Egypt Folder, its river and roads.kmz

Egypt Folder, its river and roads

Egypt (aka Rahab)
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Martyrs Cantidius, Cantidian, and Sibelius (Sobel) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God œthe Merciful, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe Ladder, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-Giver of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

British Empire - Egypt - Lower Nile River below the Cataracts and the Sinai
Egypt; Rahab; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17 ; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Egypt, Cataracts of the Nile, Aswan Dam

Egypt (capital Cairo and Goshen)
Egypt; Goshen; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9 ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; LOUIS IX, KING OF FRANCE (25 AUGUST 1270) ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Martyr Peleus the Bishop of Palestine, Commemorated on September 17 ; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated on September 18; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated on September 25 ; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated October 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; Blessed Cleopatra with her son in Egypt, Commemorated October 19 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated November 12 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Martyr Akepsimas of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe MercifulÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on December 27 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31; Martyr Patermuthius of Egypt; Prophet Baruch, Commemorated September 28 ; Church New Year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; Venerable Ammon; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed, along with David the King, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Sunday after the Nativity: Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated December 26 ; Righteous James the Brother of the Lord, along with Joseph the Betrothed, and David the King, Commemorated December 26 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; St Basil the Great the Archbishop of Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated January 1 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; Martyr Theodotion of Egypt, Commemorated January 24 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Martyr Victorinus of Egypt, Commemorated January 30 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Virginmartyr Martha in Egypt, Commemorated February 6 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; St Prochorus of Georgia, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable Paul the Simple and Disciple of the Venerable Anthony the Great, Commemorated on March 7; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; Martyr Nicander of Egypt, Commemorated on March 15; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Synaxis of the Archangel Gabriel, Commemorated on March 26; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Mark the Anchorite of Athens, Commemorated on April 5; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on April 7; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Hieromartyr Paphnutius of Jerusalem, Commemorated on April 19; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; St Polybius the Bishop in Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12 ; Venerable Serapion of Egypt, Commemorated on May 14; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Martyr Solochon at Chalcedon, Commemorated on May 17; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Martyr Meletius Stratelates who suffered in Galatia, Commemorated on May 24; Venerable Simeon Stylites the Younger of Wonderful Mountain, Commemorated on May 24; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; Martyr Marcian of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; BASIL THE GREAT, BISHOP, THEOLOGIAN (14 JUNE 379); Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Doulas the Passion-Bearer of Egypt, Commemorated on June 15 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Icon of the Mother of God the ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœMilk-GiverÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt (Sinai Peninsula)
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe LadderÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 30; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Egypt (aka Rahab), 9999, Venerable Zacharia tRecluse, to the outcast
Egypt (aka Rahab), 9999, Venerable Zacharia tRecluse, to the outcast; Egypt; Rahab; Venerable Zachariah the Recluse, Commemorated on March 24 ; Zachariah the Recluse of Egypt because of his concern for the poor and homeless was called “to the outcast.” the printed Menaion he is known as “our Monastic Father Zachariah,” and so he has been identified erroneously with Saint Zachariah the Monk.

Egypt, History Folder

Egypt, 2000 BC to 1500 BC, History Folder, Joseph and Pharaohs to Moses and Joshua

Egypt, 2000 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Abraham, 100 yr old father of vast nation
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son. Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Egypt, 2000 BC Dot 5, Sarah, Abraham's wife, 90 yr old mother of nations
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Abraham; Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son. Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9;

Egypt, 2000 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Lot
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Lot; Righteous Forefather Abraham, Commemorated on October 9; Righteous Lot, Commemorated on October 9; Lot,Sarah & Abraham's story with abstract locations.; / SARAH ruh) Personal name meaning, "princess." Wife and half sister of Abraham (Gen. 11:29- 25:10). first called Sarai, had the same father as Abraham. Marriages with half brothers were not uncommon in her time. traveled with Abraham from Ur to Haran. Then at the age of 65 she accompanied him to Canaan as Abraham followed God's leadership in moving to the land God had promised. a famine in Canaan, Abraham and Sarah fled to Egypt. This was Abraham's first attempt to pass off Sarah as his sister rather than wife because he feared that he would be killed when the Egyptians saw Sarah's beauty. Consequently, the Pharaoh thought Sarah was Abraham's sister, took Sarah into court, and treated Abraham well. the Lord sent serious disease on Pharaoh's household, he saw the deception and sent them away. second trick about Abraham's relationship with Sarah was in the court of Abimelech, king of Gerar, who also took in Sarah. God intervened in Abimelech's dream and protected Sarah. He sent them away with the right to live there and with a gift for Sarah. her barrenness, God promises her a Son. called Abram to migrate to Canaan, assuring him that he would father a vast nation (Gen. 11:31) Location - Chaldea and Lot Settle Between Bethel and Ai traveling throughout Canaan and into Egypt, Abraham and Lot finally settled between Bethel and Ai, about ten miles north of Jerusalem (Gen. 13:3). Abraham and Lot acquired herds and flocks so large that the land was unable to support both (Gen. 13:2,5). In addition, the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot did not get along (Gen. 13:7). Location -- Up from Negev to settle between Bethel and Ai chooses Sodom, in the Jordan valley Location -- Sodom Thus, to secure ample pasturelands for their flocks and to avoid any further trouble, Abraham suggested they separate. Abraham allowed Lot to take his choice of the land. Lot took advantage of Abraham's generosity and chose the well-watered Jordan Valley where the city of Sodom was located (13:8-12). received further covenant After returning to Palestine, Abram received further covenantal assurances from God (Gen. 15). Location -- Now Abram was living near the great trees of Mamre Promises (Gen 15) Son coming from your own body will be your heir. Count the stars, so shall your offspring be. Give you this land and take possession of it. “Know for certain that your descendants will be strangers in a country not their own, and they will be enslaved and mistreated four hundred years. But I will punish the nation they serve as slaves, and afterward they will come out with great possessions. You, however, will go to your fathers in peace and be buried at a good old age. In the fourth generation your descendants will come back here, for the sin of the Amorites has not yet reached its full measure.” cut covenant with Abram Location -- Mamre (Hebron) Vision of Smoking Firepot and Blazing Torch Abram said, “How can I know that I will gain possession of it?” Lord said, “Bring me a heifer, a goat and a ram, each three years old, along with a dove and a young pigeon.” Abram brought them to him, cut them in two, and arranged the halves opposite each other. Smoking firepot and blazing torch appeared and passed between the pieces. Lord made a covenant with Abraham and said, “To your descendants I give this land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the euphrates-- the land of the Kenites, Kenizzites, Kadmonites, Hittites, Perizites, Rephaites, Amorites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites.” Kings capture Lot Location - Sodom All in all, things did not look as good for Lot as they might at first glance appear when he chose to live in the well-watered Jordan Valley. We begin to see this unfold in Genesis 14. Not only was the Jordan Valley atttractive to herdsmen like Lot, but the riches of this valley were also attractive to foreign kings. Prominent among them was Chedorlaomer who, along with three other kings, captured and sacked Sodom, taking Lot as prisoner (Gen. 14:1-12). Abraham, upon hearing of Lot's fate, gathered an army and rescued his nephew (Gen. 14:13-16). received Covenant of Circumcision Location -- (Mamre) Even after another covenantal assurance (Gen. 17:1-21) in which the rite of circumcision was made a covenantal sign, Abram and Sarai still questioned God’s promise of an heir. Promises (Gen 17:1-21 NIV) You will be father of many nations. You and your male descendents will be circumcised Your descendents will come from Sarah Your name will now be Abraham, father of many nations. Sarai’s name will be Sarah, she will be mother of nations. and Incest (Gen 19) Location - Sodom, Moab, Ammon Ten righteous men? Lot is not mentioned again until Genesis 19 when two angels visited him. God had already told Abraham that He intended to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah (Gen. 18:20). Abraham interceded on behalf of Sodom, that if ten righteous men were found in Sodom that God would not destroy the city (Gen. 18:32). uncovers sodomy -- even in the children The two angels were apparently going to Sodom to inspect it. When the angels arrived, Lot received them with hospitality. When the townsmen heard that two strangers were staying with Lot, they wanted to have sexual relations with them. Lot protected his guests and offered them his daughters instead. The townsmen refused this offer and tried unsuccessfully to get the two strangers. For Lot's help, the angels revealed God's desire to destroy Sodom and urged Lot to take his family to the hills to safety. They warned Lot and his family not to look on Sodom. = Moab and Ammon Location -- Moab and Ammon Lot’s Daughters decided to deceive their father As it turned out, Lot feared to live in the city of Zohar and decided to live in the surrounding caves instead. His daughters, fearing that they would never have offspring, decided to deceive their father into having intercourse with them. They got their father drunk; both conceived a son by him. The son of the eldest daughter was called Moab and became the father of the Moabites. The son of the youngest daughter was named Ben-ammi and became the father of the Ammonites (Gen. 19:30-38). Later in Israel's history, God desired to ensure the place of the Moabites and Ammonites in Palestine (Deut. 2:9). The Moabites and Ammonites betrayed their relationship, however, by joining with Assyria at a later period (Ps. 83:5-8). ’s Wife Location -- Moab and Ammon In the New Testament, the day of the Son of man is compared to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Luke 17:28-29). The followers of Jesus are warned not to desire their former lives, like Lot's wife, but to be willing instead to lose their lives. Losing one's life is the only way to gain life (Luke 17:32). The story of Lot is also used to show the faithfulness of God to rescue his people (2 Pet. 2:7). Receives son Isaac Location -- (Mamre), Wilderness of Paran Then Sarai ( ), whose name had been changed to Sarah (“princess’), had her long- promised son, Isaac (“laughter”), when Abraham was 100 years old. Ishmael’s presence caused trouble in the family, and he was expelled with his mother Hagar to the wilderness of Paran. Commanded to sacrifice Isaac Location -- Hebron and Mt. Moriah (Jerusalem) Abraham’s faith and obedience were tested by God in Moriah when he was commanded to sacrifice Isaac. God provided an alternative sacrifice, however, saving the boy’s life. As a reward for Abraham’s faithfulness, God renewed the covenant promises of great blessing and the growth of a mighty nation to father and son.

Egypt, 1900 BC Dot 5, Patriarch, Jacob, story with locations
Jerusalem Patriarch, 2000 BC, Jacob; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Abstract of Jacob's son's locations. ; Jacob's story with Abstract Locations; Righteous Jacob, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Jacob is mentioned in the book of Genesis, chapters 25-50. had a dream of a ladder (Genesis 28:12-17). Angels were ascending and descending the ladder, and the Lord was above the ladder type of the Mother of God, who united earth to Heaven when she consented to become the mother of the Messiah). Jacob wrestled with God (Genesis 32:22-30), who appeared as a man, and Jacob prevailed. the Lord gave him the name Israel and blessed him. called that place Peniel (The face of God), and said, "I have seen God face to face, and yet my life is preserved."

Egypt, 1800 BC, Dot 5, Joseph, Jacob's fav son, jealous brothers, prophecy dreams, sold tEgyptians, Lord oEgypt, God Meant fGood
Egypt, 1760-1650 BC, Joseph the Fair, Patriarch, Avaris Egypt, Jacob's favorite son, of his old age and favorite wife, 11 jealous brothers, prophetic dreams angered even Jacob, dForetold hGreatness, Bro's to kill but Ruben, sold tEgyptians, Captain otGuards Potifar buys him, puts him in charge, P wife slanders him, P believes her puts him in prison, interprets dreams in prison, and for Pharoh, plan to thrive during famine, put in hightest command under Pharoh, Lord of Egypt, 10 bros comes to Egypt for grain, J recognizes, sends tHome for Benny, reveals self to them, sends them for Jacob, evil against me, God meant for good Avaris, Egypt, Seat of the Kings; Righteous Joseph the Patriarch, Commemorated on March 31; Righteous Joseph the Fair was the son of the Old Testament Patriarch Jacob and his wife Rachel (Genesis He had eleven brothers: first wife Leah (the daughter of Laban) gave birth to six sons: 1) Reuben, 2) Simeon, 3) Levi, 4) Judah. Leah thought she could not have any more children. second wife, Leah's sister Rachel, also seemed to be infertile, was jealous of Leah, so she gave her servant girl Bilhah to Jacob “so that she may give birth on my behalf” (Genesis 30:3). The concubine Bilhah bore two sons to Jacob: 5) Dan and 6) Naphtali. those days, when a wife could not bear children, it was not uncommon for a female servant to have the husband's child on behalf of the wife. expression "she shall bear upon my knees and I shall have children by her" (Genesis 30:3) refers to the rite of adoption whereby the new-born child was placed on the lap of the adopting woman to indicate that she had legally borne the child. fact that Rachel gives the name, rather than Bilhah, demonstrates that she is recognized as the child's mother. Leah thought she could no longer give Jacob sons, she gave her servant, Zilpah to Jacob, who bore him 7) Gad and 8) Asher. These two, however, were legally Leah's sons when she adopted them, in the manner previously described. some time, Leah did conceive two more sons: 9) Issachar and 10) Zebulun, and a daughter: Dinah, who is first mentioned in Genesis 30:21 as the daughter of Leah and Jacob, born to Leah after she had borne six sons to Jacob. Rachel gave birth to 11) Joseph, and 12) Benjamin. brothers became jealous of him because their father loved him more than his other sons, since he was the son of his old age. feared him because he revealed his dreams, which foretold his future greatness. dream was that he and his brothers were binding sheaves in the field. Joseph's sheaf rose up, and the sheaves of his brothers arose and bowed down to it. another dream the sun, the moon, and eleven stars bowed down to him. Jacob rebuked him for implying that his father, mother, and eleven brothers would also bow before him one day. brothers decided to kill Joseph, but the eldest son Reuben persuaded them not to do so. "Do not shed any blood. Cast him into this pit ... but do not lay hands upon him" (Genesis 37:32). Reuben intended to come back later and rescue Joseph, but his plans were thwarted. stripped Joseph of his coat and threw him into the pit, and then sold him for twenty gold coins to merchants who were traveling to Egypt in a caravan. killing a goat, they smeared its blood on the coat and brought it to Jacob saying that they had found it on the ground. Jacob recognized the coat and concluded that a wild animal must have killed Joseph. Egypt Joseph was sold to Potiphar, a captain of the guards. his master saw that the Lord was with Joseph, and that he was a successful man, he made him the overseer of his house, placing him in charge of all his possessions. Righteous Joseph was fair of countenance, and Potiphar's wife wanted him to lie with her. He would not consent to this, but the shameless woman continued pestering him. One day she repeated her request, and he fled from her. seized his garment as he ran away, and showed it to her husband when he returned home. of malice and spite, Potiphar's wife slandered the Righteous Joseph before her husband, saying that he had attempted to rape her. the lie, Potiphar confined the innocent young man in a prison. Saint Joseph the Fair gained fame when he interpreted the dreams of two men in the prison (Genesis chapter 40). Joseph interpreted Pharaoh's two dreams (Genesis chapter 41), predicting seven years of plenty, and seven years of famine and misfortune for Egypt, he advised Pharaoh to appoint overseers to store one fifth of the grain harvest each year, and to reserve it for the time of famine. Righteous Joseph was set free and was given charge of Pharaoh's household, and became the Lord of Egypt. Pharaoh was still the ruler, but Joseph answered only to him. famine also struck his home in the land of Canaan, ten of Joseph's brothers were sent to Egypt by Jacob in order to buy some grain. Only Benjamin stayed at home with his father. recognized them, but they did not know him. He threw them into prison for three days, then released them. He gave them provisions and sent them on their way, ordering them to send him their youngest brother. Joseph revealed himself to them, and he wept. He told them to bring his father and his entire family to Egypt. Jacob's death, Joseph's brothers feared that he would repay them for all the evil they had done to him, so they asked for forgiveness. He replied, "You meant evil against me, but God meant it for good" (Genesis 50:20). his death around 1700 B. C., the Righteous Joseph ordered that his bones be taken from Egypt to the Promised Land, which was done in the time of the holy Prophet Moses (September 4), 1496 B.C. the father of Manassah and Ephraim, Saint Joseph is placed at the head of two of the tribes of Israel. Joseph is also commemorated on the Sunday of the Holy Fathers, and on Great and Holy Monday.

Egypt, 1701 BC-1661 BC, Dot 6, Merneferre Ay, Egyptian Pharaoh, at abandoned capitol
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1701BC-1661BC, Merneferre Ay; Ay (also spelled Aya or Eje, sometimes known as Ay I) was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the mid 13th Dynasty. The longest reigning pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty, he ruled a likely fragmented Egypt for over 23 years in the early to mid 17th century BC. A pyramidion bearing his name shows that he possibly completed a pyramid, probably located in the necropolis of Memphis. Ay is the last pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty to be attested outside Upper Egypt. In spite of his long reign, the number of artefacts attributable to him is comparatively small. This may point to problems in Egypt at the time and indeed, by the end of his reign, "the administration [of the Egyptian state] seems to have completely collapsed".[1][3] It is possible that the capital of Egypt since the early Middle Kingdom, Itjtawy was abandoned during or shortly after Ay's reign. For this reason, some scholars consider Merneferre Ay to be the last pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Dot 6, Moses, Egyptian Patriarch
Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses 1] was the most important prophet in Judaism,[4][5] and an important prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Baháʼí Faith, and a number of other Abrahamic religions. In the biblical and quranic[6] narrative, he was the leader of the Israelites and lawgiver to whom the authorship, or "acquisition from heaven", of the Torah (the first five books of the Bible) is attributed. to the Book of Exodus, Moses was born in a time when his people, the Israelites, an enslaved minority, were increasing in population and, as a result, the Egyptian Pharaoh worried that they might ally themselves with Egypt's enemies.[7] Hebrew mother, Jochebed, secretly hid him when the Pharaoh ordered all newborn Hebrew boys to be killed in order to reduce the population of the Israelites. the Pharaoh's daughter (identified as Queen Bithia in the Midrash), the child was adopted as a foundling from the Nile river and grew up with the Egyptian royal family. killing an Egyptian slave-master who was beating a Hebrew, Moses fled across the Red Sea to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord,[8] speaking to him from within a burning bush on Mount Horeb, which he regarded as the Mountain of God. sent Moses back to Egypt to demand the release of the Israelites from slavery. said that he could not speak eloquently,[9] so God allowed Aaron, his elder brother,[10] to become his spokesperson. the Ten Plagues, Moses led the Exodus of the Israelites out of Egypt and across the Red Sea, after which they based themselves at biblical Mount Sinai, where Moses received the Ten Commandments. 40 years of wandering in the desert, Moses died within sight of the Promised Land on Mount Nebo. Moses is seen as a legendary figure, whilst retaining the possibility that Moses or a Moses-like figure existed in the 13th century BCE.[11][12][13][14][15] Rabbinical Judaism calculated a lifespan of Moses corresponding to 1391–1271 BCE;[16] Jerome suggested 1592 BCE,[17] and James Ussher suggested 1571 BCE as his birth year.[18][note 2] Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ; Holy Prophet and God-Seer Moses was of the tribe of Levi, the son of Abram and Jochabed (Exodus 6:20). His life is described in the Bible (Exodus 2 through Deuteronomy 34:12). was born in Egypt around 1689 B.C. When Pharaoh ordered all male children of the Hebrew slaves to be killed (Exodus 1:22), Moses’ mother placed him in a basket of papyrus coated with pitch, and set him adrift on the Nile. Pharaoh’s daughter found him and raised him as her own son. the age of eighty, Moses fled to Midian, where he spoke to God in the Burning Bush on Mt. Horeb (Exodus 3:2). God chose Moses to lead His people from the slavery of Egypt. They crossed the Red Sea as if it were dry land, and for forty years they wandered in the desert. in the land of Moab, Moses went to the top of Mt. Nabau, or Nebo (Deuteronomy 32:49), which is called Phasga (Deut. 34:1). There, according to the will of God, he died in 1569 B.C. at the age of 120 without entering the Promised Land. first two Biblical Odes are attributed to Moses: “Let us sing to the Lord...” (Exodus 15:1-9), which was sung on the shores of the Red Sea after the Hebrews had crossed it. “Attend, O heaven...” (Deut. 32:1-43) was sung in the land of Moab, a few days before Moses’ death. He is also regarded as the author of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). holy Prophet Moses performed many miracles during his lifetime, and also after his death. He appeared on Tabor with the Prophet Elias at the Transfiguration of the Lord (August 6). the day that Saint John of the Ladder (March 30) was installed as abbot of Mt. Sinai, the Prophet Moses was seen going around and giving orders to the cooks, stewards, and servants. When the guests had gone and the monks were sitting at table, they wondered what had become of the stranger who had been giving orders. Saint John said, “Our Lord Moses does nothing strange by serving in the place which belongs to him.”

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Aaron, 1st Priest, Moses' older brother, chosen sanctified by God
Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Aaron, 1st Priest, Moses and Miriam's older brother 83t80, aLevite, Moses' spokesman, Rod tSnake, Nile ttBlood, 4sons fPrincess Elisheba. held M's hands up vAmalek, 4sons anointed&sanctified wHim as priests, Golden Idol at Sinai, drink gold dust, those on the Lord's side commanded slay those not, Miriam Aaron critisize Moses' Cushite wife, God gives Miriam leprosy, Moses intercedes for her, People murmured again, leaders 12 rods named and placed, Aaron's rod blooms, Aaron reposes on Mt Hor in Edom.; Righteous Priest Aaron, Commemorated on December 11; Righteous Aaron was the son of Amram and Jochebed, and the elder brother of the Prophet Moses the God-seer, and also of Miriam. was a direct descendent of Levi by both parents. God called him “the Levite” in Exodus 4:14, when He appointed Aaron to be the spokesman for Moses, who was “slow of speech,” before the people. Later, he would also speak on behalf of Moses before Pharaoh in Egypt (Ex. 4:30; 7:2). was married to Elisheba, the daughter of the Prince of Judah (Ex. 6:23), who bore him four sons. was eighty years old and Aaron was eighty-three when they spoke to Pharaoh and asked that the Hebrews be released from their slavery. Lord told Moses that Pharaoh would ask them for a miracle, and that Aaron should throw down his rod before him, and it would become a serpent (Ex. 7:9). Pharaoh would not allow the Hebrews to leave Egypt, God told Moses to have Aaron stretch forth his rod over the Nile River, and it would turn to blood. a succession of plagues, Pharaoh relented and let the people go, then Moses led them on their long journey to the Promised Land. Chapter 17 of Exodus, the Hebrews fought Amalek in a battle at Rephidim. Moses stood atop a hill with the rod of God in his hand. As long as he raised his hand, the Hebrews prevailed, but when he became tired and lowered it, Amalek prevailed. and Hur sat Moses on a rock and held up his hands, one on each side. This was a prefiguration of the suffering of Christ, because the arms of Moses formed a cross. the Greek Septuagint, the names Aaron and Hur begin with the letters Alpha and Omega, another reference to Christ (Revelation 1:8). and his sons were anointed and sanctified to serve God as priests (Exodus chapter 29). chapter 32, Aaron fell into temptation when Moses went up on Mount Sinai to receive the Commandments. Moses was taking a long time, the people grew restless and asked Aaron to make them a golden idol in the form of a calf so that they could offer sacrifices. gave into them, and Moses was angry when he returned and saw them dancing and singing before the calf. threw down the tablets on which God had written the Ten Commandments, and then he burned the golden calf and ground it to powder. He scattered the powder on the water, and he made the people drink it. When Moses asked those who were on the Lord’s side to gather around him, the Levites came to him. He ordered them to take their swords and slay their sons, companions, and neighbors. About three thousand people were killed that day. Aaron and Miriam criticized Moses for marrying a Cushite woman (Num. 12:1). God was angry with them, so He punished Miriam with leprosy. She was healed by God seven days after Moses interceded for her. chapter 17 of Numbers, the people murmured against Moses and Aaron, so God commanded that the leaders of the twelve tribes should have their names inscribed on their rods and placed in the tent of testimony. God would reveal His choice to make the people cease their grumbling against Moses and his brother. ’s rod bloomed miraculously in the tent of the testimony, to show that he had been chosen for this purpose. reposed atop Mount Hor when he was one hundred and twenty-three years old. One of his descendants was Saint Elizabeth, the mother of Saint John the Baptist (Luke 1:5).

Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Miriam, Aaron&Moses' older sister, prophetess after all, resented M position
Egypt, 1689BC-1569BC, Miriam, Aaron&Moses' older sister, Levite, old enough to watch what happens to Moses in his arc. suggests find wet nurse, her mother, she &Aaron resented Moses' position, prophetess after all, punished w leprosy, sent out, healed &brought back. Righteous Miriam, Commemorated on December 11; Miriam, like her brothers Moses and Aaron, was descended from the tribe of Levi. Moses was an infant, the Hebrew midwives were ordered to kill any male child when they assisted at childbirths, but they refused to obey. was hidden by his mother for three months, and then, when she could no longer do this, he was placed into a basket of reeds and set upon the waters of the Nile. watched in secret to see what would happen to him. Pharaoh’s daughter found him, Miriam emerged from her place of concealment and offered to find a wet nurse from among the Hebrew women for the baby. went to get her mother, who raised her child until he was grown, and then returned him to Pharoah’s daughter (Exodus 2:10). the Torah, she is called “Miriam the Prophetess” (Exodus 15:20), while the Prophet Michah (6:4) has God say that He sent Moses, and Aaron, and Miriam before the Hebrews to lead them out of Egypt. Chapter 12 of the book of Numbers, Miriam and Aaron apparently criticize Moses for being married to a foreign woman of Cush (or an Ethiopian). however, was merely a pretext for their resentment. Actually, they were disturbed by Moses’ position as the sole mediator between God and the people. was a prophetess, after all. Miriam and Aaron questioned Moses, “Has the Lord spoken only to Moses? Has He not also spoken to us?” God then tells them that He speaks face to face with Moses, but only in visions to Miriam and Aaron while they are asleep. for daring to speak against Moses, Miriam is punished with leprosy. Aaron pleads with Moses not to hold their sin against them, since they had acted out of ignorance. Even so, Miriam was set apart outside the camp for seven days, and then she was healed and allowed to come in. one of the stichera on the Praises for the Sunday before the Nativity, Sarah, Rebecca, Anna, and Miriam, “the glory of women,” are said to “exchange glad tidings.”

Egypt, 1677BC-1675BC, Dot 6, Merhotepre Ini, Egyptian Pharaoh
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1677BC-1675BC, Merhotepre Ini; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses; Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu, Egyptian Pharaoh
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1672BC-1648BC, Mersekhemre Ined, Egyptian Pharaoh
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1675BC-1654BC, Sankhenre Sewadjtu; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1669BC-1643BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, Sewadjkare Hori
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1669BC-1643BC, Sewadjkare Hori; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1649BC-1609BC, Egyptian Pharaoh, uncertain, Semqen
Egyptian Pharaoh, 1649BC-1609BC uncertain, Semqen; Egyptian Patriarch, 1689BC-1569BC, Moses Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1654BC-1544BC, Dot 6, Egyptian Patriarch, Joshua
Egyptian Patriarch, 1654BC-1544BC, Joshua, 4000-1654=2,346. So Joshua and Moses lived around the 2,500th year. We live around the 6,000th year and Jesus first lived around the 2,000th year; Righteous Joshua the son of Nun (Navi), Commemorated on September 1; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ;

Egypt, 1500 BC to 170 AD, History Folder, Simeon, Septuagent, Later Ancient Times, Jews Drawn Back to Egypt

Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah
Egypt, 597 BC, Jews in Egypt, Later Ancient Times, Destruction Kingdom Judah; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 597 BC, Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, BC 360-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver
Egypt, BC 300-1 AD, Simeon the God-Receiver; Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 285-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, BC 247-132 BC, Septuagint
Egypt, BC 285-247 BC, Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy II Philadelphus; Septuagint, BC 247-132 BC; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3;

Egypt, 30-62, Apostle James, Son of Alphaeus, crucified in Egypt, with Andrew in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, and Eleutheroolis
Egypt, 30-62, Apostle James, Son of Alphaeus, crucified at Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt, with Andrew in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, and Eleutheroolis, proclaiming Gospel, healing, converting; Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9; Apostle James the son of Alphaeus one of the Twelve Apostles, the brother of the holy Evangelist Matthew. heard the Lord’s words and witnessed His miracles. the Descent of the Holy Spirit, Apostle James Alphaeus and the Apostle Andrew the First-Called (November 30), missionary journeys preaching in Judea, Edessa, Gaza, Eleutheropolis, the Gospel, healing all sorts of sickness and disease, and converting many to the path of salvation. James finished his apostolic work In the Egyptian city of Ostrachina, where he was crucified by the pagans.

Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos, Alexandria native, eloquent in scriptures, to Ephesus, HS, Corinth Achaia, Crete, Smyrna bishop
Egypt, 35-61, Apostle Apollos, Alexandria native, eloquent in scriptures, to Ephesus, HS, Corinth Achaia, Crete, Smyrna bishop; Alexandria; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apollos (September 10) was a native of Alexandria and was a man of erudition. The chief place of his service was at Corinth. He toiled there for a long time and converted many to Christ. Towards the end of his life he preached on the island of Crete and was Bishop of Caesarea. Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30; the Acts of the Holy Apostles we read the following: “A certain Jew named Apollos, born in Alexandria, eloquent and well-versed in the Scriptures, came to Ephesus. He was instructed in the way of the Lord; and being fervent in the spirit, he spoke and taught diligently the things of the Lord, knowing only the baptism of John. He began to speak boldly in the synagogue. Hearing him, Aquila and Priscilla took him and more precisely explained to him the way of the Lord. And when he resolved to go to Achaia, the brethren wrote and asked the disciples to receive him. When he got there, he greatly helped those who believed by grace, for he powerfully confounded the Jews in public, showing by the Scriptures that Jesus is the Christ” (Acts 18:24-28). Holy Apostle Apollos assisted the Apostle Paul. Saint Paul speaks about the spread of Christianity among the Corinthians, “I have planted, Apollos watered, but God gave the growth” (1 Cor.3:6). Saint Apollos was later bishop at Smyrna (Asia Minor). Apollos is also commemorated on December 8 and the Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles on January 4. Holy Apostles of the Seventy: Sosthenes, Apollos, Cephas, Tychicus, Epaphroditus, Caesar, and Onesiphorus, Commemorated on December 8;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25;

Egypt, 40-61, Apostle Mark from Cyprus and Jerusalem, Gethsemane Garden
Cyprus, 40-61, Apostle Barnabus from Cyprus; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria, St Mark
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Egypt, 170 - 640, Patriarchs and Saints History Folder, Later Ancient Times

Egypt, 100, 2nd Century Folder, St Clement

Egypt, 170-215, CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, Athens native, intellectual, not saint, Cathetical School, philosopher, taught Origen
Greece, 170-215, CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, Athens native, intellectual, not a saint, Cathetical School head about 180, theologian and philosopher, taught Origen and Alex of Jerusalem, influenced by Helenistic philosophy more than others, Plato and the Stoics, Jewish esotericism, Gnosticism, taught Torah a preparation for the Gospel, for sound liberal education; Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 - c. 215 AD),[5] was a Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria. his pupils were Origen and Alexander of Jerusalem. A convert to Christianity, he was an educated man who was familiar with classical Greek philosophy and literature. his three major works demonstrate, Clement was influenced by Hellenistic philosophy to a greater extent than any other Christian thinker of his time, and in particular, by Plato and the Stoics.[6] secret works, which exist only in fragments, suggest that he was familiar with pre-Christian Jewish esotericism and Gnosticism as well. one of his works he argued that Greek philosophy had its origin among non-Greeks, claiming that both Plato and Pythagoras were taught by Egyptian scholars.[7] is usually regarded as a Church Father. He is venerated as a saint in Coptic Christianity, Eastern Catholicism, Ethiopian Christianity, and Anglicanism. was revered in Western Catholicism until 1586, when his name was removed from the Roman Martyrology by Pope Sixtus V on the advice of Baronius. The Eastern Orthodox Church officially stopped any veneration of Clement of Alexandria in the 10th century. Athens; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; a native of Athens, was converted to Christianity by Pantaenus, founder of the Catechetical School at Alexandria (then the intellectual capital of the Mediterranean world), succeeded his teacher as head of the School about 180. over 20 years he labored effectively as an apologist for the faith and catechist of the faithful. regarded the science and philosophy of the Greeks as being, like the Torah of the Hebrews, a preparation for the Gospel, and the curriculum of his School undertook to give his students both a knowledge of the Gospel of Christ and a sound liberal education. speculative theology, his scholarly defense of the faith and his willingness to meet non-Christian scholars on their own grounds, helped to establish the good reputation of Christianity in the world of learning and prepare the way for his pupil, Origen, the most eminent theologian of Greek Christianity. is not on the present Roman calendar (having been removed by Bellarmine at the time of Galileo, when the Roman See was undergoing a period of wariness about intellectual venturesomeness), but is on the Eastern calendar and many modern revisions of the Anglican calendar. His influence has been considerable. by James Kiefer

Egypt, 180-268, Alexandria, Perfect's d, virginity, Paul's epistles, monastery as monk Eugene, much more
Egypt, 180-268, Alexandria, Perfect's d, fine upbringing, beautiful, g disposition, virginity, Paul's epistles, b by Bishop Elias' vision, monastery as monk Eugene, healing gift, false accusation of a rape, trial before her f, secret revealed, father rejoices w family, they receive baptism, father dismissed, becomes Bishop, new perfect assassins to kill him, back to Rome w mother Claudia and family, monastic life, Claudia built hostel, aided poor, new emperor Galenus' persecution, refuge w C & E, imperial line Basilla requests c teaching, accepts b, B tells fiance who tells emperor, B killed, idol shattered, E dragged to dianna temple which collapses before, E survives stone around neck into river, also s fire, into pit for 10 days, Jesus appears, into kingdom on Christmas by sword, later E appears to her mother for time of death; Alexandria; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; Holy Martyr Eugenia, was a Roman by birth. lived at Alexandria, where her father Philip was sent by the emperor Commodus (180-192) to be Prefect of Egypt. received a fine upbringing and was noted for her beauty and good disposition. Many illustrious youths sought her hand, but she did not wish to marry anyone, for she was determined to preserve her virginity. she became acquainted with the Epistles of the Apostle Paul. She yearned with all her soul to become a Christian, but kept this a secret from her parents. At that time, Christians were banished from Alexandria by the command of the emperor. to learn more about Christian teachings, she asked permission to visit one of the family estates outside the city, supposedly to enjoy the countryside. She left in the company of her two servants Protus and Hyacinthus, dressed in men’s clothes. and her companions were baptized at a certain monastery by Bishop Elias (July 14), who learned about her in a vision. He blessed her to pursue asceticism at the monastery disguised as the monk Eugene. her ascetic labors, Saint Eugenia acquired the gift of healing. Once, a rich young woman named Melanthia turned to her for help. Seeing “Eugene,” this woman burned with an impure passion, and when she was spurned, she falsely accused the saint of attempted rape. Eugenia came to trial before the Prefect of Egypt (her father), and she was forced to reveal her secret. Her parents and brothers rejoiced to find the one for whom they had long grieved. a while they all accepted holy Baptism. But Philip, after being denounced by pagans, was dismissed from his post. The Alexandrian Christians chose him as their bishop. The new Prefect, fearing the wrath of the people, did not dare to execute Philip openly, but sent assassins to kill him. They inflicted wounds upon Saint Philip while he was praying, from which he died three days later. Claudia went to Rome with her sons, daughter, and her servants. There Saint Eugenia continued with monastic life, and brought many young women to Christ. Claudia built a wanderers’ hostel and aided the poor. After several peaceful years, the emperor Galienus (260-268) intensified the persecution against Christians, and many of them found refuge with Saints Claudia and Eugenia. an orphaned Roman girl of imperial lineage, heard about the Christians and Saint Eugenia. She sent a trusted servant to the saint asking her to write her a letter explaining Christian teachings. Saint Eugenia sent her friends and co-ascetics, Protus and Hyacinthus, who enlightened Basilla, and she accepted holy Baptism. ’s servant then told her fiancé Pompey that his betrothed had become a Christian. Pompey then complained to the emperor against the Christians for preaching celibacy and denouncing idolatry. Basilla refused to enter into marriage with Pompey, and so they killed her with a sword. dragged Saints Protus and Hyacinthus into a temple to make them sacrifice to the idols, but just as they entered, the idol fell down and was shattered. The holy Martyrs Protus and Hyacinthus were beheaded. They also brought Saint Eugenia to the temple of Diana by force, but she had not even entered it, when the pagan temple collapsed with its idol. threw the holy martyr into the Tiber with a stone about her neck, but the stone became untied and she remained unharmed. She also remained unscathed in the fire. Then they cast her into a pit, where she remained for ten days. this time the Savior Himself appeared to her and said that she would enter into the heavenly Kingdom on the day He was born. this radiant Feast came, the executioner put her to death with a sword. After her death, Saint Eugenia appeared to her mother to tell her beforehand the day of her own death.

Egypt, 200, 3rd Century Folder, Origen and first Hermit St Paul of Thebes

Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint
Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17;

Egypt, 210-264, Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, t great, m suffering, D&V p, civil war, famine, plague, preachng charity
Egypt, 210-264, Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, the great, Origen's pupil, Catechetical school head, much suffering, Decian&Valerian persecutions, civil war, famine, plague, tend C and pagans alike, bury dead, preaching love charity; Alexandria; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, was the son of wealthy pagan parents. converted to Christianity at a mature age, and became a pupil of Origen. he was appointed as the head of Alexandria’s Catechetical School, and then became Bishop of Alexandria in the year 247. Dionysius devoted much effort to defend the Church from heresy, and he encouraged his flock in the firm confession of Orthodoxy during the persecution under the emperors Decius (249-251) and Valerian (253-259). holy bishop endured much suffering in his lifetime. the Decian persecution broke out, Saint Dionysius was forced to flee Alexandria, but returned when the Emperor died. was later exiled to Libya during the reign of Valerian. he was able to resume his duties in Alexandria in 261, Saint Dionysius had to contend with civil war, famine, plague, and other difficulties. saint called upon his flock to tend sick Christians and pagans alike, and to bury the dead. the death of his spiritual children he wrote, “In such a manner the best of our brethren have departed this life. This generation of the dead, a deed of great piety and firm faith, is no less of a martyrdom.” Dionysius illumined his flock through his preaching, and with deeds of love and charity. illness prevented him from attending the Council of Antioch (264- 265), and he fell asleep in the Lord while it was in session. influence of Saint Dionysius extended beyond the limits of his diocese, his writings dealt with practical as well as theological subjects (“On Nature,” “On Temptations,” “On the Promises,” etc.). was also familiar with Greek philosophy. fragments of his writings survive today, of them preserved in Eusebius, who mentions him in his CHURCH HISTORY ( Book 7) and calls him “Dionysius the Great.” complete letters of Saint Dionysius are extant, one addressed to Novatian, and the other to Basilides.

Egypt, 210-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Cathetical School, writer
Egypt, 210-264, Saint Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria; Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, was the son of wealthy pagan parents. He converted to Christianity at a mature age, and became a pupil of Origen. Later, he was appointed as the head of Alexandria’s Catechetical School, and then became Bishop of Alexandria in the year 247. Dionysius devoted much effort to defend the Church from heresy, and he encouraged his flock in the firm confession of Orthodoxy during the persecution under the emperors Decius (249-251) and Valerian (253-259). holy bishop endured much suffering in his lifetime. When the Decian persecution broke out, Saint Dionysius was forced to flee Alexandria, but returned when the Emperor died. He was later exiled to Libya during the reign of Valerian. he was able to resume his duties in Alexandria in 261, Saint Dionysius had to contend with civil war, famine, plague, and other difficulties. The saint called upon his flock to tend sick Christians and pagans alike, and to bury the dead. Concerning the death of his spiritual children he wrote, “In such a manner the best of our brethren have departed this life. This generation of the dead, a deed of great piety and firm faith, is no less of a martyrdom.” Dionysius illumined his flock through his preaching, and with deeds of love and charity. An illness prevented him from attending the Council of Antioch (264- 265), and he fell asleep in the Lord while it was in session. influence of Saint Dionysius extended beyond the limits of his diocese, and his writings dealt with practical as well as theological subjects (“On Nature,” “On Temptations,” “On the Promises,” etc.). He was also familiar with Greek philosophy. Only fragments of his writings survive today, most of them preserved in Eusebius, who mentions him in his CHURCH HISTORY ( Book 7) and calls him “Dionysius the Great.” complete letters of Saint Dionysius are extant, one addressed to Novatian, and the other to Basilides. St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 220-250, Saint Euphrosynus the Cook, inner virtue, spiritual heights, heaven
Saint Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 11 Euphrosynus the Cook was from one of the Palestinian monasteries, and his obedience was to work in the kitchen as a cook. Toiling away for the brethren, Saint Euphrosynus did not absent himself from thought about God, but rather dwelt in prayer and fasting. He remembered always that obedience is the first duty of a monk, and therefore he was obedient to the elder brethren. patience of the saint was amazing: they often reproached him, but he made no complaint and endured every unpleasantness. Saint Euphrosynus pleased the Lord by his inner virtue which he concealed from people, and the Lord Himself revealed to the monastic brethren the spiritual heights of their unassuming fellow-monk. of the priests of the monastery prayed and asked the Lord to show him the blessings prepared for the righteous in the age to come. The priest saw in a dream what Paradise is like, and he contemplated its inexplicable beauty with fear and with joy. also saw there a monk of his monastery, the cook Euphrosynus. Amazed at this encounter, the presbyter asked Euphrosynus, how he came to be there. The saint answered that he was in Paradise through the great mercy of God. The priest again asked whether Euphrosynus would be able to give him something from the surrounding beauty. Saint Euphrosynus suggested to the priest to take whatever he wished, and so the priest pointed to three luscious apples growing in the garden of Paradise. The monk picked the three apples, wrapped them in a cloth, and gave them to his companion. he awoke in the early morning, the priest thought the vision a dream, but suddenly he noticed next to him the cloth with the fruit of Paradise wrapped in it, and emitting a wondrous fragrance. The priest, found Saint Euphrosynus in church and asked him under oath where he was the night before. The saint answered that he was where the priest also was. Then the monk said that the Lord, in fulfilling the prayer of the priest, had shown him Paradise and had bestown the fruit of Paradise through him, “ the lowly and unworthy servant of God, Euphrosynus.” priest related everything to the monastery brethren, pointing out the spiritual loftiness of Euphrosynus in pleasing God, and he pointed to the fragrant paradaisical fruit. Deeply affected by what they heard, the monks went to the kitchen, in order to pay respect to Saint Euphrosynus, but they did not find him there. Fleeing human glory, the monk had left the monastery. The place where he concealed himself remained unknown, but the monks always remembered that their monastic brother Saint Euphrosynus had come upon Paradise, and that they in being saved, through the mercy of God would meet him there. They reverently kept and distributed pieces of the apples from Paradise for blessing and for healing.

Egypt, 222-235, Serapion tNew, Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, devout, did what was beneficial, confessed Christ, burned alive
Egypt, 222-235, Serapion tNew, Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, devout, did what was beneficial, confessed Christ, burned alive, incorruptible Crown oMartyrdom; Alexandria; Saint Serapion the New, Commemorated on July 12; Serapion (Σεραπίων) lived in Alexandria the reign of Emperor Severus (222-235). was a devout man who did whatever was beneficial. was arrested by the archon Aquila, and when he was asked what religion he followed, confessed courageously that he believed in Christ and honored Him. archon was furious when he heard the Saint's reply, and he was thrown into a fire and was burnt alive, thereby receiving the incorruptible crown of martyrdom from the Lord.

Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus
Egypt, 225-270, Egyptian Neo Platonist Philosopher, Plotinus; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430);

Egypt, 235-622, Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Migdol, an Island in the Nile, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism
Egypt, 236-274, Parthian Manichaeus, Mani, Prophet of Gnostic Manichaeism; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9;

Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes, the first Christian hermit
Egypt, 244-341, Saint Paul of Thebes; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great;

Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple, his beautiful wife's affair
Egypt, 245-339, Saint Paul the Simple; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 249-251, Martyr Philosophus, bit off his tongue and spit it at her
Egypt, 249-251, Martyr Philosophus, bit off his tongue and spit it at her ; Martyr Philosophus suffered for Christ in Alexandria during the persecution by the emperor Decius (249-251). They urged the youth to deny Christ, but he remained steadfast. suffering various tortures, he was placed on a soft bed, bound hand and foot, and a harlot was put in the room with him to tempt him to sin. In order not to yield to sin, the saint bit off his tongue and spit it in the harlot’s face. She was so horrified that she fled from him. The executioners, seeing the martyr’s bravery and fearlessness, beheaded the saint with a sword.

Egypt, 250, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Mt Peleusium, came to city, destroyed idols and confessed
Egypt, 30-1st Century, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria; Alexandria; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Holy Martyr Epimachus of Alexandria was a native of Egypt. For a long time he lived in seclusion on Mount Peleusium. a persecution against Christians at Alexandria (about the year 250), Saint Epimachus in his fervent zeal came into the city, destroyed pagan idols, and fearlessly confessed Christ. this the saint was put to torture. Among the people watching the torture was a woman who was blind in one eye. A drop of blood from the martyr healed her infirmity. fierce tortures, the saint was beheaded by the sword. Epimachus is also commemorated on March 11.

Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, drop of his blood healed woman's eye
Egypt, 250, Epimachus of Pelusium, Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria; Pelusium; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Holy Martyr Epimachus of Alexandria was a native of Egypt. For a long time he lived in seclusion on Mount Peleusium. During a persecution against Christians at Alexandria (about the year 250), Saint Epimachus in his fervent zeal came into the city, destroyed pagan idols, and fearlessly confessed Christ. For this the saint was put to torture. Among the people watching the torture was a woman who was blind in one eye. A drop of blood from the martyr healed her infirmity. fierce tortures, the saint was beheaded by the sword. Epimachus is also commemorated on March 11. Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Egypt, 250, Cyriacus, Faustus, Abibas, & 11 others at Alexandria, confessed Christians under Valerius under Decius
Egypt, 250, Martyrs Cyriacus, Faustus the Presbyter, (Habib) Abibas the Deacon, and eleven others at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, confessed Christians under Valerius under Decius, beheaded, buried; Alexandria; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyrs Cyriacus, Faustus the Presbyter, (Habib) Abibas the Deacon, and eleven other martyrs suffered martyrdom for Christ at Alexandria under the emperor Decius (249-251). the persecution, they all steadfastly confessed themselves as Christians before the governor Valerius. were beheaded by the sword, about the year 250. Their bodies were buried by Christians in Alexandria.

Egypt, 250, 4th Century, Gerontius and Basilides, Beheaded by the Sword, location assigned to Egypt
Martyrs Gerontius and Basilides, Commemorated on April 1; Troparion & Kontakion The Martyrs Gerontius and Basilides suffered martyrdom for Christ in the third century. They were beheaded by the sword.

