Canada, Roman Roads, Rivers, Places, Folder (Clean) - centered on Salford, Ontario.kmz

Canada, Roman Roads, Rivers, Places, Folder (Clean)

Canada (Ottawa)
Canada; JOHN HORDEN MISSIONARY BISHOP IN CANADA, 1893, Commemorated December 15 ; JOHN MUIR, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Canada, Canadian Pacific Railway
Canadian Pacific Railway; with the Canadian Confederation, the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task originally undertaken as the National Dream by the Conservative government of Prime Minister John A. Macdonald (1st Canadian Ministry).[7] He was helped by Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and Navigation Company. British Columbia, a four-month sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation (initially requesting a wagon road).[8] A. Macdonald 1873, John A. Macdonald and other high-ranking politicians, bribed in the Pacific Scandal, granted federal contracts to Hugh Allan's Canada Pacific Railway Company (which was unrelated to the current company) rather than to David Lewis Macpherson's Inter-Ocean Railway Company which was thought to have connections to the American Northern Pacific Railway Company. of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873. The new Liberal prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, ordered construction of segments of the railway as a public enterprise under the supervision of the Department of Public Works led by Sandford Fleming. was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon.[9] Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875. By 1880, around 1,000 kilometres (700 mi) was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres (300 mi) of track.[10] C.P.R. 2-6-0 locomotive no. 2000 and employees Macdonald's return to power on 16 October 1878, a more aggressive construction policy was adopted. confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km (128 mi) section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry and Eagle Pass.[11] 21 October 1880, a new syndicate, unrelated to Hugh Allan's, signed a contract with the Macdonald government. Fleming was dismissed and replaced with Collingwood Schreiber as chief engineer and general manager of all government railways. They agreed to build the railway in exchange for $25 million (approximately $625 million in modern Canadian dollars) in credit from the Canadian government and a grant of 25 million acres (100,000 km2) of land. government transferred to the new company those sections of the railway it had constructed under government ownership, on which it had already spent at least $25 million. its estimates of the cost of the Rocky Mountain section alone was over $60 million.[12] The government also defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years. Montreal-based syndicate officially comprised five men: George Stephen, James J. Hill, Duncan McIntyre, Richard B. Angus and John Stewart Kennedy. Donald A. Smith[13] and Norman Kittson were unofficial silent partners with a significant financial interest. 15 February 1881, legislation confirming the contract received royal assent, and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company was formally incorporated the next day.[14] Critics claimed that the government gave too large a subsidy for the proposed project but this was to incorporate uncertainties of risk and irreversibility of insurance. The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future, but rather right away even though demand would not cover operational costs.[15] beaver was chosen as the railway's logo in honour of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, who had risen from factor to governor of the Hudson's Bay Company over a lengthy career in the beaver fur trade. Smith was a principal financier of the CPR.[13] staking much of his personal wealth to the venture. In 1885, he drove the last spike to complete the transcontinental line.[13] the railway, 1881–1886[edit] Canadian Pacific Railway Crew laying tracks at lower Fraser Valley, 1883 the railway took over four years. J. Hill in 1881 sent Alpheus Beede Stickney to be construction superintendent for the Canadian Pacific Railway. Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from Bonfield, Ontario (previously called Callander Station), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 as the CPR first spike location. That was the point where the Canada Central Railway extension ended.[16] CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre, who amalgamated it with the CPR, and became one of the handful of officers of the newly formed CPR. The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the Ottawa River passing through places like Cobden, Deux-Rivières and eventually to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded cross-country towards its final destination of Bonfield. McIntyre and his contractor James Worthington piloted the CPR expansion. Worthington continued on as the construction superintendent for the CPR past Bonfield. He remained with the CPR for about a year after which he left the company. McIntyre was uncle to John Ferguson who staked out future North Bay and who became the town's wealthiest inhabitant and mayor for four successive terms.[17] Unidentified engineers of the Canadian Pacific Railway Survey, 1872 was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich "Fertile Belt" of the North Saskatchewan River Valley and cross the Rocky Mountains via the Yellowhead Pass, a route suggested by Sandford Fleming based on a decade of work. the CPR quickly discarded this plan in favour of a more southerly route across the arid Palliser's Triangle in Saskatchewan and via Kicking Horse Pass and down the Field Hill to the Rocky Mountain Trench. This route was more direct and closer to the Canada–US border, making it easier for the CPR to keep American railways from encroaching on the Canadian market. this route also had several disadvantages. was that the CPR would need to find a route through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia while, at the time, it was not known whether a route even existed. job of finding a pass was assigned to a surveyor named Major Albert Bowman Rogers. The CPR promised him a cheque for $5,000 and that the pass would be named in his honour. Rogers became obsessed with finding the pass that would immortalize his name. He discovered the pass in April 1881[18][19] and, true to its word, the CPR named it "Rogers Pass" and gave him the cheque. However, he at first refused to cash it, preferring to frame it, saying he did not do it for the money. He later agreed to cash it with the promise of an engraved watch.[20] Map from 1890 showing system of land survey and the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway in Manitoba, Alberta, Assiniboia, and Saskatchewan. First Nations reserves are marked throughout with "I.R." for "Indian Reserve." obstacle was that the proposed route crossed land in Alberta that was controlled by the Blackfoot First Nation. This difficulty was overcome when a missionary priest, Albert Lacombe, persuaded the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot that construction of the railway was inevitable. In return for his assent, Crowfoot was famously rewarded with a lifetime pass to ride the CPR. more lasting consequence of the choice of route was that, unlike the one proposed by Fleming, the land surrounding the railway often proved too arid for successful agriculture. The CPR may have placed too much reliance on a report from naturalist John Macoun, who had crossed the prairies at a time of very high rainfall and had reported that the area was fertile.