Russia, Moscow Folder, its rivers and roads.kmz

Russia, Moscow Folder, its rivers and roads

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three Feasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joyful, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unfading Bloom, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227
Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, Conquest 1227; Icon of the Mother of God -œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1331, Moscow Final Russian Capital after 1331
Russia; Russians; Tartars; Ukrainians ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Blessed Prince Gleb Andreevich the Son of St Andrew Bogoliubsky, Commemorated on June 20 ; St Menas, Bishop of Polotsk, Commemorated on June 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1380 or 1480 and Before, Mongol-Tartar Yoke, all except Novgorod and Tver
Mongol-Tartar Yoke before 1380, All of Russia except Novgorod and Tver; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople
Moscow, 1453, Moscow, Third Rome, after Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia, Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation
Moscow, 1598 - 1613, Time of Troubles, Famine and Polish Occupation ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Protestand Sweden)
Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire
Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire; Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism
Russia, Moscow, 1917-1989, Russian Communism;

Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism
Russia, Moscow, 1989-Present, Russian Nationalism;

Russia, Moscow History Folder

Russia, Moscow, 1100, 12th-15th Century Folder, Mongol Yoke

Russia, Moscow, 1100-1199, 12th Century, Moscow Founded

Russia, Moscow, 1149-1151, Prince, Yuri Dolgorukiy, Murom, Founder of Moscow, Andrei's Father
Moscow Prince, 1149-1151, Yuri Vladimirovich, Murom, Founder of Moscow; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1200-1299, 13th Century, First Prince, Daniel of Moscow, First Monastery, Danilov

Russia, Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus, 1227
Moscow, 1223-1240, Mongol invasion of Rus; Icon of the Mother of God œKursk-Root, Commemorated on November 27; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1223, Battle of Kalka River, at Mariupol, Mongol Victory
Battle of Kalka River at Mariupol; Mongol Tartar Invasion 1223-1241; Venerable Pambo the Recluse of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite and Wonderworker of Smolensk, Commemorated August 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Sign", the "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1227-1255, Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu Khan, Conquest of Russia
Tatar (Mongol) Horde of Batu (Batu Khan 1227-1255) Battle of Sita River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1237, First Battle with the Tartars at Kolomna (1237)
In 1237 the Tatar whirlwind broke upon Rus. In December Ryazan fell under Batu. Prince Yuri had decided not to send his forces over to provide assistance, since he was faced with the difficult defense of Vladimir. The Tatars offered him peace, and he was prepared to negotiate. But the conditions of the peace, tribute and vassal servitude under the Khan, were unacceptable. "glorious fight," said the prince, "œis better than a shameful peace." The first battle with the Tatars was at Kolomna, and Vsevolod Yurievich commanded the troops, but they were cut to pieces. The enemy turned then towards Moscow, which they captured and burned. Yuri''™s other son, Vladimir, was captured while leading the defense of Moscow. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1238, Mologda, Vologda, Battle of Sit River
Mologda, Vologda, 1238, Battle of Sit River ; Right-believing George the Great Prince of Vladimir, Commemorated on February 4; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, P Daniel of Moscow, Nevsky's youngest, Churches Ms, first victory, humble, united rus
Russia, Moscow, 1283-1303, Prince Daniel of Moscow; father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] Aleksandrovich (1261-“ 4 March 1303) was the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky and forefather of all the Grand Dukes of father died when he was only two years old. Of his father's patrimonies, he received the least valuable, Moscow.[1] When he was a child, the tiny principality was being governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by his paternal uncle, Grand Prince Yaroslav has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, namely the Lord's Epiphany, and The Danilov Monestery (Saint Daniel Monestery): named in his honor, situated on the right bank of the Moskva River at a distance of 5 miles from the Moscow Kremlin, and founded, by Daniel, as the first monastery wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite no later than also built the first stone church in the Moscow Kremlin in the 1280s, dedicated to the Great Martyr took part in his brothers (”Dmitri of Pereslavl and Andrey of Gorodets) ”struggle for the right to govern Vladimir and Novgorod, respectively. After Dmitry's death in 1294, Daniel made an alliance with Mikhail of Tver and Ivan of Pereslavl against Andrey of Gorodets of Novgorod. participation in the struggle for Novgorod in 1296 indicated Moscow's increasing political influence. Constantine, the prince of Ryazan, tried to capture the Moscow lands with the help of a Mongol force. Prince Daniel defeated it near Pereslavl. This was a first victory over the Tatars, though not a tremendous victory, but it was noteworthy as a first push towards freedom.[2] 1300, he went to Ryazan with an army and imprisoned the ruler of the Ryazan Principality "by some ruse", as the chronicle says, and destroyed a multitude of Tatars. To secure his release, the prisoner ceded to Daniel his fortress of Kolomna. It was an important acquisition, as now Daniel controlled all the length of the Moskva River. 1302 his childless nephew and ally, Ivan of Pereslavl, bequeathed to Daniel all his lands, including Pereslavl-Zalessky.[2] the Mongol occupation and internecine wars among the Rus' princes, Daniel created peace in Moscow without bloodshed. 30 years of ruling Daniel participated in battles only once.[1] According to legend, Daniel was popular and respected by his subjects for his meekness, humility and peacefulness. Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; the time of Great Prince Ivan III (1462-1505), Saint Daniel gave reminders of himself to his forgetful descendents. He appeared as a stranger to a youth who attended the Great Prince and said: Don’t be afraid of me. I was a Christian and the master of this place, my name is Daniel Prince of Moscow, and by the will of God I am here. Tell Great Prince John about me saying: you are enjoying yourself while you have forgotten me, but God has not forgotten me. this, the Great Prince ordered panikhidas for his ancestral princes to be sung in the cathedral. During the time of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the dying son of a barge merchant was healed at the grave of Saint Daniel. The Tsar, struck by the miracle, renovated the ancient Danilov monastery and established a yearly church procession. The Metropolitan led the way to the the holy prince’s tomb, and served a panikhida there. 1652 holy Prince Daniel was glorified by the uncovering of his incorrupt relics, which were transferred on August 30 to the church dedicated to the Holy Fathers of the Seventh Ecumenical Council. holy relics were placed in a reliquary “to the glory of the Holy Trinity and for the healing of the infirm. Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (+ 1812), in the Life of the holy prince which he compiled, writes: “The founder laid the foundation of Moscow’s grandeur, modestly making only a small path to it. Just as any edifice, which is not built with excessive haste, but rather with great artistry and skill, receives a particular firmness and stands indestructible for a long time; like a tall tree that grows for many centuries after beginning as a small sapling, then slowly becomes sturdier, with its branches spreading about far around, so this city was to grow from small, but firm beginnings, so that its first sparkle would not bedazzle the eyes of the envious, and so it would not be shaken or felled early on, before it had attained its full height. Thus did this founder prepare the great city given him, giving it a modest but steady radiance, undisturbed by any gusts of the wind. He left the great glory of its rise to his son Great Prince John, called Kalita.

Russia, Moscow, 1283-1295, Basil, Bishop of Ryazan, Murom Icon and Mantia Story
Russia, Ryazan, 1295, Basil, Bishop of Ryazan, Murom Icon and Mantia Story; Basil, Bishop of Ryazan and Murom: His memory is celebrated by the Church on June 10 and July 3 (the day of his death in 1295). On June 10, 1609 the holy relics of Bishop Basil at Ryazan were uncovered and transferred to the Dormition cathedral church. Basil I, Wonderworker of Ryazan, is mentioned in the Lavrentian Chronicles. In the ancient list of Ryazan hierarchs, he is mentioned as the fourth. (Basil II was consecrated as bishop in 1356 by Saint Alexis, Metropolitan of Moscow,). older tradition connects with Saint Basil the transfer to Ryazan of the wonderworking Murom Icon of the Mother of God (April 12). Saint Basil was at first bishop of Murom. But by the slander of the spirit of evil, the citizens rose up against him, unjustly accusing him of transgressions unbecoming an archpastor. Then the saint, after prolonged prayer, left for the River Oka, and spreading out on the water his bishop’s mantiya he stood upon it, holding in his hands the icon of the Most Holy Theotokos of Murom. A strong wind carried him against the current and after several hours he reached Ryazan, where he was received with reverence by the prince and people of Ryazan. during his lifetime Saint Basil was regarded a righteous and pious man. Long before his relics were uncovered at the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Ryazan people cherished his memory and called him “their constant intercessor, helper in sorrows and travail.” To him most often they turned before setting out on journeys: seeking his help against problems on dry land, and to protect them from drowning in the water. about the year 1540 the monk Erazm Ermolaev wrote “An Account of Basil, Bishop of Ryazan and Murom”. Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Synaxis of the Saints of Ryzan, Commemorated on June 10; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus
Vladimir, 1285-1305, Patriarch Maximus, Metropolitan of all Rus; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Icon of the Mother of God of St. Maximus, Commemorated on April 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1293, Murom joined to and saved by Moscow by Daniel
Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Murom joined to and saved by Moscow by Daniel; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. Murom; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1293, Kolomna joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow
Russia, Ryazan, 1293, Kolomna joined to and saved by Daniel of Moscow; 1272, Prince Daniel received as his allotted portion the city of Moscow and its adjacent lands. The holy prince built a church (and a monastery beside it) in honor of his patron saint, Saint Daniel the Stylite (December 11) on the banks of the River Moskva. this period, the Moscow principality was small and unobtrusive. While growing up, Prince Daniel strengthened and expanded it, not in unjust or coercive ways, but peacefully and with benevolence. It was a time of unrest. Fratricidal strife among the appanage princes was rife. Often bloodshed was averted, thanks to Prince Daniel and his incessant striving for unity and peace in the Russian Land. 1293 his brother, the Great Prince Alexander, with Tatars summoned from the Horde and headed by Diuden (“the Diudenev Host”), laid waste to Russian cities: Murom, Suzdal, Kolomna, Dmitrov, Mozhaisk, and Tver. Prince Daniel decided to join them to Moscow to save their people from perishing, for they were not strong enough to resist. prince braced himself for terrible destruction and pillaging. Standing up for his rights, Saint Daniel was compelled to come out against his brother near a place called Yurievo Tolchische (“Yurievo Threshing-Mill”), but his desire for peace prevailed, and bloodshed was averted. Kolomna; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1300-1399, 14th Century, Moscow the Capital of Rus, St Sergius, Black Plague

Russia, Moscow, 1303-1325, Prince Yuri D, Son of Dan, elevated to supreme p by the GH Khan
Moscow Prince, 1303-1325, Yuri of Moscow ; Yuriy Danilovich, also known as Georgiy Danilovich ( in Russian) (1281-21 November 1325) was Prince of Moscow (1303-1325) and Grand Prince of Vladimir (from 1318).------------------------------ Yury was the oldest son of Daniel, the first prince of Moscow. His first official action was to defend Pereslavl-Zalessky against Grand Duke Andrew III. Upon Andrew's death the next year, Yury had to contend the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir with Mikhail of Tver. While the Tverian army besieged Pereslavl and Moscow itself, Mikhail went to the Golden Horde, where the Khan elevated him to the supreme position among Russian In the meantime, Yury arranged the murder of Prince Konstantin of Ryazan. This unlucky ruler had been captured by Yury's father back in 1302 and had been incarcerated in Moscow since then. While Ryazan was shocked by such a barbarity, Yury annexed the key Ryazanian fortress of Kolomna to Moscow Duchy. He also captured Mozhaisk, which formerly belonged to the princes of Smolensk. By 1314, Yury secured backing from the Metropolitan Peter and formed an alliance with Novgorod against Tver. Now, he felt strong enough to challenge Mikhail of Tver in the In 1315 Yury went to the Golden Horde and, after spending two years there, constructed an alliance with Uzbeg Khan. Upon Yury's marriage to the khan's sister Konchaka, Uzbeg Khan deposed Mikhail and nominated Yury as the Grand Duke of Vladimir. Back in Russia with a large force of Mongols, Yury approached Tver. However, Yuri's army was defeated and his brother Boris and his wife were taken prisoners. Thereupon he fled to Novgorod and sued for peace. At that time his wife, still held in Tver as a hostage, died unexpectedly. Yury availed himself of the confusion that followed and announced to the khan that she had been poisoned on Mikhail's order. The khan summoned both princes to Sarai and, after a trial, had Mikhail executed.------------------------------- Yury returned to Russia, hated by other princes and populace alike, in 1319. He was now entrusted with the task of gathering all-Russian tribute to the Horde. But Mikhail's son and successor, Dmitry the Terrible Eyes, still opposed him. In 1322, Dmitry, seeking revenge for his father's murder, went to Sarai and persuaded the khan that Yury had appropriated a large portion of the tribute due to the Horde. Yury was summoned to the Horde for a trial but, before any formal investigation, was killed by Dmitry. Eight months later, Dmitry was also executed in the Shortly before his death, Yury led the army of Novgorod to fight the Swedes and founded a fort in the mouth of the Neva River. Upon signing the Treaty of Orekhovo in 1323, Yury continued eastward and conquered Velikiy Ustyug the same year.------------------------------------------------ Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; St Stephen Miliutin of Serbia, Commemorated on October 30; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1304-1318, G Prince, Mikhail of T, Nervsky's b, lost to Yury of M, while M was in Sarai
Tver, 1304-1318, Vladimir Great Prince, Mikhail of Tver; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on July 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tolga, Commemorated on August 8 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Zachariah the Ascetic of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Gerontius the Canonarch of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin
Moscow, 1305-1368, Saint Anna of Kashin; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1308-1326, St Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1308-1326, St Peter, Metropolitan of Moscow, moved from Vladimir in 1325 ; Peter, Metropolitan of Kiev[1] and all Russia (Russian: ÐŸÑ‘Ñ‚Ñ€)(c. 1260- 20 December 1326) was the Russian metropolitan who moved his see from Vladimir to Moscow in 1325. Later he was proclaimed a patron saint of Moscow. In spite of the move, the office remained officially entitled "Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus'" until the autocephalous election of Saint Jonah of Moscow in 1448. Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1325-1340, Prince Ivan I of Moscow, John Daniilovich Kalita, controlled V and M
Moscow, 1325-1340, Prince Ivan I of Moscow ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on September 11 ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated on November 16; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Repose of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 23; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Venerable Sergius the Wonderworker of Valaam, Commemorated on June 28; Icon of the Mother of God "œTenderness" in Novgorod, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1327-1352, Patriarch, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1327-1352, Theognostus of Kiev and All Russia; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1334-1392, Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine (Udai River 1)
Russia, Moscow, 1334-1392, Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Pereyaslavl, Poltava, Ukraine (Udai River 1) Demetrius of Priluki, Wonderworker, was born into a rich merchant’s family in Pereyaslavl-Zalessk. From his youth the saint was uncommonly handsome. Receiving monastic tonsure at one of the Pereyaslavl monasteries, the saint later founded the Saint Nicholas cenobitic monastery on the Saints Boris and Gleb Hill at the shore of Lake Plescheevo near the city, and became its igumen. 1334 Saint Demetrius first met with Saint Sergius of Radonezh, who had come to Pereyaslavl to see Metropolitan Athanasius. From that time, he frequently conversed with Saint Sergius and became close with him. The fame of the Pereyaslavl igumen was so widespread that he became godfather to the children of Great Prince Demetrius Ioannovich. Under the influence of the Radonezh wonderworker, Saint Demetrius decided to withdraw to a remote place, and went north with his disciple Pachomius. the Vologda forests, at the River Velika, near the Avnezh settlement, they built a church of the Resurrection of Christ and they prepared to lay the foundations for a monastery. The local inhabitants were fearful that if a monastery were built there, their village would become monastery property. They demanded that the monks leave their territory, and wishing to be a burden to no one, they moved farther away. far from Vologda, at the bend of a river in an isolated spot, Saint Demetrius decided to form the first of the cenobitic monasteries of the Russian North. The people of Vologda and the surrounding gladly consented to help the saint. The owners of the land intended for the monastery, Elias and Isidore, even trampled down a grain field, so that a temple might be built immediately. In 1371 the wooden Savior cathedral was built, and brethren began to gather. disciples of the monk came there from Pereyaslavl. Saint Demetrius combined prayer and strict asceticism with kindliness. He fed the poor and hungry, he took in strangers, he conversed with those in need of consolation, and he gave counsel. He loved to pray in solitude. His Lenten food consisted of prosphora with warm water. Even on feastdays, he would not partake of the wine and fish permitted by the Rule. Both winter and summer he wore an old sheepskin coat, and even in his old age he went with the brethren on common tasks. The saint accepted contributions to the monastery cautiously, so that the welfare of the monastery would not be detrimental to those living nearby. Lord granted His servant the gift of clairvoyance, and he attained a high degree of spiritual perfection. Saint Demetrius died at an advanced age on February 11, 1392. The brethren approaching found him as though asleep, and his cell was filled with a wondrous fragrance. from the relics of Saint Demetrius began in the year 1409, and during the fifteenth century his veneration spread throughout all Rus. And no later than the year 1440, the Priluki monk Macarius recorded his Life (Great Reading Menaion, February 11) based on the narratives of Saint Demetrius’s disciple Igumen Pachomius. Priluki city (Udai River); Venerable Demetrius the Wonderworker of Priluki, Vologda, Commemorated February 11 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh
Moscow, 1334-1392, Saint Sergius of Radonezh; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Venerable Schemamonk Cyril, the Father of St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on January 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava
Russia, Tver, 1337-1407, Sabbas of Storozhi and Radonezh, Saint Sava ; Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Tver; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated November 17 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1340-1353, Prince, Simeon of Moscow, and Vladimir, against Novg and Lith, died Black Death
Moscow Prince, 1340-1353, Simeon of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God "Chukhloma" from Galich, Commemorated July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Abramius of Galich or Chukhom Lake, and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated July 20 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6;

Russia, Moscow, 1350-1353, Black Plague in Russia, Worldwide 1331-1353
Moscow, 1350-1353, Black Plague in Russia, Worldwide 1331-1353; Venerable Dorothy of Kashin, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1350, middle 14th to first half 15th centuries, Strigolniki Heretics
Strigolniki Heretics, middle 14th to first half 15th centuries; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1351-1456, Therapont of Belozersk (White Lake)
Russia, Moscow, 1351-1456, Therapont of Belozersk (White Lake); Therapon's Ferapontov Monastery; Theraponov monastery was 50 versts from St Cyril's White Lake Monastery betwee two lakes: St Therapon moved to another place fifteen versts away from Cyril, between two lakes, Borodava and Pava. Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1353-1359, Prince, Ivan II of Moscow, John II, chose GHorde over Lith, Donskoy's father
Moscow Prince, 1353-1359, Ivan II of Moscow ; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of Makhrishche, Vologda, Commemorated on July 14 ; Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1354-1378, Patriarch Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; St. Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1357-1427, Saint Cyril of White Lake monastery
Mologa Saint, 1357-1427, St Cyril of White Lake monastery, Sheksna, Vologda; St Cyril of White Lake monastery; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1359-1389, Prince Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don)
Moscow, 1363-1389, Prince Dmitry Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don); Blessed Nicholas Kochanov the Fool-For-Christ at Novgorod, Commemorated July 28 ; St Roman of Kirzhachsk, Commemorated on July 29 ; St Mercurius the Bishop of Smolensk, Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on August 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Converser", Commemorated on August 14; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Bishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on October 15; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; St Demetrius of Tsilibinsk, Commemorated on October 26; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; Venerable Mercurius the Faster of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on November 24; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated on February 17; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œCzestochowa", Commemorated on March 6; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Rufus the Obedient of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 8; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26 ; Venerable Micah the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on May 6 ; Venerable Pachomius the Abbot of Nerekhta, Commemorated on May 15; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1367-1389, Eudoxia of Moscow, Grand Duchess, wife of Dmitri Donskoy
Russia, Moscow, 1367-1389, Eudoxia of Moscow, Grand Duchess, wife of Dmitri Donskoy; Moscow, 1362-1389, Prince Dmitry Donskoy (Dimitrius of the Don); St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1375-1426, Saint, Nikon of Radonezh
Radonezh Saint, 1375-1426, Nikon of Radonezh; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1380, Kulikovo Battle 1380 (Don River 1) won by Dimitri over Mongol Horde
Kulikovo Battle; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Demetrius Ioannovich of the Don; Alexander Peresvet; Repose of the Venerable Sergius, Abbot and Wonderworker of Radonezh, Commemorated on September 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1380-1430, Saint, Andrei Rublev, artist, iconographer
Radonezh Saint, 1380-1430, Andrei Rublev; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1382, Golden Horde Siege of Moscow
Golden Horde Siege of Moscow (1382); Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen I, contested, accomplished little
Moscow Patriarch, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen I; Dimitri sent him to Constantinople with his nominee for the metropolitanate. Nominee died on the way (Mitya or Mikhail). and Pimen was consecrated in his place, although this was done without the knowledge of the Grand Prince and the Patriarch was said to have been tricked (perhaps to exonerate him later for any complicity he may have had in the deception), as Pimen had apparently used forged grand princely letters to get Patriarch Nilus of Constantinople to consecrate him.[1]:219-“220 Donskoy was angry upon hearing the news of Pimen's consecration and swore not to accept Pimen upon his return. Thus Pimen's metropolitanate was contested from the start, and he accomplished little as a result. Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6;