Egypt, 271-356, ANTHONY, the great, father of monasticism, protection of Cross, lived to 105, John Chrys says read his bio
Egypt, 271-356, ANTHONY, father of monasticism, first monastic rule, temptations, eternal punishment, granted a vision, angel, prayer and work, food at sunset, praying till dawn, sleep every 3rd day, monsterous phantoms, protection of the Cross, beaten devil hypocrit, vanquished w prayer, moved into graveyard, shut in tomb, friend deliver bread, devils pounced, as if dead, prepared for burial, regained consciousness, back to tombs, form of ferocious beasts, defeated by trusting, roof opening ray of light, where have you been Jesus? Why? Wanted to see you struggle, now I will always help and make you famous, to Thebaid alone, ignored silver and gold, abandoned fort w water other side of river, friend's bread twice a year, perfect calm after 20 yrs struggle, friends besought his guidance, soon surrounded by several monasteries, don't fear demonic assaults, repel them by Cross, Maximian persecution in 311, A goes to p in Alexandria to suffer, but preserved , back to Thebaid, gifts wonderworking, deliverance, healing, great crowds, deeper into desert but asked to visit monasteries, Manichaean Arian heresies in Alexandria misrepresented him, but he publically denounced them, he lived to 105, John Chrysostom says everyone should read his biography by Athanasius ; Alexandria; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Anthony the Great is known as the Father of monasticism, and the long ascetical sermon in The Life of Saint Anthony by Saint Athanasius (Sections 16-34), could be called the first monastic Rule. was born in Egypt in the village of Coma, near the desert of the Thebaid, in the year 251. His parents were pious Christians of illustrious lineage. Anthony was a serious child and was respectful and obedient to his parents. He loved to attend church services, and he listened to the Holy Scripture so attentively, that he remembered what he heard all his life. Saint Anthony was about twenty years old, he lost his parents, but he was responsible for the care of his younger sister. Going to church about six months later, the youth reflected on how the faithful,in the Acts of the Apostles (4:35), sold their possessions and gave the proceeds to the Apostles for the needy. he entered the church and heard the Gospel passage where Christ speaks to the rich young man: “If you would be perfect, go, sell what you possess and give it to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven; and come follow Me” (Mt.19:21). Anthony felt that these words applied to him. Therefore, he sold the property that he received after the death of his parents, then distributed the money to the poor, and left his sister in the care of pious virgins in a convent. his parental home, Saint Anthony began his ascetical life in a hut not far from his village. By working with his hands, he was able to earn his livelihood and also alms for the poor. Sometimes, the holy youth also visited other ascetics living in the area, and from each he sought direction and benefit. He turned to one particular ascetic for guidance in the spiritual life. this period of his life Saint Anthony endured terrible temptations from the devil. The Enemy of the race of man troubled the young ascetic with thoughts of his former life, doubts about his chosen path, concern for his sister, and he tempted Anthony with lewd thoughts and carnal feelings. But the saint extinguished that fire by meditating on Christ and by thinking of eternal punishment, thereby overcoming the devil. that the devil would undoubtedly attack him in another manner, Saint Anthony prayed and intensified his efforts. Anthony prayed that the Lord would show him the path of salvation. And he was granted a vision. The ascetic beheld a man, who by turns alternately finished a prayer, and then began to work. This was an angel, which the Lord had sent to instruct His chosen one. Anthony tried to accustom himself to a stricter way of life. He partook of food only after sunset, he spent all night praying until dawn. Soon he slept only every third day. But the devil would not cease his tricks, and trying to scare the monk, he appeared under the guise of monstrous phantoms. The saint however protected himself with the Life-Creating Cross. Finally the Enemy appeared to him in the guise of a frightful looking small dark figure, and hypocritically declaring himself beaten, he thought he could tempt the saint into vanity and pride. The saint, however, vanquished the Enemy with prayer. even greater solitude, Saint Anthony moved farther away from the village, into a graveyard. He asked a friend to bring him a little bread on designated days, then shut himself in a tomb. Then the devils pounced upon the saint intending to kill him, and inflicted terrible wounds upon him. By the providence of the Lord, Anthony’s friend arrived the next day to bring him his food. Seeing him lying on the ground as if dead, he took him back to the village. They thought the saint was dead and prepared for his burial. At midnight, Saint Anthony regained consciousness and told his friend to carry him back to the tombs. Anthony’s staunchness was greater than the wiles of the Enemy. Taking the form of ferocious beasts, the devils tried to force the saint to leave that place, but he defeated them by trusting in the Lord. Looking up, the saint saw the roof opening, as it were, and a ray of light coming down toward him. The demons disappeared and he cried out, “Where have You been, O Merciful Jesus? Why didn’t You appear from the very beginning to end my pain?” Lord replied, “I was here, Anthony, but wanted to see your struggle. Now, since you have not yielded, I shall always help you and make your name known throughout all the world.” After this vision Saint Anthony was healed of his wounds and felt stronger than before. He was then thirty-five years of age. gained spiritual experience in his struggle with the devil, Saint Anthony considered going into the Thebaid desert to serve the Lord. He asked the Elder (to whom he had turned for guidance at the beginning of his monastic journey) to go into the desert with him. The Elder, while blessing him in the then as yet unheard of exploit of being a hermit, decided not to accompany him because of his age. Anthony went into the desert alone. The devil tried to hinder him, by placing a large silver disc in his path, then gold, but the saint ignored it and passed by. He found an abandoned fort on the other side of the river and settled there, barricading the entrance with stones. His faithful friend brought him bread twice a year, and there was water inside the fort. Anthony spent twenty years in complete isolation and constant struggle with the demons, and he finally achieved perfect calm. saint’s friends removed the stones from the entrance , and they went to Saint Anthony and besought him to take them under his guidance. Soon Saint Anthony’s cell was surrounded by several monasteries, and the saint acted as a father and guide to their inhabitants, giving spiritual instruction to all who came into the desert seeking salvation. increased the zeal of those who were already monks, and inspired others with a love for the ascetical life. He told them to strive to please the Lord, and not to become faint-hearted in their labors. He also urged them not to fear demonic assaults, but to repel the Enemy by the power of the Life-Creating Cross of the Lord. the year 311 there was a fierce persecution against Christians, in the reign of the emperor Maximian. Wishing to suffer with the holy martyrs, Saint Anthony left the desert and went to Alexandria. He openly ministered to those in prison, he was present at the trial and interrogations of the confessors, and accompanying the martyrs to the place of execution. It pleased the Lord to preserve him, however, for the benefit of Christians. the close of the persecution, the saint returned to the desert and continued his exploits. The Lord granted the saint the gift of wonderworking, casting out demons and healing the sick by the power of his prayer. great crowds of people coming to him disrupted his solitude, and he went off still farther, into the inner desert where he settled atop a high elevation. But the brethren of the monasteries sought him out and asked him to visit their communities. time Saint Anthony left the desert and arrived in Alexandria to defend the Orthodox Faith against the Manichaean and Arian heresies. that the name of Saint Anthony was venerated by all the Church, the Arians said that he adhered to their heretical teaching. Saint Anthony publicly denounced Arianism in front of everyone and in the presence of the bishop. During his brief stay at Alexandria, he converted a great multitude of pagans to Christ. from all walks of life loved the saint and sought his advice. philosophers once came to Abba Anthony intending to mock him for his lack of education, but by his words he reduced them to silence. Constantine the Great (May 21) and his sons wrote to Saint Anthony and asked him for a reply. He praised the emperor for his belief in Christ, and advised him to remember the future judgment, and to know that Christ is the true King. Anthony spent eighty-five years in the solitary desert. Shortly before his death, he told the brethren that soon he would be taken from them. He instructed them to preserve the Orthodox Faith in its purity, to avoid any association with heretics, and not to be negligent in their monastic struggles. “Strive to be united first with the Lord, and then with the saints, so that after death they may receive you as familiar friends into the everlasting dwellings.” saint instructed two of his disciples, who had attended him in the final fifteen years of his life, to bury him in the desert and not in Alexandria. left one of his monastic mantles to Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (January 18), and the other to Saint Serapion of Thmuis (March 21). Anthony died peacefully in the year 356, at age 105, and he was buried in the desert by his disciples. Life of the famed ascetic Saint Anthony the Great was written by Saint Athanasius of Alexandria. This is the first biography of a saint who was not a martyr, and is considered to be one of the finest of Saint Athanasius’ writings. Saint John Chrysostom recommends that this Life be read by every Christian. “These things are insignificant compared with Anthony’s virtues,” writes Saint Athanasius, “but judge from them what the man of God Anthony was like. From his youth until his old age, he kept his zeal for asceticism, he did not give in to the desire for costly foods because of his age, nor did he alter his clothing because of the infirmity of his body. He did not even wash his feet with water. He remained very healthy, and he could see well because his eyes were sound and undimmed. Not one of his teeth fell out, but near the gums they had become worn due to his advanced age. He remained strong in his hands and feet.... He was spoken of everywhere, and was admired by everyone, and was sought even by those who had not seen him, which is evidence of his virtue and of a soul dear to God.” following works of Saint Anthony have come down to us: Twenty Sermons on the virtues, primarily monastic (probably spurious). Seven Letters to various Egyptian monasteries concerning moral perfection, and the monastic life as a spiritual struggle. A Rule for monastics (not regarded as an authentic work of Saint Anthony). the year 544 the relics of Saint Anthony the Great were transferred to Alexandria, and after the conquest of Egypt by the Saracens in the seventh century, they were transferred to Constantinople. The holy relics were transferred from Constantinople in the tenth-eleventh centuries to a diocese outside Vienna. In the fifteenth century they were brought to Arles (in France), to the church of Saint Julian. ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; the conversion of the Emperor Constantine in 312 AD, back in the days when Christianity was still a persecuted religion, the act of becoming a Christian involved turning one's back on the pursuit of security, of fashionable prestige and popularity, of success as the term is widely understood. the Emperor had changed Christianity from a persecuted religion into a fashionable one, many earnest Christians felt the need to make such a renunciation in the service of Christ, and did not see mere Church membership as any longer enough to constitute such a renunciation. Accordingly, many of them sought Christian commitment by fleeing from society into the desert, and becoming hermits, devoting themselves to solitude, fasting, and prayer. this trend was much accelerated and reinforced by the conversion of Constantine and attendant changes, it had already begun earlier. An outstanding early example is Antony of Egypt, often reckoned as the founder of Christian monasticism. of Egypt, the son of Christian parents, inherited a large estate. On his way to church one day, he found himself meditating on the text, "Sell all that you have, and give to the poor, and come follow me." he got to church, he heard the preacher speaking on that very text. He took this as a message for him, and, having provided for the care of his sister, he gave his land to the tenants who lived on it, and gave his other wealth to the poor, and became a hermit, living alone for twenty years, praying and reading, and doing manual labor. 305, he gave up his solitude to become the head of a group of monks, living in a cluster of huts or cells, devoting themselves to communal singing and worship, to prayer and study and manual labor under Antony's direction. They did not simply renounce the world, but were diligent in prayer for their fellow Christians, worked with their hands to earn money that they might distribute it as alms, and preached and gave personal counseling to those who sought them out. 321, Christians in Alexandria were being persecuted by the Emperor Maximinus (the rule of Constantine was not yet universal), and Antony visited Alexandria to encourage those facing the possibility of martyrdom. visited again in 335, when Arianism was strong in the city, and converted many, by his preaching and testimony, and by prayer and the working of miracles. His biography was written by Athanasius, who said of him: "Who ever met him grieving and failed to go away rejoicing?" by James Kiefer Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated on October 4; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2;

Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Scholar, Arius of Alexandria
Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Egyptian Patriarch, 328-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 276-311, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria, e anathama leniency, excomd Arius
Egypt, 276-336, Egyptian Saint, Pope Peter I of Alexandria; Egyptian Scholar, 276-336, Arius of Alexandria ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ;

Egypt, 286-287, Apollonius of Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, change clothes with me, but he confessed, arrow destroys eye, healed
Egypt, 286-287, Apollonius of Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, change clothes with me, but he confessed, arrow destroys eye, healed, accepted torture and death; Alexandria; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Holy Martyrs Philemon, Apollonius, Arianus and Theotychus suffered for the Faith in Egypt, the city of Antinoe, the emperor Diocletian (284-305). Arrian up until his conversion to Christ was a persecutor of Christians, among whom were the martyrs Apollonius and Philemon. Apollonius, at first fearing to face the sufferings, asked the pagan musician Philemon to change clothes with him and offer sacrifice to the idols for him. But unexpectedly Saint Philemon confessed himself a Christian in front of the pagans. Apollonius repented and also confessed Christ. After torture, both martyrs were executed. Saint Philemon’s body was hung upon an olive tree, arrows were shot at him. One struck prefect Arianus in the eye, destroying it. Arianus’ injured eye was healed by when he applied dirt taken from Philemon’s grave. He repented and was converted to the Christian Faith and baptized together with all his household and bodyguards. Out of love for Christ they voluntarily went to torture and were sentenced to death. Martyr Theotychus was the eldest of the guards, and is remembered with the other saints. The Martyrs Philemon and Apollonius died on March 16, 286, and the Martyrs Arrian and Theotychus on March 4, 287.

Egypt, 287, Martyr Asclas, Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15)
Egypt, 287, Martyr Asclas, Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15); Holy Martyr Asclas was a Christian, born in the city of Great Hermopolis (Middle Egypt). The saint suffered under Diocletian (284-305). Brought before the governor Arrian, Saint Asclas boldly confessed his faith and refused to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. The saint predicted to Arrian that there would come a time when he himself would be forced to call on Jesus Christ as the one true God. Arrian’s order, they began to torture the saint cruelly, they suspended him and raked him with iron instruments, so that pieces of his flesh fell to the ground. Saint Asclas quietly endured the torments. When one of those present said, “Look, he is already unconscious and near to death,â€ the holy martyr answered, “I have not lost consciousness, and unceasingly do I glorify my God and Savior.â€ governor Arrian gave orders to to resume the martyr’s tortures in the city of Antinoe, on the opposite bank of the Nile, where he himself soon intended to go. But the martyr prayed to God, beseeching Him to hold back Arrian’s boat until he confessed the Lord Jesus Christ before all the people. boat suddenly halted in the middle of the river, and not even oars could move it from the spot. Arrian ascribed the miracle to sorcery. In drawing up the sentence of the saint, the governor happened to say something about the one true God, and then the boat sailed on to shore. Going into the city, Arrian again gave orders to suspend Saint Asclas and scorch him with fire. the saint was sentenced to be drowned in the river. The martyr said to the Christians accompanying him, “Strive, brethren, to receive the rewards of the Lord God. My children, come to the north part of the city in three days and find my body. Bury it with the stone that will be tied to it.â€ martyrdom of Saint Asclas occurred around the year 287, not far from the city of Antinoe. On the third day, Christians found the body of the martyr and buried it with the stone. Antinoe or Antinopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20;

Egypt, 300, 4th Century Folder, Hermits of Egyptian Desert

Egypt, 301-311, Peter of Alexandria, Archbishop, A School, lenient to fallen c, but excommunicated Arius, unusual martyrdom
Egypt, 300-311, Peter of Alexandria, Archbishop, School of Alexandria, lenient to fallen c, but excommunicated Arius, unusual martyrdom, avoided the crowd, voice from heaven, vision of Jesus as a child, Arius warning from J, profound theologian; Peter I of Alexandria (Coptic: Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲁ̅, ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ ⲓⲉⲣⲟⲙⲁⲣⲧⲩⲣⲟⲥ ⲡⲓⲁⲣⲭⲏⲉⲣⲉⲩⲥ[1]) was the 17th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. He is revered as a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Catholic Church.[2] was born and raised in Alexandria. Coptic Orthodox Church believes that Peter was given by his parents to Theonas to be brought up as a priest, similarly to the story of Samuel in the Old Testament. rose through the ranks of holy orders, first becoming a reader, then a deacon, then a priest. Highly educated, Peter became head of the school of Alexandria.[3] early 300, while on his death bed, Theonas advised the church leaders to choose Peter as his successor, which they did. time as bishop included the Diocletianic Persecution, which began in 303, and continued intermittently over the next ten years. into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions, Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter, before returning to his city to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this period. He secretly visited those imprisoned, assisted widows and orphans, and conducted clandestine services.[3] of Peter's position during the persecution vary,[4] but one states that he was imprisoned for a time with bishop Meletius of Lycopolis and they fell into an argument over the treatment of Christians who had either offered pagan sacrifice or surrendered scriptures to the authorities to save their lives during the persecution. urged leniency while Meletius held firmly that the lapsed had abandoned their faith and needed to be rebaptised. Their argument became heated, and was ended when Peter hung a curtain between him and Meletius. of Meletius' followers was a priest named Arius (modern scholarship differs on whether this was the same Arius as became involved with the Arian controversy a few years later).[5][6] According to Severus of Ashmumeen, Arius tried in vain to receive absolution from the Patriarch before Peter was executed, and before dying Peter anathematized Arius as a heretic and excommunicated him.[3] execution of the patriarch Peter of Alexandria under the emperor Maximinus Daia, depicted in the Menologion of Basil II, an illuminated manuscript prepared for the emperor Basil II in c. 1000. tenth-century historian Severus of Ashmumeen gives us an account of how during the Diocletianic Persecution the Patriarch was seized and thrown in prison. When the emperor was informed about this, he ordered Peter to be beheaded. This was hindered by a large number of Christians who gathered at the prison willing to die for their Patriarch. The soldiers delayed the execution because they neither wanted to massacre the crowd nor create a riot. Patriarch, fearing for the life of his people, advised the soldiers with a plan to smuggle him out of jail by breaking a hole in a certain wall which he would point out. He could then be smuggled out and receive his sentence. of Ashmumeen describes the moment when the Patriarch was martyred: he took off his omophorion, and bared his neck, which was pure before the Lord, and said to them: «Do as you have been commanded». the soldiers feared that trouble would befall them because of him. So they looked one at another, and not one of them dared to cut off his head, because of the dread which had fallen upon them. they took counsel together and said: «To him that cuts off his head each one of us will give five denarii». Now they were six persons; and one of them had some money; so he took out five and twenty denarii from among the coins and said : «He that will go up to him, and cut off his head, shall receive this money from me and from the four others». So one of the men went forward, and summoned up his courage, and cut off the head of the holy martyr and patriarch Peter; that day being the 29th of Hatur.[6] is a month in the Coptic calendar, corresponding roughly to November. Saint Peter's martyrdom occurred in the year AD 311. day[edit] in Christianity, the day of a saint's death is the day on which his feast day is celebrated. 29 Hatur corresponds to 25 November in the Julian calendar (to 26 November if the following Julian year is a leap year). Thus 29 Hatur corresponds at present to the Gregorian Calendar 8 December or 9 December (see Old Style and New Style dates). Alexandria; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ; Holy Hieromartyr Peter, Archbishop of Alexandria, was born and raised at Alexandria. He was a highly educated man, and was head of the school of Alexandria. In the year 300 he became the archpastor of the Alexandrian Church, succeeding his teacher and spiritual guide, the holy Bishop Theonas. into exile from the city during the anti-Christian persecutions under the emperors Diocletian and Maximian, Saint Peter traveled through many lands, encouraging his flock by letter. Again returned to his city, in order to guide the Alexandrian Church personally during this dangerous period. The saint secretly visited Christians locked up in prison, encouraging them to be steadfast in faith, assisting the widows and orphans, preaching the Word of God, constantly praying and officiating at the divine services. And the Lord kept him safe from the hands of the persecutors. this time of unrest the iniquitous heretic Arius, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ, sowed the tares of his impious teaching. When Arius refused to be corrected and submit to the truth, Saint Peter anathematized the heretic and excommunicated him from the Church. Arius then sent two of Saint Peter’s priests to beg the saint to lift the excommunication from him, pretending that he had repented and given up his false teachings. This was not true, for Arius hoped to succeed Saint Peter as Archbishop of Alexandria. Saint Peter, under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, saw through the wickedness and deceit of Arius, and so he instructed his flock not to believe Arius nor to accept him into communion. the wise nurturing of Saint Peter the Church of Alexandria strengthened and grew in spite of the persecutions. But finally, on orders from the emperor Maximian (305-311), the saint was arrested and sentenced to death. A multitude of people gathered at the entrance of the prison, expressing their outrage. to avoid bloodshed and a riot by the people, the saint sent a message to the authorities, in which he suggested that they make an opening in the back wall of the prison, so that he might be taken away secretly to execution. the dark of the night Saint Peter went with the executioners, who took him beyond the city walls and beheaded him at the same spot where formerly Saint Mark had been executed. night a certain pious virgin heard a Voice from heaven saying, “Peter was first among the Apostles; Peter is the last of the Alexandrian Martyrs.” took place in the year 311. the morning, when people learned of the death of their bishop, a crowd gathered at the place of execution. They took up the body and head of the martyr and went to the church, dressing him in his bishop’s vestments, they sat him in his throne at the high place in the altar. During his life Saint Peter never sat on it, but sat on a footstool instead. saint once explained that whenever he approached his throne he beheld a heavenly light shining on it, and he sensed the presence of a divine power. Therefore, he didn’t dare to sit there. Lord Jesus Christ once appeared to Saint Peter as a twelve-year-old child wearing a robe that was torn from top to bottom. Saint Peter asked the Savior who had torn his garment, He replied, “That madman Arius has torn it by dividing the people whom I have redeemed by My blood. Do not receive him into Communion with the Church, for he has worked evil against Me and My flock.” Peter, a great champion of Orthodoxy, is known also as a profound theologian. Passages from his book, “On the Divinity (of Jesus Christ)”, were consulted at the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon. Of all his works, the most widely known and highly esteemed by the Church are his “Penitential Canons”.

Egypt, 301-305, Augusta, Porphyrius tGeneral, 50 philosophers &200 Soldiers martyred w Katherine
In Alexandria, Augusta, Porphyrius the General, the 50 philosophers and the 200 Soldiers martyred with the Great Martyr Katherine, 50 Philosophers and Rhetoricians dispute w her, converted, burned alive, Agusta wanted to see her, her face radiant wDivine Grace, Commander Prophyrius 200 soldeirs w her converted, K threatened wWheel but approached it herself, but angel smashed wheel, Maximian offered marriage, rejected, all beheaded; Empress Augusta, Porphyrius the General, the 50 philosophers and the 200 Soldiers martyred with the Great Martyr Katherine, Commemorated on November 24; we read in the life of Saint Katherine, the Emperor Maximian ordered 50 of the Empire's most learned philosophers and rhetoricians to dispute with Great Martyr. a result of her eloquent testimony, however, they embraced the Christian faith and were summarily burned alive by Maximian's order, after Saint Katherine made the Sign of the Cross over them. the Empress Augusta, who had heard much about Katherine, wanted to see her. prevailed upon the military commander Porphyrius to accompany her to the prison with a detachment of soldiers. Empress was deeply impressed by the tenacious faith displayed by Saint Katherine, whose face was radiant with divine grace. After she had explained the Christian teaching to them, they too embraced the Christian faith. next day, Katherine was again brought to the judgment court where, under the threat of being broken on the wheel, she was urged to renounce the Christian Faith and offer sacrifice to the gods. steadfastly confessed Christ and she herself approached the wheels, an angel smashed the instruments of execution, which shattered into pieces. beheld this wonder, the Empress Augusta, Porphyrius and the detachment of 200 soldiers publicly confessed their faith in Christ. Maximian again tried to entice Katherine to renounce her faith, proposing marriage to her, but again she refused his offer and firmly confessed her fidelity to the heavenly Bridegroom Christ. offering a prayer to Him, she herself laid her head on the block beneath the executioner’s sword and was beheaded, as was the Empress Augusta, Porphyrius and the 200 soldiers.