[21] greatest disadvantage of the route was in Kicking Horse Pass, at the Alberta-British Columbia border on the continental divide. In the first 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the 1,625 metres (5,331 feet) high summit, the Kicking Horse River drops 350 metres (1,150 feet). The steep drop would force the cash-strapped CPR to build a 7 km (4.3 mi) long stretch of track with a very steep 41⁄2 percent gradient once it reached the pass in 1884. This was over four times the maximum gradient recommended for railways of this era, and even modern railways rarely exceed a two-percent gradient. this route was far more direct than one through the Yellowhead Pass and saved hours for both passengers and freight. This section of track was the CPR's Big Hill. Safety switches were installed at several points, the speed limit for descending trains was set at 10 km per hour (6 mph), and special locomotives were ordered. Despite these measures, several serious runaways still occurred including the first locomotive, which belonged to the contractors, to descend the line. CPR officials insisted that this was a temporary expediency, but this state of affairs would last for 25 years until the completion of the Spiral Tunnels in the early 20th century.[22] Cornelius Van Horne 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive William Cornelius Van Horne to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project. Horne stated that he would have 800 km (500 mi) of main line built in 1882. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over 672 km (418 mi) of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. Thunder Bay branch (west from Fort William) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883, permitting all-Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg, for the first time in Canada's history. the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just eight kilometres (five miles) east of Kicking Horse Pass. The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior. C.P.R. trestle bridge thousands of navvies worked on the railway. Many were European immigrants. British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17000 workers from China, known as "coolies". A navvy received between $1 and $2.50 per day, but had to pay for his own food, clothing, transport to the job site, mail and medical care. After 21⁄2 months of hard labour, they could net as little as $16. Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with explosives to clear tunnels through rock.[23] The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800. The victims of sickness and accidents were not given proper funerals. Most of the remains were buried into the railway and the families of the Chinese who were killed received no compensation, or even notification of loss of life. Many of the men who survived did not have enough money to return to their families in China, although Chinese labour contractors had promised that as part of their responsibilities.[24] Many spent years in isolated and often poor conditions. Yet the Chinese were hard working and played a key role in building the Western stretch of the railway; even some boys as young as twelve years old served as tea-boys. In 2006, the Canadian government issued a formal apology to the Chinese population in Canada for their treatment both during and following the construction of the CPR.[25] 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on 31 January 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $22.5 million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on 6 March 1884.[26] Donald Smith, later known as Lord Strathcona, drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at Craigellachie, 7 November 1885. Completion of the transcontinental railway was a condition of BC's entry into Confederation. March 1885, the North-West Rebellion broke out in the District of Saskatchewan. Van Horne, in Ottawa at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (Assiniboia) in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. because the government was grateful for this service, they subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $5 million loan. money was desperately needed by the CPR. this government loan later became controversial. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR. This was due to Macdonald putting pressure on George Stephen for additional benefits. himself later did admit to spending $1 million between 1881 and 1886 to ensure government support. This money went to buying a £40,000 necklace for Lady MacDonald and numerous other "bonifications" to government members.[27] Telegram to Prime Minister John A. Macdonald announcing the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 7 November 1885 7 November 1885, the last spike was driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia, making good on the original promise. Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of Jackfish, Ontario. While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881. successful construction of such a massive project, although troubled by delays and scandal, was considered an impressive feat of engineering and political will for a country with such a small population, limited capital, and difficult terrain. was by far the longest railway ever constructed at the time. It had taken 12,000 men and 5,000 horses to construct the Lake section alone.[28] in Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from Quebec City to St. Thomas, Ontario, by 1885 – mainly by buying the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway from the Quebec government and by creating a new railway company, the Ontario and Quebec Railway (O&Q). It also launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. Through the O&Q, the CPR had effected purchases and long-term leases of several railways, and built a line between Perth, Ontario, and Toronto (completed on 5 May 1884) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a 999-year lease on the O&Q on 4 January 1884. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States.[29] –1900[edit] The system in 1906, soon after the construction of the transcontinental railway The last spike in the CPR was driven on 7 November 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith.[13] first transcontinental passenger train departed from Montreal's Dalhousie Station, located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8 pm on 28 June 1886, and arrived at Port Moody at noon on 4 July 1886. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one added the next morning).[citation needed] First Transcontinental Train arrives in Port Arthur on 30 June 1886 that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to Granville, which was renamed "Vancouver" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on 23 May 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the Federal government were repaid years ahead of time. 1888, a branch line was opened between Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from London, Ontario, to the Canada–US border at Windsor, Ontario. That line opened on 12 June 1890.[30] CPR also leased the New Brunswick Railway in 1891 for 991 years,[31] and built the International Railway of Maine, connecting Montreal with Saint John, New Brunswick, in 1889. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year-round when sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the Great Northern Railway for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $3.6 million to construct a railway from Lethbridge, Alberta, through Crowsnest Pass to the south shore of Kootenay Lake, in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada.[citation needed] controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain "settlers' effects" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the First World War, it was not until 1983 that the "Crow Rate" was permanently replaced by the Western Grain Transportation Act which allowed for the gradual increase of grain shipping prices. Crowsnest Pass line opened on 18 June 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at Hope after crossing the Cascade Mountains via Coquihalla Pass.[32] Southern Mainline, generally known as the Kettle Valley Railway in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. local passenger service was re-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway, the Kaslo and Slocan Railway, the Columbia and Kootenay Railway, the Columbia and Western Railway and various others.[31] and the settlement of western Canada[edit] One of the CPR's land offerings, 1883 CPR had built a railway that operated mostly in the wilderness. The usefulness of the prairies was questionable in the minds of many. The thinking prevailed that the prairies had great potential. Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted 25 million acres (100,000 km2). Proving already to be a very resourceful organization, Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada. Canadian Pacific agents operated in many overseas locations. Immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $2.50 an acre and up but required cultivation.[33] To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand Colonist cars, low-budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west.[34] –1928[edit] CPR advertisement highlighting "Free Farms for the Million" in western Canada, circa 1893 the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with Sudbury. Previously, westbound traffic originating in southern Ontario took a circuitous route through eastern Ontario. Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada. In 1909 the CPR completed two significant engineering accomplishments. The most significant was the replacement of the Big Hill, which had become a major bottleneck in the CPR's main line, with the Spiral Tunnels, reducing the grade to 2.2 percent from 4.5 percent. The Spiral Tunnels opened in August. In April 1908, the CPR started work to replace the Old Calgary-Edmonton Rail Bridge across the Red Deer River with a new standard steel bridge that was completed by March 1909.[35] Viaduct 3 November 1909, the Lethbridge Viaduct over the Oldman River valley at Lethbridge, Alberta, was opened. It is 1,624 metres (5,328 feet) long and, at its maximum, 96 metres (315 feet) high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. 1916, the CPR replaced its line through Rogers Pass, which was prone to avalanches (the most serious of which killed 62 men in 1910) with the Connaught Tunnel, an eight-kilometre-long (5-mile) tunnel under Mount Macdonald[36] that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the Western Hemisphere.[37][38] C.P.R. railway locomotive 2860 21 January 1910, a passenger train derailed on the CPR line at the Spanish River bridge at Nairn, Ontario (near Sudbury), killing at least 43.[39][40] CPR acquired several smaller railways via long-term leases in 1912. On 3 January 1912, the CPR acquired the Dominion Atlantic Railway, a railway that ran in western Nova Scotia. This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to Halifax, a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The Dominion Atlantic was isolated from the rest of the CPR network and used the CNR to facilitate interchange; the DAR also operated ferry services across the Bay of Fundy for passengers and cargo (but not rail cars) from the port of Digby, Nova Scotia, to the CPR at Saint John, New Brunswick. DAR steamships also provided connections for passengers and cargo between Yarmouth, Boston and New York. On 1 July 1912, the CPR acquired the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, a railway on Vancouver Island that connected to the CPR using a railcar ferry. The CPR acquired the Quebec Central Railway on 14 December 1912.[31] the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious programme of hotel construction, building Glacier House in Glacier National Park, Mount Stephen House at Field, British Columbia, the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and the Banff Springs Hotel. then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated, along with the track of the old Intercolonial Railway and its spurs, into the government-owned Canadian National Railways. CPR suffered its greatest loss of life when one of its steamships, the Empress of Ireland, sank after a collision with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad. On 29 May 1914, the Empress (operated by the CPR's Canadian Pacific Steamship Company) went down in the St. Lawrence River with the loss of 1,024 lives, of which 840 were passengers.[41] World War[edit] the First World War CPR put the entire resources of the "world's greatest travel system" at the disposal of the British Empire, not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo.Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100 million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war.[42] the war, the Federal government created Canadian National Railways (CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. 1923, Henry Worth Thornton replaced David Blyth Hanna becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred Edward Wentworth Beatty, the first Canadian-born president of the CPR, to action.[43] During this time the railway land grants were formalized.[44] Depression and the Second World War, 1929–1945[edit] Strikers from unemployment relief camps climbing on boxcars as part of the On-to-Ottawa Trek, 1935 Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services, and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek.[45] highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their 1939 royal tour of Canada, the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its Angus Shops in Montreal to produce Valentine tanks and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. As well, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk.[46] –1978[edit] The Multimark logo was used from 1968 to 1987, when it fell out of favour. It was sometimes referred to as the 'Pac-Man' logo, after the popular 1980s video game of the same name. CPR train step stool (Calgary station) c. 1950 the Second World War, the transportation industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and airplanes started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced The Canadian, a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train The Dominion in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue The Canadian. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on The Canadian declined markedly. On 29 October 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail, a new federal Crown corporation that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including The Canadian, off CP's lines.[47] 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to Canadian Pacific Limited in 1971. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: "TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new Multimark (which, when mirrored by an adjacent "multi-mark" creates a diamond appearance on a globe) that was used—with a different colour background—for each of its operations.[48]

