Persia Folder, its roads, and rivers.kmz

Persia Folder, its roads, and rivers

Persia (Iran)
Persia (Iran); The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated July 12 ; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20 ; Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated on August 4; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430) ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4; Martyr Aithalas of Persia ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated September 5 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14 ; Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia; Martyr Dada of Persia, Commemorated September 29 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; HENRY MARTYN, MISSIONARY AND TRANSLATOR (19 OCT 1812) ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated October 5 ; Martyr Benjamin the Deacon of Persia, Commemorated October 13 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated October 28 ; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia,Commemorated on October 28; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10 ; St Justinian the Emperor, Commemorated on November 14 ; Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated November 24 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29 ; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30 ; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1 ; St Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated December 17 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 18 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; Prophet Malachi, Commemorated January 3 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated January 10 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated January 13 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; Prophet Daniel; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated January 22 ; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28 ; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29 ; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Venerable Conan, Abbot of the Pethukla Monastery, Commemorated February 19 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated February 20 ; Venerable Alexander the founder of the Monastery, of the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœUnsleeping OnesÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 23; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyr Christina of Persia, Commemorated on March 13; Venerable Alexis the Man of God, Commemorated on March 17; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; St Eutychius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 6 ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Monkmartyr Agathangelus of Esphigmenou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on April 19; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae, Commemorated on July 2; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6 ;

Zargos Mountains - Around the Fertile Crescent
Zargos Mountains, around the Fertile Crescent;

Persia, 2400, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC, Prophet, Jonah
Jerusalem Prophet, 8th Century BC, Jonah; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22;

Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, to Babylonians and Medes
Persia, 612 BC, Fall of Nineveh, Assyria, Persia ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire, Babylon
Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Babylon; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian;

Persia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia
Messopotamia Babylon History, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia; Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Zoroastrian, Fire Worshipers
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 632-661, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni
Persia, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni;

Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni
Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni
Persia, 1077-1256, Persian, Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty
Persia, 1370-1507, Timurid Empire, Tamurlane's Dynasty; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia
Persia, 1796-1925, Qajar dynasty, at Tehran, Shia; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Caspian Sea, north of Persia
Caspian Sea; Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1;

Persian Gulf, southwest of Persia
Persian Gulf;

Parthia (Northern Rivers and Tehran Regions, Namek Sink, Northeastern Iran or Persia)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Gulf of Oman, south of Persia
Gulf of Oman;

Persian History Folder

Persia, 25th Century BC - 612 BC, Assyrian Kingdom and Empire History Folder

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC Folder, Assryian Kingdom

Persia, 2400 BC, 25th Century BC- 612 BC, Assryia (Assur) Assyrian Kingdom
Assryia (Assyrian Kingdom); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, 13th - 7th Century BC Folder, Assryian Empire

Persia, 1250 BC - 612 BC, Assryian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Persia, 730 BC, 8th Century BC Folder, Prophet Jonah

Persia, 727 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel, Northern Kingdom
Persia, 717 - 722 BC Assyrian King Shalmaneser V, Conquered Israel; Tobit TOBIT 1This book tells the story of Tobit son of Tobiel son of Hananiel son of Aduel son of Gabael son of Raphael of the descendants* of Asiel, of the tribe of Naphtali, 2who in the days of King Shalmaneser* of the Assyrians was taken into captivity from Thisbe, which is to the south of Kedesh Naphtali in Upper Galilee, above Asher towards the west, and north of Phogor. ;

Persia, 712 BC (before 612 BC, Before S.), Conversion of Nineveh (Mosul)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Persia, 705 BC - 681 BC, Assyrian Emperor, Sennacherib, Levant campaign, d Babylon, d Nineva
Persia, Assyrian Emperor, 705 BC - 681 BC, Sennacherib ; Sennacherib (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Sennacherib in the Rassam cylinder column 1 line 25 SÃƒÂ®n-ahhÃ„Â«-erÃ„Â«ba[3] or SÃƒÂ®n-aÃ¡Â¸Â¥Ã¡Â¸Â¥Ã„Â“-erÃ„Â«ba,[4][5] meaning "SÃƒÂ®n has replaced the brothers")[6] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sargon II in 705 BC to his own death in 681 BC. The second king of the Sargonid dynasty, Sennacherib is one of the most famous Assyrian kings for the role he played in the Old Testament of the Bible, which describes his campaign in the Levant.[7] Other events of his reign include his destruction of the city of Babylon in 689 BC and his construction of the last great Assyrian capital, Nineveh. Although Sennacherib was one of the most powerful and wide-ranging Assyrian kings,[8] he faced considerable difficulty in controlling Babylonia, which formed the southern portion of his empire. Many of Sennacherib's Babylonian troubles stemmed from the Chaldean[9] tribal chief Marduk-apla-iddina II, who had been Babylon's king until Sennacherib's father defeated him. Shortly after Sennacherib inherited the throne in 705 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina retook Babylon and allied with the Elamites. Though Sennacherib reclaimed the south in 700 BC, Marduk-apla-iddina continued to trouble him, probably instigating Assyrian vassals in the Levant to rebel, leading to the Levantine War of 701 BC, and successfully convincing Sennacherib's vassal king in Babylonia, Bel-ibni, to throw off Sennacherib's rule. After the Babylonians and Elamites captured and executed Sennacherib's eldest son Ashur-nadin-shumi, who Sennacherib had proclaimed as his new vassal king in Babylon, Sennacherib campaigned in both regions, successfully subduing Elam. Because Babylon, well within his own territory, had been the target of most of his military campaigns and had caused the death of his son, Sennacherib destroyed the city in 689 BC. The Levantine War of 701 BC was made necessary because several Assyrian vassals in the region had rebelled, either because Marduk-apla-iddina encouraged them or because of the ill omens associated with the battlefield death of Sennacherib's father. Though the northern Levant was subdued relatively quickly, the states in the southern Levant, especially the Kingdom of Judah under King Hezekiah, did not submit as easily. The Assyrians thus invaded Judaea, a campaign recorded not only in Sennacherib's own accounts, but also in the Second Book of Kings in the Hebrew Bible. Though the biblical narrative holds that divine intervention by an angel ended Sennacherib's attack on Jerusalem by destroying the Assyrian army, an outright Assyrian defeat is unlikely as Hezekiah submitted to Sennacherib at the end of the campaign.[10] Contemporary records, even those written by Assyria's enemies, do not mention the Assyrians being defeated at Jerusalem.[11] Sennacherib transferred the capital of Assyria to Nineveh, where he had spent most of his time as crown prince. To transform Nineveh into a capital worthy of his empire, he launched one of the most ambitious building projects in ancient history. He expanded the size of the city, constructed great city walls, numerous temples and a royal garden. His most famous work in the city is the Southwest Palace, which Sennacherib named his "Palace without Rival". After the death of his eldest son and crown prince, Ashur-nadin-shumi, Sennacherib originally designated his second son Arda-Mulissu heir. He later replaced him with a younger son, Esarhaddon, in 684 BC, for unknown reasons. Sennacherib ignored Arda-Mulissu's repeated appeals to be reinstated as heir, and in 681 BC, Arda-Mulissu and another son murdered Sennacherib, hoping to seize power for themselves. Babylonia and the Levant welcomed his death as divine punishment, while the Assyrian heartland probably reacted with resentment and horror. Arda-Mulissu's coronation was postponed, and Esarhaddon raised an army and seized Nineveh, installing himself as king as intended by Sennacherib. Prophet Micah, Commemorated on August 14; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated on August 28; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated on December 1;

Persia, 612 BC - 550 BC, Babylonian Empire History Folder

Persia, 600 BC, 7th Century BC Folder, Babylonian Empire

Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon, Conquered Egypt, largest Empire ever
Persia, 681 - 669 BC, Assryan Emperor, Esarhaddon; Tobit Chapter 1: Sennacharib's sons kill him and Esarhaddon becomes King 21 But not forty* days passed before two of SennacheribÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s* sons killed him, and they fled to the mountains of Ararat, and his son Esar-haddon* reigned after him. He appointed Ahikar, the son of my brother Hanael* over all the accounts of his kingdom, and he had authority over the entire administration. 22Ahikar interceded for me, and I returned to Nineveh. Now Ahikar was chief cupbearer, keeper of the signet, and in charge of administration of the accounts under King Sennacherib of Assyria; so Esar-haddon* reappointed him. He was my nephew and so a close relative. ; Esarhaddon, also spelled Essarhaddon,[5] Assarhaddon[6] and Ashurhaddon[7] (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: Rassam cylinder Ansharpapash.jpg, also Esarhaddon (variation).jpg AÃ…Â¡Ã…Â¡ur-aÃ¡Â¸Â«a-iddina,[8][9] meaning "Ashur has given me a brother"),[5] was the king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the death of his father Sennacherib in 681 BC to his own death in 669. The third king of the Sargonid dynasty, Esarhaddon is most famous for his conquest of Egypt in 671,[5] which made his empire the largest the world had ever seen, and for his reconstruction of Babylon, which had been destroyed by his father.[10] After Sennacherib's eldest son and heir Ashur-nadin-shumi had been captured and presumably executed in 694, the new heir had originally been the second eldest son, Arda-Mulissu, but in 684, Esarhaddon, a younger son, was appointed instead. Angered by this decision, Arda-Mulissu and another brother, Nabu-shar-usur, murdered their father in 681 and planned to seize the Assyrian throne. The murder, and Arda-Mulissu's aspirations of becoming king himself, made Esarhaddon's rise to the throne difficult and he first had to defeat his brothers in a six-week long civil war. His brothers' attempted coup had been unexpected and troublesome for Esarhaddon and he would be plagued by paranoia and mistrust for his officials, governors and male family members until the end of his reign. As a result of this paranoia, most of the palaces used by Esarhaddon were high-security fortifications located outside of the major population centers of the cities. Also perhaps resulting from his mistrust for his male relatives, Esarhaddon's female relatives, such as his mother Naqi'a and his daughter Serua-eterat, were allowed to wield considerably more influence and political power during his reign than women had been allowed in any previous period of Assyrian history. Despite a relatively short and difficult reign, and being plagued by paranoia, depression and constant illness, Esarhaddon remains recognized as one of the greatest and most successful Assyrian kings. He quickly defeated his brothers in 681, completed ambitious and large-scale building projects in both Assyria and Babylonia, successfully campaigned in Media, the Arabian Peninsula, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Levant, defeated and conquered Egypt, and ensured a peaceful transition of power to his two heirs Ashurbanipal and Shamash-shum-ukin after his death.

Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes
Persia, Media, 625-585 BC, King Cyaxares of the Medes; Cyaxares (Ancient Greek: ÃŽÂšÃÂÂÂÂ…ÃŽÂ±ÃŽÂ¾ÃŽÂ¬ÃÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÃŽÂ·ÃÂÂÂÂ‚; Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â¢ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾ÂºÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â§ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¿ÂÂÂÂÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â«ÃÂÂÂÂ Â€ÃÂÂÂÂ¾Â¼ UvaxÃ…Â¡tra;[3][4] Avestan: HuxÃ…Â¡aÃŽÂ¸ra "Good Ruler"; Akkadian: UmakiÃ…Â¡tar;[5] Old Phrygian: ksuwaksaros;[6] r. 625Ã¢Â€Â“585 BC) was the third and most capable king of Media, according to Herodotus, with a far greater military reputation than his father Phraortes or grandfather Deioces. He was the first to divide his troops into separate sections of spearmen, archers, and horsemen.[7] By uniting most of the Iranian tribes of ancient Iran and conquering neighbouring territories, Cyaxares transformed the Median Empire into a regional power.[8] He facilitated the fall of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and according to Herodotus repelled the Scythians from Media.[9] Tobit 14, TobitÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s Final Counsel, and Death of Tobit and Anna;

Persia, 550 BC - 330 BC, Achaemenid Empire History Folder

Persia, 500 BC, 6th Century BC Folder, Archaemenid Cyrus the Great

Persia, 559-530 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cyrus the Great
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great ; II of Persia (Old Persian: ÂÂ¡;[5][6] New Persian: ; c. 600 --“ 530 BC)[7] commonly known as Cyrus the Great,[8] and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.[9] his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,[9] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Western Asia and much of Central Asia. From the Mediterranean Sea and Hellespont in the west to the Indus River in the east, Cyrus the Great created the largest empire the world had yet seen.[10] Under his successors, the empire eventually stretched at its maximum extent from parts of the Balkans (Bulgaria-Paeonia and Thrace-Macedonia) and Eastern Europe proper in the west, to the Indus Valley in the east. reign of Cyrus the Great lasted about thirty years. Cyrus built his empire by first conquering the Median Empire, then the Lydian Empire, and eventually the Neo-Babylonian Empire. He led an expedition into Central Asia, which resulted in major campaigns that were described as having brought "into subjection every nation without exception."[11] Cyrus did not venture into Egypt, and was alleged to have died in battle, fighting the Massagetae along the Syr Darya in December 530 BC.[12][13] but Xenophon said Cyrus did not die in battle and he returned to the capital again.[14] He was succeeded by his son, Cambyses II, who managed to conquer Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica during his short rule. Cyrus the Great respected the customs and religions of the lands he conquered.[15] This became a very successful model for centralized administration and establishing a government working to the advantage and profit of its subjects.[9] In fact, the administration of the empire through satraps and the vital principle of forming a government at Pasargadae were the works of Cyrus.[16] What is sometimes referred to as the Edict of Restoration (actually two edicts) described in the Bible as being made by Cyrus the Great left a lasting legacy on the Jewish religion. According to Isaiah 45:1 of the Hebrew Bible,[17] God anointed Cyrus for this task, even referring to him as a messiah (lit. 'anointed one') and he is the only non-Jewish figure in the Bible to be called so.[18] the Great is also well recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy, as well as his influence on both Eastern and Western civilizations. Having originated from Persis, roughly corresponding to the modern Iranian province of Fars, Cyrus has played a crucial role in defining the national identity of modern Iran.[19][20][21] The Achaemenid influence in the ancient world eventually would extend as far as Athens, where upper-class Athenians adopted aspects of the culture of the ruling class of Achaemenid Persia as their own.[22] is a cult figure amongst modern Iranians, with his tomb serving as a spot of reverence for millions of people.[23] In the 1970s, the last Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi identified his famous proclamation inscribed onto the Cyrus Cylinder as the oldest known declaration of human rights,[24] and the Cylinder has since been popularized as such.[25][26][27] This view has been criticized by some historians[28] as a misunderstanding[29] of the Cylinder's generic nature as a traditional statement that new monarchs make at the beginning of their reign.[26][27][30] Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 522-486 BC, Darius I, Achaemenid Empire; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3; Prophet Isaiah, Commemorated on May 9;

Persia, 559BC-486BC, Pasargadae, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 530BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Cambyses II
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 530BC-522 BC, Cambyses II; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17;

Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya, Legitimate Ruler overthrown by Darius with a lie
Persia, 522 BC-522 BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Bardiya; (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾²ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾®ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¡ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¹[1] Bardiya),[2] also known as Smerdis among the Greeks[3](Ancient Greek: Î£Î¼ÎÂÂÂÃÂÂÂÂÂÎ´Î¹ÃÂÂÂ‚ Smerdis) (possibly died 522 BC), was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings. There are sharply divided views on his life. Bardiya either ruled the Achaemenid Empire for a few months in 522 BC, or was impersonated by a magus called GaumÄÂÂÂta (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¥ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¶ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾«), until he was toppled by Darius the Great.[4][5]

Persia, 522BC-486BC, Archaemenid Emperor, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great) Lied, Marathon, Organizer
Persian Archaemenid Emperor, 522BC-486 BC, Darius I Hystaspis (The Great); I (Old Persian: ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ÂÂÂÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¼ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¹ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾ºÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¾¢ÃÂÂÂ €ÃÂÂÂ¿ÂÂÂ, romanized: DÄÂÂÂrayava(h)uÅ¡; New Persian: Ø¯Ø§Ø±ÛŒÙˆØ´â€Ž; Hebrew: ×“Ö¸Ö¼×¨Ö°×™Ö¸×•Ö¶×©×ÂÂÂâ€Ž, Modern: DarÉ™yaveÅ¡, Tiberian: DÄÂÂÂrÇÂÂÂyÄÂÂÂweÅ¡; c. 550 â€“ 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was the third Persian King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE. He ruled the empire at its peak, when it included much of West Asia, parts of the Caucasus, parts of the Balkans (Thrace-Macedonia, and Paeonia), most of the Black Sea coastal regions, Central Asia, as far as the Indus Valley in the far east and portions of north and northeast Africa including Egypt (MudrÃ¢ya), eastern Libya, and coastal Sudan.[2][3] Darius ascended the throne by overthrowing the legitimate Achaemenid monarch Bardiya, whom he later fabricated to be an imposter named Gaumata. The new king met with rebellions throughout his kingdom and quelled them each time. A major event in Darius's life was his expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for their aid in the Ionian Revolt and subjugate Greece. Although ultimately ending in failure at the Battle of Marathon, Darius succeeded in the re-subjugation of Thrace, expansion of the empire through the conquest of Macedon, the Cyclades and the island of Naxos and the sacking of the city of Eretria. Darius organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized Achaemenid coinage as a new uniform monetary system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also put the empire in better standing by building roads and introducing standard weights and measures. Through these changes, the empire was centralized and unified.[4] Darius also worked on construction projects throughout the empire, focusing on Susa, Pasargadae, Persepolis, Babylon, and Egypt. He had the cliff-face Behistun Inscription carved to record his conquests, an important testimony of the Old Persian language. Darius is mentioned in the biblical books of Haggai, Zechariah, and Ezraâ€“Nehemiah. Persian Achaemenid Empire, 550-330 BC, Medo-Persian Empire; Persian Emperor, 559-530 BC, Cyrus the Great, Achaemenid Empire ; Daniel 6:16-28, Daniel saved from the lions, then Daniel prospered during the reigns of Darius and Cyrus the Persian; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 400 BC, 5th Century BC Folder, Achaemenid E., Ester and Malachi

Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I
Persia, 486 BC-465 BC, Ahasuerus, Archaemenid Emperor, aka Xerxes I ; Esther 1:1-4,10-19, King Ahasuerus Deposes Queen Vashti;

Persia, 465BC-424 BC, Achaemenid Emperor, Artaxerxes I of Persia
Persian Achaemenid Emperor, 465BC-424 BC, Artaxerxes I of Persia; Ezra 7:1-26, The Coming and Work of Ezra, The Letter of Artaxerxes to Ezra; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Persia, 312 BC - 240 BC, Seleucid Empire History Folder, Helenist

Persia, 300 BC, 4th Century BC Folder, Seleucid Empire in Seleucia

Persia, 247 BC - 224 AD, Parthian Empire of Persia History Folder

Persia, 200 BC, 3rd Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 247BC - 224AD, Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Persia, 247BC-224AD, Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian
Persian Parthian (Arsacid) Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian ; Commemoration of the apparition of the Pillar with the Robe of the Lord under it at Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 247BC-651AD, Persian Capital, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7)
Persian Capital, 247BC-651AD, Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7); Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 000, 1st Century BC Folder, Parthian Empire, Kings of Epiphany

