Northern Italy Folder (the Po River, its tributaries, Adriatic neighbors and Arno River Tuscany).kmz

Northern Italy Folder (the Po River, its tributaries, Adriatic neighbors and Arno River Tuscany)

Northern Italy
Northern Italy (the Po River, its tributaries, and Adriatic neighbors); Hieromartyr Apollinaris the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Lyons, Commemorated on August 23; Venerable Hierotheus the Younger of Iveron of Mt Athos, Commemorated on September 13; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœDeliverer from PotionsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ; ST BRIDGET OF KILDARE, ABBESS (1 FEB 523) ; Venerable Brigid (Bridget) of Ireland, Commemorated February 1 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253); Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; Glorification of the Venerable Zabulon, the father of St Nino Enlightener of Georgia, Commemorated on May 20; Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Martyr Frontasius of Gaul, Commemorated on June 4; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Western Europe -Western Roman Empire
Western Europe - European region of the Western Roman Empire;

Lombardy, Northern Italy
Lombardy, Northern Italy;

Northern Italy, 35-1797, Northern Italy History Folder

Northern Italy, 000, 1st C Folder, Apostle Epaphroditus, Ravenna Bishop Hieromartyr Apollinarius,

Northern Italy, 35-61, Apostle Epaphroditus of the 70, Adriaca, (Adige River 9.5)
Northern Italy, 35-61, Apostle Epaphroditus of the 70, Adriaca, (Adige River 9.5); is a New Testament figure appearing as an envoy of the Philippian church to assist the Apostle Paul (Philippians 2:25-30). He is regarded as a saint of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church, first Bishop of Philippi, and of Andriaca (there are at least two ancient towns called Andriaca, one in Thrace and one in Asia Minor), and first Bishop of Terracina, Italy. There is little evidence that these were all the same man. Adriaca; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Northern Italy, 40-75, Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Iraneous' blind son, Tribune's wife, Boniface's speech
Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apollinaris was a disciple of the Apostle Peter, whom he followed from Antioch to Rome sometime during the reign of the Roman emperor Claudius (41-54). Saint Peter appointed Apollinaris as Bishop of Ravenna. Arriving in Ravenna as a stranger, Saint Apollinaris asked shelter of a local inhabitant, the soldier Irenaeus, and during their conversation he revealed the purpose for which he had come. had a blind son, whom Saint Apollinaris healed, after he had prayed to the Lord. The soldier Irenaeus and his family were the first people in Ravenna to believe in Christ. The saint stayed at the house of Irenaeus and preached about Christ to everyone who wished to hear his words. One of the miracles that Saint Apollinaris performed was the healing of Thekla, the incurably sick wife of the tribune. Through the prayers of the saint, she got up from her bed completely healthy. Not only did she believe in Christ, but so did her husband the tribune. In their house Saint Apollinaris set up a small church, where he celebrated the Divine Liturgy. Saint Apollinaris ordained two presbyters, Aderetus and Calocyrus, and also two deacons for the newly-baptized people of Ravenna. Apollinaris labored with great zeal, preaching the Gospel at Ravenna for twelve years, and the number of Christians steadily increased. Pagan priests complained about the bishop to the governor Saturninus. The hierarch was brought to trial and subjected to grievous tortures. Thinking that he had died, the torturers took him out of the city to the seacoast and threw him into the water. The saint, however, was still alive. A certain pious Christian widow helped him and gave him shelter in her home. Saint Apollinaris stayed with her for six months, and secretly continued to preach about Christ. The saint’s whereabouts became known when he restored the power of speech to an illustrious resident of the city named Boniface, whose wife had requested the saint to help her husband. this miracle many pagans were converted to Christ, and once again Saint Apollinaris was brought to trial and tortured. His bare feet were placed on red-hot coals. They expelled him from the city a second time, but the Lord again kept him alive. The saint did not cease preaching until he left the city. For a certain time Saint Apollinaris found himself elsewhere in Italy, where he continued to preach the Gospel as before. Returning to his flock in Ravenna, Saint Apollinaris went on trial yet again and was sentenced to banishment. heavy fetters, he was placed on a ship bound for Illyrica and the Danube River. Two soldiers were responsible for escorting him to his place of exile. Three of the clergy voluntarily followed their bishop into exile. Along the way the vessel was wrecked and everyone drowned, except for Saint Apollinaris, his clergy and the two soldiers. The soldiers, listening to Saint Apollinaris, believed in the Lord and were baptized. Not finding any shelter, the travelers came to Moisia in Thrace, where Saint Apollinaris healed a certain illustrious inhabitant from leprosy. Both he and his companions were given shelter at the man’s home. In this land Saint Apollinaris preached tirelessly about Christ and he converted many of the pagans to Christianity, for which he was subjected to persecution by the unbelievers. They beat the saint mercilessly, then they sent him back to Italy aboard a ship. a three year absence, Saint Apollinaris returned to Ravenna and was joyfully received by his flock. The pagans, however, entered the church where the saint was serving the Divine Liturgy, scattered those at prayer, and dragged the saint before the idolatrous priests at the pagan temple of Apollo. The idol fell and shattered to pieces just as the saint was brought in. The pagan priests brought Saint Apollinaris to Taurus, the new governor of the district for trial. Apollinaris performed a new miracle, healing the son of the governor, who had been blind from birth. In gratitude for the healing of his son, Taurus tried to protect Saint Apollinaris from the angry crowd. He sent him to his own estate outside the city. Although Taurus’s wife and son were baptized, he feared the anger of the emperor, and did not receive Baptism. However, he was filled with gratitude and love toward his benefactor. Apollinaris lived for five years at Taurus’s estate and preached without hindrance. During this time pagan priests sent letters of denunciation to Emperor Vespasian requesting a sentence of death or exile for the Christian “sorcerer” Apollinaris. But the emperor told the pagan priests that the gods were sufficiently powerful to take revenge for themselves, if they felt insulted. All the wrath of the pagans fell upon Saint Apollinaris: they seized him and beat him fiercely as he was leaving the city for a nearby settlement. Christians found him barely alive and took him to the settlement, where he lived for seven days. During his final illness the saint did not cease to teach his flock. He predicted that after the persecutions ended, Christians would enter upon better times when they could openly and freely confess their faith. After bestowing his archpastoral blessing upon those present, the hieromartyr Apollinaris fell asleep in the Lord. Saint Apollinaris was Bishop of Ravenna for twenty-eight years, and he reposed in the year 75.

Northern Italy, 40-75, Hieromartyr Apollinarius of Ravenna, Peter's disciple, Antioch to Rome to, healed many for safe church
Northern Italy, 40-75, Hieromartyr Apollinarius of Ravenna, Northern Italy (Candiano Canal, Reno River Mouth), Peter's disciple, from Antioch to Rome, healed soldier Irenius' blind son, healed incurable Thekla tribune's wife, church in their house, 2 presbyters, 2 deacons, 12yrs, tortured left for dead, saved from water by widow, 6mos, healed Boniface speech, tortured red hot coals, elsewhere in italy, banished from Ravenna again, ship to Illyrica and Danube, shipwreck all drowned except his group, soldiers believed, Thrace healed illustrious of leprosy, shelter in his home, tortured back to Italy, Ravenna after 3yrs, dragged temple, Apollo to pieces, brought to Taurus, healed gov's son, 5yrs his estate, Pagan letters to Vespasian, gods sufficiently powerful, beaten, lived 7 days settlement, predicted end persecutions ; Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; Apollinaris was a disciple of the Apostle Peter, he followed from Antioch to Rome sometime during the reign of the Roman emperor Claudius (41-54). Peter appointed Apollinaris as Bishop of Ravenna. in Ravenna as a stranger, Saint Apollinaris asked shelter of a local inhabitant, the soldier Irenaeus, and during their conversation he revealed the purpose for which he had come. had a blind son, whom Saint Apollinaris healed, after he had prayed to the Lord. soldier Irenaeus and his family were the first people in Ravenna to believe in Christ. saint stayed at the house of Irenaeus and preached about Christ to everyone who wished to hear his words. of the miracles that Saint Apollinaris performed was the healing of Thekla, the incurably sick wife of the tribune. Through the prayers of the saint, she got up from her bed completely healthy. only did she believe in Christ, but so did her husband the tribune. their house Saint Apollinaris set up a small church, where he celebrated the Divine Liturgy. Saint Apollinaris ordained two presbyters, Aderetus and Calocyrus, and also two deacons for the newly-baptized people of Ravenna. Apollinaris labored with great zeal, preaching the Gospel at Ravenna for twelve years, and the number of Christians steadily increased. priests complained about the bishop to the governor Saturninus. The hierarch was brought to trial and subjected to grievous tortures. that he had died, the torturers took him out of the city to the seacoast and threw him into the water. saint, however, was still alive. A certain pious Christian widow helped him and gave him shelter in her home. Saint Apollinaris stayed with her for six months, and secretly continued to preach about Christ. saint’s whereabouts became known when he restored the power of speech to an illustrious resident of the city named Boniface, whose wife had requested the saint to help her husband. this miracle many pagans were converted to Christ, and once again Saint Apollinaris was brought to trial and tortured. bare feet were placed on red-hot coals. expelled him from the city a second time, but the Lord again kept him alive. The saint did not cease preaching until he left the city. a certain time Saint Apollinaris found himself elsewhere in Italy, where he continued to preach the Gospel as before. to his flock in Ravenna, Saint Apollinaris went on trial yet again and was sentenced to banishment. heavy fetters, he was placed on a ship bound for Illyrica and the Danube River. Two soldiers were responsible for escorting him to his place of exile. Three of the clergy voluntarily followed their bishop into exile. the way the vessel was wrecked and everyone drowned, except for Saint Apollinaris, his clergy and the two soldiers. The soldiers, listening to Saint Apollinaris, believed in the Lord and were baptized. finding any shelter, the travelers came to Moisia in Thrace, where Saint Apollinaris healed a certain illustrious inhabitant from leprosy. Both he and his companions were given shelter at the man’s home. this land Saint Apollinaris preached tirelessly about Christ and he converted many of the pagans to Christianity, which he was subjected to persecution by the unbelievers. They beat the saint mercilessly, then they sent him back to Italy aboard a ship. a three year absence, Saint Apollinaris returned to Ravenna and was joyfully received by his flock. pagans, however, entered the church where the saint was serving the Divine Liturgy, scattered those at prayer, and dragged the saint before the idolatrous priests at the pagan temple of Apollo. idol fell and shattered to pieces just as the saint was brought in. pagan priests brought Saint Apollinaris to Taurus, the new governor of the district for trial. Apollinaris performed a new miracle, healing the son of the governor, who had been blind from birth. gratitude for the healing of his son, Taurus tried to protect Saint Apollinaris from the angry crowd. He sent him to his own estate outside the city. Although Taurus’s wife and son were baptized, he feared the anger of the emperor, and did not receive Baptism. However, he was filled with gratitude and love toward his benefactor. Apollinaris lived for five years at Taurus’s estate and preached without hindrance. this time pagan priests sent letters of denunciation to Emperor Vespasian requesting a sentence of death or exile for the Christian “sorcerer” Apollinaris. the emperor told the pagan priests that the gods were sufficiently powerful to take revenge for themselves, if they felt insulted. the wrath of the pagans fell upon Saint Apollinaris: they seized him and beat him fiercely as he was leaving the city for a nearby settlement. found him barely alive and took him to the settlement, where he lived for seven days. his final illness the saint did not cease to teach his flock. He predicted that after the persecutions ended, Christians would enter upon better times when they could openly and freely confess their faith. bestowing his archpastoral blessing upon those present, the hieromartyr Apollinaris fell asleep in the Lord. Apollinaris was Bishop of Ravenna for twenty-eight years, and he reposed in the year 75.

Northern Italy, 200, 3rd C Folder, Pontious iCimelum City

Northern Italy, 236-257. Pontious iCimelum City, hiding fDecius, admonished torturers, see power oGod, rack fell, bears mT
Rome, 236-257. Pontious in Cimelum City, buried martyrs wFabian, distributed substance, converted Emperor Philip, destroyed pagan temple, built church, Decius killed Fabian, Pontious hid iCimelum, cruel torturers sent, Pontious confessed, calmly admonished torturers, see the power of God, rack fell to pieces, torturers fell, bears mauled torturers instead, spectators shout great is Christian God, beheaded ; Cimelum City maybe Savoy (on the pass between Gaul and Northern Italy, Henry's Road to Canossa); Savoy (of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France, Leysse and Albane Rivers); Hieromartyr Fabian, Pope of Rome, and Martyr Pontious, Commemorated on August 5; Fabian, as a presbyter, fearlessly gave burial to the bodies of martyrs. the death of Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Saint Fabian succeeded him as Pope. Fabian loved Saint Pontius as though he were his own son. Pontius distributed with Saint Fabian all his substance on the needs of the poor. the death of the impious Maximian, the new emperor Gordian (238-244) did not persecute Christians. emperor Philip (244-249), together with his son and co-regent Philip, was persuaded by the conversations and preaching of Saint Pontius to believe in Christ and to accept Baptism from Saint Fabian. the permission of the emperors, Saints Pontius and Fabian destroyed the statue of Jupiter in the pagan temple and built a church on this place. four years the Church of Christ dwelt in peace and tranquility. Decius (249-251) ascended the throne, after organizing a rebellion and murdering the emperor Philip and his son. during this time Saint Fabian, Bishop of Rome (+ 250), accepted death for Christ. Pontius left Rome for the city of Cimelum (on the border of Italy and Gaul) and lived there as a stranger. the time of the emperor Valerian (253-259), cruel torturers were sent out with full authority to seek out and kill Christians. Thus Claudius and Anubius arrived in the city of Cimelum for this purpose. Pontius fearlessly confessed himself a Christian and refused to offer sacrifice to idols. shackled him in irons and threw him in prison. the very beginning of the torture the saint calmly admonished the torturers, saying that the Lord would bring the torture to naught, and they would see the power of God. soon as the servants attempted to tie Saint Pontius to the rack, it fell to pieces, and the torturers fell on the ground as though dead. “Be convinced, O man of little faith, of the power of my Lord,” said Saint Pontius to Claudius, on the advice of Anubius he gave Saint Pontius over to be eaten by two bears in the circus. wild beasts, while not touching the saint, fell instead upon their keepers and mauled them. spectators began to shout: “The only God is the Christian God, in Whom Pontius believes.” order of the torturers a fire was built, but it burned out and the saint remained alive. Not even his clothes were burnt. crowd shouted all the more strongly: “Great is the God of the Christians!” Pontius then was sentenced to beheading by the sword, and his execution took place in the year 257. body of Saint Pontius was given burial by his friend Valerian.