Thompson River

Fraser River

Canadian Pacific Railroad

Canadian Pacific Railroad - Southern Route

Canada, Saint Lawrence Seaway Folder, Eastern CAN (Clean)

Canada, Eastern Canada
Eastern Canada; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Saint Lawrence Seaway

Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie)
Saint Mary's, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie); John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902);

Ontario, Canada (Saint Lawarence Seaway and Hudson Bay)
Ontario, Canada (Saint Lawarence Seaway and Hudson Bay); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1929, Commemorated January 29 ;

Ojibwa People, Ontario (Saultiers) and Michigan
Ojibwa People; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Ojibwe Lands (Outlet Lake Superior, Eastern Canada)
Ojibwe Lands: Because many Ojibwe were historically formerly located mainly around the outlet of Lake Superior, which the French colonists called Sault Ste. Marie, they referred to the Ojibwe as Saulteurs. Ojibwe who subsequently moved to the prairie provinces of Canada have retained the name Saulteaux. Ojibwe who were originally located about the Mississagi River and made their way to southern Ontario are known as the Mississaugas. ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15; ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Salford, Ontario
Salford, Ontario ; Aimee Semple McPherson, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1944, Commemorated September 27 ;

Newfoundland
Newfoundland; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Great Northern Peninsula, Northern Newfoundland
Great Northern Peninsula; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

St Anthony, Great Northern Penninsula, Newfoundland
St Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940 ;

Indian Harbour, Labrador (Laurentian Divide 3)
Indian Harbour, Newfoundland; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940 ;

Canada, Saint Laurence Seaway North, Laurentian Divide 1-7 Folder, Northeastern CAN

