessly protected the Russian realm, by word and by deed defending the Orthodox Faith from Latinism, and also national unity from internal and external enemies. In saving his native land, Saint Hermogenes won the crown of a martyrdom, becoming a heavenly intercessor for Russia before the Throne of the Holy Trinity.

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1633, Saint Dionysius of R, Tof T, w Hermogenes, hospice, translations, imprisoned
Radonezh, 1590-1633, Saint Dionysius of Radonezh, Time of Troubles; Dionysius of Radonezh, in the world David Zobninovsky, was born about 1570 in the city of Rzhev. A novice, and then head of the Staritsky Dormition monastery, during the Time of Troubles he was the foremost helper of Saint Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow. 1611, Saint Dionysius was archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. Under his administration, a house and hospice for the injured and those left homeless during the Polish-Lithuanian incursion was opened near the monastery. During a famine, he told the brethren of the Lavra to eat oat bread and water, leaving the wheat and the rye bread for the sick. In 1611-1612, he and the steward of the Trinity-Sergiev monastery, the monk Abraham Palitsyn (+ 1625), wrote letters asking the people of Nizhni-Novgorod and other cities to send fighting men and money to liberate Moscow from the Poles. He also wrote to Prince Demetrius Pozharsky and to all the military people, urging them to hasten the campaign for Moscow. monastic training helped Saint Dionysius to maintain his own inner light undiminished during the terrible years of this evil time. The saint achieved a high degree of spiritual pefection through unceasing prayer, which gave him the gift of working miracles. He carefully concealed his spiritual life from other people, who might suffer harm from a superficial knowledge of it. “Do not ask a monk about things concerning his monastic life,” said Saint Dionysius, “since for us monks, it is a great misfortune to reveal such secrets to laymen. It is written that what is done in secret should not be known, even by your own left hand. We must hide ourselves, so that what we do remains unknown, lest the devil lead us into all manner of negligence and indolence.” can only measure his spiritual development, and the knowledge of God which he attained, by those things which became apparent when circumstances compelled Saint Dionysius to take an active part in the life of the world around him. such circumstance was his involvement in the revision of the service books. In 1616 Saint Dionysius spoke of work on correction of the Book of Needs by comparing it with the ancient Slavonic manuscripts and various Greek editions. their work, investigators discovered discrepancies in other books edited in the period between patriarchs (1612-1619). People did not understand what the editors were doing, so they accused Saint Dionysius and the others of heresy at a Council of 1618. from his priestly rank and excommunicated from the Church, he was imprisoned in the Novospassky (New Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior) monastery, where they wanted to kill him by starvation. The intervention of Patriarch Philaretos of Moscow and Patriarch Theophanes of Jerusalem (1619-1633) won his release in 1619, and he was cleared of the charges against him. Dionysius was known for his strict observance of the monastery Rule, for sharing in monastery tasks and in the rebuilding of the monastery after the siege of the Lavra. The Life and Canon to the saint was composed by the Trinity-Sergiev monastery steward Simon Azaryn and augmented by the priest John Nasedka, a coworker of Saint Dionysius when he was correcting the service books. Saint Dionysius reposed on May 12, 1633 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra.