Russia, Moscow, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen
Russia, Moscow, 1382-1384, Metropolitan Pimen; Pimen (known as Pimen the Greek) was Metropolitan of Moscow (technically Metropolitan of Kiev and All Rus') in 1382–1384. was hegumen of the Goritskii Monastery in Pereiaslavl-Zalevskii when Grand Prince Dmitry Donskoy sent him to Constantinople with his nominee for the metropolitanate, Mitya, where the latter was to be consecrated by the Ecumenical Patriarch. sometimes referred to as Mikhail, was a secular (non-monastic) priest and Namestnik (vicar) of the late Metropolitan Alexius as well as the Pechatnik (carrier of the seal) of the Grand Prince.[1]:214 however, died within sight of Constantinople and was buried at Galata (a Genoese possession north of the Golden Horn),[1]:218 and Pimen was consecrated in his place, although this was done without the knowledge of the Grand Prince and the Patriarch was said to have been tricked (perhaps to exonerate him later for any complicity he may have had in the deception), as Pimen had apparently used forged grand princely letters to get Patriarch Nilus of Constantinople to consecrate him.[1] –220 Donskoy was angry upon hearing the news of Pimen's consecration and swore not to accept Pimen upon his return. Thus Pimen's metropolitanate was contested from the start, and he accomplished little as a result. Cyprian had been the rightful metropolitan – he had been named Metropolitan of Lithuania and Western Rus' and was to succeed to the Metropolitanate of Kiev and All Rus' (residing in Moscow since 1325) upon the death of Metropolitan Alexius in 1378, the grand prince only accepted him in March 1381 because of his anger at Pimen's consecration. fact, Donskoy sent his confessor, Hegumen Fedor of the Simonovskii Monastery, to Kiev to bring Cyprian to Moscow (he arrived in May of that year).[1]:214–221 Pimen arrived back in Russia, he was arrested by the grand prince and sent to Chukholm in the Kostroma district. Upon hearing the news, Patriarch Nilus excommunicated Donskoy and imposed an interdict, whereupon Donskoy deposed Cyprian, whom he blamed for the matter. Cyprian was banished from Moscow in October 1382 and Pimen allowed to come to Moscow and take up his duties as metropolitan; Donskoy wanted to avoid excommunication and interdiction – his personal feelings, however, had not changed.[1] was himself deposed in 1384; the grand prince, still angry at the illegitimate natuer of Pimen's election, filed charges and sent Pimen to the Patriarch in June 1384 to answer the charges. claiming ignorance of Pimen's conspiracy to become metropolitan, ordered two metropolitans be sent to Moscow to investigate. of Suzdal, who had opposed Pimen in 1382 (he himself had hoped to be named metropolitan), was sent as well, but traveled instead to Kiev, when he tried to negotiate with Cyprian, the rightful metropolitan. While Pimen was deposed that winter and Dionysius apparently was to be consecrated in his place, in fact, Dionysius was arrested in Kiev at Cyprian's instigation and died in confinement there in October 1385. In May 1385, Pimen went to Constantinople to plead his case, but Cyprian arrived there shortly thereafter to argue that he was rightful metropolitan. The Patriarch convened a council to decide the matter, but procrastinated for three years, leading Donskoy to finally dismiss the Greek metropolitans in Moscow and send his confessor, Fedor, to plead for Pimen's removal. had returned to Moscow in 1388, but was never reinstated and left again for the Byzantine Empire in April 1389 to appeal, yet again, to the Patriarch of Constantinople; he remained in Chalcedon, where he died on September 11, 1389 and was buried in the Church of John the Forerunner. had died the previous May, and his son, Vasilii, finally accepted Cyprian as metropolitan in Moscow.[1]:218–221[2][3] Goritsky Monastery (Pereslavl-Zalessky); Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Fisherman, Lake Ladoga
Russia, St Petersburg, 1383, Appearance of Tihkvin Icon, Lake Ladoga; 1383, seventy years before the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Turks, fishermen on Lake Ladoga in the principality of Novgorod the Great witnessed the icon miraculously hovering over the lake’s waters amidst a radiant light. Lake Ladoga; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; to ancient tradition, the wonderworking icon of Tikhvin is one of several painted by Saint Luke the Evangelist. The icon was taken from Jerusalem to Constantinople in the fifth century, where it was enshrined in the Church of Blachernae, which was built especially for this purpose. 1383, seventy years before the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Turks, fishermen on Lake Ladoga in the principality of Novgorod the Great witnessed the icon miraculously hovering over the lake’s waters amidst a radiant light. to an early sixteenth century Russian manuscript, “The Tale of Miracles of the Icon of the Tikhvin Mother of God,” the Theotokos herself decided that her image should leave Constantinople, perhaps in anticipation of the impending fall of the Byzantine Empire. after its miraculous appearance, the icon was discovered in several neighboring towns, including the village of Motchenitsy on the bank of the Tikhvinka River, before it finally appeared near the town of Tikhvin. A wooden church dedicated to the Dormition of the Theotokos was built on the site of the icon’s final resting place. Miraculously, the icon survived a number of fires. the early sixteenth century, through the zeal of Great Prince Basil Ivanovich, a stone church was built to replace the original wooden structure. In 1560, by order of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, a men’s monastery was established near the church and enclosed with a stone wall. 1613-1614, the Swedish army, having seized Novgorod, made several attempts to destroy the monastery. The countless prayers offered to the Theotokos before the icon were heard, and the monastery was spared. On one occasion, after monks had been alerted to the approaching Swedish army, they decided to flee and to take the icon with them. But the monks soon discovered that they could not remove the icon from its shrine. Seeing this as a sign of the Theotokos’ protection, the monks decided not to abandon the monastery, begging the Theotokos to spare them and their beloved spiritual home. To their amazement, a large Muscovite army appeared to defend the monastery. the Swedes encountered the army, they retreated immediately. Word of this miracle spread rapidly, and imperial emissaries soon visited the monastery. Accompanied by a copy of the wonderworking icon, they set off for the village of Stolbovo, 33 miles from Tikhvin, where they concluded a peace treaty with the Swedes on February 10, 1617. the copy of the icon was taken to Moscow and enshrined in the Kremlin’s Dormition Cathedral. the same icon was placed in the Holy Wisdom (Hagia Sophia) cathedral in Novgorod at the request of the city’s faithful, who also found themselves under attack by the Swedes. Once again, through the intercession of the Theotokos, the city was spared. the centuries, the icon’s fame spread far and wide. Copies of the wonderworking icon began to adorn churches throughout the land. Some of these copies also proved to be sources of miracles, and it was not uncommon to find the faithful praying before the icon to seek healing for children who were ill. fewer than 24 processions with the icon were celebrated each year at the Tikhvin Monastery, where the icon was enshrined. A decorative cover, or “riza,” adorned the icon, exposing only the faces and hands of the Holy Virgin and Christ child. Numerous precious stones studded the riza, and many of the faithful, desiring to express thanksgiving for prayers answered through the Theotokos’ intercession, affixed precious jewelry to the riza. miraculous is the fact that the icon was preserved from destruction or sale after the Russian Revolution, which ushered in a 74-year persecution of the Church. During the 1920s, the communist government demanded that the Russian Orthodox Church turn over countless icons and other precious liturgical items, which through the nationalization of private property were considered the property of “the people.” Many of these sacred items were sold, allegedly to raise money to feed the Russian and Ukrainian population which was afflicted by famine. the World War II German occupation, the Nazis removed the icon from the Tikhvin Monastery, from where it was taken to Pskov and subsequently to Riga, Latvia. When the city was evacuated, Bishop John [Garklavs] of Riga, in whose care the icon was placed, took the icon to Bavaria, where it was venerated by Orthodox faithful who had been displaced because of the war. Soviet agents had spotted the icon, Bishop John was permitted to take the icon to the United States in 1949, under the pretext that the icon in his care was a reproduction, the work of a simple monk, and that it was of little historic or monetary value. Shortly after his arrival in the United States, Bishop John, who was later elevated to the rank of Archbishop, was elected to oversee the Diocese of Chicago, and the icon was regularly displayed and venerated in Chicago’s Holy Trinity Cathedral. John frequently took the icon on pilgrimage to various places throughout the United States and Canada. After his retirement in the late 1970s and death on Palm Sunday in 1982, Archpriest Sergei Garklavs, Bishop John’s adopted son, became the caretaker of the icon. In 2003, over a decade after the fall of communism and the resurrection of the Russian Orthodox Church, the decision was made to return the precious icon to its original home. icon began its year-long journey to Russia at the 99th annual Pilgrimage to Saint Tikhon Monastery, South Canaan, Pennsylvania, May 23-26, 2003. His Beatitude, Metropolitan Herman, Primate of the Orthodox Church in America, together with members of the Holy Synod of Bishops and guest hierarchs, greeted the icon, which was available for veneration by the faithful. icon follows the Hodegetria model and is similar in style to the ancient Iveron icon of Our Lady. It differs in that the Christ child’s legs are crossed, while the sole of His foot is turned to the viewer. Several historic sources note that several other Hodegetria icons of the Theotokos had been brought to Russia in the 1380s, during the rule of the saintly prince Demetrius Donskoy. -- Archpriest John Matusiak

Russia, Moscow Patriarch, 1384-1385, Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev
Moscow Patriarch, 1384-1385, Dionysius, Metropolitan of Kiev; St Dionysius the Archbishop of Suzdal, Commemorated on June 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius
Moscow, 1385, Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius; Appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos to Saint Sergius of Radonezh: Once, late at night, Saint Sergius (1314-1392) was reading an Akathist to the Mother of God. Having finished his habitual rule, he sat down to rest a bit, but suddenly he said to his disciple, Saint Micah (May 6): “Be alert, my child, for we shall have a wondrous visitation.” Scarcely had he uttered these words than a voice was heard: “The All-Pure One approaches!” Sergius rushed from the cell to the entrance, and suddenly it was illumined by a bright light, brighter than the sun. He beheld nearby in imperishable glory the Mother of God, accompanied by the Apostles Peter and John. Unable to bear such a vision, Saint Sergius reverently prostrated himself before the Mother of God. She said to him, “Fear not, My chosen one! I have come to visit you. Your prayer for your disciples and your monastery has been heard. Do not be troubled, for your habitation shall prosper, not only in your lifetime, but also after your departure to God. I will be with your monastery, supplying its needs abundantly, and protecting it.” Having said this, the Mother of God became invisible. a long time Saint Sergius was in an inexpressible rapture, and having come to himself, he raised up Saint Micah. “Tell me, Father,” he asked, “what is the meaning of this miraculous vision? My soul nearly left my body from terror!” But Saint Sergius was silent, and only his luminous face spoke of the spiritual joy which he had experienced. “Wait a bit,” he said finally to his disciple, “my soul also trembles because of this wondrous vision.” Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1385-1406, Patriarch, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1385-1406, Cyprian, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13;

Russia, Moscow, 1389-1425, Vasily I, Prince, Basil of Moscow, GH Vassal to unify R
Moscow Prince, 1389-1425, Basil of Moscow (Vasily I); Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; Righteous Theodore of Novgorod the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on January 19; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1389-1425, Vasili I, G Prince of Moscow, Basil I, Dimitrievich, son of D Donskoy
Moscow Prince, 1389-1425, Vasili I, Grand Prince of Moscow, Basil I ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on July 28 ; St Cornelius of Paleostrov and Olonets, Commemorated on August 21; Icon of the Mother of God Support of Humble, Commemorated September 16 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Venerable Sergius the Obedient of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on October 7; Venerable Amphilochius the Abbot of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Theophilus the Abbot of Omutch, Pskov, Commemorated on October 21; St Paul of Rostov, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17; St James the Bishop and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on November 27; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Pisma, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Byeloezersk, Commemorated on January 12; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowa, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius of Suzdal, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Joseph the Much-Ailing, of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Alphan with his brother of Novgorod, founder of the Sokolnitzky Monastery, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Paleostrov, Commemorated on May 19 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Venerable Dionysius the Abbot of Glushetsk, Vologda, Commemorated on June 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on June 2 ; Venerable Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Konevits, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Methodius the Abbot of Peshnosha, Commemorated on June 14; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Russia, Moscow, 1397, part of The Robe was transferred from C to Rus by St Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal
Blachernae; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae; Placing of the Venerable Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae: the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo the Great (457-474), the brothers Galbius and Candidus, associates of the emperor, set out from Constantinople to Palestine to venerate the holy places. a small settlement near Nazareth they stayed in the home of a certain old Jewish woman. In her house they noticed a room where many lamps were lit, incense burned, and sick people were gathered. When they asked her what the room contained, the pious woman did not want to give an answer for a long time. persistent requests, she said that she had a very precious sacred item: the Robe of the Mother of God, which performed many miracles and healings. Her Dormition the Most Holy Virgin bequeathed one of her garments to a pious Jewish maiden, an ancestor of the old woman, instructing her to leave it to another virgin after her death. the Robe of the Mother of God was preserved in this family from generation to generation. jewelled chest, containing the sacred Robe, was transferred to Constantinople. Saint Gennadius, Patriarch of Constantinople (August 31), and the emperor Leo, having learned of the sacred treasure, were convinced of the incorrupt state of the holy Robe, and they certified its authenticity. Blachernae, near the seacoast, a new church in honor of the Mother of God was constructed. On June 2, 458 Saint Gennadius transferred the sacred Robe into the Blachernae church with appropriate solemnity, placing it within a new reliquary. the maphorion (i.e., the outer robe) of the Mother of God, and part of Her belt were also put into the reliquary with Her Robe. This circumstance also influenced the Orthodox iconography of the Feast, in connecting the two events: the Placing of the Robe, and the Placing of the Belt of the Mother of God in Blachernae. The Russian pilgrim Stephen of Novgorod, visiting Constantinople in about the year 1350, testifies: “We arrived at Blachernae, where the Robe lies upon an altar in a sealed reliquary.” than once, during the invasion of enemies, the Most Holy Theotokos saved the city to which She had given Her holy Robe. Thus it happened during the time of a siege of Constantinople by the Avars in 626, by the Persians in 677, and by the Arabs in the year 717. Especially relevant for us are events of the year 860, intimately connected with the history of the Russian Church. June 18, 860 the Russian fleet of Prince Askold, a force comprising more than 200 ships, laid waste the coastal regions of the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, then entered into the Golden Horn and threatened Constantinople. The Russian ships sailed within sight of the city, setting ashore troops who “proceeded before the city, stretching forth their swords.” The emperor Michael III (842-867), interrupted his campaign against the Arabs and returned to the capital. All night he prayed prostrated upon the stone tiles of the church of the Mother of God at Blachernae. The holy Patriarch Photius spoke to his flock, calling for tears of repentance to wash away sins, and to seek the intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos with fervent prayer. danger grew with each passing hour. “The city was barely able to stand against a spear,” says Patriarch Photius in another of his homilies. Under these conditions the decision was made to save the church’s sacred objects, especially the holy Robe of the Mother of God, which was kept in the Blachernae church, not far from the shore. serving an all-night Vigil, and taking it out from the Blachernae church, they carried the sacred Robe of the Mother of God in a procession around the city walls. They dipped its edge into the waters of the Bosphorus, and then they transported it to the center of Constantinople into the church of Hagia Sophia. The Mother of God protected the city and quelled the fury of the Russian warriors. An honorable truce was concluded, and Askold lifted the siege of Constantinople. June 25 the Russian army began to leave, taking with them a large tribute payment. A week afterwards, on July 2, the wonderworking Robe of the Mother of God was solemnly returned to its place in the reliquary of the Blachernae church. In remembrance of these events an annual feastday of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God was established on July 2 by holy Patriarch Photius. in October-November of the year 860, a Russian delegation arrived in Constantinople to conclude a treaty “in love and peace.” Some of the conditions of the peace treaty included articles concerning the Baptism of Kievan Rus, the payment of an annual tribute by the Byzantines to the Russians, permission for them to serve with the Byzantine army, an agreement to trade in the territory of the Empire (primarily in Constantinople), and to send a diplomatic mission to Byzantium. important was the point about the Baptism of Rus. The continuator of the Byzantine “Theophanes Chronicles” relates that “their delegation arrived in Constantinople with a request for them to receive holy Baptism, which also was fulfilled.” An Orthodox mission was sent to Kiev to fulfill this mutual wish of the Russians and the Greeks. Not very long before this (in 855) Saint Cyril the Philosopher (February 14 and May 11) had created a Slavonic alphabet and translated the Gospel. Saint Cyril was sent with his brother, Saint Methodius (April 6 and May 11), on a mission to Kiev with books translated into Slavonic. This was at the initiative of Saint Photius, whose student Saint Cyril was. The brothers spent the winter of 860/861 at Cherson, and in the spring of 861 they were at the River Dniepr, with Prince Askold. Askold was faced with a difficult choice, just as holy Prince Vladimir faced: both the Jews on the one hand, and the Moslems on the other, wanted him to accept their faith. But under the influence of Saint Cyril, the prince chose Orthodoxy. At the end of the year 861, Saints Cyril and Methodius returned to Constantinople and carried letters with them from Prince Askold to Emperor Michael III. Askold thanked the emperor for sending him “such men, who showed by both word and by example, that the Christian Faith is holy.” “Persuaded that this is the true Faith,” Askold further wrote, “we bid them to baptize in the hope that we may also attain sanctity. We are all friends of the Kingdom and prepared to be of service to you, as requested.” accepted holy Baptism with the name Nicholas, and many of his retinue were also baptized. Directly from Constantinople, the capital of Orthodoxy, through the efforts of the holy Apostles to the Slavs both the Slavonic divine services and the Slavonic written language arrived in Rus. Photius appointed Metropolitan Michael to Kiev, and the Russian metropolitan district was entered into the lists of dioceses of the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Patriarch Photius in an encyclical of the year 867 called the Baptism of the Bulgarians and the Russians as among the chief accomplishments of his archpastoral service. “The Russians, who lifted their hand against the Roman might,” he wrote, almost quoting literally from the missive of Askold, “have now replaced the impious teaching which they held to formerly, with the pure and genuine Christian Faith, and with love having established themselves in the array of our friends and subjects.” (The Byzantines counted as “subjects” all accepting Baptism from Constantinople and entering into military alliance with the Empire.) “The desire and zeal of faith has flared up within them to such an extent, that they have accepted bishops and pastors, and they embrace Christian sanctity with great zeal and fervor.” Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos in Blachernae also marks the canonical establishment of the Russian Orthodox metropolitanate in Kiev. By the blessing of the Mother of God and by the miracle from Her holy Robe not only was the deliverence of Constantinople from the most terrible siege in all its history accomplished, but also the liberation of the Russians from the darkness of pagan superstition to life eternal. Together with this, the year 860 brought recognition to Kievan Rus from Byzantium, and signified the emergence of the young Russian realm into the arena of history. attempt of Prince Askold to renew the Christian evangelization begun by the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called, which he intended as a religious and state reform, ended unsuccessfully. time for the spread of Christianity in the Russian Land had not yet come. The adherents of the old paganism were too strong, and the princely power was too weak. In the clash of Askold with the pagan Oleg in 882 the Kievans betrayed their prince. Askold, lured into the camp of his enemies for talks, received a martyr’s death at the hand of hired killers. the deed of Blessed Askold (the Ioakimov Chronicle calls him such) was not extinguished in the Russian Church. Oleg the Sage, who killed Askold, occupied the Kiev princedom after him, and called Kiev the “Mother of Russian Cities.” most ancient chronicles of Kiev preserved the grateful memory of the first Kievan Christian prince: the church of the Prophet of God Elias, built by Askold and later mentioned in Igor’s Treaty with the Greeks (in 944), is on the site where the present church of this name now stands, and there is also the church of Saint Nicholas the Wonderworker, built in the 950s by Saint Olga over Askold’s grave. most important achievement of Askold, entering forever into the Church inheritance not only of Rus, but of also all Orthodox Slavs, is the Slavonic Gospel and Slavonic services, translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius. Their apostolic activity among the Slavs began in Kiev at the court of Askold in 861, and continued afterwards in Moravia and Bulgaria. Following Blessed Askold, in the words of the ancient Alphabetic Prayers, “the Slavonic tribe now soars in flight, all striving toward Baptism.” outstanding works of Byzantine Church hymnology and homiletics are connected with the miracle of the Robe of the Most Holy Theotokos at Blachernae. There are two homilies of Saint Photius, one of which he preached within days of the siege of Constantinople, and the other soon after the departure of the Russian forces. Also associated with the campaign of Askold against Constantinople is the composition of a remarkable “Akathist to the Most Holy Theotokos,” which certain Church histories ascribe also to holy Patriarch Photius. This Akathist forms an integral part of the services of Praise to the Most Holy Theotokos (i.e., the “Saturday of the Akathist,” Fifth Saturday of Great Lent). is not only Byzantine sources that relate the events of the year 860, but also Russian historical chronicles. Saint Nestor the Chronicler, stressing the significance of the Russian campaign against Constantinople, notes that from this time “it was begun to be called the Russian Land.” Certain of the chronicles, among them the Ioakimov and Nikonov, preserved accounts of the Baptism of Prince Askold and Kievan Rus after the campaign against Constantinople. The popular commemoration of this event is firmly associated with the names of the Kievan princes Askold and Dir, although in the opinion of historians, Dir was prince of Kiev somewhat earlier than Askold. veneration of the feast of the Placing of the Robe was long known in the Russian Church. Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky (July 4) built a church in honor of this feastday in the city of Vladimir at the Golden Gates. the end of the fourteenth century, part of the Robe of the Mother of God was transferred from Constantinople to Rus by Saint Dionysius, Archbishop of Suzdal (June 26). holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. In memory of the miraculous deliverance of Moscow, Saint Jonah built the church of the Placing of the Robe in the Kremlin, making it his primary church. It burned, but in its place in the years 1484-1486 a new church, also dedicated to the Feast of the Placing of the Robe of the Mother of God, was built thirty years later. This temple, standing at present, continued to serve as the primary church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs until the cathedral of the Twelve Apostles was built under Patriarch Nikon. Venerable Romanus the Melodist, œSweet-Singer, Commemorated on October 1 ; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17; St Callinicus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Commemorated on September 2; Right-Believing Pulcheria, Byzantine Empress, Commemorated on September 10; Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ; Blessed Andrew the Fool-For-Christ at Constantinople, Commemorated October 2 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated October 12 ; Righteous Anna of Constantinople, Commemorated October 29 ; St Sopatra of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; 12 Greeks who built the Dormition Cathedral in the Kiev Caves, Far Caves, Lavra, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Stephen the Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 ; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9 ; St Germanus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unbreakable Wall, Commemorated on May 28; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; St Anna and Her Son of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 13; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Translation of the "Blachernae" Icon of the Mother of God to Russia, Commemorated July 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1400, 15th-17th Century Folder, Third Rome, Orthodox Protector

Russia, Moscow, 1400-1499, 15th Century Folder, Muslim White Horde, Civil War, Third Rome, Printing

Russia, Moscow, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Uniate
Russia, Kiev, 1405-1463, Isidore of Kiev, Metropolitan, Became Catholic; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Muslim White Horde
Moscow, 1408, Khan Edigei (Edigu) Invasion of Russia, Destroying Rostov, New Novgorod, and Gorodets ; Venerable Nikon the Abbot of Radonezh the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius, Commemorated on November 17 ; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1408-1431, Patriarch, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev
Moscow Patriarch, 1408-1431, Photius, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kiev; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1453, Muscovite Civil War, Inter Ruling Family Squabble
Muscovite Civil War 1425-1453, Inter Ruling Family Squabble; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow , allied with Teutonic Order
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, war with his Lithuanian Grandfather, Vytautas the Great
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil, Great Prince of Moscow (Vasily II) ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Zheltovod and Unzha, Commemorated on July 25 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Vishera, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 24; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; Venerable Euphrosynus the Abbot and Wonderworker of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; St Jonah the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6 ; Venerable Barnabas the Abbot of Vetluga, Commemorated on June 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, Basil the Dark or Blind, Civil War for Moscow, Vasily I's son
Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Vasily II of Moscow, CW against Yury of Zvenigorod, D Donskoy's Son
Russia, Moscow, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark or Blind (Vasily II of Moscow) CW against Yury of Zvenigorod; Moscow Prince, 1425-1462, Basil the Dark (Vasily II of Moscow); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17; Venerable Gregory the Abbot of Pelsheme and Wonderworker of Vologda, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Martinian the Abbot of Belozersk, Commemorated on October 7 ; St Tarasius of Glushetsa, Commemorated on October 12; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Gerasimus the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; St John, Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on February 10; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Athanasius of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Euthymius the Enlightener of Karelia and Finland, Commemorated on April 18; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki
Russia, Vologda, 1436-1478, Saint, Zosima of Solovki; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17;

Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1437-1437, Isadore, Metropolitan of Kiev, Moscow, All Rus; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1449-1461, St Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1440-1505, Ivan III, G Prince, t Great, defeated Novg, expanded R, ended GH yoke
Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, G P Moscow, blinded Vasily, lack of support from boyars, who poisoned him
Moscow Prince, 1445-1447, Dmitry Shemyaka, Grand Prince Moscow; Yurievich Shemyaka (died 1453) was the second son of Yury of Zvenigorod by Anastasia of Smolensk and grandson of Dmitri Donskoi. His hereditary patrimony was the rich Northern town Galich-Mersky. Shemyaka (1445, 1446–1447) was twice Grand Prince of Moscow. causes of the Muscovite Civil War waged in the second quarter of the 15th century are still disputed. No small part, however, was played by Dmitri Donskoi's will, which ran contrary to Rurikid dynastic custom whereby the throne would pass from an elder brother to a younger one (agnatic seniority), rather than from father to son (primogeniture). The testament provided for the accession of his son, Vasily I, which was still in keeping with the tradition of lateral succession since Vasily was the eldest of his generation. the event of Vasily having no surviving son at his death, his brother, Dmitry's second son, Yury of Zvenigorod, was to succeed as grand prince in Moscow. Vasily I's death, however, Yury refused to come to Moscow and swear allegiance to his nephew, Vasily II, and claimed the throne himself in accordance with his right under the long-held custom of lateral inheritance. (He further claimed it was provided for in Dmitry's testament – but this ignored the provision that voided Yury's succession in the event of Vasily I producing a son). son, Dmitry Shemyaka, actively participated in all of his father's incursions against Moscow, culminating in Yury's capture of Moscow and accession as grand prince in 1433. Yury of Zvenigorod died in Moscow in 1434. of Shemyaka with Vasily II after the Latter's Blinding. Yury's death, Shemyaka continued to press his branch's claim to the grand princely throne, and was seldom at peace with Vasily II. Initially, Dmitry and his younger brother Dmitry Krasnyi concluded an alliance with Vasily against their elder brother Vasily Kosoy, who had proclaimed himself grand prince. They succeeded in driving Kosoy from Moscow and were rewarded with the towns of Uglich and Rzhev. The following year Shemyaka came to Moscow in order to invite Vasily II to his impending wedding with a princess of Yaroslavl, but was accused of siding with Kosoy and taken prisoner. He was released on the eve of a decisive clash between Vasily II and Vasily Kosoy. This action of Vasily II was successful - Shemyaka and his people did not help Vasily Kosoy and so he was completely defeated in the battle on the Cheryokha River in 1436, captured and blinded. Soon after, Shemyaka entered into an agreement with Vasily II, recognizing him as his suzerain ("older brother"). Next year, he was sent by Vasily II to expel the exiled Golden Horde Khan Ulugh Muhammad, but was defeated in the battle of Belyov. When Ulugh Muhammad in his turn besieged Moscow in 1439, Dmitry didn't sent his troops to Vasily and only the mediation of a Trinity hegumen could forestall a new civil war between the cousins. two men maintained an uneasy peace for much of the next decade until 1445, when Vasily II was taken prisoner by Olug Moxammat after the Muscovite forces were surprised by the Tatar prince outside Suzdal, Shemyaka seized Moscow, had the recently released Vasily blinded and proclaimed himself the Grand Prince of Vladimir. He could claim this by right of lateral inheritance since his father had sat on the throne. (A prince was excluded from the succession (izgoi) if his father had not sat on the throne before him.) Shemyaka's lack of support among the Muscovite boyars forced him, however, to leave the city for Lake Chukhloma, but he continued to press his claim to the grand princely throne. several peace treaties, Shemyaka continued to plot against his cousin. He suffered a series of defeats in 1450 and 1452 which forced him to seek refuge in Novgorod. There, on July 17, 1453, he was poisoned while eating a dinner of chicken in the Gorodishche, the princely compound south of the Market side of the city,[1] his cook having been bribed by Muscovite agents. Delighted at the news, Vasily II ennobled a herald who had first brought him the message of Shemyaka's death. Nikolai Karamzin famously wrote in his history that the grand prince showed "indecent joy" at the news of his rival's untimely demise. to chronicle sources, Shemyaka was buried in the Church of St. George in the Yuriev Monastery south of Novgorod, [2] however, twentieth-century archaeological excavations of the necropolis of the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in the Novgorod Kremlin suggest that the prince was actually buried there and his grave has been misidentified since at least 1616 as that of Prince Fedor Yaroslavich (died 1233).[3] the aftermath of Shemyaka's murder, his wife and son fled Novgorod to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, where they were given Rylsk and Novgorod-Seversky in appanage. male line died out by 1561, but there are many living descendants from his daughter's marriage to Prince Alexander Chertoryzhsky. name survives in the Russian expression "Shemyakin sud" ("Shemyaka's Justice", "Shemyaka's Judgement"), which means hasty and unfair judgement. It comes from the 17th century literary work The Tale of Shemyaka's Judgement (see its translation here[4]). However modern researchers question the identification of Dmitry Shemyaka with Judge Shemyaka in the tale. St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1448-1461, Patriarch, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1448-1461, Jonah of Moscow, Metropolitan of All Rus; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos
Russia, Moscow, 1451, Miraculous deliverance of Moscow by Robe of Theotokos; The holy Robe of the Mother of God, which previously saved Constantinople, later saved Moscow from hostilities. Tatars of the Horde of the princeling Mazovshi approached the walls of Moscow in the summer of 1451. Saint Jonah, Metropolitan of Moscow, with constant prayer and church services, encouraged the defenders of the capital. On the night of July 2, the Chronicle relates, great confusion occurred within the Tatar camp. The enemy abandoned their plundered goods and speedily departed in disarray. Moscow Prince, 1440-1505, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, the Great; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19 ; Venerable Prince Andrew, in Monasticism Joasaph, of Kubensk, Vologda, Commemorated on September 10 ; Venerable Cassian of Uglich, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Dionysius the Recluse of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on October 3; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Yakhrom, Commemorated on October 14; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; St Philip of Rabanga, Commemorated on November 15; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8 ; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on January 29; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Right-Believing Prince Roman of Uglich, Commemorated on February 3; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Serapion of Pskov, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora
Russia, Moscow, 1453-1508, Saint, Nilus of Sora; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7;

Russia, Moscow, 1453, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople 1453
Moscow, Third Rome 1453, Fall of Constantinople; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1460, Hilarion's Ozersk [Lake] Monastery Founded, Pskov Lakes
monastery of the Dormition of the Mother of God at the River Dubenka; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; Venerable Hilarion of Pskov, Lake Gdov, Commemorated on March 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk
Russia, Tver, 1460-1515, Saint and Author, Joseph of Volokolamsk; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1461-1464, Theodosius, Metropolitan of Moscow; Saint Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1

Russia, Moscow, 1462-1505, Ivan III, Great, regent for blind father, ended Mongol yoke, 3x territory
Moscow Prince, 1462-1505, Ivan III of Russia, The Great ; III Vasilyevich ( 22 January 1440, Moscow -27 October 1505, Moscow), also known as Ivan the Great,[1][2] was a Grand Prince of Moscow and Grand Prince of all Rus'. served as the co-ruler and regent for his blind father Vasily II from the mid-1450s before he officially ascended the throne in 1462. tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Mongols/Tatars over Russia, renovated the Moscow Kremlin, introduced a new legal codex and laid the foundations of the Russian state. 1480 victory over the Great Horde is cited as the restoration of Russian independence 240 years after the fall of Kiev to Mongols' invasion.[3] was the first Russian ruler to style himself "tsar", albeit not as an official title. marriage to Sofia Paleologue, he made the double-headed eagle Russia's coat of arms and adopted the idea of Moscow as Third Rome. 43-year reign was one of the longest in Russian history, second only to his grandson Ivan IV. Icon of the Mother of God of Vydropussk, Commemorated on July 28; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Herman of Solovki, Commemorated on July 30; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; St Adrian of Uglich, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; St Sava of Pskov, Commemorated on August 28; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Dositheus the Abbot of Verkneostrov, Pskov, Commemorated on October 8; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Isidore and 72 Others at Yuriev, Estonia, Commemorated on January 8; St Paisius of Uglich, Commemorated on January 8; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Anthony of Krasny Kholm, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 20; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Abraham of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Coprius of Pechenga, Vologda, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; St Bassian of Uglich, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated on February 26; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Mark of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on March 29; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Oshevensk, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29; Venerable Paisius the Abbot of Uglich, Commemorated on June 6; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1462, Saint Jonah, Bishop of Perm, Converted Great Perm to Christ
Saint Jonah, Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on June 6; Jonah, Bishop of Great Perm, was successor to Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Perm (August 19), who was murdered by the Vogulani in 1455. In the year 1462 Saint Jonah converted the inhabitants of Great Perm to Christ. He journeyed throughout his extensive diocese to spread and consolidate the Christian Faith. The saint reposed on June 6, 1470 and was buried at Ust-Vym at the Annunciation cathedral.

Russia, Moscow, 1463-1473, Patriarch, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1463-1473, Philip I, Metropolitan of Moscow; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III, Tartar v, but Amin sued for peace and paid h
Russia, Moscow, 1467-1506, Russo-Kazan Wars of Ivan III; of Ivan III[edit] War (1467–1469)[edit] Russians used skis to facilitate transportation during their winter campaigns fragile peace was broken in 1467, when Ibrahim of Kazan came to the throne and Ivan III of Russia supported the claims of his ally or vassal Qasim Khan. Ivan's army sailed down the Volga, with their eyes fixed on Kazan, but autumn rains and rasputitsa ("quagmire season") hindered the progress of Russian forces. When frosty winter came, the Russian generals launched an invasion of the northern Vyatka Region. The campaign fell apart for lack of unity of purpose and military capability. following year, the Russians set out from Kotelnich in the Vyatka Land. They sailed down the Vyatka River and the Kama towards the Volga, pillaging merchant vessels on their way. In response, Ibrahim mounted a counter-offensive, overran Vyatka, and forced local inhabitants into slavery for the duration of the campaign.[3] 1469, a much stronger army was raised and, sailing down the Volga and the Oka, linked up in Nizhny Novgorod. The Russians marched downstream and ravaged the neighbourhood of Kazan but did not dare to lay siege to the Tatar capital because Qasim's widow had pledged to negotiate an advantageous peace with Ibrahim (her son). In the meantime, the units from Yaroslavl and Veliky Ustyug vainly attempted to win Vyatka to the Russian side. After negotiations were broken, the Tatars clashed with the Russians in two bloody but indecisive battles. autumn 1469 Ivan III launched a third invasion of the khanate. The Russian commander, Prince Daniil Kholmsky, besieged Kazan, cut off water supplies, and compelled Ibrahim to surrender. Under the terms of the peace settlement, the Tatars set free all the ethnic Christian Russians they had enslaved in the forty previous years. of Kazan (1487)[edit] Vyatka Region remained the principal bone of contention between Kazan and Moscow for decades to come. In 1478, shortly before his death, Ibrahim devastated the region. In revenge, Ivan III sent his generals to sack the neighbourhood of Kazan. At that time Ibrahim died and was succeeded by Ilham, whilst his half-brother Moxammat Amin fled to Moscow. Ivan III allowed him to settle in Kashira and pledged his support for Moxammat's claims to the Tatar throne. 1484 Russia placed Moxammat Amin on the throne, but within a year Ilham regained power. In 1487 Ivan again found it prudent to intervene in Kazan affairs and replace Ilham with Moxammat Amin. Prince Kholmsky sailed down the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod and laid siege to Kazan on 18 May. The city fell to the Russians on 9 June. Ilham was sent in chains to Moscow before being imprisoned in Vologda, while Moxammat Amin was proclaimed the new khan.[4] In reference to this victorious campaign, Ivan III proclaimed himself "Lord of Volga Bulgaria".[citation needed] of Arsk Field (1506)[edit] last war of Ivan's reign was instigated by Ilham's widow, who married Moxammat Amin and persuaded him to assert his independence from Moscow in 1505. The rebellion broke out into the open on Saint John's Day, when the Tatars massacred Russian merchants and envoys present at the annual Kazan Fair. A huge army of the Kazan and Nogai Tatars then advanced towards Nizhny Novgorod and besieged the city. The affair was decided by 300 Lithuanian archers, who had been captured by Russians in the Battle of Vedrosha and lived in Nizhny in captivity. They managed to put the Tatar vanguard into disarray: the khan's brother-in-law was killed in action and the horde retreated. death prevented hostilities from being renewed until May 1506, when Prince Fyodor Belsky led Russian forces against Kazan. After the Tatar cavalry attacked his rear, many Russians took flight or drowned in the Foul Lake (22 May). Prince Vasily Kholmsky was sent to relieve Belsky and defeated the khan on Arsk Field on June 22. Moxammat Amin withdrew to the Arsk Tower but, when the Russians started to celebrate their victory, ventured out and inflicted an excruciating defeat on them (June 25). Although it was the most brilliant Tatar victory in decades, Moxammat Amin – for some reason not clearly understood – resolved to sue for peace and paid homage to Ivan's successor, Vasily III of Russia. Mongol, Perm, 1467-1479, Tartar Khan, Ibrahim of Kazan; Hieromartyr Macarius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on May 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1471-1480, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow
Novgorod, Fall of the Novgorod Republic to Moscow (1471 - 1480); Battle of Shelon River 1471 ; Martha Boretskaya; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1473-1489, Patriarch, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1473-1489, Gerontius, Metropolitan of Moscow; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1480, Meeting of the Vladimir Icon, saving Moscow, ending Mongol Horde Yoke
Russia, Moscow, 1480, Meeting of the Vladimir Icon, saving Moscow, ending Mongol Horde Yoke; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of the Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; the church celebrates the miracle of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, which led to the saving of Moscow from the invasion of Khan Achmed in 1480. Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is also commemorated on May 21 and August 26. Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21; Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was established to commemorate the deliverance of Moscow from an invasion of Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei in 1521. The Tatar hordes approached Moscow, burning and destroying Russian cities and villages, and exterminating their inhabitants. Prince Basil raised an army against the Tatars, while Metropolitan Barlaam and the people of Moscow prayed fervently for deliverance. At this time a certain pious blind nun had a vision. She saw Moscow’s bishop-saints exiting from the Savior gates of the Kremlin, forsaking the city and taking with them the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, the holiest object in the city of Moscow. This was God’s chastisement for the sins of its inhabitants. the Savior gates the holy hierarchs were met by Saints Sergius of Radonezh (Sept. 25) and Barlaam of Khutyn (Nov. 6), tearfully imploring them not to leave Moscow. All of them offered intense prayer to the Lord for the forgivness of their transgressions and the deliverance of Moscow from its enemies. After this prayer the bishop-saints returned to the Kremlin, and they carried back the holy Vladimir Icon. Basil the Blessed (August 2) saw a similar vision. It was revealed to him that Moscow would be saved, through the intercession of the Theotokos and the prayers of the saints. The Tatar Khan also had a vision of the Mother of God with a fearsome host, contending against his forces. The Tatars fled in fear, and the capital of the Russian realm was saved. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on June 23 and August 26. Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Saint, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius, Gennadius Bible
Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judaizers, heretic Jews using Hebrew OT created after Jesus
Russia, Moscow, 1484-1505, Judiazers, heretic Christians using Hebrew OT created after Jesus; Judaizers are Christians who teach it is necessary to adopt Jewish customs and practices, especially those found in the Law of Moses, to be saved. The term is derived from the Koine Greek word, used once in the Greek New Testament (Galatians 2:14),[1] when Paul publicly challenges Peter for compelling gentile converts to Early Christianity to "judaize".[2][3] This episode is known as the incident at Antioch. This term includes groups who claim the necessity of continued obedience to the Law of Moses found in the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) for gentiles.[4] Members of such groups dispute the label because "Judaizers" is sometimes used as a pejorative. Most Christians believe that much of the Old Covenant has been superseded, while according to some modern Protestants it has been completely abrogated and replaced by the Law of Christ. The Christian debate over Judaizing began in the lifetime of the apostles, notably at the Council of Jerusalem and the incident at Antioch. It has been carried on parallel to continuing debates about Paul the Apostle and Judaism, Protestant views of the Ten Commandments, and Christian ethics. Moscow Saint, 1484-1505, Gennady of Novgorod, St Gennadius ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1488-1552, Saint, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ
Moscow Saint, 1488-1552, Basil the Blessed, Fool for Christ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of the Blessed John of Ustiug the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on May 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible
Russia, Moscow, 1490's, Gennady's Bible; St. Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1490-1494, Patriarch, Zosimus, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on October 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin
Russia, Moscow, 1493-1549, Saint, Adrian of Ondrusov, aka Andrew Zavalushin; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated on August 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1599, 16th Century Folder, Return of Smolensk, War with Protestants

Russia, Moscow, 1500-1550, Saint, Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil IIIl, Adequate, consolidation, annexed Pskov, captured Smolensk
Moscow Prince, 1505-1533, Vasili III, Basil, Grand Prince of Moscow ; III Ivanovich (also Basil; 25 March 1479-3 December 1533) was the Grand Prince of Moscow from 1505 to 1533. He was the son of Ivan III Vasiliyevich and Sophia Paleologue and was christened with the name Gavriil . had three brothers: Yuri, born in 1480, Simeon, born in 1487 and Andrei, born in 1490, as well as five sisters: Elena (born and died in 1474), Feodosiya (born and died in 1475), another Elena (born 1476), another Feodosiya (born 1485) and Eudoxia (born 1492).[1] is sometimes mockingly referred to as Vasili the Adequate due to his rule taking place between those of Ivan the Great and his son Ivan the Terrible, as well as the relative uneventfulness of his reign. affairs[edit] Map of Russia (Moscovia) published by Sigismund von Herberstein in 1549 III continued the policies of his father Ivan III and spent most of his reign consolidating Ivan's gains. Vasili annexed the last surviving autonomous provinces: Pskov in 1510, appanage of Volokolamsk in 1513, principalities of Ryazan in 1521 and Novgorod-Seversky in 1522. also took advantage of the difficult position of Sigismund of Poland to capture Smolensk, the great eastern fortress of Lithuania (siege started 1512, ended in 1514), chiefly through the aid of the rebel Lithuanian, Prince Mikhail Glinski, who provided him with artillery and engineers. The loss of Smolensk was an important injury inflicted by Russia on Lithuania in the course of the Russo-Lithuanian Wars and only the exigencies of Sigismund compelled him to acquiesce in its surrender (1522).[2] 1521 Vasili received an emissary of the neighboring Iranian Safavid Empire, sent by Shah Ismail I whose ambitions were to construct an Irano-Russian alliance against the common enemy, the Ottoman Empire.[3] was equally successful against the Crimean Khanate. Although in 1519 he was obliged to buy off the Crimean khan, Mehmed I Giray, under the very walls of Moscow, towards the end of his reign he established Russian influence on the Volga. In 1531-“32 he placed the pretender Cangali khan on the throne of Khanate of Kazan.[2] was the first grand-duke of Moscow who adopted the title of tsar and the double-headed eagle of the Byzantine Empire.[2] affairs[edit] Vasili Basil of Caesarea and prince Vasili III of Russia. Icon internal policy, Vasili III enjoyed the support of the Church in his struggle with the feudal opposition. In 1521, metropolitan Varlaam was banished for refusing to participate in Vasili's fight against an appanage prince, Vasili Ivanovich Shemyachich. Rurikid princes Vasili Shuisky and Ivan Vorotynsky were also sent into exile. The diplomat and statesman, Ivan Bersen-Beklemishev, was executed in 1525 for criticizing Vasili's policies. Maximus the Greek (publicist), Vassian Patrikeyev (statesman) and others were sentenced for the same reason in 1525 and 1531. During the reign of Vasili III, the landownership of the gentry increased, while authorities actively tried to limit immunities and privileges of boyars and the nobility. life[edit] Church of Ascension was built by Vasili III to commemorate the birth of his heir. 1526 when he was 47 years old, Vasili had been married to Solomonia Saburova for over 20 years with no heir to his throne being produced. Conscious of her husband's disappointment, Solomonia tried to remedy this by consulting sorcerers and going on pilgrimages. When this proved unsuccessful, Vasili consulted the boyars, announcing that he did not trust his two brothers to handle Russia's affairs. boyars suggested that he take a new wife, and despite much opposition from the clergy, he divorced his barren wife and married Princess Elena Glinskaya, the daughter of a Serbian princess and niece of his friend Michael Glinski. many of the boyars approved of his choice, as Elena was of Catholic upbringing. Vasili was so smitten that he defied Russian social norms and trimmed his beard to appear younger. After three days of matrimonial festivity, the couple consummated their marriage, though initially it appeared that Elena was as sterile as Solomonia. Russian populace began to suspect this was a sign of God's disapproval of the marriage. However, to the great joy of Vasili and the populace, the new tsaritsa gave birth to a son, who would succeed him as Ivan IV. Three years later, a second son, Yuri, was born.[1] to a story, Solomonia Saburova also bore a son in the convent where she had been confined, just several months after the controversial divorce. out hunting on horseback near Volokolamsk, Vasili felt a great pain in his right hip, the result of an abscess. He was transported to the village of Kolp, where he was visited by two German doctors who were unable to stop the infection with conventional remedies. that his time was short, Vasili requested to be returned to Moscow, where he was kept in the Saint Joseph Cathedral along the way. By 25 November 1533, Vasili reached Moscow and asked to be made a monk before dying. Taking on the name Varlaam, Vasili died at midnight, 4 December 1533.[1] Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Suprasl, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Voroninsk, Commemorated on July 28; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; St Macarius of Oredezhsk, Commemorated on August 9 ; Blessed Laurence the Fool-For-Christ at Kaluga, Commemorated August 10 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Arsenius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœTendernessÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Uncovering of the relics of St Andrew the Prince of Smolensk, Commemorated on October 27; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Cyril the Abbot of Novoezersk, Vologda, Commemorated on November 7; Blessed John Ã¢Â€Âœthe HairyÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Philip the Abbot of Irap Near Novgorod, Commemorated on November 14 ; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Pachomius of Keno Lake, Commemorated on January 7; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; Venerable Michael the Fool-for-Christ of the Klops Monastery, Novgorod, Commemorated on January 11; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Deacon of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on January 19; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Martyr John of Kazan, Commemorated on January 24; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4; Venerable Nicephorus of Vazheozersk, Commemorated on February 9; Venerable Longinus of Koryazhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on February 10; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Zosimas the Abbot of Vorbozomsk, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Repose of the Venerable Nilus the Abbot of Sora, Commemorated on May 7; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Euthymius the Archimandrite of Suzdal, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam (Barlaam), Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1511-1521, Patriarch, Varlaam, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia from Lithuania
Russia, Moscow, 1514, Return of Smolensk to Russia; Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga
Moscow, 1515-1583, St Typhon of Pechenga; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei
Moscow, 1521, Invasion of Moscow by Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was established to commemorate the deliverance of Moscow from an invasion of Tatars led by Khan Makhmet-Girei in 1521. The Tatar hordes approached Moscow, burning and destroying Russian cities and villages, and exterminating their inhabitants. Prince Basil raised an army against the Tatars, while Metropolitan Barlaam and the people of Moscow prayed fervently for deliverance. At this time a certain pious blind nun had a vision. She saw Moscow’s bishop-saints exiting from the Savior gates of the Kremlin, forsaking the city and taking with them the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, the holiest object in the city of Moscow. This was God’s chastisement for the sins of its inhabitants. the Savior gates the holy hierarchs were met by Saints Sergius of Radonezh (Sept. 25) and Barlaam of Khutyn (Nov. 6), tearfully imploring them not to leave Moscow. All of them offered intense prayer to the Lord for the forgivness of their transgressions and the deliverance of Moscow from its enemies. After this prayer the bishop-saints returned to the Kremlin, and they carried back the holy Vladimir Icon. Basil the Blessed (August 2) saw a similar vision. It was revealed to him that Moscow would be saved, through the intercession of the Theotokos and the prayers of the saints. The Tatar Khan also had a vision of the Mother of God with a fearsome host, contending against his forces. The Tatars fled in fear, and the capital of the Russian realm was saved. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God is also commemorated on June 23 and August 26.

Russia, Moscow, 1521, Tenderness Icon painted and transferred to Pskov, glorified in 1524, protector in 1581
Russia, Pskov, 1521, Tenderness Icon transferred to Pskov, glorified in 1524, protector in 1581; Siege of Pskov; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Feast of the Pskov-Protection Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in memory of the miraculous deliverance of Pskov from the invading troops of the Polish king Stephen Bathory in 1581. During the siege, they carried forth the wonderworking Dormition Icon of the Mother of God in procession from the monastery. the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Most Holy Virgin appeared to the Elder Dorotheus with various Russian Saints: the holy Great Prince Vladimir and the Pskov Princes Vsevolod-Gabriel and Dovmont-Timothy, Saint Anthony of Kiev Caves, Cornelius of Pskov, Euphrosynus of Spaso-Elazar and Savva of Krypetsk, Blessed Nicholas of Pskov and Saint Niphon, Archbishop of Novgorod, the organizer of the Pskov Spaso-Mirozh monastery. from the Pechor side from the Spaso-Mirozhsk monastery across the River Velika, the Mother of God with the Saints entered the church of the Protection monastery. The Saints besought the All-Pure Virgin to have pity on the sinful citizens of Pskov and save the city “from the imposition of woes.” The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. After their deliverance from the enemy, the grateful people of Pskov built a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, “Appearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.” The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21 ; sacred Tenderness Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was painted and brought to the Pskov Caves monastery through the efforts of the devout Pskov merchants Basil and Theodore. It was transferred it to the town of Pskov in the year 1521, and was glorified by miracles of healing in 1524. The Tenderness Icon is especially honored as the protector of the city when it was besieged by the Polish King Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in the year 1581. Both the Tenderness Icon and the Dormition Icon were glorified at that time. Tenderness Icon is also honored on October 7, the day when Pskov was liberated from Napoleon's invasion in 1812. Other days on which the Tenderness Icon is commemorated are: June 23, August 26, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; “Tenderness” Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was found in the monastery of the caves in 1521, and was transferred to the city of Pskov by the pious Christians Basil and Theodore. Icon is particularly renowned for the deliverance of Pskov and the Pskov Caves monastery from the army of Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in 1581. It is commemorated on May 21, June 23, August 26, October 7, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Tenderness Icon of the Mother of God is of the Eleousa (Umilenie) type, and is regarded as the patroness of the city of Pskov.

Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1522-1539, Patriarch, Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1525-1736, Great Abatis Line Folder

1 First Great Line finished 1566

First Great Abatis Line along Oka finished 1566

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Bryansk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Belyov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Tula;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Zaraysk;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kolomna;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Ryazan;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Serpukhov;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera
Meshchera (Meshchera Lowlands); Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Meshchera;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Nizhny Novgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk
Great Abatis Line 1525-1531 - Kozelsk;

2 Second Great Line finished 1640

Second Great Abatis Line Finished 1640

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Alatyr;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Oryol;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Novhorod-Siverskyi;

Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl
Great Abatis Line 1640 - Putyvl;

3 Third Great Line finished 1736

Third Great Abatis Line 1736

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Livny;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kursk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Belgorod;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Voronezh;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Tambov;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Simbirsk;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Baskirs;

Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan
Great Abatis Line 1736 - Kazan;

Russia, Moscow, 1533-1584, Ivan, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich, intelligent, devout, terrible
Moscow, 1533-1584, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of All Russia, Vasilievich ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Sviatogorsk, Commemorated on July 17; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Zosimas of Solovki, Commemorated on August 8; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Narva, Commemorated August 14 ; St Macarius the Roman, Commemorated on August 15; Venerable Theodoritus the Enlightener of the Lapps, Solovki, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Adrian the Abbot of Ondrusov, Valaam, Commemorated August 26 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on September 3 ; Venerable Jonah the Abbot of Yashezersk, Commemorated on September 22; Icon of the Mother of God "Mirozh", Commemorated September 24 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œJerusalem", Commemorated on October 12 ; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Righteous Child Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on October 20; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed John "œthe Hairy" and Fool-For-Christ at Rostov, Commemorated on November 12; St Sergius of Malopinega, Commemorated on November 16; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on November 24; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on December 5; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Siya, Novgorod, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk Lake, Commemorated on December 7; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Pechenga (Kolsk), Commemorated on December 15; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18; Venerable Macarius the Roman of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated on January 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Sumorin-Totem, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28; Venerable Nikita of the Kiev Caves, Far Caves the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 31; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œElets-Chernigov", Commemorated on February 5 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Beheading of the Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on February 20; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Daniel the Abbot of Pereyaslavl-Zalesski, Commemorated on April 7; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Uncovering of the relics of St Nikita the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on April 30 ; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop, Novgorod, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Laurence the Abbot of Komel (Vologda), Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œVirgin of Tenderness" from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Righteous Artemius of Verkola, Commemorated on June 23 ; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1542-1563, Patriarch, Macarius, Metropolitan all Russia
Moscow Patriarch, 1542-1563, Macarius, Metropolitan of all Russia; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; St Hypatius the Wonderworker and Bishop of Gangra, Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1539-1542, Patriarch, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1539-1542, Joasaphus, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547
Russia, Moscow, 1547, Great Fire of Moscow in 1547 ; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1547-1721, Tsardom of Russia , Fall of Constantinople thru Northern War
Moscow, Tsardom of Russia 1547-1721, Fall of Constantinople thru Great Northern War with Sweden ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1550-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1552, Kazan campaign 1552 Tsar Ivan the Terrible
Russo-Kazan Wars; Fall of Kazan 1552; Tsar Ivan the Terrible took the icon of the Appearance of the Mother of God on his Kazan campaign (1552). Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Venerable Abramius the Archimandrite of Rostov, Commemorated on October 29; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Martyr Peter of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583)
Moscow, 1558-1590, Russo-Swedish War (1558-1583); Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God
Russia, Pskov, 1567, Miraculous Sign of the Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God; Mirozh Icon appeared at the Mirozh monastery in the year 1198. But later, during the reign of Ivan the Terrible, at a time when a plague raged at Pskov, an ancient report tells how tears flowed from both eyes of the icon. Many benefits and healings for man occured from the icon of the Mother of God. Mirozh Icon is an “Orans” (“Praying”) type. On either side of the Most Holy Theotokos stand the Pskov Saints: on the right, the holy Prince Dovmont-Timothy (May 20); on the left, his wife, the holy nun Martha, in the world named Maria Dimitrievna (November 8, 1300). Tsar Ivan Vasilievich took away the wonderworking icon from Pskov, but at the monastery an exact copy remained: the so-called “Great Panagia” from the Savior-Mirozh monastery. September 24, 1567, on the Feast of Saint Abraham at the Mirozh monastery there occurred a miraculous sign from an ancient icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. The celebration of the Mirozh Icon of the Sign was established in that same year, with the blessing of Archbishop Pimen of Novgorod and Pskov. A special service to this icon was composed, and was published in the 1666 MENAION. Mirozh Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow and All Rus
Moscow Patriarch, 1567-1568, Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1568-1570, Russo-Turkish War (1568-“70)

Russia, Moscow, 1571, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Moscow's Dormition cathedral
Russia, Crimea, 988, Jerusalem Icon of the Mother of God transferred to Korsun and Vladimir the Great; Vladimir the Great; Battle of Bassianae (Byzantine (Gothic, Roman) victory over the Huns) 469; The war ended in 469. Marcellinus Comes shortly recorded "The head of Dinzic, son of Attila, king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople".[14] The Chronicon Paschale recounts "Dinzirichus, Attila's son, was killed by Anagastes, general in Thrace. His head was brought to Constantinople, carried in procession through the Middle Street, and fixed on a pole at the Wooden Circus. The whole city turned out to look at it".[14] Jordanes recounts events in c. 468: "Now after firm peace was established between Goths and Romans, the Goths found that what they received from the emperor was not sufficient for them. Furthermore, they were eager to display their wonted valor, and so began to plunder the neighboring peoples around them, first attacking the Sadagis[nb 1] who held the interior of Pannonia. When Dintzic, king of the Huns, a son of Attila, learned this, he gathered to him the few who still seemed to have remained under his sway, namely, the Ultzinzures[nb 2] the Angisciri[nb 3] the Bittugures[nb 4] and the Bardores[nb 5] Coming to Bassianae (see Battle of Bassianae), a city of Pannonia, he beleaguered it and began to plunder its territory. When the Goths learned this, they abandoned the expedition they had planned against the Sadagis and turned upon the Huns and drove them so ingloriously from their own land that those who remained have been in dread of the arms of the Goths from that time down to the present day."[22] Dengizich, Atilla's Son; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1581-1582, Siege of Pskov Caves (Livonian War 1581-1582)
Siege of Pskov; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe Protection, Commemorated on October 1; Feast of the Pskov-Protection Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in memory of the miraculous deliverance of Pskov from the invading troops of the Polish king Stephen Bathory in 1581. During the siege, they carried forth the wonderworking Dormition Icon of the Mother of God in procession from the monastery. the eve of the decisive fighting, the pious blind Elder Dorotheus the Smith had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos at the spot where the enemy had prepared to attack, at a corner of the fortress of the monastery in honor of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos. Most Holy Virgin appeared to the Elder Dorotheus with various Russian Saints: the holy Great Prince Vladimir and the Pskov Princes Vsevolod-Gabriel and Dovmont-Timothy, Saint Anthony of Kiev Caves, Cornelius of Pskov, Euphrosynus of Spaso-Elazar and Savva of Krypetsk, Blessed Nicholas of Pskov and Saint Niphon, Archbishop of Novgorod, the organizer of the Pskov Spaso-Mirozh monastery. from the Pechor side from the Spaso-Mirozhsk monastery across the River Velika, the Mother of God with the Saints entered the church of the Protection monastery. The Saints besought the All-Pure Virgin to have pity on the sinful citizens of Pskov and save the city “from the imposition of woes.” The Most Holy Theotokos, having promised the city Her mercy, gave orders to set up the Pechersk icon at the place of Her appearance. the battle the Polish tried to breach the fortress wall, but through the intercession of the Mother of God and the Saints, they were not able to break through into the city. After their deliverance from the enemy, the grateful people of Pskov built a church in honor of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos. the temple of the Protection Most Holy Theotokos, the Pskov-Pechersk icon of the Mother of God was painted, which has also been given the name, “Appearance of the Mother of God to the Elder Dorotheus.” The appearance of the Most Holy Theotokos occurred on September 7, and celebration of the Pskov-Pechersk Icon was established on October 1. A special service was compiled for the Feast of the Most Holy Theotokos. St John the Hermit of Pskov, Commemorated on October 24; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of œTenderness, Commemorated on May 21 ; sacred Tenderness Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was painted and brought to the Pskov Caves monastery through the efforts of the devout Pskov merchants Basil and Theodore. It was transferred it to the town of Pskov in the year 1521, and was glorified by miracles of healing in 1524. The Tenderness Icon is especially honored as the protector of the city when it was besieged by the Polish King Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in the year 1581. Both the Tenderness Icon and the Dormition Icon were glorified at that time. Tenderness Icon is also honored on October 7, the day when Pskov was liberated from Napoleon's invasion in 1812. Other days on which the Tenderness Icon is commemorated are: June 23, August 26, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God œTenderness of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23 ; “Tenderness” Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was found in the monastery of the caves in 1521, and was transferred to the city of Pskov by the pious Christians Basil and Theodore. Icon is particularly renowned for the deliverance of Pskov and the Pskov Caves monastery from the army of Stephen Bathory (1533-1586) in 1581. It is commemorated on May 21, June 23, August 26, October 7, and on the Seventh Sunday of Pascha. Tenderness Icon of the Mother of God is of the Eleousa (Umilenie) type, and is regarded as the patroness of the city of Pskov.

Russia, Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I, Theodore, pious, retiring, R ruled by Boris G, wife's b, death then TofT
Moscow, 1584-1598, Tsar Feodor I of Russia, Theodore Ioannovich ; I Ivanovich or Feodor I Ioannovich ( 31 May 1557 - 16 January (NS) 1598), also known as Feodor the Bellringer, was the last Rurikid Tsar of Russia (1584-“1598). Feodor's mother died when he was three, and he grew up in the shadow of his father, Ivan the Terrible. A pious man of retiring disposition, Feodor took little interest in ,politics, and the country was effectively administered in his name by Boris Godunov, the brother of his beloved wife Irina. His childless death left the Rurikid dynasty extinct, and spurred Russia's descent into the catastrophic Time of Troubles. In Russian documents, Feodor is sometimes called blessed. He is also listed in the "Great Synaxaristes" of the Orthodox Church, with his feast day on January 7 (OS).[1] Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; St John the Hermit of Pskov; Commemorated on October 24; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on December 12 ; Martyr Jonah the Disciple of Tryphon of Pechenga, Commemorated on December 15; St Sophia, Commemorated on December 16; St Barlaam of Keretsk, Commemorated on January 15; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Venerable Theonas the Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 4; Icon of the Mother of God of Belynich, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Onuphrius the Abbot of Malsk, Pskov, Commemorated on June 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ; Appearance of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1585-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov, Tartar, defacto regent then Tzar in 1598, T of T, English trade
Moscow, 1598-1605, Tsar Boris Godunov ; Fyodorovich Godunov (possibly 1551 – 23 April [O.S. 13 April] 1605) ruled the Tsardom of Russia as de facto regent from c. 1585 to 1598 and then as the first non-Rurikid tsar from 1598 to 1605. After the end of his reign, Russia descended into the Time of Troubles. 1 Early years 2 Regency 3 Reign 4 Arts and popular media 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links years[edit] Godunov was the most noted member of an ancient, now extinct, Russian family of Tatar origin (Chet), which came from the Horde to Kostroma in the early 14th century.[2] This legend is written in the annals dating from early 17th century. He was descended from the Tatar Prince Chet, who went from the Golden Horde to Russia and founded the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma. Boris was the son of Feodor Ivanovich Godunov Krivoy (the one-eyed) (died, c. 1568-1570) and his wife Stepanida Ivanovna. His older brother Vasily died young and without issue. career began at the court of Ivan the Terrible. He is mentioned in 1570 for taking part in the Serpeisk campaign as an archer of the guard. The following year he became an oprichnik – a member of Ivan's personal guard and secret police. In 1570/1571, Godunov strengthened his position at court by his marriage to Maria Grigorievna Skuratova-Belskaya, the daughter of Malyuta Skuratov-Belskiy, head of the oprichniks. 1580, the Tsar chose Boris Godunov's sister Irina Godunova (1557 - 26 October/23 November 1603) to be the wife of his second son and eventual heir, the fourteen-year-old Feodor Ivanovich (1557-1598). On this occasion, Godunov was promoted to the rank of Boyar.[2] 15 November 1581, Godunov was present when the Tsar murdered his own eldest son, the crown prince Ivan. Godunov tried to intervene but received blows from the Tsar's sceptre. The elder Ivan immediately repented, and Godunov rushed to get help for the Tsarevich, who died four days later.[3] years later, on his deathbed, Ivan IV appointed a council consisting of Godunov, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, Vasili Shuiski and others to guide his son and successor of Russia Feodor I, who was feeble both in mind and body: he took refuge from the dangers of the palace in devotion to religion; and though his people called him a saint, they recognized that he lacked the iron to govern men.[4] the time of his death, Ivan also had a three-year-old son, Dmitry Ivanovich (1581–1591), from his seventh and last marriage. son (and his mother's family) had no claim to the throne because the Orthodox Church recognized only Ivan's first three marriages as legitimate. after Ivan's death the council had both Dmitri and his mother, Maria Nagaya, moved to Uglich, some 120 miles north of Moscow. Dmitri died there in 1591 at the age of ten under suspicious circumstances. Dmitri's death was announced by the ringing of the church bell, the Uglich population rose up to protest the suspected assassination, which they believed was commissioned by Boris Godunov. swiftly quelled the rebellion. Godunov ordered the removal of the Uglich bell's clapper (the bell's tongue). He had the offending bell flogged in public and exiled to Siberia along with the townspeople who had not been executed.[5] official commission headed by Vasili Shuiski was sent to determine the cause of death. The official verdict was that the boy had cut his throat during an epileptic seizure. widow claimed that her son had been murdered by Godunov's agents. Godunov's guilt was never established and shortly thereafter Dmitri's mother was forced to take the veil.[4] Dmitry Ivanovich was laid to rest and promptly, though temporarily, forgotten. estate near Moscow the coronation of Feodor Ivanovich as Tsar Feodor I on 31 May 1584, Boris received honors and riches as a member of the regency council, in which he held the second place during the life of the Tsar's uncle Nikita Romanovich. When Nikita died in 1586, Boris had no serious rival for the regency. conspiracy of other boyars and of Dionysius II, Metropolitan of Moscow, sought to break Boris's power by divorcing the Tsar from Godunov's childless sister. The attempt proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were banished or sent to monasteries. After that, Godunov remained supreme in Russia and he corresponded with foreign princes as their equal. policy was generally pacific and always prudent. In 1595, he recovered from Sweden some towns lost during the former reign. Five years previously he had defeated a Tatar raid upon Moscow, for which he received the title of Konyushy, an obsolete dignity even higher than that of Boyar. He supported an anti-Turkish faction in the Crimea and gave the Khan subsidies in his war against the sultan. encouraged English merchants to trade with Russia by exempting them from duties. He built towns and fortresses along the north-eastern and south-eastern borders of Russia to keep the Tatar and Finnic tribes in order. These included Samara, Saratov, Voronezh, and Tsaritsyn, as well as other lesser towns. He colonized Siberia with scores of new settlements, including Tobolsk. his rule, the Russian Orthodox Church received its patriarchate, placing it on an equal footing with the ancient Eastern churches and freeing it from the influence of the Patriarch of Constantinople. This pleased the Tsar, as Feodor took a great interest in church affairs. Godunov's most important domestic reform, a 1597 decree forbade peasants to transfer from one landowner to another (which they had been free to do each year around Saint George's Day in November), thus binding them to the soil. This ordinance aimed to secure revenue, but it led to the institution of serfdom in its most oppressive form.[2] (See also Serfdom in Russia.) the death of the childless Feodor on 7 January 1598, as well as the rumored assassination of Feodor's much younger brother Dimitry, supposedly ordered by Boris himself to guarantee his seat on the throne, self-preservation as much as ambition led Boris' rise to power. Had he not done so, the mildest treatment he could have hoped for would have been lifelong seclusion in a monastery. His election was proposed by Patriarch Job of Moscow, who believed that Boris was the one man capable of coping with the difficulties of the situation. Boris, however, would accept the throne only from the Zemsky Sobor (national assembly), which met on 17 February and unanimously elected him on 21 February. On 1 September, he was solemnly crowned tsar. Mausoleum in front of the Cathedral of the Assumption at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius the first years of his reign, he was both popular and prosperous, and ruled well. He recognized the need for Russia to catch up with the intellectual progress of the West and did his best to bring about educational and social reforms. He was the first tsar to import foreign teachers on a large scale, the first to send young Russians abroad to be educated, and the first to allow Lutheran churches to be built in Russia. After the Russo–Swedish War (1590–1595), he pursued gaining access to the Baltic Sea and attempted to obtain Livonia by diplomatic means. He cultivated friendly relations with the Scandinavians and hoped to take a bride from a foreign royal house, thereby increasing the dignity of his own dynasty.[2] However he declined the personal union proposed to him in 1600 by the diplomatic mission led by Lew Sapieha from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth[citation needed]. died after a lengthy illness and a stroke on 13/23 April 1605. He left one son, Feodor II, who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Boris' widow were murdered by the enemies of the Godunovs in Moscow on 10/20 June 1605.[6] Boris's first son, Ivan, was born in 1587 and died in 1588. His daughter, Xenia, was born in 1582. She was engaged to Johann of Schleswig-Holstein, but he died shortly before their planned wedding in October 1602. Xenia was given the name "Olga" upon being forced to take monastic vows at the Voskresensky Monastery in Beloozero and her name is inscribed as "the Nun Olga Borisovna" at the crypt of the Godunovs at the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius where she lived from 1606, when she sojourned there to attend the reburial of her father, until her death in 1622.[7] Boris, his wife, and their children are buried together in a mausoleum near the entrance of the Assumption Cathedral at Trinity-St. Sergius Lavra. and popular media[edit] life was dramatised by the founder of Russian literature, Alexander Pushkin, in his play Boris Godunov (1831), which was inspired by Shakespeare's Henry IV. Modest Mussorgsky based his opera Boris Godunov on Pushkin's play. Sergei Prokofiev later wrote incidental music for Pushkin's drama. In 1997, the score of a 1710 baroque opera based on the reign of Boris by German composer Johann Mattheson was rediscovered in Armenia and returned to Hamburg, Germany. This opera, never performed during the composer's lifetime, had its world premiere in 2005 at the Boston Early Music Festival & Exhibition. was portrayed on BBC Radio 4 by Shaun Dooley in the radio plays Ivan the Terrible: Absolute Power[8] and Boris Godunov: Ghosts[9] written by Mike Walker and which were the first two plays in the first series of Tsar. The plays were broadcast on 11 and 18 September 2016. character Boris Badenov in the cartoon The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show takes his name from a play on Godunov's name. Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; St Jonah of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Uncovering of the relics of St Gurias the First Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Venerable Martyrius the Abbot of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on November 11 ; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Martyrius of Zelenets, Pskov, Commemorated on March 1; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1589-1605, Patriarch, Job of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1589-1605, Job of Moscow ; also known as Job of Moscow (d. 19 June 1607) was the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia and is a saint of the Orthodox Church. According to Debra A. Coulter: was known as a humble man of impeccable morals, learned for his times, who worked for the good of the church and the promotion of Orthodox Christianity.[1] St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Putivil, Commemorated on May 2; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Venerable Serapion of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on June 27 ; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1591, Crown Prince, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8, famously impersonated
Moscow Crown Prince, 1591, Dimitri of Uglich or Saint Dimitri of Moscow, age 8; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev, Roman Catholic
Poland, 1596, Union of Brest, Rome and Kiev; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties, T of T
Moscow, 1598-1613, Interregnum, between Rurik Romanov dynasties ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1600-1699, 17th Century Folder, Protestant TimeOfTroubles,Turk&Chinese Mslm Wars

Russia, Moscow, 1605-18, Swede Pole-Moscow War, TOT Civil Wars, famine, boyar false Dimitris, Pole Tzar
Moscow, 1605-1618, Swedisn Polish-“Muscovite War (1605-“18) ; Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1605-1606, Tsar, False Dmitriy I, true Dmitriy suicide or killed
Moscow Tsar, 1605-1606, False Dmitriy I ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Molcha, Commemorated on April 24; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1610, Tsar Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky, TiOfTroubles, died in Warsaw prison
Moscow Tsar, 1606-1610, Vasili IV of All Russia, Basil Shuisky; Icon of the Mother of God of Konevits, Commemorated on July 10 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Sergius of Shukhtom, Commemorated on May 19; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes, 300 yr intercessor, from Tof T, strict church
Russia, Moscow, 1606-1612, Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus, was glorified on May 12, 1913. memory of Patriarch Hermogenes as a holy martyr was passed on from generation to generation for three centuries, and people increasingly regarded him as an intercessor and supplicant for the Russian land before the Throne of the Almighty. terrible years of national hardship, the nation turned to the memory of the heroic Patriarch. The Russian people came to his tomb with their personal tribulations, sicknesses and infirmities, reverently asking the help of Saint Hermogenes, and the All-Merciful Lord rewarded their faith. from all ends of Russia began to flock to Moscow for the glorification of the hieromartyr Hermogenes 300 years after his death. Pilgrims hastened to venerate the relics of the holy Patriarch, in the Dormition Cathedral of the Kremlin, where panikhidas were served almost without interruption. the eve of the glorification there was a procession with an icon of Saint Hermogenes, and after it a grave cover, on which the saint was depicted full-length in mantiya and holding a staff. Beside the icon of the Patriarch they carried an icon of Saint Dionysius of Radonezh, his fellow-struggler in spiritual and patriotic deeds for the liberation of the Russian land from Polish-Lithuanian usurpers. the bell tower of Ivan the Great hung a tremendous banner, “Rejoice, Hieromartyr Hermogenes, Great Intercessor of the Russian land.” A hundred thousand candles blazed in the hands of believers. At the end of the procession, they began to chant the Paschal Canon and a Canon to Saint Hermogenes, at the shrine where the relics of the Patriarch rested. all-night Vigil took place under the open skies at all the Kremlin squares. On this night a number of healings occurred through the prayers of Saint Hermogenes. For example, a certain sick person came to the Dormition Cathedral on crutches, and was healed as he approached the shrine with the relics of the saint. Another sick person was healed, who had suffered from terrible crippling disease. They brought him to the reliquary of the hieromartyr Hermogenes on a stretcher, where he was completely cured. These and other similar healings, witnessed by a multitude of the faithful, were remarkable proofs of the holiness of the new Russian wonderworker. Sunday May 12, Divine Liturgy was celebrated at the Dormition Cathedral. Presiding at the celebration of the solemn glorification of the new saint was His Beatitude Gregorios, Patriarch of Antioch. At the finish of Liturgy in all the churches of Moscow, Moliebens were served to Saint Hermogenes and a procession made to the Moscow Kremlin, in which more than twenty hierarchs took part. They accompanied the procession singing, “O Holy Hierarch Father Hermogenes, pray unto God for us.” From this day the liturgical veneration of Saint Hermogenes began. Thus, the wish of the faithful Russian people was fulfilled. Through their prayers the Russian Orthodox Church received a heavenly patron. Holy Synod of the Russian Church established the commemoration of the hieromartyr Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus for February 17, the day of his repose (his life and works are found under this day), and May 12, the day of his glorification. is the national significance of Saint Hermogenes, a tireless struggler for the purity of Orthodoxy and the unity of the Russian land. His ecclesial and civil activity during several centuries serves as an outstanding example of his ardent faith and love for the Russian people. ecclesial activity of the archpastor is characterized by an attentive and strict regard for church services. Under him were published a GOSPEL, a MENAION for September (1607), October (1609), November (1610), and for the first twelve days of December. The “Great Primary Rule” was printed in 1610. Saint Hermogenes did not merely give his blessing for this book, but carefully oversaw the accuracy of the text. With the blessing of Saint Hermogenes the Service to the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called (November 30) also was translated from Greek into the Russian language, and his Feast began to be celebrated in the Dormition Cathedral. the supervision of the Archpastor, new presses were made for printing service books, and a new print shop was built. This was damaged during the 1611 conflagration, when Moscow was burned by the Poles. Concerned about the order of divine services, Saint Hermogenes compiled a “Letter to all the People, Especially Priests and Deacons, on the Improvement of Church Singing.” The “Letter” chastizes the clergy for performing Church services not according to the Typikon, for unnecessary talking, and lay people for their irreverent attitude toward the divine services. literary activity of the first hierarch of the Russian Church is widely known. He wrote “An Account of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the Service to this Icon (1594);” “A Letter to Patriarch Job, Containing an Account of the Kazan Martyrs” (1591), a collection of articles in which questions about divine services (1598) are examined; there are patriotic documents and appeals, directed to the Russian nation (1606-1613), and other works. contemporaries speak of Patriarch Hermogenes as a man of outstanding intellect and erudition, “a Master of great reason and thought,” “very remarkable,” “very accomplished in wisdom and refined in learning,” “ever concerning himself about divine literature, and all the books about the Old Law and the New Grace, and pursuing to the end various Church rules and principles of law.” Saint Hermogenes spent a lot of time in monastery libraries, especially in the library of the Moscow Chudov monastery, where he copied precious historical accounts from ancient manuscripts. the seventeenth century they called the Chronicle by His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes the “Resurrection Chronicle.” In the collected works of the saint and his archpastoral documents there are many quotations from Holy Scripture, and examples taken from history, which testify to his profound knowledge of the Word of God and his familiarity with the Church literature of his time. Hermogenes incorporated his research in his preaching and teaching. The saint’s contemporaries regard the Archpastor as “a man of reverence,” “purity of life,” “a true shepherd of the flock of Christ,” and “a sincere upholder of the Christian faith”. qualities of Saint Hermogenes were quite especially apparent during the Time of Troubles, when the Russian land was overwhelmed by internal chaos, and worsened by Polish-Lithuanian intrigue. During this dark period, the First Hierarch of the Russian Church selflessly protected the Russian realm, by word and by deed defending the Orthodox Faith from Latinism, and also national unity from internal and external enemies. In saving his native land, Saint Hermogenes won the crown of a martyrdom, becoming a heavenly intercessor for Russia before the Throne of the Holy Trinity.

