Northern Italy Folder (the Po River, its tributaries, Adriatic neighbors and Arno River Tuscany).kmz

Northern Italy Folder (the Po River, its tributaries, Adriatic neighbors and Arno River Tuscany)

Northern Italy
Northern Italy (the Po River, its tributaries, and Adriatic neighbors); Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Western Europe -Western Roman Empire
Western Europe - European region of the Western Roman Empire;

Northern Italy, 35-1797, Northern Italy History Folder

Northern Italy, 35-61, Apostle Epaphroditus of the 70, Adriaca, (Adige River 9.5)
Northern Italy, 35-61, Apostle Epaphroditus of the 70, Adriaca, (Adige River 9.5); is a New Testament figure appearing as an envoy of the Philippian church to assist the Apostle Paul (Philippians 2:25-30). He is regarded as a saint of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, first Bishop of Philippi, and of Andriaca (there are at least two ancient towns called Andriaca, one in Thrace and one in Asia Minor), and first Bishop of Terracina, Italy. There is little evidence that these were all the same man. Adriaca; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Northern Italy, 40-75, Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Iraneous' blind son, Tribune's wife, Boniface's speech
Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apollinaris was a disciple of the Apostle Peter, whom he followed from Antioch to Rome sometime during the reign of the Roman emperor Claudius (41-54). Saint Peter appointed Apollinaris as Bishop of Ravenna. Arriving in Ravenna as a stranger, Saint Apollinaris asked shelter of a local inhabitant, the soldier Irenaeus, and during their conversation he revealed the purpose for which he had come. had a blind son, whom Saint Apollinaris healed, after he had prayed to the Lord. The soldier Irenaeus and his family were the first people in Ravenna to believe in Christ. The saint stayed at the house of Irenaeus and preached about Christ to everyone who wished to hear his words. One of the miracles that Saint Apollinaris performed was the healing of Thekla, the incurably sick wife of the tribune. Through the prayers of the saint, she got up from her bed completely healthy. Not only did she believe in Christ, but so did her husband the tribune. In their house Saint Apollinaris set up a small church, where he celebrated the Divine Liturgy. Saint Apollinaris ordained two presbyters, Aderetus and Calocyrus, and also two deacons for the newly-baptized people of Ravenna. Apollinaris labored with great zeal, preaching the Gospel at Ravenna for twelve years, and the number of Christians steadily increased. Pagan priests complained about the bishop to the governor Saturninus. The hierarch was brought to trial and subjected to grievous tortures. Thinking that he had died, the torturers took him out of the city to the seacoast and threw him into the water. The saint, however, was still alive. A certain pious Christian widow helped him and gave him shelter in her home. Saint Apollinaris stayed with her for six months, and secretly continued to preach about Christ. The saint’s whereabouts became known when he restored the power of speech to an illustrious resident of the city named Boniface, whose wife had requested the saint to help her husband. this miracle many pagans were converted to Christ, and once again Saint Apollinaris was brought to trial and tortured. His bare feet were placed on red-hot coals. They expelled him from the city a second time, but the Lord again kept him alive. The saint did not cease preaching until he left the city. For a certain time Saint Apollinaris found himself elsewhere in Italy, where he continued to preach the Gospel as before. Returning to his flock in Ravenna, Saint Apollinaris went on trial yet again and was sentenced to banishment. heavy fetters, he was placed on a ship bound for Illyrica and the Danube River. Two soldiers were responsible for escorting him to his place of exile. Three of the clergy voluntarily followed their bishop into exile. Along the way the vessel was wrecked and everyone drowned, except for Saint Apollinaris, his clergy and the two soldiers. The soldiers, listening to Saint Apollinaris, believed in the Lord and were baptized. Not finding any shelter, the travelers came to Moisia in Thrace, where Saint Apollinaris healed a certain illustrious inhabitant from leprosy. Both he and his companions were given shelter at the man’s home. In this land Saint Apollinaris preached tirelessly about Christ and he converted many of the pagans to Christianity, for which he was subjected to persecution by the unbelievers. They beat the saint mercilessly, then they sent him back to Italy aboard a ship. a three year absence, Saint Apollinaris returned to Ravenna and was joyfully received by his flock. The pagans, however, entered the church where the saint was serving the Divine Liturgy, scattered those at prayer, and dragged the saint before the idolatrous priests at the pagan temple of Apollo. The idol fell and shattered to pieces just as the saint was brought in. The pagan priests brought Saint Apollinaris to Taurus, the new governor of the district for trial. Apollinaris performed a new miracle, healing the son of the governor, who had been blind from birth. In gratitude for the healing of his son, Taurus tried to protect Saint Apollinaris from the angry crowd. He sent him to his own estate outside the city. Although Taurus’s wife and son were baptized, he feared the anger of the emperor, and did not receive Baptism. However, he was filled with gratitude and love toward his benefactor. Apollinaris lived for five years at Taurus’s estate and preached without hindrance. During this time pagan priests sent letters of denunciation to Emperor Vespasian requesting a sentence of death or exile for the Christian “sorcerer” Apollinaris. But the emperor told the pagan priests that the gods were sufficiently powerful to take revenge for themselves, if they felt insulted. All the wrath of the pagans fell upon Saint Apollinaris: they seized him and beat him fiercely as he was leaving the city for a nearby settlement. Christians found him barely alive and took him to the settlement, where he lived for seven days. During his final illness the saint did not cease to teach his flock. He predicted that after the persecutions ended, Christians would enter upon better times when they could openly and freely confess their faith. After bestowing his archpastoral blessing upon those present, the hieromartyr Apollinaris fell asleep in the Lord. Saint Apollinaris was Bishop of Ravenna for twenty-eight years, and he reposed in the year 75.