Russia, Moscow, 1607-1610, Tsar, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino
Moscow Tsar, 1607-1610, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Tsar, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov
Moscow Tsar, 1611-1612, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Prince, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland
Moscow Prince, 1611-1612, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish
Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish ; Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God "Kursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Swede-Polish-Lith incursion, Moscow Kremlin, R victory, unpaid Polish wages
Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin)
Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles, delivering sinners
Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles ; Commemoration of the Deliverance of Moscow From the Poles by the Kazan Icon was established in gratitude for the deliverance of Moscow and all Russia from the incursion of the Polish in 1612. end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries is known in Russian history as “the Time of Troubles.” The country suffered the onslaught of Polish armies, which scoffed at the Orthodox Faith, plundering and burning churches, cities and villages. Through deceit they succeeded in taking Moscow. In response to the appeal of His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes (May 12), the Russian people rose up in defense of its native land. Kazan, the wonderworking icon of the Mother of God was sent to the army headed by Prince Demetrius Pozharsky. Demetrius of Rostov (September 21), in his Discourse on the Day of Appearance of the Icon of the Mother of God at Kazan (July 8), said: “The Mother of God delivered from misfortune and woe not only the righteous, but also sinners, but which sinners? those who turn themselves to the Heavenly Father like the Prodigal Son, they make lamentation beating their bosom, like the Publican, they weep at the feet of Christ, like the Sinful Woman washing His feet with her tears, and they offer forth confession of Him, like the Thief upon the Cross. It is such sinners whom the All-Pure Mother of God heeds and hastens to aid, delivering them from great misfortunes and woe.” that they suffered such misfortunes for their sins, the whole nation and the militia imposed upon themselves a three-day fast. With prayer, they turned to the Lord and His All-Pure Mother for help. The prayer was heard. Saint Sergius of Radonezh appeared to Saint Arsenius (afterwards Bishop of Suzdal) and said that if Moscow were to be saved, then people must pray to the Most Holy Virgin. Emboldened by the news, Russian forces on October 22, 1612 liberated Moscow from the Polish usurpers. A celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in 1649. Even in our day this icon is especially revered by the Russian Orthodox nation. Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces)
Russia, Vladimir, Nizhni Novogorod, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Tribe of Judah Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's
August 13, 1612 OS: Judah's Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's ; Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Moscow Romanov Dynasty, 1613-1917 ; Moscow Tsar, 1613-1645, Michael I of Russia ;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism
Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I, Feodorovich, first Romanov, with Cossacks, c siberia to Pacific
Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I of Russia ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Raiders, Pole-Lith light cavalry, looted large Vologda area
Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Riders, Polish; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker Commemorated on January 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1617, Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1619-1633, Patriarch, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1619-1633, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated on July 17 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1625, Finding Incorrupt Relics Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War, P and Lith defend R attack
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow
Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir
Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir ; Svir River; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All R, Expansion, Western Ideas
Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All Russia ; Mikhailovich (Russian: , IPA: ; 29 March [O.S. 19 March] 1629 -“ 8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1676) was the Tsar of Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.[2] His reign saw wars with Poland and Sweden, schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, and the major Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin.[2] Nevertheless, at the time of his death Russia spanned almost 2,000,000,000 acres (8,100,000 km2). Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated on July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh"; Commemorated on March 9; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; ; Icon of the Mother of God "œStaro Rus" Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1695, Russia China War of the Amur Region
Moscow, Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod), service reforms, Old Believers
Moscow Patriarch, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod); born Nikita Minin (7 May 1605 - 17 August 1681) was the seventh Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' of the Russian Orthodox Church, serving officially from 1652 to 1666. He was renowned for his eloquence, energy, piety and close ties to Tsar Alexis of Russia. Nikon introduced many reforms which eventually led to a lasting schism known as Raskol in the Russian Orthodox Church. For many years he was a dominant political figure, often equaling or even overshadowing the Tsar. His liturgical reforms were unpopular among conservatives. In December 1666, Nikon was tried by a synod of church officials, deprived of all his sacerdotal functions, and reduced to the status of a simple monk. 1 Introduction 2 Prior to Nikon 3 Origins of reform 4 Reforms of Nikon 4.1 Main alterations 5 Schism 5.1 After the schism 6 Old Believer denominations 6.1 Priested (Popovtsy) 6.2 Priestless (Bezpopovtsy) 6.2.1 Minor groups 7 Edinovertsy 8 Validity of the reformist theory 9 Background 10 Main differences 11 Present situation 12 Old Believer churches 13 See also 14 References 15 Sources 15.1 In English 16 Further reading 16.1 In Russian 17 External links 1652, Patriarch Nikon (1605–1681; patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658) introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and Greek Orthodox churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek rites and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time. In doing so, according to the Old Believers, Nikon acted without adequate consultation with the clergy and without gathering a council.[11] After the implementation of these revisions, the Church anathematized and suppressed—with the support of Muscovite state power—the prior liturgical rite itself, as well as those who were reluctant to pass to the revised rite. who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as "Schismatics" (Russian: раскольники, raskol'niki). They became known as "Old Ritualists", a name introduced under the empress Catherine the Great who reigned from 1762 to 1796.[12] They continued to call themselves simply "Orthodox Christians". Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1652, Old Believers Schism
Russia, Moscow, 1652, Old Believers Schism; Eastern Orthodox Church history, especially within the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or Old Ritualists are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship, these Christians were anathematized, together with their ritual, in a Synod of 1666–67, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite. speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart". Moscow Patriarch, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod);