Persia, 5BC-41, Emperor, Artabanus II of Media and Parthia, Jesus time caalled Artabanus III
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Artabanus II of Media and Parthia, Jesus time caalled Artabanus III; II incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus III,[1] was King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 12 to 38/41, with a one-year interruption. He was the nephew and successor of Vonones I (r. 8–12). His father was a Dahae prince, whilst his mother was a daughter of the Parthian King of Kings Phraates IV (r. 37–2 BC) his ascension to the Parthian crown, Artabanus had ruled as king of Media Atropatene, which later served as his base of attacks against the Roman-supported Parthian king Vonones I. Artabanus eventually defeated Vonones I, who fled to Armenia and became its king. Artabanus' efforts to replace Vonones I with his son were blocked by the Romans, who eventually reached an agreement with the Parthians to appoint Artaxias III the new king of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I. and kingship of Media Atropatene was not from the ruling branch of the Arsacid royal family; his father was a Dahae prince, who was most likely descended from the former Parthian monarch Mithridates II (r. 124-88 BC),[3][4] whilst his mother was a daughter of the incumbent Parthian King of Kings Phraates IV (r. 37-2 BC).[4] between 30–25 BC, Artabanus was raised amongst the Dahae in Central Asia.[5] When he reached adulthood, he became the ruler of Media Atropatene, which occurred sometime during the late reign of Phraates IV or during the reign of the latters son and successor Phraates V (r. 4 BC -2 AD).[5] factor behind Artabanus' rise to kingship of Media Atropatene is unclear.[5] The kingdom served as Artabanus' headquarters of his attacks against the Parthian king Vonones I (r. 8-12 AD), with whom he fought against over the crown.[5] I, who had originally resided in Rome, had been placed on the Parthian throne by a faction led by the Karin and Suren clans.[6][7] His rule was supported by the Romans.[1] However, the Parthian nobility was quickly alienated by Vonones I, who had become Romanized during his stay in Rome.[7][1] increased Artabanus' odds—after years of fighting—to finally defeat Vonones I, who fled to Armenia and became its king.[7] now the monarch of the Parthian Empire, attempted to depose Vonones I from the Armenian throne and appoint his own son instead.[7] This attempt was instantly opposed by the Romans, who regarded this as posing a danger to their interests.[7] As a result, the Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14–37 AD) sent his stepson Germanicus to prevent this from happening.[7] However, the Roman general met no resistance from the Parthians. Instead, Germanicus reached an agreement with Artabanus to appoint Artaxias III the new king of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I.[7][8] The Romans thus acknowledged Artabanus as the legitimate Parthian ruler.[8] In order to ratify the friendly relationship between the two empires, Artabanus and Germanicus met on an island in the Euphrates in 18 AD.[7] in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century CE, requesting the appointment of Hecataeus as treasurer. Louvre Museum.[9] Romans moved Vonones I to Cilicia, where he was killed the following year after attempting to flee.[1] His death and the now unchallenged dominance of Artabanus split the Parthian nobility, since not all of them supported a new branch of the Arsacid family taking over the empire.[3] In 19/20 AD, the Parthian satrap of Sakastan, Drangiana and Arachosia, named Gondophares, declared independence from Artabanus and founded the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.[10][3] He assumed the titles of "Great King of Kings" and "Autokrator", demonstrating his new-found independence.[3] Nevertheless, Artabanus and Gondophares most likely reached an agreement that the Indo-Parthians would not intervene in the affairs of the Arsacids.[10] spent the following years increasing his authority.[1] To the north-east, he was victorious in his efforts to have a new dynasty established in Khwarazm, thus starting a new era in the history of the country.[11] Artabanus most likely operated in western Bactria as well, which had been part of the Parthian domains for centuries.[10] 35 AD, Artabanus tried again to conquer Armenia and to establish his son Arsaces I as Armenia's king. A war with Rome seemed inevitable. The faction among the Parthian magnates which was hostile to Artabanus II applied to Tiberius for a king who was a descendant of Phraates IV. Tiberius sent Phraates IV's grandson, Tiridates III, and ordered Lucius Vitellius the Elder (the father of the Roman emperor Vitellius) to restore Roman authority in the East. By very dexterous military and diplomatic operations Vitellius succeeded completely. Artabanus II was deserted by his followers and fled to the East. III, who was proclaimed King, could not keep control of the Parthian throne, because he appeared to his subjects to be a vassal of the Romans. In the meantime, Artabanus II returned from Hyrcania with a strong army of Scythian (Dahae) auxiliaries and was again acknowledged by the Parthians. Tiridates III left Seleucia and fled to Syria. Artabanus II wasn’t strong enough for a war with Rome. He therefore concluded a treaty with Vitellius in 37 AD, in which he gave up all further pretensions towards Armenia. A short time afterwards Artabanus II was deposed again, and Cinnamus was proclaimed king. Artabanus II took refuge with his vassal, the King Izates bar Monobaz. Izates, by negotiations and the promise of a complete pardon, persuaded the Parthians to restore Artabanus II once more to the throne. Shortly afterwards Artabanus II died and was succeeded by his son, Vardanes I, whose reign was still more turbulent than that of his father. II had four sons: Arsaces I, Orodes, Artabanus, Vardanes I and an adopted son named Gotarzes II. Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; III, incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus IV,[1] was a Parthian prince who competed against his brother Pacorus II (r. 78-110) for the Parthian crown from 79/80 to 81.[1] III's claim to the throne seems to have little support in the Parthian Empire, with the exception of Babylonia.[1] III's most notable action was to give refuge to a Pseudo-Nero named Terentius Maximus.[2][1] Artabanus III initially agreed to lend military aid to Terentius Maximus to capture Rome, until he found about the real identity of the impostor.[2] mints of Artabanus III disappear after 81, which suggests that Pacorus II had defeated him.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Phraates V, son of slave girl Musa, peace over A and M, fled to Rome
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Phraates V; V (Parthian: , also known by the diminutive version of his name, Phraataces (also spelled Phraatakes), was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. He was the younger son of Phraates IV (r. 37 BC – 2 BC) and Musa, who ruled with him. Under Phraates V, a war threatened to break out between the Parthian and Roman empires over the control of Armenia and Mesopotamia. Although Augustus (r. 27 BC – 14 AD) had sent his adopted son Gaius Caesar to invade Iran, in 1 AD the two sides agreed a peace treaty, by which once again Armenia was recognized as being in the Roman sphere. Phraates V was in return acknowledged as the rightful Parthian king, which was of high importance to him, due to his insecure position in the country. In 4 AD, Phraates V and his mother fled to Rome after being expelled by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 2 BC - 4 AD, Parthian Emperor, Musa of Parthia (Empress), Roman Slave, Killed husband
Persian Parthian Emperor, 2 BC - 4 AD, Musa of Parthia (Empress); (also spelled Mousa), also known as Thea Musa, was queen of the Parthian Empire from 2 BC to 4 AD. Originally an Italian slave-girl, she was given as a gift to the Parthian monarch Phraates IV (r. 37 BC -2 BC) by the Roman Emperor Augustus (r. 27 BC -“ 14 AD). She quickly became queen and a favourite of Phraates IV, giving birth to Phraataces (Phraates V). In 2 BC, she had Phraates IV poisoned and made herself, along with Phraates V, the co-rulers of the empire. Their reign was shortlived; they were forced to flee to Rome after being deposed by the Parthian nobility, who crowned Orodes III as king. Musa is the first of only three women to rule in Iranian history, the others being the two 7th-century Sasanian sisters Boran (r. 630-“630, 631-“632) and Azarmidokht (r. 630-“631). Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 000, 1st Century AD Folder, Parthia, Kings of E., and Assyrian Empire

Persia, 4-6, Parthian Emperor, Orodes III of Parthia, info lacking, killed after 2 yrs
Persian Parthian Emperor, 4-6, Orodes III of Parthia; III was king of the Parthian Empire from 4 to 6.[1] Albeit he was an Arsacid, his lineage is unknown.[2] He was raised to the throne by the nobility two years after the death of the previous co-rulers, Phraates V and Musa (r. 2 BC - 4 AD).[1] Information regarding the brief reign of Orodes III is lacking.[3] He was killed after a reign of 2 years.[1] He was succeeded by Vonones I.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 8-12, Parthian Emperor, Vonones I, then King of Armenia 12-18, Roman Stooge in 8, d by Artabanus II of Media in 12,
Persian Parthian Emperor, 8-12, Vonones I ; I was an Arsacid prince, who ruled as King of Kings of Parthian Empire from 8 to 12, and then subsequently as king of Armenia from 12 to 18. He was the eldest son of Phraates IV (r. 37–2 BC) and was sent to Rome as a hostage in 10/9 BC in order to prevent conflict over the succession of Phraates IV's youngest son, Phraataces. and early life[edit] was the eldest son of Phraates IV.[1] According to the classical Roman historian Tacitus, Vonones was related to the Scythian king.[2] IV had previously in his reign been aided by the Scythians to retake his throne from the usurper Tiridates in c. 30 BC, and thus Vonones could possibly be the result of a marriage alliance between Phraates IV and a Scythian tribal chief, who agreed to help him in return.[3] was along with three of his brothers (Phraates, Seraspandes and Rhodaspes) sent to Rome in 10/9 BC, in order to prevent conflict over the succession of Phraates IV's youngest son, Phraataces.[4] Roman emperor Augustus used this as propaganda depicting the submission of Parthia to Rome, listing it as a great accomplishment in his Res Gestae Divi Augusti.[5] the assassination of Orodes III in about 6 AD, the Parthians applied to Augustus for a new king from the house of Arsaces.[6] sent them Vonones I, but he could not maintain himself as king; he had been educated as a Roman, and was despised by the Parthian nobility as a Roman stooge.[6][7] member of the Arsacid house, Artabanus II, who ruled Media Atropatene, was invited to the throne. In a civil war he defeated and expelled Vonones I.[7] I fled into Armenia and became king there in 12.[8] Artabanus II, now the monarch of the Parthian Empire, attempted to depose Vonones I from the Armenian throne and appoint his own son instead.[9] This was opposed by the Romans, who regarded this as posing a danger to their interests.[9] As a result, the Roman emperor Tiberius (r. 14–37) sent his stepson Germanicus to prevent this from happening.[9] However, the Roman general was met with no resistance by the Parthians, and reached an agreement with Artabanus II to appoint Artaxias III the new King of Armenia and renounce their support of Vonones I.[9][10] The Romans thus acknowledged Artabanus II as the legitimate Parthian ruler.[10] In order to ratify the friendly relationship between the two empires, Artabanus and Germanicus met on an island in the Euphrates in 18.[9] The Romans moved Vonones I into Syria, where he was kept in custody, though in a kingly style.[11] Later he was moved to Cilicia,[12] and when he tried to escape in about 19, he was killed by his guards.[13][7] death and the now unchallenged dominance of Artabanus II split the Parthian nobility, since not all of them supported a new branch of the Arsacid family taking over the empire.[14] The Parthian satrap of Sakastan, Drangiana and Arachosia, named Gondophares, declared independence from Artabanus II and founded the Indo-Parthian Kingdom.[15][14] He assumed the titles of "Great King of Kings" and "Autokrator", demonstrating his new-found independence.[14] Nevertheless, Artabanus and Gondophares most likely reached an agreement that the Indo-Parthians would not intervene in the affairs of the Arsacids.[15] Vonones was survived by his son Meherdates, who attempted to take the Parthian throne in 49–51.[16] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January);

Persia, 15-116, Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom
Assyrian Adiabene Kingdom, 15-116 ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 30-70, Lucius of the Seventy, Apostle, Laodicia, Syria, which belonged to Parthia for Med China Trade
Laodicea in Syria; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on September 10; Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated September 10; Saint Luke (or Loukias) Luke, or Loukias (not the Evangelist), lived during the first century. Some lists of these Saints identify him as the Evangelist Luke, who was also one of the 70 Apostles, but Greek sources say he was someone other than the Evangelist Luke. However, Saint Demetrios of Rostov, and Slavic Tradition say that he was the Evangelist Luke (See his Life on October 18). Saint was consecrated as the Bishop of Laodikeia in Syria, and completed the course of his life spreading the Gospel and caring for his flock, as a faithful servant of Jesus Christ. Apostle Lucius of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; ----------- Repose of St Raphael the Bishop of Brooklyn, Commemorated on February 27; Hieromartyr Artemon the Presbyter of Laodicea in Syria, Commemorated on April 13;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, 31-55, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II); Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II)
Persia, 31-55, Adiabene Emperor, Assyrian emperor Nerses (Izates II) ; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ;

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostle Thomas, founded Christian churches in Parthia
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6; to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. Holy and Glorious Apostle Thomas was born in the Galilean city of Pansada and was a fisherman. Hearing the good tidings of Jesus Christ, he left all and followed after Him. The Apostle Thomas is included in the number of the holy Twelve Apostles of the Savior. According to Holy Scripture, the holy Apostle Thomas did not believe the reports of the other disciples about the Resurrection of Jesus Christ: “Unless I see in His hands the print of the nails, and put my finger into the print of the nails, and thrust my hand into His side, I will not believe” (John 20:25). On the eighth day after the Resurrection, the Lord appeared to the Apostle Thomas and showed him His wounds. “My Lord and my God,” the Apostle cried out (John 20:28). “Thomas, being once weaker in faith than the other apostles,” says Saint John Chrysostom, “toiled through the grace of God more bravely, more zealously and tirelessly than them all, so that he went preaching over nearly all the earth, not fearing to proclaim the Word of God to savage nations.” Some icons depicting this event are inscribed “The Doubting Thomas.” This is incorrect. In Greek, the inscription reads, “The Touching of Thomas.” In Slavonic, it says, “The Belief of Thomas.” When Saint Thomas touched the Life-giving side of the Lord, he no longer had any doubts. to Church Tradition, the holy Apostle Thomas founded Christian churches in Palestine, Mesopotamia, Parthia, Ethiopia and India. the Gospel earned him a martyr’s death. For having converted the wife and son of the prefect of the Indian city of Meliapur [Melipur], the holy apostle was locked up in prison, suffered torture, and finally, pierced with five spears, he departed to the Lord. Part of the relics of the holy Apostle Thomas are in India, in Hungary and on Mt. Athos. The name of the Apostle Thomas is associated with the Arabian (or Arapet) Icon of the Mother of God (September 6).

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostle Philip, went to Azotus (Ashdod), then in Parthia on Med
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Philip; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip, Commemorated on November 14; From Greece the Apostle Philip went to Parthia, and then to the city of Azotus, where he healed an eye affliction of the daughter of a local resident named Nikoklides, who had received him into his home, and then baptized his whole family. Holy and All-praised Apostle Philip was a native of the city of Bethsaida in Galilee. He had a profound depth of knowledge of the Holy Scripture, and rightly discerning the meaning of the Old Testament prophecies, he awaited the coming of the Messiah. Through the call of the Savior (John 1:43), Philip followed Him. The Apostle Philip is spoken about several times in the Holy Gospel: he brought to Christ the Apostle Nathaniel (i.e. Bartholomew, April 22, June 30, and August 25. See John. 1:46). The Lord asks him where to buy bread for five thousand men (John. 6: 5-7). He brought certain of the Hellenized Jews wanting to see Jesus (John. 12:21-22); and finally, at the Last Supper he asked Christ to show them the Father (John. 14:8). the Ascension of the Lord, the Apostle Philip preached the Word of God in Galilee, accompanying his preaching with miracles. Thus, he restored to life a dead infant in the arms of its mother. From Galilee he went to Greece, and preached among the Jews that had settled there. Some of them reported the preaching of the Apostle to Jerusalem. In response, some scribes arrived in Greece from Jerusalem, with one of the Jewish chief priests at their head, to interrogate the Apostle Philip. Apostle Philip exposed the lie of the chief priest, who said that the disciples of Christ had stolen away and hidden the body of Christ. Philip told instead how the Pharisees had bribed the soldiers on watch, to deliberately spread this rumor. When the Jewish chief priest and his companions began to insult the Lord and lunged at the Apostle Philip, they suddenly were struck blind. By his prayer the Apostle restored everyone’s sight. Seeing this miracle, many believed in Christ. The Apostle Philip provided a bishop for them, by the name of Narcissus (one of the Seventy Apostles, January 4). From Greece the Apostle Philip went to Parthia, and then to the city of Azotus, where he healed an eye affliction of the daughter of a local resident named Nikoklides, who had received him into his home, and then baptized his whole family. Azotus the Apostle Philip set out to Syrian Hieropolis (there were several cities of this name) where, stirred up by the Pharisees, the Jews burned the house of Heros, who had taken in the Apostle Philip, and they wanted to kill the apostle. The apostle performed several miracles: the healing of the hand of the city official Aristarchus, withered when he attempted to strike the apostle; and restoring a dead child to life. When they saw these marvels, they repented and many accepted holy Baptism. After making Heros the bishop at Hieropolis, the Apostle Philip went on to Syria, Asia Minor, Lydia, Emessa, and everywhere preaching the Gospel and undergoing sufferings. Both he and his sister Mariamne (February 17) were pelted with stones, locked up in prison, and thrown out of villages. the Apostle Philip arrived in the city of Phrygian Hieropolis, where there were many pagan temples. There was also a pagan temple where people worshiped an enormous serpent as a god. The Apostle Philip by the power of prayer killed the serpent and healed many bitten by snakes. those healed was the wife of the city prefect, Amphipatos. Having learned that his wife had accepted Christianity, the prefect Amphipatos gave orders to arrest Saint Philip, his sister, and the Apostle Bartholomew traveling with them. At the urging of the pagan priests of the temple of the serpent, Amphipatos ordered the holy Apostles Philip and Bartholomew to be crucified. an earthquake struck, and it knocked down all those present at the place of judgment. Hanging upon the cross by the pagan temple of the serpent, the Apostle Philip prayed for those who had crucified him, asking God to save them from the ravages of the earthquake. Seeing this happen, the people believed in Christ and began to demand that the apostles be taken down from the crosses. The Apostle Bartholomew was still alive when he was taken down, and he baptized all those believing and established a bishop for them. the Apostle Philip, through whose prayers everyone remained alive, except for Amphipatos and the pagan priests, died on the cross. his sister buried his body, and went with the Apostle Bartholomew to preach in Armenia, where the Apostle Bartholomew was crucified (June 11); Mariamne herself then preached until her own death at Lykaonia. holy Apostle Philip is not to be confused with Saint Philip the Deacon (October 11), one of the Seventy.

Persia, 35, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE, went together to Persia (Parthia), martyred there
Persia, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostles SIMON and JUDE; ancient Christian writers say that Simon and Jude went together as missionaries to Persia, and were martyred there. If this is true, it explains, to some extent, our lack of historical information on them and also why they are usually put together. SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28);

Persia, 55-116, Adiabene Emperor, Meharaspes, defeated by Trajan in 116, creating Roman Messopotamia
Persia, Adiabene Emperor, -116, Meharaspes; was the Parthian client king of Adiabene in the early 2nd century CE. He was defeated by Trajan in 116; Adiabene was incorporated into the short-lived Roman province of Mesopotamia. Martyr Hermione the Daughter of St Philip the Deacon, Commemorated on September 4;

Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia, seized throne from b Vardanes I
Persia, 40-51, Emperor Gotarzes II of Parthia ; II was king of the Parthian Empire from 40 to 51. He was an adopted son of Artabanus II. When his father died in 40, his brother Vardanes I was to succeed to the throne. However, the throne was seized by Gotarzes II. Gotarzes II eventually was able to gain control of most of Parthia forcing Vardanes to flee to Bactria. With the death of Vardanes in c. 46, Gotarzes II ruled the Parthian Empire until his death. Gotarzes II was succeeded by his uncle Vonones II. Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia, for long trade route to the Med from India and China, b Tridates in Armenia in 53
Persia, 51-78, Emperor Vologases I of Parthia ; I was the King of Kings of the Parthian Empire from 51 to 78. He was the son and successor of Vonones II (r. 51). He was succeeded by his younger son Pacorus II, who continued his policies. was a son of Vonones II, a Parthian prince who ruled the northern Iranian kingdom of Media Atropatene, and possibly subsequently the whole Parthian Empire for a few months.[2] Vologases' mother was a Greek concubine of the Parthian harem.[3] The name of the Arsacid branch established by Vologases I has been coined by the modern historian Marek Jan Olbrycht as the "Vologasids" or the "House of Vologases I", which ruled the Parthian Empire from 51 till its fall in 224.[4] of Armenia[edit] of Parthian–Roman borders became the new Parthian king in 51.[2] He sought to continue the policies of the prominent former Parthian king Artabanus II (r. 12-38/41), thus, one of his first objectives was to strengthen and bolster the Parthian position in strategically and politically unstable regions which had served for decades as the source of war with the Romans.[5][6] gave the kingship of Media Atropatene to his elder brother Pacorus, while the even more politically important kingship of Armenia was given to Vologases' younger brother Tiridates after a Parthian invasion of the country in 53.[7] felt his invasion was justified due to the recent usurpation of the Armenian throne by the Iberian prince Rhadamistus, which he saw as a violation of the former settlement made between the Parthians and Romans regarding Armenia.[2] of resources and a winter epidemic forced Vologases to withdraw his troops from Armenia, allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors; they shortly revolted and helped Tiridates restore his authority.[8] himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father Pharasmanes I for having plotted against the royal power in order to prove his loyalty to Rome.[9] with the Romans[edit] Further information: Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 during the first two years of the war: Corbulo's invasion and conquest of Armenia with the Parthian reconquest of Armenia, in 54 the newly ascended Roman emperor Nero sent his general, Corbulo to restore Roman authority in the country.[10] was unable to aid his brother, due to the rebellion of his son Vardanes II and subsequently a revolt in the eastern Parthian province of Hyrcania.[11] by Vologases, Tiridates sent flying columns to raid the Romans far and wide in 58.[10][12] responded by using the same tactics.[10] He also emboldened the Roman client-kings Antiochus IV of Commagene, Pharasmanes I, and the Moschi tribes to attack outlying areas of Armenia.[10] loyalty of the Armenian population was split up between the Parthians and Romans, although overall they preferred Parthian rule, due to it being more tolerant, and also due to the similarity between Parthian and Armenian culture.[10] conquered the Armenian capital of Artaxata, which he had destroyed.[13][14] The following year (59) he conquered Tigranocerta in southern Armenia, where he wintered.[15] took advantage of this situation to return to northern Armenia from Atropatene. However, by the spring of 60, he was forced to withdraw by the Roman forces once more.[15] during the final years of the war: the raids of Tigranes into Parthian territory provoked a Parthian counterattack, which culminated in the surrender of the Roman army of Pateus Nero appointed a Cappadocian prince named Tigranes on the Armenian throne.[15] The new ruler, protected by a strong Roman force, became bold and started in 61 attacking the border areas of Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of the Parthians.[15][16] Adiabenian king, Monobazos, including Tiridates, protested in front of the entire Parthian court, complaining that Vologases did not do enough to protect his subjects.[17] situation was important and endangered the relations between Vologases and his subjects.[17] a public feast, Vologases supported Tiridates' appeals, and placed the royal diadem on his head.[13] He also appointed a certain nobleman named Monaeses as the commander of a Parthian force that included contingents from Adiabene.[18] Monaeses was sent into Armenia, where he besieged Tigranocerta in 62.[15][16] The city was strongly fortified, and had been further reinforced by two legions. The Parthians attempts to scale the city proved fruitless, with the Adiabenian contingents suffering heavy losses.[15] this point, Corbulo sent an envoy to Vologases, who had encamped with his court at Nisibis, near Tigranocerta and the Roman–Parthian border. The failed siege and a shortage of fodder for his cavalry forced Vologases to agree to withdraw Monaeses from Armenia.[19] the same time, however, the Romans also left Armenia, which, according to the contemporary Roman historian Tacitus, raised suspicions as to Corbulo's motives: some whispered that he had reached an agreement of mutual withdrawal with the Parthians, and that he was unwilling to risk his reputation by renewing hostilities against them.[20] At any rate, a truce was arranged and a Parthian embassy was dispatched to Rome. The negotiations failed to reach an agreement, and war was resumed in the spring of 62.[21] Roman government then sent Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration.[22][23] Paetus was an incapable commander and suffered a humiliating defeat at the Battle of Rhandeia in 62, losing the legions of XII Fulminata commanded by Calvisius Sabinus and IIII Scythica commanded by Lucius Funisulanus Vettonianus. The command of the troops was returned to Corbulo, who, the following year, led a strong army into Melitene and beyond into Armenia, eliminating all of the regional governors he suspected were pro-Parthian. Finally in Rhandeia, Corbulo and Tiridates I met to make a peace agreement. The location of Rhandeia suited both Tiridates I and Corbulo. It appealed to Tiridates I because that is where his army had beaten the Romans and sent them away under a capitulation; on the other hand, it appealed to Corbulo because he was about to wipe out the ill repute earned before in the same location. When Tiridates I arrived at the Roman camp he took off his royal diadem and placed it on the ground near a statue of Nero, agreeing to receive it back only from Nero in Rome.[24] Tiridates I was recognized as the vassal king of Armenia; a Roman garrison would remain in the country permanently, in Sophene while Artaxata would be reconstructed. Corbulo left his son-in-law Lucius Annius Vinicianus to accompany Tiridates I to Rome in order to attest his own fidelity to Nero.[22] Tiridates' visit in Rome, Nero summoned Vologases I to Rome several times, but when the invitations became burdensome to Vologases I, he sent back a dispatch to this effect: "It is far easier for you than for me to traverse so great a body of water. Therefore, if you will come to Asia, we can then arrange to meet each other."[25] life and death[edit] Vologases I was still satisfied with this result and honored the memory of Nero,[26] though he stood in good relations with Vespasian also, to whom he offered an army of 40,000 horse archers during the Jewish Revolt.[27] Soon afterwards the Alans, a great nomadic tribe beyond the Caucasus, invaded Atropatene and Armenia; Vologases I applied in vain for help to Vespasian, but did not achieve any decisive result.[28] The Alans quickly withdrew with a lot of booty after plundering Armenia and Media Atropatene.[29] Vologases I later died in 78, and was succeeded by his son Pacorus II. sought to accomplish the goal of Artabanus II, by attempting to establish a long and structured trade-route that spanned through East Asia, India and the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.[33] This planned long trade-route would greatly improve the economy of the Parthian Empire.[33] In order to accomplish this, Vologases strengthened relations with other powers whom he was able to establish long-distance trade with, most notably Han China.[34] Vologases sought to impose his authority over the trade revenue of Seleucia, and was unrelenting against the Greek elites who questioned his rule.[35] Vologases founded the town of Valashabad in the neighborhood of Ctesiphon and Seleucia, with the intention of breaking the Greek monopoly on trade.[36] is an important figure in Zoroastrianism. According to the 10th-century Middle Persian Zoroastrian document Denkard ("Acts of Religion"), Vologases ordered his subjects to safeguard variants of the Avestan books and schooling, which had been scattered due to raids and plundering by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great (r. 336–323 BC) in the 4th-century BC.[30] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 70, Parthia, Apostle Jude, later in Syria (Parthia, Persia at that time) , finally in Edessa
Persia, 70, 1st Century, Parthia, Apostle Jude; the Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ, Saint Jude traveled about preaching the Gospel. He propagated the faith in Christ at first in Judea, Galilee, Samaria and Idumaia, and later in the lands of Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia. Finally, he went to the city of Edessa. Here he finished the work that was not completed by his predecessor, Saint Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy (August 21). There is a tradition that Saint Jude went to Persia, where he wrote his catholic Epistle in Greek. In the Epistle much profound truth was expressed in a few words. Holy Apostle Jude, one of the twelve apostles of Christ, is descended from King David and Solomon, and was the son of Righteous Joseph the Betrothed (Sunday after the Nativity of the Lord) by his first wife. Holy Apostle John the Theologian writes in his Gospel, neither did his brethren believe in Him (John. 7:5). Saint Theophylact, Archbishop of Bulgaria, explains this passage. He says that at the beginning of the Lord Jesus Christ'™s earthly ministry, Joseph'™s sons, Jude among them, did not believe in His divine nature. Tradition says that when Saint Joseph returned from Egypt, he began to divide his possessions among his sons. He wanted to allot a share to Christ the Savior, born miraculously and incorruptibly from the All-Pure Virgin Mary. The brothers were opposed to this because Jesus was born of another mother. Only James, later called œThe Brother of God, offered to share his portion with Him. came to believe in Christ the Savior as the awaited Messiah, and he followed Him and was chosen as one of the twelve Apostles. Mindful of his sin, the Apostle Jude considered himself unworthy to be called the Lord'™s brother, and in his Epistle he calls himself merely the brother of James. Holy Apostle Jude also had other names: the Evangelist Matthew terms him œLebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddeus (Mt. 10:3). The Holy Evangelist Mark also calls him Thaddeus (Mark 3:18), and in the Acts of the Holy Apostles he is called Barsabas (Acts 15: 22). This was customary at that time. the Ascension of the Lord Jesus Christ, Saint Jude traveled about preaching the Gospel. He propagated the faith in Christ at first in Judea, Galilee, Samaria and Idumaia, and later in the lands of Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia. Finally, he went to the city of Edessa. Here he finished the work that was not completed by his predecessor, Saint Thaddeus, Apostle of the Seventy (August 21). There is a tradition that Saint Jude went to Persia, where he wrote his catholic Epistle in Greek. In the Epistle much profound truth was expressed in a few words. Jude'™s Epistle speaks about the Holy Trinity, about the Incarnation of the Lord Jesus Christ, about the good and bad angels, and about the dread Last Judgment. The Apostle urges believers to guard themselves against fleshly impurity, to be diligent in prayer, faith and love, to convert the lost to the path of salvation, and to guard themselves from the teachings of heretics. He also says that it is not enough just to be converted to Christianity, but faith must be demonstrated by good works. He cites the rebellious angels and men punished by God (verse 6) to support this. Holy Apostle Jude died as a martyr around the year 80 near Mt. Ararat in Armenia, where he was crucified and pierced by arrows. Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persia, 79-81, Emperor, Artabanus III of Parthia, gave refuge to a Pseudo-Nero (imposter) named Terentius Maximus
Persia, 10-40, Emperor, Jesus' Time, Artabanus III of Parthia ; III, incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus IV,[1] was a Parthian prince who competed against his brother Pacorus II (r. 78-110) for the Parthian crown from 79/80 to 81.[1] III's claim to the throne seems to have little support in the Parthian Empire, with the exception of Babylonia.[1] III's most notable action was to give refuge to a Pseudo-Nero named Terentius Maximus.[2][1] Artabanus III initially agreed to lend military aid to Terentius Maximus to capture Rome, until he found about the real identity of the impostor.[2] mints of Artabanus III disappear after 81, which suggests that Pacorus II had defeated him.[1] Persian Parthian Empire, 247BC-224AD, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian; St Sidonia of Georgia, Commemorated on October 1; SIMON AND JUDE, APOSTLES (OCT 28); THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY, (6 January); Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Persian Sasanian Emperor, 80AD,

Persia, 200-224, 3rd Century AD Folder, Parthian Empire, Anak the Parthian

Persia, 200-252, Armenian Parthian Prince, Anak the Parthian
Armenian Parthian Prince, 3rd Century-252, Anak the Parthian; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-651, Sasanian Empire History Folder, Zoroastrianism, Fire Worshipers

Persia, 224-299, 3rd Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, first capital Estakhr, Parthian Manichaeus, Shapur I

Persia, 224AD-651AD, Sasanian Empire, Ctesiphon, Zoroastrian (Fire Worshipers)
Persian Sasanian Empire, 224AD-651AD, Ctesiphon, 226-637, Zoroastrian; Overthrown by Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, in Medina, 634-644 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 224-226, Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr or Istakhr
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30;

Persia, 224-242, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor; Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

Persia, 224-242, Sedekias or Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor
Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. Persian Sasanian Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I, First Sasanian Emperor; Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Venerable Barlaam, Commemorated on November 19;

Persia, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; (c. April AD 216-2 March AD 274 or 26 February AD 277), of Iranian origin,[3][4][5][6] the prophet and the founder of Manichaeism, a religion of late antiquity strongly influenced by Gnosticism which was once widespread but is no longer prevalent by name. was born in or near Seleucia-Ctesiphon in Babylonia,[1] at the time still part of the Parthian Empire. Seven of his major works were written in Syriac, and the eighth, dedicated to the Sasanian emperor Shapur I, was written in Middle Persian.[7] He died in Gundeshapur. exact meaning of the name is a question still unsolved.[8] It may have derived from Babylonian-Aramaic Mânâ [luminescence]. Mandaeans used the term, mânâ rabba meaning the "Enlightened Lord/King.".[9] Ancient Greek interpretations were skeuos and homilia,[clarification needed] same slightly contemptuous "a certain" (Manes quidam) also appears in Hegemonius' Acta Archelai (4th century), however, Hegemonius contributes a detailed description of Mani's looks. Mani’s names became the object of uplifting transformation (Greek, Coptic Mannichaios, Latin Mannichaeus, i.e., Mannam fundens "pouring out Manna".[10][11] 1969 in Upper Egypt a Greek parchment codex dating to c. AD 400 was discovered. It is now designated Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis because it is conserved at the University of Cologne. Combining a hagiographic account of Mani's career and spiritual development with information about Mani's religious teachings, and containing fragments of his writings, it is now considered the most reliable source of information about the historical Mani. other medieval and pre-medieval accounts of his life are either legendary or hagiographical, such as the account in Fihrist by Ibn al-Nadim, purportedly by al-Biruni, or were anti-Manichaean polemics, such as the 4th-century Acta Archelai. Among these medieval accounts, Ibn al-Nadim's account of Mani's life and teachings is generally speaking the most reliable and exhaustive. Notably, the (in other accounts prominent) image of the "Third Ambassador" is only represented through a brief mention of the name bašīr, "messenger of good news", and the topos of "Mani the Painter" (which in other Islamic accounts almost completely replaces that of "the founder of a religion") is completely absent.[12] Parents, a 14th/15th-century silk painting depicts Mani's parents sitting in a palatial building. of Mani's Birth, showing the newborn emerged from the chest of his mother. execution of Mani as depicted in a 14th century illustration of the Shahnameh work and other evidence discovered in the 20th century establishes Mani as a historical individual.[13] life was born near Seleucia-Ctesiphon, perhaps in the town Mardinu in the Babylonian district of Nahr Kutha; according to other accounts in the town Abrumya. Mani's father Pātik (Middle Persian Pattūg;[14] Koinē Greek: Παττικιος, Arabic: Futtuq‎), a native of Ecbatana[15] (now Hamadan, Iran), was a member of the Jewish Christian sect of the Elcesaites. His mother was of Parthian descent[16][17] (from "the Armenian Arsacid family of Kamsarakan"[18]); her name is reported variously, among others Maryam. was raised in a heterodox environment in Babylon. The Elcesaite community was ostensibly Jewish Christian, though with some Gnostic features due to their Ebionite heritage, such as the belief in recurring incarnations of heavenly apostles, one of whom was a docetic Christ. At ages 12 and 24 Mani had visionary experiences of a "heavenly twin" of his (syzygos), calling him to leave his father's sect and preach the true message of Jesus in a new gospel.[19][20] to India then travelled to India (Sakas in present day Afghanistan), where he studied Hinduism and its various extant philosophies, including Buddhism.[5] Al-Biruni says Mani only traveled to India after being banished from Persia,[21] but this might be an error or a second journey.[5] It is believed that his Christian roots might have been influenced by Marcion and Bardaisan.[22] from India in 242, Mani presented himself to Shapur I, to whom he dedicated his only work written in Persian, known as the Shabuhragan. Shapur was not converted to Manichaeism and remained Zoroastrian, but he favored Mani's teachings, which mixed Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism, and took him into his court.[5][23] Mani is said to have performed miracles, including levitation, teleporting and healing, which helped him to gain converts in the Iranian elite. He was also famed as a painter.[5] and martyrdom successor Hormizd I, who reigned only for one year, continued to patronize Mani, but his successor Bahram I, a follower of the intolerant Zoroastrian reformer Kartir, began to persecute the Manichaeans. He incarcerated Mani, who died in prison within a month, in 274.[24] According to sources, he passed his last days comforting his visiting disciples, teaching that his death would have no other consequence than the return of his soul to the realm of light.[5] followers depicted Mani's death as a crucifixion in a conscious analogy to the crucifixion of Jesus; al-Biruni says that Bahram ordered the execution of Mani. There is a story which claims that he was flayed, and his corpse suspended over the main gate of the great city of Gundeshapur;[25] however, there is no historical basis for this account.[26] It is more plausible that his body was mutilated via post-mortem decapitation, and his head put on display, which may be the original source of the embellishment.[27] canon of Mani included six works originally written in Syriac, and one in Persian, the Shapuragan. While none of his books have survived in complete form, there are numerous fragments and quotations of them, including a long Syriac quotation from one of his works, as well as a large amount of material in Middle Persian, Coptic, and numerous other languages. Examples of surviving portions of his works include: the Shabuhragan (Middle Persian), the Book of Giants (numerous fragments in many languages), the Fundamental Epistle (quoted in length by Saint Augustine), a number of fragments of his Living Gospel (or Great Gospel), a Syriac excerpt quoted by Theodore Bar Konai, and his Letter to Edessa contained in the Cologne Mani-Codex. Mani also wrote the book Arzhang, a holy book of Manichaeism unique in that it contained many drawings and paintings to express and explain the Manichaeist creation and history of the world. Main article: Manichaeism Detail of Mani's Community Established, depicting seven lay people bring offerings to shrine with statue of Mani and three elects. teaching was intended to succeed and surpass the teachings of Christianity, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. It is based on a rigid dualism of good and evil, locked in eternal struggle. his mid-twenties, Mani decided that salvation was possible through education, self-denial, fasting and chastity. According to Al-Biruni, a 10th-century Iranian scholar, Mani claimed to be the Paraclete promised in the New Testament, and the Last Prophet.[28] However according to Lodewijk J. R. Ort, the term last prophet may "in all probability derived from the Quran by Al-Buruni in order to formulate Mani's pretensions and religious claims".[29] Therefore Lodewijk J. R. Ort concludes that a definitive pronouncement about the final character of Mani's appearance is not mentioned in Manichaeistic scriptures.[30] his religion was not strictly a movement of Christian Gnosticism in the earlier mode, Mani did declare himself to be an "apostle of Jesus Christ", and extant Manichaean poetry frequently extols Jesus and his mother, Mary, with the highest reverence. Manichaean tradition is also noted to have claimed that Mani was the reincarnation of different religious figures including Zoroaster, the historical Buddha, as well as Jesus. followers were organized in a church structure, divided into a class of "elects" (electi) and "auditors" (auditores). Only the electi are required to follow the laws strictly, while the auditores care for them, hoping to become electi in their turn after reincarnation. and Islamic tradition Late Antique Christian accounts in the West section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Western Christian tradition of Mani is based on Socrates of Constantinople, a historian writing in the 5th century. According to this account, one Scythianos, a Saracen, husband of an Egyptian woman, "introduced the doctrine of Empedocles and Pythagoras into Christianity"; that he had a disciple, "Buddas, formerly named Terebinthus," who travelled in Persia, where he alleged that he had been born of a virgin, and afterwards wrote four books, one of Mysteries, a second The Gospel, a third The Treasure, and a fourth Heads. While performing some mystic rites, he was hurled down a precipice by a daimon, and killed. A woman at whose house he lodged buried him, took over his property, and bought a boy of seven, named Cubricus. This boy she freed and educated, leaving him the property and books of Buddas-Terebinthus. Cubricus then travelled into Persia, where he took the name of Manes and gave forth the doctrines of Buddas Terebinthus as his own. The king of Persia, hearing that he worked miracles, sent for him to heal his sick son, and on the child's dying put Manes in prison. Thence he escaped, flying into Mesopotamia, but was traced, captured, and flayed alive by the Persian king's orders, the skin being then stuffed with chaff and hung up before the gate of the city. to Jerome, Archelaus wrote his account of his disputation with "Manichæus" in Syriac, whence it was translated into Greek. The Greek is lost, and the work, apart from extracts, subsists only in a Latin translation from the Greek, of doubtful age and fidelity, probably made after the 5th century. By Photius it is stated that Heraclean, bishop of Chalcedon, in his book against the Manichæans, said the Disputation of Archelaus was written by one Hegemonius, an author not otherwise traceable, and of unknown date. the Latin narrative, "Manes" is said to have come, after his flight from court, from Arabion, a frontier fortress, to Caschar or Carchar, a town said to be in Roman Mesopotamia, in the hope of converting an eminent Christian there, named Marcellus, to whom he had sent a letter beginning: "Manichæus apostle of Jesus Christ, and all the saints and virgins with me, send peace to Marcellus." In his train he brought twenty-two (or twelve) youths and virgins. At the request of Marcellus, he debated on religion with bishop Archelaus, by whom he was vanquished; whereupon he set out to return to Persia. On his way he proposed to debate with a priest at the town of Diodorides; but Archelaus came to take the priest's place, and again defeated him; whereupon, fearing to be given up to the Persians by the Christians, he returned to Arabion. this stage Archelaus introduces in a discourse to the people his history of "this Manes," very much to the effect of the recapitulation in Socrates. Among the further details are these: that Scythianus lived "in the time of the Apostles"; that Terebinthus said the name of Buddas had been imposed on him; that in the mountains he had been brought up by an angel; that he had been convicted of imposture by a Persian prophet named Parcus, and by Labdacus, son of Mithra; that in the disputation he taught concerning the sphere, the two luminaries, the transmigration of souls, and the war of the Principia against God; that "Corbicius" or Corbicus, about the age of sixty, translated the books of Terebinthus; that he made three chief disciples, Thomas, Addas, and Hermas, of whom he sent the first to Egypt, and the second to Scythia, keeping the third with him; that the two former returned when he was in prison, and that he sent them to procure for him the books of the Christians, which he then studied. According to the Latin narrative, finally, Manes on his return to Arabion was seized and taken to the Persian king, by whose orders he was flayed, his body being left to the birds, and his skin, filled with air, hung at the city gate.[31] Islamic accounts Painter Mani presenting king Bukhram-Gur (Bahram) with his drawing. 16th-century painting by Ali-Shir Nava'i, Shakrukhia (Tashkent). is described as a painter who set up a sectarian movement in opposition to Zoroastrianism. He was persecuted by Shapur I and fled to Central Asia, where he made disciples and embellished with paintings a Tchighil (or picturarum domus Chinensis) and another temple called Ghalbita. Provisioning in advance a cave which had a spring, he told his disciples he was going to heaven, and would not return for a year, after which time they were to seek him in the cave in question. They then came back there after a year and found him, whereupon he showed them an illustrated book, called Ergenk, or Estenk Arzhang, which he said he had brought from heaven: whereafter he had many followers, with whom he returned to Persia at the death of Shapur. The new king, Hormisdas, joined and protected the sect; and built Mani a castle. The next king, Bahram or Varanes, at first favoured Mani; but, after getting him to debate with certain Zoroastrian teachers, caused him to be flayed alive, and the skin to be stuffed and hung up. Thereupon most of his followers fled to India and China.[31] Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Persia, 240-270, Sasanian Emperor, Shapur I, refused power of God, k by Lightning
Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning. Persian Sasanian Emperor, 240-270, Shapur I; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated July 30 ; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on October 19; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Simeon of Persia, Commemorated on May 18; Martyr Marinus and his wife and children and those with them at Rome, Commemorated on July 6;

Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians, take Babylon
Persia, 243, Battle of Resaena, Romans defeat Persians; Hieromartyr Polychronius the Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on July 30;

Persia, 274-293, Bahram II, rebellions, his brother, cousin, 283 Roman invasion, lightning, rome withdrew, Georgia control
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 274-293, Bahram II ; II (also spelled Wahram II or Warahran II was the fifth Sasanian King of Kings of Iran, from 274 to 293. He was the son and successor of Bahram I (r. 271–274). Bahram II, while still in his teens, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest Kartir, just like his father had done. was met with considerable challenges during his reign, facing a rebellion in the east led by his brother, the Kushano-Sasanian dynast Hormizd I Kushanshah, who also assumed the title of King of Kings and possibly laid claims to the Sasanian throne. rebellion, led by Bahram II's cousin Hormizd of Sakastan in Sakastan, also occurred around this period. Khuzestan, a Zoroastrian factional revolt led by a high-priest (mowbed) occurred. Roman emperor Carus exploited the turbulent situation of Iran by lanching a campaign into its holdings in Mesopotamia in 283. Bahram II, who was in the east, was unable to mount an effective coordinated defense at the time, possibly losing his capital of Ctesiphon to the Roman emperor. Carus died soon afterwards, reportedly being struck by lightning. As a result, the Roman army withdrew, and Mesopotamia was reclaimed by the Sasanians. the end of his reign, Bahram II had made peace with the Roman emperor Diocletian and put an end to the disturbances in Khuzestan and the east. the Caucasus, Bahram II strengthened Sasanian authority by securing the Iberian throne for Mirian III, an Iranian nobleman from the House of Mihran. II has been suggested by scholars to be the first Sasanian ruler to have coins minted of his family. He also ordered the carving of several rock reliefs that unambiguously emphasize distinguished representations of his family and members of the high nobility. was succeeded by his son Bahram III, who after only four months of reign, was overthrown by Narseh, a son of the second Sasanian ruler, Shapur I (r. 240–270). Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293, Sasanian Emperor, Bahram III, very short reign, overthrown by son of Shapur I, to be over Armenia
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293, Bahram III; Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 293-302, Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh, son of Shapur I, lost to Romans, religious tolerance
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 293-302, Narseh; (also spelled Narses or Narseus) was the seventh Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 293 to 303. youngest son of Shapur I (r. 240–270), Narseh served as the governor of Sakastan, Hind and Turan under his father. Shapur I was eventually succeeded by his son Hormizd I (r. 270–271), who died after a reign of one year. I's eldest son Bahram I, who had never been considered as a candidate for succession to the throne by his father, ascended the throne with the aid of the powerful Zoroastrian priest Kartir. then made a settlement with Narseh to give up his entitlement to the throne in return for the governorship of the important frontier province of Armenia, which was a persistent cause for war between the Roman and Sasanian Empires. Narseh held the title of Vazurg sah Arminān ("Great King of Armenia"), which was used by the heir to the throne in the early Sasanian times. Nevertheless, Narseh most likely still viewed Bahram I as a usurper. succession of Bahram I's son, Bahram II (r. 274–293) seemingly occurred without any issues. However, after Bahram II's death in 293, the noble Wahnam had the latters son Bahram III unwillingly crowned. The nobility did not support Bahram III's kingship, and asked Narseh to rule instead. Ultimately, Bahram III abdicated as shah, while Wahnam was executed. Narseh's accession to the throne makes him the first Sasanian shah to not ascend the throne as a crown prince. The circumstances of Narseh's rise to power are detailed in the Paikuli inscription, which he made as his own Res Gestae Divi Augusti and to legitimize his rule.[1] years after his accession, war erupted between the Sasanians and Romans once again. In the spring of 297, Narseh's forces inflicted a heavy defeat on the forces of Galerius. The following year, however, Narseh was to suffer a heavy defeat at Satala; his wives, children, and many Iranian nobles were taken as prisoners of war. Due to this ignominious defeat, Narseh was forced to accept a peace treaty prescribed by the Romans, ceding them several areas at the Sasanian-Roman border. is notable for returning to the religious tolerance policy of his father.[2] Martyr Andrew Stratelates in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 19; Martyr Athenodorus of Mesopotamia, Commemorated on December 7; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 300, 4th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Saphor II, Julian's Death

Persia, 302-309, Emperor, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur
Persian Emperor, 302-309, Hormizd II, Sasanian, Bishapur; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Persia, 309-379, Sasanian Emperor, Alamundar, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 363, Battle of Samarra, Julian the Apostate's death
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian'™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian'™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 380-383, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir II, S II's brother, appointed to rule till Saphor III
Persia, 380-383, Sasanian Emperor, Ardashir II, brother, appointed to rule till Saphor III Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyrs Heliodorus and Dosa suffered for Christ in Persia under the emperor Sapor II, in the year 380.

Persia, 399-438, Persian Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438)
Court of emperors Izdegerd (399-420) and Barakhranes (420-438) in Ctesiphon, Persia; Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 399-420, Persian Sasanian Emperor, Izdegerd I, friend to Jews and Christians, Zoros Nobles killed him
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 399-420, Izdegerd I ; Martyr Abdias (Abidas) of Persia, Commemorated on September 5 ; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 400, 5th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire, Sapor IV

Persia, 418-420, Sapor IV, King of Persian Armenia, Sasanian
Persian Emperor, 420, Sapor IV, Sasanian; IV, was king of Persian Armenia from 415 to 420, who briefly ruled the Sasanian Empire in 420. IV was the son of Yazdegerd I and Shushandukht, and had two brothers named Bahram V and Narse. At the death of the Arsacid Armenian king Khosrov IV, Yazdegerd I decided to give the royal crown of Armenia to his eldest son Shapur IV, instead of giving it to Khosrov's nephew, Artaxias IV. During Shapur's reign in Armenia, he concentrated on reconciliation and established friendly relations with the nobles. He made every effort to convert the Christian Armenians to Zoroastrianism, but was largely unsuccessful.[1] 420, Yazdegerd I was murdered by the Sasanian nobles at Hyrcania,[2] which made Shapur quickly leave Armenia and arrive at Ctesiphon to claim the Sasanian throne. However, he only managed to reign during a short time, until he was murdered by the nobles and the clergy, who sought to expel all the sons of Yazdegerd I.[3] After the murder of Shapur, the nobles elected another Sasanian prince, Khosrau, the son of Bahram IV, as king of the Sasanian Empire. Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 420-438, Persian Emperor, Bahram V, Barakhranes, raised by eastern Arabs, Lakhmid kings
Persian Emperor, 420-438, Bahram V; Greatmartyr James the Persian, Commemorated on November 27; Royal Martyr Mirdat, King of Kartli, Commemorated on July 8 ;

Persia, 457-459, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd III, killed by younger brother Peroz
Persian Emperor, 457-459, Hormizd III, Sasanian; III ( was the seventeenth king (shah) of the Sasanian Empire, ruling briefly from 457 to 459. He was the son and successor of Yazdegerd II (r. 438-457). reign was marked by the rebellion of his younger brother Peroz I, who with the aid of one of the Seven Great Houses of Iran, the House of Mihran, and the eastern neighbours of the Sasanians, the Hephthalites, had him captured and executed. Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Anthony of Apamea, Commemorated on November 9;

Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian, killed brother, war, famine, foolish war w allies, Nestorian
Persia, 459-494, Emperor, Peroz I, Sasanian ; I was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) of Iran from 459 to 484. A son of Yazdegerd II (r. 438-457), he disputed the rule of his elder brother and incumbent king Hormizd III (r. 457-459), eventually seizing the throne after a two-year struggle. reign was marked by war and famine. Early in his reign, he successfully quelled a rebellion in Caucasian Albania in the west, and put an end to the Kidarites in the east, briefly expanding Sasanian rule into Tokharistan, where he issued gold coins with his likeness at Balkh. Simultaneously, Iran was suffering from a seven-year famine. soon clashed with the former subjects of the Kidarites, the Hephthalites, who possibly had previously helped him to gain his throne. He was defeated and captured twice by the Hephthalites and lost his recently acquired possessions. 482, revolts broke out in the western provinces of Armenia and Iberia, led by Vahan Mamikonian and Vakhtang I respectively. Peroz could quell the unrest there, he was defeated and killed in his third war with the Hephthalites in 484, who seized the main Sasanian cities of the eastern region of Khorasan-Nishapur, Herat and Marw. advantage of the weakened Sasanian authority in the east, the Nezak Huns subsequently seized the region of Zabulistan. was the last shahanshah to mint unique gold coins in the Indian region of Sindh, which indicates that the region was lost around the same period. a devout Zoroastrian, Peroz supported the newly established Christian sect of Nestorianism, and just before his death, it was declared the official doctrine of the Iranian church. wars against the Hephthalites have been described as "foolhardy" in both contemporary and modern historiography. defeat and death introduced a period of political, social and religious tumult. The empire reached its lowest ebb; the shahanshah was now a client of the Hephthalites and was compelled to pay tribute, while the nobility and clergy exerted great influence and authority over the nation, being able to act as king-makers. magnates—most notably Sukhra and Shapur Mihran—elected Peroz's brother, Balash, as the new shahanshah. Order would first be restored under Peroz's son Kavad I (r. 488-496, 498/9-531), who reformed the empire and defeated the Hephthalites, reconquering Khorasan. By 560, Peroz had been avenged by his grandson Khosrow I (r. 531-579), who in collaboration with the First Turkic Khaganate, destroyed the Hephthalites. Martyr Razhden of Persia the Georgian, Commemorated on August 3; Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 470-482, Viceroy, Varsken, Christian, then fire worshiper, Shushanik's husband, killed by Vakhtang
Persian Viceroy, 470-482, Varsken, Sasanian, Zoroastrian fire worshiper; (Middle Persian: VazgÄ“n) was an Iranian prince from the Mihranid family of Gugark, who served as the bidaxsh (margrave) of the region from 470 to 482. He was the son and successor of Arshusha II. the death of his father, Varsken went to the Sasanian capital of Ctesiphon and was received by the shahanshah Peroz I (r. 459-484), converting to the family's former religion, Zoroastrianism. As a reward for his conversion, he was given the viceroyalty of Caucasian Albania and a daughter of Peroz in marriage. his pro-Iranian position, Varsken attempted to force his family to convert to Zoroastrianism, including his first wife Shushanik, which eventually resulted in her martyrdom, dying from the violence inflicted by her husband. policies were unacceptable to the Iberian king Vakhtang I (r. 447/49-502/22), who had him killed and then revolted against Iran in 482. Varsken was succeeded by Arshusha III. Martyr Susanna the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on August 28;

Persia, 488-531, Emperor, Kavadh I, Successful, Chosroes Father, BEwar&peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 488-531, Kavadh I ; I (473 - 13 September 531) was the Sasanian King of Kings of Iran from 488 to 531, with a two or three-year interruption. A son of Peroz I (r. 459-484), he was crowned by the nobles to replace his deposed and unpopular uncle Balash (r. 484-488). a declining empire where the authority and status of the Sasanian kings had largely ended, Kavad tried to reorganize his empire by introducing many reforms whose implementation was completed by his son and successor Khosrow I. They were made possible by Kavad's use of the Mazdakite preacher Mazdak leading to a social revolution that weakened the authority of the nobility and the clergy. Because of this, and the execution of the powerful king-maker Sukhra, Kavad was imprisoned in the Castle of Oblivion ending his reign. He was replaced by his brother Jamasp. However, with the aid of his sister and an officer named Siyawush, Kavad and some of his followers fled east to the territory of the Hephthalite king who provided him with an army. This enabled Kavad to restore himself to the throne in 498/9. by this hiatus, Kavad applied for subsidies from the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I. The Byzantines had originally paid the Iranians voluntarily to maintain the defense of the Caucasus against attacks from the north. refused the subsidies, which led Kavad to invade his domains, thus starting the Anastasian War. Kavad first seized Theodosiopolis and Martyropolis respectively, and then Amida after holding the city under siege for three months. two empires made peace in 506, with the Byzantines agreeing to pay subsidies to Kavad for the maintenance of the fortifications on the Caucasus in return for Amida. Around this time, Kavad also fought a lengthy war against his former allies, the Hephthalites; by 513 he had re-taken the region of Khorasan from them. 528, war between the Sasanians and Byzantines erupted again, because of the Byzantines refusal to acknowledge Khosrow as Kavad's heir, and a dispute over Lazica. Although Kavad's forces suffered two notable losses at Dara and Satala, the war was largely indecisive, with both sides suffering heavy losses. 531, while the Iranian army was besieging Martyropolis, Kavad died from an illness. He was succeeded by Khosrow I, who inherited a reinvigorated and mighty empire that equaled that of the Byzantines. of the many challenges and issues Kavad successfully overcame, he is considered one of the most effective and successful kings to rule the Sasanian Empire. In the words of the Iranologist Nikolaus Schindel, he was "a genius in his own right, even if of a somewhat Machiavellian type."[1] Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 500, 6th Century Folder, Sasanian E Failing, Chosroes 1 war with Byzantium after Antioch Earthquake

Persia, 502, War with Georgia, Vakhtang I killed, 7ft10in
Georgia, 502, War with Iran, Vakhtang I killed; Peter accompanied Holy King Vakhtang Gorgasali to war with the Persians in 502. It is written that œthe fatally wounded king Vakhtang summoned the catholicos, the queen, his sons and all the nobility.Saint Peter heard the king'™s last confession, granted the remission of his sins, presided at his funeral service, and blessed the prince Dachi (502-514) to succeed him as king of Kartli. with Iran[edit] of Ujarma, once an Iberian stronghold under Vakhtang espousing pro-Roman policy, Vakhtang further alienated his nobles, who sought Iranian support against the king's encroachments on their autonomy. In 482, Vakhtang put to death his most influential vassal, Varsken, vitaxa of Gogarene, a convert to Zoroastrianism and a champion of Iran's influence in the Caucasus, who had executed his Christian wife, Shushanik, daughter of the Armenian Mamikonid prince Vardan II and a hero of the earliest surviving piece of Georgian literature. By this act, Vakhtang placed himself in open confrontation with his Iranian suzerain. Vakhtang called on the Armenian princes and the Huns for co-operation. After some hesitation, the Armenians under Vardan's nephew Vahan Mamikonian, joined forces with Vakhtang. The allies were routed and Iberia was ravaged by Iranian punitive expeditions in 483 and 484, forcing Vakhtang into flight to Roman-controlled Lazica (modern western Georgia). After Peroz's death in the war with the Hephthalites in 484, his successor Balash reestablished peace in the Caucasus. Vakhtang was able to resume his reign in Iberia, but did not betray his pro-Roman line.[9][10] the Hundred Years Peace between Iran and Rome collapsed, Kavadh I of the Sassanids summoned Vakhtang as a vassal to join in a new campaign against Rome. Vakhtang refused, provoking an Iranian invasion of his kingdom. Then about 60, he had to spend the last years of his life in war and exile, fruitlessly appealing for the Roman aid. The chronology of this period is confused, but by 518 an Iranian viceroy had been installed at the Iberian town of Tiflis, founded (”according to Georgian tradition)”by Vakhtang and designated as the country's future capital. According to the LVG, Vakhtang died fighting an Iranian invading army at the hands of his renegade slave who shot him through an armpit defect of his armor. The wounded king was transported to his castle at Ujarma where he died and was interred at the cathedral in Mtskheta. Javakhishvili puts Vakhtang's death at c. 502. Georgia, 449-502, Georgian King, Vakhtang I of Iberia; Hierarch Peter, First Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30; St Vakhtang Gorgasali, King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 30;

Persia, 531-579, Emperor, Chosroes I the Elder, allied with Italian Ostrogoths, violated peace
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 531-579, Chosroes I the Elder; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; Martyr Eustathius of Mtskheta in Georgia, Commemorated on July 29; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Translation of the Image Â of our Lord Jesus Christ from Edessa to Constantinople, the Third "œFeast of the Savior in August"Â, Commemorated on August 16; Return of the Relics of the Apostle Bartholomew from Anastasiopolis to Lipari, Commemorated August 25 : By the power of God the chests did not sink into the depths of the sea, but miraculously floated upon the waves and reached Italy. The chest with the relics of the Apostle Bartholomew came to land at the island of Lipari, and the remaining chests continued their journey and came to land at various places in Italy. The chest with the relics of the Martyr Papian halted at Sicily, the Martyr Lucian at Messina, the Martyr Gregory at Calabria, and the Martyr Acacius at Askalon. ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake, bathed in Med
Persia, 540-562, Chosroes I war with Byzantine Empire after Antioch Earthquake; Translation of the relics of the Hieromartyr Ignatius, the Godbearer and Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated on January 29;

Persia, 579-590, Sasanian Emperor, Hormizd IV, constant warfare west and east
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 579-590, Hormizd IV ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29;

Persia, 590-628, Chosroes II home, Ctesiphon - last King of Sasanian Empire
Chosroes home, Ctesiphon 590-628 - last King of Sasanian Empire Persia, In the year 614 military forces of the Persian ruler Chosroes fell upon Syria and Palestine, killing ninety thousand Christians and destroying Christian churches; Martyr Golinduc, in Holy Baptism Mary, of Persia, Commemorated on July 12; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 590-628, Sasanian Emperor, Khosrau (Chosroes) II, Cross in J, def by M, then a with M
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 590-628, Khosrau (Chosroes) II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; The Universal Exaltation of the Precious and Life-Giving Cross, Commemorated on September 14; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on September 16 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; Hieromartyr Abibus, Bishop of Nekressi in Georgia, Commemorated on November 29; St Modestus the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on December 18 ; St Dometian the Bishop of Melitene, Commemorated on January 10; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21;

Persia, 600, 7th Century Folder, Sasanian Empire Ends, Jersulam ravaged, Cross carried to Persia

Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628
Persia, 602-628, Byzantine-Persian War of 602-628 ; Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Battle of Nineveh (627); Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614, Chosroes II ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia
Persia, 614, ravaged Jerusalem, carried the Life-Creating Cross to Persia; Byzantine-“Sasanian War of 602-“628; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22;

Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia, Stole the Cross, Became a Monk
Persia, 614-628, Saint Anastasius of Persia; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate, Cross Returned
Persia, 627, Battle of Nineveh, Byzantine Victory then Arab Caliphate; Byzantine Emperor Heraclius; Persian emperor Chosroes II; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ;

Persia, 632-651, Sasanian Emperor, Yazdegerd III
Persian, Sasanian Emperor, 632-651, Yazdegerd III ; St Jesse, Bishop of Tsilkan in Georgia, Commemorated on December 2; Translation of the relics of St Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 24;

Persia, 632 - Present, History Folder, Muslim Persia

Persia, 632-661, History Folder, Rashdun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia, Ali the Shia

Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph, Sunni and Shia
Persia, 634-644, Persian Sasanian Empire overthrown by Uamr 1, Rashidun Caliph; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11;

Persia, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia
Persia, 656-661, Rashidun Caliph, Ali, 4rd Rashidun Caliph, Shia;

Persia, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni, Bashdun Battle of Nahavand in Persia over Sasanians

Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa
Persia, 665, Battle of Nahavand, Rashidun Arabs take North Africa; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Persia, 665, Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665
Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665; Battle of Nahavand;

Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf)
Persia, 735-736, Umayyad Caliph, Marwan ibn Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf); Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Persia, 864-1041, History Folder, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus

Persia, 864-1041, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus 864-1041
Caspian expeditions of the Rus 864-1041; The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on October 1 ;

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Sunni, Persia into Geogria

Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty, was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler
Persia, 889-901, Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj, first Sajid Ruler; ibn Abi'l-Saj also known as Muhammad al-Afshin (died 901), an Iranian[1] appointed general of al-Mu'tadid, was the first Sajid amir of Azerbaijan, from 889 or 890 until his death. He was the son of Abi'l-Saj Devdad. Early career Like their father, Muhammad and his brother Yusuf had long and active careers. In 879 Muhammad was appointed by the Saffarid Amr ibn al-Layth as his representative in Mecca, and was later appointed by the Abbasids as the governor of Anbar and Rahba. When the amir of Egypt Ahmad ibn Tulun died in 884, Muhammad was presented an opportunity to capture some of his territories in Syria from his inexperienced son and heir, Khumarawayh. He allied himself with another Abbasid general, Ishaq ibn Kundaj, who had received authorization and some troops from al-Muwaffaq.[2][3][4] Ishaq clashed with the Tulunid governor of Raqqa in April 884,[5] and soon after, the Tulunid governor of Damascus defected, bringing with him Antioch, Aleppo and Hims.[4] Khumarawayh responded by sending troops to Syria, who soon succeeded in recovering the lost cities, before both sides settled into winter quarters.[4] In the spring, al-Muwaffaq's son, Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad (the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid), arrived to take control. Ahmad and Ishaq defeated the Tulunids, who were driven back to Palestine, but Ahmad quarrelled with Ishaq and Muhammad, who departed with their troops, and at the Battle of the Mills on 6 April Khumarawayh's general Sa'd al-Aysar routed the Abbasid army.[2][4][6] This signalled the end of the alliance between Muhammad and Ishaq: Muhammad now turned to Khumarawayh, and persuaded him to invade the Jazira. With Egyptian aid, Muhammad crossed the Euphrates, defeated Ishaq's forces in a number of battles in 886â€“887, and forced him to recognize Tulunid control.[2][7][8] The entire Jazira now became a Tulunid province, a fact recognized by the Abbasid government in a treaty in December 886 that confirmed Khumarawayh in his old and new possessions.[7][9] Ishaq remained as governor of Mosul under Tulunid authority. In 887/8 he tried to rebel but was defeated. Although he re-acknowledged Tulunid suzerainty, he was now stripped of Mosul in favor of Muhammad. Ishaq now concentrated his attentions on defeating Muhammad, and soon managed to secure the favor and support of Khumarawayh: in 888â€“889 Ishaq defeated Muhammad at Damascus, who then fled to al-Muwaffaq.[2][10] In 889 or 890 Caliph al-Mu'tamid's brother and regent, al-Muwaffaq, appointed Muhammad as governor of Azerbaijan. His first challenge came in the form of 'Abd-Allah ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Hamdani, a rebel who had taken control of Maragha. Muhammad convinced him to surrender in 893 by promising his safety, but once 'Abd-Allah did so he was executed by the Sajid. Maragha was afterwards made Muhammad's capital, though he usually resided in Bardaa.[11] Conflict over Armenia When the Bagratid Smbat I came to the throne of Armenia in 890, Muhammad had sent him a crown and presents in the name of the caliph, asserting his own authority over Smbat in the process. When Smbat sent envoys to the Byzantine emperor in 892, Muhammad threatened to attack him, but Smbat managed to convince the Sajid not to carry out his threat through diplomatic means. Three years later, however, the Bagratid invaded Georgia and Albania. In response Muhammad seized Nakhchivan and Dvin, but was then defeated and decided to make peace.[12] At some point in his career Muhammad decided to assert his independence from the caliph, probably by refusing to send the revenue due to Baghdad. In 898 he assumed the title al-Afshin, the title previously used by the rulers of Ushrusana in Transoxiana (Muhammad's family was originally from that province). Soon afterwards he decided to restore his loyalty to the caliph, and was confirmed as governor of Azerbaijan and Armenia. Muhammad launched another campaign against Smbat, taking Kars and capturing Smbat's wife and part of his treasury. Dvin was furthermore brought under control. In 899 Muhammad exchanged Smbat's wife for his son Ashot. Shortly after this he forced the Artsrunid ruler of Vaspurakan, Ashot-Sargis Artsruni, to submit to his authority. In the meantime his loyalty to the caliph again became uncertain. In 900 he invaded Vaspurakan again after Ashot-Sargis's brother, whom Muhammad had taken as a hostage the last time he had invaded, escaped. He left a garrison in Vaspurakan after Ashot-Sargis fled and returned to Bardaa. While preparing another campaign against Smbat, he died of an epidemic in 901.[11] He was succeeded by his son Devdad. Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Sajid dynasty (Persian: Ø³Ø§Ø¬ÛŒØ§Ù†â€Ž), was an Iranian Muslim dynasty that ruled from 889-890 until 929. The Sajids ruled Azerbaijan and parts of Armenia first from Maragha and Barda and then from Ardabil.[a][1] The Sajids originated from the Central Asian province of Ushrusana and were of Iranian (Sogdian)[2][3][b] descent. Muhammad ibn Abi'l-Saj Diwdad the son of Diwdad, the first Sajid ruler of Azerbaijan, was appointed as its ruler in 889 or 890. Muhammad's father Abu'l-Saj Devdad had fought under the Ushrusanan prince Afshin Khaydar during the latter's final campaign against the rebel Babak Khorramdin in Azerbaijan, and later served the caliphs. Toward the end of the 9th century, as the central authority of the Abbasid Caliphate weakened, Muhammad was able to form a virtually independent state. Much of the Sajids' energies were spent in attempting to take control of neighboring Armenia. The dynasty ended with the death of Abu'l-Musafir al-Fath in 929. Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Persia, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Maragheh, Iran;

Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran
Saiid Dynasty in Ardabil, Iran;

Persia, 1072-1307, History Folder, Persian-Turk Seljuk Khwarezmid Empire, Sunni

Persia, 1000, 11th Century Folder, Persian-Turk Sultanate of Rome

Persia, 1073-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I, established order in Georgia, poisoned
Persia, 1072-1092, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Jalal al-Dawlah Malik Shah I; I son of Alp Arslan ------Jalal al-Dawla Muizz al-Dunya Wal-Din Abu'l-Fath ibn Alp Arslan (8 August 1055 – 19 November 1092, better known by his regnal name of Malik-Shah I, was sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1072 to 1092. his youth, he spent his time participating in the campaigns of his father Alp Arslan, along with the latter's vizier Nizam al-Mulk. During one of such campaigns in 1072, Alp Arslan was fatally wounded and died only a few days later. After that, Malik-Shah was crowned as the new sultan of the empire, but the succession was contested by his uncle Qavurt. Although Malik-Shah was the nominal head of the Seljuk state, Nizam al-Mulk held near absolute power during his reign.[4] Malik-Shah spent the rest of his reign waging war against the Karakhanids on the eastern side, and establishing order in the Caucasus. death to this day remains under dispute; according to some scholars, he was poisoned by Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi, while others say that he was poisoned by the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni
Persia, 1077-1307, Persian-Turk, Seljuk Empire, Sultanate of Rum (Rome), Sunni; Sultanate of Rum[a] or Rum Seljuk Sultanate was a Turko-Persian[7][8][9][10] Sunni Muslim ruled state, established over major cities and territories of Anatolia conquered from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire by the Seljuk Turks following the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and a subsequent temporary collapse of Byzantine power. The name Rûm was a synonym for the Byzantine Empire and its peoples, as it remains in modern Turkish. It derives from the Arabic name for ancient Rome, itself a loan from Koine Greek, "Romans, citizens of the Eastern Roman Empire".[11] Sultanate of Rum seceded from the Great Seljuk Empire under Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1077, just six years after the Byzantine provinces of central Anatolia were conquered at the Battle of Manzikert (1071). It had its capital first at İznik and then at Konya. It reached the height of its power during the late 12th and early 13th century, when it succeeded in taking key Byzantine ports on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts. In the east, the sultanate reached Lake Van. Trade through Anatolia from Iran and Central Asia was developed by a system of caravanserai. Especially strong trade ties with the Genoese formed during this period. The increased wealth allowed the sultanate to absorb other Turkish states that had been established following the conquest of Byzantine Anatolia: Danishmendids, House of Mengüjek, Saltukids, Artuqids. Seljuk sultans bore the brunt of the Crusades and eventually succumbed to the Mongol invasion at the 1243 Battle of Köse Dağ. For the remainder of the 13th century, the Seljuks acted as vassals of the Ilkhanate.[12] Their power disintegrated during the second half of the 13th century. The last of the Seljuk vassal sultans of the Ilkhanate, Mesud II, was murdered in 1308. The dissolution of the Seljuk state left behind many small Anatolian beyliks (Turkish principalities), among them that of the Ottoman dynasty, which eventually conquered the rest and reunited Anatolia to become the Ottoman Empire. St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq
Persia, 1092-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Barkiyaruq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1100, 12th Century Folder, Persia-Turks, Shamkori, Azerbaijan Georgia Battle over Persia

Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II
Persia, 1105-1105, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Malik-Shah II; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad
Persia 1105-1118, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mehmed I of Bagdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq
Persia, 1118-1152, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan, Mahmud II of Great Seljuq; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I
Persia, 1116-1156, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Mesud I; St Arsenius of Iqalto in Georgia, Commemorated on February 6;

Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III
Persia, 1152-1153, Persian-Turk Seljuk Sultan,Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26;

Persia, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II
Persia, 1156-1192, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kilij Arslan II;

Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I
Persia, 1192-1196, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Kaykhusraw I; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Georgia over Azerbaijan Persia
Georgia, 1195, battle near Shamkori, Azerbaijan, Georgia over Persia; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din
Persa, 1196-1204, Persian-Turk Seljuk Suleiman Sultan, Rukn al-Din; St Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; St John Shavteli of Salosi, Bishop of Gaenati, Georgia, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John of Shavtel-Gaenati, Commemorated on June 9;

Persia, 1200-1256, 13th Century Folder, Khwarazms, battles with Georgia, Sunni

Persia, 1203, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum, Georgia over Persian Turk Sultan Rukn al-Din
Georgia, 1202, Battle of Bassian, 60 K NE Erzurum; St. Eulogius of Salosi, the Prophet and Fool-for-Christ, Commemorated on April 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu, Sunni
Persia, 1220-1231, Persian Khwarazmian Sultan, Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu ; St Tbeli Abuseridze, Commemorated on August 17; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31; St Shalva of Akhaltsikhe, Commemorated on June 17;

Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din, Sunni, attacked Georgia
Persia, 1227, Persian Khwarazms Attack Georgia, Sultan Jalal al-Din attacked Georgia ; Sultan Jalal al-Din ; In 1227 Sultan Jalal al-Din of Khwarazm and his army of Turkmen attacked Georgia ; 100,000 Martyrs of Tbilisi by the Mongols, Commemorated on October 31 ;

Persia, 1256-1353, History Folder, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, Buddist then Sunni

Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353, Tabriz
Persia, 1256-1353, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Empire, 1256-1353; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1257-1300, 13th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, 1256- , Georgia under these Mongols

Persia, 1257-1265, Ilkhan Emperor, Hulagu, civil wars, over m of western asia, Genghis gs
Persia, 1256-1265, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Hulagu Khan; Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu (c. 1215 - 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. Son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of Ariq Böke, Möngke Khan, and Kublai Khan. army greatly expanded the southwestern portion of the Mongol Empire, founding the Ilkhanate of Persia, a precursor to the eventual Safavid dynasty, and then the modern state of Iran. Under Hulagu's leadership, the siege of Baghdad (1258) destroyed Baghdad's standing in the Islamic Golden Age and weakened Damascus, causing a shift of Islamic influence to the Mamluk Sultanate in Cairo and ended the Abbasid Dynasty. St. Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan, civil wars with Mongol Empire, invaded Syria unsuccessfully
Persia, 1265-1282, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abaqa Khan ; Khan (February 1234 - 4 April 1282, paternal uncle, also transliterated Abaġa), was the second Mongol ruler (Ilkhan) of the Ilkhanate. son of Hulagu Khan and Lady Yesünčin. He was the grandson of Tolui and reigned from 1265 to 1282 and was succeeded by his brother Ahmed Tekuder.[1] of Abaqa's reign was consumed with civil wars in the Mongol Empire, such as those between the Ilkhanate and the northern khanate of the Golden Horde. Abaqa also engaged in unsuccessful attempts at military invasion of Syria, including the Second Battle of Homs. was born in Mongolia[1] in February 1234, son of Ilkhanate founder Hulagu Khan. Abaqa was a Buddhist. A favoured son of Hulagu, he was made governor of Turkestan.[2] died from illness in 1265. Before his death, he had been negotiating with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos to add a daughter of the Byzantine imperial family to Hulagu's number of wives. VIII had selected his illegitimate daughter Maria Palaiologina, who was dispatched in 1265, escorted by the abbot of Pantokrator monastery, Theodosius de Villehardouin.[3] Historian Steven Runciman relates how she was accompanied by the Patriarch Euthymius of Antioch.[2] Hulagu died before she arrived, she was instead married to Hulagu's son, Abaqa. He received her hand in marriage when he was installed as Ilkhan. When Hulagu's wife Doquz Khatun also died in 1265, the role of spiritual leader transferred to Maria, who was called "Despina Khatun" by the Mongols. was Abaqa who decided on the permanent location for the Ilkhanate capital, Tabriz, which was in the northwestern grasslands that the Mongols preferred.[4] took power four months after the death of his father, and then spent the next several months redistributing fiefs and governorships.[2] of the coins from Abaqa's era display the Christian cross, and bear in Arabic the Christian inscription "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, only one God".[5] campaigns[edit] Horde[edit] Dinar of Abaqa Khan, Isfahan Mint. dirham of Abaqa Khan, struck at the Tiflis (Tbilisi) mint, dated 1265 Hulagu's reign, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate had been at war with the Mongols of the Golden Horde. This continued into Abaqa's reign, and the Golden Horde invaded the Ilkhanate in the Spring after his accession. The invasion was partly due to an alliance between the Golden Horde and the Egyptian Mamluks. As part of this alliance, the Golden Horde would attempt to distract Abaqa through an attack on his territories to keep him from invading Mamluk-held Syria.[2] hostilities continued until the death of the Golden Horde's khan Berke, in 1267. The Great Khan Kublai attempted to intervene to stop the civil war, and due to his influence, the Golden Horde's khan, Möngke Temür did not launch a major invasion into Abaqa's territory.[6] Möngke Temür still established an alliance with the Egyptian Mamluk sultan Baibars promising that he would attack Abaqa and share any conquered territories.[7] However, at the same time, Möngke Temür sent envoys to congratulate Abaqa when the Ilkhan defeated Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq.[8] In 1270, he allowed Mengu-Timur to collect his revenues from workshops in Iran.[9] Ögedei's grandson Kaidu, Batu's grandson Mengu-Timur and Baraq of the Chagatai Khanate formed an alliance against Kublai Khan and Abaqa in Talas. They appointed Kaidu a ruler of Central Asia. The Kaidu–Kublai war lasted for a few decades. 1270, Baraq Khan of the Chagataids tried to annex Iran, which started a new war against Abaqa in the city of Herat, though Abaqa was able to launch a successful defence and, also, defeated Baraq's relative Teguder in Georgia. In the following year, he retaliated by sending an army against the Chagatai Khanate. They plundered Bukhara and surrounding areas. There were small conflicts between Abaqha and Qara'unas under Chagatayd noyans until 1280. Ismailis[edit] Main articles: Mongol campaign against the Nizaris and Gerdkuh of Syria[edit] See also: Mongol invasions of Syria relations with Christians[edit] was one in a long line of Mongol rulers who attempted to secure Western co-operation against the Muslim Mamluks. He corresponded with Pope Clement IV during 1267-1268, and reportedly sent a Mongol ambassador in 1268, trying to form a Franco-Mongol alliance between his forces, those of the West, and those of his father-in-law Michael VIII. He received responses from Rome and from James I of Aragon, though it is unclear if this was what led to James's unsuccessful expedition to Acre in 1269.[10] Abaqa is recorded as having written to the Aragonese king, saying that he was going to send his brother, Aghai, to join the Aragonese when they arrived in Cilicia. Abaqa also sent embassies to Edward I of England, and in 1274 sent a Mongol delegation to Pope Gregory X at the Second Council of Lyons, where Abaqa's secretary Rychaldus read a report to the assembly, reminding them of Hulagu's friendliness towards Christians, and assuring them that Abaqa planned to drive the Muslims from Syria.[11] But neither this diplomatic mission, nor two further embassies to Europe in 1276 and 1277, brought any tangible results. during the Ninth Crusade (1271)[edit] operations (red) under Abaqa's general Samagar during the Ninth Crusade in 1271 also: Ninth Crusade VI of Antioch, under the influence of his father-in-law Hetoum I of Armenia, had voluntarily submitted to Mongol authority in 1260,[12] while Abaqa's father Hulagu was in power, making Antioch and Tripoli vassal states of the Ilkhanate. In 1268, the Mamluk leader Baibars captured Antioch,[13] and Bohemond obtained a truce with Baibars in order to avoid losing Tripoli.[14][15] response to the fall of Antioch, Edward I of England arrived in Acre in 1271, trying to lead a new Crusade. It was ultimately considered a military failure, but Edward was able to eventually secure a truce with the Mamluks before he had to return to England. Edward arrived in Acre, he had sent an embassy to Abaqa, led by Reginald Rossel, Godefroi of Waus and John of Parker, requesting military assistance from the Mongols.[16] Abaqa was occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan but responded positively to Edward's request, sending 10,000 Mongol horsemen under general Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia to Syria: talking over the matter, we have on our account resolved to send to your aid Cemakar (Samagar) at the head of a mighty force; thus, when you discuss among yourselves the other plans involving the aforementioned Cemakar be sure to make explicit arrangements as to the exact month and day on which you will engage the enemy." — Letter from Abaqa to Edward I, 4 September 1271.[17] Mongols, including some auxiliary Seljukid troops, ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Though the force was relatively small, they triggered an exodus of the Muslim population (who remembered the previous campaigns of the Mongol general Kitbuqa) as far south as Cairo.[18] Edward, for his part, was never able to muster his own forces to coordinate actions with the Mongols or even achieve any military victories, so Abaqa's forces eventually withdrew. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on 12 November, the Mongols had already retreated beyond the Euphrates. of 1280–1281[edit] Mamluk leader Baibars died in 1277. In 1280–1281, Abaqa promoted new attacks against Syria. In September 1280, the Mongols occupied Baghras and Darbsak, and took Aleppo on October 20. The Mongols sent envoys to Acre to request military support for their campaign, but the Crusaders were still in a 10-year truce with the Mamluks. The Vicar of the Patriarch declined Abaqa's request, saying that the city was suffering from hunger, and that the king of Jerusalem was embroiled in another war. The King of Cyprus Hugues III and Bohemond VII also mobilized their armies, but could not intervene because the Mamluks had already positioned themselves between them and the Mongols.[19] and Leo III urged the Franks to start a new Crusade, but only the Hospitallers and Edward I (who could not come for lack of funds) responded favourably.[20] The Hospitallers of Marqab made combined raids into the Buqaia, and won several engagements against the Sultan,[21] raiding as far as the Krak des Chevaliers in October 1280, and defeating the Mamluk army of the Krak in February 1281.[19] Mongols finally retreated, pledging to come back for the winter of 1281. They informed the Franks that they would bring 50,000 Mongol horsemen and 50,000 Mongol infantry, but the request apparently remained without a response.[21] of Autumn 1281[edit] of the Mongols (left) at the 1281 Battle of Homs. Egyptian Muslims had respected a 10-year truce with the Crusaders which began in 1271. On 3 May 1281, the new Muslim sultan Qalawun signed a new 10-year truce with the Barons of Acre and a second 10-year truce with Bohemond VII of Tripoli, on 16 July 1281.[22] announced Mongol invasion started in September 1281. They were joined by the Armenians under Leo III, and by about 200 Hospitalier knights from the fortress of Marqab,[23][24] who considered they were not bound by the truce with the Mamluks.[25] 30 October 1281, 50,000 Mongol troops, together with 30,000 Armenians, Georgians, Greeks, and the Hospitalier Knights of Marqab fought against the Muslim leader Qalawun at the Second Battle of Homs, but were beaten back.[25] and succession[edit] died at Hamadan on 4 April 1282, probably in a state of delirium tremens. This illness was probably caused by too much consumption of alcohol, a habit common to many Mongol leaders. However, in 1285, his minister of finance Shams ad-Din Juvayni was accused of having had him poisoned.[26] Abaqa's death, his widow Maria fled back to Constantinople where her father, apparently wishing to spare his capital the fate that befell Baghdad, tried to marry her off again to another Mongol khan. Maria would not accept the offer, became a nun, and founded the church of Panagia Mouchliotissa around 1285. was succeeded by his brother Tekuder, who despite his earlier conflicts with the Egyptian Mamluks, had converted to Islam. Tekuder reversed Abaqa's pro-Christian policies and proposed an alliance with the Mamluk Sultan Qalawun, who resumed attacks on Frankish territory, capturing the northern fortress of Margat in 1285, Lattakia in 1287, and Tripoli in 1289.[27] In 1284, Abaqa's son Arghun led a successful revolt, backed by Kublai. Arghun had his uncle Tekuder executed and took power himself, returning to the pro-Christian policies of Abaqa. younger son, Gaykhatu, assumed the throne in 1291.[28][29][30] Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; little information has come down to us about the holy martyr Salome of Jerusalem and Kartli, who lived in the XIII century at a women’s monastery in Jerusalem. She was arrested by the Persian Moslems because of her outspoken defense of Christ. Synaxarion of the Monastery of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem, where she was martyred, tells us that at first, she gave in to the threats of the Persians and denied Christ. Later, however, she repented and publicly confessed Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of the world. Salome was tortured by the Persians because of her faith in Christ. Finally, she was beheaded and her holy relics were thrown into the fire. is believed that she was executed after the martyrdom of Saint Luka of Jerusalem, which occurred on February 12, 1277. St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder
Persia, 1282-1284, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Tekuder; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun
Persia, 1284-1291, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arghun; St Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia, Commemorated on March 16; St Pimen of Salosi the Enlightener of Dagestan and the North Caucasus People, Commemorated on March 16;

Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu
Persia, 1291-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Gaykhatu;

Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu, Sodomite
Persia, 1295-1295, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Baydu;

Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1295-1304, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Ghazan;

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Ilkhanate Empire, -1353, Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Damascus

Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1304-1316, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Oljeitu, Sunni Islam; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1316-1335, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1336-1337, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)
Persia, 1335-1336, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Arpa Ke'un, Sunni Islam;

Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)
Persia, 1337-1338, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan);

Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur
Persia, 1338-1340, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Jahan Temur;

Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan
Persia, 1340-1357, Persian Mongolian Ilkhanate Emperor, Anushirwan;

Persia, 1370-1507, History Folder, Timurid Empire, Tammerlane's Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Timurid Empire

Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur
Persia, 1370-1405, Timurid Emperor, Tammerlane aka Timur ; Timurid Empire, 1370-1507, Sunni, Persia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, Afganistan ; Commemoration of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26; St Euphrosyne the Princess, (Eudoxia) of Moscow, Commemorated on May 17;

Persia, 1395, Tammerlane retreats after Dream, Vladimir Icon Mother of God (Don River 1, Kulikovo Pole)
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat.

Persia, 1395, Feast of the Dormition, Vladimir Icon sent to Moscow, same hour of meeting at Kuchkov, T's dream
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Persia, 1395, Luke's Vladimir Icon, Grace of Jesus and MOG shall be with this Icon
Kulikovo Pole (Kulikovo Field); Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the deliverance of Moscow from the Invasion of Tamerlane, Commemorated on August 26 ; Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. Awakening in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God was painted by the Evangelist Luke on a board from the table at which the Savior ate together with His All-Pure Mother and Righteous Joseph. The Mother of God, upon seeing this image, exclaimed, “Henceforth, all generations shall call Me blessed. The grace of both My Son and Me shall be with this icon.” the year 1131, the icon was sent from Constantinople to Rus to holy Prince Mstislav (April 15) and was installed in the Devichi monastery in Vyshgorod, the ancient appanage city of the holy Equal of the Apostles Princess Olga. son of George Dolgoruky, Saint Andrew Bogoliubsky, brought the icon to the city of Vladimir in 1155 and installed it in the renowned Dormition cathedral which he built. At this time the icon received its name of “the Vladimir Icon.” The icon was first brought to Moscow in the year 1395. Thus, the blessing of the Mother of God established the spiritual bonds of Byzantium and Rus via Kiev, Vladimir and Moscow. festal celebration of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos occurs several times during the year (21 May, 23 June and 26 August). The most solemn celebration occurs on August 26, the Feast established in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon upon its Transfer from Vladimir to Moscow. the year 1395, the fearsome conqueror Khan Tamerlane (Temir-Aksak) reached the Ryazan frontier, took the city of Elets and advancing towards Moscow he came near the banks of the River Don. Great Prince Basil Dimitrievich went with an army to Kolomna and halted at the banks of the River Oka. He prayed to the holy Hierarchs of Moscow and Saint Sergius for the deliverance of the Fatherland, and he wrote to the Metropolitan of Moscow Saint Cyprian (September 16), that the pending Dormition Fast should be devoted to zealous prayers for mercy and repentance. were sent to Vladimir, where the famed wonderworking Vladimir Icon was. After Divine Liturgy and a Molieben on the feast of the Dormition, they clergy took the icon and brought it to Moscow. Along the way, on both sides of the road, countless people prayed kneeling: “O Mother of God, save the land of Russia!” At that same hour, when the people of Moscow were meeting the Vladimir Icon on Kuchkov Field, Tamerlane was sleeping in his tent. Suddenly, he saw in a dream a great mountain, at the summit of which were the holy hierarchs with golden staffs coming towards him. Above them, in a brilliant radiance, was a Majestic Woman. She commanded him to leave the domains of Russia. in fright, Tamerlane asked the meaning of the vision. The experts answered that the Radiant Lady was the Mother of God, the great Protectress of Christians. Tamerlane then gave the order for his troops to retreat. In memory of this miraculous deliverance of the Russian Land from Tamerlane, they built the monastery of the Meeting on Kuchkov Field, where the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon took place. On August 26, the all-Russian celebration in honor of the Meeting of the Vladimir Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God was established. important events in Russian Church history have occurred before the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God: the election and elevation of Saint Jonah, advocate of an Autocephalous Russian Church (1448), and of Saint Job, first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1589), and of His Holiness Patriarch Saint Tikhon (1917). The enthronement of His Holiness Pimen, Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, occurred on a day of celebration in honor of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God on May 21 (O.S.), 1971. historical days of 21 May, 23 June and 26 August, connected with this holy icon, have become memorable days for the Russian Orthodox Church.

Persia, 1501-1736, History Folder, Persain Safarid Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1500, 16th Century Folder, Safarvids in Isfahan and Tabriz, Luther's 95 Theses

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid dynasty, at Isfahan, Shia Muslim; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim
Persia, 1501-1736, Persian Safavid Dynasty, at Tabriz, Shia Muslim; St Gerasimus of Boldino, Commemorated on May 1;

Persia, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Persia, 1588-1629, Abbas 1, Isfahan, Shia, the Great because ghilman system, rid deep state, r lost provinces, Kakheti deportations
Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas 1, Isfahan; the Great or Abbas I of Persia (27 January 1571 - 19 January 1629) was the 5th Safavid Shah (king) of Iran, and is generally considered as one of the greatest rulers of Iranian history and the Safavid dynasty. He was the third son of Shah Mohammad Khodabanda.[3] Abbas would preside over the apex of Iran's military, political and economic power, he came to the throne during a troubled time for the Safavid Empire. his weak-willed father, the country was riven with discord between the different factions of the Qizilbash army, who killed Abbas' mother and elder brother. Meanwhile, Iran's enemies, the Ottoman Empire (its archrival) and the Uzbeks, exploited this political chaos to seize territory for themselves. 1588, one of the Qizilbash leaders, Murshid Qoli Khan, overthrew Shah Mohammed in a coup and placed the 16-year-old Abbas on the throne. However, Abbas soon seized power for himself. his leadership, Iran developed the ghilman system where thousands of Circassian, Georgian, and Armenian slave-soldiers joined the civil administration and the military. With the help of these newly created layers in Iranian society (initiated by his predecessors but significantly expanded during his rule), Abbas managed to eclipse the power of the Qizilbash in the civil administration, the royal house, and the military. These actions, as well as his reforms of the Iranian army, enabled him to fight the Ottomans and Uzbeks and reconquer Iran's lost provinces, including Kakheti whose people he subjected to widescale massacres and deportations. the end of the 1603–1618 Ottoman War, Abbas had regained possession over Transcaucasia and Dagestan, as well as swaths of Eastern Anatolia and Mesopotamia. He also took back land from the Portuguese and the Mughals and expanded Iranian rule and influence in the North Caucasus, beyond the traditional territories of Dagestan. was a great builder and moved his kingdom's capital from Qazvin to Isfahan, making the city the pinnacle of Safavid architecture. In his later years, following a court intrigue involving several leading Circassians, Abbas became suspicious of his own sons and had them killed or blinded. The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow, Commemorated on July 10; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and G war 1616 Shah Abbas 1 ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan, ghilman syatem military slave from Georgia
Persia, 1589-1613, Persian Iman, Allahverdi Khan from Georgia Khan (c. 1560 - June 3, 1613) was an Iranian general and statesman of Georgian origin who, initially a gholÄm ("military slave"), rose to high office in the Safavid state. Beg Munshi, the Safavid court historian at the time, describes him as "one of the most powerful statesman to hold office under this dynasty", and a "man of great forbearance, modest and chaste.â€[1] Abbas I demonstrated his genuine respect and affection for him by personally supervising the funeral arrangements, and by going to his house the day after his death to offer his personal condolences to his family.[1] Persian Iman, 1610-1633, Imam-Quli Khan from Georgia ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on February 18;

Persia, 1600, 17th Century Folder, Sarafids Capture Tbilisi, Gareji Fathers Martyred by Dagestani

Persia, 1605-1639, George III of Georgia, challanged by Levan II, alligned with Teimuraz by a m, defeated by Levan
Georgia, 1605-1639, King George III of Imereti; III (died 1639), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from 1605 to 1639. was a natural half-brother of Rostom of Imereti on whose death he succeeded in 1605, but his authority was seriously challenged by the energetic prince of Mingrelia, Levan II Dadiani, whose increasing influence over the western Georgian polities George tried to restrict without any success. In 1623, Levan, with a combined Mingrelian-Abkhaziann army, inflicted a heavy defeat upon the royal troops. his quest for allies, George established close ties with the influential eastern Georgian noble Giorgi Saakadze who employed an Imeretian force in his struggle against King Teimuraz I of Kakheti. Saakadze's defeat in 1626, George made an alliance with Teimuraz and arranged a marriage between his son, Alexander (III), and Teimuraz's daughter Darejan (1629). This, however, failed to bring the feudal anarchy in Imereti to an end and the unrest continued. in his reign, George III once again campaigned against Levan Dadiani, but was defeated and taken captive. He was ransomed by his son Alexander, but George did not live long and died in 1639. III of Imereti was married to the certain Tamar (died 1639). He had four sons and one daughter: Alexander III (1609–1 March 1660), King of Imereti; Rostom (fl. 1619–1639); Mamuka (died 1654), military commander; Beri, Archbishop of Gelati as Svimeon Genateli (fl. 1639); Khvaramze (fl. 1619–1626), married to Avtandil Saakadze (died 1629), son of Giorgi Saakadze. Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on September 13; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Martyrs of Lazeti, Commemorated on April 29; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia, son of ghilman system military slave
Persia, 1610-1632, Imam-Quli Khan, Georgian, Shia; Khan (died 1632) was an Iranian military and political leader of Georgian origin who served as a governor of Fars, Lar and Bahrain for the shahs Abbas I and Safi. Shiraz; Venerable Christodoulos the Philosopher, Commemorated on August 18; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia, had to return Shio's r
Persia, 1614-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, 1614 Tabriz, Persia, had to return Shio's r; during one of the Persian invasions, the soldiers of Shah Abbas uncovered the holy father’s relics and carried them back to Persia. In the same year Persia was ravaged by a terrible plague, and the frightened invaders returned the holy relics to the Shio-Mgvime Monastery. Persia, 1588-1629, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas I, Tabriz, Persia, 1614 ; Safavid dynasty ; Tabriz, Persia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated on August 3; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated August 22 ; Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4; Repose of the Venerable Shio the Anchorite of Georgia, Commemorated on May 9; St Kaikhosro the Georgian, Commemorated on June 16;

Persia, 1616, Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war, Resetlement of Georgians to mainland Persia
Shah Abbas 1; Persian Capture of Tbilisi and Gokce war 1616 Shah Abbas 1; St Nicholas the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated February 18 ;

Persia, 1622, Georgia Icon to Archangelsk from Persia, via MOG
Russia, Vologda, 1622, Georgia Icon to Archangelsk from Persia, via MOG; 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas I, after the devastating invasion of Orthodox Georgia, took part of the Robe of the Lord, and some especially revered icons. Three years later, when the Russian clerk Stephen Lazarev, who was in Persia to do some trading, a certain person from the Shah's retinue offered to let him purchase one of the stolen Georgian icons: an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. At the same time, at Yaroslavl, the merchant Gregory Lytkin, by whom Stephen was employed, had a revelation of his clerk's imminent arrival with the precious acquisition. had been instructed by a voice from above to take the Icon from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk, near the Pinega River. Here, 16 versts from Kholmogorsk, was the Black Mountain monastery (which took its name from the mountain, on which a church was built in 1603.) Later, it was called Krasnogorsk (Beautiful Mountain). the merchant delivered the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in 1629, during the reign of Tsar Michael. On August 22, with a large contingent of the faithful, the Icon was reverently placed in the monastery. At the same time, the miraculous healing of the blind and deaf monk Pitirim took place. The subsequent manifestations of the Icon's miraculous power prompted Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod (later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) to investigate. Afterward, from 1650, the annual celebration of this Icon took place on August 22, the day of its arrival at Krasnogorsk Monastery. that time, the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Arkhangelsk each year with honors. The revered Icon was left for a certain time in the main cathedral of the city, for the sanctification of the city and of the Christ-loving people. During the reign of Tsar Alexei (1645-1676), the miraculous Icon was taken to Vologda, Great Ustyug, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and Siberia. Archangelsk; Icon of the Mother of God of Georgia, Commemorated on August 22; 1622, the Persian Shah Abbas I, after the devastating invasion of Orthodox Georgia, took part of the Robe of the Lord, and some especially revered icons. Three years later, when the Russian clerk Stephen Lazarev, who was in Persia to do some trading, a certain person from the Shah's retinue offered to let him purchase one of the stolen Georgian icons: an icon of the Most Holy Theotokos. At the same time, at Yaroslavl, the merchant Gregory Lytkin, by whom Stephen was employed, had a revelation of his clerk's imminent arrival with the precious acquisition. had been instructed by a voice from above to take the Icon from Yaroslavl to Arkhangelsk, near the Pinega River. Here, 16 versts from Kholmogorsk, was the Black Mountain monastery (which took its name from the mountain, on which a church was built in 1603.) Later, it was called Krasnogorsk (Beautiful Mountain). the merchant delivered the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos in 1629, during the reign of Tsar Michael. On August 22, with a large contingent of the faithful, the Icon was reverently placed in the monastery. At the same time, the miraculous healing of the blind and deaf monk Pitirim took place. The subsequent manifestations of the Icon's miraculous power prompted Metropolitan Nikon of Novgorod (later the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia) to investigate. Afterward, from 1650, the annual celebration of this Icon took place on August 22, the day of its arrival at Krasnogorsk Monastery. that time, the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was brought to Arkhangelsk each year with honors. The revered Icon was left for a certain time in the main cathedral of the city, for the sanctification of the city and of the Christ-loving people. During the reign of Tsar Alexei (1645-1676), the miraculous Icon was taken to Vologda, Great Ustyug, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, and Siberia. 1654, Hieromonk Makarios of Krasnogorsk Monastery brought the Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (which had been brought from Persia) to Moscow for restoration, and to be covered with a new riza. It was placed in the newly-built church, dedicated to the Life-giving Trinity, at Nikitnikov Lane near the Saint Barbara Gate, where the Kremlin masters carried on their iconographic work. Gregory Nikitnikov had built the church on his property at his own expense (1628-1651). In the church was a chapel dedicated to Saint Nikḗtas (September 15). Members of the Nikitnikov family were also entombed there. that time, a plague or pestilence was raging in Moscow. At the request of the master silversmith Gabriel Evdokimov, whose son was near death, a Moleben was served in his house before the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God from Krasnogorsk Monastery. The patient soon recovered. In gratitude for this miraculous healing, a copy of Georgian Icon was made and placed in Holy Trinity church. From that time, the church was also called Georgian. gracious help of the Most Holy Theotokos continued to be conferred by the aforementioned copy of her Icon. During the plague epidemic of 1654, the Moscow merchant Stephanov prayed continuously to the Queen of Heaven. The Most Holy Virgin appeared to him three times in a dream saying: "Pray to the Georgian Theotokos, on the Glinishchi at the mills, and you will be spared." The Holy Trinity church at Nikitniki was also called the church of the Great Martyr Nikḗtas (one of the chapels) on Glinishchi, near the mills. The merchant did not take his family from Moscow as he intended, but began to pray fervently in the Holy Trinity church. The epidemic did not touch him or his family. Churchwide celebration of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was established with the blessing of Patriarch Nikon in 1654. In 1698, the caretaker of the Moscow printing house Theodore Polikarpov compiled a second edition of the Service. the liberation of Moscow from Napoleon's troops, on December 1, 1812 the wonderworking Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, along with other miraculous Icons of the Most Holy Theotokos (Vladimir, Iveron, and Assuage my Sorrows) were carried in solemn procession around the Kremlin. 1904, a chapel was built in Holy Trinity church in honor of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God. Now this Icon is in the church of the Holy Trinity in Nikitnikov (Razin Street). healings were granted by the Most Holy Theotokos through her wonderworking Icon, which were documented and verified at the end of the XIX century. For example, on June 17, 1887, Lydia Tserkovnitskaya, the wife of a priest in the village of Shuysk, Vologda Province, was critically ill. She recovered after praying before the wonderworking Georgian Icon. There is historical evidence of four more Georgian icons of the Most Holy Theotokos. the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which was in Moscow's Alekseevsky Convent, church evidence reports that it is not a copy of the Icons from Krasnogorsk Monastery nor from Holy Trinity church at Nikitnikov, which were brought from Georgia. In the same deadly plague epidemic of 1654, one of the nuns at the Alekseev Convent fell ill. While she addressed long prayers to the Heavenly Healer, the sick woman suddenly remembered the miraculous recovery she had heard about from the Icon of the Mother of God, which is in the church of the Life-giving Trinity by Saint Barbara's Gate. However, there was no one to send there. After some time, an unknown monk came to the Convent. Turning to the sick nun, he said: "Do not be sad that the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God cannot be brought here. You have here exactly the same Icon as the one brought from Georgia. You will find it in the cave, and you shall behold God's mercy." allegorical meaning of these words became clear afterward in the monastery sacristy, which was laid out like caves, when a hitherto unknown Icon of the Mother of God was discovered. After a Moleben, the miraculous Icon was carried to the cells of the nuns who were suffering from the pestilence. All of them were healed. From that time, the epidemic in Moscow began to abate. the prayerful intercession of the Georgian Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos at the Alekseev Convent, the blind Princess Martha Prozorovskaya received miraculous healing in 1662. She gained her sight by the prayers of her parents, after seven years of serious illness. the northwest of Kazan, 18 versts from the city of Sviyazhsk, in the middle of the XVII century was the Raithu communal Hermitage of the Theotokos, which got its name from one of its churches, which was dedicated to the Venerable Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu (January 14). Tradition states that during the construction of the monastery, Metropolitan Laurence of Kazan, by a revelation from above, sent the best local iconographers to Pinega, to the Krasnogorsk Monastery, which was very far from Kazan, in order to make a faithful copy of the wonderworking Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, which was brought from Persia. 1661, a skillfully executed copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God was delivered from Arkhangelsk. It became highly revered by the local population. Subsequently, this Icon was placed in the cathedral church in honor of the Most Holy Theotokos. the XVIII century, the pious peasants of the village of Klyucharev, Korchev county, Tver Province, presented the caretaker of the Moscow Archangel Cathedral with a copy of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God, which became highly regarded by the locals, when the rye crop was threatened with destruction in the late 1860s. Vast fields of newly-sprouted crops were being eaten by an unknown worm, and nothing they did was of any use. Then the peasants prayed for help to the Most Holy Theotokos, whose Georgian Icon they revered. After a Cross Procession around the fields with the Icon, a sudden, unprecedented torrential rain fell. Streams of water washed the worms out of the ground, which were eaten by a large flock of birds. See also other revered copies of the Georgian Icon of the Mother of God in the Protection church at Vorontsov Field, and in the Holy Cross Church in the city of Tula. Icon disappeared after the closure of the monastery (1920-1922), and later it was returned to the monastery. In his 1946 report to the Moscow Patriarchate, Bishop Leonty (Smirnov) of Arkhangelsk states that the Georgian Icon was carried in a procession, which took place at Arkhangelsk in 1946. The further fate of the Georgian Icon is unknown. St Spyridon the Patriarch, Commemorated on August 30; Venerable Tryphon the Abbot of Vyatka, Commemorated on October 8; Hieromartyr Hilarion, Archbishop of Vereiya, Commemorated December 15 ; Repose of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated December 20 ; Glorification of St John of Kronstadt, Commemorated on June 8 ; Venerable Elisha of Suma, Solovki, Commemorated on June 14; Venerable Nikon of Optina, Commemorated on June 25 ;