Egypt, 301-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic, accounts lives hermits like Onuprius, Macarius' disciple
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Paphnutius the Ascetic, also known as Paphnutius the Hermit, was an Egyptian anchorite of the fourth century. He is most famous for his accounts of the lives of many hermits of the Egyptian desert, such as Saint Onuphrius. Paphnutius was the disciple of Saint Macarius the Great who was an anchorite in the Egyptian desert.[1] feast is celebrated on 15 February and 25 September in the Orthodox Church in America.[2] In Coptic Christianity, his feast is observed on 15 Meshir.[3] was visited by Cassian in 395, when he was ninety.[4] is also the subject of the play Paphnutius by Hrosvit (ca. 935-ca. 1001), a Benedictine nun from Saxony, in which he converts the courtesan Thais to Christianity. This play in turn has become the subject of study, most notably by Sandro Sticca. Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; Holy Martyr Paphnutius hailed from Egypt and struggled in the desert. During the persecution against Christians under Diocletian (284-305), the governor Hadrian commanded that Saint Paphnutius be brought to him. The ascetic, not waiting for those sent to bring him, appeared before the governor, confessed his faith in Christ, and was subjected to torture. soldiers involved in his torture, Dionysius and Callimachus, seeing how the power of God preserved the martyr, believed in Christ the Savior themselves, for which they were then beheaded. Cast into prison after the tortures, Saint Paphnutius converted forty prisoners to the Faith. They were all burned alive. a while Saint Paphnutius was set free, and a Christian named Nestorius gladly took him in. He and all his family, after spiritual guidance, became steadfast in the Faith, and ultimately endured martyrdom. The saint strengthened many other Christians to confess our Lord Jesus Christ, and they all died as martyrs. Some were cut with swords, others were burned. There were 546 men in all. Paphnutius himself was thrown by the torturers into a river with a stone about his neck, but he miraculously floated to shore with the stone. Finally, they sent the holy martyr to the emperor Diocletian himself, who commanded him to be crucified on a date tree. Paphnutius is also commemorated on September 25. Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Paphnutius, who led an ascetical life in the Thebaid desert in Egypt, has left us an account of Saint Onuphrius the Great and the Lives of other fourth century hermits: Timothy the Desert Dweller, the abbas Andrew, Charalampus, Theophilus, and others. occurred to Saint Paphnutius to go to the inner desert in order to see if there were a monk who labored for the Lord more than he did. took a little bread and water and went into the most remote part of the desert. After four days he reached a cave and found in it the body of an Elder who had been dead for several years. Having buried the hermit, Saint Paphnutius went on farther. After several more days he found another cave, and from the marks in the sand he realized that the cave was inhabited. At sundown he saw a herd of buffalo and walking among them a man. This man was naked, but was covered with long hair as if with clothing. This was Abba Timothy the Desert-Dweller. a fellow man, Abba Timothy thought that he was seeing an apparition, and he began to pray. Saint Paphnutius finally convinced the hermit that he was actually a living man and a fellow Christian. Abba Timothy prepared food and water for him. He related that he had been living in the desert for thirty years, and that Saint Paphnutius was the first man he had seen. In his youth, Timothy had lived in a cenobitic monastery, but he wanted to live alone. Abba Timothy left his monastery and went to live near a city, sustaining himself by the work of his own hands (he was a weaver). Once a woman came to him with an order and he fell into sin with her. Having come to his senses, the fallen monk went far into the desert, where he patiently endured tribulation and sickness. When he was at the point of dying from hunger, he received healing in a miraculous manner. that time Abba Timothy had lived peacefully in complete solitude, eating dates from the trees, and quenching his thirst with water from a spring. Saint Paphnutius besought the Elder that he might remain with him in the wilderness. But he was told that he would be unable to bear the demonic temptations which beset desert-dwellers. Instead, the Elder supplied him with dates and water, and blessed him to go on his way. rested at a desert monastery, Saint Paphnutius undertook a second journey into the innermost desert, hoping to find another holy ascetic who would profit his soul. He went on for seventeen days, until his supply of bread and water was exhausted. Saint Paphnutius collapsed twice from weakness, and an angel strengthened him. the seventeenth day Saint Paphnutius reached a hilly place and sat down to rest. Here he caught sight of a man approaching him, who was covered from head to foot with white hair and girded his loins with leaves of desert plants. The sight of the Elder frightened Abba Paphnutius, and he jumped up and fled up the hill. The Elder sat down at the foot of the hill. Lifting his head, he saw Saint Paphnutius, and called him to come down. This was the great desert-dweller, Abba Onuphrius. At the request of Saint Paphnutius, he told him about himself. Onuphrius had lived in complete isolation in the wilds of the wilderness for sixty years. In his youth he had been raised at the Eratus monastery near the city of Hermopolis. Having learned from the holy Fathers about the hardships and lofty life of the desert-dwellers, to whom the Lord sent help through His angels, Saint Onuphrius longed to imitate their exploits. He secretly left the monastery one night and saw a brilliant ray of light before him. Saint Onuphrius became frightened and decided to go back, but the voice of his Guardian Angel told him to go into the desert to serve the Lord. walking six or seven miles, he saw a cave. At that moment the ray of light vanished. In the cave was an old man. Saint Onuphrius stayed with him to learn of his manner of life and his struggle with demonic temptations. When the Elder was convinced that Saint Onuphrius had been enlightened somewhat, he then led him to another cave and left him there alone to struggle for the Lord. The Elder visited him once a year, until he fell asleep in the Lord. the request of Saint Paphnutius, Abba Onuphrius told him of his labors and ascetic feats, and of how the Lord had cared for him. Near the cave where he lived was a date-palm tree and a spring of pure water issued forth. Twelve different branches of the palm tree bore fruit each month in succession, and so the monk endured neither hunger nor thirst. The shade of the palm tree sheltered him from the noonday heat. An angel brought Holy Communion to the saint each Saturday and Sunday, and to the other desert-dwellers as well. monks conversed until evening, when Abba Paphnutius noticed a loaf of white bread lying between them, and also a vessel of water. After eating, the Elders spent the night in prayer. After the singing of the morning hymns, Saint Paphnutius saw that the face of the venerable Onuphrius had become transformed, and that frightened him. Saint Onuphrius said, “God, Who is Merciful to all, has sent you to me so that you might bury my body. Today I shall finish my earthly course and depart to my Christ, to live forever in eternal rest.” Saint Onuphrius then asked Abba Paphnutius to remember him to all the brethren, and to all Christians. Paphnutius wanted to remain there after the death of Abba Onuphrius. However, the holy ascetic told him that it was not God’s will for him to stay there; he was to return to his own monastery instead and tell everyone about the virtuous lives of the desert-dwellers. Having then blessed Abba Paphnutius and bid him farewell, Saint Onuphrius prayed with tears and sighs, and then he lay down upon the earth, uttering his final words, “Into Thy hands, my God, I commend my spirit,” and died. Paphnutius wept and tore off a portion of his garment, and with it covered the body of the great ascetic. He placed it in the crevice of a large rock, which was hollow like a grave, and covered it over with a multitude of small stones. Then he began to pray that the Lord would permit him to remain in that place until the end of his life. Suddenly, the cave fell in, the palm tree withered, and the spring of water dried up. Realising that he had not been given a blessing to remain, Saint Paphnutius set out on his return journey. four days Abba Paphnutius reached a cave, where he met an ascetic who had lived in the desert for more than 60 years. Except for the two other Elders, with whom he labored, this monk had seen no one in all that time. Each week these three had gone on their solitary paths into the wilderness, and on Saturday and Sunday they gathered for psalmody, and ate the bread which an angel brought them. Since it was Saturday, they had gathered together. After eating the bread provided by the angel, they spent the whole night at prayer. As he was leaving, Saint Paphnutius asked the names of the Elders, but they said, “God, Who knows everything, also knows our names. Remember us, that we may see one another in God’s heavenly habitations.” on his way, Saint Paphnutius came upon an oasis which impressed him with its beauty and abundance of fruit-bearing trees. Four youths inhabiting this place came to him from out of the wilderness. The youths told Abba Paphnutius that in their childhood they had lived in the city of Oxyrhynchus (Upper Thebaid) and they had studied together. They had burned with the desire to devote their lives to God. Making their plans to go off into the desert, the young men left the city and after several days’ journey, they reached this place. man radiant with heavenly glory met them and led them to a desert Elder. “We have lived here six years already,” said the youths. “Our Elder dwelt here one year and then he died. Now we live here alone, we eat the fruit of the trees, and we have water from a spring.” The youths gave him their names, they were Saints John, Andrew, Heraklemon and Theophilus (Dec. 2). youths struggled separately the whole week long, but on Saturday and Sunday they gathered at the oasis and offered up common prayer. On these days an angel would appear and commune them with the Holy Mysteries. This time however, for Abba Paphnutius’ sake, they did not go off into the desert, but spent the whole week together at prayer. On the following Saturday and Sunday Saint Paphnutius together with the youths was granted to receive the Holy Mysteries from the hands of the angel and to hear these words, “Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God.” Paphnutius made bold to ask the angel for permission to remain in the desert to the end of his days. The angel replied that God had decreed another path for him. He was to return to Egypt and tell the Christians of the life of the desert-dwellers. bid farewell to the youths, Saint Paphnutius reached the edge of the wilderness after a three day journey. Here he found a small skete, and the brethren received him with love. Abba Paphnutius related everything that he had learned about the holy Fathers whom he had encountered in the desert. The brethren wrote a detailed account of what Saint Paphnutius said, and deposited it in the church, where all who wished to do so could read it. Saint Paphnutius gave thanks to God, Who had granted him to learn about the exalted lives of the hermits of the Thebaid, and he returned to his own monastery.

Egypt, 301-394, Pharmutius, John the Hermit's mentor
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, Pharmutius; Pharmutius, according to the Prologue from Ohrid, was the spiritual mentor of Venerable John the Hermit of Armenia circa the fourth century. Pharmutius' holiness was such that angels brought him his daily bread, which in Christian love he shared with his hermit brother John who lived in strict seclusion. Pharmutius is remembered along with John the Hermit by the Eastern Orthodox Church on 29 March. Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29; John the Anchorite: During a persecution against Christians, the devout widow Juliania of Armenia hid from pursuers together with her two young children John and Themistea. She taught her children to pray and to read the Holy Scriptures. time to time John secretly visited a nearby monastery, thereby placing himself in danger. Once, a pious old man advised him to find a more secluded place for prayer. Returning home, the saint told his mother that he was going to visit the Elder. Thinking that her son would soon return, she let him go. went to the desert-dweller Pharmutios and received his blessing to live alone in the wilderness. The young ascetic found an abandoned well, which was filled with snakes, scorpions and other vile creatures. He lowered himself into the well and lived there for ten years in fasting, vigil, and prayer. angel who brought food to the hermit Pharmutios also brought bread for Saint John. The angel did not bring the bread directly to John, however, lest the young ascetic become filled with pride. Food was sent to him through his spiritual Father, Pharmutios. John had many temptations from the devil to test him. Demons assumed the appearance of his mother, his sister, his relatives and acquaintances in order to sadden the ascetic and compel him to give up his ascetic struggles. With tears they approached the well one after the other, begging Saint John to leave with them. All this time the saint did not cease to pray. Finally he said, “Be gone from me,” and the demons vanished. John lived in the well until the time of his blessed repose. Through God’s providence Saint Chrysikhios, who had struggled in the desert for thirty years, came to bury him. On the eve of his repose, Saint John told Chrysikhios of his life and struggles for salvation. After his death, numerous miracles occurred at the place of his ascetic deeds.

Egypt, 301-394, John the Anchorite, the Hermit, Juliana's son, abandoned well w snakes for 10 years, angel b food t Parmutios
Egypt, 330?-394, Egyptian Saint, John the Anchorite, John the Hermit; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29; John the Anchorite: During a persecution against Christians, the devout widow Juliania of Armenia hid from pursuers together with her two young children John and Themistea. She taught her children to pray and to read the Holy Scriptures. time to time John secretly visited a nearby monastery, thereby placing himself in danger. Once, a pious old man advised him to find a more secluded place for prayer. Returning home, the saint told his mother that he was going to visit the Elder. Thinking that her son would soon return, she let him go. went to the desert-dweller Pharmutios and received his blessing to live alone in the wilderness. The young ascetic found an abandoned well, which was filled with snakes, scorpions and other vile creatures. He lowered himself into the well and lived there for ten years in fasting, vigil, and prayer. angel who brought food to the hermit Pharmutios also brought bread for Saint John. The angel did not bring the bread directly to John, however, lest the young ascetic become filled with pride. Food was sent to him through his spiritual Father, Pharmutios. John had many temptations from the devil to test him. Demons assumed the appearance of his mother, his sister, his relatives and acquaintances in order to sadden the ascetic and compel him to give up his ascetic struggles. With tears they approached the well one after the other, begging Saint John to leave with them. All this time the saint did not cease to pray. Finally he said, “Be gone from me,” and the demons vanished. John lived in the well until the time of his blessed repose. Through God’s providence Saint Chrysikhios, who had struggled in the desert for thirty years, came to bury him. On the eve of his repose, Saint John told Chrysikhios of his life and struggles for salvation. After his death, numerous miracles occurred at the place of his ascetic deeds.

Egypt, 301-325, Hermits, of Egypt, fOxyrhynchos, tGet us tStory Paphnutius sent by Angels to Thebaid Hermits, Great Story
Egypt, 301-325, John, Andrew, Heraclemon, and Theophilus, Hermits, of Egypt, fOxyrhynchos, tGet us tStory Paphnutius sent by Angels to Thebaid to Timothy, Andrew, Charalampus, Theophilus, &Others, then to Onuphrius tGreat, then to these four, beautiful oasis w spring&fruit bearing trees, several days fOxyrhynchus, radiant man wHeavenly glory (Angel) led them to desert Elder, struggled separately till common prayer Saturday Sunday, Angel appeared then wHoly Mysteries, Angel's words Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God, P wanted to stay but Angel led another path to tell about tHermits.; Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid); St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; John, Heraclemon, Andrew, and Theophilus lived in Egypt in the fourth century, and are mentioned in the life of Saint Onuphrius. he had buried Saint Onuphrius, Saint Paphnutius came upon an oasis which impressed him with its beauty and abundance of fruit-bearing trees. youths inhabiting this place came to him from out of the wilderness. youths told Abba Paphnutius that in their childhood they had lived in the city of Oxyrhynchus (Upper Thebaid) and they had studied together. had burned with the desire to devote their lives to God. their plans to go off into the desert, the young men left the city and after several days’ journey, they reached this place. man radiant with heavenly glory had met them and led them to a desert Elder. “We have lived here six years already,” said the youths. “Our Elder dwelt here one year and then he died. we live here alone, we eat the fruit of the trees, and we have water from a spring.” youths gave him their names, they were Saints John, Andrew, Heraclemon and Theophilus (Dec. 2). youths struggled separately the whole week long, but on Saturday and Sunday they gathered at the oasis and offered up common prayer. On these days an angel would appear and commune them with the Holy Mysteries. time however, for Abba Paphnutius’ sake, they did not go off into the desert, but spent the whole week together at prayer. the following Saturday and Sunday Saint Paphnutius together with the youths was granted to receive the Holy Mysteries from the hands of the angel to hear these words, “Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God.” Paphnutius made bold to ask the angel for permission to remain in the desert to the end of his days. angel replied that God had decreed another path for him. He was to return to Egypt and tell the Christians of the life of the desert-dwellers. bid farewell to the youths, Saint Paphnutius reached the edge of the wilderness after a three day journey. he found a small skete, and the brethren received him with love. Paphnutius related everything that he had learned about the holy Fathers whom he had encountered in the desert. The brethren wrote a detailed account of what Saint Paphnutius said, and deposited it in the church, where all who wished to do so could read it. Paphnutius gave thanks to God, Who had granted him to learn about the exalted lives of the hermits of the Thebaid, and he returned to his own monastery. John, Heraclemon, Andrew, and Theophilus are also commemorated on June 12 with Saint Onuphrius. Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Paphnutius, who led an ascetical life in the Thebaid desert in Egypt, has left us an account of Saint Onuphrius the Great and the Lives of other fourth century hermits: Timothy the Desert Dweller, the abbas Andrew, Charalampus, Theophilus, and others. occurred to Saint Paphnutius to go to the inner desert in order to see if there were a monk who labored for the Lord more than he did. took a little bread and water and went into the most remote part of the desert. four days he reached a cave and found in it the body of an Elder who had been dead for several years. Having buried the hermit, Saint Paphnutius went on farther. several more days he found another cave, and from the marks in the sand he realized that the cave was inhabited. sundown he saw a herd of buffalo and walking among them a man. This man was naked, but was covered with long hair as if with clothing. was Abba Timothy the Desert-Dweller. a fellow man, Abba Timothy thought that he was seeing an apparition, and he began to pray. Paphnutius finally convinced the hermit that he was actually a living man and a fellow Christian. Timothy prepared food and water for him. related that he had been living in the desert for thirty years, and that Saint Paphnutius was the first man he had seen. his youth, Timothy had lived in a cenobitic monastery, but he wanted to live alone. Timothy left his monastery and went to live near a city, sustaining himself by the work of his own hands (he was a weaver). a woman came to him with an order and he fell into sin with her. come to his senses, the fallen monk went far into the desert, where he patiently endured tribulation and sickness. he was at the point of dying from hunger, he received healing in a miraculous manner. that time Abba Timothy had lived peacefully in complete solitude, eating dates from the trees, and quenching his thirst with water from a spring. Paphnutius besought the Elder that he might remain with him in the wilderness. he was told that he would be unable to bear the demonic temptations which beset desert-dwellers. the Elder supplied him with dates and water, and blessed him to go on his way. rested at a desert monastery, Saint Paphnutius undertook a second journey into the innermost desert, hoping to find another holy ascetic who would profit his soul. went on for seventeen days, until his supply of bread and water was exhausted. Paphnutius collapsed twice from weakness, and an angel strengthened him. the seventeenth day Saint Paphnutius reached a hilly place and sat down to rest. Here he caught sight of a man approaching him, who was covered from head to foot with white hair and girded his loins with leaves of desert plants. sight of the Elder frightened Abba Paphnutius, and he jumped up and fled up the hill. Elder sat down at the foot of the hill. Lifting his head, he saw Saint Paphnutius, and called him to come down. was the great desert-dweller, Abba Onuphrius. At the request of Saint Paphnutius, he told him about himself. Onuphrius had lived in complete isolation in the wilds of the wilderness for sixty years. his youth he had been raised at the Eratus monastery near the city of Hermopolis. learned from the holy Fathers about the hardships and lofty life of the desert-dwellers, to whom the Lord sent help through His angels, Saint Onuphrius longed to imitate their exploits. secretly left the monastery one night and saw a brilliant ray of light before him. Saint Onuphrius became frightened and decided to go back, but the voice of his Guardian Angel told him to go into the desert to serve the Lord. walking six or seven miles, he saw a cave. At that moment the ray of light vanished. the cave was an old man. Saint Onuphrius stayed with him to learn of his manner of life and his struggle with demonic temptations. the Elder was convinced that Saint Onuphrius had been enlightened somewhat, he then led him to another cave and left him there alone to struggle for the Lord. Elder visited him once a year, until he fell asleep in the Lord. the request of Saint Paphnutius, Abba Onuphrius told him of his labors and ascetic feats, and of how the Lord had cared for him. the cave where he lived was a date-palm tree and a spring of pure water issued forth. different branches of the palm tree bore fruit each month in succession, and so the monk endured neither hunger nor thirst. shade of the palm tree sheltered him from the noonday heat. angel brought Holy Communion to the saint each Saturday and Sunday, and to the other desert-dwellers as well. monks conversed until evening, when Abba Paphnutius noticed a loaf of white bread lying between them, and also a vessel of water. eating, the Elders spent the night in prayer. the singing of the morning hymns, Saint Paphnutius saw that the face of the venerable Onuphrius had become transformed, and that frightened him. Onuphrius said, “God, Who is Merciful to all, has sent you to me so that you might bury my body. Today I shall finish my earthly course and depart to my Christ, to live forever in eternal rest.” Onuphrius then asked Abba Paphnutius to remember him to all the brethren, and to all Christians. Paphnutius wanted to remain there after the death of Abba Onuphrius. However, the holy ascetic told him that it was not God’s will for him to stay there; he was to return to his own monastery instead and tell everyone about the virtuous lives of the desert-dwellers. Having then blessed Abba Paphnutius and bid him farewell, Saint Onuphrius prayed with tears and sighs, and then he lay down upon the earth, uttering his final words, “Into Thy hands, my God, I commend my spirit,” and died. Paphnutius wept and tore off a portion of his garment, and with it covered the body of the great ascetic. He placed it in the crevice of a large rock, which was hollow like a grave, and covered it over with a multitude of small stones. he began to pray that the Lord would permit him to remain in that place until the end of his life. the cave fell in, the palm tree withered, and the spring of water dried up. Realising that he had not been given a blessing to remain, Saint Paphnutius set out on his return journey. four days Abba Paphnutius reached a cave, where he met an ascetic who had lived in the desert for more than 60 years. for the two other Elders, with whom he labored, this monk had seen no one in all that time. week these three had gone on their solitary paths into the wilderness, and on Saturday and Sunday they gathered for psalmody, and ate the bread which an angel brought them. it was Saturday, they had gathered together. eating the bread provided by the angel, they spent the whole night at prayer. he was leaving, Saint Paphnutius asked the names of the Elders, they said, “God, Who knows everything, also knows our names. Remember us, that we may see one another in God’s heavenly habitations.” on his way, Saint Paphnutius came upon an oasis which impressed him with its beauty and abundance of fruit-bearing trees. youths inhabiting this place came to him from out of the wilderness. youths told Abba Paphnutius that in their childhood they had lived in the city of Oxyrhynchus (Upper Thebaid) and they had studied together. had burned with the desire to devote their lives to God. Making their plans to go off into the desert, the young men left the city and after several days’ journey, they reached this place. man radiant with heavenly glory met them and led them to a desert Elder. “We have lived here six years already,” said the youths. “Our Elder dwelt here one year and then he died. Now we live here alone, we eat the fruit of the trees, and we have water from a spring.” The youths gave him their names, they were Saints John, Andrew, Heraklemon and Theophilus (Dec. 2). youths struggled separately the whole week long, but on Saturday and Sunday they gathered at the oasis and offered up common prayer. these days an angel would appear and commune them with the Holy Mysteries. time however, for Abba Paphnutius’ sake, they did not go off into the desert, but spent the whole week together at prayer. the following Saturday and Sunday Saint Paphnutius together with the youths was granted to receive the Holy Mysteries from the hands of the angel to hear these words, “Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God.” Paphnutius made bold to ask the angel for permission to remain in the desert to the end of his days. angel replied that God had decreed another path for him. He was to return to Egypt and tell the Christians of the life of the desert-dwellers. bid farewell to the youths, Saint Paphnutius reached the edge of the wilderness after a three day journey. Here he found a small skete, and the brethren received him with love. Paphnutius related everything that he had learned about the holy Fathers whom he had encountered in the desert. brethren wrote a detailed account of what Saint Paphnutius said, and deposited it in the church, where all who wished to do so could read it. Paphnutius gave thanks to God, Who had granted him to learn about the exalted lives of the hermits of the Thebaid, and he returned to his own monastery. Venerable John, Andrew, Heraclemon, and Theophilus, Hermits, of Egypt, Commemorated on June 12; story as Dec 2 St John of Egypt. See it above Andrew, John, Heraclemon, and Theophilus lived in Egypt in the fourth century, and is mentioned in the Life of Saint Onuphrius. After he had buried Saint Onuphrius, Saint Paphnutius came upon an oasis which impressed him with its beauty and abundance of fruit-bearing trees. Four youths inhabiting this place came to him from out of the wilderness. The youths told Abba Paphnutius that in their childhood they had lived in the city of Oxyrhynchus (Upper Thebaid) and they had studied together. They had burned with the desire to devote their lives to God. Making their plans to go off into the desert, the young men left the city and after several days’ journey, they reached this place. A man radiant with heavenly glory met them and led them to a desert Elder. “We have lived here six years already,” said the youths. “Our Elder dwelt here one year and then he died. Now we live here alone, we eat the fruit of the trees, and we have water from a spring.” The youths gave him their names, they were Saints John, Andrew, Heraclemon and Theophilus (Dec. 2). The youths struggled separately the whole week long, but on Saturday and Sunday they gathered at the oasis and offered up common prayer. On these days an angel would appear and commune them with the Holy Mysteries. This time however, for Abba Paphnutius’ sake, they did not go off into the desert, but spent the whole week together at prayer. On the following Saturday and Sunday Saint Paphnutius together with the youths was granted to receive the Holy Mysteries from the hands of the angel and to hear these words, “Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God.” Saint Paphnutius made bold to ask the angel for permission to remain in the desert to the end of his days. The angel replied that God had decreed another path for him. He was to return to Egypt and tell the Christians of the life of the desert-dwellers. Having bid farewell to the youths, Saint Paphnutius reached the edge of the wilderness after a three day journey. Here he found a small skete, and the brethren received him with love. Abba Paphnutius related everything that he had learned about the holy Fathers whom he had encountered in the desert. The brethren wrote a detailed account of what Saint Paphnutius said, and deposited it in the church, where all who wished to do so could read it. Saint Paphnutius gave thanks to God, Who had granted him to learn about the exalted lives of the hermits of the Thebaid, and he returned to his own monastery. Saint John is also commemorated on December 2

Egypt, 301-370, Serapion, Bishop oThmuis, Egypt, example f All Monks, salvation stories, Anthony Letter, Athanasius, Lit Texts
Egypt, 301-370, Serapion, Bishop of Thmuis, Egypt (Goshen or Lower Egypt), Sindonite for rough linen clothing (sindona), lived like birds of air, no shelter, no money, gave sindon, half naked, tSketis, saved bandit story, Manichean heretic Lakedaimon story, Greek philosopher's gold coin story, sold himself to slavery story, not pay for ship to Rome story, house to house in Rome story, Later Bishop of T, Letter on Death of St Anthony, supporter friend oAthanasius, w Liturgical Texts, deep old age, example all monks; Thmuis; Saint Serapion, Bishop of Thmuis in Lower Egypt, Commemorated on March 21; Serapion lived in Egypt during the fourth century. is known as “the Sindonite” because wore only rough linen clothing (sindona). the time of his youth he lived like the birds of the air (Matthew 6:26). He had no shelter, and for several days at a timehou he would eat no food, because he did not have money to buy bread. he saw a beggar shivering from the cold, he gave him his sindon, and was left half-naked. He proved to be a prime example of philanthropy and mercy, distributing his own wealth, and whatever his faithful visitors gave him for himself, to the poor. he became a monk and lived in the desert of Sketis. was dedicated to spreading the Word of God in many different ways. he fell into the hands of a bandit, and by his powers of persuasion he managed to turn the tables on him, and made this robber a servant of God. also managed to convert the Manichean heretic Lakedaimon to Orthodoxy. certain Greek philosopher, who wanted to test the monk’s honesty, gave him a gold coin and began to watch him. Saint went to a bread merchant, took one loaf and gave the gold coin to the merchant, walking away with no idea of the coin’s value. Serapion led many people to the path of salvation in special ways. he sold himself into slavery to a Greek actor who wanted to convert to Christ. The actor was astonished by the righteous one’s holy life, and so he believed and was baptized with his family. He implored Saint Serapion to remain with him, not as a slave, but as a mentor and friend. The monk left, however, without taking the money that was offered to him. for Rome, Saint Serapion boarded a ship, but did not pay the sailors anything for his passage. At first, they began to reproach him for this, but when they saw that the Elder did not eat anything for five days, they began to feed him for the sake of God, and thereby fulfilled the commandment of the Lord. Rome, the monk continued to travel, going from house to house, having nothing, gathering only spiritual riches for himself and for his neighbor. he was made Bishop of Thmuis in Lower Egypt. had been a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great (January 17), and later he wrote A Letter on the Death of Saint Anthony. was also a friend and supporter of Saint Athanasios of Alexandria (January 18 & May 2). the end of the nineteenth century a collection of liturgical texts, ascribed to Saint Serapion, was discovered. the end he returned to his beloved desert, where he reposed peacefully in deep old age in the year 370, an example for all the monks.