Northern Italy, 313 and 323, Edict of Milan
Edict of Milan, 313 Western Roman Empire and 323 extended to the Eastern Roman Empire; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Northern Italy, 355-374, Bishop of Milan, Auxentius, Arian then Orthodox by Hilliary
Northern Italy, 355-374, Bishop of Milan, Auxentius, Arian; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367);

Northern Italy, 360-397, Bishop of Milan, Ambrose, against Arianism, antiphonal chant, Augistine of H
Northern Italy, 360-397, Bishop of Milan, Ambrose, against Arianism, antiphonal chant, Augistine of H; (born Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 340 -“ 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose[a], was the Bishop of Milan, a theologian, and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperor Theodosius I and the usurper Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting "antiphonal chant", a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other, as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium, an Advent hymn. He also had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan. 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Bishop of Milan 1.3 Arianism 1.4 Imperial relations 1.5 Attitude towards Jews 1.6 Attitude towards pagans 1.7 Later years and death 1.8 Character 2 Theology 2.1 Giving to the poor 2.2 Mariology 3 Writings 4 Church music 5 Augustine 5.1 Reading 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Works cited 9 External links life[edit] was born into a Roman Christian family about 340 and was raised in Gallia Belgica, the capital of which was Augusta Treverorum.[3] His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius,[4][5] a praetorian prefect of Gaul;[6] but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an imperial constitution dated 3 February 339 (addressed in a brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, Constantine II, Constantius II, or Constans, in the Codex Theodosianus, book XI.5).[7][8][9] mother was a woman of intellect and piety[10] and a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi,[11] and thus Ambrose was cousin of the orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. He was the youngest of three children, who included Marcellina and Satyrus (who is the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri), also venerated as saints.[12] There is a legend that as an infant, a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey. His father considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. For this reason, bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology. the year 354 Ambrosius, the father, died, whereupon the family moved to Rome.[13] There he studied literature, law, and rhetoric. He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. Praetorian Prefect Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus first gave him a place in the council and then in about 372 made him governor of Liguria and Emilia, with headquarters at Milan.[6] In 286 Diocletian had moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum (Milan). was the Governor of Aemilia-Liguria in northern Italy until 374, when he became the Bishop of Milan. Ambrose was a very popular political figure, and since he had been the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of Valentinian I. of Milan[edit] the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Nicene Church and Arians.[14][15] In 374 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius, an Arian, died, and the Arians challenged the succession. Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place, to prevent an uproar, which was probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly.[15] was known to be Nicene Christian in belief, but also acceptable to Arians due to the charity shown in theological matters in this regard. At first he energetically refused the office, for which he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was neither baptized nor formally trained in theology.[6] Upon his appointment, Ambrose fled to a colleague's home seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor Gratian praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals evidently worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated bishop of Milan. bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister Marcellina (who had become a nun). This raised his popularity even further, giving him considerable political leverage over even the emperor. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a prefecture in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs.[3] 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon, France, and Paulinus of Nola, who had served as governor of Campania, went to Milan to attend the school of Ambrose.[16] of Saint Ambrose with a scourge in Museo del Duomo, Milan. Unknown Lombard author, early 17 century. studied theology with Simplician, a presbyter of Rome.[10] Using to his advantage his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, he studied the Old Testament and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.[17] He applied this knowledge as preacher, concentrating especially on exegesis of the Old Testament, and his rhetorical abilities impressed Augustine of Hippo, who hitherto had thought poorly of Christian preachers. the confrontation with Arians, Ambrose sought to theologically refute their propositions, which were contrary to the Nicene creed and thus to the officially defined orthodoxy. The Arians appealed to many high level leaders and clergy in both the Western and Eastern empires. Although the western Emperor Gratian supported orthodoxy, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.[18] Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position. In the East, Emperor Theodosius I likewise professed the Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions,[10] especially among the higher clergy. this contested state of religious opinion, two leaders of the Arians, bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that he complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared the consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a synod composed of thirty-two bishops was held at Aquileia in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices.[10] the increasing strength of the Arians proved a formidable task for Ambrose. In 385[18] or 386 the emperor and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of clergy and laity, especially military, professed Arianism. They demanded two churches in Milan, one in the city (the Basilica of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's), be allocated to the Arians.[18] Ambrose refused and was required to answer for his conduct before the council.[6][page needed] He went, his eloquence in defense of the Church reportedly overawing the ministers of Valentinian, so he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches. The day following, when he was performing divine service in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give up at least the Portian basilica in the suburbs. As he still refused, certain deans or officers of the court were sent to take possession of the Portian basilica, by hanging up in it imperial escutcheons[18] to prepare for the arrival of the emperor and his mother at the ensuing festival of Easter.[19] spite of Imperial opposition, Ambrose declared, "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it."[19] 386 Justina and Valentinian received the Arian bishop Auxentius the younger, and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and the imperial order was rescinded.[20 relations[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck. National Gallery, London. imperial court was displeased with the religious principles of Ambrose, though his aid was soon solicited by the Emperor. When Magnus Maximus usurped the supreme power in Gaul, and was meditating a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him from the undertaking, and the embassy was successful.[19] second later embassy was unsuccessful. The enemy entered Italy and Milan was taken. Justina and her son fled but Ambrose remained at his post and did good service to many of the sufferers by causing the plate of the church to be melted for their relief.[19] I, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the kingdom. Theodosius was excommunicated by Ambrose for the massacre of 7,000 people at Thessalonica in 390,[19] after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.[6][page needed] - Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt,[19] and he readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance. This shows the strong position of a bishop in the western part of the empire, even when facing a strong emperor. The controversy of John Chrysostom with a much weaker emperor a few years later in Constantinople led to a crushing defeat of the bishop. 392, after the death of Valentinian II and the fall of Eugenius, Ambrose supplicated the emperor for the pardon of those who had supported Eugenius after Theodosius was eventually victorious.[19] of St. Ambrose Saint Ambrose with scourge and book, a painting in the church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome towards Jews[edit] his treatise on Abraham, Ambrose warns against intermarriage with pagans, Jews, or heretics.[21] 388, Emperor Theodosius the Great was informed that a crowd of Christians, led by their bishop, had destroyed the synagogue at Callinicum on the Euphrates. He ordered the synagogue rebuilt at the expense of the bishop,[22] but Ambrose persuaded Theodosius to retreat from this position.[23] He wrote to the Emperor, pointing out that he was thereby "exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death"; in the letter "the reasons given for the imperial rescript are met, especially by the plea that the Jews had burnt many churches".[24] Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where Magnus Maximus issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people in turn exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that if Theodosius attempted to apply the law to protect his Jewish subjects he'd be viewed similarly.[25] In the course of the letter Ambrose speaks of the clemency that the emperor had shown with regard to the many houses of wealthy people and churches that had been destroyed by unruly mobs, with many then still not restored and then adds: "There is, then, no adequate cause for such a commotion, that the people should be so severely punished for the burning of a building, and much less since it is the burning of a synagogue, a home of unbelief, a house of impiety, a receptacle of folly, which God Himself has condemned. For thus we read, where the Lord our God speaks by the mouth of the prophet Jeremiah: 'And I will do to this house, which is called by My Name, wherein ye trust, and to the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh, and I will cast you forth from My sight, as I cast forth your brethren, the whole seed of Ephraim. And do not thou pray for that people, and do not thou ask mercy for them, and do not come near Me on their behalf, for I will not hear thee. Or seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah?'[Jeremiah 7:14] God forbids intercession to be made for those."[24][26] Yet, Ambrose did not oppose punishing those who were directly responsible for destroying the synagogue. his exposition of Psalm 1, Ambrose says: "Virtues without faith are leaves, flourishing in appearance, but unproductive. How many pagans have mercy and sobriety but no fruit, because they do not attain their purpose! The leaves speedily fall at the wind's breath. Some Jews exhibit purity of life and much diligence and love of study, but bear no fruit and live like leaves."[27] towards pagans[edit] article: Anti-paganism influenced by Saint Ambrose his influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of paganism;[28][b][30][31] Theodosius issued the 391 "Theodosian decrees," which with increasing intensity outlawed pagan practices.[29][32]The Altar of Victory was removed by Gratian. Ambrose prevailed upon Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius to reject requests to restore the altar. years and death[edit] silver urn with the body of Ambrose (with white vestments) in the crypt of Sant'Ambrose, with the skeletons of Gervase and Protase. April 393 Arbogast, magister militum of the West and his puppet Emperor Eugenius, marched into Italy to consolidate their position in regard to Theodosius I and his son, Honorius, whom Theodosius had appointed Augustus to govern the western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the translation of the relics of Saints Vitalis and Agricola. From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigidus in early September 394.