Continental Divide - Laurentian Divide

Labrador (Laurentian Divide 2)
Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador; WILFRED GRENFELL, MEDICAL MISSIONARY, 9 October 1940;

Triple Divide Peak, MT, Laurentian Divide
Triple Divide Peak (Montana); Laurentian Divide;

Canada, Saint Laurence River Folder, Eastern CAN

Saint Laurence River

Canada, St Laurence River Mouth, Rideau Canal Folder, Montreal, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto

Rideau Canal
Rideau Canal ;

Ottawa, Canad (Saint Laurence Seaway)
Canada; JOHN HORDEN MISSIONARY BISHOP IN CANADA, 1893, Commemorated December 15 ; JOHN MUIR, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; Rex Humbard, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 2007, Commemorated September 21 ; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944; ERIC LIDDELL MISSIONARY TO CHINA, 1945, Commemorated February 22 ; ROLAND ALLEN, MISSION STRATEGIST, Commemorated June 8 ; Appearance of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God, Commemorated on June 26;

Kingston, Ontario, Eastern Canada (Saint Laurence River Source)
Kingston, Ontario; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796, Commemorated April 16 ;

St Pauls Anglican Church, 137 Queen St, Kingston, ON
St. Paul's Anglican Church, 137 Queen Street (at Montreal) , Kingston, ON K7K 1A8; MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796. Commemorated April 16;

Cataraqui, near Kingston, Ontario (Saint Laurence River Source, Lake Ontario)
MARY (MOLLY) BRANT, WITNESS TO THE FAITH AMONG THE MOHAWKS, 1796;

Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Rideau Canal, Saint Laurence River Source, Saint Laurence Seaway)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ORDINATION OF FLORENCE LI TIM-OI, FIRST WOMAN PRIEST IN THE ANGLICAN COMMUNION, 24 JANUARY 1944, Commemorated January 24;

Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough)
Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Peterborough, Ontario (near Toronto)
Rice Lake, Ontario (near Peterborough); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Petersburg, Ontario (Wilmot, between London and Toronto)
Petersburg, Ontario (between London and Toronto); ENMEGAHBOWH, PRIEST AND MISSIONARY (12 JUNE 1902), Commemorated June 12;

Canada, St Lawarence Divide Folder, Southeastern CAN

Continental Divide - St Lawrence Divide

New Brunswick Province, Eastern Canada
New Brunswick Province, Canada; William Lloyd Garrison of WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON AND MARIA STEWART, PROPHETIC WITESSES, 1879, Commemorated December 17 ;

All Saints Cathedral, Halifax, New Brunswick Province, 1907
All Saints Cathedral, Halifax, 1907 ; Ralph Adams Cram of RALPH ADAMS CRAM, RICHARD UPJOHN, AND JOHN LAFARGE, ARCHITECTS, 1942, 1878; ARTIST, 1910, Commemorated December 16;

Canada, Hudson Bay Waters Folder, Central CAN (Clean)

North American Indians
North American Indians; NIKOLAUS LUDWIG von ZINZENDORF, PROPHETIC WITNESS, 1760, Commemorated May 10 ;

Ontario, Canada (Hudson Bay and Saint Lawarence Seaway)
Ontario, Canada (Saint Lawarence Seaway and Hudson Bay); Charles Fox Parham, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1929, Commemorated January 29 ;

Canada, Laurentian Divide 8-16 Folder, South Central CAN

Canada, Polar Bear Express Folder, East Central CAN

Polar Bear Express

Groundhog River Mouth (Mattagami River 3)

Kapuskasing River Mouth (Mattagami River 4)

Moose River

Moosonee, Ontario Canada (Moose River, Hudson Bay Waters)
Moosonee, Ontario Canada ; JOHN HORDEN, Commemorated December 15 ;

Hudson's Bay Company (Moose Factory, Ontario)
Hudson's Bay Company;

Moose Factory, Canada (Hudson Bay Waters)
Moose Factory; JOHN HORDEN, MISSIONARY BISHOP IN CANADA, 1893, Commemorated December 15 ;

Moose Factory Island
Moose Factory Island;

James Bay, Canada, Hudson Bay Waters
James Bay is southernmost part of Hudson Ban and the Artic Ocean. JOHN HORDEN, Commemorated December 15 ;