Northern Italy, 300, 4th C Folder, Edict oMilan, Bishop Auxentius fArian tOrthodox, Ambrose oMilan, Augistine oHippo

Northern Italy, 303-313, Anastasia, visited prisons, fed, clothed, ransomed, A beaten by h, be patient, accept lords will, more
Rome, 303-313, Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Rome, teacher Chrysogonus, given in marriage to a pagan, feigned illness, visited prisons clothed as a beggar, fed, clothed, ransomed, betrayed by servant to husband, beaten, C said be patient, cleave cross, accept lords will, also prophet h sea death, then she distributed, Diocletian, c prisoners endured torturers stoicly, kill them all order, she followed C to Aquileia, C beheaded, into sea, waves carried head and b back, presby Zolius concealed, C appeared to Z, informed about m for Agape, Chone and Irene, C sent Anastasia to encourage them, also that Z would d same day, 9 days later fulfilled, she burried them, back to ministeriing to prisoners city to city, she gave medical arts to captives far and wide, Theodora as helper, arrested in Illyricum after fiinding no one in the prisons, wept loudly, Jailers realized, back to Pagan priest in Rome, set before her riched and tools of torture, chose tools, 3 days to reconsider, Anastasia's beauty, blind by touching her, headache, appeal to idols but died, A and T free again to care for prisoners, T and her 3 sons martyred, Evodus endured, all red hot oven. A caught again, starvation ordered, 60 days no food, every night T appeared, Judge ordered drowning w prisoners incl Euthychianus, open sea, holes bored, T appeared and steered to shore, 120 believed and baptized, all captured and martyred, A stretched and burned alive, body not harmed, Apollinaria buried her in her garden, relics transfered in 5th century, then to near Athos; Rome; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22; Great Martyr Anastasia the Deliverer from Potions, a Roman by birth, suffered for Christ at the time of Diocletian’s persecution of Christians. father was a pagan, but her mother was secretly a Christian. Anastasia’s teacher in her youth was an educated and pious Christian named Chrysogonus. the death of her mother, her father gave Saint Anastasia in marriage to a pagan named Publius, but feigning illness, she preserved her virginity. herself in the garb of a beggar, and accompanied by only one servant, she visited the prisons. She fed, doctored and often ransomed captives who were suffering for their faith in Christ. her servant told Publius about everything, he subjected his wife to a beating and locked her up at home. Anastasia then began to correspond secretly with Chrysogonus, who told the saint to be patient, to cleave to the Cross of Christ, and to accept the Lord’s will. also foretold the impending death of Publius in the sea. a certain while Publius did indeed drown, as he was setting out with a delegation to Persia. the death of her husband, Saint Anastasia began to distribute her property to the poor and suffering. was informed that the Christians who filled the prisons of Rome stoically endured tortures. He gave orders to kill them all in a single night, and for Chrysogonus to be sent to him at Aquileia. Saint Anastasia followed her teacher at a distance. emperor interrogated Chrysogonus personally, but could not make him renounce his faith. Therefore, he commanded that he be beheaded and thrown into the sea. body and severed head of the holy martyr were carried to shore by the waves. by divine Providence, the relics were found by a presbyter named Zoilus who placed them in a coffer, and concealed them at his home. Chrysogonus appeared to Zoilus and informed him that martyrdom was at hand for Agape, Chione and Irene (April 16), three sisters who lived nearby. He told him to send Saint Anastasia to them to encourage them. Chrysogonus foretold that Zoilus would also die on the same day. Nine days later, the words of Saint Chrysogonus were fulfilled. Zoilus fell asleep in the Lord, and Saint Anastasia visited the three maidens before their tortures. When these three martyrs gave up their souls to the Lord, she buried them. carried out her teacher’s request, the saint went from city to city ministering to Christian prisoners. Proficient in the medical arts of the time, she zealously cared for captives far and wide, healing their wounds and relieving their suffering. of her labors, Saint Anastasia received the name Deliverer from Potions (Pharmakolytria), since by her intercessions she has healed many from the effects of potions, poisons, and other harmful substances. made the acquaintance of the pious young widow Theodota, finding in her a faithful helper. Theodota was taken for questioning when it was learned that she was a Christian. Saint Anastasia was arrested in Illyricum. occurred just after all the Christian captives there had been murdered in a single night by order of Diocletian. Anastasia had come to one of the prisons, and finding no one there, she began to weep loudly. The jailers realized that she was a Christian and took her to the prefect of the district, who tried to persuade her to deny Christ by threatening her with torture. After his unsuccessful attempts to persuade Saint Anastasia to offer sacrifice to idols, he handed her over to the pagan priest Ulpian in Rome. cunning pagan offered Saint Anastasia the choice between luxury and riches, or grievous sufferings. He set before her gold, precious stones and fine clothing, and also fearsome instruments of torture. The crafty man was put to shame by the bride of Christ. Saint Anastasia refused the riches and chose the tools of torture. the Lord prolonged the earthly life of the saint, and Ulpian gave her three days to reconsider. by Anastasia’s beauty, the pagan priest decided to defile her purity. However, when he tried to touch her he suddenly became blind. His head began to ache so severely that he screamed like a madman. He asked to be taken to a pagan temple to appeal to the idols for help, but on the way he fell down and died. Anastasia was set free and she and Theodota again devoted themselves to the care of imprisoned Christians. long, Saint Theodota and her three sons accepted a martyrdom. Her eldest son, Evodus, stood bravely before the judge and endured beatings without protest. After lengthy torture, they were all thrown into a red-hot oven. Anastasia was caught again and condemned to death by starvation. remained in prison without food for sixty days. Theodota appeared to the martyr every night and gave her courage. that hunger caused Saint Anastasia no harm whatsoever, the judge sentenced her to drowning together with other prisoners. Among them was Eutychianus, who was condemned for his Christian faith. prisoners were put into a boat which went out into the open sea. The soldiers bored holes in the boat and got into a galley. Saint Theodota appeared to the captives and steered the ship to shore. When they reached dry land, 120 men believed in Christ and were baptized by Saints Anastasia and Eutychianus. were captured and received a martyr’s crown. Saint Anastasia was stretched between four pillars and burned alive. A certain pious woman named Apollinaria buried her body, which was unharmed by the fire, in the garden outside her house. the fifth century the relics of Saint Anastasia were transferred to Constantinople, where a church was built and dedicated to her. Later the head and a hand of the Great Martyr were transferred to the monastery of Saint Anastasia [Deliverer from Potions], near Mount Athos.

Northern Italy, 303-313, Anastasia's mentor Chrysogonus, foretold A's husband death at sea, C tortured, bhead iAquileia, appears
Rome, 303-313, Anastasia's teacher Chrysogonus, A beaten by h, C said be patient, accept lords will, cleave cross, C foretold h's death at sea, Diocletian kill them all order, C tortured sent tAquileia, A followed C tA, C beheaded, thrown into sea, waves carried head body back, presby Zolius concealed, C appears to Z, informs about m for Agape, Chone and Irene, C sent Anastasia to encourage them, also that Z would d same day, 9 days later fulfilled, she burried them, back to ministeriing to prisoners city to city, she gave medical arts to captives far and wide, Theodora as helper, arrested in Illyricum after fiinding no one in the prisons, wept loudly, Jailers realized, back to Pagan priest in Rome, set before her riched and tools of torture, chose tools, 3 days to reconsider, Anastasia's beauty, blind by touching her, headache, appeal to idols but died, A and T free again to care for prisoners, T and her 3 sons martyred, Evodus endured, all red hot oven. A caught again, starvation ordered, 60 days no food, every night T appeared, Judge ordered drowning w prisoners incl Euthychianus, open sea, holes bored, T appeared and steered to shore, 120 believed and baptized, all captured and martyred, A stretched and burned alive, body not harmed, Apollinaria buried her in her garden, relics transfered in 5th century, then to near Athos; Rome; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from Potions, Commemorated on December 22; Great Martyr Anastasia the Deliverer from Potions, a Roman by birth, suffered for Christ at the time of Diocletian’s persecution of Christians. father was a pagan, but her mother was secretly a Christian. Anastasia’s teacher in her youth was an educated and pious Christian named Chrysogonus. the death of her mother, her father gave Saint Anastasia in marriage to a pagan named Publius, but feigning illness, she preserved her virginity. herself in the garb of a beggar, and accompanied by only one servant, she visited the prisons. She fed, doctored and often ransomed captives who were suffering for their faith in Christ. her servant told Publius about everything, he subjected his wife to a beating and locked her up at home. Anastasia then began to correspond secretly with Chrysogonus, who told the saint to be patient, to cleave to the Cross of Christ, and to accept the Lord’s will. also foretold the impending death of Publius in the sea. a certain while Publius did indeed drown, as he was setting out with a delegation to Persia. the death of her husband, Saint Anastasia began to distribute her property to the poor and suffering. was informed that the Christians who filled the prisons of Rome stoically endured tortures. He gave orders to kill them all in a single night, and for Chrysogonus to be sent to him at Aquileia. Saint Anastasia followed her teacher at a distance. emperor interrogated Chrysogonus personally, but could not make him renounce his faith. Therefore, he commanded that he be beheaded and thrown into the sea. body and severed head of the holy martyr were carried to shore by the waves. by divine Providence, the relics were found by a presbyter named Zoilus who placed them in a coffer, and concealed them at his home. Chrysogonus appeared to Zoilus and informed him that martyrdom was at hand for Agape, Chione and Irene (April 16), three sisters who lived nearby. He told him to send Saint Anastasia to them to encourage them. Chrysogonus foretold that Zoilus would also die on the same day. Nine days later, the words of Saint Chrysogonus were fulfilled. Zoilus fell asleep in the Lord, and Saint Anastasia visited the three maidens before their tortures. When these three martyrs gave up their souls to the Lord, she buried them. carried out her teacher’s request, the saint went from city to city ministering to Christian prisoners. Proficient in the medical arts of the time, she zealously cared for captives far and wide, healing their wounds and relieving their suffering. of her labors, Saint Anastasia received the name Deliverer from Potions (Pharmakolytria), since by her intercessions she has healed many from the effects of potions, poisons, and other harmful substances. made the acquaintance of the pious young widow Theodota, finding in her a faithful helper. Theodota was taken for questioning when it was learned that she was a Christian. Saint Anastasia was arrested in Illyricum. occurred just after all the Christian captives there had been murdered in a single night by order of Diocletian. Anastasia had come to one of the prisons, and finding no one there, she began to weep loudly. The jailers realized that she was a Christian and took her to the prefect of the district, who tried to persuade her to deny Christ by threatening her with torture. After his unsuccessful attempts to persuade Saint Anastasia to offer sacrifice to idols, he handed her over to the pagan priest Ulpian in Rome. cunning pagan offered Saint Anastasia the choice between luxury and riches, or grievous sufferings. He set before her gold, precious stones and fine clothing, and also fearsome instruments of torture. The crafty man was put to shame by the bride of Christ. Saint Anastasia refused the riches and chose the tools of torture. the Lord prolonged the earthly life of the saint, and Ulpian gave her three days to reconsider. by Anastasia’s beauty, the pagan priest decided to defile her purity. However, when he tried to touch her he suddenly became blind. His head began to ache so severely that he screamed like a madman. He asked to be taken to a pagan temple to appeal to the idols for help, but on the way he fell down and died. Anastasia was set free and she and Theodota again devoted themselves to the care of imprisoned Christians. long, Saint Theodota and her three sons accepted a martyrdom. Her eldest son, Evodus, stood bravely before the judge and endured beatings without protest. After lengthy torture, they were all thrown into a red-hot oven. Anastasia was caught again and condemned to death by starvation. remained in prison without food for sixty days. Theodota appeared to the martyr every night and gave her courage. that hunger caused Saint Anastasia no harm whatsoever, the judge sentenced her to drowning together with other prisoners. Among them was Eutychianus, who was condemned for his Christian faith. prisoners were put into a boat which went out into the open sea. The soldiers bored holes in the boat and got into a galley. Saint Theodota appeared to the captives and steered the ship to shore. When they reached dry land, 120 men believed in Christ and were baptized by Saints Anastasia and Eutychianus. were captured and received a martyr’s crown. Saint Anastasia was stretched between four pillars and burned alive. A certain pious woman named Apollinaria buried her body, which was unharmed by the fire, in the garden outside her house. the fifth century the relics of Saint Anastasia were transferred to Constantinople, where a church was built and dedicated to her. Later the head and a hand of the Great Martyr were transferred to the monastery of Saint Anastasia [Deliverer from Potions], near Mount Athos.

Northern Italy, 313 and 323, Edict of Milan
Edict of Milan, 313 Western Roman Empire and 323 extended to the Eastern Roman Empire; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21;

Northern Italy, 355-374, Bishop of Milan, Auxentius, Arian then Orthodox by Hilliary
Northern Italy, 355-374, Bishop of Milan, Auxentius, Arian; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367);