[33] after acquiring the undisputed possession of the Roman Empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by Simplician.[19] Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the church of Saint Ambrogio in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated“ along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of Saints Gervase and Protase. Drawing based on a statue of Saint Ambrose circumstances in the history of Ambrose are characteristic of the general spirit of the times. The chief causes of his victory over his opponents were his great popularity and the reverence paid to the episcopal character at that period. He used several indirect means to obtain and support his authority with the people.[19] was his custom to comment severely in his preaching on the public characters of his times; and he introduced popular reforms in the order and manner of public worship. It is alleged, too, that at a time when the influence of Ambrose required vigorous support, he was admonished in a dream to search for, and found under the pavement of the church, the remains of two martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius. The saints, although they would have had to have been hundreds of years old, looked as if they had just died. The applause of the people was mingled with the derision of the court party.[19] joins Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great as one of the Latin Doctors of the Church. Theologians compare him with Hilary, who they claim fell short of Ambrose's administrative excellence but demonstrated greater theological ability. He succeeded as a theologian despite his juridical training and his comparatively late handling of Biblical and doctrinal subjects.[19] intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal ministry, while the prevalent asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian ethics. Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia.[19] displayed a kind of liturgical flexibility that kept in mind that liturgy was a tool to serve people in worshiping God, and ought not to become a rigid entity that is invariable from place to place. His advice to Augustine of Hippo on this point was to follow local liturgical custom. "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the church where you are."[34][35] Thus Ambrose refused to be drawn into a false conflict over which particular local church had the "right" liturgical form where there was no substantial problem. His advice has remained in the English language as the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." interpretation of Ambrose's writings is that he was a Christian universalist.[36] It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of Origen and Didymus the Blind, two other early Christian universalists.[36] quotation cited in favor of this belief is: Our Savior has appointed two kinds of resurrection in the Apocalypse. 'Blessed is he that hath part in the first resurrection,' for such come to grace without the judgment. As for those who do not come to the first, but are reserved unto the second resurrection, these shall be disciplined until their appointed times, between the first and the second resurrection.[37] could interpret this passage as being another example of the mainstream Christian belief in a general resurrection (that both those in heaven and in hell undergo a bodily resurrection), or an allusion to purgatory (that some destined for heaven must first undergo a phase of purification). Several other works by Ambrose clearly teach the mainstream view of salvation. For example: "The Jews feared to believe in manhood taken up into God, and therefore have lost the grace of redemption, because they reject that on which salvation depends."[38] to the poor[edit] was also interested in the condition of contemporary Italian society.[39] Ambrose considered the poor not a distinct group of outsiders, but a part of the united, solidary people. Giving to the poor was not to be considered an act of generosity towards the fringes of society but a repayment of resources that God had originally bestowed on everyone equally and that the rich had usurped.[40] The theological treatises of Ambrose of Milan would come to influence Popes Damasus, Siricius and Leo XIII. Central to Ambrose is the virginity of Mary and her role as Mother of God.[41] virgin birth is worthy of God. Which human birth would have been more worthy of God, than the one in which the Immaculate Son of God maintained the purity of his immaculate origin while becoming human?[42] confess that Christ the Lord was born from a virgin, and therefore we reject the natural order of things. Because she conceived not from a man but from the Holy Spirit.[43] is not divided but one. If we adore him as the Son of God, we do not deny his birth from the virgin. ... But nobody shall extend this to Mary. Mary was the temple of God but not God in the temple. Therefore, only the one who was in the temple can be worshiped.[44] truly blessed for having surpassed the priest (Zechariah). While the priest denied, the Virgin rectified the error. No wonder that the Lord, wishing to rescue the world, began his work with Mary. Thus she, through whom salvation was being prepared for all people, would be the first to receive the promised fruit of salvation.[45] viewed celibacy as superior to marriage and saw Mary as the model of virginity.[46] St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; Saint Bassian, Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Northern Italy, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Northern Italy, 493-553, Ostrogothic (and Visigothic) King, Theodoric the Great
Northern Italy, 493-553, Ostrogothic (and Visigothic) King, Theodoric the Great; Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553; St. Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17;