Persia, 1625, Battle of Martkopi, Georgia defeats Persia
Martkopi, Georgia; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; the Feast of the Annunciation in the year 1625, the Georgians annihilated the army of the Persian shah Abbas I in the Battle of Martqopi. The victory unified Georgia’s eastern provinces of Kartli and Kakheti. It also instilled hope in other enslaved peoples of the Transcaucasus, and rebellions began to break out everywhere. the enraged Shah Abbas marched his finest and largest army toward Georgia under the leadership of Isa-Khan Qurchibash. A Georgian army of some twenty thousand men encamped near Kojori-Tabakhmela in preparation for the attack, while the enemy’s army, which numbered in excess of fifty thousand men, encamped at Marabda. According to tradition, the Georgian soldiers received Holy Communion at dawn before the battle. Domenti (Avalishvili) of Ruisi prepared to serve the Holy Gifts to the soldiers but they cried out with a single voice: “If you will join us and take up your sword and fight, then do so. We can receive Holy Communion from another!” by these words, the bishop joined in, proclaiming, “Today we will fight a battle for faith and for Christ; therefore my blood must be spilled before yours!” With his vestments as armor, the bishop blessed the soldiers and took his place in the front line. banner of the Georgian army was entrusted to the nine Kherkheulidze brothers. Persians panicked upon coming face-to-face with the courage and fortitude of the Georgian soldiers, but the experienced commander Isa-Khan Qurchibash would not yield in battle. Help arrived from Beglerbeg Shaybani-Khan, and with the extra forces the Persians soon gained the advantage over the Georgian army. The Georgian colonel Teimuraz Mukhranbatoni was fatally wounded, and rumors of his death threw the soldiers into a frenzy, since they erroneously believed that the dead man was King Teimuraz I of Kakheti, the commander of their army. that their leader had fallen, the Georgian soldiers became anxious and their army was enfeebled. Before long they recognized their mistake, but it was too late—the fate of the battle had already been decided. military leaders Davit Jandieri, Aghatang Kherkheulidze and Baadur Tsitsishvili and the bishops of Rustavi and Kharchasho all fell in the battle at Marabda. The nine banner-bearing Kherkheulidze brothers were also killed. When the banner that had led their army through the battles at Didgori and Basiani fell from the hands of the youngest brother, their sister grabbed hold of it immediately, and when she also fell, the banner and symbol of Georgian invincibility was raised up again by their mother. Teimuraz fought until sunset, when every sword he had held in his hands had been broken. Even his rings were broken in the combat. The uniform of the brilliant military leader Giorgi Saakadze was stained with blood from top to bottom. Atabeg Manuchar of Samtskhe and his sons also fought bravely in this battle. exhausted and debilitated by the heat, the Georgians fought heroically to the last moment. But the battle that had begun at dawn finally ended late that night with the defeat of the Georgian army. Nine thousand Georgians gave their lives for Christ and their motherland on the battlefield at Marabda. St Anthony the Founder of Monasticism in Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Macarius the Stylite of Martkobsk, Georgia, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Persia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia
Georgia, 1625, Battle of Marabda, Persia defeats Georgia Marabda; 9 Kherkheulidze Brothers with their Mother and Sister and Nine Thousand Martyrs of Marabda, Commemorated August 3 ; the Feast of the Annunciation in the year 1625, the Georgians annihilated the army of the Persian shah Abbas I in the Battle of Martqopi. The victory unified Georgia’s eastern provinces of Kartli and Kakheti. It also instilled hope in other enslaved peoples of the Transcaucasus, and rebellions began to break out everywhere. the enraged Shah Abbas marched his finest and largest army toward Georgia under the leadership of Isa-Khan Qurchibash. A Georgian army of some twenty thousand men encamped near Kojori-Tabakhmela in preparation for the attack, while the enemy’s army, which numbered in excess of fifty thousand men, encamped at Marabda. According to tradition, the Georgian soldiers received Holy Communion at dawn before the battle. Domenti (Avalishvili) of Ruisi prepared to serve the Holy Gifts to the soldiers but they cried out with a single voice: “If you will join us and take up your sword and fight, then do so. We can receive Holy Communion from another!” by these words, the bishop joined in, proclaiming, “Today we will fight a battle for faith and for Christ; therefore my blood must be spilled before yours!” With his vestments as armor, the bishop blessed the soldiers and took his place in the front line. banner of the Georgian army was entrusted to the nine Kherkheulidze brothers. Persians panicked upon coming face-to-face with the courage and fortitude of the Georgian soldiers, but the experienced commander Isa-Khan Qurchibash would not yield in battle. Help arrived from Beglerbeg Shaybani-Khan, and with the extra forces the Persians soon gained the advantage over the Georgian army. The Georgian colonel Teimuraz Mukhranbatoni was fatally wounded, and rumors of his death threw the soldiers into a frenzy, since they erroneously believed that the dead man was King Teimuraz I of Kakheti, the commander of their army. that their leader had fallen, the Georgian soldiers became anxious and their army was enfeebled. Before long they recognized their mistake, but it was too late—the fate of the battle had already been decided. military leaders Davit Jandieri, Aghatang Kherkheulidze and Baadur Tsitsishvili and the bishops of Rustavi and Kharchasho all fell in the battle at Marabda. The nine banner-bearing Kherkheulidze brothers were also killed. When the banner that had led their army through the battles at Didgori and Basiani fell from the hands of the youngest brother, their sister grabbed hold of it immediately, and when she also fell, the banner and symbol of Georgian invincibility was raised up again by their mother. Teimuraz fought until sunset, when every sword he had held in his hands had been broken. Even his rings were broken in the combat. The uniform of the brilliant military leader Giorgi Saakadze was stained with blood from top to bottom. Atabeg Manuchar of Samtskhe and his sons also fought bravely in this battle. exhausted and debilitated by the heat, the Georgians fought heroically to the last moment. But the battle that had begun at dawn finally ended late that night with the defeat of the Georgian army. Nine thousand Georgians gave their lives for Christ and their motherland on the battlefield at Marabda.

Persia, 1629-1642, Safi, Safavid Shah, at 18 executed all his foes, uneducated, wine and opium, drinking contest death
Persia, 1629-1642, Persian Safavid Shah, Safi of Persia; Mirza (1611 - 12 May 1642), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi, was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. life[edit] was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife.[1] In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqer killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne. (also known as Rustam Khan), viceroy of Kartli, eastern Georgia, from 1633 to 1658. was crowned on 28 January 1629 at the age of eighteen.[citation needed] He ruthlessly eliminated anyone he regarded as a threat to his power, executing almost all the Safavid royal princes as well as leading courtiers and generals. He paid little attention to the business of government and had no cultural or intellectual interests (he had never learned to read or write properly), preferring to spend his time drinking wine or indulging in his addiction to opium. Supposedly, however, he abhorred tobacco smoke as much as his grandfather did, going as far as to have those caught smoking tobacco in public killed by pouring molten lead in their mouths.[citation needed] dominant political figure of Safi's reign was Saru Taqi, appointed grand vizier in 1634. Saru Taqi was incorruptible and highly efficient at raising revenues for the state, but he could also be autocratic and arrogant. foreign enemies took the opportunity to exploit Safi's perceived weakness. Despite firm initial Safavid successes and humiliating defeats in the Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639) by Safi's grandfather and predecessor Shah Abbas the Great, the Ottomans, having had their economy and military stabilized and reorganized under Sultan Murad IV made incursions in the west in one year following Safi's ascension to the throne. In 1634 they briefly occupied Yerevan and Tabriz and in 1638 they finally succeeded in recapturing Baghdad Reconquest of Baghdad (1638) and other parts of Mesopotamia (Iraq) which, despite being taken again several times later on in history by the Persians and most notably by Nader Shah, it would all remain in their hands until the aftermath of World War I. Nevertheless, the Treaty of Zuhab which ensued in 1639 put an end to all further wars between the Safavids and the Ottomans. Apart from the Ottoman wars, Iran was troubled by the Uzbeks and Turkmens in the east and briefly lost Kandahar in their easternmost territories to the Mughals in 1638, due to what seems as an act of revenge by their own governor over the region, Ali Mardan Khan, after being dismissed from office.[2] 1636 he received a trade delegation from Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, which included Adam Olearius. Olearius wrote a book about this visit in 1647, which was widely published in Europe. In 1639, Safi sent a return delegation to Holstein-Gottorp, bestowing gifts on the Duke.[3] However, the Duke did not succeed in his ultimate aim - starting a regular trading relationship with Iran (and Russia) and making the Duke's newly founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus. died on 12 May 1642 and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. His death was related to heavy drinking. According to one account, found in Archangelo Lamberti's Relation de la Colchide ou Mengrellie (1654), Safi died in a drinking contest with a certain Scedan Cilaze (Chiladze), a renowned Georgian drinking champion invited to Isfahan from Mingrelia.[4] Martyr Evdemoz the Catholicos of Georgia, Commemorated on October 4;

Persia, 1630, Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery
Dagestani Raid on David Gareja Monastery 1630 Abbas I of Persia attack on Georgia (1616) ; Hieromartyr Kozman, Commemorated on July 18; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26;

Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia, capable and energetic
Persia, 1642-1666, Persian Safavid Shah, Abbas II of Persia; Abbas II (30 August 1632 – 26 October 1666), was the seventh Safavid king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 1642 to 1666. Born Soltan Mohammad Mirza, he was the eldest son of Safi I with his Circassian wife, Anna Khanum. II was undoubtedly the most capable and energetic Safavid shah after his great-grandfather Shah Abbas I the Great (r. 1588-1629), whom he in many aspects bore resemblance to. Albeit Abbas II ascended the throne at the age of merely 9 years old, he showed considerable toughness and resolve—in 1645, no longer than three years after his succession, the grand vizier Saru Taqi was murdered by a faction of the Qizilbash led by the qurchi-bashi Jani Beg Khan Shamlu, one of the most influential administrators of the country; in the ensuing days, Abbas II had all the perpetrators put to death. to Abbas I, Abbas II possessed a strong dedication for fairness, and objections of misconduct and injustice by civil servants were promptly taken care of, whilst the responsible individuals were strictly penalized. II was also a poet with the pen name Thani, writing in Azerbaijani Turkish.[1] Greatmartyr and Prince Bidzina of Georgia, Commemorated on September 18;

Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia, language Azerbaijani, raised in harem, raised by eunuchs, refused to attack Ottomans, George XI rebellion 1688
Persia, 1666-1694, Persian Safavid Shah, Suleiman I of Persia; Mirza, later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II, and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I, was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694. youth and accession[edit] Mirza was born in February 1648 (or March); he was the elder son of the previous shah Abbas II and Circassian slave Nakihat Khanum.[1] Sam Mirza had a younger brother named Hamza Mirza, as well as two other brothers named Ismail Mirza and Mirza Ali Naqi. He also had two unnamed sisters. Sam Mirza grew up isolated in the royal harem, where he was cared for by Agha Nazira, a eunuch. Because of this, Sam Mirza's first language was Azerbaijani; it is still not clearly known how much Persian he was able to speak.[2] Furthermore, due to the way Sam Mirza was raised, he was much less experienced and less energetic than his father,[3] which had significant consequences for his reign.[2] II died in Mazandaran on 25 September 1666, without revealing his successor. Five days later, the news spread to Isfahan. The eunuchs, who took care of the palace, now got to name the successor;. Most of them preferred the seven year-old Hamza Mirza, who they could easily control. However, the matter was decided when Hamza Mirza's tutor made a statement in the court supporting Sam Mirza to assume the throne.[2] after first coronation; 1666-1668[edit] of Suleiman I's first coronation in 1666. day later, on 1 October 1666, Sam Mirza was crowned as Safi II.[citation needed] The ceremony took place in the afternoon and was managed by Mohammad-Baqer Sabzavari, the shaykh al-Islam of Isfahan. Safi II was given the heads of some dead Uzbeks, and in turn rewarded those who had given him the heads with money.[2] He also gave money to 300 exiles from the Ottoman Empire who sought refuge in Iran to avoid being enrolled into the Ottoman army. All administrative positions were reconfirmed that same day. The name "Abbas II" was removed from royal stamps, and new coins were minted in Safi II's name. Demonstrating the sleekness of the changeover, the city of Isfahan remained peaceful; "the shops stayed open, and life went on as if nothing had happened, causing foreign residents who, fearing disturbances and looting, had kept their houses locked, to emerge before the day was out."[2] first year of his reign was markedly unsuccessful. A series of natural disasters such as earthquakes (1667 Shamakhi earthquake) in Shirvan, spread of deadly diseases around Iran, combined with devastating raids by the Cossack Stenka Razin on the coast of the Caspian Sea, convinced court astrologers that the coronation had taken place at the wrong time, and the ceremony was repeated on March 20, 1668. The shah took the new name Suleiman I. He had little interest in the business of government, preferring retreat to the harem. after second coronation; 1668-1694[edit] left political decision-making to his grand viziers or to a council of harem eunuchs, whose power increased during the shah's reign. Corruption became widespread in Persia and discipline in the army was dangerously lax. At the same time revenues increased by the imposition of new taxes and higher taxes. This affected the country's economy and spread poverty, which resulted in many rebellions even in Suleiman's capital Isfahan. In 1672, shah Suleiman offered the former vizier Mohammad Beg to become vizier once again, which he agreed to, but while on his way to Isfahan, he died. According to the French traveler Jean Chardin, Mohammad Beg had been poisoned by Suleiman's vizier Shaykh Ali Khan Zangana.[4] In 1676, Suleiman appointed the Georgian prince George XI as the ruler of Kartli. the 1670s, Georgians came to make up an even larger part of the actual Safavid fighting forces, reaching a contested number of 40,000.[5][note 1] made no attempt to exploit the weakness of Safavid Persia's traditional rival, the Ottoman Empire, after the Ottomans suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. He even refused the proposals from the European states to form a coalition against the Ottoman Empire. Persia also suffered raids by the Uzbeks and Kalmyks on the eastern and northern (North Caucasus) borders of the empire respectively. 1688, George XI rebelled against Suleiman, and tried to urge the Ottomans to aid him. However, his request for help was fruitless, and Suleiman appointed another Georgian prince named Heraclius I as the ruler of Kartli, and forced George XI to flee from Kartli. To secure Iranian control over Kartli, he appointed Abbas-Quli Khan as the viceroy of the region. Qizilbash remained an important part of the Safavid executive apparatus, even though ethnic Caucasians had come to largely replace them. For example, even in the 1690s, when ethnic Georgians formed the mainstay of the Safavid military, the Qizilbash still played a significant role in the army.[6] activity[edit] activity had already started decreasing since the reign of Shah Abbas I (r. 1587–1629), but it decreased even more under Suleiman. Although Suleiman had requested King William III of England for adept artisans in 1668/69, he is not known to have been involved in an operating foreign diplomacy.[2]

Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia, end of Safavid d
Persia, 1694-1722, Safavid Shah, Sultan Husayn, Isfahan, Persia; Husayn (also known as Soltan Hosayn and Soltan Hosein), (October 1668 - November 1726) reigned 1694–1722; was a Safavid Shah of Iran (Persia). ruled from 1694 until he was overthrown in 1722 by rebellious marauder Mahmud Hotaki, an Afghan of Pashtun ethnic background.[1] reign saw the downfall of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Persia since the beginning of the 16th century. Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, 1736-1796, History Folder, Persian Afsharid Dynasty, Sunni Muslim

Persia, 1736-1796, 18th Century Folder, Afsharids, Sunni

Persia, 1722-1723, Russo-Persian War (1722-“23)

Persia, 1736-1796, Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad in Northeast, Nadir only, Sunni
Persia, 1736-1796, Persian Afsharid dynasty, at Mashhad, Sunni; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni, Napoleon of Persia, destroyed Shio's relics
Persia, 1736-1747, Persian Afsharid Shah, Nadir, Sunni ; Shah Afshar (August 1688[5] - 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian[13] rulers in Iranian history, ruling as Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. of his military genius[14] as evidenced in his numerous campaigns throughout Middle East, Caucasus, Central and South Asia, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevard, Khyber Pass, Karnal and Kars, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia, Sword of Persia,[15] or the Second Alexander. belonged to the Turkoman[16] Afshar tribe, a semi-nomadic tribe settled in Khorasan in northeastern Iran,[17] which had supplied military power to the Safavid dynasty since the time of Shah Ismail I.[18] rose to power during a period of chaos in Iran after a rebellion by the Hotaki Pashtuns had overthrown the weak Shah Sultan Husayn, the arch-enemy of the Safavids, the Ottomans, as well as the Russians had seized Iranian territory for themselves. reunited the Iranian realm and removed the invaders. He became so powerful that he decided to depose the last members of the Safavid dynasty, which had ruled Iran for over 200 years, and become Shah himself in 1736. numerous campaigns created a great empire that, at its greatest extent, briefly encompassed what is now part of or includes Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, the North Caucasus, Iraq, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Bahrain, Pakistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf, his military spending had a ruinous effect on the Iranian economy.[19] idolized Genghis Khan and Timur, the previous conquerors from Central Asia. imitated their military prowess and—especially later in his reign—their cruelty. victories during his campaigns briefly made him West Asia's most powerful sovereign, ruling over what was arguably the most powerful empire in the world,[20] his empire and the Afsharid dynasty he founded quickly disintegrated after he was assassinated in 1747.[21] turning point in his military career started from his second and third campaigns against the by then revolting Lezgians, as well as other ethnic groups of Dagestan in the northwestern parts of his domain. Nader Shah has been described as "the last great Asiatic military conqueror".[22] Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ; Venerable Shio Mgvime, Commemorated on March 3;

Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni
Persia, 1748-1796, Persian Afsharid Shah, Shahrukh Afshar, Sunni; St Euthymius the Elder of the St John the Baptist Monastery, Commemorated on August 8; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, History Folder, Persian Qajar Dynasty, Shia Muslim

Persia, 1796-1799, 18th Century Folder, Qajars, Shia

Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar
Persia, 1789-1797, Persian Qajar Shah, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors
Persia, 1795, Persian Battle of Krtsanisi, Tiblisi, Muslim Traitors inside the gates ; Persian Qajar Shah, 1789-1797, Aga Mohammad Khan Qajar ; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam
Persia, 1796-1925, Persian Qajar dynasty, in Tehran, Shia Islam; Hieromartyr Dositheus of Tbilisi, Commemorated on September 12 ;

Persia, Isfahan, Crossroads at Isfahan Folder, Central PER

Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW)
Isfahan, Persia (Crossroads NS and EW); Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the œDeliverer from PotionsÂ, Commemorated on December 22 ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; 6,000 Martyrs of the St David Gareji Monastery, Georgia, Commemorated on April 26; Fathers martyred by the Dagestanians, Commemorated on June 1;

Persia, Isfahan,Zayanderud River Folder

Zayanderud River

Zayanderud River Mouth (Gavkhouni Sink)

Gavkhouni Basin (a sink)

Isfahan Crossroads NS Tehran to Suza and Persian Gulf

Persian Capital - Pasargadae (Daniel Lived Here 559BC-486BC)
Persian Capital - Pasargadae ; Darius Hystaspis (Darius I, Darias the Great) ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Pasargadae,Persia, 559BC-486BC, Daniel, Malachi and Haggai Lived Here
King Cyrus the Great - Pasargadae - Daniel Lived Here ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Prophet Haggai, Commemorated on December 16; Holy Prophet Malachi, Commemorated on January 3;