Egypt, 301-395, Onuphrius, longed to imitate, led by angel to old man, enlightened, struggle & care
Egyptian Saint, 300-395, Onuphrius; Egyptian Patriarch, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Paphnutius, who led an ascetical life in the Thebaid desert in Egypt, has left us an account of Saint Onuphrius the Great and the Lives of other fourth century hermits: Timothy the Desert Dweller, the abbas Andrew, Charalampus, Theophilus, and others. occurred to Saint Paphnutius to go to the inner desert in order to see if there were a monk who labored for the Lord more than he did. took a little bread and water and went into the most remote part of the desert. After four days he reached a cave and found in it the body of an Elder who had been dead for several years. Having buried the hermit, Saint Paphnutius went on farther. After several more days he found another cave, and from the marks in the sand he realized that the cave was inhabited. At sundown he saw a herd of buffalo and walking among them a man. This man was naked, but was covered with long hair as if with clothing. This was Abba Timothy the Desert-Dweller. a fellow man, Abba Timothy thought that he was seeing an apparition, and he began to pray. Saint Paphnutius finally convinced the hermit that he was actually a living man and a fellow Christian. Abba Timothy prepared food and water for him. He related that he had been living in the desert for thirty years, and that Saint Paphnutius was the first man he had seen. In his youth, Timothy had lived in a cenobitic monastery, but he wanted to live alone. Abba Timothy left his monastery and went to live near a city, sustaining himself by the work of his own hands (he was a weaver). Once a woman came to him with an order and he fell into sin with her. Having come to his senses, the fallen monk went far into the desert, where he patiently endured tribulation and sickness. When he was at the point of dying from hunger, he received healing in a miraculous manner. that time Abba Timothy had lived peacefully in complete solitude, eating dates from the trees, and quenching his thirst with water from a spring. Saint Paphnutius besought the Elder that he might remain with him in the wilderness. But he was told that he would be unable to bear the demonic temptations which beset desert-dwellers. Instead, the Elder supplied him with dates and water, and blessed him to go on his way. rested at a desert monastery, Saint Paphnutius undertook a second journey into the innermost desert, hoping to find another holy ascetic who would profit his soul. He went on for seventeen days, until his supply of bread and water was exhausted. Saint Paphnutius collapsed twice from weakness, and an angel strengthened him. the seventeenth day Saint Paphnutius reached a hilly place and sat down to rest. Here he caught sight of a man approaching him, who was covered from head to foot with white hair and girded his loins with leaves of desert plants. The sight of the Elder frightened Abba Paphnutius, and he jumped up and fled up the hill. The Elder sat down at the foot of the hill. Lifting his head, he saw Saint Paphnutius, and called him to come down. This was the great desert-dweller, Abba Onuphrius. At the request of Saint Paphnutius, he told him about himself. Onuphrius had lived in complete isolation in the wilds of the wilderness for sixty years. In his youth he had been raised at the Eratus monastery near the city of Hermopolis. Having learned from the holy Fathers about the hardships and lofty life of the desert-dwellers, to whom the Lord sent help through His angels, Saint Onuphrius longed to imitate their exploits. He secretly left the monastery one night and saw a brilliant ray of light before him. Saint Onuphrius became frightened and decided to go back, but the voice of his Guardian Angel told him to go into the desert to serve the Lord. walking six or seven miles, he saw a cave. At that moment the ray of light vanished. In the cave was an old man. Saint Onuphrius stayed with him to learn of his manner of life and his struggle with demonic temptations. When the Elder was convinced that Saint Onuphrius had been enlightened somewhat, he then led him to another cave and left him there alone to struggle for the Lord. The Elder visited him once a year, until he fell asleep in the Lord. the request of Saint Paphnutius, Abba Onuphrius told him of his labors and ascetic feats, and of how the Lord had cared for him. Near the cave where he lived was a date-palm tree and a spring of pure water issued forth. Twelve different branches of the palm tree bore fruit each month in succession, and so the monk endured neither hunger nor thirst. The shade of the palm tree sheltered him from the noonday heat. An angel brought Holy Communion to the saint each Saturday and Sunday, and to the other desert-dwellers as well. monks conversed until evening, when Abba Paphnutius noticed a loaf of white bread lying between them, and also a vessel of water. After eating, the Elders spent the night in prayer. After the singing of the morning hymns, Saint Paphnutius saw that the face of the venerable Onuphrius had become transformed, and that frightened him. Saint Onuphrius said, “God, Who is Merciful to all, has sent you to me so that you might bury my body. Today I shall finish my earthly course and depart to my Christ, to live forever in eternal rest.” Saint Onuphrius then asked Abba Paphnutius to remember him to all the brethren, and to all Christians. Paphnutius wanted to remain there after the death of Abba Onuphrius. However, the holy ascetic told him that it was not God’s will for him to stay there; he was to return to his own monastery instead and tell everyone about the virtuous lives of the desert-dwellers. Having then blessed Abba Paphnutius and bid him farewell, Saint Onuphrius prayed with tears and sighs, and then he lay down upon the earth, uttering his final words, “Into Thy hands, my God, I commend my spirit,” and died. Paphnutius wept and tore off a portion of his garment, and with it covered the body of the great ascetic. He placed it in the crevice of a large rock, which was hollow like a grave, and covered it over with a multitude of small stones. Then he began to pray that the Lord would permit him to remain in that place until the end of his life. Suddenly, the cave fell in, the palm tree withered, and the spring of water dried up. Realising that he had not been given a blessing to remain, Saint Paphnutius set out on his return journey. four days Abba Paphnutius reached a cave, where he met an ascetic who had lived in the desert for more than 60 years. Except for the two other Elders, with whom he labored, this monk had seen no one in all that time. Each week these three had gone on their solitary paths into the wilderness, and on Saturday and Sunday they gathered for psalmody, and ate the bread which an angel brought them. Since it was Saturday, they had gathered together. After eating the bread provided by the angel, they spent the whole night at prayer. As he was leaving, Saint Paphnutius asked the names of the Elders, but they said, “God, Who knows everything, also knows our names. Remember us, that we may see one another in God’s heavenly habitations.” on his way, Saint Paphnutius came upon an oasis which impressed him with its beauty and abundance of fruit-bearing trees. Four youths inhabiting this place came to him from out of the wilderness. The youths told Abba Paphnutius that in their childhood they had lived in the city of Oxyrhynchus (Upper Thebaid) and they had studied together. They had burned with the desire to devote their lives to God. Making their plans to go off into the desert, the young men left the city and after several days’ journey, they reached this place. man radiant with heavenly glory met them and led them to a desert Elder. “We have lived here six years already,” said the youths. “Our Elder dwelt here one year and then he died. Now we live here alone, we eat the fruit of the trees, and we have water from a spring.” The youths gave him their names, they were Saints John, Andrew, Heraklemon and Theophilus (Dec. 2). youths struggled separately the whole week long, but on Saturday and Sunday they gathered at the oasis and offered up common prayer. On these days an angel would appear and commune them with the Holy Mysteries. This time however, for Abba Paphnutius’ sake, they did not go off into the desert, but spent the whole week together at prayer. On the following Saturday and Sunday Saint Paphnutius together with the youths was granted to receive the Holy Mysteries from the hands of the angel and to hear these words, “Receive the Imperishable Food, unending bliss and life eternal, the Body and Blood of the Lord Jesus Christ, our God.” Paphnutius made bold to ask the angel for permission to remain in the desert to the end of his days. The angel replied that God had decreed another path for him. He was to return to Egypt and tell the Christians of the life of the desert-dwellers. bid farewell to the youths, Saint Paphnutius reached the edge of the wilderness after a three day journey. Here he found a small skete, and the brethren received him with love. Abba Paphnutius related everything that he had learned about the holy Fathers whom he had encountered in the desert. The brethren wrote a detailed account of what Saint Paphnutius said, and deposited it in the church, where all who wished to do so could read it. Saint Paphnutius gave thanks to God, Who had granted him to learn about the exalted lives of the hermits of the Thebaid, and he returned to his own monastery.

Egypt, 301-305, Catherine, beautiful smart daughter of gov, m only one who surpasses me, no, baptism, yes and ring
Egypt, 305, Saint, Catherine of Alexandria; Great Martyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Great Martyr Catherine was the daughter of Constus, the governor of Alexandrian Egypt during the reign of the emperor Maximian (305-313). in the capital, the center of Hellenistic knowledge, and possessed of a rare beauty and intellect, Catherine received an excellent education, studying the works of the greatest philosophers and teachers of antiquity. men from the most worthy families of the empire sought the hand of the beautiful Catherine, but she was not interested in any of them. She told her parents that she would enter into marriage only with someone who surpassed her in nobility, wealth, comeliness and wisdom. ™s mother, a secret Christian, sent her to her own spiritual Father, a saintly Elder living in a cave outside the city, for advice. listening to Catherine, the Elder said that he knew of a Youth who surpassed her in everything. œHis countenance is more radiant than the shining of the sun, and all of creation is governed by His wisdom. His riches are given to all the nations of the world, yet they never diminish. His compassion is unequaled. description of the Heavenly Bridegroom produced in the soul of the holy maiden an ardent desire to see Him. œIf you do as I tell you, said the monk, œyou will gaze upon the countenance of this illustrious man. parting, the Elder handed Catherine an icon of the Theotokos with the divine Child Jesus on Her arm and told her to pray with faith to the Queen of Heaven, the Mother of the Heavenly Bridegroom, and She would hear Catherine and grant her heart'™s desire. prayed all night and was permitted to see the Most Holy Virgin, Who said Her Divine Son, œBehold Thy handmaiden Catherine, how fair and virtuous she is; But the Child turned His face away from her saying, œNo, she is ugly and unbelieving. She is a foolish pauper, and I cannot bear to look at her until she forsakes her impiety. returned again to the Elder deeply saddened, and told him what she had seen in the dream. He lovingly received her, instructed her in the faith of Christ, admonished her to preserve her purity and integrity and to pray unceasingly. She then received the Mystery of holy Baptism from him. Saint Catherine had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos with Her Child. Now the Lord looked tenderly at her and gave her a beautiful ring, a wondrous token of her betrothal to the Heavenly Bridegroom (this ring is still on her hand). that time the emperor Maximian was in Alexandria for a pagan festival. Therefore, the celebration was especially splendid and crowded. The cries of the sacrificial animals, the smoke and the smell of the sacrifices, the endless blazing of fires, and the bustling crowds at the arenas defiled the city of Alexandria. Human victims also were brought, the confessors of Christ, those who would not deny Him under torture. They were condemned to death in the fire. saint’s love for the Christian martyrs and her fervent desire to ease their sufferings compelled Catherine to speak to the pagan priest and to the emperor Maximian. herself, the saint confessed her faith in the One True God and with wisdom exposed the errors of the pagans. The beauty of the maiden captivated the emperor. order to convince her and to show the superiority of pagan wisdom, the emperor ordered fifty of the most learned philosophers and rhetoricians of the Empire to dispute with her, but the saint got the better of the wise men, so that they came to believe in Christ themselves. Catherine made the Sign of the Cross over the martyrs, and they bravely accepted death for Christ and were burned alive by order of the emperor. no longer hoping to convince the saint, tried to entice her with the promise of riches and fame. Receiving an angry refusal, the emperor gave orders to subject the saint to terrible tortures and then throw her in prison. Empress Augusta, who had heard much about the saint, wanted to see her. She prevailed upon the military commander Porphyrius to accompany her to the prison with a detachment of soldiers. The empress was impressed by the strong spirit of Saint Catherine, whose face was radiant with divine grace. The holy martyr explained the Christian teaching to them, and they were converted to Christ. the following day they again brought the martyr to the judgment court where, under the threat of being broken on the wheel, she was urged to renounce the Christian Faith and offer sacrifice to the gods. The saint steadfastly confessed Christ and she herself approached the wheels; but an angel smashed the instruments of execution, which shattered into pieces with many pagans standing nearby. beheld this wonder, the Empress Augusta and the imperial courtier Porphyrius with 200 soldiers confessed their faith in Christ in front of everyone, and they were beheaded. again tried to entice the holy martyr, proposing marriage to her, and again he was refused. Saint Catherine firmly confessed her fidelity to the heavenly Bridegroom Christ, and with a prayer to Him she herself laid her head on the block beneath the executioner’s sword. relics of Saint Catherine were taken by the angels to Mount Sinai. In the sixth century, the venerable head and left hand of the holy martyr were found through a revelation and transferred with honor to a newly-constructed church of the Sinai monastery, built by the holy Emperor Justinian (November 14). Catherine is called upon for relief and assistance during a difficult childbirth. Pilgrims to her monastery on Mt Sinai are given souvenir rings as a remembrance of their visit.

Egypt, 301-307, Varus, commander, secret christian, assistance, fiercely beaten to d, holy relics in Galilee
Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19; Varus lived in Egypt during the period of several persecutions against Christians (late third to early fourth century). (Ouaros) was a military commander and secretly a Christian. He gave assistance to many of the persecuted and imprisoned Christians, and he visited the prisoners at night. He also brought food to the prisoners, dressed their wounds, and gave them encouragement. Varus spent a whole night talking with seven imprisoned monks. These men were Christian teachers who had been beaten and starved. Varus marched with the teachers when they were led to their execution. judge, seeing Varus’ strong faith, had him fiercely beaten. Varus died during the beating. After his death, the monks were beheaded.

Egypt, 301-327, Cleopatra, witnessed Varus martyrdom, son died, in heaven w V, comforted, built Galilee church over r
Egypt, 307-327, Egyptian Saint, Cleopatra; Cleopatra (died 319 or 327) was a Christian saint who lived between the 3rd century and 4th century. She is venerated in the Catholic Church,[1] Oriental Orthodoxy[citation needed] and Eastern Orthodoxy[2]. originally came from a village called Edra near Mount Tabor in Lower Galilee.[3] was a contemporary of the holy martyr Saint Varus and had witnessed his suffering and execution. After Varus' death, Cleopatra had his remains taken to her home in Daraa, Syria where she had them buried with reverence. was a widow, whose only child, was a son named John. By 319, John had attained the officer rank of centurion, but to her great sorrow, had died suddenly. in grief, turned to the relics of Saint Varus, begging the saint to return her son. She dreamt that Varus and John appeared to her as radiant in bright attire with crowns upon their heads and took this to mean that the Lord had received John into the Heavenly Kingdom, and was comforted.[3] moved to live by the church that she had built was over the relics of Saint Varus and her son. Miracles were reported by people who had come to pray at the church. Cleopatra spent her remaining years in the service of God. She gave her property to the poor and spent her time praying and fasting.[3] She died in 327. from Cleopatra, her son John is also recognised as a saint in Orthodox Christianity. The feast day of Saints Cleopatra and John is 19 October. Egypt, 307, Egyptian Saint, Varus; Blessed Cleopatra with her son John, in Egypt, Commemorated on October 19; Cleopatra and her son John came from the village of Edra near Mount Tabor in Palestine. She was a contemporary of the holy Martyr Varus and witnessed his voluntary suffering. the execution, Saint Cleopatra brought the body of the holy martyr to her own country and buried him with reverence. had one beloved son, John, who had attained the honorable rank of officer. To the great sorrow of his mother, John suddenly died. Cleopatra with tears of grief turned to the relics of the holy Martyr Varus, begging him for the return of her son. and her son appeared to Cleopatra in a dream, radiant in bright attire with crowns upon their heads. She realized that the Lord had received her son into the heavenly Kingdom, and was comforted. this vision blessed Cleopatra started to live by a church she built over the relics of the holy martyr Varus and her son John, and performed many good deeds. She distributed her property to the poor and spent her time in prayer and fasting. After seven years she fell asleep in the Lord. Martyr Varus, and seven Monastic Martyrs with him, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 303-305, Martyr Paphnutius & 546 companions, appeared not brought to torture, preserved, strengthened christian confess
Egypt, 303-305, Martyr Paphnutius and 546 companions, Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, appeared not brought to torture, preserved, converted prisoners, set free, strengthened christians to confess, 546 in all, into river w stone, but floated, crucifiec on date tree; Alexandria; Martyr Paphnutius and 546 companions in Egypt, Commemorated on September 25; Holy Martyr Paphnutius hailed from Egypt and struggled in the desert. the persecution against Christians under Diocletian (284-305), the governor Hadrian commanded that Saint Paphnutius be brought to him. ascetic, not waiting for those sent to bring him, appeared before the governor, confessed his faith in Christ, and was subjected to torture. soldiers involved in his torture, Dionysius and Callimachus, seeing how the power of God preserved the martyr, believed in Christ the Savior themselves, for which they were then beheaded. into prison after the tortures, Saint Paphnutius converted forty prisoners to the Faith. They were all burned alive. a while Saint Paphnutius was set free, and a Christian named Nestorius gladly took him in. He and all his family, after spiritual guidance, became steadfast in the Faith, and ultimately endured martyrdom. saint strengthened many other Christians to confess our Lord Jesus Christ, and they all died as martyrs. Some were cut with swords, others were burned. There were 546 men in all. Paphnutius himself was thrown by the torturers into a river with a stone about his neck, but he miraculously floated to shore with the stone. they sent the holy martyr to the emperor Diocletian himself, who commanded him to be crucified on a date tree.

Egypt, 303-313, Catherine of Alexandria, educated beauty, a only one who surpassed, icon, rejected by J, baptism, accepted
Egypt, 303-313, Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, educated, beautiful, accept only someone who surpassed her, Theotokos icon, prayer, rejected by Jesus, baptism, accepted by Jesus ; of Alexandria, or Katherine of Alexandria, also known as Saint Catherine of Alexandria, Saint Catherine of the Wheel and The Great Martyr Saint Catherine, is, according to tradition, a Christian saint and virgin, who was martyred in the early 4th century at the hands of the emperor Maxentius. to her hagiography, she was both a princess and a noted scholar who became a Christian around the age of 14, converted hundreds of people to Christianity and was martyred around the age of 18. than 1,100 years after Catherine's martyrdom, Joan of Arc identified her as one of the saints who appeared to and counselled her.[3] Eastern Orthodox Church venerates her as a Great Martyr and celebrates her feast day on 24 or 25 November, depending on the regional tradition. In Catholicism, Catherine is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers and she is commemorated in the Roman Martyrology on 25 November.[4] feast was removed from the General Roman Calendar[5] in 1969, but restored in 2002 as an optional memorial. modern scholars consider that the legend of Catherine was probably based on the life and murder of the virgin Saint Dorothea of Alexandria and the Greek philosopher Hypatia, with reversed role of a Christian and Neo-Platonist in the case of the latter.[6][7][8] Alexandria; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Holy Great Martyr Katherine was the daughter of Konstos, the governor of Alexandria, Egypt during the reign of Emperor Maximian (305-313). Living in the capital, the center of Hellenistic knowledge, and possessed of a rare beauty and intellect, Katherine received an excellent education, studying the works of the greatest philosophers and teachers of antiquity. Young men from the most worthy families of the empire sought the hand of the beautiful Katherine, but she was not interested in any of them. She told her parents that she would enter into marriage only with someone who surpassed her in nobility, wealth, comeliness and wisdom. ’s mother, a secret Christian, sent her to her own Spiritual Father, a saintly Elder living in a cave outside the city, for advice. listening to Katherine, the Elder said that he knew of someone who surpassed her in everything. “His countenance is more radiant than the shining of the sun, and all of creation is governed by His wisdom. His riches are given to all the nations of the world, yet they never diminish. His compassion is unequaled.” description of the Heavenly Bridegroom produced an ardent desire in the soul of the holy maiden to see Him. "If you do as I tell you,” said the monk, “you will gaze upon the countenance of this illustrious man.” In parting, the Elder gave Katherine an icon of the Theotokos with the Divine Child on Her arm and told her to pray with faith to the Queen of Heaven, the Mother of the Heavenly Bridegroom, and she would hear Katherine and grant her heart’s desire. prayed all night and was permitted to see the Most Holy Virgin, Who said her Divine Son, “Behold Thy handmaiden Katherine, how fair and virtuous she is.” But the Child turned His face away from her saying, “No, she is ugly and unbelieving. She is a foolish pauper, and I cannot bear to look at her until she forsakes her impiety.” returned again to the Elder deeply saddened, and told him what she had seen in the dream. He received her, instructed her in the faith of Christ, admonished her to preserve her purity and integrity and to pray unceasingly. She then received the Mystery of Holy Baptism from him. Again Saint Katherine had a vision of the Most Holy Theotokos with her Child. Now the Lord looked at her tenderly and gave her a beautiful ring, a wondrous token of her betrothal to the Heavenly Bridegroom (this ring is still on her hand). that time Emperor Maximian was in Alexandria for a pagan festival. Therefore, the celebration was especially splendid and crowded. The cries of the sacrificial animals, the smoke and the smell of the sacrifices, the endless blaze of fires, and the bustling crowds at the arenas defiled the city of Alexandria. Human victims also were brought, the confessors of Christ, who would not deny Him under torture. They were condemned to death in the fire. Katherine's love for the Christian martyrs, and her fervent desire to ease their sufferings, compelled her to speak to the pagan priest and to Emperor Maximian. herself, the Saint confessed her faith in the One True God, and exposed the errors of the pagans. The beauty of the maiden captivated the Emperor. In order to convince her of the superiority of pagan wisdom, the Emperor ordered fifty of the most learned philosophers and rhetoricians of the Empire to dispute with her, but the Saint got the better of the wise men, so that they came to believe in Christ themselves. Saint Katherine made the Sign of the Cross over the martyrs, and they bravely accepted death for Christ and were burnt alive by order of the Emperor. to persuade the Saint, Maximian tried to entice her with the promise of riches and fame. Hearing her angry refusal, the Emperor ordered his men to subject the Saint to terrible tortures, and then throw her in prison. The Empress Augusta, who had heard much about the Saint, wanted to see her. She prevailed upon the military commander Porphyrios to accompany her to the prison with a detachment of soldiers. The Empress was impressed by Katherine's strong spirit, and her face was radiant with divine grace. The holy martyr explained the Christian Faith to them, and they were converted to Christ. the following day, they again brought the martyr to the judgment court where, under the threat of being broken on the wheel, she was urged to renounce the Christian Faith and to offer sacrifice to the "gods." The Saint steadfastly confessed Christ and she was taken to be tortured on four wheels with sharp iron spikes, but an Angel smashed the instruments of execution, which shattered into pieces with many pagans standing nearby. seeing this miracle, the Empress Augusta and the imperial courtier Porphyrios and 200 soldiers confessed their faith in Christ before everyone, and they were beheaded. Maximian tried again to entice the holy martyr, offering to marry her, and again he was refused. Saint Katherine remained faithful to her heavenly Bridegroom Christ, and after praying to Him, she laid her head on the block beneath the executioner’s sword. relics of Saint Katherine were taken by the Angels to Mount Sinai. In the VI century, the venerable head and left hand of the holy martyr were found through a revelation and transferred with honor to the newly-constructed church of the Monastery on Mount Sinai, built by the holy Emperor Justinian (November 14). Katherine is called upon for relief and assistance during a difficult childbirth. Pilgrims to her monastery on Mount Sinai are given souvenir rings as a remembrance of their visit. Saint Katherine is commemorated on November 25 in Slavic usage.