Northern Italy, 568-774, Lombard Kingdom, Capitol Pavia, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774
Rome, Lombard Kingdom, 568-774, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774 ;

Northern Italy, 774, Siege of Pavia (773-“74), Frankish Invasion, Charlemagne, Ended Lombard Kingdom
Rome, 774, Siege of Pavia (773-“74); Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Northern Italy, 774, Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa, 774-1797
Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Northern Italy, 768-814, Carolingian, The Empire during the reign of Charlemagne (768-“814)
The Empire during the reign of Charlemagne (768-“814);

Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Walk to Canossa - Mont Cenis Pass
Mont Cenis Pass;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Northern Italy, 1291-1309, Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy 1291-1309)
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Northern Italy, 1438, Council of Florence, Hussites, Ottomans, papal supremacy
Council of Florence (1438); Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449. It was convoked as the Council of Basel by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. At stake was the greater conflict between the Conciliar movement and the principle of papal supremacy. Council entered a second phase after Emperor Sigismund's death in 1437. Pope Eugene IV convoked a rival Council of Ferrara on 8 January 1438 and succeeded in drawing some of the Byzantine ambassadors who were in attendance at Basel to Italy. The remaining members of the Council of Basel first suspended him, declared him a heretic, and then in November 1439 elected an antipope, Felix V. The rival Council of Florence (moved to avoid the plague in Ferrara) concluded in 1445 after negotiating unions with the various eastern churches. This bridging of the Great Schism proved fleeting, but was a political coup for the papacy. In 1447, Sigismund's successor Frederick III commanded the city of Basel to expel the Council of Basel; the rump council reconvened in Lausanne before dissolving itself in 1449. St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Northern Italy, 1431, Council of Florence - Papal Supremacy
Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov;