Moose Cree Lands
Moose Cree Lands; JOHN HORDEN, MISSIONARY BISHOP IN CANADA, 1893, Commemorated December 15;

Canada, Nelson River Lake Winnipeg Folder, Central CAN

Nelson River

Lake Manitoba Area

Norway House, Manitoba (Nelson River 1)
Norway House, Manitoba; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Manitoba, Central Canada (a Province)
Manitoba, Canada; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Rupert's Land (Nelson River Mouth, Hudson Bay)
Rupert's Land; JOHN HORDEN, Commemorated December 15 ; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

York Fort and Factory, Manitoba, in Hudson's Bay
York Fort and Factory, in Hudson's Bay; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Winnipeg River

Lac Suel (English) River Mouth (Winnipeg River)
Lac Suel (English) River Mouth (Winnipeg River). This point was called White Dog or Islington. In 1853 Mr. McDonald was appointed by Bishop Anderson to the charge of White Dog Mission, situated at the junction of the Winnipeg and Lac Seul Rivers. This station had been established the year before by Mr. Philip Kennedy, and given the name of Islington. ROBERT McDONALD;

Lac Seul River

Rainy River

Pigeon River

Height of Land Portage (between Pigeon and Rainy River drainages)
Height of Land Portage;

Seine River

Canada, Lake Manitoba Folder, South Central CAN

Lake Manitoba
Lake Manitoba;

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Hudson Bay Drainage
Winnipeg; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ;

Upper Fort Carry
Point Douglas; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ;

University of Manitoba
University of Manitoba; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ;

Canada, Lake Manitoba Source, Red River Folder, USA and Central CAN

Otter Trail River

Bois De Sioux River

Red River

Point Douglas (Winnipeg, Red River 3)
Point Douglas, on the Red River, half a mile north of Upper Fort Carry ; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ;

Point Douglas, on the Red River, half a mile north of Upper Fort Carry
Point Douglas; ROBERT McDONALD;

Red River Colony
Red River Colony; HENRY BUDD. Commemorated December 22 ;

Canada, Lake Manitoba Source, Red River 3, Assinboine River Folder

Assinboine River

Canada, Saskatchewan River Folder, West Central CAN

Saskatchewan River

Saskatchewan, Canada (a Province)
Saskatchewan; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15 ; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Cumberland station, Cumberland Lake (Saskatchewan River 5)
Cumberland station ; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Cumberland House, Cumberland Lake, SK (Saskatchewan River 5)
Cumberland House, Cumberland Lake, Saskatchewan; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

The Pas, Manitoba (Saskatchewan River 7)
The Pas; HENRY BUDD, Commemorated December 22 ;

Cree People, North and West of Lake Superior
Cree People, North and West of Lake Superior; HENRY BUDD, PRIEST, 1875, Commemorated December 22;

Canada, South Saskatchewan River Folder, Calgary, Southwest Central CAN

South Saskathewan River

Canada, South Saskatchewan River Source, Oldman and Bow Rivers Folder, Central CAN

Oldman River

Crows Nest River

Oldman River 6 (Lethbridge, Saint Mary River Mouth)

Saint Mary River

Bow River

Lake Louise Ski Resort, Alberta, Canada
Lake Louise Ski Resort

Nakiska

Canada, North Saskatchewan River Folder, Edmonton, Northwest Central CAN

North Saskathewan River

Howse River

Conway Creek

Howse Pass (David Thompson)
Howse Pass (David Thompson); David Thompson;

Rocky Mountain House (David Thompson)
Rocky Mountain House (David Thompson); David Thompson;

Edmonton, Alberta , Central Canada
Edmonton, Central Canada ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Vostok (Wostok), Alberta (North Saskatchewan River 9)
Vostok (Wostok), Alberta ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Alberta, Canada (a Province)
Alberta, Canada; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Canada, West of the Rockies Folder, BC, Western CAN (Clean)

Canada, Western Canada, British Columbia
British Columbia; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

British Columbia. Canada (a Province)
British Columbia; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15 ; New Martyr Archpriest Vasily Martysz, Commemorated on May 4;

Canada, West of the Rockies, Fraser River Folder, Vancouver, BC

Canadian Rockies
Canadian Rockies;

Nechako River

Kitimat Ranges
Kitimat Ranges;

North Thompson River

Nicolo River

Coldwater River

Coquihalla River

Coquihalla Pass

Hozameen Range

Skagit Range
Skagit Range;