Northern Italy, 360-397, AMBROSE OF MILAN, Northern Italy Governor, Milan bishop, theologian, against Arianism, c Augustine
Northern Italy, 360-397, AMBROSE OF MILAN, Northern Italy Governor, Milan bishop, theologian, against Arianism, c Augustine, Antiphonal Chant, doctor of unified Church, from Gaul, bees mouth honey on tongue, Bishop as a catachumen, fame, Persians, converted queen Fritigelda of the Markomanni; of Milan (c. 340 - 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose,[a] was the Bishop of Milan, a theologian, and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting "antiphonal chant", a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other, as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium, an Advent hymn. He also had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354–430). Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan. Milan; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, was born in the year 340 into the family of the Roman prefect of Gaul (now France). Even in the saint’s childhood there appeared presentiments of his great future. Once, bees covered the face of the sleeping infant. They flew in and out of his mouth, leaving honey on his tongue. Soon they flew away so high that they could no longer be seen. Ambrose’s father said that the child would become something great when he reached manhood. the death of the father of the family, Ambrose journeyed to Rome, where the future saint and his brother Satyrius received an excellent education. About the year 370, upon completion of his course of study, Ambrose was appointed to the position of governor (consular prefect) of the districts of Liguria and Aemilia, though he continued to live at Mediolanum (now Milan). the year 374 Auxentius, the Arian Bishop of Mediolanum, died. This led to complications between the Orthodox and the Arians, since each side wanted to have its own bishop. Ambrose, as the chief city official, went to the church to resolve the dispute. he was speaking to the crowd, suddenly a child cried out, “Ambrose for bishop!” The people took up this chant. Ambrose, who at this time was still a catechumen, considered himself unworthy, and tried to refuse. He disparaged himself, and even tried to flee from Mediolanum. The matter went ultimately before the emperor Valentinian the Elder (364-375), whose orders Ambrose dared not disobey. He accepted holy Baptism from an Orthodox priest and, passing through all the ranks of the Church clergy in just seven days, on December 7, 374 he was consecrated Bishop of Mediolanum. dispersed all his possessions, money and property for the adornment of churches, the upkeep of orphans and the poor, and he devoted himself to a strict ascetic life. combined strict temperance, intense vigilance and work within the fulfilling of his duties as archpastor. Saint Ambrose, defending the unity of the Church, energetically opposed the spread of heresy. Thus, in the year 379 he traveled off to establish an Orthodox bishop at Sirmium, and in 385-386 he refused to hand over the basilica of Mediolanum to the Arians. preaching of Saint Ambrose in defense of Orthodoxy was deeply influential. Another noted Father of the Western Church, Saint Augustine (June 15), bore witness to this, having accepted holy Baptism in the year 387 by the grace of the preaching of the bishop of Mediolanum. Ambrose also actively participated in civil matters. Thus, the emperor Gracian (375-383), having received from him the “Exposition of the Orthodox Faith” (De Fide), removed, by decree of the saint, the altar of Victory from the halls of the Senate at Rome, on which oaths were wont to be taken. a pastoral boldness, Saint Ambrose placed a severe penance on the emperor Theodosius I (379-395) for the massacre of innocent inhabitants of Thessalonica. For him there was no difference between emperor and commoner. he released Theodosius from the penance, the saint would not permit the emperor to commune at the altar, but compelled him to do public penance. fame of Bishop Ambrose and his actions attracted to him many followers from other lands. From far away Persia learned men came to him to ask him questions and absorb his wisdom. Fritigelda (Frigitil), queen of the military Germanic tribe of the Markomanni, which often had attacked Mediolanum, asked the saint to instruct her in the Christian Faith. The saint in his letter to her persuasively stated the dogmas of the Church. And having become a believer, the queen converted her own husband to Christianity and persuaded him to conclude a treaty of peace with the Roman Empire. saint combined strictness with an uncommon kindliness. Granted a gift of wonderworking, he healed many from sickness. One time at Florence, while staying at the house of Decentus, he resurrected a dead boy. repose of Saint Ambrose, who departed to the Lord on the night of Holy Pascha, was accompanied by many miracles. He even appeared in a vision to the children being baptized that night. The saint was buried in the Ambrosian basilica in Mediolanum, beneath the altar, between the Martyrs Protasius and Gervasius (October 14). zealous preacher and valiant defender of the Christian Faith, Saint Ambrose received particular renown as a Church writer. In dogmatic compositions he set forth the Orthodox teaching about the Holy Trinity, the Sacraments, and Repentance: “Five Books on the Faith” (De Fide); “Explication of the Symbol of the Faith” (Explanatio Symboli); “On the Incarnation” (De Incarnationis); “Three Books on the Holy Spirit” (De Spiritu Sancto); “On the Sacraments” (De Sacramento); “Two Books on Repentance” (De Paenitentia). In writings about Christian morality, he explained the excellence of Christian moral teaching compared to pagan moral teaching. well-known work of Saint Ambrose, “On the Duties of the Clergy” (De Officiis Ministrorum) evidences his deep awareness of pastoral duty. He stresses that those who serve in the Church should have not only the proper knowledge of Church services, but also the proper knowledge of moral precepts. Ambrose was also a reformer of Church singing. He introduced antiphonal singing (along the Eastern or Syrian form) into the Western Church, which became known as “Ambrosian Chant.” He also composed twelve hymns which were used during his lifetime. The hymn, “Thee, O God, we praise” (Te Deum), attributed to Saint Ambrose, entered into the divine services of the Orthodox Church (Molieben). AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; was governor of Northern Italy, with capital at Milan. When the see of Milan fell vacant, it seemed likely that rioting would result, since the city was evenly divided between Arians and Athanasians. Note: Athanasians affirm that the Logos or Word (John 1:1) is fully God in the same sense that the Father is, while Arians affirm that the Logos is a creature, the first being created by the Father. East Orthodox, Roman Catholics, Anglicans, Lutherans, Prebyterians, Reformed, Baptists, Methodists, etc. are Athanasians. The Watchtower Society (J's Witnesses), the Philippine group called the Iglesia ni Christi (spelling?), and some other groups are Arians. The Unitarians started out as Arians, and some of them still hold this position.) went to the meeting where the election was to take place, and appealed to the crowd for order and good will on both sides. He ended up being elected bishop with the support of both sides. He gave away his wealth, and lived in simplicity. By his preaching, he converted the diocese to the Athanasian position, except for the Goths and some members of the Imperial Household. The Arian emperor Constantius (son of Constantine the Great) had sent missionaries (Arians, of course) to convert the Gothic tribes. The Goths were the chief source of mercenary troops for the Empire. Thus for many years the Army was Arian although a majority of civilians were Athanasian.) one occasion, the Empress ordered him to turn over a church to the Arians so that her Gothic soldiers could worship in it. Ambrose refused, and he and his people occupied the church. Ambrose composed Latin hymns in the rhythm of "Praise God from Whom all blessings flow," and taught them to the people, who sang them in the church as the soldiers surrounded it. The Goths were unwilling to attack a hymn-singing congregation, and Ambrose won that dispute. subsequently won another dispute, when the Emperor, enraged by a crowd who defied him, ordered them all killed by his soldiers. he next appeared at church, Ambrose met him at the door and said, "You may not come in. There is blood on your hands." The emperor finally agreed to do public penance and to promise that thereafter he would never carry out a sentence of death without a forty-day delay after pronouncing it. creditable, to modern Christians, is Ambrose's dispute with the emperor when certain Christians burned a Jewish synagogue, and the emperor commanded them to make restitution. Ambrose maintained that no Christian could be compelled to provide money for the building of a non-Christian house of worship, no matter what the circumstances. was largely responsible for the conversion of St. Augustine. The hymn Te Deum Laudamus ("We praise Thee, O God") was long thought to have been composed by Ambrose in thanksgiving for that conversion. The current opinion is that Ambrose did not write it, but that he may well have written the Creed known as the Athanasian Creed. is perhaps the first writer of Christian hymns with rhyme and (accentual) meter, and northern Italy still uses his style of plainchant, known as Ambrosian chant, rather than the more widespread Gregorian chant. the negative side, many Christians will regret his contribution to increased preoccupation with the relics of martyrs. died 4 April 397, but (because this date so often falls in Holy Week or Easter Week) he is commonly remembered on the anniversary of his consecration as bishop, 7 December. is regarded as one of the Eight Great Doctors (=Teachers) of the Undivided Church. The list includes four Latin (Western) Doctors (Ambrose, Jerome, Augustine, and Pope Gregory the Great), and four Greek (Eastern) Doctors (Athanasius, John Chrysostom, Basil the Great, and Gregory of Nazianzus -- not to be confused with Gregory of Nyssa, the brother of Basil). by James Kiefer Northern Italy, 360-397, Bishop of Milan, Ambrose, against Arianism, antiphonal chant, Augistine of H; (born Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 340 -“ 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose[a], was the Bishop of Milan, a theologian, and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperor Theodosius I and the usurper Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting "antiphonal chant", a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other, as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium, an Advent hymn. He also had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan. 1 Life 1.1 Early life 1.2 Bishop of Milan 1.3 Arianism 1.4 Imperial relations 1.5 Attitude towards Jews 1.6 Attitude towards pagans 1.7 Later years and death 1.8 Character 2 Theology 2.1 Giving to the poor 2.2 Mariology 3 Writings 4 Church music 5 Augustine 5.1 Reading 6 Bibliography 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Works cited 9 External links life[edit] was born into a Roman Christian family about 340 and was raised in Gallia Belgica, the capital of which was Augusta Treverorum.[3] His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius,[4][5] a praetorian prefect of Gaul;[6] but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an imperial constitution dated 3 February 339 (addressed in a brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, Constantine II, Constantius II, or Constans, in the Codex Theodosianus, book XI.5).[7][8][9] mother was a woman of intellect and piety[10] and a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi,[11] and thus Ambrose was cousin of the orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. He was the youngest of three children, who included Marcellina and Satyrus (who is the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri), also venerated as saints.[12] There is a legend that as an infant, a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey. His father considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. For this reason, bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology. the year 354 Ambrosius, the father, died, whereupon the family moved to Rome.[13] There he studied literature, law, and rhetoric. He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. Praetorian Prefect Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus first gave him a place in the council and then in about 372 made him governor of Liguria and Emilia, with headquarters at Milan.[6] In 286 Diocletian had moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum (Milan). was the Governor of Aemilia-Liguria in northern Italy until 374, when he became the Bishop of Milan. Ambrose was a very popular political figure, and since he had been the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of Valentinian I. of Milan[edit] the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Nicene Church and Arians.[14][15] In 374 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius, an Arian, died, and the Arians challenged the succession. Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place, to prevent an uproar, which was probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly.[15] was known to be Nicene Christian in belief, but also acceptable to Arians due to the charity shown in theological matters in this regard. At first he energetically refused the office, for which he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was neither baptized nor formally trained in theology.[6] Upon his appointment, Ambrose fled to a colleague's home seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor Gratian praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals evidently worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated bishop of Milan. bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister Marcellina (who had become a nun). This raised his popularity even further, giving him considerable political leverage over even the emperor. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a prefecture in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs.[3] 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon, France, and Paulinus of Nola, who had served as governor of Campania, went to Milan to attend the school of Ambrose.[16] of Saint Ambrose with a scourge in Museo del Duomo, Milan. Unknown Lombard author, early 17 century. studied theology with Simplician, a presbyter of Rome.[10] Using to his advantage his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, he studied the Old Testament and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.[17] He applied this knowledge as preacher, concentrating especially on exegesis of the Old Testament, and his rhetorical abilities impressed Augustine of Hippo, who hitherto had thought poorly of Christian preachers. the confrontation with Arians, Ambrose sought to theologically refute their propositions, which were contrary to the Nicene creed and thus to the officially defined orthodoxy. The Arians appealed to many high level leaders and clergy in both the Western and Eastern empires. Although the western Emperor Gratian supported orthodoxy, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.[18] Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position. In the East, Emperor Theodosius I likewise professed the Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions,[10] especially among the higher clergy. this contested state of religious opinion, two leaders of the Arians, bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that he complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared the consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a synod composed of thirty-two bishops was held at Aquileia in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices.[10] the increasing strength of the Arians proved a formidable task for Ambrose. In 385[18] or 386 the emperor and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of clergy and laity, especially military, professed Arianism. They demanded two churches in Milan, one in the city (the Basilica of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's), be allocated to the Arians.[18] Ambrose refused and was required to answer for his conduct before the council.[6][page needed] He went, his eloquence in defense of the Church reportedly overawing the ministers of Valentinian, so he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches. The day following, when he was performing divine service in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give up at least the Portian basilica in the suburbs. As he still refused, certain deans or officers of the court were sent to take possession of the Portian basilica, by hanging up in it imperial escutcheons[18] to prepare for the arrival of the emperor and his mother at the ensuing festival of Easter.[19] spite of Imperial opposition, Ambrose declared, "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it."[19] 386 Justina and Valentinian received the Arian bishop Auxentius the younger, and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and the imperial order was rescinded.[20 relations[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck. National Gallery, London. imperial court was displeased with the religious principles of Ambrose, though his aid was soon solicited by the Emperor. When Magnus Maximus usurped the supreme power in Gaul, and was meditating a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him from the undertaking, and the embassy was successful.[19] second later embassy was unsuccessful. The enemy entered Italy and Milan was taken. Justina and her son fled but Ambrose remained at his post and did good service to many of the sufferers by causing the plate of the church to be melted for their relief.[19] I, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the kingdom. Theodosius was excommunicated by Ambrose for the massacre of 7,000 people at Thessalonica in 390,[19] after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.[6][page needed] - Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt,[19] and he readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance. This shows the strong position of a bishop in the western part of the empire, even when facing a strong emperor. The controversy of John Chrysostom with a much weaker emperor a few years later in Constantinople led to a crushing defeat of the bishop. 392, after the death of Valentinian II and the fall of Eugenius, Ambrose supplicated the emperor for the pardon of those who had supported Eugenius after Theodosius was eventually victorious.[19] of St. Ambrose Saint Ambrose with scourge and book, a painting in the church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome towards Jews[edit] his treatise on Abraham, Ambrose warns against intermarriage with pagans, Jews, or heretics.[21] 388, Emperor Theodosius the Great was informed that a crowd of Christians, led by their bishop, had destroyed the synagogue at Callinicum on the Euphrates. He ordered the synagogue rebuilt at the expense of the bishop,[22] but Ambrose persuaded Theodosius to retreat from this position.[23] He wrote to the Emperor, pointing out that he was thereby "exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death"; in the letter "the reasons given for the imperial rescript are met, especially by the plea that the Jews had burnt many churches".[24] Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where Magnus Maximus issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people in turn exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that if Theodosius attempted to apply the law to protect his Jewish subjects he'd be viewed similarly.[25] In the course of the letter Ambrose speaks of the clemency that the emperor had shown with regard to the many houses of wealthy people and churches that had been destroyed by unruly mobs, with many then still not restored and then adds: "There is, then, no adequate cause for such a commotion, that the people should be so severely punished for the burning of a building, and much less since it is the burning of a synagogue, a home of unbelief, a house of impiety, a receptacle of folly, which God Himself has condemned. For thus we read, where the Lord our God speaks by the mouth of the prophet Jeremiah: 'And I will do to this house, which is called by My Name, wherein ye trust, and to the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh, and I will cast you forth from My sight, as I cast forth your brethren, the whole seed of Ephraim. And do not thou pray for that people, and do not thou ask mercy for them, and do not come near Me on their behalf, for I will not hear thee. Or seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah?'[Jeremiah 7:14] God forbids intercession to be made for those."[24][26] Yet, Ambrose did not oppose punishing those who were directly responsible for destroying the synagogue. his exposition of Psalm 1, Ambrose says: "Virtues without faith are leaves, flourishing in appearance, but unproductive. How many pagans have mercy and sobriety but no fruit, because they do not attain their purpose! The leaves speedily fall at the wind's breath. Some Jews exhibit purity of life and much diligence and love of study, but bear no fruit and live like leaves."[27] towards pagans[edit] article: Anti-paganism influenced by Saint Ambrose his influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of paganism;[28][b][30][31] Theodosius issued the 391 "Theodosian decrees," which with increasing intensity outlawed pagan practices.[29][32]The Altar of Victory was removed by Gratian. Ambrose prevailed upon Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius to reject requests to restore the altar. years and death[edit] silver urn with the body of Ambrose (with white vestments) in the crypt of Sant'Ambrose, with the skeletons of Gervase and Protase. April 393 Arbogast, magister militum of the West and his puppet Emperor Eugenius, marched into Italy to consolidate their position in regard to Theodosius I and his son, Honorius, whom Theodosius had appointed Augustus to govern the western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the translation of the relics of Saints Vitalis and Agricola. From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigidus in early September 394.[33] after acquiring the undisputed possession of the Roman Empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by Simplician.[19] Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the church of Saint Ambrogio in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated“ along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of Saints Gervase and Protase. Drawing based on a statue of Saint Ambrose circumstances in the history of Ambrose are characteristic of the general spirit of the times. The chief causes of his victory over his opponents were his great popularity and the reverence paid to the episcopal character at that period. He used several indirect means to obtain and support his authority with the people.[19] was his custom to comment severely in his preaching on the public characters of his times; and he introduced popular reforms in the order and manner of public worship. It is alleged, too, that at a time when the influence of Ambrose required vigorous support, he was admonished in a dream to search for, and found under the pavement of the church, the remains of two martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius. The saints, although they would have had to have been hundreds of years old, looked as if they had just died. The applause of the people was mingled with the derision of the court party.[19] joins Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great as one of the Latin Doctors of the Church. Theologians compare him with Hilary, who they claim fell short of Ambrose's administrative excellence but demonstrated greater theological ability. He succeeded as a theologian despite his juridical training and his comparatively late handling of Biblical and doctrinal subjects.[19] intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal ministry, while the prevalent asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian ethics. Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia.[19] displayed a kind of liturgical flexibility that kept in mind that liturgy was a tool to serve people in worshiping God, and ought not to become a rigid entity that is invariable from place to place. His advice to Augustine of Hippo on this point was to follow local liturgical custom. "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the church where you are."[34][35] Thus Ambrose refused to be drawn into a false conflict over which particular local church had the "right" liturgical form where there was no substantial problem. His advice has remained in the English language as the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." interpretation of Ambrose's writings is that he was a Christian universalist.[36] It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of Origen and Didymus the Blind, two other early Christian universalists.[36] quotation cited in favor of this belief is: Our Savior has appointed two kinds of resurrection in the Apocalypse. 'Blessed is he that hath part in the first resurrection,' for such come to grace without the judgment. As for those who do not come to the first, but are reserved unto the second resurrection, these shall be disciplined until their appointed times, between the first and the second resurrection.[37] could interpret this passage as being another example of the mainstream Christian belief in a general resurrection (that both those in heaven and in hell undergo a bodily resurrection), or an allusion to purgatory (that some destined for heaven must first undergo a phase of purification). Several other works by Ambrose clearly teach the mainstream view of salvation. For example: "The Jews feared to believe in manhood taken up into God, and therefore have lost the grace of redemption, because they reject that on which salvation depends."[38] to the poor[edit] was also interested in the condition of contemporary Italian society.[39] Ambrose considered the poor not a distinct group of outsiders, but a part of the united, solidary people. Giving to the poor was not to be considered an act of generosity towards the fringes of society but a repayment of resources that God had originally bestowed on everyone equally and that the rich had usurped.[40] The theological treatises of Ambrose of Milan would come to influence Popes Damasus, Siricius and Leo XIII. Central to Ambrose is the virginity of Mary and her role as Mother of God.[41] virgin birth is worthy of God. Which human birth would have been more worthy of God, than the one in which the Immaculate Son of God maintained the purity of his immaculate origin while becoming human?[42] confess that Christ the Lord was born from a virgin, and therefore we reject the natural order of things. Because she conceived not from a man but from the Holy Spirit.[43] is not divided but one. If we adore him as the Son of God, we do not deny his birth from the virgin. ... But nobody shall extend this to Mary. Mary was the temple of God but not God in the temple. Therefore, only the one who was in the temple can be worshiped.[44] truly blessed for having surpassed the priest (Zechariah). While the priest denied, the Virgin rectified the error. No wonder that the Lord, wishing to rescue the world, began his work with Mary. Thus she, through whom salvation was being prepared for all people, would be the first to receive the promised fruit of salvation.[45] viewed celibacy as superior to marriage and saw Mary as the model of virginity.[46] St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; Saint Bassian, Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Northern Italy, 374-430, Augistine of Hippo, professor of rhetoric