Egypt, 303-362, Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, ruler of Egypt, advanced C in E, torture, prophecy, Julian recompensed,
Egypt, 303-362, Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch ; (died 362[1]), known as Challita in the Maronite tradition, was a general of the Roman Empire, dux Aegypti (imperial prefect of Roman Egypt). He is considered a saint by the Catholic and the Orthodox Churches, with the name of Artemius of Antioch. details are known of the life and death of Artemius, and many of those details are contradictory, or at least inconsistent, between Christian and pagan early sources. place or year of birth are not indicated in any historical sources, although at least one tradition quoted in a contemporary source indicates that Artemius was an Egyptian by birth.[2] to the 8th century compilation, Artemii Passio,[3] he was a Senator and “a notable participant in the highest affairs of [Constantine]”.[4] the author of the Passio attributes this information to Eusebius, who does not in fact mention Artemius in any of his writings, and this information cannot be confirmed by any other known historical records. stories that place Artemius with Constantine at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge[5] would make Artemius at least eighty years old when martyred by Julian, which would seem doubtful given his activity at the time.[6][7] assertion that Artemius was a friend and companion of Constantius II seems reliable.[8][9] Given the fact that Artemius held the position of dux Aegypti in the final years of Constantinus’ reign, as is asserted by a number of early sources, both pagan and Christian, it is clear that it is Constantius who must have awarded Artemius this position.[10][11][12][13] 360 CE, he was listed in a minute of the Oxyrhyncian Senate, under the name of Flavius Artemius, as holding the rank of dux Aegypti.[14] Artemii Passio attributes Artemius’ ascension to this high position to his successful completion of Constantius’ orders to recover the relics of the Apostles Andrew, Luke and Timothy.[15] to this narrative, Constantius sent Artemius to Achaea to claim the body of Andrew from Patras and the body of Luke from Boeotia.[16] is also credited there with translating the relics of Timothy from Ionian Ephesus to Constantinople.[17] Apparently in return for these tasks, Constantius awarded Artemius with the administration of Roman Egypt.[18] However, this attribution is not certain, given that other Christian sources that refer to the translation of St. Andrew's remains, including the Chronicon Paschale, written a century earlier, do not refer to Artemius in this regard.[19] serving as the military governor of Egypt, Artemius supported the Arian bishop of Alexandria, George the Cappadocian, and took part in the latter's campaign against both the pagan and Orthodox Christian populations. Documented examples of this support include the sacking of the Temple of Serapis in Alexandria,[20][21] as well as the pursuit of the former, Orthodox, bishop of Alexandria, Athanasius.[22][23] 361 CE, Constantius was succeeded by his cousin Julian, who, on becoming Emperor, broke with his Christian upbringing and took up traditional Roman pagan pantheism. thereafter, Artemius met his death, in circumstances that are not entirely clear. The Artemii Passio places his death at the hands of Julian, in Antioch, because upon being summoned by Julian from Alexandria, he supported Eugenius and Macarius, two Christian priests from Antioch, against the tortures to which they were subjected by Julian. Artemius is further accused by Julian of murdering Julian's half-brother, Gallus.[24] Despite Artemius' denials, Julian proceeds to have Artemius tortured in various fashions while exhorting Artemius to renounce his Christianity. Artemius repeatedly confirms his faith, and ultimately has his head cut off.[25] According to the Chronicon Paschale, Artemius dies in Alexandria.[26] Ammianus describes Artemius’ death as occurring after Artemius is no longer dux Aegypti, when he is executed for the crimes he was accused of committing against the people of Alexandria.[27] Julian himself provides a similar reason.[28] While Ammianus does not provide the location of Artemius’ death, his language indicates that it was not at Alexandria,[29] thus perhaps strengthening the contention that it was indeed at Antioch.[30] is considered a martyr and Saint in both the Catholic and Orthodox churches, despite his apparent adherence to Arianism during his life. His acceptance as a martyr is based on the tradition found in Christian sources that he was tortured and executed by Julian for speaking on behalf of Christianity in the face of the apostate Emperor Julian, and his unwillingness to renounce his Christianity despite Julian's promises to allow him to live and restore him to his offices.[31] canonization as St. Artemios is based on the anonymous late 7th century compilation of 45 miracles with which he is attributed.[32] As described in the 45 miracles attributed to him, St. Artemios specializes in miracles dealing with medicine and healing, and in particular with hernias, and testicular and genital maladies in men. One miracle dealing with the healing of a woman is attributed to St. Artemios through his sending St. Febronia, who occupies a parallel construct for women.[33] feast day was set as 20 October.[34] His cult site was the Church of Saint John the Forerunning (St John the Baptist) in Constantinople.[35] St. Artemius is invoked by those suffering from hernias.[36] Antioch (Orontes River 7); Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20 ; Great Martyr Artemius of Antioch was a prominent military leader during the reigns of the emperor Constantine the Great (May 21), and his son and successor Constantius (337-361). received many awards for distinguished service and courage. was appointed viceroy of Egypt. In this official position he did much for the spreading and strengthening Christianity in Egypt. Artemius was sent by the emperor Constantius to bring the relics of the holy Apostle Andrew from Patras, and the relics of the holy Apostle Luke from Thebes of Boeotia, to Constantinople. The holy relics were placed in the Church of the Holy Apostles beneath the table of oblation. The emperor rewarded him by making him ruler of Egypt. emperor Constantius was succeeded on the throne by Julian the Apostate (361-363). Julian in his desire to restore paganism was extremely antagonistic towards Christians, sending hundreds to their death. At Antioch he ordered the torture of two bishops unwilling to forsake the Christian Faith. this time, Saint Artemius arrived in Antioch and publicly denounced Julian for his impiety. The enraged Julian subjected the saint to terrible tortures and threw the Great Martyr Artemius into prison. Artemius was praying, Christ, surrounded by angels, appeared to him and said, “Take courage, Artemius! I am with you and will preserve you from every hurt which is inflicted upon you, and I already have prepared your crown of glory. Since you have confessed Me before the people on earth, so shall I confess you before My Heavenly Father. Therefore, take courage and rejoice, you shall be with Me in My Kingdom.” Hearing this, Artemius rejoiced and offered up glory and thanksgiving to Him. the following day, Julian demanded that Saint Artemius honor the pagan gods. Meeting with steadfast refusal, the emperor resorted to further tortures. The saint endured all without a single moan. The saint told Julian that he would be justly recompensed for his persecution of Christians. Julian became furious and resorted to even more savage tortures, but they did not break the will of the saint. Finally the Great Martyr Artemius was beheaded. relics were buried by Christians. After the death of Saint Artemius, his prophecy about Julian the Apostate’s impending death came true. left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian’s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian’s army battled against fresh Persian forces. retribution caught up with Julian the Apostate. During the battle he was mortally wounded by an unseen hand and an unseen weapon. Julian groaned deeply said, “You have conquered, Galilean!” After the death of the apostate emperor, the relics of the Great Martyr Artemius were transferred with honor from Antioch to Constantinople. Artemius is invoked by those suffering from hernias.

Egypt, 304, Neaniskos oAlexandria, Egypt, hansom athlete, on way to execution, gave ring tSlave girl, who turned him in
Egypt, 304, Neaniskos oAlexandria, Egypt, Diocletian Persecution, hansom athlete, on way to execution he gave slave his ring to girl who turned him in; Alexandria; Saint Neaniskos the Martyr, Commemorated on June 10; Neaniskos lived in the time of Maximius, the ruler of Alexandria. During the persecution of the Church by Emperor Diocletian (284-304), female slave denounced the most wise and handsome athlete of Christ. ruler tortured him for seven days in various ways, trying to make him deny Christ. When the tyrant saw that he was unable to do so, he ordered him to be put to death. he was led to the place of execution, he noticed the slave girl who betrayed him in the crowd that had followed him. Saint Neaniskos made signs for her to approach him, when she came near he gave her his gold ring as a token of his gratitude; by her complaint he would now draw near to Christ, Whom he had desired for so long, and he would inherit everlasting life. they arrived at the place of execution, he prayed for a time, and then they beheaded him.

Egypt, 304-309, Menas of Egypt, very famous wonderworker, angels, marytr crowns, angel, relics, camels not moving
Egypt, 304-309, Menas of Egypt, very famous wonderworker; of Egypt (also Mina, Minas, Mena, Meena; 285 - c. 309), a martyr and wonder-worker, is one of the most well-known Coptic saints in the East and the West, due to the many miracles that are attributed to his intercession and prayers. Menas was a Coptic soldier in the Roman army martyred because he refused to recant his Christian faith. The common date of his commemoration is November 11, which occurs 13 days later (November 24) on the Julian calendar. feast day is celebrated every year on 15 Hathor in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which corresponds to November 24 on the Gregorian Calendar. In Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the old style or Julian calendar, it is likewise celebrated on November 24. In the Eastern Orthodox churches that follow the new style or Revised Julian calendar, as well as in the Catholic Church, it is celebrated on November 11. of his name was his original name, according to the story his mother called him Mena because she heard a voice saying Amen. Minas is how he is known in Greek and Armenian, while in Coptic he is known as Mīna). Life and martyrdom St. Menas and boatman on a Makurian manuscript from c. 1000 There are many sources written in different languages (Koine Greek, Coptic, Old Nubian, Ge'ez, Latin, Syriac, Armenian) relating to Menas.[3] was born in Egypt in 285 in the city of Nikiou,[4] which lay in the vicinity of Memphis. parents were ascetic Christians but did not have any children for a long time. father's name was Eudoxios and his mother's name was Euphemia. On the feast of the Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus, Euphemia was praying with tears before an icon of the Virgin for God to give her a son. sound came from the icon saying "Amen". A few months later, Euphemia gave birth to a boy and named him Menas.[5] a ruler of one of the administrative divisions of Egypt, died when Menas was fourteen years old. the age of fifteen Menas joined the Roman army and was given a high rank due to his father's reputation. sources state that he served in Cotyaeus in Phrygia,[6] although some say his appointment was in Algeria.[5] years later he left the army, longing to devote his whole life to Christ, and headed towards the desert to live a different kind of life. spending five years as a hermit, Menas saw in a revelation the angels crowning the martyrs with glorious crowns, and longed to join those martyrs. he was thinking about it, he heard a voice saying: "Blessed are you Menas because you have been called to the pious life from your childhood. You shall be granted three immortal crowns: one for your celibacy, another for your asceticism, and a third for your martyrdom." Menas subsequently hurried to the ruler, declaring his Christian faith.[7] soldiers who executed Menas set his body on fire for three days but the body remained unharmed. Menas' sister then bribed the soldiers and managed to carry the body away. She embarked on a ship heading to Alexandria, where she placed his body in a church. the time of persecution ended, during the papacy of Athanasius of Alexandria the pope had a vision of an angel appearing to him and ordering him to load Menas' body on a camel and head towards the Libyan Desert. a certain spot near a water well at the end of Lake Mariout, not far from Alexandria, the camel stopped and wouldn't move. The Christians took this a sign from God and buried Menas' body there. Berbers of Pentapolis rose against the cities around Alexandria. the people were getting ready to face them, the Roman governor decided to secretly take the body of Menas with him to be his deliverer and his strong protector. Menas' blessings, the governor overcame the Berbers and returned victorious. he decided not to return the body to its original place and wanted to take it to Alexandria. On the way back, as they passed by Lake Mariout at the same spot where the body was originally buried, the camel carrying the body knelt down and would not move. moved the body to another camel, but the second camel would not move either.[8] The governor finally realized that this was God's command. He made a coffin from decay-resistant wood and placed the silver coffin in it. Terracotta pilgrim's Menas flask impressed with Saint Mina between two camels, Byzantine, probably made at Abu Mina, Egypt, c. 6th–7th century. (Louvre Museum) versions of the story state that the location of the tomb was then forgotten until its miraculous rediscovery by a local shepherd. A shepherd was feeding his sheep in that location, and a sick lamb fell on the ground. As it struggled to get on its feet again, its scab was cured. The story spread quickly and the sick who came to this spot recovered from whatever illnesses they had just by lying on the ground. Ethiopian Synaxarium describes Constantine I sending his sick daughter to the shepherd to be cured, and credits her with finding Menas' body, after which Constantine ordered the construction of a church at the site. versions of the story replace Constantine with the late-5th century emperor Zeno, but archaeologists have dated the original foundation to the late 4th century.[9] to the Zeno version, his daughter was leprous and his advisors suggested that she should try that place, and she did. At night Menas appeared to the girl and informed her that his body was buried in that place. The following morning, Zeno's daughter was cured and she related her vision about the saint to her servants. Zeno immediately ordered Mina's body to be dug out and a cathedral to be built there. his martyrdom in the early fourth century, Menas acquired a reputation for miraculous healing powers. The cult of Saint Menas was centered on Abu Mena near Alexandria.[10] Sick people from all over the Christian world used to visit that city and were healed through the intercessions of Menas, who became known as the Wonders' Maker. numerous little clay Menas flasks, or bottles for holy water or oil on which the saint's name and picture are stamped, are found by archeologists in diverse countries around the Mediterranean world, such as Heidelberg in Germany, Milan in Italy, Dalmatia in Croatia, Marseille in France, Dongola in Sudan, Meols (Cheshire) in England, and the holy city of Jerusalem, as well as modern Turkey and Eritrea. Pilgrims would buy these bottles and take them back to their relatives.[5] St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Holy Great Martyr Menas of Egypt, an Egyptian by birth, was a military officer and served in the Kotyaeion region of Phrygia under the centurion Firmilian during the reign of the emperors Diocletian (284-305) and Maximian (305-311). When the emperors began the fiercest persecution against Christians in history, the saint refused to serve these persecutors. He removed his soldier’s belt (a sign of military rank) and withdrew to a mountain, where he lived an ascetic life of fasting and prayer. he happened to arrive in the city during a pagan festival. At the climax of the games the saint’s accusing voice rang out, preaching faith in Christ, the Savior of the world. At his trial before the prefect Pyrrhus, the saint bravely confessed his faith, saying that he had come to denounce the impious. The prefect was angered, and had Menas arrested. offered to restore the saint’s former rank if he would offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. When he refused, he was put to cruel tortures, then he was beheaded. This occurred in the year 304. Christians gathered up the martyr’s relics by night and hid them until the end of the persecution. Later, they were brought to Egypt and placed in a church dedicated to Saint Menas southwest of Alexandria. saint received grace from God to work miracles, and to help those in need. Saint Menas is noted for healing various illnesses, delivering people from possession by demons, and as a protector, especially during times of war. We also ask his help in finding lost objects.

Egypt, 305-313, Menas, sent to supress riots in 313, but preached, relics revealed in 867 in dream
Egypt, 305-309, Egyptian Saint, Menas; Martyrs Menas, Hermogenes, and Eugraphus, of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10; Holy Martyrs Menas, Hermogenes, and Eugraphus suffered for their faith in Christ under the emperor Maximian (305-313). Menas was sent by the emperor from Athens to Alexandria to suppress the riots that had arisen between the Christians and the pagans. Distinguished for his gift of eloquence, Menas instead openly began to preach the Christian Faith and he converted many pagans to Christ. Learning of this, Maximian sent Hermogenes to Alexandria to place the saints on trial. Moreover, he gave orders to purge the city of Christians. Martyr Hermogenes although he was a pagan, was distinguished by his reverent bearing. And struck by the endurance of Saint Menas under torture and by his miraculous healing after the cruel torments, he also came to believe in Christ. Maximian himself then arrived in Alexandria. Neither the astonishing stoic endurance of Saints Menas and Hermogenes under torture, nor even the miracles manifested by God in this city, mollified the emperor. Instead, they vexed him all the more. The emperor personally stabbed Saint Eugraphus, the secretary of Saint Menas, who had declared himself a Christian upon witnessing the endurance of Saints Menas and Hermogenes; and then gave orders to behead the holy Martyrs Menas and Hermogenes. Martyr Eugraphus relics of the holy martyrs, cast into the sea in an iron chest, were afterwards found (see February 17) and transferred to Constantinople in the ninth century. The emperor Justinian built a church in the name of the holy Martyr Menas of Alexandria. Saint Joseph the Hymnographer (April 4) composed a Canon in honor of these holy martyrs. Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 17; Holy Martyr Menas Kallikelados (Well Speaking), an Athenian, died as a martyr with Saints Hermogenes and Eugraphus in about the year 313 (December 10). During the reign of Emperor Basil the Macedonian (867-886), the military commander Marcian discovered the saint’s relics after Saint Menas appeared to a certain pious man in a dream to reveal where they were.

Egypt, 310-370, Virgin Abbess Sarah, Scetis, Libya, Egyptian Desert, contrition to repenters, clairvoyant anchorite warning
Africa, North Africa, 310-370, Virgin Abbess Sarah, Scetis, Libya, Egyptian Desert, built up through me, but contrition to repenters, clairvoyantly said careful your words humble you, anchorites have come to a woman by nature, but not by worth, lived above river but never looked out to see it, by giving alms for whatever reason will do it eventually for God, died peacefully at 80; Scetis ; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; is written in The Paradise of the Fathers that Mother Sarah spoke these words: “If I were to ask God that all people might be built up through me, I would be found expressing contrition at the door of each one who repents. But I pray to God especially that my heart may be pure with Him and with everyone.” two great Elders and anchorites left Mount Pelusium (in the northeastern Nile Delta) and went to see Amma Sarah. among themselves they said, “Let us humble this old woman.” they came to her she said, “Be careful, you may be humbled by the words you have spoken. Behold, anchorites have come to one who is a woman. According to nature, I am a woman, but not according to my worth.” she went to Sketis, and she was offered some food. She did not eat any of the best food however, she ate only the plain food. This was because she did not want to use her journey and her visit as an excuse to relax her fasting. Then they said to her, “Truly, you are like those who dwell at Sketis.” was said of Amma Sarah, the ascetic of Sketis, that the blessed one lived above a river for sixty years, but she never looked out from her abode to see it. Sarah said, “It is a good thing for a person to give alms, even if he does so in order to win the approval of others, because by doing this, he will come to do it for God’s sake.” Sarah brought many women to monasticism by the example of her holy and God-pleasing life. She reposed in peace in the year 370 at the age of eighty.

Egypt, 311-371, Hilarion the Great with St Anthony the Great only 2 months, founder of Palestinian monasticism
Egypt, 311-371, Saint Hilarion ; the Great (291–371) was an anchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of Anthony the Great (c. 251–356). St Anthony is considered to have established Christian monasticism in the Egyptian desert, St Hilarion is considered by some to be the founder of Palestinian monasticism[1] and venerated as a saint by the Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Church. St. Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Egypt, 312-348, Pachomius the Great, Patriarch, Thebaid, christian Cenobitic monasticism rule founder
Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; ( c. 292 - 9 May 348 AD), also known as Saint Pachomius the Great, is generally recognized as the founder of Christian cenobitic monasticism.[1] Coptic churches celebrate his feast day on 9 May, and Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches mark his feast on 15 May[2] or 28 May.[3] In the Lutheran Church, he is remembered as a renewer of the church, along with his contemporary (and fellow desert saint), Anthony of Egypt on January 17. Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Pachomius the Great was both a model of desert dwelling, and with Saints Anthony the Great (January 17), Macarius the Great (January 19), and Euthymius the Great (January 20), a founder of the cenobitic monastic life in Egypt. Pachomius was born in the third century in the Thebaid (Upper Egypt). His parents were pagans who gave him an excellent secular education. From his youth he had a good character, and he was prudent and sensible. Pachomius reached the age of twenty, he was called up to serve in the army of the emperor Constantine (apparently, in the year 315). They put the new conscripts in a city prison guarded by soldiers. The local Christians fed the soldiers and took care of them. the young man learned that these people acted this way because of their love for God, fulfilling His commandment to love their neighbor, this made a deep impression upon his pure soul. Pachomius vowed to become a Christian. returned from the army after the victory, received holy Baptism, moved to the lonely settlement of Shenesit, and began to lead a strict ascetic life. Realizing the need for spiritual guidance, he turned to the desert-dweller Palamon. He was accepted by the Elder, and he began to follow the example of his instructor in monastic struggles. after ten years of asceticism, Saint Pachomius made his way through the desert, and halted at the ruins of the former village of Tabennisi. Here he heard a Voice ordering him to start a monastery at this place. Pachomius told the Elder Palamon of this, and they both regarded the words as a command from God. went to Tabennisi and built a small monastic cell. The holy Elder Palamon blessed the foundations of the monastery and predicted its future glory. But soon Palamon departed to the Lord. An angel of God then appeared to Saint Pachomius in the form of a schemamonk and gave him a Rule of monastic life. Soon his older brother John came and settled there with him. Pachomius endured many temptations and assaults from the Enemy of the race of man, but he resisted all temptations by his prayer and endurance. followers began to gather around Saint Pachomius. Their teacher impressed everyone by his love for work, which enabled him to accomplish all kinds of monastic tasks. He cultivated a garden, he conversed with those seeking guidance, and he tended to the sick. Pachomius introduced a monastic Rule of cenobitic life, giving everyone the same food and attire. The monks of the monastery fulfilled the obediences assigned them for the common good of the monastery. Among the various obediences was copying books. The monks were not allowed to possess their own money nor to accept anything from their relatives. Saint Pachomius considered that an obedience fulfilled with zeal was greater than fasting or prayer. He also demanded from the monks an exact observance of the monastic Rule, and he chastized slackers. sister Maria came to see Saint Pachomius, but the strict ascetic refused to see her. Through the gate keeper, he blessed her to enter upon the path of monastic life, promising his help with this. Maria wept, but did as her brother had ordered. The Tabennisi monks built her a hut on the opposite side of the River Nile. Nuns also began to gather around Maria. Soon a women’s monastery was formed with a strict monastic Rule provided by Saint Pachomius. number of monks at the monastery grew quickly, and it became necessary to build seven more monasteries in the vicinity. The number of monks reached 7,000, all under the guidance of Saint Pachomius, who visited all the monasteries and administered them. At the same time Saint Pachomius remained a deeply humble monk, who was always ready to comply with and accept the words of each brother. and strict towards himself, Saint Pachomius had great kindness and condescension toward the deficiencies of spiritually immature monks. One of the monks was eager for martyrdom, but Saint Pachomius turned him from this desire and instructed him to fulfill his monastic obedience, taming his pride, and training him in humility. a monk did not heed his advice and left the monastery. He was set upon by brigands, who threatened him with death and forced him to offer sacrifice to the pagan gods. Filled with despair, the monk returned to the monastery. Saint Pachomius ordered him to pray intensely night and day, keep a strict fast and live in complete solitude. The monk followed his advice, and this saved his soul from despair. saint taught his spiritual children to avoid judging others, and he himself feared to judge anyone even in thought. Pachomius cared for the sick monks with special love. He visited them, he cheered the disheartened, he urged them to be thankful to God, and put their hope in His holy will. He relaxed the fasting rule for the sick, if this would help them recover their health. Once, in the saint’s absence, the cook did not prepare any cooked food for the monks, assuming that the brethren loved to fast. Instead of fulfilling his obedience, the cook plaited 500 mats, something which Saint Pachomius had not told him to do. In punishment for his disobedience, all the mats prepared by the cook were burned. Pachomius always taught the monks to rely only upon God’s help and mercy. It happened that there was a shortage of grain at the monastery. The saint spent the whole night in prayer, and in the morning a large quantity of bread was sent to the monastery from the city, at no charge. The Lord granted Saint Pachomius the gift of wonderworking and healing the sick. Lord revealed to him the future of monasticism. The saint learned that future monks would not have such zeal in their struggles as the first generation had, and they would not have experienced guides. Prostrating himself upon the ground, Saint Pachomius wept bitterly, calling out to the Lord and imploring mercy for them. He heard a Voice answer, “Pachomius, be mindful of the mercy of God. The monks of the future shall receive a reward, since they too shall have occasion to suffer the life burdensome for the monk.” the end of his life Saint Pachomius fell ill from a pestilence that afflicted the region. His closest disciple, Saint Theodore (May 17), tended to him with filial love. Saint Pachomius died around the year 348 at the age of fifty-three, and was buried on a hill near the monastery. Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria, led anti arianism, Athanasius' mentor
Egyptian Patriarch, 313-328, Alexander, Patriarch of Alexandria; I of Alexandria, 19th Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria. During his patriarchate, he dealt with a number of issues facing the Church in that day. These included the dating of Easter, the actions of Meletius of Lycopolis, and the issue of greatest substance, Arianism. was the leader of the opposition to Arianism at the First Council of Nicaea. He also is remembered for being the mentor of the man who would be his successor, Athanasius of Alexandria, who would become one of the leading Church fathers.[2] St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373);