Russia, Moscow, 1606-1633, Saint Dionysius of R, Tof T, w Hermogenes, hospice, translations, imprisoned
Radonezh, 1590-1633, Saint Dionysius of Radonezh, Time of Troubles; Dionysius of Radonezh, in the world David Zobninovsky, was born about 1570 in the city of Rzhev. A novice, and then head of the Staritsky Dormition monastery, during the Time of Troubles he was the foremost helper of Saint Hermogenes, Patriarch of Moscow. 1611, Saint Dionysius was archimandrite of the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra. Under his administration, a house and hospice for the injured and those left homeless during the Polish-Lithuanian incursion was opened near the monastery. During a famine, he told the brethren of the Lavra to eat oat bread and water, leaving the wheat and the rye bread for the sick. In 1611-1612, he and the steward of the Trinity-Sergiev monastery, the monk Abraham Palitsyn (+ 1625), wrote letters asking the people of Nizhni-Novgorod and other cities to send fighting men and money to liberate Moscow from the Poles. He also wrote to Prince Demetrius Pozharsky and to all the military people, urging them to hasten the campaign for Moscow. monastic training helped Saint Dionysius to maintain his own inner light undiminished during the terrible years of this evil time. The saint achieved a high degree of spiritual pefection through unceasing prayer, which gave him the gift of working miracles. He carefully concealed his spiritual life from other people, who might suffer harm from a superficial knowledge of it. “Do not ask a monk about things concerning his monastic life,” said Saint Dionysius, “since for us monks, it is a great misfortune to reveal such secrets to laymen. It is written that what is done in secret should not be known, even by your own left hand. We must hide ourselves, so that what we do remains unknown, lest the devil lead us into all manner of negligence and indolence.” can only measure his spiritual development, and the knowledge of God which he attained, by those things which became apparent when circumstances compelled Saint Dionysius to take an active part in the life of the world around him. such circumstance was his involvement in the revision of the service books. In 1616 Saint Dionysius spoke of work on correction of the Book of Needs by comparing it with the ancient Slavonic manuscripts and various Greek editions. their work, investigators discovered discrepancies in other books edited in the period between patriarchs (1612-1619). People did not understand what the editors were doing, so they accused Saint Dionysius and the others of heresy at a Council of 1618. from his priestly rank and excommunicated from the Church, he was imprisoned in the Novospassky (New Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Savior) monastery, where they wanted to kill him by starvation. The intervention of Patriarch Philaretos of Moscow and Patriarch Theophanes of Jerusalem (1619-1633) won his release in 1619, and he was cleared of the charges against him. Dionysius was known for his strict observance of the monastery Rule, for sharing in monastery tasks and in the rebuilding of the monastery after the siege of the Lavra. The Life and Canon to the saint was composed by the Trinity-Sergiev monastery steward Simon Azaryn and augmented by the priest John Nasedka, a coworker of Saint Dionysius when he was correcting the service books. Saint Dionysius reposed on May 12, 1633 and was buried in the Trinity-Sergiev Lavra.

Russia, Moscow, 1607-1610, Tsar, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino
Moscow Tsar, 1607-1610, False Dmitriy II, Rebel of Tushino; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1610-1613, Tsar, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish or Lithuanian King
Moscow Tsar, 1610-1613, Wladyslaw IV Vasa, Polish King; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Anthony the Abbot of Leokhnov, Novgorod, Commemorated on October 17; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Tsar, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov
Moscow Tsar, 1611-1612, False Dmitriy III, Thief of Pskov; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1611-1612, Prince, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland
Moscow Prince, 1611-1612, Dmitry Pozharsky, Savior of the Motherland; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Venerable Bassian of Tikhsnen, Vologda, Commemorated September 12 ; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish
Moscow, 1611, Seige of Kashin, Pere by Polish, Lithuanian and Swedish ; Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God "Kursk-Root", Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Swede-Polish-Lith incursion, Moscow Kremlin, R victory, unpaid Polish wages
Polish-Lithuanian incursion in 1612; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Sign, the œKursk-RootÂ, Commemorated on September 8; Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Icon of the Mother of God "œKursk-Root", Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20 ; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin)
Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles, delivering sinners
Russia, Moscow, 1612, Kazan Icon, Deliverance from the Poles ; Commemoration of the Deliverance of Moscow From the Poles by the Kazan Icon was established in gratitude for the deliverance of Moscow and all Russia from the incursion of the Polish in 1612. end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries is known in Russian history as “the Time of Troubles.” The country suffered the onslaught of Polish armies, which scoffed at the Orthodox Faith, plundering and burning churches, cities and villages. Through deceit they succeeded in taking Moscow. In response to the appeal of His Holiness Patriarch Hermogenes (May 12), the Russian people rose up in defense of its native land. Kazan, the wonderworking icon of the Mother of God was sent to the army headed by Prince Demetrius Pozharsky. Demetrius of Rostov (September 21), in his Discourse on the Day of Appearance of the Icon of the Mother of God at Kazan (July 8), said: “The Mother of God delivered from misfortune and woe not only the righteous, but also sinners, but which sinners? those who turn themselves to the Heavenly Father like the Prodigal Son, they make lamentation beating their bosom, like the Publican, they weep at the feet of Christ, like the Sinful Woman washing His feet with her tears, and they offer forth confession of Him, like the Thief upon the Cross. It is such sinners whom the All-Pure Mother of God heeds and hastens to aid, delivering them from great misfortunes and woe.” that they suffered such misfortunes for their sins, the whole nation and the militia imposed upon themselves a three-day fast. With prayer, they turned to the Lord and His All-Pure Mother for help. The prayer was heard. Saint Sergius of Radonezh appeared to Saint Arsenius (afterwards Bishop of Suzdal) and said that if Moscow were to be saved, then people must pray to the Most Holy Virgin. Emboldened by the news, Russian forces on October 22, 1612 liberated Moscow from the Polish usurpers. A celebration in honor of the Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos was established in 1649. Even in our day this icon is especially revered by the Russian Orthodox nation. Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Repose of the Holy Right-believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on October 2; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces)
Russia, Vladimir, Nizhni Novogorod, 1612, Militia of Minin (Cleared Moscow Kremlin of Polish Forces); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, 1612, Tribe of Judah Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's
August 13, 1612 OS: Judah's Seal Date, Polish Incursion, Romanov's ; Polish Incursion of 1612 (Moscow Kremlin); Moscow Romanov Dynasty, 1613-1917 ; Moscow Tsar, 1613-1645, Michael I of Russia ;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism
Moscow, 1613-1917, Romanov Dynasty, Polish Incursion to Communism ; St Hypatius of Gangra, Commemorated November 16 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I, Feodorovich, first Romanov, with Cossacks, c siberia to Pacific
Moscow, 1613-1645, Tsar Michael I of Russia ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Volomsk, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Irenarchus the Abbot of Solovki, Commemorated on July 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Igritsa, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Yuga, Commemorated on July 28; Venerable Job of Ushchelsk, Commemorated August 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on August 16; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Yaroslav-Smolensk, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22; Repose of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 28; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Diodorus the Abbot of Yuregorsk, Commemorated on November 20 ; Righteous Simeon the Wonderworker of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on December 18; Blessed Procopius of Vyatka the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on December 21; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated on January 22; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Polycarp of Briansk, Commemorated on February 23; Monkmartyr Euphrosynus of Blue Jay Lake, Novgorod, Commemorated on March 20; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius'™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 20; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Russia, Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Raiders, Pole-Lith light cavalry, looted large Vologda area
Moscow, 1615, Lisovski Riders, Polish; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker Commemorated on January 22 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1617, Treaty of Stolbovo between Russia and Sweden
Stolbovo (Treaty of Stolbovo) which ended Russia's war with Sweden. Stolbovo is south of Lake Ladgoda and 33 Miles from Tikhvin. Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1619-1633, Patriarch, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1619-1633, Patriarch Philaret of Moscow; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Leonid of Ustnedumsk, Commemorated on July 17 ; Finding of the relics of Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1625, Finding Incorrupt Relics Adrian of Poshekhonye
Poshekhonye; Finding of the relics of Monastic Martyr Adrian of Poshekhonsk, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Simon the Abbot of Soiga Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Sebastian the Abbot of Pshekhonye Monastery, Vologda, Commemorated on December 18 ; Venerable Sebastian of Poshekhonye, Commemorated February 26 ; Monkmartyr Adrian of Poshekhonye, Yaroslavl, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1632-1634, Polish-Muscovite War, the Smolensk War, P and Lith defend R attack
Polish-Muscovite War (1632-1634), the Smolensk War; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated on November 22; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow
Moscow, 1634-1640, Patriarch Joasaphus I of Moscow; Blessed Simon of Yurievets, Commemorated on November 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir
Russia, Moscow, 1641, Finding incorrupt relics of Venerable Alexander, Abbot of Svir ; Svir River; Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All R, Expansion, Western Ideas
Moscow, 1645-1676, Alexei Mikhailovich, Tsar of All Russia ; Mikhailovich (Russian: , IPA: ; 29 March [O.S. 19 March] 1629 -“ 8 February [O.S. 29 January] 1676) was the Tsar of Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676.[2] His reign saw wars with Poland and Sweden, schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, and the major Cossack revolt of Stenka Razin.[2] Nevertheless, at the time of his death Russia spanned almost 2,000,000,000 acres (8,100,000 km2). Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Brest-Litovsk, Commemorated on July 20 ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Seven Lakes, Commemorated on July 28; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; St Philip of Sukhona, Commemorated on August 17; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Job, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev, Commemorated August 28 ; St Gabriel I the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Martyr Athanasius the Abbot of Brest, Commemorated on September 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Glinsk, Commemorated on September 8; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated on October 1; Venerable Job the Abbot of Pochaev, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God of the Seven Lakes, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Venerable Nilus the Myrrhgusher of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated on January 13; Blessed Maximus the Fool-for-Christ of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 16; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Opening of the Relics of the Venerable Sava of Storozhev, or Zvenigorod, Commemorated on January 19; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh"; Commemorated on March 9; Righteous Basil of Mangazea in Siberia, Commemorated on March 23; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Appearance of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God Weeping "œIlyin Chernigov", Commemorated on April 16; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion", Commemorated on April 30; ; Icon of the Mother of God "œStaro Rus" Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Translation of the relics of the Venerable Nilus of Stolbensk, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2; St (John) Tornike of Mt Athos, Commemorated on June 12; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1695, Russia China War of the Amur Region
Moscow, Russia China War of the Amur Region (1652-1695) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod), service reforms, Old Believers
Moscow Patriarch, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod); born Nikita Minin (7 May 1605 - 17 August 1681) was the seventh Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' of the Russian Orthodox Church, serving officially from 1652 to 1666. He was renowned for his eloquence, energy, piety and close ties to Tsar Alexis of Russia. Nikon introduced many reforms which eventually led to a lasting schism known as Raskol in the Russian Orthodox Church. For many years he was a dominant political figure, often equaling or even overshadowing the Tsar. His liturgical reforms were unpopular among conservatives. In December 1666, Nikon was tried by a synod of church officials, deprived of all his sacerdotal functions, and reduced to the status of a simple monk. 1 Introduction 2 Prior to Nikon 3 Origins of reform 4 Reforms of Nikon 4.1 Main alterations 5 Schism 5.1 After the schism 6 Old Believer denominations 6.1 Priested (Popovtsy) 6.2 Priestless (Bezpopovtsy) 6.2.1 Minor groups 7 Edinovertsy 8 Validity of the reformist theory 9 Background 10 Main differences 11 Present situation 12 Old Believer churches 13 See also 14 References 15 Sources 15.1 In English 16 Further reading 16.1 In Russian 17 External links 1652, Patriarch Nikon (1605–1681; patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658) introduced a number of ritual and textual revisions with the aim of achieving uniformity between the practices of the Russian and Greek Orthodox churches. Nikon, having noticed discrepancies between Russian and Greek rites and texts, ordered an adjustment of the Russian rites to align with the Greek ones of his time. In doing so, according to the Old Believers, Nikon acted without adequate consultation with the clergy and without gathering a council.[11] After the implementation of these revisions, the Church anathematized and suppressed—with the support of Muscovite state power—the prior liturgical rite itself, as well as those who were reluctant to pass to the revised rite. who maintained fidelity to the existing rite endured severe persecutions from the end of the 17th century until the beginning of the 20th century as "Schismatics" (Russian: раскольники, raskol'niki). They became known as "Old Ritualists", a name introduced under the empress Catherine the Great who reigned from 1762 to 1796.[12] They continued to call themselves simply "Orthodox Christians". Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Translation of the relics of Blessed James of Borovichi the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 23; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Eleazar of Anzersk Island, Solovki, Commemorated on January 13; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œStaro Rus Old Russian, Commemorated on May 4; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Translation of the relics of Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1652, Old Believers Schism
Russia, Moscow, 1652, Old Believers Schism; Eastern Orthodox Church history, especially within the Russian Orthodox Church, the Old Believers or Old Ritualists are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Resisting the accommodation of Russian piety to the contemporary forms of Greek Orthodox worship, these Christians were anathematized, together with their ritual, in a Synod of 1666–67, producing a division in Eastern Europe between the Old Believers and those who followed the state church in its condemnation of the Old Rite. speakers refer to the schism itself as raskol (раскол), etymologically indicating a "cleaving-apart". Moscow Patriarch, 1652-1658, Nikon Metropolitan of Moscow (and Novgorod);

Russia, Moscow, 1653, Polish invasion of Liubech, Cherginov
Lubech; The Deluge (Polish history) ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubech, Commemorated on May 7 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1654-1667, Russian-Polish War, for Ukraine, Swede Deluge, First N War, R gains in U
Russian-Polish War, 1654-1667, War for the Ukraine ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Ozerianka Icon of God of Shuiu-Smolensk, Commemorated on November 2; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on June 2;

Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II
Moscow Patriarch, 1658-1666 Vacant, 1667-1672, Joasaphus II ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kiev-Bratsk, Commemorated on September 6; Blessed Andrew of Totma the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on October 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1662, Moslem Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662
Tatars descended upon Chernigov in 1662 and destroyed it - Icon of the Mother of God Weeping œIlyin ChernigovÂ, Commemorated on April 16 ; Cossack Hetmanate ; Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 1441-1774 ; Martyr Macarius the Archimandrite of Kanev and Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on September 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Theodosius the Archbishop of Chernigov, Commemorated on September 9 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov, Cossack Hierarch, not Caesaropapist
Moscow, 1671-1709, Saint Dimitry of Rostov ; Saint Dimitry of Rostov (sometimes Latinized as Demetrius, sometimes referred to simply as Dmitri Rostovsky, (11 December 1651 -“ 28 October 1709) was a leading opponent of the Caesaropapist reform of the Russian Orthodox church promoted by Feofan Prokopovich. He is representative of the strong Cossack Baroque influence upon the Russian Orthodox Church at the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries. Demetrius is sometimes credited as composer or compiler of the first Russian opera, the lengthy Rostov Mysteries of 1705, though the exact nature of this work, as well as its place in history, is open to debate.[2] He is the author of several written works, out of which the most famous is The Lives of Saints .[3] Prophet Ezekiel, Commemorated on July 21 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1672-1673, Patriarch Pitrim
Moscow Patriarch, 1672-1673, Pitrim;

Russia, Moscow, 1674-1690, Patriarch, Joachim, tried to discontinue veneration of Anna
Moscow Patriarch, 1674-1690, Joachim; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated on October 24; St Metrophanes (in schema Macarius) the Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on November 23; St. John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second glorification of the Holy Right-Believing Princess Anna of Kashin, Commemorated on June 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Turkish siege Pochaev on July 20-23, 1675
Volynia, Turkish siege on July 20-23, 1675; Crimean-Nogai Raids; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1675, Zbarazhsk War with the Turks, Zbarazh Castle, H R Source, Volhynia, W Ukraine
Zbarazhsk Castle; Zbarazhsk War with the Turks 1675; Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochaev, which saved the Monastery from the assault of the Tatars and Turks, Commemorated on July 23;

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1681, Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) R bank Ukraine, Russian v

Russia, Moscow, 1676-1682, Tsar, Feodor III of Russia, progressive views, beard shaving, nobility books d
Moscow Tsar, 1676-1682, Feodor III of Russia; III Alexeyevich or Fyodor III Alekseevich (9 June 1661-“ 7 May 1682) was the Tsar of Russia between 1676 and 1682. Contents 1 Life 2 Family 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Life[edit] Born in Moscow, Fyodor, as the eldest surviving son of Tsar Alexis and Maria Miloslavskaya, succeeded his father on the throne in 1676 at the age of fifteen. He had a fine intellect and a noble disposition; he had received an excellent education at the hands of Simeon Polotsky, the most learned Slavonic monk of the day. He knew Polish and even possessed the unusual accomplishment of Latin.[citation needed] He had been disabled from birth, however, horribly disfigured and half paralyzed by a mysterious disease, supposed to be scurvy.[citation needed] He spent most of his time with young nobles, Ivan Maksimovich Yazykov [ru] and Aleksei Timofeievich Likhachov [ru], who would later introduce Polish ceremonies, court dress, and language to the Russian court.[citation needed] On 28 July 1680 he married a noblewoman, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya (1663 -“ after 14 July 1681), daughter of Simeon Feodorovich Grushevsky and of his wife Maria Ivanovna Zaborovskaya, and assumed the sceptre. His native energy, though crippled, was not crushed by his disabilities. He soon showed himself as a thorough and devoted reformer. The atmosphere of the court ceased to be oppressive, the light of a new liberalism shone, and the severity of the penal laws was considerably mitigated.[citation needed] The Tsar founded the academy of sciences in the Zaikonospassky monastery, where competent professors were to teach everything not expressly forbidden by the Orthodox church the syllabus included Slavonic, Greek, Latin and Polish.[1] The Feodorean and the later Petrine reforms differed in that while the former were primarily, though not exclusively, for the benefit of the church, the latter were primarily for the benefit of the state. A household census took place in 1678.[2] The most notable reform of Feodor III, made at the suggestion of Vasily Galitzine, involved the abolition in 1682 of the system of mestnichestvo, or "place priority", which had paralyzed the whole civil and military administration of Muscovy for generations. Henceforth all appointments to the civil and military services were to be determined by merit and by the will of the sovereign,[1] while pedigree (nobility) books were to be destroyed. Family[edit] Fyodor's first consort, Agaphia Simeonovna Grushevskaya, shared his progressive views. She was the first to advocate beard-shaving.[1] On 11 July 1681, the Tsaritsa gave birth to her son, Tsarevich Ilya Fyodorovich, the expected heir to the throne. Agaphia died as a consequence of the childbirth three days later, on 14 July, and seven days later, on 21 July, the ten-days-old Tsarevich also died. Seven months later, on 24 February 1682 Fyodor married a second time Marfa Apraksina (1667-“1716), daughter of Matvei Vasilievich Apraksin and wife Domna Bogdanovna Lovchikova. Feodor died three months after his new wedding, on 7 May, without surviving issue. The news of his death sparked the Moscow Uprising of 1682. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Monk Martyr Damascene of the Lavra, Commemorated on November 13; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Venerable Anthony of Chernoezero, Commemorated on January 17; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10;

Russia, Moscow, 1677, Turks lay siege to Chigirin
Turks lay siege to Chigirin 1677 ; Russo-Turkish War (1676-“81) ; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1682-1725, Tsar Peter 1, Enlightened, W marriages, G Embassy, Ship b, beard tax, dress, calendar
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1684-1686, Chinese Invasions of Albazin and Amur River
Moscow, Chinese Invasions of Albazin (1684-1686) ; Icon of the Mother of God "œThe Word was made Flesh", Commemorated on March 9; Blessed Dovmont (Timothy) the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on May 20;

Russia, Moscow, 1686-1700, Russo-Turkish War (1686-“1700) European Anti-Turk Coalition, 2 Crimean Ds, Azov V

Russia, Moscow, 1700, 18th - 21st Century Folder, Many Wars protecting Orthodox

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1799, 18th Century Folder, Wars with Sweden, Turkey, Persia, and Mongols

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Protestants and Sweden)
Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk
Moscow, 1700-1731, Priest, Innocent of Irkutsk; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1707-1727, Tsarina, Catherine I of Russia, from maid to tzar story
Moscow, 1725-1726, Tsar, Catherine I of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1709, Battle of Poltava, Great Northern War, Russian Victory
Battle of Poltava; Great Northern War; Icon of the Mother of God of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 17 ; Appearance of the Mother of God to St Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on August 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1710-1711, Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711), Pruth R Campaign, Swede King to Moldovia
Moscow, 1710-1711, Russo-Turkish War (1710-1711), Pruth River Campaign;