Northern Italy, 374-430, Augistine of Hippo, professor of rhetoric; prospered in Rome, and was eventually appointed chief professor of rhetoric for the city of Milan, at that time the capital city of the Empire in the West. It should be noted that this was an extremely prestigious appointment. In classical times, when laws were often made and issues voted on by huge public assemblies, when even juries typically had several hundred members, and when a man's public influence, or even on occasion his life, depended on his ability to sway large audiences, rhetoric -- the art of manipulating an audience -- was a skill that few men thought they could afford to neglect. (Socrates was one of the few, and we know what happened to him!) The art, at first intensely practical, had by Augustine's day become a display form admired for its own sake. However, the admiration was there. Every lawyer, arguing a case, was expected to give an eloquent speech, full of classical allusions and standard rhetorical flourishes. And Augustine was at the top of the field. St. Augustine entering Milan, by Gozzoli St. Augustine entering Milan, by Gozzoli Milan Augustine met the bishop Ambrose, and was startled to find in him a reasonableness of mind and belief, a keenness of thought, and an integrity of character far in excess of what he had found elsewhere. For the first time, Augustine saw Christianity as a religion fit for a philosopher. Soon after his arrival in Milan, Augustine was plunged into two crises. First, his mother arrived from Africa, and persuaded him that he ought to give up his mistress and get married. He agreed to a betrothal to a suitable young lady; but his betrothed was too young for immediate marriage, and so the actual wedding was postponed for two years. Meanwhile the mistress had been sent back to Africa. Augustine, not ready for two years of sexual abstinence, lapsed back into promiscuity. The second crisis was that Augustine became a neo-Platonist. Plato, as interpreted by his later spokesmen, in particular by Plotinus, taught that only God is fully real, and that all other things are degenerations in varying degrees from the One--things are progressively less good, less spiritual, and less real as one goes rung by rung down the cosmic ladder. By contemplating spiritual realities, directing one's attention first to one's own mind and then moving up the ladder rung by one to the contemplation of God, one acquires true wisdom, true self-fulfilment, true spirituality, and union with God, or the One. Augustine undertook this approach, and believed that he had in fact had an experience of the presence of God, but found that this only made him more aware of the gulf between what he was and what he realized that he ought to be. he continued to hear Bishop Ambrose. And finally, partly because Ambrose had answers for his questions, partly because he admired Ambrose personally, and chiefly (or so he believed) because God touched his heart, he was converted to Christianity in 386 and was baptised by Ambrose at Easter of 387. Northern Italy, 360-397, Bishop of Milan, Ambrose, against Arianism, antiphonal chant, Augistine of H; (born Aurelius Ambrosius; c. 340 -“ 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose[a], was the Bishop of Milan, a theologian, and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperor Theodosius I and the usurper Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with promoting "antiphonal chant", a style of chanting in which one side of the choir responds alternately to the other, as well as with composing Veni redemptor gentium, an Advent hymn. He also had notable influence on Augustine of Hippo (354-430). Christianity identified Ambrose as one of its four traditional Doctors of the Church. He is considered a saint by the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Anglican Communion, and various Lutheran denominations, and venerated as the patron saint of Milan. life[edit] was born into a Roman Christian family about 340 and was raised in Gallia Belgica, the capital of which was Augusta Treverorum.[3] His father is sometimes identified with Aurelius Ambrosius,[4][5] a praetorian prefect of Gaul;[6] but some scholars identify his father as an official named Uranius who received an imperial constitution dated 3 February 339 (addressed in a brief extract from one of the three emperors ruling in 339, Constantine II, Constantius II, or Constans, in the Codex Theodosianus, book XI.5).[7][8][9] mother was a woman of intellect and piety[10] and a member of the Roman family Aurelii Symmachi,[11] and thus Ambrose was cousin of the orator Quintus Aurelius Symmachus. He was the youngest of three children, who included Marcellina and Satyrus (who is the subject of Ambrose's De excessu fratris Satyri), also venerated as saints.[12] There is a legend that as an infant, a swarm of bees settled on his face while he lay in his cradle, leaving behind a drop of honey. His father considered this a sign of his future eloquence and honeyed tongue. For this reason, bees and beehives often appear in the saint's symbology. the year 354 Ambrosius, the father, died, whereupon the family moved to Rome.[13] There he studied literature, law, and rhetoric. He then followed in his father's footsteps and entered public service. Praetorian Prefect Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus first gave him a place in the council and then in about 372 made him governor of Liguria and Emilia, with headquarters at Milan.[6] In 286 Diocletian had moved the capital of the Western Roman Empire from Rome to Mediolanum (Milan). was the Governor of Aemilia-Liguria in northern Italy until 374, when he became the Bishop of Milan. Ambrose was a very popular political figure, and since he had been the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of Valentinian I. of Milan[edit] the late 4th century there was a deep conflict in the diocese of Milan between the Nicene Church and Arians.[14][15] In 374 the bishop of Milan, Auxentius, an Arian, died, and the Arians challenged the succession. Ambrose went to the church where the election was to take place, to prevent an uproar, which was probable in this crisis. His address was interrupted by a call, "Ambrose, bishop!", which was taken up by the whole assembly.[15] was known to be Nicene Christian in belief, but also acceptable to Arians due to the charity shown in theological matters in this regard. At first he energetically refused the office, for which he was in no way prepared: Ambrose was neither baptized nor formally trained in theology.[6] Upon his appointment, Ambrose fled to a colleague's home seeking to hide. Upon receiving a letter from the Emperor Gratian praising the appropriateness of Rome appointing individuals evidently worthy of holy positions, Ambrose's host gave him up. Within a week, he was baptized, ordained and duly consecrated bishop of Milan. bishop, he immediately adopted an ascetic lifestyle, apportioned his money to the poor, donating all of his land, making only provision for his sister Marcellina (who had become a nun). This raised his popularity even further, giving him considerable political leverage over even the emperor. Upon the unexpected appointment of Ambrose to the episcopate, his brother Satyrus resigned a prefecture in order to move to Milan, where he took over managing the diocese's temporal affairs.[3] 383 Gratian was assassinated at Lyon, France, and Paulinus of Nola, who had served as governor of Campania, went to Milan to attend the school of Ambrose.[16] of Saint Ambrose with a scourge in Museo del Duomo, Milan. Unknown Lombard author, early 17 century. studied theology with Simplician, a presbyter of Rome.[10] Using to his advantage his excellent knowledge of Greek, which was then rare in the West, he studied the Old Testament and Greek authors like Philo, Origen, Athanasius, and Basil of Caesarea, with whom he was also exchanging letters.[17] He applied this knowledge as preacher, concentrating especially on exegesis of the Old Testament, and his rhetorical abilities impressed Augustine of Hippo, who hitherto had thought poorly of Christian preachers. the confrontation with Arians, Ambrose sought to theologically refute their propositions, which were contrary to the Nicene creed and thus to the officially defined orthodoxy. The Arians appealed to many high level leaders and clergy in both the Western and Eastern empires. Although the western Emperor Gratian supported orthodoxy, the younger Valentinian II, who became his colleague in the Empire, adhered to the Arian creed.[18] Ambrose did not sway the young prince's position. In the East, Emperor Theodosius I likewise professed the Nicene creed; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions,[10] especially among the higher clergy. this contested state of religious opinion, two leaders of the Arians, bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum, confident of numbers, prevailed upon Gratian to call a general council from all parts of the empire. This request appeared so equitable that he complied without hesitation. However, Ambrose feared the consequences and prevailed upon the emperor to have the matter determined by a council of the Western bishops. Accordingly, a synod composed of thirty-two bishops was held at Aquileia in the year 381. Ambrose was elected president and Palladius, being called upon to defend his opinions, declined. A vote was then taken and Palladius and his associate Secundianus were deposed from their episcopal offices.[10] the increasing strength of the Arians proved a formidable task for Ambrose. In 385[18] or 386 the emperor and his mother Justina, along with a considerable number of clergy and laity, especially military, professed Arianism. They demanded two churches in Milan, one in the city (the Basilica of the Apostles), the other in the suburbs (St Victor's), be allocated to the Arians.[18] Ambrose refused and was required to answer for his conduct before the council.[6][page needed] He went, his eloquence in defense of the Church reportedly overawing the ministers of Valentinian, so he was permitted to retire without making the surrender of the churches. The day following, when he was performing divine service in the basilica, the prefect of the city came to persuade him to give up at least the Portian basilica in the suburbs. As he still refused, certain deans or officers of the court were sent to take possession of the Portian basilica, by hanging up in it imperial escutcheons[18] to prepare for the arrival of the emperor and his mother at the ensuing festival of Easter.[19] spite of Imperial opposition, Ambrose declared, "If you demand my person, I am ready to submit: carry me to prison or to death, I will not resist; but I will never betray the church of Christ. I will not call upon the people to succour me; I will die at the foot of the altar rather than desert it. The tumult of the people I will not encourage: but God alone can appease it."[19] 386 Justina and Valentinian received the Arian bishop Auxentius the younger, and Ambrose was again ordered to hand over a church in Milan for Arian usage. Ambrose and his congregation barricaded themselves inside the church, and the imperial order was rescinded.[20 relations[edit] Ambrose barring Theodosius from Milan Cathedral by Anthony van Dyck. National Gallery, London. imperial court was displeased with the religious principles of Ambrose, though his aid was soon solicited by the Emperor. When Magnus Maximus usurped the supreme power in Gaul, and was meditating a descent upon Italy, Valentinian sent Ambrose to dissuade him from the undertaking, and the embassy was successful.[19] second later embassy was unsuccessful. The enemy entered Italy and Milan was taken. Justina and her son fled but Ambrose remained at his post and did good service to many of the sufferers by causing the plate of the church to be melted for their relief.[19] I, the emperor of the East, espoused the cause of Justina, and regained the kingdom. Theodosius was excommunicated by Ambrose for the massacre of 7,000 people at Thessalonica in 390,[19] after the murder of the Roman governor there by rioters.[6][page needed] - Ambrose told Theodosius to imitate David in his repentance as he had imitated him in guilt,[19] and he readmitted the emperor to the Eucharist only after several months of penance. This shows the strong position of a bishop in the western part of the empire, even when facing a strong emperor. The controversy of John Chrysostom with a much weaker emperor a few years later in Constantinople led to a crushing defeat of the bishop. 392, after the death of Valentinian II and the fall of Eugenius, Ambrose supplicated the emperor for the pardon of those who had supported Eugenius after Theodosius was eventually victorious.[19] of St. Ambrose Saint Ambrose with scourge and book, a painting in the church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome towards Jews[edit] his treatise on Abraham, Ambrose warns against intermarriage with pagans, Jews, or heretics.[21] 388, Emperor Theodosius the Great was informed that a crowd of Christians, led by their bishop, had destroyed the synagogue at Callinicum on the Euphrates. He ordered the synagogue rebuilt at the expense of the bishop,[22] but Ambrose persuaded Theodosius to retreat from this position.[23] He wrote to the Emperor, pointing out that he was thereby "exposing the bishop to the danger of either acting against the truth or of death"; in the letter "the reasons given for the imperial rescript are met, especially by the plea that the Jews had burnt many churches".[24] Ambrose, referring to a prior incident where Magnus Maximus issued an edict censuring Christians in Rome for burning down a Jewish synagogue, warned Theodosius that the people in turn exclaimed "the emperor has become a Jew", implying that if Theodosius attempted to apply the law to protect his Jewish subjects he'd be viewed similarly.[25] In the course of the letter Ambrose speaks of the clemency that the emperor had shown with regard to the many houses of wealthy people and churches that had been destroyed by unruly mobs, with many then still not restored and then adds: "There is, then, no adequate cause for such a commotion, that the people should be so severely punished for the burning of a building, and much less since it is the burning of a synagogue, a home of unbelief, a house of impiety, a receptacle of folly, which God Himself has condemned. For thus we read, where the Lord our God speaks by the mouth of the prophet Jeremiah: 'And I will do to this house, which is called by My Name, wherein ye trust, and to the place which I gave to you and to your fathers, as I have done to Shiloh, and I will cast you forth from My sight, as I cast forth your brethren, the whole seed of Ephraim. And do not thou pray for that people, and do not thou ask mercy for them, and do not come near Me on their behalf, for I will not hear thee. Or seest thou not what they do in the cities of Judah?'[Jeremiah 7:14] God forbids intercession to be made for those."[24][26] Yet, Ambrose did not oppose punishing those who were directly responsible for destroying the synagogue. his exposition of Psalm 1, Ambrose says: "Virtues without faith are leaves, flourishing in appearance, but unproductive. How many pagans have mercy and sobriety but no fruit, because they do not attain their purpose! The leaves speedily fall at the wind's breath. Some Jews exhibit purity of life and much diligence and love of study, but bear no fruit and live like leaves."[27] towards pagans[edit] article: Anti-paganism influenced by Saint Ambrose his influence, emperors Gratian, Valentinian II and Theodosius I carried on a persecution of paganism;[28][b][30][31] Theodosius issued the 391 "Theodosian decrees," which with increasing intensity outlawed pagan practices.[29][32]The Altar of Victory was removed by Gratian. Ambrose prevailed upon Gratian, Valentinian and Theodosius to reject requests to restore the altar. years and death[edit] silver urn with the body of Ambrose (with white vestments) in the crypt of Sant'Ambrose, with the skeletons of Gervase and Protase. April 393 Arbogast, magister militum of the West and his puppet Emperor Eugenius, marched into Italy to consolidate their position in regard to Theodosius I and his son, Honorius, whom Theodosius had appointed Augustus to govern the western portion of the empire. Arbogast and Eugenius courted Ambrose's support by very obliging letters; but before they arrived at Milan, he had retired to Bologna, where he assisted at the translation of the relics of Saints Vitalis and Agricola. From there he went to Florence, where he remained until Eugenius withdrew from Milan to meet Theodosius in the Battle of the Frigidus in early September 394.[33] after acquiring the undisputed possession of the Roman Empire, Theodosius died at Milan in 395, and two years later (4 April 397) Ambrose also died. He was succeeded as bishop of Milan by Simplician.[19] Ambrose's body may still be viewed in the church of Saint Ambrogio in Milan, where it has been continuously venerated“ along with the bodies identified in his time as being those of Saints Gervase and Protase. Drawing based on a statue of Saint Ambrose circumstances in the history of Ambrose are characteristic of the general spirit of the times. The chief causes of his victory over his opponents were his great popularity and the reverence paid to the episcopal character at that period. He used several indirect means to obtain and support his authority with the people.[19] was his custom to comment severely in his preaching on the public characters of his times; and he introduced popular reforms in the order and manner of public worship. It is alleged, too, that at a time when the influence of Ambrose required vigorous support, he was admonished in a dream to search for, and found under the pavement of the church, the remains of two martyrs, Gervasius and Protasius. The saints, although they would have had to have been hundreds of years old, looked as if they had just died. The applause of the people was mingled with the derision of the court party.[19] joins Augustine, Jerome, and Gregory the Great as one of the Latin Doctors of the Church. Theologians compare him with Hilary, who they claim fell short of Ambrose's administrative excellence but demonstrated greater theological ability. He succeeded as a theologian despite his juridical training and his comparatively late handling of Biblical and doctrinal subjects.[19] intense episcopal consciousness furthered the growing doctrine of the Church and its sacerdotal ministry, while the prevalent asceticism of the day, continuing the Stoic and Ciceronian training of his youth, enabled him to promulgate a lofty standard of Christian ethics. Thus we have the De officiis ministrorum, De viduis, De virginitate and De paenitentia.[19] displayed a kind of liturgical flexibility that kept in mind that liturgy was a tool to serve people in worshiping God, and ought not to become a rigid entity that is invariable from place to place. His advice to Augustine of Hippo on this point was to follow local liturgical custom. "When I am at Rome, I fast on a Saturday; when I am at Milan, I do not. Follow the custom of the church where you are."[34][35] Thus Ambrose refused to be drawn into a false conflict over which particular local church had the "right" liturgical form where there was no substantial problem. His advice has remained in the English language as the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." interpretation of Ambrose's writings is that he was a Christian universalist.[36] It has been noted that Ambrose's theology was significantly influenced by that of Origen and Didymus the Blind, two other early Christian universalists.[36] quotation cited in favor of this belief is: Our Savior has appointed two kinds of resurrection in the Apocalypse. 'Blessed is he that hath part in the first resurrection,' for such come to grace without the judgment. As for those who do not come to the first, but are reserved unto the second resurrection, these shall be disciplined until their appointed times, between the first and the second resurrection.[37] could interpret this passage as being another example of the mainstream Christian belief in a general resurrection (that both those in heaven and in hell undergo a bodily resurrection), or an allusion to purgatory (that some destined for heaven must first undergo a phase of purification). Several other works by Ambrose clearly teach the mainstream view of salvation. For example: "The Jews feared to believe in manhood taken up into God, and therefore have lost the grace of redemption, because they reject that on which salvation depends."[38] to the poor[edit] was also interested in the condition of contemporary Italian society.[39] Ambrose considered the poor not a distinct group of outsiders, but a part of the united, solidary people. Giving to the poor was not to be considered an act of generosity towards the fringes of society but a repayment of resources that God had originally bestowed on everyone equally and that the rich had usurped.[40] The theological treatises of Ambrose of Milan would come to influence Popes Damasus, Siricius and Leo XIII. Central to Ambrose is the virginity of Mary and her role as Mother of God.[41] virgin birth is worthy of God. Which human birth would have been more worthy of God, than the one in which the Immaculate Son of God maintained the purity of his immaculate origin while becoming human?[42] confess that Christ the Lord was born from a virgin, and therefore we reject the natural order of things. Because she conceived not from a man but from the Holy Spirit.[43] is not divided but one. If we adore him as the Son of God, we do not deny his birth from the virgin. ... But nobody shall extend this to Mary. Mary was the temple of God but not God in the temple. Therefore, only the one who was in the temple can be worshiped.[44] truly blessed for having surpassed the priest (Zechariah). While the priest denied, the Virgin rectified the error. No wonder that the Lord, wishing to rescue the world, began his work with Mary. Thus she, through whom salvation was being prepared for all people, would be the first to receive the promised fruit of salvation.[45] viewed celibacy as superior to marriage and saw Mary as the model of virginity.[46] St Monica, Commemorated on May 4; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Northern Italy, 400, 5th C Folder, Atilla meeting tPope, Ostrogothic (and Visigothic) King, Theodoric the Great