Egypt, 317-373, ATHANASIUS the Great, Pillar of Orthodoxy, refuted Arius, persecuted by Arians, Suceeded Alexander, 47 years
Egypt, 317-373, ATHANASIUS the Great, Bishop of Alexandria, Pillar of Orthodoxy, baptized children correctly as a child, then educated by Alexander, as deacon to first EC in 325, refuted Arius, persecuted by Arians, Suceeded Alexander, 47 years, only O bishop in area, expelled, hid, 20 yrs in exile, Julian to kill him but killed himself, lived to old age; Alexandria; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); the pages of the New Testament itself, Athanasius is probably the man to whom we chiefly owe the preservation of the Christian faith. He was born around AD 298, and lived in Alexandria, Egypt, the chief center of learning of the Roman Empire. AthanasiusIn 313 the Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which changed Christianity from a persecuted to an officially favored religion. About six years later, a presbyter (elder, priest) Arius of Alexandria began to teach concerning the Word of God (John 1:1) that "God begat him, and before he was begotten, he did not exist." was at that time a newly ordained deacon, secretary to Bishop Alexander of Alexandria, and a member of his household. reply to Arius was that the begetting, or uttering, of the Word by the Father is an eternal relation between Them, and not a temporal event. Arius was condemned by the bishops of Egypt (with the exceptions of Secundus of Ptolemais and Theonas of Marmorica), and went to Nicomedia, from which he wrote letters to bishops throughout the world, stating his position. Emperor Constantine undertook to resolve the dispute by calling a council of bishops from all over the Christian world. council met in Nicea, just across the straits from what is now Istanbul, in the year 325, and consisted of 317 bishops. accompanied his bishop to the council, and became recognized as a chief spokesman for the view that the Son was fully God, co-equal and co-eternal with the Father. party of Athanasius was overwhelmingly in the majority. western, or Latin, half of the Empire was very sparsely represented, but it was solidly Athanasian, so that if its bishops had attended in force, the vote would have been still more lopsided.) remained to formulate a creedal statement to express the consensus. The initial effort was to find a formula from Holy Scripture that would express the full deity of the Son, equally with the Father. However, the Arians cheerfully agreed to all such formulations, having interpreted them already to fit their own views. of you who have conversed with members of the Watchtower Society, who consider themselves the spiritual heirs of Arius, will know how this works.) the Greek word "homo-ousios" (meaning "of the same substance, or nature, or essence") was introduced, chiefly because it was one word that could not be understood to mean what the Arians meant. Some of the bishops present, although in complete disagreement with Arius, were reluctant to use a term not found in the Scriptures, but eventually saw that the alternative was a creed that both sides would sign, each understanding it in its own way, and that the Church could not afford to leave the question of whether the Son is truly God (the Arians said "a god") undecided. So the result was that the Council adopted a creed which is a shorter version of what we now call the Nicene Creed, declaring the Son to be "of one substance with the Father." At the end, there were only two holdouts, the aforesaid Secundus and Theonas. a dramatic but historically accurate account of the Council of Nicea, see the play, The Emperor Constantine, by Dorothy L Sayers, available in book form.) sooner was the council over than its consensus began to fall apart. Constantine had expected that the result would be unity, but found that the Arians would not accept the decision, and that many of the orthodox bishops were prepared to look for a wording a little softer than that of Nicea, something that sounded orthodox, but that the Arians would accept. All sorts of compromise formulas were worked out, with all shades of variation from the formula of Nicea. 328, Alexander died, and Athanasius succeeded him as bishop of Alexandria. He refused to participate in these negotiations, suspecting (correctly as it turned out) that once the orthodox party showed a willingness to make reaching an agreement their highest priority, they would end up giving away the store. He defended the full deity of Christ against emperors, magistrates, bishops, and theologians. For this, he was regarded as a trouble-maker by Constantine and his successors, and was banished from Alexandria a total of five times by various emperors. (Hence the expression "Athanasius contra mundum," or, "Athanasius against the world.") Eventually, Christians who believed in the Deity of Christ came to see that once they were prepared to abandon the Nicene formulation, they were on a slippery slope that led to regarding the Logos as simply a high-ranking angel. The more they experimented with other formulations, the clearer it became that only the Nicene formulation would preserve the Christian faith in any meaningful sense, and so they re-affirmed the Nicene Creed at the Council of Constantinople in 381, a final triumph that Athanasius did not live to see. was a final triumph as far as councils of bishops were concerned, but the situation was complicated by the fact that after Constantine there were several Arian emperors (not counting the Emperor Julian, who was a pagan, but correctly saw that the most effective way to fight Christianity was to throw all his weight on the side of the Arians). Under one of them Arian missionaries were sent to convert the Goths, who became the backbone of the Roman Army (then composed chiefly of foreign mercenaries) with the result that for many years Arianism was considered the mark of a good Army man. The conversion of Clovis, King of the Franks, in 496, to orthodox Christianity either gave the Athanasian party the military power to crush Arianism or denied the Arian Goths the military supremacy that would have enabled them to crush Athanasian Christianity, depending on your point of view. Alexandria had the best astronomers, it was the duty of the Bishop of Alexandria to write to the other bishops every year and tell them the correct date for Easter. Naturally, his annual letter on this topic contained other material as well. One Easter Letter (or Paschal Letter) of Athanasius is well known for giving a list of the books that ought to be considered part of the canonical Scriptures, with a supplementary list of books suitable for devotional reading. For the New Testament, he lists the 27 books that are recognized today. you will look at your list of New Testament books, you may note that Matthew through 2 Thessalonians were never in dispute, that the next four were subject to relatively little dispute, and that the remaining books had more trouble being accepted. There were also a few books that looked as if they might make the list, but eventually did not, the most conspicuous being the Epistle of Barnabas, the Epistle of Clement, and the Shepherd of Hermas.) For the Old Testament, his list is like that used by most Protestants, except that he omits Esther, and includes Baruch, with the letter of Jeremiah. His supplementary list is Wisdom, Sirach, Tobias, Judith, and Esther. He does not mention Maccabees. quotations from the writings of Athanasius follow: We were made "in the likeness of God." But in course of time that image has become obscured, like a face on a very old portrait, dimmed with dust and dirt. When a portrait is spoiled, the only way to renew it is for the subject to come back to the studio and sit for the artist all over again. That is why Christ came--to make it possible for the divine image in man to be recreated. We were made in God's likeness; we are remade in the likeness of his Son. bring about this re-creation, Christ still comes to men and lives among them. In a special way he comes to his Church, his "body", to show us what the "image of God" is really like. a responsibility the Church has, to be Christ's "body," showing him to those who are unwilling or unable to see him in providence, or in creation! Through the Word of God lived out in the Body of Christ they can come to the Father, and themselves be made again "in the likeness of God." If... it is by the sign of the cross and by faith in Christ that death is trampled underfoot, it is clear that it is Christ Himself and none other Who is the Archvictor over death and has robbed it of its power. Death used to be strong and terrible, but now, since the sojourn of the Savior and the death and resurrection of His body, it is despised; and obviously it is by the very Christ Who mounted on the cross that it has been destroyed and vanquished finally. the sun rises after the night and the whole world is lit up by it, nobody doubts that it is the sun which has thus shed its light everywhere and driven away the dark. Equally clear is it, since this utter scorning and trampling down of death has ensued upon the Savior's manifestation in the body and His death on the cross, that it is He Himself Who brought death to nought and daily raises monuments to His victory in His own disciples. How can you think otherwise, when you see men naturally weak hastening to death, unafraid at the prospect of corruption, fearless of the descent into Hades, even indeed with eager soul provoking it, not shrinking from tortures, but preferring thus to rush on death for Christ's sake, rather than to remain in this present life? you see with your own eyes men and women and children, even, thus welcoming death for the sake of Christ's religion, how can you be so utterly silly and incredulous and maimed in your mind as not to realize that Christ, to Whom these all bear witness, Himself gives the victory to each, making death completely powerless for those who hold His faith and bear the sign of the cross? No one in his senses doubts that a snake is dead when he sees it trampled underfoot, especially when he knows how savage it used to be; nor, if he sees boys making fun of a lion, does he doubt that the brute is either dead or completely bereft of strength. These things can be seen with our own eyes, and it is the same with the conquest of death. Doubt no longer, then, when you see death mocked and scorned by those who believe in Christ, that by Christ death was destroyed, and the corruption that goes with it resolved and brought to end. by James Kiefer Note: Further information on Athanasius may also be found at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library. St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; Athanasius the Great, Archbishop of Alexandria, was a great Father of the Church and a pillar of Orthodoxy. was born around the year 297 in the city of Alexandria into a family of pious Christians. He received a fine secular education, but he acquired more knowledge by diligent study of the Holy Scripture. his childhood, the future hierarch Athanasius became known to Saint Alexander the Patriarch of Alexandria (May 29). A group of children, which included Athanasius, were playing at the seashore. The Christian children decided to baptize their pagan playmates. young Athanasius, whom the children designated as “bishop”, performed the Baptism, precisely repeating the words he heard in church during this sacrament. Alexander observed all this from a window. He then commanded that the children and their parents be brought to him. He conversed with them for a long while, and determined that the Baptism performed by the children was done according to the Church order. acknowledged the Baptism as real and sealed it with the sacrament of Chrismation. this moment, the Patriarch looked after the spiritual upbringing of Athanasius and in time brought him into the clergy, at first as a reader, and then he ordained him as a deacon. was as a deacon that Saint Athanasius accompanied Patriarch Alexander to the First Ecumenical Council at Nicea in the year 325. the Council, Saint Athanasius refuted of the heresy of Arius. His speech met with the approval of the Orthodox Fathers of the Council, but the Arians, those openly and those secretly so, came to hate Athanasius and persecuted him for the rest of his life. the death of holy Patriarch Alexander, Saint Athanasius was unanimously chosen as his successor in the See of Alexandria. He refused, accounting himself unworthy, but at the insistence of all the Orthodox populace that it was in agreement, he was consecrated bishop when he was twenty-eight, and installed as the archpastor of the Alexandrian Church. Athanasius guided the Church for forty-seven years, and during this time he endured persecution and grief from his antagonists. Several times he was expelled from Alexandria and hid himself from the Arians in desolate places, since they repeatedly tried to kill him. Saint Athanasius spent more than twenty years in exile, returned to his flock, and then was banished again. was a time when he remained as the only Orthodox bishop in the area, a moment when all the other bishops had fallen into heresy. At the false councils of Arian bishops he was deposed as bishop. Despite being persecuted for many years, the saint continued to defend the purity of the Orthodox Faith, and he wrote countless letters and tracts against the Arian heresy. Julian the Apostate (361-363) began a persecution against Christians, his wrath first fell upon Saint Athanasius, whom he considered a great pillar of Orthodoxy. Julian intended to kill the saint in order to strike Christianity a grievous blow, but he soon perished himself. Mortally wounded by an arrow during a battle, he cried out with despair: “You have conquered, O Galilean.” After Julian’s death, Saint Athanasius guided the Alexandrian Church for seven years and died in 373, at the age of seventy-six. works of Saint Athanasius have been preserved; four Orations against the Arian heresy; also an Epistle to Epictetus, bishop of the Church of Corinth, on the divine and human natures in Jesus Christ; four Epistles to Serapion, Bishop of Thmuis, about the Holy Spirit and His equality with the Father and the Son, directed against the heresy of Macedonius. apologetic works of the Saint in defense of Orthodoxy have been preserved, among which is the Letter to the Emperor Constantius. Saint Athanasius wrote commentaries on Holy Scripture, and books of a moral and didactic character, as well as a biography of Saint Anthony the Great (January 17), with whom Saint Athanasius was very close. Saint John Chrysostom advised every Orthodox Christian to read this Life. memory of Saint Athanasius is celebrated also on January 18 with Saint Cyril of Alexandria.

Egypt, 318-373, Athanasius the Great, led first E Council as a deacon, exiled, came back to defend the faith
Egypt, 318-373, Athanasius the Great, led first E Council as a deacon, exiled, came back to defend the faith; Alexandria; Saint Athanasius the Great, Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Athanasius and Cyril were Archbishops of Alexandria. These wise teachers of truth and defenders of Christ’s Church share a joint Feast in recognition of their dogmatic writings which affirm the truth of the Orthodox Faith, correctly interpret the Holy Scripture, and censure the delusions of the heretics. Athanasius took part in the First Ecumenical Council when he was still a deacon. He surpassed everyone there in his zeal to uphold the teaching that Christ is consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father, and not merely a creature, as the Arians proclaimed. radiant beacon of Orthodoxy spent most of his life in exile from his See, because of the plotting of his enemies. He returned to his flock as he was approaching the end of his life. Like an evening star, he illumined the Orthodox faithful with his words for a little while, then reposed in 373. He is also commemorated on May 2 (the transfer of his holy relics).

Egypt, 318-373, Athanasias of Alexandria, The Great, Patriarch, Trinity defender, 5 exiles
Egyptian Patriarch, 318-373, Athanasias of Alexandria; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated on November 30; St. Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Egypt, 320-390, John-Barsanuphius, Bishop oDamascus, Syria , withdrew t Nitria&Thebaid, Egypt
Syria, 320-390, John-Barsanuphius, Bishop oDamascus, Syria (Barada River foothills, Way of the Sea 17, Kings Highway 17), fPalestine, baptized at 18, became Monk, c Archbishop of Damascus, withdrew tAlexandria, Nitria, Theodore oNitria, withdrew (Thebaid); Damascus (Barada River foothills); Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; John, called Barsanuphius, was a native of Palestine. was baptized when he was eighteen years old, and later became a monk. of his ascetic life, Saint John was consecrated Archbishop of Damascus. of his love for the solitary life, Saint John gave up his position as hierarch and secretly withdrew to Alexandria, calling himself Barsanuphius. he went into the Nitrian desert, arrived at a monastery, and begged the igumen to accept him into the monastery to serve the Elders. conscientiously fulfilled this obedience by day, and spent his nights in prayer. of Nitria saw the monk, and knew that he was a bishop. Saint John concealed himself again and withdrew into Egypt, where he lived in asceticism until the end of his days.

Egypt, 320-391, Saint, Marcarius the Great, Scetis, Lamp of the Desert, spiritual writings
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Egyptian Saint, 320-391, Marcarius the Great; of Egypt ( 300–391) was a Coptic Christian monk and hermit. He is also known as Macarius the Elder, Macarius the Great and The Lamp of the Desert. Macarius was born in Lower Egypt. A late tradition places his birthplace in the village of Shabsheer (Shanshour), in Al Minufiyah Governorate, Egypt around 300 A.D. At some point before his pursuit of asceticism, Macarius made his living smuggling saltpeter in the vicinity of Nitria, a vocation which taught him how to survive in and travel across the wastes in that area.[1] Macarius is known for his wisdom. His friends and close kin used to call him Paidarion Geron which meant the “old young manâ€, i.e. “the young man with the elders’ wisdom."[3] the wish of his parents Macarius entered into marriage, but was soon widowed.[4] Shortly after, his parents died as well. Macarius subsequently distributed all his money among the poor and needy. He found a teacher in an experienced Elder, who lived in the desert not far from the village. The Elder accepted the youth, guided him in the spiritual science of watchfulness, fasting and prayer, and taught him the handicraft of weaving baskets.[4] while later, a pregnant woman accused him of having defiled her. Macarius did not attempt to defend himself, and accepted the accusation in silence. However, when the woman's delivery drew near, her labor became exceedingly difficult. She did not manage to give birth until she confessed Macarius's innocence. A multitude of people then came asking for his forgiveness, but he fled to the Nitrian Desert to escape all mundane glory. a hermit, Macarius spent seven years living on only pulse and raw herbs.[5] He spent the following three years consuming four or five ounces of bread a day and only one vessel of oil a year.[5] While at the desert, he visited Anthony the Great and learned from him the laws and rules of monasticism. he returned to the Scetic Desert at the age of forty, he became a priest.[6] The fame of his sanctity drew many followers. The community, which took up its residence in the desert, was of the semi-eremitical type. The monks were not bound by any fixed rule; their cells were close together, and they met for Divine worship only on Saturdays or Sundays. He presided over this monastic community for the rest of his life. a brief period of time, Macarius was banished to an island in the Nile by the Emperor Valens, along with Saint Macarius of Alexandria, during a dispute over the doctrine of the Nicene Creed. Both men were victims of religious persecution by the followers of then Bishop Lucius of Alexandria. During their time on the island, the daughter of a pagan priest had become ill. The people of the island believed that she was possessed by an evil spirit. Both saints prayed over the daughter, which in turn had saved her. The pagan people of the island were so impressed and grateful that they stopped their worship of the pagan gods and built a church. When word of this got back to the Emperor Valens and Bishop Lucius of Alexandria, they quickly allowed both men to return home. At their return on 13 Paremhat, they were met by a multitude of monks of the Nitrian Desert, numbered fifty thousand, among whom were Saint Pishoy and Saint John the Dwarf. and relics[edit] died in the year 391. After his death, the natives of his village of Shabsheer stole the body and built a great church for him in their village. Pope Michael V of Alexandria brought the relics of Saint Macarius back to the Nitrian Desert on 19 Mesori. Today, the body of Saint Macarius is found in his monastery, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great in Scetes, Egypt. writings: the 50 Spiritual Homilies and Letters[edit] Macarius the Great standing next to a Cherub. Spiritual Homilies were ascribed to Macarius a few generations after his death, and these texts had a widespread and considerable influence on Eastern monasticism and Protestant pietism.[7] was particularly in the context of the debate concerning the 'extraordinary giftings' of the Holy Spirit in the post-apostolic age, since the Macarian Homilies could serve as evidence in favour of a post-apostolic attestation of 'miraculous' Pneumatic giftings to include healings, visions, exorcisms, etc. Macarian Homilies have thus influenced Pietist groups ranging from the Spiritual Franciscans (West) to Eastern Orthodox monastic practice to John Wesley to modern charismatic Christianity. modern patristic scholars have established that it is not likely that Macarius the Egyptian was their author.[8] The identity of the author of these fifty Spiritual Homilies has not been definitively established, although it is evident from statements in them that the author was from Upper Mesopotamia, where the Roman Empire bordered the Persian Empire, and that they were not written later than 534.[9] addition to the homilies, a number of letters have been ascribed to Macarius. Gennadius (De viris illustribus 10) recognizes only one genuine letter of Macarius, which is addressed to younger monks. The first letter, called "Ad filios Dei," may indeed be the genuine letter by Macarius the Egyptian that is mentioned by Gennadius (Vir. Ill.10), but the other letters are probably not by Macarius. The second letter, the so-called "Great Letter" used the De instituto christiana of Gregory of Nyssa, which was written c. 390; the style and content of the "Great Letter" suggest that its author is the same anonymous Mesopotamian who wrote the fifty Spiritual Homilies.[10] seven so-called Opuscula ascetica edited under his name by Petrus Possinus (Paris, 1683) are merely later compilations from the homilies, made by Simeon the Logothete, who is probably identical with Simeon Metaphrastes (d. 950). The teachings of Macarius are characterized by a strong Pneumatic emphasis that closely intertwines the salvific work of Jesus Christ (as the 'Spirit of Christ') with the supernatural workings of the Holy Spirit. This 'Pneumatic' thrust in the Spiritual Homilies is often termed 'mystical' and as such is a spiritual mode of thought which has endeared him to Christian mystics of all ages, although, on the other hand, in his anthropology and soteriology he frequently approximates the standpoint of St. Augustine. Certain passages of his homilies assert the entire depravity of man, while others postulate free will, even after the fall of Adam, and presuppose a tendency toward virtue, or, in semi-Pelagian fashion, ascribe to man the power to attain a degree of readiness to receive salvation. and monastery[edit] is a saint in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. the Methodist Churches, Macarius is regarded highly for writing on the topic of entire sanctification.[11] of Egypt founded a monastery that bears his name, the Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great,[3] which has been continuously inhabited by monks since its foundation in the fourth century. St. Macarius’ face used to be enlightened with grace in an amazing way to the extent that many fathers testified that his face used to glow in the dark; and thus appeared his name as “the glowing lantern.â€ This description was transferred to his monastery, and thus it was called “the glowing lantern of the wildernessâ€ or “the glowing monastery,â€ which meant the place of high wisdom and constant prayer.[3] Today it belongs to the Coptic Orthodox Church. entirety of the Nitrian Desert is sometimes called the Desert of Macarius, for he was the pioneer monk in the region. The ruins of numerous monasteries in this region almost confirm the local tradition that the cloisters of Macarius were equal in number to the days of the year. Macarius Depicted on the Camposanto Fresco in Pisa[edit] Macarius The Great, Camposanto, Trionfo Della Morte Macarius the Great, one of the Egyptian desert recluses and a disciple of Saint Anthony the Great, is depicted on the right edge of the Triumph of Death fresco in Pisa. A group of leisurely aristocrats and their animals occupy the central part of the fresco. These rich young men and women riding horses, surrounded by their decorative hunting dogs have gone on a pleasant journey. Suddenly, their path, somewhere deep in the woods, is barred by three open sarcophagi with bodies in different degrees of decomposition. Everybody in the scene, including the men, women and even the animals are horrified by this terrible and palpable presence of death. The unsupportable stench hits their noses. The abhorrent scene dismays them. Only Saint Macarius the Great, made wise and powerful by his faith, stands above them all. The mystic Saint teaches the youngsters a lesson about life and death by reading from the scroll. The Florentine sculptor Benvenuto Cellini was inspired by this depiction of Saint Macarius in his painted portrait. Virginmartyr Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5;

Egypt, 325-375, Pambo, hunger every day, silence and handcrafts, great ascetic and mentor
Egypt, 325-375, Saint, Pambo; Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Pambo lived the ascetic life in the Nitrian desert in Egypt. Saint Anthony the Great (January 17) said, that the Monk Pambo by the fear of God inspired within himself the Holy Spirit. And the Monk Pimen the Great (August 27) said: “We beheld three things in Father Pambo: hunger every day, silence and handcrafts”. The Monk Theodore the Studite termed Saint Pambo “exalted in deed and in word.” the beginning of his monasticism, Saint Pambo heard the verses from the 38th [39th] Psalm of David: “preserve mine path, that I sin not by my tongue”. These words sank deep into his soul, and he attempted to follow them always. Thus, when they asked him about something, he answered only after long pondering and prayer. He would say, “I must think first, and perhaps I can, in time, give an answer, with God’s help.” Saint Pambo was a model of a lover of work for his disciples. Each day he worked until exhausted, and lived by the bread acquired by his own toil. disciples of Saint Pambo became great ascetics: Dioscorus, afterwards Bishop of Hermopolis (this Dioscorus, bishop of Hermopolis, is distinguished from another Dioscorus, an arch-heretic and Patriarch of Constantinople who lived rather later and was condemned by the Fourth Ecumenical Council), and also Ammonius, Eusebius and Euthymius, mentioned in the life of Saint John Chrysostom. One time Saint Melania the Younger (December 31) brought Saint Pambo a large amount of silver for the needs of the monastery, but he did not leave off from his work nor even glance at the money that was brought. Only after the incessant requests of Saint Melania did he permit her to give the alms to a certain monastic brother for distribution to the needs of the monastery. Saint Pambo was distinguished by his humility, but together with this he highly esteemed the vocation of monk and he taught the laypeople to be respectful of monastics, who often converse with God. was said that sometimes Saint Pambo’s face shone like lightning, as did the face of Moses. Yet, speaking to the brethren who stood about his deathbed, Saint Pambo said: “I go to the Lord as one who has not yet begun to serve Him.” He died at the age of 70.