Vancouver, BC, Western Canada (Fraser River Mouth, Puget Sound, Pacific Ocean)
Vancouver, BC, Western Canada; William M. Branham PENTECOSTAL SAINT, Commemorated December 24;

Canada, West of the Rockies, Spokane Waters Folder, Eastern BC

Spokane, WA (S. Falls near Spokane River Mouth, Columbia River 21)
Spokane, Washington ; John G. Lake, PENTECOSTAL SAINT, 1935, Commemorated September 16 ;

Spokane House
Spokane House;

Spokane Indian Reservation
Spokane Indian Reservation;

Colville Indian Reservation
Colville Indian Reservation;

Columbia Mountains
Columbia Mountains ;

Cariboo Mountains (above Columbia River, waters go to Vancouver)
Cariboo Mountains;

Monashee Mountains (above Columbia River)
Monashee Mountains;

Selkirk Mountains (waters go to Spokane)
Selkirk Mountains;

Purcell Mountains (waters go to Spokane)
Purcell Mountains

Cabinet Mountains (waters go to Spokane)
Cabinet Mountains (East of the Purcell Trench);

Coeur d'Alene Mountains (waters go to Spokane)
Coeur d'Alene Mountains

Rogers Pass
Rogers Pass;

High Line - US 2 - Great Northern RWY

Spokane, Spokane River Folder

Spokane River

Fort Spokane
Fort Spokane;

Saint Joe River

Saint Maries River

Saint Maries River Middle Fork

Saint Maries River - Boville Hemlock Butte Branch

Coeur d'Alene River

Spokane, Pend Oreille River Folder

Pend Oreille River

Clark Fork River

Kullyspell House (approx. loc.)Kullyspell House
Kullyspell House;

Bitterroot River

Saleesh House
Saleesh House;

Flathead River

Pack River

Lightning Creek

Priest River

Seneacquoteen or Sineacateen (crossing, ferry, Wild Horse Trail)
Seneacquoteen or Sineacateen (crossing, ferry); Wild Horse Trail;

Spokane, East Kootenay Creeks, Duncan River and Columbia River Creeks further north

Purcell Wilderness Conservancy
Purcell Wilderness Conservancy;

Mt Toby Creek

Caldron Mt Creek

Mount Griffith Creek

Mt Conrad Creek

Thorington Mountain Creek

Moonraker Mountain Creek

Dawn Mountain Creek

Silent Mountain Creek

Bugaboo Spire Creek

Hanging Glacier Creek

Mount Katherine Panorama Creek

Mount Peechee Fairmont Hot Springs Creek

Purcell Trench 1 (Duncan River)
Purcell Trench;

Purcell Trench 2 (Kootenai River, Lake Pend Oreille)

Duncan River

Purcell Trench 200 Miles Golden to Bonners

Beaver River

Spokane, West Kootenay Creeks

Glacier National Park (Canada)
Glacier National Park (Canada);

North Kookanee Peak to Kaslo Creek

South Kookanee Peak to Crescent Bay Creek

East Kookanee Peak to Ainsworth Creek

Fishhook area to Nakusp Creek

West Tenderfoot Mountain to Nakusp Creek

Herrige Mountain to Arrow Lake Creek

Borderline area to Arrow Lake Creek

Mount Wilkie to Galena Bay Creek

Virtue Mountain to Beaton Creek

Mt Marion to Rosebery Creek

Whitewater Mountain to New Denver Creek

Mt Brennan to Kaslo Creek

Summit Mountain to Slocan Creek

Spokane, Kootenai River Folder

Kootenai River

Spokane, Kootenai River 3, Vermillion River Folder

Vermillion River

Vermillion Pass - (Bow River to Vermillion River, 5 mile hike)
Short flat 5 mile, 1,000 vertical ft, 6% grade hike (Bow River to Vermillion River)

Spokane, Kootenai River 6-9, Cranbrook and Kimberly Folder

Mt St Mary Creek

Mt Buhl Creek

Mt Buhl E4 Creek

North Star Creek

Kimberly

Cranbrook

Cranbrook Mountain

Richmond Lake Creek

Higgins Peak Creek

Mt Flett Creek

Haystack Mountain Creek

Mt Goodwin Creek

Nowitka Mountain Creek

Mt Alton Creek

Skookumchuck Mountain Creek

Columbia River

Moyie River

Yaak Creston section Hwy 3

Yaak Pass (Yaak to Creston of Hwy 3)