Northern Italy, 1495-1717, Holy Leagues, Republic of Venice, 697-1797
Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Venice, Northern Italy; Saint Sophronius, Confessor of Ciorara, Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Northern Italy, 1540, Formal beginning of the Jesuits in Venice
Northern Italy, 1540, Formal beginning of the Jesuits ; Venice; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Northern Italy, 1545-1563, Council of Trent
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Northern Italy, 1857, Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin
Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Northern Italy, 1888, Becchi, the Castle of Don Bosco
V; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Northern Italy, 1922, Conference of Genoa
Genoa Conference (1922) ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Northern Italy, Po River Folder

Po River

Po River Source (Monte Viso)

Cottian Alps
Cottian Alps;

Cimelum, Northern Italy (near Po River Source)
Cimelum Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commorated August 4 ; Hieromartyr Fabian the Pope of Rome Martyr Pontious at Cimella in France, Commemorated August 5 ;

Po River 1 (Turin)

Turin (Po River 1)
Turin (Po River 1); JOHN BOSCO, Commemorated January 31 ;

Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857
Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Becchi, the Castle of Don Bosco (1888, Northern Italy)
V; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy Folder ( Kingdom of Sardinia, Northern Italy)

Savoy (France, then Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France)
Savoy (of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France, Leysse and Albane Rivers); JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Savoy Area

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Dora Riparia River Folder

Dora Riparia River, Savoy

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Second Source (Mount Cenis Pass and Lake)

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Source (Col de Montgenevre, Pass, Savoy)
Dora Riparia River, Savoy Source (Col de Montgenevre, Pass, Savoy);

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Mouth (Po River Source)
Dora Riparia River, Savoy;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Arc River, Savoy Folder

Arc River, Savoy

Arc River, Savoy Source (Graian Alps)
Arc River, Savoy Source (Graian Alps);

Arc River, Savoy (Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoy)
Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Bessans, Savoy)
Bessans, Savoy

Arc River, Savoy (Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis, Savoy
Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Sollieres-Sardieres, Savoy)
Sollieres-Sardieres, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Villarodin-Bourget, Savoy)
Villarodin-Bourget, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Modane, Savoy)
Modane, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Fourneaux, Savoy)
Fourneaux, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, Savoy)
Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, Savoy ;

Arc River, Savoy (Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, Savoy)
Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (La Chambre, Savoy)
La Chambre, Savoy;

Arc River, Savoy (Epierre, Savoy)
Epierre, Savoy;

Arc River Savoy Mouth (Aiton, Savoy)
Arc River Savoy Mouth;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Leysse River Folder

Leysse River, Savoy

Leysse River Source (along the border)

Leysse River, Savoy (Chambery, Savoy)
Chambery, Savoy;

Leysse River, Savoy (Lake Bourget)
Leysse River, Savoy;

Leysse River, Savoy (Canal de Savieres, Savoy)
Canal de Savieres, Savoy;

Leysse River, Savoy Mouth (Chanaz, Savoy, Rhone River 3)
Chanaz, Savoy;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Isere River Foler

Isere River, Savoy

Isere River, Savoy Source (Grande Aiguille Rousse)
Grande Aiguille Rousse;

Isere River, Savoy (Val-d'Isere, Savoy)
Val-d'Isere, Savoy

Isere River, Savoy (Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoy)
Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoy;

Isere, River, Savoy (Aime, Savoy)

Isere River, Savoy (Moutiers, Savoy)
Moutiers, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Albertville, Savoy)
Albertville, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Chaise River)
Isere River, Savoy (Chaise River);

Annecy Lake, Savoy

Isere River, Savoy (Montmelian, Savoy)
Montmelian, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Pontcharra, Savoy)
Pontcharra, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Grenoble, Savoy)
Grenoble, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Drac River)
Drac River;

Isere River, Savoy (Voreppe, Savoy)
Voreppe, Savoy;

Isere River, Savoy (Morge River)
Morge River;

Isere River, Savoy, (Romans-sur-Isere, Savoy)
Romans-sur-Isere, Savoy;