Russia, Moscow, 1721, Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721, GN War
Nishtad Peace, Treaty of Nystad. August 30, 1721; Great Northern War 1700-1721; Translation of the relics of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on August 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1725, Peter 1 the G, Expansion and Navy in Azov, Black, White, and Baltic Seas
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; the Great (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 - 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)[b] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death in 1725, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea. led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernised and based on the Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1725, Emperor Peter 1 the G, Cultural Revolution, Westernization, no beards, anti church
Moscow Tsar, 1682-1725, Peter the Great, Tsar of All Russia ; the Great (9 June [O.S. 30 May] 1672 - 8 February [O.S. 28 January] 1725)[b] ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May [O.S. 27 April] 1682 until his death in 1725, jointly ruling before 1696 with his elder half-brother, Ivan V. a number of successful wars, he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power and also laid the groundwork for the Imperial Russian Navy after capturing ports at Azov and the Baltic Sea. led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, Westernised and based on the Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms had a lasting impact on Russia, and many institutions of the Russian government trace their origins to his reign. He is also known for founding and developing the city of Saint Petersburg, which remained the capital of Russia until 1917. Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pochaev, Commemorated on July 23; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on July 28; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Translation of the relics of Righteous Simeon of Verkhoturye, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rudens, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow, Commemorated on October 24; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Hilarion, Metropolitan of Suzdal and Yuriev, Commemorated on December 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Unexpected Joy, Commemorated on January 25; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 5; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Theognes at Cyzicus, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Argyra, Commemorated on April 30; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected Joy from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Macarius the Archimandrite of Obruch (Kanev), Commemorated on May 13; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; Second Translation of the relics of St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on June 23 ; Righteous John the Youth of Meniugi, Novgorod, Commemorated on June 24; Righteous Procopius the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Ustiug, Vologda, Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire, third largest in history, 1 British and 2 Mongol
Moscow, 1721-1917, Russian Empire; Moscow, 1700-1721, Great Northern War (with Sweden); Moscow Tsar, 1721-1725, Peter the Great; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Russia, Moscow, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722-“23) Caspian, Caucasus North and South, C Iran to R
Moscow, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722-“23) Russia over Persia to control Caspian and Caucasus (Georgia) for Orthodoxy, Peter the Great; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1727-1730, Tsar, Peter II of Russia, Orphan, hunting, feasting, end of R line
Moscow, 1727-1730, Tsar, Peter II of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1730-1740, Tsar, Anna of Russia, influenced by uncle Peter the G
Moscow, 1730-1740, Tsar, Anna of Russia; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep, Commemorated on July 29; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œXenophon Hodigitria", Commemorated on January 21; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1732-1778, Rousseau, modern thought, Facist, Nazi, Marxist, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks, Ural River, Kazakhastan, Siberia, Orthodox
Russia, 1734-1916, Orenburg Cossacks; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1735-1739, Austro-Russian-Turk War) Crimea, Black Sea, Azov
Moscow, 1735-1739, Austro-Russian-“Turkish War (1735-“39); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1740-1741, Tsar, Ivan VI, emperor at 2 months old, first cousin Elizabeth's Coup
Moscow, 1740-1741, Tsar, Ivan VI of Russia ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of the Trinity-St Sergius Lavra, Commemorated July 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Russia, Moscow, 1741-1761, Empress, Elizabeth, popular, no executions, constrctn projects, westrn enlightenment
Moscow, 1741-1761, Empress, Elizabeth ; Elizabeth Petrovna (29 December [O.S. 18 December] 1709 -“ 5 January 1762 [O.S. 25 December 1761]), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, was the Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular Russian monarchs because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous construction projects, and her strong opposition to Prussian policies.[1] The second eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great, Elizabeth lived under the confused successions of her father's descendants since her half-brother Alexei's death. The throne was first passed to her nephew Peter II, who died in 1730 and was succeeded by her first cousin Anna. After the brief rule of Anna's great-nephew, Ivan VI, Elizabeth seized the throne with the military's support and declared her own nephew, the future Peter III, to be her heir. During her reign, Elizabeth continued the policies of her father and brought a remarkable Age of Enlightenment in Russia. Her domestic policies allowed the nobles to gain dominance in local government while shortening their terms of service to the state. She encouraged Mikhail Lomonosov's foundation of the University of Moscow, the highest-ranking Russian educational institution. Her court was one of the most splendid in all Europe, especially regarding architecture: she modernized Russia's roads, encouraged Ivan Shuvalov's foundation of the Imperial Academy of Arts, and financed grandiose baroque projects of her favourite architect, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, particularly in Peterhof Palace. The Winter Palace and the Smolny Cathedral in Saint Petersburg are among the chief monuments of her reign.[1] Elizabeth led the country during the two major European conflicts of her time: the War of Austrian Succession (1740-“48) and the Seven Years' War (1756'“63). She and diplomat Aleksey Bestuzhev-Ryumin solved the first event by forming an alliance with Austria and France, but indirectly caused the second. Russia enjoyed several victories against Prussia and briefly occupied Berlin, but when Frederick the Great was finally prepared to surrender in January 1761 (1762?), the message was sent only to find the Empress dead. St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated September 2 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Isaakov, Commemorated September 8 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God œAssuage my sorrow, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Seeker of the Lost, Commemorated on February 5; St Kristo the Gardener of Albania, Commemorated on February 12; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Akhtyr, Commemorated on July 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War, Vyborg, near St Pete, Russian def V
Moscow, 1741-1743, Russo-Swedish War (1741-“43) ; Moscow Empress, 1741-1761, Elizabeth ; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1744-1783, Saint, Tikhon of Zadonsk
Moscow, 1744-1783, Saint, Tikhon of Zadonsk; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13;

Russia, Moscow, 1761-1762, Emperor, Peter III, German Born, pro Prussian, removed by troups in Coup
Russia, Moscow, 1761-1762, Emperor, Peter III, German Born, pro Prussian, removed by troups in Coup;

Russia, Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great, removed husband, Enlightened, Golden Age
Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage My Sorrows", Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joyful", Commemorated on November 7; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II, Nobles, no longer having to fight or lead, Built Mansions
Moscow, 1762-1796, Empress, Catherine II the Great ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kostroma, Commemorated July 28 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated August 13; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage My Sorrows", Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated on October 21; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joyful", Commemorated on November 7; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Hieromartyr Damascene of Hilandar of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 16; Translation of the relics of St Theoctistus the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "œAssuage my sorrow", Commemorated on January 25; New Martyr Theodore, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated on February 14; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Translation of the relics of St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on June 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œOur Lady of Sitka", Commemorated on July 8;

Russia, Moscow, 1765-1817, Saint Theodore Ushakov, Admiral
Moscow, 1765-1817, Saint Theodore Ushakov, Admiral; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War, Moldovia, Ochakov, Crimea, Black and Azov Seas
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1772-1836, Priest, Herman of Alaska
Moscow, 1772-1836, Priest, Herman of Alaska; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Venerable Theodore of Sanaxar, Commemorated on February 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1781-1796, Saint Juneval of Alaska
Moscow, 1781-1796, Saint Juneval of Alaska; Martyr Juvenal of Alaska, Commemorated on September 24;

Russia, Moscow, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire
Georgia, 1783-1917, Georgia in the Russian Empire; Saint Hilarion the New of Georgia, Commemorated on February 14; the Russian annexation of Kartli-Kakheti, the imperial court of the tsar increased diplomatic correspondence with the court of King Solomon II. king was urged likewise to unite the Imeretian Kingdom to Russia. Solomon summoned a council of noblemen, and it was decided that Imereti would remain independent, while maintaining friendly relations with Russia until the king’s death. However, it was agreed that since King Solomon had no heir, after his repose the court of the imperial tsar would acquire jurisdiction over the region. the political climate in Georgia became increasingly tense, and the ability of the Imeretian court to govern was severely undermined. court was suddenly besieged with cases of envy and treason, and it became necessary for the king to flee to Turkey. Protopresbyter Ise Qanchaveli accompanied King Solomon II to his place of exile and remained with him to the end of the king’s life. the king’s death in 1815, Fr. Ise received an amnesty from Tsar Alexander I (1801-1825) on behalf of the king and his court. Ise himself planned to go into reclusion in the village where he was born, King Solomon’s widow, Queen Mariam, summoned him to Moscow where she was being held in “honorable captivity.” Fr. Ise brought to her a piece of the Life-giving Cross of our Lord, which had belonged to King Solomon, and the queen preserved her husband’s treasure in the court church. life at the imperial court was tiresome for the God-fearing Fr. Ise, so he exchanged his clothing for beggars’ rags and set off for Mt. Athos in the year 1819.

Russia, Moscow, 1786-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov
Moscow, 1786-1833, Saint, Seraphim of Sarov ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Russia, Moscow, 1787-1792, Russo-Turkish War, Crimea, Moldovia
Moscow, 1787-1792, Russo-Turkish War (1787-“92) ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1787-1817, Admiral, Fyodor Ushakov
Moscow, 1787-1817, Admiral, Fyodor Ushakov ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22;

Russia, Moscow, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-90) by Sweden (allied with Turks) for domestic reasons, fake defense, Baltic sea battles
Moscow, 1788-1790, Russo-Swedish War (1788-“90) ; Moscow Empress, 1762-1796, Catherine the Great; Icon of the Mother of God of Domnitsa, Commemorated on September 8; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Russia, Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia, overshadowed by mother Catherine II, hated French, assinated
Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity, Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7; When the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, the right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) were transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). In the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. A special service was composed for this Feast. ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated on January 24; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31;

Russia, Moscow, 1799, Transfer of the Right Hand of John the Baptist
Russia, Moscow, 1799, Transfer of the Right Hand of John the Baptist Moscow, 1796-1801, Emperor, Paul I of Russia ; Translation of a Particle of the Life Giving Cross from Malta to Gatchina, Commemorated on October 12 ; Translation of the relic of the Right Hand of John the Baptist, Commemorated on October 12; Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on January 7; When the Russian Tsar Paul I (1796-1801) became Grand Master of the Maltese Order in honor of the holy Prophet John, the right hand of the Baptist, part of the Life-Creating Cross and the Philermos Icon (October 12) of the Mother of God (from Mt Philermos on the island of Rhodes) were transferred in 1799 from the island of Malta to Russia [because of the Napoleonic threat], to the chapel at Gatchina (October 12). In the same year these sacred items were transferred into the church dedicated to the Icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands at the Winter Palace. A special service was composed for this Feast. ;

Russia, Moscow, 1800-1899, 19th Century Folder, Wars with France, Turkey, and Persia

Russia, Moscow, 1801-1825, Emperor, Alexander I, began enlightened, but; against, for, against Napoleon
Moscow, 1801-1825, Emperor, Alexander I ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated on September 7 ; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 8; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity, Commemorated on October 17; St Peter of Cetinje, Commemorated on October 18; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; Icon of the Mother of God œTinos, Commemorated on January 30; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; New Martyr Nicetas of Pojani and Serres, Commemorated on April 4; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, France w Turks, Moldovia and Wallacia, Russian V.
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12) Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia for Orthodoxy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Patriotic War of 1812
Moscow, 1812, French Invasion of Russia, Patriotic War of 1812; St Tikhon the Bishop of Voronezh and Wonderworker of Zadonsk and All Russia, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God of Sven, Commemorated on August 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalem, Commemorated on October 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.
Russia, Kaluga, 1812, Appearances of the Kaluga Icon, seen by French invaders.; Icon of the Mother of God of Kaluga, Commemorated on October 12; The Kaluga Icon of the Mother of God appeared in the year 1748 (September 2). In 1812 many Russian and French soldiers beheld the Kaluga icon of the Mother of God, standing in the air. Thus also it was around Kaluga and Maloyaroslavl. During such appearances the Russian armies were always victorious. This vision was also granted to the peasant Paraskeva Alekseeva.

Russia, Moscow, 1812, Battle of Borodino, French victory before Moscow fell
Russia, Moscow, 1812, Battle of Borodino; Appearance of the Smolensk œDirectress Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Russia, Moscow, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan, with Persia, R P War of 1804-13
Moscow, 1813, Treaty of Gulistan, with Persia ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12;

Russia, Moscow, 1817-1879, Innocent of Alaska, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1817-1879, Innocent of Alaska, Metropolitan of Moscow; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1821-1867, Philaret Drozdov, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow, 1821-1867, Patriarch, Philaret Drozdov ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; HERMAN OF ALASKA, MISSIONARY TO THE ALEUT, 9 August 1837; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœChernigov-GethsemaneÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on September 1; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1822-1864, Saint, Jacob Netsvetov
Russia, Moscow, 1822-1864, Saint, Jacob Netsvetov; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1825-1855, Emperor, Nicolas 1, reactionary, geo expansion, industry, Greece , centralization
Moscow, 1825-1855, Emperor, Nicolas 1 ; I ( 6 July [O.S. 25 June] 1796 – 2 March [O.S. 18 February] 1855) as Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 1825 until 1855. was the third son of Paul I and younger brother of his predecessor, Alexander I. Nicholas inherited his brother's throne despite the failed Decembrist revolt against him. is mainly remembered in history as a reactionary whose controversial reign was marked by geographical expansion, economic growth and massive industrialisation on the one hand, and centralisation of administrative policies and repression of dissent on the other. had a happy marriage that produced a large family; all of their seven children survived childhood.[1] biographer Nicholas V. Riasanovsky said that he displayed determination, singleness of purpose, and an iron will, along with a powerful sense of duty and a dedication to very hard work. saw himself as a soldier—a junior officer totally consumed by spit and polish. A handsome man, he was highly nervous and aggressive. Trained as an engineer, he was a stickler for minute detail. In his public persona, stated Riasanovsky, "Nicholas I came to represent autocracy personified: infinitely majestic, determined and powerful, hard as stone, and relentless as fate."[2] I was instrumental in helping to create an independent Greek state, and resumed the Russian conquest of the Caucasus by seizing Igdır Province and the remainder of modern-day Armenia and Azerbaijan from Qajar Persia during the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828. He ended the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 successfully as well. on, however, he led Russia into the Crimean War (1853–1856), with disastrous results. emphasize that his micromanagement of the armies hindered his generals, as did his misguided strategy. William C. Fuller notes that historians have frequently concluded that "the reign of Nicholas I was a catastrophic failure in both domestic and foreign policy."[3] the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its geographical zenith, spanning over 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles), but had a desperate need for reform. Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tenderness from Seraphim-Diveyevo, Commemorated July 28 ; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Glorification of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on August 9 ; Martyr Gerontius of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Martyr Otar of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on August 12; Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Seven Arrows", Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God "œChernigov-Gethsemane", Commemorated on September 1; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated October 1 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMultiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God "œIn Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated on October 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated on December 13; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God "œTinos", Commemorated on January 30; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated on January 30; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Rescuer of the Drowning", Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated on February 5; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; St Meletius, Archbishop of Kharkov and Akhtyr, Commemorated on February 29; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners" in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners" of Odrino, Orlov, Commemorated on March 7 ; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; Translation of the relics of the Blessed Vsevolod, in Holy Baptism Gabriel, the Prince of Pskov, Commemorated on April 22; Icon of the Mother of God of Zhirovits, Commemorated on May 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Chelnsk and Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 14; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Surety of sinners", Commemorated on May 29 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Moscow, 1827-1867, Saint, Ignatius Bryanchaninov
Moscow, 1827-1867, Saint, Ignatius Bryanchaninov ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1828-1829, Russo-Turkish War, Turks closed Dardanelles, Russian Victory
Moscow, 1828-1829, Russo-Turkish War (1828-“29); Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829. War broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention in retaliation for Russian participation in October 1827 in the Battle of Navarino.[2] Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk
Russia, Kaluga, 1832-1891, Saint, Ambrose of Optina, starets and hiroschemamonk; Optina Monestary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated on September 18; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated October 10 ; Synaxis of the Venerable Fathers of Optina, Commemorated on October 11 ; Venerable Leonid of Optina, Commemorated on October 11; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated October 15 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1834-1860, Theologian, Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov
Moscow, 1834-1860, Theologian, Aleksey Stepanovich Khomyakov ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1835 - 1894, Saint Theophan the Recluse, Tambov, Mordovia
Russia, Moscow, 1835 - 1894, Saint Theophan the Recluse, Tambov, Mordovia; Kazan Church of the Vysha Monastery, Tambov, Mordovia, assumed to be in or near Tambov based on Saint Theophan's story.; St. Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Theophan the Recluse, 1835 - 1894;

Russia, Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition
Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition; “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon became famous in 1841. An eighteen-year-old girl from Stromyn, a village not far from Moscow, was close to death from an illness. In a dream she saw the Cyprus Icon standing over the entrance to the church, and a voice came from the icon: “Take me into your home and have the priest serve a Molieben with the Blessing of Water, and you will be cured.” sick girl was brought to the church and finally located the icon after a long search. The girl obeyed the command of the Most Holy Theotokos, and after the Molieben she felt strong enough to carry the icon back to the church herself. Shortly thereafter, she was completely healed. The “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon continued to work miracles of healing, which the rector of the church reported to the holy Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (November 19). Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Tolstoy, Rousseau admirer, Anarchist, Pacifist, nonviolent resist, Henry George
Russia, Moscow, 1848-1910, Writer Leo Tolstoy; Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy[note 1] (9 September, [O.S. 28 August] 1828 - 20 November, [O.S. 7 November] 1910), usually referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, a Russian writer who is regarded as one of the greatest authors of all time.[3] He received nominations for the Nobel Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1901, 1902, and 1909. That he never won is a major controversy.[4][5][6][7] to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828,[3] Tolstoy is best known for the novels War and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1878),[8] often cited as pinnacles of realist fiction.[3] first achieved literary acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, Childhood, Boyhood, and Youth (1852–1856), and Sevastopol Sketches (1855), based upon his experiences in the Crimean War. fiction includes dozens of short stories and several novellas such as The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886), Family Happiness (1859), and Hadji Murad (1912). He also wrote plays and numerous philosophical essays. the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work A Confession (1882). literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him to become a fervent Christian anarchist and pacifist.[3] ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as Mahatma Gandhi[9] and Martin Luther King Jr.[10] also became a dedicated advocate of Georgism, the economic philosophy of Henry George, which he incorporated into his writing, particularly Resurrection (1899). ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1849-1908, Saint, John of Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg
Russia, Moscow, 1849-1908, Saint, John of Kronstadt Island, St Petersburg; of Kronstadt (31 October [O.S. 19 October] 1829[a] - 2 January 1909 [O.S. 20 December 1908]) was a Russian Orthodox archpriest and a member of the Most Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church. He was known for his mass confessions, numerous miracles, charitable work but also for his monarchistic, chauvinistic, antisemitic and anti-communist views.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] is a saint of the Eastern Orthodox Church and is known with the epithet "Righteous". Kronstadt Island (Kotlin Island, St Petersburg); Kronshtadtsky District; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; John of Kronstadt was born in the village of Sura in Archangel province on October 19, 1829, and was called John in honor of Saint John of Rila (August 18). His parents were very poor but were very devoted to the Church. Even though he was poor, as a young boy John learned to feel compassion for others in their misfortune. His neighbors frequently asked him to pray for them, as they noticed this special grace-endowed gift in him. When John was ten, his parents were able to raise some money and send him to the local school which was attached to the church. At first, the boy had an extremely difficult time with his studies. He worked for days on end, but still failed to keep up. about his life he once recalled an evening when everyone had already gone to bed. “I could not sleep, and I still failed to understand anything I was taught. I still read poorly and could not remember anything I was told. I became so depressed I fell to my knees and began to pray. I don’t know whether I had spent a long time in that position or not, but suddenly something shook my whole being. It was as if a veil had fallen from my eyes, and my mind had been opened, and I remembered clearly my teacher of that day and his lesson. I also recalled the topic and the examples he had given. I felt so light and joyous inside.” After this experience he did so well he became one of the first in his class to be chosen to go to seminary, and after seminary to the Theological Academy in Saint Petersburg (a great honor at that time). his studies, John thought about the importance of forgiveness, meekness, and love, and came to believe that these were the very center and power of Christianity, and that only one path—the path of humble love—leads to God and the triumph of His righteousness. He also thought a great deal about the Savior’s death on the Cross at Golgotha, and pitied those who did not know Jesus Christ. He wished to preach to them about His death and Resurrection. He dreamed about becoming a missionary to distant China, but saw that there was a great deal of work for a genuine pastor of Christ’s flock both in his own city and the surrounding towns. John graduated from the Academy he met Elizabeth Nesvitsky who lived in the town of Kronstadt. They dated, he proposed, and they were married. After his studies, John still desired to learn more about his faith and his Church. was in this frame of mind that he prepared to be a priest and to enter public ministry. He was ordained a deacon on December 10, 1855, and then priest on December 12. He was assigned to Saint Andrew’s Cathedral in the city of Kronstadt. He said, “I made myself a rule to be as sincere as possible in my work, and of strictly watching myself and my inner life.” John wanted most of all to earn the love of the people in his care, because only a loving attitude could provide the firm support and help he needed as he faced the difficult work of the priesthood. His constant thought was how he would come before the Last Judgment and have to give an account, not only for his own deeds, but also the deeds of his flock, for whose education and salvation he was responsible. To him no one was a stranger; everyone who came to him for help became a friend and relative. He would tell people “The Church is the best heavenly friend of every sincere Christian.” He conducted divine services daily and offered the prayers of the faithful. He called all who rarely receive Holy Communion to prepare themselves and live their lives in a Christian way so that they could receive more often. Listening to Father John, many people changed their lifestyle, repented sincerely, and joyfully received Holy Communion on a regular basis. that time the government exiled murderers, thieves and other criminals to Kronstadt. Life was horrible for the exiles. Even children of exiles would become thieves and criminals. He would go to their dugouts, hovels and shacks to visit with them. Not satisfied with staying for five or ten minutes to administer some rite and then leave, Father John believed he was coming to visit a priceless soul, his brothers and sisters. He would stay for hours, talking, encouraging, comforting, crying, and rejoicing together with them. the beginning he also concerned himself with the material needs of the poor. He would shop for food, go to the pharmacy for prescriptions, to the doctor for help, many times giving the poor his last few coins. The inhabitants of Kronstadt would see him returning home barefoot and without his cassock. Often parishioners would bring shoes to his wife, saying to her, “Your husband has given away his shoes to someone, and will come home barefoot.” He would also write articles for the newspaper exhorting the people of Kronstadt to “support the poor morally and materially.” These appeals touched the hearts of many and Father John organized many charitable efforts. Realizing that his individual charity was insufficient for aiding the needy, he founded the Orthodox Christian House Parish Trusteeship of Saint Andrew the First-Called. This brotherhood coordinated many charitable efforts throughout the city and helped many needy people. 1857, he began teaching in the local city schools. He would tell people, “If children cannot listen to the Gospel, it is only because it is taught like any other subject, with boredom and indifference. Such teaching defeats the purpose of the Gospel. It fails because it forces students only to read words and memorize them instead of making them live in their lives.” To Father John there were no incapable students. He taught in such a way that poor pupils as well as good ones were able to understand. His attention was aimed not so much at forcing students to memorize as to fill their souls with the joy of living according to Christian values, sharing with them the holy thoughts which filled his soul. speaking to other priests about their vocation he would say, “You are a representative of the faith of the Church, O priest; you are a representative of Christ the Lord Himself. You should be a model of meekness, purity, courage, perseverance, patience, and lofty spirit. You are doing the work of God and must not let anything discourage you.” John has performed more miracles than almost any other saint, with the possible exception of Saint Nicholas. Through his prayers he healed the sick, gave hope to the hopeless, and brought sinners to repentance. John labored endlessly in his work for the Lord preaching, teaching, and helping those in need. Having spent his entire life serving God and His people, Father John fell ill and died on December 20, 1908. Almost immediately, people from near and far began to make pilgrimages to the monastery where he was buried. Even today millions of Orthodox Christians in Russia and around the world pray to him to intercede for them as he had always done from his childhood. John was glorified by the Russian Orthodox Church on June 8, 1990. Feasts & Saints Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1853-1856, Crimean War, Orthodox East v Ottomans and West
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War, Crimean War, R defeat by Eng, Ger, Fr and Turks
Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Russia, Moscow, 1855-1881, Alexander II, Emperor, Serf Lib in 1861, reformer, but killed by serfs, Alaska
Moscow, 1855-1881, Alexander II, Emperor of Russia ; II (29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881)[a] was the Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination.[1] most significant reform as emperor was emancipation of Russia's serfs in 1861, for which he is known as Alexander the Liberator. tsar was responsible for other reforms, including reorganizing the judicial system, setting up elected local judges, abolishing corporal punishment,[2] promoting local self-government through the zemstvo system, imposing universal military service, ending some privileges of the nobility, and promoting university education. After an assassination attempt in 1866, Alexander adopted a somewhat more reactionary stance until his death.[3] pivoted towards foreign policy and sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, fearing the remote colony would fall into British hands if there was another war.[4] He sought peace, moved away from bellicose France when Napoleon III fell in 1871, and in 1872 joined with Germany and Austria in the League of the Three Emperors that stabilized the European situation. Despite his otherwise pacifist foreign policy, he fought a brief war with the Ottoman Empire in 1877–78, pursued further expansion into Siberia and the Caucasus, and conquered Turkestan. Although disappointed by the results of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, Alexander abided by that agreement. his greatest domestic challenges was an uprising in Poland in 1863, to which he responded by stripping that land of its separate constitution and incorporating it directly into Russia. was proposing additional parliamentary reforms to counter the rise of nascent revolutionary and anarchistic movements when he was assassinated in 1881.[5] Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Repose of St Jacob Netsvetov the Enlightener of the Peoples of Alaska, Commemorated on July 26; First finding of the relics of St Metrophanes the First Bishop of Voronezh, Commemorated on August 7; Venerable Anthony of Optina, Commemorated on August 7 ; Tikon of Zadonsk, Commemorated August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14; Venerable Hilarion of Optina, Commemorated September 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "œMultiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Andronicus, Commemorated on October 22; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov, Commemorated on January 10; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated on January 10; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated on February 14; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Icon of the Mother of God of "the Uncut Mount", Commemorated on March 24; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas. Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1857-1911, St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina
Kaluga's St Joseph (Litovkin) of Optina, 1857-1911; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1861-1912, Saint, Nicholas of Japan
Japan Saint, 1861-1912, Nicholas of Japan; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16;