Northern Italy, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Northern Italy, 493-553, Ostrogothic (and Visigothic) King, Theodoric the Great
Northern Italy, 493-553, Ostrogothic (and Visigothic) King, Theodoric the Great; Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553; St. Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17;

Northern Italy, 495-552, Gregory, Archbishop oHomer (Omrits), called tHomer bMiracles, Converted Jews bDebate&Jesus appearing
Arabs, 495-552, Gregory Archbishop oOmirits (Wadi Nejran), Bishop oHomer (Omrits), as a youth filled wGrace oGod Gifts Healing Wonderworking, Deacon aMilan, hermit gives him prophecy, confirmed bElder schemamonk oMountain, fiery column, was him, standing iAir, Go Rome Boniface Aglaida church, then Alexandria tbBishop, Then tNegran in Homer tPreach, felt unworthy, wished remain wElder, but Elder knew his secret, G had seen vision Peter Paul placing Bishop's robe on him, tCarchage, tRome, Boniface Aglaida church, Tomb St Peter, his vision told him walk virtue live God's will, Paul dream cup oOil, receive priesthood&Episcopacy, during this time Emperor Elesbaan' armies oEthiopia vanquished Himyarite Dunaan a Jew, Negran liberated, christianity restored, but no christians, E asked Alexandria fBishop&Clergy, while praying Apostle Mark appeared tPatriarch told him find Deacon named Gregory who tBe Priest&Bishop, send him to Elesbaan, miracle during the service, face shone wGrace Holy Spirit, vestments fragrance oMyrrh filling whole church, iHomer G preaching tPagans&Jews, after 3yrs E returned Ethiopia, leftAbramus as king, G crowned A, A ordered all baptized, Jews say better believe willingly, requested debate, Jews given 40 days prepare, debate lasted several days, G refuted all Jew arbuments using OT, Rabbi Ervan vision Moses worshiping Jesus, M saying E would be defeated being in oposition tTruth, Christian Truth prevaied iDebate but E needed to see Jesus, G said request impertinent but Lord can do to convince you, G prays aloud, recalling incarnation, miracles, 3day resurrection, ascention and invoked power oLife-creating Cross, Show thyself to these people, Glorify thy Holy Name, Earthquaked, heavens opened in East, iRadiant cloud oLight Jesus came down, Lords Voice, through G's prayer, He whom your fathers put to death will heal you, Jews struck blind, healed receiving baptism, Gregory guided Homer 30 more years til 552; Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Gregory, Bishop of Homer (Omirits), the son of Agapius and Theodota, filled with the grace of God and possessed gifts of healing and wonderworking even in his youth. Providence of God led him to hierarchical service. still a deacon at Mediolanum (Milan) he heard the foretelling of his destiny from a hermit, then he received confirmation of these words from another spirit-bearing Elder who lived an ascetic life in the mountains. Gregory went to this holy schemamonk for guidance, a miracle occurred. he approached the mountain, he saw a fiery column in the air. He soon realized that the fiery column was actually the man of God coming toward him. That night he saw the Elder standing in the air above the ground. Elder revealed to Saint Gregory that he must go to Rome to pray in the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida. he would go to Alexandria and to become a bishop. he would arrive in the city of Negran in the land of Homer (in southern Arabia) to proclaim the Gospel. Gregory felt himself unworthy of this, and wished to remain with the ascetic as his disciple. that Gregory should have no doubts of the veracity of his words, the Elder revealed that he knew a secret about him. In a vision, Gregory had seen the First-Ranked Apostles Peter and Paul, and they had placed a bishop’s omophorion upon him. Gregory stayed a short time in Carthage (North Africa) serving as a deacon, then arrived in Rome. went to the church of Saints Boniface and Aglaida, then to the tomb of Saint Peter. he was granted a vision of the holy Apostle, who told him to walk the path of virtue and to live according to God’s will. night he saw the Apostle Paul in a dream bringing to him a cup filled with oil, foretelling that he should receive the grace of the priesthood and the episcopacy. this time the armies of the Ethiopian emperor Elesbaan (October 24) vanquished the Himyarite king Dunaan, who was of Jewish background. city of Negran was liberated, and Christianity restored in the land of Homer. all the clergy had been cruelly exterminated by Dunaan, and therefore Elesbaan sent emissaries to the Patriarch of Alexandria asking him to send a bishop to Negran, and clergy for the churches. he was praying, the holy Apostle Mark appeared to the patriarch, bidding him to find a deacon named Gregory, who was to be ordained to the priesthood, consecrated as a bishop, and then to be sent to Elesbaan. patriarch did this. During the service a miracle took place. Saint Gregory’s face shone with the grace of the Holy Spirit, and from his vestments came a sweet fragrance like myrrh or incense, filling the whole church with the scent. in Homer, Saint Gregory began to set the Church in order, preaching to both pagans and Jews. three years Elesbaan returned to Ethiopia, leaving the noble Abramius behind as King of Homer. Gregory crowned and anointed Abramius as king. he issued a decree that all his subjects be baptized. certain prominent Jews turned to the emperor saying that it was better for people to believe willingly rather than under compulsion. requested that he should permit a debate on faith to be held between them and the Christians, vowing that if the Christians proved victorious in this debate, the Jews would then accept Baptism. Jews were given forty days to prepare for the debate, which lasted for several days. Gregory refuted all the arguments of the head Hebrew elder, Rabbi Ervan, using only texts from the Old Testament. a vision Ervan beheld the holy Prophet Moses, who worshipped the Lord Jesus Christ. The prophet told Ervan that Ervan was in opposition to the truth and would be defeated. the grace of God Christian truth prevailed in the debate, Ervan would not acknowledge his defeat. He made a last desperate attempt. He said, “If you want me to believe in your Christ, and to acknowledge that yours is the true God, then show Him to me, bishop!” saint replied: “Your request is impertinent. It is not with man that you contend now, but with God. However, the Lord can do what you have asked in order to convince you. waited to see what would happen. Saint Gregory, having steadfast faith in God and trusting in Him, began to pray aloud. recalled the mystery of the Incarnation of God the Word, the miracles of His earthly life, the Three-day Resurrection and the Ascension into Heaven, and he invoked the power of the Life-Creating Cross. “Show Thyself to these people, O Lord,” he prayed, “and glorify Thy holy Name!” he finished the prayer, the earth quaked, and in the east the heavens were opened, and in a radiant cloud of light the Lord Jesus Christ came down on earth, the Voice of the Lord was heard: “Through the prayers of Bishop Gregory, He Whom your fathers put to death will heal you.” Saul, who was struck blind by the Heavenly light on the road to Damascus, the Jews were struck blind. they believed in Christ and they implored the holy bishop to heal them. receiving holy Baptism, all of them were healed. Ervan received the Christian name Leo (meaning “lion”). this most extraordinary miracle, Saint Gregory guided the flock of Homer for another thirty years. reposed in the year 552 and was buried in a crypt in the cathedral of Afar.

Northern Italy, 500, 6th C Folder, Lombard Kingdom 568-774

Northern Italy, 568-774, Lombard Kingdom, Capitol Pavia, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774
Rome, Lombard Kingdom, 568-774, 571 in Rome to Frankish Invasion 774 ;

Northern Italy, 600, 7th C Folder, Boniface oFlorence

Northern Italy, 695, Boniface oFerentino (Florence), non-covetousness love fPoor, gave yrs grain supply, miraculously refilled
Northern Italy, , Boniface oFerentino (Firentium, Florence), non-covetousness love fPoor, example gave yrs grain supply, miraculously filled again, widowed mother upset he gave his clothes; Firentium (Florence); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; his very childhood, Saint Boniface was distinguished by his non-covetousness and love for the poor. he saw a destitute man on the street, he took his own clothes and gave them away to those in need, to the chagrin of his widowed mother. he gave away a year’s supply of grain, but the Lord worked a miracle through his prayer, and the family’s granary was filled again. Boniface became bishop of the city of Ferentino (Florence), north of Rome (in Tuscany). in his lofty position as bishop he remained completely non-covetous and merciful towards people, and he directed his flock wisely, exhorting them to attend to even the least among their neighbors.

Northern Italy, 700, 8th C Folder, Charlemagne Siege oPavia, Lombards tLigura Republic oGenoa, Carolingian Empire

Northern Italy, 774, Siege of Pavia (773-“74), Frankish Invasion, Charlemagne, Ended Lombard Kingdom
Rome, 774, Siege of Pavia (773-“74); Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Northern Italy, 774, Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa, 774-1797
Lombards flee to Ligura, to eventually form Republic of Genoa; Venerable Joseph the Hymnographer, Commemorated on April 4;

Northern Italy, 768-814, Carolingian, The Empire during the reign of Charlemagne (768-“814)
The Empire during the reign of Charlemagne (768-“814);

Northern Italy, 1000, 11th C Folder, Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Walk to Canossa - Mont Cenis Pass
Mont Cenis Pass;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Northern Italy, 1200, 13th C Folder, Teutonic Knights 1291-1309

Northern Italy, 1291-1309, Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy 1291-1309)
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Northern Italy, 1400, 15th C Folder, Council oFlorence, Holy Leagues, Republic oVenice

Northern Italy, 431-449, Council of Florence, Hussites, Ottomans, papal supremacy
Council of Florence (1438); Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449. It was convoked as the Council of Basel by Pope Martin V shortly before his death in February 1431 and took place in the context of the Hussite wars in Bohemia and the rise of the Ottoman Empire. At stake was the greater conflict between the Conciliar movement and the principle of papal supremacy. Council entered a second phase after Emperor Sigismund's death in 1437. Pope Eugene IV convoked a rival Council of Ferrara on 8 January 1438 and succeeded in drawing some of the Byzantine ambassadors who were in attendance at Basel to Italy. The remaining members of the Council of Basel first suspended him, declared him a heretic, and then in November 1439 elected an antipope, Felix V. The rival Council of Florence (moved to avoid the plague in Ferrara) concluded in 1445 after negotiating unions with the various eastern churches. This bridging of the Great Schism proved fleeting, but was a political coup for the papacy. In 1447, Sigismund's successor Frederick III commanded the city of Basel to expel the Council of Basel; the rump council reconvened in Lausanne before dissolving itself in 1449. St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Northern Italy, 1431-1457, St Mark tArchbishop oEphesus, alone defended Orthodoxy aCouncil of Florence, against Papal Supremacy
Northern Italy, 1431-1457, St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, alone defended Orthodoxy aCouncil of Florence, against Papal Supremacy, against theological compromise& Political expediency, Byzantine Emperor seeking military assistance against Moslems, M's drawing close tConstan, Mark countered wPure Theology, from Holy Fathers, members from his Ephesian delegation tried changing his mind, he countered, there can be no compromis in matters Orthodox faith. but they signed Tomos oUnion, mark only discenter, died 1457 a52; Council of Florence; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated January 19; Mark Eugenikos, Archbishop of Ephesus, was a stalwart defender of Orthodoxy at the Council of Florence. would not agree to a union with Rome which was based on theological compromise political expediency (the Byzantine Emperor was seeking military assistance from the West against the Moslems who were drawing ever closer to Constantinople). Mark countered the arguments of his opponents, from the well of pure theology, the teachings of the holy Fathers. the members of his own delegation tried to pressure him into accepting the Union replied, “There can be no compromise in matters of the Orthodox Faith.” the members of the Orthodox delegation signed the Tomos of Union, Saint Mark was the only one who refused to do so. he returned from Florence, Saint Mark urged the inhabitants of Constantinople to repudiate the dishonorable document of union. died in 1457 at the age of fifty-two, admired and honored by all.