Isere River Savoy Mouth (Rhone River 6)
Isere River Savoy Mouth;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Drome River Folder

Drome River, Savoy

Drome River Source (French Prealps)
French Prealps;

Drome River, Savoy (Valdrome, Savoy)
Valdrome, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy (Luc-en-Diois, Savoy)
Luc-en-Diois, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy (Crest, Savoy)
Crest, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy Mouth (Rhone River 6.5)

Po River 2 (Lambro River)

Northern Italy, Po River 2, Ticino River Folder

Ticino River

Ticino River from Source 2

Ticino River Source (Bedretto)
Ticino River Source (Bedretto);

Ticino River 1

Ticino River 2 (Novora)

Novara (Ticino River 2 in Lombardy)
Novara; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21;

Ticino River Mouth (Po River 2)

Northern Italy, Po River 2, Lambro River Folder (Lombardy, Milan)

Lambro River

Lake Como

Lambro River Source (near Lake Como)

Lambro River 1

Lambro River 2

Lambro River 3

Lambro River 4 (Monza)

Lambro River 4 (Milan)

Monza, Northern Italy (Monza River Mouth, Lambro River 4)
Monza; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27;

Lambro River 5 (Milan)

Milan, Northern Italy (Lambro River 5)
Milan; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Milan cathedral, 1386
Milan cathedral; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ;

Lombardy Region, Northern Italy (capitol is Milan, Lambro River)
Lombardy; Lombards in Sicily; Lombards; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21;

Lambro River Mouth (Po River 2)

Aemilia - Placentia, Northern Italy (Po River 2, across river from Lambro River Mouth)
Aemilia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Po River 3 (Adda River)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Adda River Folder

Adda River

Grison Alps

Umbrail Pass
Umbrail Pass;

Foscagno Pass
Foscagno Pass;

Gavia Pass
Gavia Pass;

Stelvio Pass

Adda River Source (Stelvio Pass)

Adda River 1 (Bormio)

Adda River 2 (Tirano)

Adda River 3 (Sondrio)

Adda River 4 (thru Lake Como)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Ada River 4, Mera River Folder

Mera River from Source 2

Mera River

Mera River Source (Piz Duan)

Val Bregaglia Valley (Mera River)
Val Bregaglia Valley;

Mera River Mouth (Lake Como, Ada River 4)
Mera River;

Adda River 5

Adda River 6

Adda River 7 (Lodi, Lombardy)

Lodi, Lombardy (Adda River 7)
Lodi, Lombardy; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Adda River 8

Adda River Mouth (Po River 3)

Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3); St. Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated on July 13 ;

Mincio, Northern Italy, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Po River 4 (Ferrara)

Ferrara (Po River 4)
Ferrara (Po River 4); Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Po River Mouth (Adriatic Sea near Venice)

Northern Italy, Adige River Folder (Adriatic Sea, Venice)

Adige (Atesis) River

Adige River Source (Reschen Pass)
Reschen Pass

Adige River from second source

Adige River Second Source

Adige River Second Source (Val Gardena, Italy)

Puster Valley
Puster Valley;

County of Tyrol (now in Austria and Northern Italy)
County of Tyrol; The heart of the alpine region called the Alps. The County of Tyrol, Princely County from 1504, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1814 a province of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land (Kronland) of Austria-Hungary. Today its territory is divided between the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/SÃƒÂƒÃ‚ÂƒÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â¼dtirol, a small part of the Italian region of Veneto (Cortina d'Ampezzo and other villages) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. Both regions are today associated again in the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Adige River 1 (Glurns)

Adige River 2 (Merano)

Adige River 4 (Auer, South Tyrol)

Adige River 5 (Trento)

Trent, Northern Italy, Council of Trent (1545-1563) (Adige River 5)
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Council of Trent, 1545-1563, Northern Italy
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Adige River 6 (Rovereto)

Breschia, Northern Italy (Adige River 6.5)
Breschia; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated July 16 ;

Adige (Atesis) River 7 (Verona)

Verona, Northern Italy (Adige River 7)
Verona; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ;