Russia, Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78) in Bulgaria
Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); Icon of the Mother of God “Socola”, Commemorated on February 1; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Russia, Moscow, 1879-1892, Patriarch Macarius Bulgakov, Metropolitan of Moscow
Moscow Patriarch, 1879-1892, Macarius Bulgakov, Metropolitan of Moscow ; Valaam Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on August 7; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1881-1894, Emperor Alexander III, counter-reformer, peacemaker, orthodox
Moscow Emperor, 1881-1894, Alexander III, Emperor of Russia ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All who sorrow" (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Translation of the Icon of the Mother of God in Triumph to Russia, Commemorated on September 18 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the "Multiplier of Wheat", Commemorated on October 15; Icon of the Mother of God "œthe Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated on October 24; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Founding of the Church of St George, Commemorated on November 10; Icon of the Mother of God "œSeraphim-Ponetaevka", Commemorated on November 27; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29;

Russia, Moscow, 1885-1925, Tikhon, Apostle to America, Patriarch and Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia
Moscow, 1885-1925, Tikhon, Apostle to America, Patriarch of Moscow; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9;

Russia, Moscow, 1889-1916, Russian Mystic, Rasputin
Russia, Moscow, 1889-1916, Russian Mystic, Rasputin; St. Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1891-1917, Priest John Kochurov, first priest martyred by Bolsheviks
Russia, Moscow, 1891-1917, Priest John Kochurov, first priest martyred by Bolsheviks Tsarskoye Selo; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated October 31 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated November 27 ;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1917, Emperor, Nicholas II, Reformer, overthrown by Revolution, Executed
Moscow Emperor, 1894-1917, Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia ; Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Joy of All who sorrow (with coins) in St Petersburg, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30 ; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the œMultiplier of Wheat, Commemorated on October 15; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1917, Emperess Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Nic and Alix
Moscow Emperess, 1894-1917, Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse); Passion-bearer Tsar Nicholas, Commemorated on July 17; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Martyr Ilia Chavchavadze of Georgia, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Righteous Admiral Theodore Ushakov of the Russian Naval Fleet, Commemorated on October 2; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Venerable Ambrose of Optina, Commemorated on October 10; Icon of the Mother of God the œMultiplier of Wheat, Commemorated on October 15; Hierarch Alexander, Bishop of Guria and Samegrelo, Commemorated on October 27; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on December 20; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Gabriel, Bishop of Imereti, Commemorated on January 25; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; The Meeting of the Mother of God and Saint Elizabeth, Commemorated on March 30; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1894-1905, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich
Moscow Grand Duke, 1894-1905, Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Russia, Moscow, 1900-1999, 20th Century Folder, Bolsheviks, Revolution, Living Progressive Church

Russia, Moscow, 1903-1912, Bolsheviks, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats)
Bolsheviks, 1903-1912, (Majority, Reds, Workers, Communist Party of the Social Democrats); St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1904-1905, Russo-Japanese War of 1904, 1905
Moscow, Russo-Japanese war in 1904, 1905; Liaodong Peninsula; St Nicholas, Equal of the Apostles and Archbishop of Japan, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, 1908-1931, Nikon of Optina, lived through terrible times
Russia, Kaluga, 1908-1931, Nikon of Optina; Optina Monestary ; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Nikon was born on September 26, 1888, the son of Metrophanes and Vera Belyaev, and was named Nicholas at his Baptism. His parents, who were both very devout, belonged to one of Moscow’s merchant families. Belyaev family received a visit from Saint John of Kronstadt when Nicholas was in his first year. He blessed Vera and gave her a signed photograph of himself. Nicholas and his brother John loved going to church and reading the Holy Scriptures and other spiritual books. When John and Nicholas decided to embrace monasticism, they cut up a list of Russia’s monasteries from an old book, and Nicholas was asked to pick one of the strips after praying to God. The strip he selected read, “The Optina Hermitage of the Entry of the Theotokos into the Temple, Kozelsk.” Until that moment, neither of them had ever heard of this monastery. brothers traveled to Optina on February 24, 1907 with their mother’s blessing, and were accepted into the monastery on December 9, the commemoration of the “Unexpected Joy” Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. was assigned as secretary to Father Barsanuphius, the Superior of the Skete, in October 1908. Except for reading and serving in church, this became his chief monastic obedience for the rest of his life. Saint Barsanuphius (April 1) foresaw that he would become an excellent monk as well as a worthy disciple. Nicholas was devoted to the Elder, and followed his will in all matters. Father Barsanuphius gave him the benefit of his knowledge and experience, guiding him to ascend the spiritual ladder of virtues. was tonsured into the Lesser Schema on May 24, 1915 with the new name Nikon in honor of the martyr Saint Nikon (September 28). He was ordained as a deacon on April 30, 1916, and as a priest on November 3, 1917. Father Nikon could not help but remember the prophecy of Father Barsanuphius made several years before the Russian Revolution. Saint Barsanuphius foresaw times of difficulty for monasteries when Christians would be persecuted and suffer martyrdom. He predicted that he himself would be dead before this happened, and that Father Nikon would live through those terrible times. Nikon was arrested and jailed on September 18, 1919 without the benefit of a trial, just because he was a monk. He was later released and permitted to return to Optina, where the monks had formed a farming cooperative. Soviets closed the cooperative in 1923, and the monastery was turned into a museum. Two monks were allowed to stay and work in the museum, while the others were expelled and told to go wherever they wished. Father Nikon was blessed by Father Isaac to serve in the church dedicated to the Kazan Icon and to receive visitors. When people came to him for advice, he always quoted the words of the Optina Elders. last church at Optina was closed early in 1924, and Father Nikon was obliged to leave in June. He went to live at Kozelsk with Father Cyril Zlenko. There he continued to receive visitors and offer spiritual counsel, sharing money and food with those who were too old, or too sick to work. Father Nikon was a wise spiritual Father, who was able to help people overcome their shame and reveal the sins which had troubled them for a long time. People would leave Father Nikon feeling cleansed and renewed. Nikon, Father Cyril, and Father Agapitus Taub were arrested and thrown into prison in June of 1927. Father Nikon and Father Agapitus were sent to the “Kemperpunkt” camp, where Father Nikon was assigned the duty of guarding the storehouses. Nikon wrote to his spiritual children from the camp with cheerful words of encouragement. Although he accepted his imprisonment as God’s will, it was nevertheless difficult for him to endure. When their prison term ended, the two monks were sent into exile at Archangelsk. Before leaving the camp, Father Nikon was examined and found to have tuberculosis. The doctors advised him to request that his place of exile be changed to a place with a more suitable climate. asked the advice of Father Agapitus, who told him not to make such a request. At Archangels, Father Nikon lodged in the home of an elderly woman who gave him little rest or peace. Every week he had to travel three kilometers to present himself before the authorities in the city of Pinyega. shoveling snow at the beginning of Great Lent, Father Nikon’s leg began to hemorrhage, and he developed a high fever. His landlady did not feel any pity for him, but told him that he must leave her house so that the others would not become infected with tuberculosis. Father Nikon was visited by Father Peter, who had once lived at Optina. He begged Father Peter to take him in, which he did. Father Peter cared for the Elder to the best of his ability. For the last two months of his life, Father Nikon received Holy Communion almost every day, and his sufferings seemed to grow less severe. He often dictated letters to his spiritual children to Father Peter. One day, Father Nikon saw Saint Macarius of Optina (September 7) in a vision and told Sister Irene to pull up a chair for him. She was slow to obey him so he said, “Forgive her, Father, for she is not very experienced.” June 25, 1931 Father Nikon was so weak that he could not speak. Archimandrite Nikḗtas was called to bring him Communion, and to read the Canon for the Departure of the Soul. That night the Elder fell asleep in the Lord at the age of forty-three. Moscow Patriarchate authorized local veneration of the Optina Elders on June 13,1996, glorifying them for universal veneration on August 7, 2000. Unexpected Joy Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on December 9; Unexpected Joy Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos is painted in this way: in a room is an icon of the Mother of God, and beneath it a youth is kneeling at prayer. The tradition about the healing of some youth from a bodily affliction through this holy icon is recorded in the book of Saint Demetrius of Rostov, The Fleece of Prayer [See Judges 6: 36-40]. sinful youth, who was nevertheless devoted to the Theotokos, was praying one day before the icon of the All-Pure Virgin before going out to commit a sin. Suddenly, he saw that wounds appeared on the Lord’s hands, feet, and side, and blood flowed from them. In horror he exclaimed, “O Lady, who has done this?” The Mother of God replied, “You and other sinners, because of your sins, crucify My Son anew.” Only then did he realize how great was the depth of his sinfulness. For a long time he prayed with tears to the All-Pure Mother of God and the Savior for mercy. Finally, he received the unexpected joy of the forgiveness of his sins. “Unexpected Joy” icon is also commemorated on January 25 and May 1. Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; I. Plikhanov was born in the city of Samara on July 5,1845, the son of John and Natalia Plikhanov. His mother died in childbirth, and his father later remarried so that his son would have a mother. Although his stepmother was very strict, she was a real mother to him, and he loved her very much. a descendant of the Orenburg Cossacks, Paul was enrolled in the Polotsk Cadet Corps. He completed his studies at the Orenburg Military School and received an officer’s commission. He later graduated from the Petersburg Cossack Staff Officers’ School, and also served at the headquarters of the Kazan military district and eventually rose to the rank of colonel. as he was sick with pneumonia, Paul sensed that he was about to die. He asked his orderly to read the Gospel to him, and passed out. Then he had a vision in which the heavens seemed to open, and he was afraid because of the great light. His whole sinful life passed before him, and he was overcome with repentance. A voice told him he should go to Optina Monastery, but the doctors did not think he would recover. His health did improve, however, and the colonel visited Optina. In August 1889 the Elder of the Monastery was Saint Ambrose (October 10), who told Paul to set his worldly affairs in order. Two years later, Saint Ambrose blessed him to cut all ties to the world and told him to enter Optina within three months. was not easy for the colonel to resign his commission within the specified three month period, because obstacles were placed in his way. In fact, he was offered a promotion to the rank of general, and was asked to delay his retirement. Some people even tried to arrange a marriage for him, laughing at his intention to go to the monastery. Only his stepmother was happy that he wished to become a monk. On the very last day of the three months he concluded his affairs and arrived at Optina. However, Saint Ambrose was already laid out in his coffin in the church. Anatole I (January 25) succeeded Father Ambrose as Elder, and he assigned Paul to Hieromonk Nectarius (April 29) as his cell attendant. He was accepted as a novice in 1892, and tonsured as a rassophore in 1893. Over the next ten years he advanced through the various stages of monastic life, including ordination as deacon (1902), and as priest (1903). The monk Paul was secretly tonsured into the mantiya in December of 1900 because of a serious illness. When they asked him what name he wished to receive, he said it did not matter. They named him in honor of Saint Barsanuphius of Tver and Kazan (April 11). Although he recovered, they did not give him the mantiya until December of 1902 after the Liturgy when it was revealed that he had been tonsured on his sickbed. September 1, 1903 Father Barsanuphius was appointed to assist Elder Joseph, the skete Superior, in the spiritual direction of the skete brethren and the sisters of the Shamordino convent. the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, Father Barsanuphius was sent to the Far East as a military chaplain, where he ministered to wounded soldiers. The war ended in August 1905, and Saint Barsanuphius returned to Optina on November 1, 1905. Elder Joseph had become too old and frail to administer the skete’s affairs, Father Barsanuphius was appointed as Superior of the skete in his place. Father Barsanuphius soon reestablished order and discipline, paid off debts, repaired buildings, etc. As Superior, he combined strictness with paternal concern and tenderness for those under him. Barsanuphius, like the other Elders of Optina, possessed the gifts of clairvoyance and of healing people afflicted with physical and spiritual ailments. One of his spiritual sons, Father Innocent Pavlov, recalled his first Confession with the Elder. He became fearful because Father Barsanuphius seemed to know his innermost thoughts, reminding him of people and events which he had forgotten. The saint spoke gently and told him that it was God who had revealed to him these things about Father Innocent. “During my lifetime, do not tell anyone about what you are experiencing now,” he said, “but you may speak of it after my death.” Barsanuphius loved spiritual books, especially the Lives of the Saints. He often told people that those who read these Lives with faith benefit greatly from doing so. The answers to many of life’s questions can be found by reading the Lives of the Saints, he said. They teach us how to overcome obstacles and difficulties, how to stand firm in our faith, and how to struggle against evil and emerge victorious. Although the Lives of the Saints were widely available, it saddened the Elder that more people did not read them. Barsanuphius commemorated many saints each day during his Rule of prayer, and this was not accidental. Each saint, he once explained, had some particular importance in his life. If, for example, some significant event took place, he would look to see which saints were commemorated on that day, then he would begin to commemorate them each day. Later he noticed that on their Feast Day, they would often deliver him from some danger or trouble. On December 17, 1891, the commemoration of the Prophet Daniel and the three holy youths, he left Kazan and never returned. That was the day he decided to leave the world, and Saint Barsanuphius felt that God had delivered him from a furnace of passions. Just as the three youths were delivered from the fiery furnace because they would not bow down before idols, the Elder always believed that he left the world unharmed because he refused to bow down before the idols of lust, pride, gluttony, etc. 1908, Saint Barsanuphius seemed to fall ill more frequently, and began to speak of his approaching death. In April of that year, someone sent him a package containing the Great Schema. Father Barsanuphius had long desired to be tonsured into the Great Schema before his death, but he had told no one of this except for the archimandrite. Therefore, he regarded this as a sign that he would soon die. night in July 1910, the Elder became so ill that he had to leave church during Vigil and return to his cell. The next morning, July 11, he was so weak that he could not sit up by himself. That evening he was tonsured into the Great Schema. Barsanuphius began to recover, but there were new problems in the monastery. New monks came in from spiritually lax environments. They did not understand the ascetical nature of monasticism or the whole notion of eldership, and so they began to clamor for reform and change. They wanted to assume positions of authority, and to close the skete. Because of their complaints, Father Barsanuphius was removed from Optina and assigned as igumen of the Golutvinsky Monastery. When he arrived to take up his duties, Father Barsanuphius found the monastery in a state of physical and spiritual decline. Nevertheless, he did not lose heart, and soon the monastery began to revive. More people began to visit, once they heard that an Optina Elder had come to Goluvinsky, and the monastery’s financial position also began to improve. However, the rebellious brethren caused him great sorrow, and he had to expel some of them the beginning of 1913, Saint Barsanuphius became ill again and asked Metropolitan Macarius of Moscow for permission to retire to Optina, but that was not to be. He fell asleep in the Lord on April 1, and his body remained in the church of Golotvino until April 6 (which was also Lazarus Saturday). After the funeral, his body was placed on a train and sent to Optina for burial. The train arrived at Kozelsk Station on April 8, and the coffin was carried to Optina by clergy. Moscow Patriarchate authorized local veneration of the Optina Elders on June 13, 1996. The work of uncovering the relics of Saints Leonid, Macarius, Hilarion, Ambrose, Anatole I, Barsanuphius and Anatole II began on June 24/July 7, 1998 and was concluded the next day. However, because of the church Feasts (Nativity of Saint John the Baptist, etc.) associated with the actual dates of the uncovering of the relics, Patriarch Alexey II designated June 27/July 10 as the date for commemorating this event. The relics of the holy Elders now rest in the new church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God. Optina Elders were glorified by the Moscow Patriarchate for universal veneration on August 7, 2000.

Russia, Moscow, 1914-1918, Russo-Turkish War (1914-18), Caucasus Campeign of WWI
Moscow, 1914-1918, Russo-Turkish War (1914-18), Caucasus Campeign of WWI;

Russia, Moscow, 1917, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War
Russia, Moscow, 1917, Russian Revolution Chariman, 1917-1924, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœEnthronedÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Moscow, 1917, Chekists, Cheka, first Soviet State Police
Chekists, Cheka, first Soviet State Police; St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1925, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia, Bishop in US
Moscow, 1917-1925, Patriarch, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia ; Tikhon of Moscow (31 January [O.S. 19 January] 1865-“ 7 April [O.S. 25 March] 1925), born Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin , was a bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). On 5 November 1917 (OS) he was selected the 11th Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia,[Note 1] after a period of about 200 years of the Synodal rule in the ROC. He was canonised as a confessor by the ROC in 1989. Early life[edit] From 1878 to 1884, Bellavin studied at the Pskov Theological Seminary. In 1888, at the age of 23, he graduated from the Saint Petersburg Theological Academy as a layman. He then returned to the Pskov Seminary and became an instructor of Moral and Dogmatic Theology. In 1891, at the age of 26, he took monastic vows and was given the name Tikhon in honor of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk. Tikhon was consecrated Bishop of Lublin on 19 October 1897. Bishop in the United States[edit] On 14 September 1898, he was appointed Bishop of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. He went to the United States, and eventually became a naturalized American citizen. The peripatetic bishop visited emerging Orthodox emigrant communities in various American cities, including New York City, Chicago and the coal and steel-making cities in Pennsylvania and Ohio. The consecration of Reginald Heber Weller as an Anglican bishop at St. Paul's Cathedral in the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, with Anthony Kozlowski of the Polish National Catholic Church and Tikhon of Moscow (along with his chaplains John Kochurov and Sebastian Dabovich) of the Russian Orthodox Church present As head of the ROC diocese in North America, in 1900 he reorganized the diocese and changed its name from the "Of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska" to "Diocese of the Aleutian Islands and North America". He had two auxiliary bishops in the United States: Bishop Innocent (Pustynsky) in Alaska, and St. Raphael (Hawaweeny) in Brooklyn. On 22 May 1901, he blessed the cornerstone for St. Nicholas Cathedral in New York City (fundraising for which had begun in 1894 and to which Tsar Nicholas II contributed 5,000 in 1900) in a great ceremony attended by New York Mayor Seth Low, Russian diplomats and sailors, and enthusiastic worshippers.[1] He celebrated the first liturgy in the new building's basement on July 20, 1902, and in the main hall on November 10, 1902.[2] Tikhon was also involved in building other churches in North America, and establishing a dialog with Greek Orthodox churches in America. On 9 November 1902, he consecrated the church of St. Nicholas in Brooklyn for Syrian Antiochian Orthodox immigrants. While in the United States, Tikhon became aware of the country's tradition of religious diversity, as well as the growing ecumenical and Pan-Slav movements, and the needs of a wide variety of eastern and southern European immigrants. Before his arrival, in 1890, a delegation of Carpatho-Rusyns also had approached the Russian consul in San Francisco and requested a bishop, since the Latin Catholic archbishop of Minnesota, John Ireland was attempting to force their assimilation, although Byzantine Rite Catholics had previously been accorded certain dispensations from the Roman Rite practices of the Latin Church. Their Byzantine (Ruthenian) Catholic priest, Alexis Toth, was formally accepted into the Russian Orthodox Church in 1892. In 1900, Tikhon attended the consecration of Reginald Heber Weller as coadjutor bishop for the Episcopal Diocese of Fond du Lac, though he was not one of the consecrating bishops (all Episcopalians).[3] More Byzantine Catholics joined the Eastern Orthodox fold, especially priests after 1907, when Pope Pius X published Ea Semper, restricting their previously recognized right to ordain married men. In 1905, the title of Archbishop was bestowed on him, and he moved his formal residence and diocesan office from San Francisco to New York.[4] In June 1905, the new archbishop gave his blessing for the establishment of a monastery in Pennsylvania, which in the 1930s became Saint Tikhon's Orthodox Theological Seminary. On September 17, [O.S. September 4, ] 1905 The Holy Trinity Russian (Greek) Orthodox church was consecrated in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, on the corner of McKenzie Street and Manitoba Avenue by the new Archbishop Tikhon, Head of the Russian Orthodox Mission in North America and soon to become Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Ukrainian teachers studying at the Ruthenian Training School sang at the consecration ceremony.[5] Return to Russia and restoration of Patriarchy[edit] In 1907, Tikhon returned to Russia, having been appointed to the See of Yaroslavl. On 22 December 1913, he was transferred to the diocese of Vilno in Lithuania. However, the First World War and the Russian Revolution created turmoil in his native land. On 21 June 1917, the Diocesan Congress of clergy and laity elected Tikhon the ruling bishop of Moscow. On 14 August 1917 (OS),[6] Tikhon was raised to the dignity of Metropolitan of Moscow. On the next day, the Local Council of the ROC, the first such convention since the late 17th century, opened in Moscow. The council's major decision that passed on 28 October 1917, days after the Bolsheviks seized power in Petrograd, was to restore the Patriarchy in the ROC. On 5 November 1917, after his election by vote as one of the three candidates for the reinstated Moscow Patriarchate, Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev announced that Metropolitan Tikhon had been selected for the position after a drawing of lots as the new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. Patriarchate[edit] During the Russian Civil War the patriarch, like the entire Russian Church, was widely considered anti-Bolshevik and many bishops were exiled, imprisoned or even executed by the new regime. Tikhon openly condemned the killings of the tsar's family in 1918, and protested against violent attacks by the Bolsheviks on the church. In 1920, he granted autonomy to what became the Orthodox Church in America and other dioceses of the Church of Russia that were cut off from the governance of the highest church authority (i.e. the patriarch), until such time as normal relations with the highest church authority could be resumed. In November 1921, many of the Russian bishops, who had fled Russia in 1919–1920, had gathered in Sremski Karlovci, Serbia, and adopted a number of anti-Bolshevik statements; in May the following year Tikhon and his Synod formally dissolved the exile group, which nevertheless continued to exist as a separate Russian ecclesiastical entity, viewed as schismatic by the Moscow Patriarchate.[citation needed] Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow near Donskoy Monastery Jul 1923 In 1922 Russia was afflicted with mass famine. The Communist government used the situation to confiscate ecclesiastical property and to accuse the patriarch of being a saboteur. From April 1922 until June 1923 he resided under house arrest in Donskoy Monastery.[7] His public protest against nationalization of Church property was reframed as a criminal act. This caused international resonance and several countries sent formal protest notes to the Soviet government. Under pressure from the authorities, Tikhon issued several messages to the believers in which he stated in part that he was "no longer an enemy to the Soviet power". Textual analysis of these messages shows considerable similarity with a number of documents exchanged in the Politburo on the "Tikhon's Affair". Despite his declaration of loyalty, he continued to enjoy the trust of the Orthodox community in Russia. In 1923 Tikhon was "deposed" by a Soviet-sponsored[8] council of the so-called Living Church, which decreed that he was "henceforth a simple citizen—Vasily Bellavin." This deposition has never been recognized as an act of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is therefore considered invalid by both the Russian Orthodox Church, and the Russian Federation. Death[edit] In 1924 the patriarch fell ill and was hospitalized. On 5 April 1925, he served his last Divine Liturgy, and died two days later, 25 March (OS)/7 April, the Feast of the Annunciation. He was buried on 12 April in the winter church of Donskoy Monastery in Moscow. From the time of his death, he was widely considered a martyr or confessor for the faith. Canonization Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1924, Chariman, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
Chariman, 1917-1924, Vladimir Lennin, Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Martyr Sergius the Archimandrite of Petrograd, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 23 ; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; Venerable Hieromonk Alexei of Teklati, Commemorated on January 18; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated on January 25; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; Icon of the Mother of God Ã¢Â€ÂœEnthronedÃ¢Â€ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; Venerable Nectarius of Optina, Commemorated on April 29; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; Hieromartyr Kirion II, Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, Commemorated on June 27;