Russia, Moscow, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech, Cherginov
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1654-1667, Russian-Polish War, for Ukraine, Swede Deluge, First N War, R gains in U
Russian-Polish War, 1654-1667, War for the Ukraine ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II
Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1662, Moslem Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662
Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov, Cossack Hierarch, not Caesaropapist
Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov ; Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky, (11 December 1651 -“ 28 October 1709) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich. He is representative of the strong Cossack Baroque influence upon the Russian Orthodox Church at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Demetrius is sometimes credited as composer or compiler of the first Russian opera, the lengthy Rostov Mysteries of 1705, though the exact nature of this work, as well as its place in history, is open to debate.[2] He is the author of several written works, out of which the most famous is The Lives of Saints .[3] Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1672-1673, Patriarch Pitrim
Moscow Patriarch, 1672-1673, Pitrim;

Russia, Moscow, 1674-1690, Patriarch, Joachim, tried to discontinue veneration of Anna
Moscow Patriarch, 1674-1690, Joachim; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated on October 24; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; St. John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Turkish siege Pochaev on July 20-23, 1675
Volynia, Turkish siege on July 20-23, 1675; Crimean-Nogai Raids; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, Zbarazh Castle, H R Source, Volhynia, W Ukraine
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1681, Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) R bank Ukraine, Russian v

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1682, Tsar, Feodor III of Russia, progressive views, beard shaving, nobility books d
Moscow Tsar, 1676-1682, Feodor III of Russia; III Alexeyevich or Fyodor III Alekseevich (9 June 1661-“ 7 May 1682) was the Tsar of Russia between 1676 and 1682. Contents 1 Life 2 Family 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Life[edit] Born in Moscow, Fyodor, as the eldest surviving son of Tsar Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya, succeeded his father on the throne in 1676 at the age of fifteen. He had a fine intellect and a noble disposition; he had received an excellent education at the hands of Simeon Polotsky, the most learned Slavonic monk of the day. He knew Polish and even possessed the unusual accomplishment of Latin.[citation needed] He had been disabled from birth, however, horribly disfigured and half paralyzed by a mysterious disease, supposed to be scurvy.[citation needed] He spent most of his time with young nobles, Ivan Maksimovich Yazykov [ru] and Aleksei Timofeievich Likhachov [ru], who would later introduce Polish ceremonies, court dress, and language to the Russian court.[citation needed] On 28 July 1680 he married a noblewoman, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya (1663 – after 14 July 1681), daughter of Simeon Feodorovich Grushevsky and of his wife Maria Ivanovna Zaborovskaya, and assumed the sceptre. His native energy, though crippled, was not crushed by his disabilities. He soon showed himself as a thorough and devoted reformer. The atmosphere of the court ceased to be oppressive, the light of a new liberalism shone, and the severity of the penal laws was considerably mitigated.[citation needed] The Tsar founded the academy of sciences in the Zaikonospassky monastery, where competent professors were to teach everything not expressly forbidden by the Orthodox church – the syllabus included Slavonic, Greek, Latin and Polish.[1] The Feodorean and the later Petrine reforms differed in that while the former were primarily, though not exclusively, for the benefit of the church, the latter were primarily for the benefit of the state. A household census took place in 1678.[2] The most notable reform of Feodor III, made at the suggestion of Vasily Galitzine, involved the abolition in 1682 of the system of mestnichestvo, or "place priority", which had paralyzed the whole civil and military administration of Muscovy for generations. Henceforth all appointments to the civil and military services were to be determined by merit and by the will of the sovereign,[1] while pedigree (nobility) books were to be destroyed. Family[edit] Fyodor's first consort, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya, shared his progressive views. She was the first to advocate beard-shaving.[1] On 11 July 1681, the Tsaritsa gave birth to her son, Tsarevich Ilya Fyodorovich, the expected heir to the throne. Agaphia died as a consequence of the childbirth three days later, on 14 July, and seven days later, on 21 July, the ten-days-old Tsarevich also died. Seven months later, on 24 February 1682 Fyodor married a second time Marfa Apraksina (1667–1716), daughter of Matvei Vasilievich Apraksin and wife Domna Bogdanovna Lovchikova. Feodor died three months after his new wedding, on 7 May, without surviving issue. The news of his death sparked the Moscow Uprising of 1682. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1677, Turks lay siege to Chigirin
Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677 ; Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1682-1725, Tsar Peter 1, Enlightened, W marriages, G Embassy, Ship b, beard tax, dress, calendar
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Moscow, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War (1686-“1700) European Anti-Turk Coalition, 2 Crimean Ds, Azov V