Creek from Mt Mckay

Creek from South Summerfield Mountain

Creek from Mt. Thompson

Spokane, Kootenai River 8, Saint Mary River Folder

Elk River

Spokane, Kootenai River 15, Moyie River Folder

David Thompson's Camp on Great Road of the Flatheads
David Thompson's Camp, , on the Great Road of the Flat Heads"";

Spokane, Columbia River Folder

Kinbasket Lake
Kinbasket Lake; David Thompson (explorer);

Kinbasket Creek

Athabasca Pass
Athabasca Pass; David Thompson (explorer);

Fort Colville
Fort Colville;

Spokane, Okanogan River Folder

Okanogan River

Canada, West of the Rockies, Vancouver Island, Far Western BC

Nanaimo

Victoria

Port Alberni

Canada, Northeast of the Rockies Folder, Mackenzie River, Northwest Territories, North Alberta (Clean)

Canada, Mackenzie River Folder, Northwest Territories

Northwest Territories (Mackenzie Country)
Northwest Territories; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15 ; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Mackenzie River

Mackenzie Mountains
Mackenzie Mountains;

Fort Simpson, Northwest Territories, Canada (Mackenzie River 1)
Fort Simpson; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories (Peel River Mouth, Makenzie River 5)
Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories; ROBERT McDONALD, PRIEST, 1913, Commemorated December 15;

Peel River

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Folder, Athabaska and Peace Rivers

Slave River

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Source, Athabasca River Folder

Athabasca River

Athabaska Source 2

Athabaska Source 3

Athabaska River 4

Athabasca River Source 5

Jasper National Park
Jasper National Park;

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Source, Peace River Folder

Peace River

Peace River (Parsnip River)

Peace River (Findlay River)

Canada, Northern Alberta, Slave River Source, Peace River 3, Smokey River Folder

Smokey River

Canada, Yukon Territory Folder, Northwest CAN (Clean)

Yukon
Yukon; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15;

Yukon Territory, Canada (Alaska Drainage)
Yukon Territory;

Yukon River

Yukon River Route

Yukon River A (Teslin Lake Arm)

Yukon River B (Atlin Lake Arm)

Yukon River C (Tagish Lake Arm)

Yukon River D (Marsh Lake Arm)

Yukon River E (Lake Laberge Arm)

Lake Lebarge (source of large and late ice flows)

Yukon River F (Kasawa Lake Arm)

Yukon River G (Kluane Lake Arm)

Yukon River H (Bennett Lake Arm)

Yukon River H (Bennett Lake Arm, Chilkoot Pass)

Chilkoot Pass, Yukon Territory (Yukon River H Bennett Lake0
Chilkoot Pass; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Carcross, Yukon aka Caribou Crossing, Bennett Lake Arm
Carcross, Yukon; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Whitehorse (Yukon River 1)
Whitehorse (Yukon River 1); JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

White Horse Rapids
White Horse Rapids;

Miles Canyon
Miles Canyon;

Yukon, Yukon River 3, Pelly River Folder, Faro, YT

Pelly River

Faro, YT

Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territories (Yukon River 3, Pelly River Mouth)
Fort Selkirk, Yukon Territories ; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Yukon, Yukon River 6, Stewart River Folder (Silver Trail)

Stewart River

Selwyn Mountains
Selwyn Mountains;

Yukon, Yukon River 6, Stewart River 1, Silver Trail Folder

Silver Trail
Silver Trail;

Yukon, Yukon River 7, Klondike River Folder (Dawson)

Klondike River

Dawson, Yukon (Klondike River, Yukon River 7)

Yukon, Yukon River 8, Fortymile River Folder (Fortymile)

Fortymile River

Fortymile, YT (Yukon River 8)
Fortymile, YT (Yukon River 8); JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Yukon, Yukon River 12, Porcupine River Folder

Porcupine River

Fort Yukon, AK, USA (Yukon River 22, Porcupine River Mouth)
Fort Yukon, Alaska; Fort Yukon, Alaska; ROBERT McDONALD, Commemorated December 15; JOHN MUIR and HUDSON STUCK, NATURALIST & WRITER, 1914; PRIEST & ENVIRONMENTALIST, 1920, Commemorated April 21 ;

Canada, Nunavut Territory Folder, Far North CAN (Clean)

Canada, Nunavut Territory