Northern Italy, 1495-1717, Holy Leagues, Republic of Venice, 697-1797
Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Venice, Northern Italy; Saint Sophronius, Confessor of Ciorara, Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Northern Italy, 1500, 16th C Folder, Jesuits begin, 1545-1563 Council oTrent

Northern Italy, 1540, Formal beginning of the Jesuits in Venice
Northern Italy, 1540, Formal beginning of the Jesuits ; Venice; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556);

Northern Italy, 1545-1563, Council of Trent
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Northern Italy, 1800, 19th C Folder, JOHN BOSCO, Salesians oDon Bosco, Becchi his castle

Northern Italy, 1835-1888, JOHN or Don BOSCO, Turin, work wDisadvantaged youth, educator, writer, prophet, historian, miracles
Northern Italy, 1835-1888, JOHN BOSCO or Don BOSCO, Turin, Salesian Society, work w disadvantaged youth, priest, educator, writer, historian, teaching methods from Christianity based on love not punishment, always under Francis de Sales, so Bosco's followers called themselves Salisians, established network of centers to carry on his work after death, Turin's industrialization urbanization ill effects, street children juvenile delinquents, Devotee Virgin Mary, Mary help of Christians, then Salesians of Don Bosco in Turin, Institute Daughters oMary Help oChristians, Salisian sisters oDon Bosco, pioneer mutual aid society, 1869 ADMA Association of Mary Help oChriatians, commitments easily fulfilled bMost people, 1875 movement oLaity, Salesian Cooperators, same educational mission tPoor, and more including dreams, and prophetic miracles.; Turin (Po River 1); JOHN BOSCO, Commemorated January 31 ; Bosco (16 August 1815 — 31 January 1888), born Giovanni Melchiorre Bosco, also called Don Bosco, was an Italian Catholic priest and educator, put into practice the dogma of his religion, employing teaching methods based on love rather than punishment. placed his works under the protection of Francis de Sales, thus his followers styled themselves the Salesian Society. Bosco succeeded in establishing a network of centers to carry on his work. recognition of his work with disadvantaged youth, he was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1934. Melchior Bosco, SDB (Italian: Giovanni Melchiorre Bosco; Piedmontese: Gioann Melchior Bòsch; 16 August 1815[4] – 31 January 1888),[5] popularly known as Don Bosco (IPA: [ˈdɔm ˈbɔsko, bo-]),[6] an Italian Catholic priest, educator and writer of the 19th century. working in Turin, the population suffered many of the ill effects of industrialization and urbanization, dedicated his life to the betterment and education of street children, juvenile delinquents, and other disadvantaged youth. developed teaching methods based on love rather than punishment, method that became known as the Salesian Preventive System.[7] follower of the spirituality and philosophy of Francis de Sales, was an ardent devotee of the Virgin Mary under the title Mary Help of Christians. later dedicated his works to de Sales when he founded the Salesians of Don Bosco, based in Turin.[8] with Maria Domenica Mazzarello, he founded the Institute of the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians, commonly known as the Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco, a religious congregation of nuns dedicated to the care and education of poor girls. taught Dominic Savio, of whom he wrote a biography that helped the young boy be canonized. is one of the pioneers of mutual aid societies that were initiated as collaborative financial support to young migrant Catholic workers in the city of Turin. 1850, he drew up regulations to assist apprentices and their companions when any of them was involuntarily without work or fell ill.[9] 18 April 1869, one year after the construction of the Basilica of Mary Help of Christians in Turin, Bosco established the Association of Mary Help of Christians (ADMA) it with commitments easily fulfilled by most common people, to the spirituality and the mission of the Salesian Congregation (CG 24 SDB, 1996, NR. 80). ADMA was founded to promote the veneration of the Most Holy Sacrament and Mary Help of Christians (Don Bosco, Association of the Devotees of Mary Help of Christians, San Benigno Canavese, 1890, page 33).[10] 1875, Bosco began to publish the Salesian Bulletin.[11] The Bulletin has remained in continuous publication, and is currently published in 50 different editions and 30 languages.[12] 1876, he founded a movement of laity, the Association of Salesian Cooperators, with the same educational mission to the poor.[13] established a network of organizations and centres to carry on his work. sainthood cause was opened after his death, and following his beatification in 1929, he was canonized by Pope Pius XI in 1934. Bosco was born on the evening of 16 August 1815 in the hillside hamlet of Becchi, Italy. is located in a region that was called Castelnuovo d'Asti, which was later renamed Castelnuovo Don Bosco in honour of the saint.[14] was the youngest son of Francesco Bosco (1784–1817) and Margherita Occhiena (1788–1856). had two older brothers, Antonio and Giuseppe (1813–1862).[15] Boscos of Becchi were farmhands of the Moglian Family. was born in a time of great shortage and famine in the Piedmontese countryside, the devastation wrought by the Napoleonic Wars and drought in 1817.[16] Bosco was little more than two years old, his father died, which left the support of three boys to his mother.[3] played a strong role in Bosco's formation and personality,[17] and was an early supporter of her son's ideals.[18] 1825, when he was nine, Bosco had the first of a series of dreams that would play an influential role in his outlook and work. first dream "left a profound impression on him for the rest of his life" according to his memoirs.[19] apparently saw a multitude of very poor boys playing and blaspheming, a man, who "appeared, nobly attired, with a manly and imposing bearing",[19] said to him, "You will have to win these friends of yours not with blows, but with gentleness and kindness. begin right now to show them that sin is ugly and virtue beautiful."[19] when he was ten years old started watching his classmates' attitudes, in every fight was the referee. older boys were scared of him because he knew their strengths and their weaknesses.[20] travelling entertainers performed at a local feast in the nearby hills, he watched and studied the jugglers' tricks and the acrobats' secrets. would then put on shows of his skills as a juggler, magician, and acrobat,[21] with prayers before and after the performance.[22] money that he needed to prepare the shows was taken from selling the birds that he hunted and given to him by his mother.[23] prevented any serious attempt at schooling. early years were spent as a shepherd,[3] he received his first instruction from Don Calosso "was impressed by John’s memory and understanding of the sermons he had heard at a parish mission in a nearby Church."[24] childhood experiences are thought to have inspired him to become a priest. a priest was then more commonly a profession for the privileged classes than for farmers.[25] biographers portray his older brother, Antonio, as the main obstacle for Bosco's ambition to study, as Antonio protested that John was just "a farmer like us!"[26] a cold morning in February 1827, John left his home and went to look for work as a farm servant. 12, he found life at home unbearable because of the continuous quarrels with Antonio. to face life by himself at such a young age may have developed his later sympathies to help abandoned boys. begging unsuccessfully for work, he ended up at the wine farm of Louis Moglia.[25] he could pursue some studies by himself, he was not able to attend school for two more years. 1830, he met Joseph Cafasso, a young priest who identified some natural talent and supported his first schooling.[27] mother, Margherita, managed to earn enough money to finance his education. 1835, Bosco entered the seminary at Chieri, next to the Church of the Immacolata Concezione.[28] 1841, after six years of study, he was ordained a priest on the eve of Trinity Sunday by Archbishop Franzoni of Turin. was twenty-six years old.[3] and first apostolates[edit] Don Bosco in the 1880s ordination, Bosco went to Turin, where Cafasso headed the Institute of Saint Francis of Assisi, which provided higher education for the diocesan priests. then had a population of 117,000 inhabitants. The city reflected the effects of industrialization and urbanization. Numerous poor families lived in the slums of the city and had come from the countryside in search of a better life. his studies, Bosco accompanied Cafasso in visiting the prisons and became concerned regarding the recidivism of young offenders. began to work with orphaned and abandoned boys, teaching them catechism and helping them find work.[29] completion of his studies, Cafasso secured for Bosco appointment as almoner of the Rifugio (Refuge), girls' boarding school founded in Turin by the Marchioness Giulia di Barolo, that he could remain in Turin.[30] other ministries included visiting prisoners, teaching catechism, and helping out at many country parishes. of population growth and migration to the city, Bosco found the traditional methods of parish ministry to be inefficient. decided that it was necessary to try another form of apostolate, he began to meet the boys where they worked and gathered in shops and marketplaces. were pavers, stonecutters, masons, and plasterers who had come from far away, as he recalled in his brief Memoires. Oratorio was not simply a charitable institution, and its activities were not limited to Sundays. Don Bosco, it became his permanent occupation. looked for jobs for the unemployed. of the boys did not have sleeping quarters and slept under bridges or in bleak public dormitories. he tried to provide lodgings in his house. first time, they stole the blankets; second, time, they emptied the hayloft. did not give up, and in May 1847, he gave shelter to a young boy from Valencia in one of the three rooms he was renting in the slums of Valdocco, where he was living with his mother. and his mother began taking in orphans. boys sheltered by Don Bosco numbered 36 in 1852, 115 in 1854, 470 in 1860, and 600 in 1861, reaching a maximum of 800 sometime later.[31] and his oratory moved around town for several years; he was turned out of several places in succession. only two months based in the church of St. Martin, the entire neighbourhood expressed its annoyance with the noise coming from the boys at play. formal complaint was lodged against them with the municipality. Rumours also circulated that the meetings conducted by the priest with his boys were dangerous; their recreation could be turned into a revolution against the government. The group was evicted.[32] with apprentices[edit] the archives of the Salesian Congregation is a contract of apprenticeship, dated November 1851; another one on stamped paper costing 40 cents, dated 8 February 1852; and others have later dates. are among the first contracts of apprenticeship to be found in Turin. of them are signed by the employer, the apprentice, and Don Bosco. those contracts, Don Bosco touched on many sensitive issues. employers customarily made servants and scullery boys of the apprentices. Bosco obliged them to agree to employ the boys only in their acknowledged trade. used to beat the boys, and Don Bosco required them to agree that corrections be made only verbally. cared for their health and demanded that they be given rest on feast days and an annual holiday. all the efforts and contracts, the situation of the apprentices of the time remained difficult.[31] influential friend was the Piedmontese justice minister Urbano Rattazzi. was anticlerical in his politics saw some value in Bosco's work.[33][34] Rattazzi was pushing a bill through the Sardinian legislature to suppress religious orders, advised Bosco on how to get around the law. found a religious order to keep the oratory going after its founder's death.[33] had been thinking about that problem too and had been slowly organizing his helpers into a loose Congregation of St. Francis de Sales. was also training select older boys for the priesthood. supporter of the idea of establishing a religious order to carry out Bosco's vision was the reigning pope, Pope Pius IX.[35] Photograph of Bosco, c. 1887 disliked the ideals that had been exported by Revolutionary France, part of the process of dechristianization of France during the French Revolution, called Rousseau and Voltaire "two vicious leaders of incredulity".[36] favoured an ultramontane view of politics that acknowledged the supreme authority of the pope. 1854, when the Sardinia-Piedmont was about to pass a law suppressing monastic orders and confiscating ecclesiastical properties, reported a series of dreams about "great funerals at court" that referred to politicians or members of the Savoy court.[37] November 1854, Bosco sent a letter to King Victor Emmanuel II and admonished him to oppose the confiscation of church property and suppression of the orders; King failed to respond.[38] actions, which had been described by the Italian historian Roberto Petoia as having "manifest blackmailing intentions",[39] only after the intervention of the then prime minister, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour. king's family suffered several deaths in a short period. January to May 1855, the king's mother Maria Theresa of Austria (aged 54), his wife Adelaide of Austria (aged 32), their newborn son Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Genoa (nearly four months old), and his only brother, Prince Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa (aged 32), all died.[37][38] to Bosco and his work came from various quarters. clergy accused him of stealing the young and old people away from their own parishes. politicians, including some clergy, saw his several hundred young men as a recruiting ground for revolution. Marquis de Cavour, the chief of police in Turin, regarded the open-air catechisms as overtly political and a threat to the state and was highly suspicious of Bosco's support for the powers of the papacy. was interrogated on several occasions; no charges were made. Closure may have been prevented by orders from the king that Bosco was not to be disturbed.[40] attempts were also made on Bosco's life, including a near-stabbing, bludgeoning, and a shooting. biographers put that down to the growing influence of the Waldensians in opposition to Catholic clergy.[41] Foundation of Salesians of Don Bosco[edit] Basilica Don Bosco in Castelnuovo Don Bosco, Asti St. John Bosco Parish Church, Makati, Philippines Statue of Saint John Bosco, Ronda, Spain Statue of Saint John Bosco, Makati, Philippines Statue of Saint John Bosco at the Diocesan Shrine of Mary Help of Christians, Canlubang, Laguna, Philippines of the boys helped by Don Bosco decided to do what he was doing: working in the service of abandoned boys. was the origin of the Salesian Congregation. Among the first members were Michael Rua,[42] John Cagliero (who later became a Cardinal), and John Baptist Francesca. 1857 Bosco drew up a set of rules for his helpers. This rule was approved definitively in 1873 by Pope Pius IX as the Rule of the Society of Saint Francis de Sales. 1859, Bosco selected the experienced priest Vittorio Alasonatti, 15 seminarians, and one high school boy and formed them into the Society of St. Francis de Sales. was the nucleus of the Salesians, the religious order that would carry on his work. the group had its next meeting, it voted on the admission of Joseph Rossi as a lay member, the first Salesian brother. Salesian Congregation was divided into priests, seminarians, and coadjutors (the lay brothers). then worked with Mary Mazzarello and a group of girls in the hill town of Mornese. 1871, he founded a group of religious sisters to do for girls what the Salesians were doing for boys.[43] were called the Daughters of Mary Help of Christians. 1874, he founded yet another group, the Salesian Cooperators, who were mostly lay people who would work for young people like the Daughters and the Salesians would not join a religious order.[44] first Salesians departed for Argentina in 1875. his ordination, Bosco himself would have become a missionary if his director, Joseph Cafasso, had not opposed the idea. nevertheless eagerly read the Italian edition of the Annals of the Propagation of the Faith and used this magazine to illustrate his Cattolico Provveduto (1853) and his Month of May booklets (1858). Bosco founded the Salesian Society, the thought of the missions still obsessed him but completely lacked the financial means. three years he collected information about different countries. A request from Argentina turned him towards the Indians of Patagonia, a study of its people convinced him that the country and its inhabitants were the ones that he had seen in his dream. late 1874, Bosco received letters from the Argentine consul at Savona requesting that he accept an Italian parish in Buenos Aires and a school for boys at San Nicolas de Los Arroyos. [citation needed] regarded it as a sign of Providence and started to prepare a mission. a way of evangelization that would not expose his missionaries to wild, uncivilized tribes, proposed setting up bases in safe locations at which missionary efforts were to be launched. started after Archbishop Aneiros of Buenos Aires had indicated that he would be glad to receive the Salesians. a ceremony held on 29 January 1875, Bosco was able to convey the great news to the oratory. 5 February, he announced the fact in a circular letter to all Salesians asking volunteers to apply in writing. proposed for the first missionary departure to start in October. There were many volunteers.[citation needed] Preventive System and other works[edit] section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main article: Salesian Preventive System the years that Bosco had spent running his oratory and giving spiritual and practical instruction to the boys he had housed there, relied on a different approach to education and general instruction, he believed to be superior to traditional educational methods, such as school discipline, which he labelled as a repressive system of education. 12 March 1877, Bosco gave an opening address on the systems of education during the day for the opening of the St. Peter's Youth Center in the new quarters of the Patronage de Saint Pierre in Nice in which he first mentioned the term "Preventive System".[45] his return to Turin, Bosco wrote down the address as a polished essay under the title The Preventive System in the Education of the Youth, which was published in 1877 and in which he included in the initial draft of the Rule for the Salesian Order.[46] espoused the values of reason, religion, and loving kindness with a goal of producing "good Christians and honest citizens".[12] was the only attempt that Bosco made at a systematic exposition of his educational system. the idea itself was not innovative by any means, Bosco having drawn the inspiration for his system through the contemporary criticisms of the punitive and outdated educational systems prevalent in Europe during his time, he was one of the first to combat it and to put his criticisms into practice.[47] Bosco's written works were little known outside of his own order and the subscribers of his Salesian Bulletin, which he founded in August 1877, wrote frequently and voluminously. Don Bosco was described as more of a man of action than a scholar,[48] he was an exceptional historian. penned the 1881 A Compendium of Italian History from the Fall of the Roman Empire, was translated and continued to the present by John Daniel Morell was noted by scholars for its cultural importance on the knowledge base of ancient to modern civilization.[49] was also a skilled biographer. two most well-known biographies were on his mentor, Joseph Cafasso,[50] one of his students, Dominic Savio, which would later be instrumental in his canonization.[51] are Bosco's works in roughly chronological order. Essays published in the volumes of Catholic Readings (Letture Cattoliche), 1853–1884[52] 1853 ”Announcements for Catholics” “The Instructed Catholic” “Historical Notes on the Miracle of the Blessed Sacrament at Turin” “Fact of Our Times” “A Dispute Between a Lawyer and a Protestant Minister” “Notes on the Life of the Youth Luigi Comollo” “The Conversion of a Waldensian” “A Collection of Strange Contemporary Happenings” “The Six Sundays in Honour of St. Aloysius Gonzaga” “The Jubilee” 1855 “An Easy Method of Learning Sacred History” “Talks on Confession” “Life of St. Martin, Bishop of Tours” “The Value of a Good Upbringing” 1856 “Life of St. Pancras” 1857 “Life of St. Peter” “Two Conferences on Purgatory” “Life of St. Paul” “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs Linus, Cletus, and Clement” “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs Anacletus, Evaristus, and Alexander I” “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs Sixtus, Telesphorus, and Hyginus” 1858 “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs Anicetus, Soter, Eleutherus, Victor, and Zephirinus” “The Month of May, Consecrated to Mary Immaculate” “The Christian’s ‘Porta Tecum’” “Life of the Sovereign Pontiff Callistus I” 1859 “Life of the Youth Dominic Savio” “Life of the Sovereign Pontiff Urban I” “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs Pontian, Anteros, and Fabian” “The Persecution of Decius and the Pontificate of St. Cornelius I” 1860 “Lives of the Sovereign Pontiffs St. Lucian I and St. Stephen I” “The Pontificate of St. Sixtus II and the Glories of St. Laurence” “Biography of Fr. Joseph Cafasso” 1861 “A Family of Martyrs” “Biographical Note on Michael Magone” “The Pontificate of St. Dionysius” “Biography of Silvio Pellico” 1862 “The Pontificates of St. Felix I and St. Eutychian” “The New Charm of an Old Soldier of Napoleon” 1863 “Historical Notes on BI. Catherine De-Mattei” “The Pontificate of St. Caius” 1864 “The Pontificates of SS. Marcellinus and Marcellus” “Episodes Pleasant and Contemporary” “The Little Shepherd of the alps” 1865 “The House of Fortune” “Dialogues on the Jubilee” “The Peace of the Church” “Life of Bl. Mary of the Angels, C.S.” 1866 “Valentine or the Opposed Vocation” 1867 “The Centenary of St. Peter the apostle” “Life of St. Joseph” “News and Stories” 1868 “Severino, or the adventures of a Young alpinist” “Marvels of the Mother of God” “Life of St. John the Baptist” “Remembrance of a Solemnity” 1869 “The Catholic Church and Its Hierarchy” “Association of the Devotees of Mary, Help of Christians” “The General Councils and the Catholic Church” “Angelina, or the Little Orphan Girl of the Apennines” 1870 “Nine Days Consecrated to the august Mother of Our Saviour” “Church History” 1871 “The Apparition of the Blessed Virgin at La Salette” “Pleasing Facts From the Life of Pius IX” 1872 “The Centenary of St. Eusebius the Great” 1874 “Massimino, or the Encounter of a Boy with a Protestant” 1875 “The Jubilee of 1875” “Mary, Help of Christians” 1877 “The Little Cloud of Carmel” 1878 “The Loveliest Flower of the Apostolic College” 1883 “The Catholic in the World 1884 “New Stories of Luigi Comolli” Series started by Don Bosco The friend of youth, a politico-religious paper (1849) 1851 Synoptic tablet (on the Catholic Church) Flying leaflets "Il Galantuomo". A national almanac began (1854) Salesian Bulletin (since 1877) Critical works Forty Dreams of St. John Bosco (critical edition published in 1977, originally published as a dream journal in 1855) The Preventive System in the Education of the Youth (1877) A Compendium of Italian History from the Fall of the Roman Empire (1881) works Memoirs of the Oratory of Saint Francis de Sales (written between 1815 and 1855, published posthumously in 1989) The spiritual writings of Saint John Bosco (1984) Dreams, Visions, and Prophecies of Don Bosco (1999) The Unpublished Don Bosco (compiled by Mario Balbi and published in 2005) and canonization[edit] Bosco died on 31 January 1888. His funeral was attended by thousands. Archdiocese of Turin investigated, and witnesses were called to determine if Bosco was worthy to be declared a saint. Salesians, Daughters, and Cooperators gave supportive testimonies. Pope Pius XI had known Bosco and pushed the cause forward. XI beatified Bosco on 2 June 1929 and canonised him on Easter Sunday (1 April) 1934, he was given the title of "Father and Teacher of Youth". Pius XII proclaimed him patron saint of Catholic publishers in 1949. repertoire of writings and publications consists of over 220 titles collected in 38 volumes.[53] were printed at his own peerless paper-to-print workshop, where boys learned the art of printing and publishing in view of future employment.[54] had been popularly known as the patron saint of illusionists. 30 January 2002, Silvio Mantelli petitioned Pope John Paul II to declare Bosco formally to the patron of stage magicians.[55] stage magicians who practice gospel magic venerate Bosco by offering free magic shows to underprivileged children on his feast day.[55] work was carried on by an early pupil, collaborator, and companion, Michael Rua, who was appointed rector major of the Salesian Society by Pope Leo XIII in 1888. He is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 31 January.[2] popular culture[edit] is the patron saint of Brasília, which he supposedly foresaw in a dream concerning an extraordinary new civilization that would flourish in central Brazil. educational institutions are named after him, in countries as diverse as Australia, India, the Philippines, Pakistan, and the United States. institutions in Engadine, New South Wales, were also named for Bosco, including St John Bosco Parish, St John Bosco Primary School, and St John Bosco College. was the subject of the 1935 biopic Don Bosco, directed by Goffredo Alessandrini, and was played by the actor Gian Paolo Rosmino. was also the subject of two Italian movies: Don Bosco (1988) and Saint John Bosco: Mission to Love (2004). borough in Quilmes, Argentina, is named after him. Italian church, San Giovanni Bosco, is named after him in Montreal, Canada, in the Ville-Émard area.