Russia, Moscow, 1917-1957, Living Church and Cheka, Alexander Tuchkov
Russia, Moscow, 1917-1957, Living Church and Cheka, Alexander Tuchkov ; Moscow, 1917-1925, Patriarch, Tikhon, Metropolitan of all Russia ; Hieromartyr Benjamin the Metropolitan of Petrograd and Gdovsk, Commemorated July 31 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated on December 4; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Russia, Moscow, 1918, Saint, Andronicus of Perm
Moscow Saint, 1918, Andronicus of Perm; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4;

Russia, Moscow, 1922-1952, Joseph Stalin, Soviet General Secreatary
Secretary, 1922-1952, Joseph Stalin, Soviet General Secreatary ; Venerable Anatole II of Optina, Commemorated on July 30; New Martyr Nazarius, Metropolitan of Kutaisi-Gaenati, and his companions of Georgia, Commemorated August 14 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated on December 15 ; New Hieromartyr Archbishop Thaddeus of Tver, Commemorated on December 18; St Euthymius (Takaishvili), Commemorated on January 3; St Euthymius the Confessor, Commemorated on January 20 ; St George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21 ; St John, Commemorated on January 23; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25;

Russia, Moscow, 1945-1970, Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow
Russia, Moscow, 1945-1970, Patriarch Alexy I of Moscow; Venerable Seraphim of Vyritsa, Commemorated on March 21;

Russia, Moscow, 1953-1964, Secretary, Nikita Khrushchev
Moscow Secretary, 1953-1964, Nikita Khrushchev; St John, Commemorated on January 23; Repose of St Nicholas of Zhicha, Commemorated on March 18; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Alexander the Abbot of Svir, Commemorated on April 17;

Russia, Moscow, 2000-2099, 21st Century Folder, Orthodox Russia

Russia, Moscow, Moscova River Area Folder

Moscova River

Moscova River Source (Valdai Hills)

Moscova River 1 (Mozhiask)

Moscova River 2 (Zvenigorod)

Moscova River 3

Moscova River 4 (Moscow)

Moscow, Russia (Moscova River 4) 1147
Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Koloch, Commemorated July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœFeasts of the SaviorÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in August), Commemorated on August 1 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on August 13; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 13 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated August 19 ; Child Schemamonk Bogolep; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Maximus of Moscow the Fool-for-Christ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Uncovering of the relics of St Daniel the Prince of Moscow, Commemorated on August 30; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Venerable Macarius of Optina, Commemorated September 7 ; Repose of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on September 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated October 6 ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœJerusalemÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 12; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Commemoration of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance from the Poles, Commemorated on October 22 ; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on October 26; Repose of St Jonah the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Herman the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated on November 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe JoyfulÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on November 7 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated October 5 ; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Icon of the Mother of God "In Giving Birth, you Preserved your Virginity", Commemorated October 17 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Gurias the Archbishop of Kazan, Commemorated December 5 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod, Commemorated on December 10 ; Memorial Saturday of St Demetrius; Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated January 4; Icon of the Mother of God "the Joy of All Who Sorrow", Commemorated October 24 ; Repose of the Blessed Maximus of Moscow, Commemorated on November 11 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Tsarskoe Selo, Commemorated on November 27 ; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on December 3 ; St Joasaph the Bishop of Belgorod; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated December 12 ; Repose of the Venerable Herman of Alaska, Wonderworker of All America, Commemorated December 13 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated January 9 ; Venerable Paul the Abbot of Obnora, Vologda, Commemorated on January 10 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Venerable Gennadius of Kostroma, Commemorated January 23 ; Blessed Xenia of St Petersburg, Commemorated January 24 ; St Moses the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Venerable Theodosius the Abbot of Totma, Vologda, Commemorated on January 28 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Cyril the Abbot and Wonderworker of Novoezersk, Novgorod, Commemorated on February 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Elets-Chernigov", Commemorated February 5 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Martyr Tryphon of Campsada Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on February 9 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; St Hilarion the Georgian, the New, Commemorated February 14 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Venerable Cosmas of Yakhrom, Commemorated February 18 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19; Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28 Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœEnthronedÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 2; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Finding of the relics of St Theodore the Prince of Smolensk, and Yaroslav, and His Children, Commemorated on March 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Blessed HeavenÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; St Euthymius the Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on March 11; St Theognostus the Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia, Commemorated on March 14; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Innocent of Komel the Disciple of St Nilus of Sora, Vologda, Commemorated on March 19 ; Martyr Stephen of Kazan, Commemorated on March 24; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Venerable John, Bishop of Manglisi, Commemorated on March 28; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unfading BloomÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 3; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7 ; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925); St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Vilnius, Commemorated on April 14; Icon of the Mother of God of St Maximus, Commemorated on April 18; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœof the PassionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on April 30; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Venerable Sylvester the Abbot of Obnora, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9; St Joseph the Metropolitan of Astrakhan, Commemorated on May 11; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Glyceria of Novgorod, Commemorated on May 13; Venerable Isidore the Fool-For-Christ and Wonderworker of Rostov, Commemorated on May 14 ; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Cornelius the Abbot of Komel, Vologda, Commemorated on May 19; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Macarius the Abbot of Kalyazin, Commemorated on May 26 ; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Surety of sinnersÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on May 29; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3; New Martyr Archbishop Andronicus of Perm, Commemorated on June 4; Finding of the relics of the Venerable Bassian the Monk of Pertomsk, Solovki, Commemorated on June 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; Venerable Andronicus the Abbot of Moscow and Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on June 13; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Moscow, Commemorated on June 13; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Tikhon the Bishop of Amathus in Cyprus, Commemorated on June 16 ; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God in memory of Saving of Moscow from the Invasion of Khan Achmed, Commemorated on June 23; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30; St Photius the Metropolitan of Kiev, Commemorated on July 2 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Blessed John of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ; Venerable Andrew Rublev the Iconographer, Commemorated on July 4; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated on July 7; Miracle of the Annunciation Icon of the Mother of God at Ustiug, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow, 1623 (Moscow River 4.8)
Nikolaev Peshkov monastery of Moscow ; In Giving Birth, You Preserved Your Virginity Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on October 17;

Moscova River 5 (Moscow)

Ugreshsky Monastery of Saint Nicholas, 1521 (Moscow River 5.1)
Ugreshsky Monastery; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Moscova River 6

Moscova River 7

Moscova River Mouth (Kolomna, Oka River 7)

Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7)
Kolomensk Royal Estate, Kolomna, Moscow area (Moscova River Mouth at Oka River 7); Kolomna; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19 ; St Vladimir, Metropolitan of Kiev and Gallich, Commemorated January 25 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Repose of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow the Enlightener of the Aleuts and Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on March 31; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26;

Golutvinsky Monastery, near Kolomna (Moscova River Mouth)
Golutvinsky Monastery is in or near Kolomna. Venerable Barsanuphius of Optina, Commemorated on April 1;

Russia, Moscow, Yauza River Area Folder

Yauza River

Yauza River Source

Yauza River 1

Yauza River 2 (Starava Basmanna and Andronikov Monastery)

Staraya Basmanna, Moscow (Yauza River 2)
Staraya Basmanna; Icon of the Mother of God of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on March 3;

Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace)
Lefortovo Palace (Catherine Palace); Appearance of the Smolensk "œDirectress" Icon of the Mother of God brought from Constantinople, Commemorated on July 28;

Yauza (Andronikov) Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of œthe Unexpected from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, Moscow (Yauza River 2) 1357
Andronikov Monastery; Khitrovo Gospels; ANDREI RUBLEV MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe Unexpected JoyÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from Andronikov, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Yauza River Mouth (Moscova River 5)

Krutitsy ( near Yauza River Mouth, Moscova River 5)
Krutitsy; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St SergiusÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ Monastery, Commemorated on May 12;

Novospassky Monastery, Yauza River Area, Moscow, early 1300's
Novospassky Monastery ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pisidia, Commemorated September 3 ; Translation of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God to Moscow, Commemorated on October 13; Venerable Anatole I of Optina, Commemorated on January 25 ; St Tryphon, Bishop of Rostov, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Dionysius the Archimandrite of St Sergius Monastery, Commemorated on May 12; Venerable Moses of Optina, Commemorated on June 16;

Simonov Monestary (Yauza River Area, Moscova River 5) 1370
Simonov Monestary; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392); St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated November 28 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on May 27; Icon of the Mother of God of White Lake, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Cyril the Abbot of White Lake, Commemorated on June 9; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Russia, Moscow, Kremlin Area Folder

Moscow Kremlin, 1331
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Kremlin, Moscow Kremlin, 1331, White Stoned Walls
Moscow Kremlin; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated July 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica; Martyr Michael the Prince of Tver, Commemorated November 22 ; St Theodore the Archbishop of Rostov, Commemorated on November 28 ; Venerable Irenarchus the Recluse of Rostov, Commemorated January 13 ; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 12 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11; St Stephen the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on April 26; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Holy Queen Dinar, Commemorated on June 30, Today, on the north wall of the Throne Hall in the Moscow Kremlin, there hangs an image of Holy Queen Dinar mounted on a white horse, victorious over the enemy ; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Christ the Savior Cathedral (Kremlin Savior Gates, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Kremlin Savior Gates (Christ the Savior Cathedral, Moscow, 1883)
Christ the Savior Cathedral; Glorification of the Priestmartyr Alexander Hotovitzky, Commemorated December 4 ; Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on May 21 ;

Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, 1333, 1505
Archangel cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin ; Martyr and Confessor Michael the Wonderworker of Chernigov; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Michael of Chernigov, Commemorated February 14 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Blessed Heaven, Commemorated on March 6; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; Translation of the relics of slain Crown Prince Demetrius of Moscow, Commemorated on June 3;

Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Annunciation Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1405 & 1489
Cathedral of the Annunciation; ANDREI RUBLEV, MONK AND ICONOGRAPHER, 1430, Commemorated January 29 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; St Barsanuphius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on April 11;

Demetrius' Temple, 1280
Demetrius' Temple, 1280; Dormition Cathedral, Moscow, 1479; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrh-gusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated on October 26;

Dormition Cathedral, Kremlin, Moscow, 1479
Dormition Cathedral, Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Icon of the Mother of God of Rzhevsk, Commemorated on July 11; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Seraphim of Sarov, Commemorated on July 19 ; Procession of the Honorable Wood of the Life-Giving Cross of the Lord (First of the three œFeasts of the Savior in August), Commemorated on August 1; Translation of the relics of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of St Peter of Moscow, Commemorated on August 24; Icon of the Mother of God of Korsun, Commemorated on October 9 ; St Demetrius (Dimitri), Metropolitan of Rostov, Commemorated on October 28; Icon of the Mother of God œJerusalemÂ, Commemorated on October 12 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; Repose of St Peter the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on December 21 ; Hieromartyr Philip the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on January 9 ; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated February 19 ; The Annunciation of our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on March 25; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 12; Translation of the relics of St Cyprian the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pimen, Commemorated on June 6; St John Maximovitch the Metropolitan of Tobolsk, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10;

Stromyn Village, now Church of the Domition
Moscow, 1841, Stromyn village, now Church of the Domition; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on July 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Cyprus, Commemorated on February 19; “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon became famous in 1841. An eighteen-year-old girl from Stromyn, a village not far from Moscow, was close to death from an illness. In a dream she saw the Cyprus Icon standing over the entrance to the church, and a voice came from the icon: “Take me into your home and have the priest serve a Molieben with the Blessing of Water, and you will be cured.” sick girl was brought to the church and finally located the icon after a long search. The girl obeyed the command of the Most Holy Theotokos, and after the Molieben she felt strong enough to carry the icon back to the church herself. Shortly thereafter, she was completely healed. The “Stromyn” Cyprus Icon continued to work miracles of healing, which the rector of the church reported to the holy Metropolitan Philaret of Moscow (November 19).

Chudov (Archangel Michael, Passions) Monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1365
Chudov Monastery ; St Pitirim the Bishop of Perm, Commemorated on August 19; Commemoration of the Miracle of the Archangel Michael at Colossae, Commemorated September 6 ; St Theophilus of the Kiev Caves and Bishop of Novgorod, Commemorated October 26 ; St Gennadius the Archbishop of Novgorod, Commemorated on December 4 ; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12; Hieromartyr Hermogenes the Patriarch of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on February 17; St Arsenius the Bishop of Tver, Commemorated on March 2 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; Venerable Tikhon of Kaluga Or Medin, Commemorated on June 16; Venerable Nicodemus the Abbot of Kozhe Lake, Commemorated on July 3;

Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension Convent, Moscow, 1389
Ascension monastery's Tikhvin church; Uncovering of the relics of St Innocent the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated February 9 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2;

Ascension women's monastery at Moscow Kremlin, founded 1387
Ascension monastery; Venerable Euthymius of Syanzhemsk, Vologda, Commemorated January 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17 ; St Eudokia, in Monasticism Euphrosyne, the Grand Duchess of Moscow, Commemorated July 7 ;

Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848
Antiochian Representation Church in Moscow, 1848 Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27;

Church of St Basil the Great, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ;

St Basil' Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Moscow Cathedral, St Basil's, Moscow Kremlin, 1561
Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Passion-Bearer Gleb, in Holy Baptism David, Commemorated September 5 ; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, St Basil's, 1561
Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Moscow Spiritual Academy
Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas; Church of the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos, Saint Basil's Cathedral; Blessed Basil of Moscow the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on August 2; Glorification of St Innocent the Metropolitan of Moscow and Enlightener of the Aleuts, Apostle to the Americas, Commemorated on October 6 ;

Patriarchal Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Theophany (Epiphany) monastery, Moscow Kremlin, 1296
Theophany (Epiphany) monastery; St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated February 12 ; Uncovering of the relics of St Alexis the Metropolitan of Moscow and Wonderworker of All Russia, Commemorated on May 20;

Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy, 1682
Moscow Theological Seminary, Slavic Greek Latin Academy; St. George (John) of Georgia, Commemorated on January 21;

Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow)
Arbat Gate (Arbatskaya Square, Moscow) ; Icon of the Mother of God of Galatea, Commemorated on July 4 ;

Strastna monastery in Strastna Square (Passion Monastery) 1654
Strastna monastery in Strastna Square; Icon of the Mother of God , Commemorated on August 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30;

Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square, Moscow, 1654)
Passions Monastery (Pushkinskaya Square); Icon of the Mother of God "œof the Passion's", Commemorated on August 13 ; Translation of the relics of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on April 5 ; Repose of St Job the Patriarch of Moscow, and All Russia, Commemorated on June 19;

St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272
St Tryphon's Church at Naprudnoe, 38, Moskva, 129272; Martyr Tryphon of Lampsacus Near Apamea in Syria, Commemorated on February 1;

Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649
Moscow'™s Dormition churchi on Malaya Dmitrovka street, 1649, The only church on the short street. Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos at Putinki on Malaya Dmitrovka street Malaya Dmitrovka street; Icon of the Mother of God of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 25;

Lubianka prison, 1897 (just outside Kremlin Area)
Lubianka prison ; "œTHE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES", Commemorated July 16 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ;

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War.kmz

Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War
Poland, 1611-1721, Swedish Empire, Gustav II to Great Northern War ;

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River Folder

Russia, Moscow, South of Moscova River, Khamovniki Bend Area Folder

Khamovniki District, Moscow
Khamovniki District, Moscow ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God he Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Novodevichy Convent and Monestary, Khamovniki Bend Area, Moscow, 1524
Novodevichy Monastery in Moscow; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated September 27 ; Hieromartyr and Metropolitan of Moscow and Krutitsy, Peter Polyansky, Commemorated on October 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God the Joyful Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Church of St. Nicholas, Khamovniki, Moscow, 1682
Church of St. Nicholas in Khamovniki; Translation to Moscow of the Icon of the Mother of God "Assuage my sorrow", Commemorated January 25 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Surety of sinners in Moscow, Commemorated on March 7; Icon of the Mother of God Surety of Sinners is known by this name because of the inscription on the icon: I am the Surety of sinners for My Son Who has entrusted Me to hear them, and those who bring Me the joy of hearing them will receive eternal joy through Me. The Mother of God embraces Her Child, Who holds Her right hand with both His hands so that Her thumb is in His right hand, and Her small finger in His left hand. This is the gesture of one who gives surety for another. we do not know when or by whom the icon was originally painted, it is believed that the basis of the icon is to be found in the Akathist to the Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos: Rejoice, You Who offer Your hands in surety for us to God. 1848, through the zeal of Lt. Col. Demetrius Boncheskul, a copy of the wonderworking Surety of Sinners Icon was made and placed in his home. Soon it began to exude a healing myrrh, which was given to many so they might recover their health after grievous illnesses. Boncheskul donated this wonderworking copy to the church of Saint Nicholas at Khamovniki in Moscow, where a chapel was built in honor of the icon. Surety of Sinners Icon is also commemorated on May 29 and on Thursday of the week of All Saints. Icon of the Mother of God the Surety of sinners, Commemorated on May 29;

Sparrow Hills
Sparrow Hills; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392);

Donskoi monastery, under the Sparrow Hills
SERGIUS;

Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills)
Vorobiev hills (Sparrow Hills) ; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Intercession of the "Don" Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack;

Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow, 1829, for 1812 Victory over Napoleon of France
Tver gates - Triumphal Arch of Moscow; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on August 13; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19; Icon of the Mother of God œof the Passion, Commemorated on April 30;

Petersburg Academy of Sciences, South Moscow
Petersburg Academy of Sciences; St Theophan the Recluse the Bishop of Tambov;

Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Podolia, south of Moscow 25 miles
Podolsk, south of Moscow 25 miles; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Peremyshl, Moscovy
Peremyshl, Moscovy; Equal of the Apostles Great Prince Vladimir (in Baptism Basil), Enlightener of the Russian Lands, Commemorated on July 15;

Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354 (South of Moscow River, Southwest of Moscow) 1080 questionable
Klovo, Moscow Oblast, Russia, 143354; Venerable Stephen, Abbot of the Kiev Far Caves, and Bishop of Vladimir, in Volhynia, Commemorated on April 27 and October 10; 1078 Saint Stephen was removed from office and driven from the monastery through the malice of an evil monk. He endured this meekly and without bitterness, and continued to pray for those who had turned against him. Stephen learned that master builders had come from Greece with an icon of the Theotokos, and they told him of the appearance of the Heavenly Queen at Blachernae. of this, Saint Stephen also built a church at Klovo in honor of the Theotokos (in memory of the Placing of Her Robe at Blachernae). The monastery was founded in thanksgiving for solicitude of the Most Holy Theotokos for the Caves monastery.

Podolsk governance (industrial area south of Moscow)
Podolsk governance; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ;

Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Holy Trinity Lavra, Moscow Theological Academy, 1687
Moscow Theological Academy; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated November 19 ; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on November 26 ;

Slavic Greek Latin Academy, Moscow, 1687
Slavic Greek Latin Academy; Repose of St Innocent the first Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated November 26 ;

Tretiakov gallery, South Moscow
Tretiakov gallery; Holy, Glorious Demetrius the Myrrhgusher of Thessalonica, Commemorated October 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19; Burial of St Andrew the Prince, Commemorated on July 4;

Ordinka Street, Moscow (across the river)
Grand Duchess Elizabeth, Commemorated on July 18;

Donskoy Monastery, South Moscow, 1591
Donskoi monastery; Intercession of the œDon Icon of the Mother of God against the Tatars Attack, Commemorated on August 19; SERGIUS, ABBOT OF HOLY TRINITY (25 SEPT 1392) ; Glorification of St Tikhon, the Apostle to America, Commemorated October 9; St Tikhon the Patriarch of Moscow, and Enlightener of North America, Commemorated on April 7; TIKHON, PATRIARCH OF RUSSIA AND CONFESSOR, (7 April 1925);

Moscow Patriarchate
Moscow Patriarchate or the Russian Orthodox Church; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ;

Danilov monastery, approx. 1272
Danilov monastery, became the Moscow Kremlin; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4;

Kolomenskoye, Southeast Moscow
Kolomenskoye; Icon of the Mother of God œEnthroned, Commemorated on March 2;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to Poland Folder, 1200

Moscow Road to Poland 1 (Moscow)
Moscow Road to Poland;

Moscow Road to Mozhiask, Smolensk, Belarus and Poland

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Moscow Road to St Petersburg Folder

Moscow to St. Petersburg Trade Route 1 (Moscow towards Tver)
Saint Petersburg Trade Route

Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast (St Petersburg Trade Route)
Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast; St Sophronius the Bishop of Irkutsk, Commemorated on March 30;

Moscow to St Petersburg Trade Route

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads Folder, Moscow Volga Canal, 1937

Moscow Volga Canal 7 (Moscova River 3)
Moscow Canal;

Moscow Volga Canal

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Muravsky Trail Folder, 1200

Muravsky Trail
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 1 (Perekop)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Muravsky Trail 2 (Parallel to the Sea of Azov)

Muravsky Trail 3 (east of Dnieper 6 and west of Donets 3)

Muravsky Trail 4 (west of Donets River Source)

Muravsky Trail 5 (Stary Oskol)

Muravsky Trail 6 (Livny, Elets, Oka River1)

Ryazan frontier (Oka River 1-9, along Muravsky Trail)
Ryazan frontier; Repose of the Venerable Cornelius of Pereyaslavl, Commemorated on July 22 ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated August 26 ; Priestmartyr John Kochurov, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Juliana the Princess of Vyazma, Commemorated on December 21 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Macarius of Zhabyn the Wonderworker, Commemorated January 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Seeker of the Lost", Commemorated February 5 ; Right-believing Prince Basil (Vasilko) of Rostov, Commemorated on March 4; Right-believing Prince Daniel of Moscow, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable Lazarus of Murom, Commemorated on March 8; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable James the Abbot of Zheleznoborov, Commemorated on April 11; Icon of the Mother of God of Murom, Commemorated on April 12; Venerable Joseph of Optina, Commemorated on May 9; Venerable Constantine, (In baptism Yaroslav), with his children Michael and Theodore, Wonderworkers of Murom, Commemorated on May 21; Finding of the relics of St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on June 10; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15; St Peter, Tonsured David, the Wonderworker of Murom, Commemorated on June 25; St Basil the Bishop of Ryazan, Commemorated on July 3 ;

Muravsky Trail 7 (Tula)

Muravsky Trail 9 (Serpukhov, crossing at Oka River 6)
Muravsky Trail To avoid major river crossings, the route followed the high ground between the basins of the Dnieper and Don, making an almost straight line from the Dnieper bend to Tula. It ran mostly through thinly populated tallgrass steppe country ('MuravÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¡' is an old Slavic word for prairie or grassland) avoiding forests, marshes and river crossings. ;

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, Trans Siberian Road and Railway, 1868 Railway

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY) 1 - Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow
Trans-Siberian Railway (Yaroslav Terminal in Moscow);

Trans-Siberian Railway (RWY)

Russia, Moscow, Moscow Roads, The Merchants Road to Nizhny Novgorod, 1395

The Merchant's Road 1 - Moscow
The Merchant's Road Moscow, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod

The Merchants Road - Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod

Russia, Moscow, Great Abatis Line Folder, 1525-1736