Isfahan Crossroads EW Elimais to Merv

Isfahan Crossroads EW Bagdad to Merv

Susa, Persia (Tigris River 10)
Susa, Persia, from Nehemiah Chapter 1; Greatmartyr Mercurius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on November 24 ; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ;

Elymais (Susa, Persia)
Elymais (Susa), 1 Maccavees Ch 6; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ; Greatmartyr Anastasia the "Deliverer from Potions", Commemorated December 22 ; THE FEAST OF THE HOLY EPIPHANY (6 January) ;

Capital of Persian emperor Darius - Daniel Lived Here
Persian emperor Darius - Susa - Capital of Persia during Darius; Prophet Daniel, Commemorated on December 17 ;

Persia, Tigris River Folder, Western PER, Assyria

Tigris River

Tigris River Route

Tigris River Source (Lake Hazar)

Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia)
Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia) Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Tigris River 1

Tigris River 2 (Martyropolis, Turkey)

Tigris River 3 (Mosul Dam Lake)

Tigris River 4 (Nineveh, Mosul, Arabela, Persia)

Assyria, Assyrian Empire
Assryia (Assyrian Empire); Assur; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Prophet Hosea, Commemorated on October 17 ; Righteous Hezekiah, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Euthymius the Co-Founder of Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated December 1 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Prophet Micah, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Euthymius the Great, Commemorated January 20 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ; Virginmartyr Febronia of Nisibis, Commemorated on June 25;

Nineveh (Mosul), Assyria, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Nineveh; Jonah 3:1-10,4:1-11, Conversion of Nineveh ; Tobit'™s Youth and Virtuous Life, 3 I, Tobit, walked in the ways of truth and righteousness all the days of my life. I performed many acts of charity for my kindred and my people who had gone with me in exile to Nineveh in the land of the Assyrians. 4When I was in my own country, in the land of Israel, while I was still a young man, the whole tribe of my ancestor Naphtali deserted the house of David and Jerusalem. This city had been chosen from among all the tribes of Israel, where all the tribes of Israel should offer sacrifice and where the temple, the dwelling of God, had been consecrated and established for all generations for ever. Prophet Jonah, Commemorated on September 22 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated November 12 ; Prophet Nahum, Commemorated December 1 ; Prophet Zephaniah, Commemorated December 3 ; St Isaac the Syrian the Bishop of Nineveh, Commemorated on January 28 ;

Kaserin, across from Nineveh
Kaserin, across from Nineveh, Tobit Chapter 11: Homeward Journey 11When they came near to Kaserin, which is opposite Nineveh, Raphael said: "˜You are aware of how we left your father. 3Let us run ahead of your wife and prepare the house while they are still on the way." As they went on together Raphael* said to him: "˜Have the gall ready?™ And the dog went along behind them. 5 Meanwhile, Anna sat looking intently down the road by which her son would come. 6When she caught sight of him coming, she said to his father, "˜Look, your son is coming, and the man who went with him" Tobit'™s Sight Restored 7 Raphael said to Tobias, before he had approached his father, " know that his eyes will be opened. 8Smear the gall of the fish on his eyes; the medicine will make the white films shrink and peel off from his eyes, and your father will regain his sight and see the light." 9 Then Anna ran up to her son and threw her arms around him, saying, "˜Now that I have seen you, my child, I am ready to die."™ And she wept. 10Then Tobit got up and came stumbling out through the courtyard door. Tobias went up to him, 11with the gall of the fish in his hand, and holding him firmly, he blew into his eyes, saying, "˜Take courage, father."™ With this he applied the medicine on his eyes, 12and it made them smart.* 13Next, with both his hands he peeled off the white films from the corners of his eyes. Then Tobit* saw his son and* threw his arms around him, 14and he wept and said to him,"˜I see you, my son, the light of my eyes!"™ Then he said, "˜Blessed be God, and blessed be his great name, and blessed be all his holy angels. May his holy name be blessed* throughout all the ages. 15 Though he afflicted me, he has had mercy upon me.* Now I see my son Tobias!"™ So Tobit went in rejoicing and praising God at the top of his voice. Tobias reported to his father that his journey had been successful, that he had brought the money, that he had married Raguel'™s daughter Sarah, and that she was, indeed, on her way there, very near to the gate of Nineveh. 16 Then Tobit, rejoicing and praising God, went out to meet his daughter-in-law at the gate of Nineveh. When the people of Nineveh saw him coming, walking along in full vigour and with no one leading him, they were amazed. 17Before them all, Tobit acknowledged that God had been merciful to him and had restored his sight. When Tobit met Sarah the wife of his son Tobias, he blessed her saying, "˜Come in, my daughter, and welcome. Blessed be your God who has brought you to us, my daughter. Blessed be your father and your mother, blessed be my son Tobias, and blessed be you, my daughter. Come in now to your home, and welcome, with blessing and joy. Come in, my daughter."™ So on that day there was rejoicing among all the Jews who were in Nineveh. 18Ahikar and his nephew Nadab were also present to share Tobit'™s joy. With merriment they celebrated Tobias'™s wedding feast for seven days, and many gifts were given to him.* ;

Arbela, Persia (Tigris River 4)
Arbela, Persia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Arbela, Assyria (Tigris River 4)
Arbela in Assyria; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated February 4 ;

Tigris River 5 (Assur, Persia)

Tigris River 6 (Samarra, Persia)

Samarra, Persia (Tigris River 6)
Samarra (Tigris River 6); Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10 ; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Karmanite wilderness, Persia and Mesopotamia (Battle of Samarra, Tigris River 6)
Battle of Samarra, 363, Julian the Apostate's death; Julian left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, JulianÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s army battled against fresh Persian forces. ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Tigris River 7 (Bagdad, Babylon, Persia)

Seleucia, Persia, Syria and Messopotamia (Tigris River 7)
Seleucia; Hieromartyr Athanasius the Bishop of Tarsus in Cilicia, Commemorated on August 22 ; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 18; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; Apostle Barnabas of the Seventy, Commemorated on June 11;

Ctesiphon, Persia (Tigris River 7, Near Bagdad) Sassanian Capitol
Ctesiphon; Virginmartyr Syra of Persia, Commemorated on August 24; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch. Commemorated October 20 ; Monkmartyr Anastasius the Persian, Commemorated on January 22 ;

Tirgis River 8

Tigris River 9

Tigris River 10 (Elymais, Persia)

Tigris River 11

Tigris River Mouth (Kwait, Euphrates River 13)

Persia, Bahu Kalat River Folder, Gulf of Oman, Southeastern PER

Bahu Kalat River

Bahu Kalat River Mouth (Gwadar Bay, Gulf of Oman)

Dashtiari River

Dashtiari River, Iran

Dasht River

Dasht River, Iran

Persia, Kurdustan and Azerbaijan Folder, Tabriz, Northwestern PER

Persian Azerbaijan - Northwest Persia, Tabriz
Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan
Tabriz, Northwest Persia, Azerbaijan; Persian Azerbaijan - Azerbaijan in Northwest Persia ; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Zarrine River (River of Kurdustan)

Gadar River

Gadar River Source (Iran, Turkey and Iraq border)
Zagros Mountains ;

Gadar River (Hajji Firuz Tepe)

Gadar River (Teppe Hasanlu)

Barandouz River 1

Barandouz River 2

Barandouz River, Iran
Barandouz River;

Zarrine River (Miandoab)

Aji Chay River

Quri Chay River

Quri Chay River, Iran

Quri Chay River (Tabriz)

Persia, Artaz Region Folder, Northwestern PER, Zangmar River

Zangmar River

Artaz region, Persia (Mardistan, Armenia)
Mardistan, Armenia; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated August 21 ; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Kelissa Monestary, Artaz Region, Persia, AD 68, Saint Jude
Kelissa Monestary or Qara Kelissa or Saint Thaddeus Monastery; Venerable Arsenius of Latros, Commemorated on December 13 ;

Zangmar River (Maku)

Zangmar River Mouth (Aras River 9)

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers Folder, North Central PER

Persia, Northern Iran, Northern Rivers, Atrek River Folder, Parthia

Atrek River

Atrek River Source

Atrek River 1 (Sumbar River)

Safid River

Safid River Source

Talysh Hills of Alborz Range
Talysh Hills of the main Alborz Range ;

Safid River (Manjil Dam)

Abhar River

Safid River Mouth (Caspian Sea)

Shah Rud River

Shah Rud River Source

Alborz (Elburz) Mountains (Manjil Gap)
Alborz (Elburz) Mountains;

Kojoor River

Kojoor River Source

Azad Kuh River

Azad Kuh River Source

Elburz Mountains (over 18,600 ft.)
Elburz Mountains ;

Haraz River

Haraz River Source (Mount Damavand)
Mount Damavand ;

Haraz River (Amol City)

Hyrcania, Persia (South of Caspian Sea)
Hyrcania ; Apostle Herodion of the Seventy, and those with Him, Commemorated on April 8;

Mazandaran, Persia, provincial capital of Sari
Mazandaran; Sari; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21 ;

Persia, Namak Lake (sink) Folder, Tehran ( Rey or Rages, Media), North Central PER

Namak Lake (a sink)
Namak Lake;

Parthia (northeastern Iran or Persia, Tehran Region, Namek Sink, Isfahan Crossroad)
Parthia; Parthis Map Ochus River Map; Apostle Thaddeus of the Seventy, Commemorated on August 21 ; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated September 30 ; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; Holy, All-Praised Apostle Philip Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, Commemorated November 16 ; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Parsiism - Kings of Epiphany - Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD
Parsiism, Perianism, Zorastrainism ; Parthian Empire of Persia 247BC - 224AD ; Ctesiphon, Persia; EPIPHANY - Kings of Epiphany, Commemorated January 6 ;

Rages, Media, Persia (Rey or Tehran)
Rages, Media, Persia; Tobit; Tobit 4 Tobit Gives Instructions to His Son 4That same day Tobit remembered the money that he had left in trust with Gabael at Rages in Media, 2and he said to himself, ˜Now I have asked for death. Why do I not call my son Tobias and explain to him about the money before I die? Then he called his son Tobias, and when he came to him he said, ˜My son, when I die,* give me a proper burial. Honour your mother and do not abandon her all the days of her life. Do whatever pleases her, and do not grieve her in anything. 4Remember her, my son, because she faced many dangers for you while you were in her womb. And when she dies, bury her beside me in the same grave. 5 ˜Revere the Lord all your days, my son, and refuse to sin or to transgress his commandments. Live uprightly all the days of your life, and do not walk in the ways of wrongdoing; 6for those who act in accordance with truth will prosper in all their activities. To all those who practise righteousness* 7give alms from your possessions, and do not let your eye begrudge the gift when you make it. Do not turn your face away from anyone who is poor, and the face of God will not be turned away from you. 8If you have many possessions, make your gift from them in proportion; if few, do not be afraid to give according to the little you have. 9So you will be laying up a good treasure for yourself against the day of necessity. 10For almsgiving delivers from death and keeps you from going into the Darkness. 11Indeed, almsgiving, for all who practise it, is an excellent offering in the presence of the Most High. 12 ˜Beware, my son, of every kind of fornication. First of all, marry a woman from among the descendants of your ancestors; do not marry a foreign woman, who is not of your father'™s tribe; for we are the descendants of the prophets. Remember, my son, that Noah, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, our ancestors of old, all took wives from among their kindred. They were blessed in their children, and their posterity will inherit the land. 13So now, my son, love your kindred, and in your heart do not disdain your kindred, the sons and daughters of your people, by refusing to take a wife for yourself from among them. For in pride there is ruin and great confusion. And in idleness there is loss and dire poverty, because idleness is the mother of famine. 14 ˜Do not keep over until the next day the wages of those who work for you, but pay them at once. If you serve God you will receive payment. Watch yourself, my son, in everything you do, and discipline yourself in all your conduct. 15And what you hate, do not do to anyone. Do not drink wine to excess or let drunkenness go with you on your way. 16Give some of your food to the hungry, and some of your clothing to the naked. Give all your surplus as alms, and do not let your eye begrudge your giving of alms. 17Place your bread on the grave of the righteous, but give none to sinners. 18Seek advice from every wise person and do not despise any useful counsel. 19At all times bless the Lord God, and ask him that your ways may be made straight and that all your paths and plans may prosper. For none of the nations has understanding, but the Lord himself will give them good counsel; but if he chooses otherwise, he casts down to deepest Hades. So now, my child, remember these commandments, and do not let them be erased from your heart. Money Left in Trust with Gabael 20 ˜And now, my son, let me explain to you that I left ten talents of silver in trust with Gabael son of Gabrias, at Rages in Media. 21Do not be afraid, my son, because we have become poor. You have great wealth if you fear God and flee from every sin and do what is good in the sight of the Lord your God.™

Qom River

Qom (River)

Karaj River

Karaj River (Tehran)

Karaj River Mouth (Namak Sink)

Jajrood River

Persia, Halil River Folder (Kerman) South Southeast PER

Halil River

Kerman, Persia (high point, home of Shapur II the Great)
Shapur II the Great; Kerman, Persia; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6;

Hazaran Mountains
Hazaran Mountains ;

Halil River (Jiroft Dam)

Halil River (Jiroft)
Jiroft ;

Jaz Murian Basin ( a sink)

Persia, Shiraz Folder, Southwest PER

Shiraz, Persia
Shiraz; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Martyr Luarsab II the King of Georgia, Commemorated on June 21;

Magedon, Persia (near Shiraz)
Magedon, Persia ; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning.

Istakhr or Estakhr, Persia, Near Shiraz, Sasanian Empire First Capital
Persian Sasanian Empire First Capital Estakhr, 224-226; Sasanian first Emperor, 224-242, Ardashir I; Hieromartyr Gregory the Bishop of Greater Armenia, Equal of the Apostles and Enlightener of Armenia, Commemorated on September 30; Great Martyr Irene, Commemorated on May 5; was deposed by his son Sapor, who persecuted Christians with an even greater zeal than his father had done. Saint Irene went to her home town of Magedon in Persia to meet Sapor and his army, and ask him to end the persecution. When he refused, Saint Irene prayed and his entire army was blinded. She prayed again and they received their sight once more. In spite of this, Sapor refused to recognize the power of God. Because of his insolence, he was struck and killed by a bolt of lightning.

Bakhtegan Lake (a sink)

Roodkhaneye Khoshk (Dry river) Mouth

Persia, Suza and Persian Gulf Folder, South Southwest PER

Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf, Isfahan Crossroads North South)
Suza, Iran (Persian Gulf) ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated November 10 ; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Mond River

Mond River Mouth (Persian Gulf)
Mond River;

Bushehr River

Bushehr River 2

Bishapur, South Southwest Persia (Bushehr River near Kazerun)
Persian Sasanian Emperor, 309-379, Saphor II the Great, Bishapur ; Kerman, Persia; Bishapur, Persia (Eslamabad); Sapor II (310-331), Sasanian Persian Empire ; Martyr Eudokia of Persia, Commemorated August 4 ; Martyr Dometius of Persia, Commemorated on August 7; Martyr Heliodorus of Persia, Commemorated August 20 ; Martyr Aithalas of Persia, Commemorated on September 1 ; Martyr Ia of Persia, Commemorated on September 11 ; Martyr Memelchtha of Persia, Commemorated on October 5 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Hieromartyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on November 1 ; Hieromartyr John the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 1; 7,000 Martyrs who suffered in Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Acindynus of Persia, Commemorated on November 2; Martyr Akepsimas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on November 3; St Snandulia of Persia, Commemorated on November 3 ; Hieromartyr Milus the Bishop in Persia, Commemorated on November 10; Hieromartyr Nerses of Persia, Commemorated on November 20; Martyr Ananias of Persia, Commemorated on December 1; St James the Bishop of Nisibis, Commemorated on January 13; Venerable Ephraim the Syrian, Commemorated on January 28; St Aphraates of Persia, Commemorated on January 29; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4; Hieromartyr Abramius the Bishop of Arbela in Assyria, Commemorated on February 4 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth) the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on February 20; Hieromartyr Theodoritus of Antioch, Commemorated on March 8; GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332); Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28; Martyr Jonah and those with him, in Persia, Commemorated on March 28 ; Virginmartyr Pherbutha (Phermoutha) of Persia, with her sister and servant, Commemorated on April 4; 120 Martyrs of Persia, Commemorated on April 6; Martyr Desan the Bishop and 272 others in Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr Eupsychius of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on April 9; Monkmartyr Bademus (Vadim) of Persia, Commemorated on April 9; Martyr James the Presbyter of Persia, Commemorated on April 10; Martyr Azades (Azat) the Eunuch of Persia, Commemorated on April 14; Hieromartyr Simeon the Bishop in Persia, and those with him in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Ananias the Presbyter in Persia, Commemorated on April 17; Martyr Bata the Persian, Commemorated on May 1; Greatmartyr Irene of Thessalonica, Commemorated on May 5; Hieromartyr Helladius the Bishop in the East, Commemorated on May 28; Hieromartyr Sisinius the Deacon of Rome, Commemorated on June 7; 5 Martyred Nuns beheaded in Persia, Commemorated on June 9; Martyr Manuel of Persia, Commemorated on June 17;

Bushehr, Persia (Bushehr River Mouth)
Bushehr, Persia; Hieromartyr Audas the Bishop of Persia, Commemorated on March 31;

Persia, Media Region of Persia Folder, West Central PER

Media region of Persia, Northwest of Isfahan Crossroads, Ecbatana
Media or Median Empire; Taken Captive to Nineveh: Tobit Chapter 1:10 After I was carried away captive to Assyria and came as a captive to Nineveh, everyone of my kindred and my people ate the food of the Gentiles, 11but I kept myself from eating the food of the Gentiles. 12Because I was mindful of God with all my heart, 13the Most High gave me favour and good standing with Shalmaneser,* and I used to buy everything he needed. 14Until his death I used to go into Media, and buy for him there. While in the country of Media I left bags of silver worth ten talents in trust with Gabael, the brother of Gabri. 15But when Shalmaneser* died, and his son Sennacherib reigned in his place, the highways into Media became unsafe and I could no longer go there. Apostle and Evangelist Matthew, November 16 ;

Diyala River

Diyala River Source (near Sananda)

Diyala River Mouth (Tigris River 7)

Zagros Mountains
Zagros Mountains ;

Karkeheh River (Gihon River)

Ecbatana in Media, Persia
Ecbatana in Media, Persia ; Tobit; Tobit Chapter 3: Sarah Falsely Accused in Ecbatana 7 On the same day, at Ecbatana in Media, it also happened that Sarah, the daughter of Raguel, was reproached by one of her fatherÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™s maids. 8For she had been married to seven husbands, and the wicked demon Asmodeus had killed each of them before they had been with her as is customary for wives. So the maid said to her, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜You are the one who kills* your husbands! See, you have already been married to seven husbands and have not borne the name of* a single one of them. 9Why do you beat us? Because your husbands are dead? Go with them! May we never see a son or daughter of yours!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™

Hamedan, Media, Persia
Hamedan, Iran or Persia; Battle of Nahavand 665; Arab Muslim Conquest of North Africa 665;

Persia, Karum River Folder (Chaldeans) West Southwest PER

Karum River

Land of the Chaldeans (far southeastern Messopotamia)
Land of the Chaldeans ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on JobÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Karun River Source (Zard-Kuh)
Zard-Kuh;

Karun River (Ahvas)
Ahvas;

Karun River (Koohran River Mouth)

Karun River Mouth (Euphrates River Mouth)

Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf)
Elymais or Elam (at the head of the Persian Gulf); Tobit Chapter 2, Tobit back in Nineva, again burying the dead, becomes blind from sparrow droppings, protected by Ahikar his nephew before Ahikar goes to Elymais 7 When the sun had set, I went and dug a grave and buried him. 8And my neighbours laughed and said, ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â˜Is he still not afraid? He has already been hunted down to be put to death for doing this, and he ran away; yet here he is again burying the dead!ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Â™ 9That same night I washed myself and went into my courtyard and slept by the wall of the courtyard; and my face was uncovered because of the heat. 10I did not know that there were sparrows on the wall; their fresh droppings fell into my eyes and produced white films. I went to physicians to be healed, but the more they treated me with ointments the more my vision was obscured by the white films, until I became completely blind. For four years I remained unable to see. All my kindred were sorry for me, and Ahikar took care of me for two years before he went to Elymais. ;