Northern Italy, 1857, Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin
Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Northern Italy, 1888, Becchi, the Castle of Don Bosco
V; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Northern Italy, 1900, 20th C Folder, 1922 Conference oGenoa

Northern Italy, 1922, Conference of Genoa
Genoa Conference (1922) ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Northern Italy, Po River Folder

Po River

Po River Source (Monte Viso)

Cottian Alps
Cottian Alps;

Cimelum, Northern Italy (near Po River Source)
Cimelum Hieromartyr Antherus (Antheros) Pope of Rome, Commorated August 4 ; Hieromartyr Fabian the Pope of Rome Martyr Pontious at Cimella in France, Commemorated August 5 ;

Po River 1 (Turin)

Turin (Po River 1)
Turin (Po River 1); JOHN BOSCO, Commemorated January 31 ;

Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857
Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Becchi and Castelnuovo Don Bosco, near Turin, Northern Italy
Becci and Castelnuovo Don Bosco; John Bosco; JOHN BOSCO, PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy Folder ( Kingdom of Sardinia, Northern Italy)

Savoy (France, then Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France)
Savoy (of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France, Leysse and Albane Rivers); JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Cimelum City maybe Savoy (on the pass between Gaul and Northern Italy, Henry's Road to Canossa)
Cimelum City maybe Savoy (on the pass between Gaul and Northern Italy, Henry's Road to Canossa); Savoy (of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France, Leysse and Albane Rivers); Hieromartyr Fabian, Pope of Rome, and Martyr Pontious, Commemorated on August 5;

Savoy Area

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Dora Riparia River Folder

Dora Riparia River, Savoy

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Second Source (Mount Cenis Pass and Lake)

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Source (Col de Montgenevre, Pass, Savoy)
Dora Riparia River, Savoy Source (Col de Montgenevre, Pass, Savoy);

Dora Riparia River, Savoy Mouth (Po River Source)
Dora Riparia River, Savoy;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Arc River, Savoy Folder

Arc River, Savoy

Arc River, Savoy Source (Graian Alps)
Arc River, Savoy Source (Graian Alps);

Arc River 1 (Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoy)
Bonneval-sur-Arc, Savoy;

Arc River 2 (Bessans, Savoy)
Bessans, Savoy

Arc River 3 (Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis, Savoy)
Lanslebourg-Mont-Cenis, Savoy;

Arc River 4 (Sollieres-Sardieres, Savoy)
Sollieres-Sardieres, Savoy;

Arc River 5.1 (Villarodin-Bourget, Savoy)
Villarodin-Bourget, Savoy;

Arc River 5.2 (Modane, Savoy)
Modane, Savoy;

Arc River 5.3 (Fourneaux, Savoy)
Fourneaux, Savoy;

Arc River 6.1 (Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, Savoy)
Saint-Michel-de-Maurienne, Savoy ;

Arc River 6.2 (Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, Savoy)
Saint-Julien-Mont-Denis, Savoy;

Arc River 7.1 (La Chambre, Savoy)
La Chambre, Savoy;

Arc River 7.2 (Epierre, Savoy)
Epierre, Savoy;

Arc River Mouth (Isere 5.5, Aiton, Savoy)
Arc River Savoy Mouth;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Leysse River Folder

Leysse River, Savoy

Leysse River Source (Montmélian, Savoy)

Leysse River 1, Savoy (Chambery, Savoy)
Chambery, Savoy;

Leysse River 2, Savoy (Lake Bourget)
Leysse River, Savoy;

Leysse River 3, Savoy (Canal de Savieres, Savoy)
Canal de Savieres, Savoy;

Leysse River, Savoy Mouth (Chanaz, Savoy, Rhone River 3)
Chanaz, Savoy;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Isere River Foler

Isere River, Savoy

Isere River, Savoy Source (Grande Aiguille Rousse)
Grande Aiguille Rousse;

Isere River 1 (Val-d'Isere, Savoy)
Val-d'Isere, Savoy

Isere River 2 (Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoy)
Bourg-Saint-Maurice, Savoy;

Isere River 3 (Aime, Savoy)
Isere, River, Savoy (Aime, Savoy)

Isere River 4 (Moutiers, Savoy)
Moutiers, Savoy;

Isere River 5 (Albertville, Savoy)
Albertville, Savoy;

Isere River 5 (Chaise River Mouth)
Isere River, Savoy (Chaise River);

Isere 5.5 (Arc River Mouth, Aiton, Savoy)
Arc River Savoy Mouth;

Annecy Lake, Savoy

Isere River 6 (Montmelian, Savoy)
Montmelian, Savoy;

Isere River 7 (Pontcharra, Savoy)
Pontcharra, Savoy;

Isere River 8 (Grenoble, Savoy)
Grenoble, Savoy;

Isere River 8.2 (Drac River Mouth)
Drac River;

Isere River 9 (Voreppe, Savoy)
Voreppe, Savoy;

Isere River 10 (Morge River Mouth)
Morge River;

Isere River 11 (Romans-sur-Isere, Savoy)
Romans-sur-Isere, Savoy;

Isere River Savoy Mouth (Rhone River 6)
Isere River Savoy Mouth;

Northern Italy, Po River Source, Savoy, Drome River Folder

Drome River, Savoy

Drome River Source (French Prealps)
French Prealps;

Drome River, Savoy (Valdrome, Savoy)
Valdrome, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy (Luc-en-Diois, Savoy)
Luc-en-Diois, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy (Crest, Savoy)
Crest, Savoy;

Drome River, Savoy Mouth (Rhone River 6.5)

Po River 2 (Lambro River)

Northern Italy, Po River 2, Ticino River Folder

Ticino River

Ticino River Source (Nufenen Pass in Switzerland)

Ticino River Source (Bedretto)
Ticino River Source (Bedretto);

Ticino River 1 (Lake Maggiore)

Ticino River 2 (Novora)

Novara (Ticino River 2 in Lombardy)
Novara; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21;

Ticino River Mouth (Po River 2)

Northern Italy, Po River 2, Lambro River Folder (Lombardy, Milan)

Lambro River

Lake Como

Lambro River Source (near Lake Como)

Lambro River 1

Lambro River 2

Lambro River 3

Lambro River 4 (Monza)

Lambro River 4 (Milan)

Monza, Northern Italy (Monza River Mouth, Lambro River 4)
Monza; Venerable Therapon the Abbot of Monza, Commemorated on May 27;

Lambro River 5 (Milan)

Milan, Northern Italy (Lambro River 5)
Milan; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO; 7 Holy Maccabee Martyrs, Commemorated on August 1; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397) ; JUAN DE LA CRUZ (JOHN OF THE CROSS), MYSTIC, 1591, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Sebastian at Rome, and his companions, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; HILARY OF POITIERS, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (13 JANUARY 367) ; Emperor Theodosius the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; Greatmartyr, Victory-bearer and Wonderworker George, Commemorated on April 23; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); St Monica, Commemorated on May 4 ; MONNICA, MOTHER OF AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (4 MAY 387); GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Equal of the Apostles and Emperor Constantine with his Mother Helen, Commemorated on May 21; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15; Martyr Christopher of Lycia, Commemorated on May 9; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ;