Adige River 8

Adige River 9

Adriaca, Northern Italy (Adige River 9.5)
Adriaca; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Adige River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road Folder

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Amber Road 1 (Venice, Italy)

Venice, Northern Italy (Adige River Mouth, Amber Road)
Venice; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 6 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy, Amber Rd, 1291-1309)
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16;

Padua, Northern Italy (near Venice, Adige River Mouth, Adriatic Sea)
Padua, Northern Italy; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Amber Road 2 (Aquileia, Italy)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road 2, Northeast Rivers Folder, Aquilea

Torre River

Torre River 1

Torre River 2

Torre River 3

Torre River 5 (Overview)

Natiso River

Natiso River 1

Natiso River 2

Natiso River 3

Natiso (Torre) River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Aquileia, Northern Italy (Amber Road 2, near Natiso River Mouth)
Aquileia; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ;

Bibione River

Pordenone River

Aviano River

Aviano, Northern Italy (north of Venice)
Aviano, Northern Italy, 39th Squadron from Pope AFB flew from here during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ; Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974;

Cortina River

Val Gardena River

Amber Road 3 (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4b (Vienna, Austria, Danube River 5)

Amber Road 5 (Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 6 (Bouzov Castle, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 7 (Klodzko, Poland)

Amber Road 8 (Wroclaw, Poland)

Amber Road 9 (Milicz Ponds)

Amber Road 10 (Wielkopolska, Poland)

Amber Road 11 (Biskupin, Poland)

Amber Road 12 (Malbork, Poland)

Amber Road 13 (Gdansk, Poland)

Amber Road 14 (Kaliningrad, Prussia)

Amber Road 15 (Yantarny, Prussia)

Amber Road 16 (Nida, Lithuania)

Amber Road 17 (Palanga, Lithuania)

Amber Road 18 (Riga, Latvia)

Amber Road 19 (Tallinn, Estonia)

Amber Road 20 (St Petersberg)

Northern Italy, Tuscany Folder

Tuscany, Northern Italy
Tuscany; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; Translation of the Image ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNot-Made-By-HandsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœFeast of the Savior in AugustÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Northern Italy, Tuscany, Genoa Folder, Genoa and Canossa

Genoa, Tuscany, Northwest Italy
Genoa; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Genoa Conference (1922), Genoa, Tuscany, Northern Italy
Genoa Conference (1922) ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Mornese (hill town), Northern Italy
Mornese; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Tinos Island (Ligurian Sea)
Icon of the Mother of God "Tinos";

Liguria Region - northwest coast, Genoa, near Tuscany
Liguria Region; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7;

Canossa, Northern Italy (confrontation at Canossa, 1077)
confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Canossa, Tuscany, Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Northern Italy, Tuscany, Arno River Folder, Florence and Pisa

Arno River

Arno River Source (along the border)

Arno River 1 (Florence, Tuscany)

Florence, Tuscany (Arno River 1)
Florence; Medici Family; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Firentium (Florence)
Firentium (Florence); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Ferentino (Firentium, Florence)
Firentium (Florence); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Siena (a Tuscan hill town, irrigation)
Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Arno River Mouth (Pisa)
Arno River

Pisa, Tuscany, Italy (Arno River Mouth)
Pisa;

Via Aurelia Folder - Pisa to Rome

Via Aurelia (Roman Road - Pisa to Rome)
Via Aurelia;

Via Aurelia 1 (Pisa)
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome; Pisa;

Via Aurelia 2 (Cosa)

Via Aurelia 3 - Aurelian gate
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome - Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio. Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

Northern Italy, Reno River area Folder (Bologna, Ravenna, Adriatic Sea)

Aemilia Region
Aemilia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7;

Reno River

Reno River Source (along the border Near Pistoria)

Reno River 1 (Bologna)

Bologna, Italy (Apennine Mountains, Reno River Valley)
Bologna, Italy; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Reno River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Ravenna, Northern Italy (Candiano Canal, Reno River Mouth)
Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea) 1738
Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea);

Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553
Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553; St. Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17;

Via Salaria 5 (Ancona)
Ancona;