Milan City Walls, its Area

Milan cathedral, 1386
Milan cathedral; Martyr Nazarius of Milan, Commemorated on October 14 ;

Lombardy Region, Northern Italy (capitol is Milan, Lambro River)
Lombardy; Lombards in Sicily; Lombards; 440 Martyrs slain by the Lombards in Sicily, Commemorated on March 2 ; GREGORY THE GREAT, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (12 MAR 604) ; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ; Hieromartyr Basil the Bishop of Amasea, Commemorated on April 26; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10; St Augustine the Bishop of Hippo, Commemorated on June 15 ; St Julius the Presbyter of Novara, Commemorated on June 21;

Lambro River Mouth (Po River 2)

Aemilia - Placentia, Northern Italy (Po River 2, across river from Lambro River Mouth)
Aemilia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Aemilia, Roman Province, its Area

Po River 3 (Adda River)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Adda River Folder

Adda River

Grison Alps

Umbrail Pass
Umbrail Pass;

Foscagno Pass
Foscagno Pass;

Gavia Pass
Gavia Pass;

Stelvio Pass

Adda River Source (Stelvio Pass)

Adda River 1 (Bormio)

Adda River 2 (Tirano)

Adda River 3 (Sondrio)

Adda River 4 (thru Lake Como)

Northern Italy, Po River 3, Adda River 4, Mera River Folder

Mera River from Source 2

Mera River

Mera River Source (Piz Duan Mt, Oberhalbstein Alps, Switzerland )

Val Bregaglia Valley (Mera River 1)
Val Bregaglia Valley;

Mera River Mouth (Lake Como, Ada River 4)
Mera River;

Adda River 5

Adda River 6

Adda River 7 (Lodi, Lombardy)

Lodi, Lombardy (Adda River 7)
Lodi, Lombardy; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Adda River 8

Adda River Mouth (Po River 3)

Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3); St. Julian the Bishop of Cenomanis (Le Mans) in Gaul, Commemorated on July 13 ;

Mincio, Northern Italy, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461);

Po River 4 (Ferrara)

Ferrara (Po River 4)
Ferrara (Po River 4); Nicholas Copernicus of NICHOLAS COPERNICUS and JOHANNES KEPLER, ASTRONOMERS, 1543 & 1630, Commemorated May 23;

Po River Mouth (Adriatic Sea near Venice)

Northern Italy, Adige River Folder (Adriatic Sea, Venice)

Adige (Atesis) River

Adige River Source (Reschen Pass)
Reschen Pass

Adig River 2nd Source, from Brenner Pass, Tyrol

Adige River from third source, Aurino Stream

Adige River Third Source, Tauern Pass

Adige River Second Source (Val Gardena, Italy)

Puster Valley
Puster Valley;

County of Tyrol (now in Austria and Northern Italy)
County of Tyrol; The heart of the alpine region called the Alps. The County of Tyrol, Princely County from 1504, was a State of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1814 a province of the Austrian Empire and from 1867 a Cisleithanian crown land (Kronland) of Austria-Hungary. Today its territory is divided between the Italian region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Sirol, a small part of the Italian region of Veneto (Cortina d'Ampezzo and other villages) and the Austrian state of Tyrol. Both regions are today associated again in the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.

Adige River 1 (Glurns)

Adige River 2 (Merano)

Adige River 4 (Auer, South Tyrol)

Adige River 5 (Trento)

Trent, Northern Italy, Council of Trent (1545-1563) (Adige River 5)
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Council of Trent, 1545-1563, Northern Italy
Council of Trent 1545-1563; MARTIN LUTHER EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546);

Adige River 6 (Rovereto)

Breschia, Northern Italy (Adige River 6.5)
Breschia; Virginmartyr Julia of Carthage, Commemorated July 16 ;

Adige (Atesis) River 7 (Verona)

Verona, Northern Italy (Adige River 7)
Verona; Hieromartyr Zeno the Bishop of Verona, Commemorated on April 12 ;

Adige River 8

Adige River 9

Adriaca, Northern Italy (Adige River 9.5)
Adriaca; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle Epaphroditus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4;

Adige River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road Folder

Amber Road (Mediterranean Sea to Baltic Sea)

Amber Road 1 (Venice, Italy)

Venice, Northern Italy (Adige River Mouth, Amber Road)
Venice; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Venerable Paul the Founder of the Xeropotamou Monastery On Mt Athos, Commemorated on July 28 ; IGNATIUS LOYOLA, MYSTIC, EDUCATOR, PREACHER, AND FOUNDER OF THE JESUITS (31 JULY 1556); St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; St Paul the Confessor the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated November 6 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on April 3 ; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Venerable Nicephorus of Chios, Commemorated on May 1; Virginmartyr Theodosia of Tyre, Commemorated on May 29; JOHN XXIII (Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli), BISHOP OF ROME, 1963, Commemorated June 3 ;

Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy, Amber Rd, 1291-1309) sometimes called Germans
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309); St Eupraxia, Princess of Pskov, Commemorated October 16;

Padua, Northern Italy (near Venice, Adige River Mouth, Adriatic Sea)
Padua, Northern Italy; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated on October 18 ;

Amber Road 2 (Aquileia, Italy)

Northern Italy, Adige River Mouth, Amber Road 2, Northeast Rivers Folder, Aquilea

Torre River

Torre River 1

Torre River 2

Torre River 3

Torre River 5 (Overview)

Natiso River

Natiso River 1

Natiso River 2

Natiso River 3

Natiso (Torre) River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Aquileia, Northern Italy (Roman Road, Amber Rd 2, near Natiso River Mouth)
Aquileia; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Martyr Chrysogonus the Teacher of the Greatmartyr Anastasia, Commemorated December 22 ; Martyr Theodota who suffered under Diocletian, Commemorated December 22 ; Virginmartyr Agape in Thessalonica, Commemorated on April 16 ;

Bibione River

Pordenone River

Aviano River

Aviano, Northern Italy (north of Venice)
Aviano, Northern Italy, 39th Squadron from Pope AFB flew from here during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 ; Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974;

Cortina River

Cortina Ski World Cup

Val Gardena River

Val Gardena Ski World Cup
Val Gardena Ski World Cup;

Amber Road 3 (Ljubljana, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4 (Ptuj, Slovenia)

Amber Road 4b (Vienna, Austria, Danube River 5)

Amber Road 5 (Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 6 (Bouzov Castle, Czech Republic)

Amber Road 7 (Klodzko, Poland)

Amber Road 8 (Wroclaw, Poland)

Amber Road 9 (Milicz Ponds)

Amber Road 10 (Wielkopolska, Poland)

Amber Road 11 (Biskupin, Poland)

Amber Road 12 (Malbork, Poland)

Amber Road 13 (Gdansk, Poland)

Amber Road 14 (Kaliningrad, Prussia)

Amber Road 15 (Yantarny, Prussia)

Amber Road 16 (Nida, Lithuania)

Amber Road 17 (Palanga, Lithuania)

Amber Road 18 (Riga, Latvia)

Amber Road 19 (Tallinn, Estonia)

Amber Road 20 (St Petersberg)

Northern Italy, Tuscany Folder

Tuscany, Northern Italy
Tuscany; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; Translation of the Image œNot-Made-By-Hands of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third œFeast of the Savior in August , Commemorated on August 16 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; St Martin the Confessor the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 14; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Northern Italy, Tuscany, Genoa Folder, Genoa and Canossa

Genoa, Tuscany, Northwest Italy
Genoa; Translation of the Image "œNot-Made-By-Hands"Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16; GEORGE, SOLDIER and MARTYR, 23 APRIL 303, Commemorated April 23;

Genoa Conference (1922), Genoa, Tuscany, Northern Italy
Genoa Conference (1922) ; St Ambrose the Confessor, Commemorated on March 16

Mornese (hill town), Northern Italy
Mornese; JOHN BOSCO PRIEST, 1888, Commemorated January 31 ;

Tinos Island (Ligurian Sea)
Icon of the Mother of God "Tinos";

Liguria Region - northwest coast, Genoa, near Tuscany
Liguria Region; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7;

Liguria Region, its Area

Canossa, Northern Italy (confrontation at Canossa, 1077)
confrontation at Canossa ; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ;

Canossa, Tuscany, Walk to Canossa in 1077 Folder

Northern Italy, Tuscany, Arno River Folder, Florence and Pisa

Arno River

Arno River Source (high point near Florence)

Arno River 1 (Florence, Tuscany)

Florence, Tuscany (High Point, Arno River 1)
Florence; Medici Family; CLARE OF ASSISI, NUN (11 AUGUST 1253) ; FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7 ; St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Mark the Archbishop of Ephesus, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Maximus the Greek, Commemorated January 21 ; Repose of St Theodosius of Chernigov, Commemorated February 5 ; Repose of St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow and All Russia, Commemorated on March 31; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380); St Jonah the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on June 15;

Firentium (Florence)
Firentium (Florence); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Ferentino (Firentium, Florence)
Firentium (Florence); St Boniface the Merciful the Bishop of Ferentino, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Siena (a Tuscan hill town, irrigation)
Siena; CATHERINE OF SIENA, REFORMER AND SPIRITUAL TEACHER (29 APR 1380);

Arno River Mouth (Ligurian Sea at Pisa)
Arno River

Pisa, Tuscany, Italy (Arno River Mouth)
Pisa;

Via Aurelia Folder - Pisa to Rome

Via Aurelia (Roman Road - Pisa to Rome)
Via Aurelia;

Via Aurelia 1 (Pisa)
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome; Pisa;

Via Aurelia 2 (Cosa)

Via Aurelia 3 - Aurelian gate
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome - Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio. Martyr Pancratius, Commemorated on May 12;

Northern Italy, Reno River area Folder (Bologna, Ravenna, Adriatic Sea)

Aemilia Region
Aemilia; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated December 7;

Reno River

Reno River Source (along the border Near Pistoria)

Reno River 1 (Bologna)

Bologna, Italy (Apennine Mountains, Reno River Valley)
Bologna, Italy; DOMINIC, PREACHER, FRIAR, MISSIONARY (8 AUGUST 1221); RICHARD, Bishop of Chichester (3 April 1253);

Reno River Mouth (Adriatic Sea)

Ravenna, Northern Italy (Candiano Canal, Reno River Mouth)
Ravenna; Hieromartyr Apollinarius the Bishop of Ravenna, Commemorated on July 23; St Bassian the Bishop of Lodi in Lombardy, Commemorated on June 10;

Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea) 1738
Candiano Canal (Ravenna to Adriatic Sea);

Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553
Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553; St. Agapitus the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 17;

Via Salaria 5 (Ancona)
Ancona;

Northern Italy, Amber Road Folder

Northern Italy, Via Aurelia Folder - Pisa to Rome

Northern Italy (Clean) Folder (the Po River, its tributaries, Adriatic neighbors and Arno River Tuscany)

Northern (Clean) Italy, its Area
Northern Italy, its Area

Northern Italy
Northern Italy (the Po River, its tributaries, and Adriatic neighbors);

Northern Italy (Clean), Po River Folder

Turin (Po River 1)
Turin (Po River 1);

Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857
Salesians of Don Bosco, Turin, 1857;

Becchi and Castelnuovo Don Bosco, near Turin, Northern Italy
Becci and Castelnuovo Don Bosco; John Bosco;

Savoy (France, then Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France)
Savoy (of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1815-1860, then France, Leysse and Albane Rivers);

Cimelum City maybe Savoy (on the pass between Gaul and Northern Italy, Henry's Road to Canossa)
Cimelum City maybe Savoy (on the pass between Gaul and Northern Italy, Henry's Road to Canossa);

Novara (Ticino River 2 in Lombardy)
Novara;

Monza, Northern Italy (Monza River Mouth, Lambro River 4)
Monza;

Milan, Northern Italy (Lambro River 5)
Milan;

Milan cathedral, 1386
Milan cathedral;

Lombardy Region, Northern Italy (capitol is Milan, Lambro River)
Lombardy;

Aemilia - Placentia, Northern Italy (Po River 2, across river from Lambro River Mouth)
Aemilia;

Lodi, Lombardy (Adda River 7)
Lodi, Lombardy;

Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3)
Cremona, Northern Italy and Gaul (Adda River at Po River 3);

Mincio, Northern Italy, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great (Po River 3.5)
Mincio, 452, Meeting with Atilla The Hun and Pope Leo the Great;

Ferrara (Po River 4)
Ferrara (Po River 4);

Northern Italy (Clean), Adige River Folder (Adriatic Sea, Venice)

Trent, Northern Italy, Council of Trent (1545-1563) (Adige River 5)
Council of Trent 1545-1563;

Council of Trent, 1545-1563, Northern Italy
Council of Trent 1545-1563;

Breschia, Northern Italy (Adige River 6.5)
Breschia;

Verona, Northern Italy (Adige River 7)
Verona;

Adriaca, Northern Italy (Adige River 9.5)
Adriaca;

Northern Italy (Clean), Tuscany Folder

Tuscany, Northern Italy
Tuscany;

Genoa, Tuscany, Northwest Italy
Genoa;

Mornese (hill town), Northern Italy
Mornese;

Liguria Region - northwest coast, Genoa, near Tuscany
Liguria Region;

Canossa, Northern Italy (confrontation at Canossa, 1077)
confrontation at Canossa ;

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa; from Speyer ; to confrontation at Canossa ;

Florence, Tuscany (High Point, Arno River 1)
Florence; Medici Family;

Firentium (Florence)
Firentium (Florence);

Ferentino (Firentium, Florence)
Firentium (Florence);

Siena (a Tuscan hill town, irrigation)
Siena;

Via Aurelia 3 - Aurelian gate
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome; Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio.;

Northern Italy (Clean), Reno River area Folder (Bologna, Ravenna, Adriatic Sea)

Aemilia Region
Aemilia;

Bologna, Italy (Apennine Mountains, Reno River Valley)
Bologna, Italy;

Ravenna, Northern Italy (Candiano Canal, Reno River Mouth)
Ravenna;

Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553
Ostrogothic Kingdom, Kingdom of Italy, Ravenna, 493-553;

Northern Italy (Clean), Amber Road Folder

Venice, Northern Italy (Adige River Mouth, Amber Road)
Venice;

Northern Italy (Clean), 1000, 11th C Folder, Walk to Canossa

Walk to Canossa - from Speyer
Walk to Canossa;

Walk to Canossa - to Canossa
Walk to Canossa;

Northern Italy (Clean), Via Aurelia Folder - Pisa to Rome

Via Aurelia 3 - Aurelian gate
Via Aurelia, Roman Road from Pisa to Rome - Aurelian gate, Rome aka Porta Pia. The Aurelian gate is known today as the Porta St Pancrazio.

Northern Italy (Clean), Adige River Mouth, Amber Road Folder

Teutonic Knights (Venice, Northern Italy, Amber Rd, 1291-1309) sometimes called Germans
Teutonic Knights (Venice, 1291-1309);

Padua, Northern Italy (near Venice, Adige River Mouth, Adriatic Sea)
Padua, Northern Italy;

Aquileia, Northern Italy (Roman Road, Amber Rd 2, near Natiso River Mouth)
Aquileia;