Egypt, 325-395, Thais, repentant courtesan, famous beauty, prostitute, Paphnutius paid and warned her
Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Thais; Thais of fourth-century Roman Alexandria and of the Egyptian desert was a repentant courtesan. Thais reportedly lived during the fourth century in Roman Egypt. Her story is included in hagiographic literature on the lives of the saints in the Greek church. such biographical sketches exist. first, in Greek, perhaps originated during the fifth century. It was translated into Latin as the Vita Thaisis [Life of Thais] by Dionysius Exiguus (Dennis the Little) during the sixth or seventh century. The other sketch comes to us in medieval Latin from Marbod of Rennes (d. 1123). Thais also appears in Greek martyrologies by Maurolychus and Greven, however, not in Latin martyrologies.[1] The lives of the desert saints and hermits of Egypt, including St. Thais, were collected in the Vitae Patrum (Lives of the Desert Fathers).[2][3] Egyptian Saint, 325-395, Paphnutius the Ascetic; Venerable Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on October 8; Thais of Egypt, raised by her mother in a spirit far removed from Christian piety, led a depraved and dissolute life. She was famed for her beauty, leading many on the path to perdition. account about the prodigal Thais spread throughout all Egypt and reached even Saint Paphnutius, a strict ascetic who had converted many to salvation. Paphnutius dressed himself in worldly attire and went to Thais, giving her money as though he wished to pay for her favors. He pretended to be afraid that someone would see them, so he asked her if there were a place they would not be discovered. Thais said that they could lock the door and enjoy complete privacy. “But if you fear God,” she said, “there is no place where you can hide from Him.” Seeing that she knew about God and the punishment of the wicked, the Elder asked why she led a sinful life and enticed others to ruin their souls. He told her about the eternal punishment she would have to face for her own sins, and for the people who had been corrupted and destroyed by her. words of Saint Paphnutius so affected the sinner that she gathered up all her riches acquired through her shameful life, then set them afire in the city square. Then Saint Paphnutius shut her up in a small cell, where for three years she dwelt in seclusion. Turning toward the East, Thais constantly repeated the short prayer, “My Creator, have mercy on me!” “From the moment I entered into the cell,” said Thais to the Elder before her death, “all my sins constantly were before my eyes, and I wept when I remembered them.” Paphnutius replied “It is for your tears, and not for the austerity of your seclusion, that the Lord has granted you mercy.” Thais was ill for three days, then fell asleep in the Lord. So this woman, who had been a harlot and a sinner, has entered the Kingdom of God before us (Mt. 21:31). Saint Paul the Simple (October 4) saw in a vision the place prepared for the penitant Thais in Paradise. St John of Egypt,Commemorated on December 2; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15;

Egypt, 334-368, Theodorus of Tabennese, Patriarch, mentored by Pachomius, great ascetic, wonderworker
Egyptian Patriarch, 334-368, Theodorus of Tabennese ; Egyptian Patriarch, 312-348, Pachomius the Great; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Theodore was called “Sanctified” because he was the first in his monastery ordained to the priesthood. Theodore came from Egypt and was the son of rich and illustrious Christian parents. The yearning for monastic life appeared early in him. Once there was a large party at the house of his parents during the feast of Theophany. The boy did not want to take part in the festivities, grieving that because of earthly joys he might be deprived of joys in the life to come. He secretly left home when he was fourteen and entered one of the monasteries. about Pachomius the Great, he burned with the desire to see the ascetic. Saint Pachomius received the young man with love, having been informed by God beforehand about his coming. Remaining at the monastery, Saint Theodore quickly succeeded in all his monastic tasks, particularly in the full obedience to his guide, and in his compassion towards the other brethren. Theodore’s mother, learning that he was at the Tabennisi monastery, came to Saint Pachomius with a letter from the bishop, asking to see her son. Saint Theodore did not wish to break his vow to renounce the world, so he refused to meet with his mother. Saint Theodore’s strength of mind and ability, Saint Pachomius once told him to instruct the brethren on Holy Scripture. Saint Theodore was then only twenty years old. He obeyed and began to speak, but some of the older brethren took offense that a new monk should teach them, and they departed. Saint Pachomius said to them, “You have given in to the devil and because of your conceit, your efforts will come to naught. You have not rejected Theodore, but rather the Word of God, and have deprived yourselves of the Holy Spirit.” Pachomius appointed Saint Theodore as overseer of the Tabennisi monastery, and withdrew to a more solitary monastery. Saint Theodore with filial love continued to concern himself over his instructor, and he looked after Saint Pachomius in his final illness, and when the great abba reposed in the Lord, he closed his eyes. After the death of Saint Pachomius, Saint Theodore directed the Tabennisi monastery, and later on he was at the head of all the Thebaid monasteries. Saint Theodore the Sanctified was famed for his holiness of life and a great gift of wonderworking, and he was well known to Saint Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria. Saint Theodore reposed in his old age in the year 368.

Egypt, 335-395, Apollo otThebaid, divine revelation tDestroy Babel Wise Men's wisdom&false knowledge, Heliopolis M, great story
Egypt, 335-395, Apollonios (Apollo) otEgyptian Thebaid (Upper Egypt, Nile River 13), desert a15 f14yrs, divine revelation tDestroy wisdom oEgyptian Wise Men, remove their not true knowledge, plus Wise Men of Egyptian Babel, and remove service to devils, go quickly tNear Desert close to Hermopolis, soon multitude oMiracles&Monastery, ate little once a day, vanity o-Chains, Rags, Long hair, prison frefusing Military Service, Angel otLord freed them, as witness pagan ritual froze idolaters, became christians, soon no pagans left near monastery, prevented bloodshead between C's & pagan village by converting instagator, on another similar occasion by terrible death tLeader, A's History- Jerome had visited A, Abba Paul's journey ffAntinoe tEMonasteries, Jacobite Synaxarion; Thebaid; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31; Venerable Apollonios was the son of the pious parents, Aisi and Amani. According to one version, he had an elder brother, a monk, who died before his birth, who appeared to him in a dream. According to other sources, his parents were childless before the birth of Apollonios. the age of fifteen, the Saint retired to the inner desert of the Thebaïd (in Lower Egypt), along with his kinsman Abib. fourteen years of the solitary life, Saint Apollonios was granted a Divine Revelation. Voice said: “Apollonios, by your hands I will destroy the wisdom of the wise men of Egypt, I will remove their knowledge, which is not true knowledge. will also overthrow those who are reputed to be the wise men of Babel (the Babylon of Egypt), and all their service to devils (idolatry). go quickly to the desert, to the region which is near the habitations of men. There you shall beget for me a holy people, who will be exalted by their good works.” he became known for the multitude of miracles which he performed. He was the head of many monks; and he directed them profitably by his spiritual instructions. the reign of Julian the Apostate, God commanded the Saint to go to the near desert. a spot close to Hermopolis he founded a monastery in which about five hundred monks would gather in the future. brethren of the Monastery partook of the Holy Mysteries in the morning, and then in the afternoon they studied the Holy Scriptures. after sunset did they eat a little food, and then they went off into the desert alone, “in the darkness of the night, devoting themselves to the contemplation of God and His Holy Word,” while some of the monks remained in the monastery. monks would eat food just once a day. condemned those who adhered to the harsher forms of austerity - these did not cut their hair and wore chains - regarding such things as a sign of vanity. the same time, Apollonios himself was a strict faster, he ate boiled food on Sundays, and on other days he ate only wild plants. one of the monks was forcibly recruited for military service and was locked up in a prison for refusing to serve. and some other monks visited him in the prison. They comforted him and advised him to remain steadfast. the centurion heard about this, he became very angry and locked Apollonios and his companions in prison, posting many guards. an angel of the Lord appeared at midnight, to open the doors of the prison, and the monks left unhindered. the monastery were ten pagan settlements. Apollonios was once a witness to a pagan ritual: priests of the idols, accompanied by a crowd, carried an idol around to the villages, “raging like bacchants.” the Saint’s prayers, the idolaters were halted and could not continue the procession. learning of the cause of the incident, many of them followed Apollonios, and the idol was destroyed. After this miracle, many pagans became Christians, and some of them even remained in the monastery. Soon there were almost no pagans left in the vicinity of the monastery. there was strife between two villages near the monastery, Apollonios managed to convert a robber (who may have been the instigator of the quarrel) to Christ, and so peace was restored. another occasion, Apollonios was able to prevent bloodshed between the Christian and pagan villages, punishing the leader of the pagans with a terrible death. famine occurred at the Thebaid, Apollonios supplied the inhabitants with food. Apollonios reposed in peace around the year 395, at very advanced age. of the information about Saint Apollonios was recorded in chapter 9 of Saint Jerome’s History of the Monks of Egypt. The author had visited Apollonios shortly before the latter’s repose, along with his companions. They lived in his monastery for about a week. also provides some details about Apollonios in Book VI, chapter 29 of his Church History, citing Timothy, the primate of the Church of Alexandria, as the source for what we know about Saint Apollonios’s personal discipline as well as his “divine and marvelous deeds.” Coptic Church has also preserved an ancient testimony of Saint Apollonios in a description of Abba Paul’s journey from Antinoe through the monasteries of Egypt, another account from a Jacobite Synaxarion (in Arabic). This Synaxarion under 5 Amshire (January 30) calls Apollonios “an Equal of the angels.” The Coptic Church commemorates Saint Apollonios on 25 Papo (October 22).

Egypt, 337-362, Greatmartyr Artemius, viceroy of Egypt, then Julian tortured, Jesus encouraged, he prophesied J death
Egypt, 337-362, Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, viceroy of Egypt, spread C in E, b relics to Constantinople, then Julian tortured him, Jesus appeared w angels, encouraged him, he prophesied Julians death; Egypt; Rahab; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Great Martyr Artemius of Antioch was a prominent military leader during the reigns of the emperor Constantine the Great (May 21), and his son and successor Constantius (337-361). received many awards for distinguished service and courage. was appointed viceroy of Egypt. this official position he did much for the spreading and strengthening Christianity in Egypt. Artemius was sent by the emperor Constantius to bring the relics of the holy Apostle Andrew from Patras, the relics of the holy Apostle Luke from Thebes of Boeotia, Constantinople. holy relics were placed in the Church of the Holy Apostles beneath the table of oblation. The emperor rewarded him by making him ruler of Egypt. emperor Constantius was succeeded on the throne by Julian the Apostate (361-363). in his desire to restore paganism was extremely antagonistic towards Christians, sending hundreds to their death. Antioch he ordered the torture of two bishops unwilling to forsake the Christian Faith. this time, Saint Artemius arrived in Antioch and publicly denounced Julian for his impiety. enraged Julian subjected the saint to terrible tortures and threw the Great Martyr Artemius into prison. Artemius was praying, Christ, surrounded by angels, appeared to him and said, “Take courage, Artemius! I am with you and will preserve you from every hurt which is inflicted upon you, and I already have prepared your crown of glory. Since you have confessed Me before the people on earth, so shall I confess you before My Heavenly Father. Therefore, take courage and rejoice, you shall be with Me in My Kingdom.” this, Artemius rejoiced and offered up glory and thanksgiving to Him. the following day, Julian demanded that Saint Artemius honor the pagan gods. Meeting with steadfast refusal, the emperor resorted to further tortures. The saint endured all without a single moan. saint told Julian that he would be justly recompensed for his persecution of Christians. became furious and resorted to even more savage tortures, but they did not break the will of the saint. Finally the Great Martyr Artemius was beheaded. relics were buried by Christians. After the death of Saint Artemius, his prophecy about Julian the Apostate’s impending death came true. left Antioch for a war with the Persians. Near the Persian city of Ctesiphon, Julian came upon an elderly Persian, who agreed to betray his countrymen and guide Julian’s army. The old man deceived Julian and led his army into the Karmanite wilderness, where there was neither food nor water. Tired from hunger and thirst, Julian’s army battled against fresh Persian forces. retribution caught up with Julian the Apostate. During the battle he was mortally wounded by an unseen hand and an unseen weapon. groaned deeply said, “You have conquered, Galilean!” the death of the apostate emperor, the relics of the Great Martyr Artemius were transferred with honor from Antioch to Constantinople. Artemius is invoked by those suffering from hernias.

Egypt, 340-417, Paisius tG, Pishoy, saw Jesus, incorrpt tday, no food 70 days, vision nitrian wilds, he would provide
Egypt, 340-417, Saint, Paisius the Great, Pishoy; Pishoy (320 - 417 AD), known in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria as the Star of the Desert and the Beloved of our Good Savior, is a Coptic Desert Father. He is said to have seen Jesus and that his body is preserved to the present day in incorruptibility at the Monastery of Saint Pishoy at the Natroon Desert, Egypt. He is venerated by the Oriental Orthodox Churches and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, and is known in the latter under the Greek version of his name, Paisios.[1] Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Paisius the Great lived in Egypt. His parents, Christians, distributed generous alms to all the needy. the death of her husband his mother, on the suggestion of an angel, gave her young son Paisius to the clergy of the church. youth Paisius loved monastic life and spent his time in one of the Egyptian sketes. Renouncing his own will, he lived under the spiritual guidance of Saint Pambo (July 18), finishing all the tasks assigned him. The Elder said that a new monk in particular needs to preserve his sight, in order to guard his senses from temptation. Paisius, heeding the instruction, went for three years with his eyes cast downwards. The saintly ascetic read spiritual books, and he was known for his ascetic fasting and prayer. At first he did not eat any food for a week, then two weeks. Sometimes, after partaking of the Holy Mysteries of Christ, he survived without food for seventy days. Paisius went into the Nitrian desert in search of solitude. There he lived in a cave carved out by his own hands. The saint was granted a wondrous vision: the Lord Jesus Christ revealed to him that through his labors the Nitrian wilderness would become inhabited by ascetics. He asked the Lord where the monks would obtain the necessities of life in the desert. The Lord said that if they would fulfill all His commandments, He Himself would provide all their necessities, and would deliver them from demonic temptations and cunning. time, a number of monks and laymen gathered around Saint Paisius, and a monastery was established. The most important rule of Saint Paisius was that no one would do anything by his own will, but in all things would fulfill the will of his elders. his tranquility was being disturbed by so many people, the saint withdrew to another cave farther away. Once, he was transported to a paradisical monastery and partook of the immaterial divine food. After his ascetic labors for salvation, the Lord granted His saint the gift of prescience and healing the souls of men. of his disciples, with the saint’s blessing, went to sell his handicrafts in Egypt. On the way he encountered a Jew, who told the simple-minded monk that Christ the Savior is not the Messiah, and that another Messiah will come. Confused, the monk said, “Maybe what you say is true,” but he did not attribute any particular significance to his words. When he returned, he saw that Saint Paisius would not acknowledge his arrival, and he asked the reason for his anger. The saint said, “My disciple was a Christian. You are not a Christian, for the grace of Baptism has departed from you.” The monk repented with tears, and begged to have his sin forgiven. Only then did the holy Elder pray and ask the Lord to forgive the monk. certain monk on his own initiative left the desert and moved near a city. There he had encounters with a woman, who hated and blasphemed Christ the Savior. Under her influence, he not only left the monastery, but also scorned faith in Christ, and finally he reached a state of total disbelief. through the blessed Providence of God, Nitrian monks came by his home. Seeing them, the sinner remembered his own former life and he asked the monks to ask Saint Paisius to pray for him to the Lord. On hearing the request, the saint prayed fervently, and his prayer was heard. The Lord, appearing to His saint, promised to forgive the sinner. Soon the seduced monk’s woman companion died, and he returned to the desert where, weeping and distressed for his sins, he began to labor at deeds of repentance. Paisius distinguished himself by his great humility, and performed ascetic deeds of fasting and prayer, but he concealed them from others as far as possible. When the monks asked which virtue is the highest of all, the saint replied, “Those which are done in secret, and about which no one knows.” Paisius died in the fifth century at a great old age, and he was buried by the monks. After some time his relics were transferred by Saint Isidore of Pelusium (February 4) to his own monastery and placed beside the relics of his friend Saint Paul, with whom Saint Paisius was particularly close during his life.

Egypt, 340-429, Sisoes the Great, mentored by sts anthony& Hor, 60 yrs in d, wonderworker, self as iinferior to everyone
Egypt, 340-429, Saint, Sisoes the Great; Sisoes the Great (+429 AD) was an early Christian desert father, a solitary monk pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave of his predecessor, St Anthony the Great. St Sisoes is revered as a saint by Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches, who consider him a wonderworker. His feast day is observed on July 19 [O.S. July 6].[note 2][note 3] was a Copt by birth. Having withdrawn the world from his youth, he retired to the desert of Scete, and lived some time under the direction of abbot Hor. The desire of finding a retreat yet more unfrequented induced him to cross the Nile and hide himself in the mountain where St. Anthony the Great died some time before. Egypt, 271-356, Saint Anthony the Great; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6; Sisoes the Great (+ 429) was a solitary monk, pursuing asceticism in the Egyptian desert in a cave sanctified by the prayerful labors of his predecessor, Saint Anthony the Great (January 17). For his sixty years of labor in the desert, Saint Sisoes attained to sublime spiritual purity and he was granted the gift of wonderworking, so that by his prayers he once restored a dead child back to life. strict with himself, Abba Sisoes was very merciful and compassionate to others, and he received everyone with love. To those who visited him, the saint first of all always taught humility. When one of the monks asked how he might attain to a constant remembrance of God, Saint Sisoes remarked, “That is no great thing, my son, but it is a great thing to regard yourself as inferior to everyone else. This leads to the acquisition of humility.” Asked by the monks whether one year is sufficient for repentance if a brother sins, Abba Sisoes said, “I trust in the mercy of God that if such a man repents with all his heart, then God will accept his repentance in three days.” Saint Sisoes lay upon his deathbed, the disciples surrounding the Elder saw that his face shone like the sun. They asked the dying man what he saw. Abba Sisoes replied that he saw Saint Anthony, the prophets, and the apostles. His face increased in brightness, and he spoke with someone. The monks asked, “With whom are you speaking, Father?” He said that angels had come for his soul, and he was entreating them to give him a little more time for repentance. The monks said, “You have no need for repentance, Father.” Saint Sisoes said with great humility, “I do not think that I have even begun to repent.” these words the face of the holy abba shone so brightly that the brethren were not able to look upon him. Saint Sisoes told them that he saw the Lord Himself. Then there was a flash like lightning, and a fragrant odor, and Abba Sisoes departed to the Heavenly Kingdom.

Egypt, 350, 4th Century, Elias the Hermit, of Egypt, mountain cave dweller, ascetic 75 yrs till age 110
Venerable Elias the Hermit, of Egypt, Commemorated on January 8; Elias the Egyptian became a monk and pursued asceticism for seventy-five years on a desolate mountain in a cave. died in the fourth century at the age of 110.

Egypt, 350, 4th Century, Virginmartyr Mastridia, unceasing prayer, fasts, silence, impure youth, what do you like, gouged out eyes
Egypt, 999, Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, unceasing prayer, fasts, silence, persued by impure youth, grieving tempting, what do you like, gouged out eyes, he repented became monk, she works for t Lord; Alexandria; Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Nun Mastridia lived in Alexandria. She made a vow of virginity and she dwelt in unceasing prayer, keeping the fasts and keeping silence. pure life of the holy virgin was beset by trials. A certain young man, attracted to her with impure desire, began to pursue her so that she could not even leave her home to go to church. because she had unwillingly led the youth into temptation, and being zealous for his salvation, the saint invited him into her home. asked what it was about her that made him bother her so much. replied, “Your beautiful eyes!” this, she gouged them out with a needle she used for sewing. she saved herself and the youth from temptation. then repented and became a monk, living as a strict ascetic. Saint Mastridia finished her life in works for the Lord.

Egypt, 350, 4th Century, Brothers Cantidius and Cantidian stoned, Sibelius (Soleb) shot with arrows, all refused to deny Christ
Egypt, 350, 4th Century, Brothers Cantidius and Cantidian stoned, Sibelius (Soleb) was shot with arrows, all refused to deny Christ; Egypt; Rahab; Martyrs Cantidius, Cantidian, and Sibelius (Sobel) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 5; Cantidius and Cantidian were brothers who lived in Egypt during the fourth century. were put to death by stoning. Sibelius (Soleb) was shot with arrows. three suffered martyrdom because they were Christians who refused to deny Christ.

Egypt, 350-405, Moses the Black, leader of gang of robbers, discoverd monks, became one, struggled, power over deamons
Egyptian Saint, 350-405, Moses the Black; the Black (330–405), also known as Abba Moses the Robber, the Ethiopian , and the Strong, was an ascetic monk and priest in Egypt in the fourth century AD, and a notable Desert Father. According to stories about him, he converted from a life of crime to one of asceticism. He is mentioned in Sozomen's Ecclesiastical History, written about 70 years after Moses's death. MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Moses the Black (330 – 405), known as the Ethiopian or the strong, was a slave of a government official in Egypt who dismissed him for theft and suspected murder. He became the leader of a gang of bandits who roamed the Nile Valley spreading terror and violence. Attempting to hide from local authorities, he took shelter with some monks in a colony in the desert of Scetes, near Alexandria. The dedication of their lives, as well as their peace and contentment, influenced Moses deeply. He soon gave up his old way of life, became a Christian, was baptized and joined the monastic community at Scetes. (more at Wikipedia) Venerable Moses the Ethiopian of Scete, Commemorated on August 28; Moses lived in Egypt during the fourth century. He was an Ethiopian, and since he was black of skin he was called “Murin” (meaning “like an Ethiopian”). In his youth he was the slave of an important man, but after he committed a murder, his master banished him, and he joined a band of robbers. of his bad character and great physical strength, they chose him as their leader. Moses and his band of brigands were feared because of their many evil exploits, including murders and robberies. People trembled at the mere mention of his name. the brigand spent several years leading a sinful life, but through the great mercy of God he repented, left his band of robbers and went to one of the desert monasteries. Here he wept for a long time, begging to be admitted as one of the brethren. The monks were not convinced of the sincerity of his repentance, but the former robber would neither be driven away nor silenced. He continued to implore that they accept him. Moses was completely obedient to the hegoumen and the brethren, and he poured forth many tears of sorrow for his sinful life. After a certain while Saint Moses withdrew to a solitary cell, where he spent his time in prayer and the strictest fasting. four of the robbers of his former band descended upon the cell of Saint Moses. He had lost none of his great physical strength, so he tied them all up. Throwing them over his shoulder, he brought them to the monastery, where he asked the Elders what to do with them. The Elders ordered that they be set free. The robbers, learning that they had chanced upon their former ringleader, and that he had dealt kindly with them, followed his example: they repented and became monks. Later, when the rest of the band of robbers heard about Saint Moses’ repentance, then they also gave up their thievery and became fervent monks. Moses was not quickly freed from the passions. He went often to the hegoumen, Abba Isidore, seeking advice on how to be delivered from the passions of profligacy. Being experienced in the spiritual struggle, the Elder taught him never to eat too much food, to remain partly hungry while observing the strictest restraint. But the passions did not cease to trouble Saint Moses in his dreams. Abba Isidore taught him the all-night vigil. The monk stood the whole night at prayer, so he would not fall asleep. As a result of his prolonged struggles, Saint Moses fell into despondency, and when he began to have thoughts about leaving his solitary cell, Abba Isidore instead strengthened the resolve of his disciple. a vision he showed him many demons in the west, prepared for battle, and in the east a still greater quantity of holy angels, also ready for fighting. Abba Isidore explained to Saint Moses that the power of the angels would prevail over the power of the demons, and in the long struggle with the passions it was necessary for him to become completely cleansed of his former sins. Moses drove himself to additional labors. Making the rounds of the wilderness cells at night, he carried water from the well to each brother. He did this especially for the Elders, who lived far from the well and who were not easily able to carry their own water. Once, kneeling over the well, Saint Moses felt a powerful blow upon his back and he fell down at the well like one dead, laying there in that position until dawn. Thus did the devils take revenge upon the monk for his victory over them. In the morning the brethren carried him to his cell, and he lay there crippled for a whole year. After he recovered, the monk with firm resolve confessed to the hegoumen, that he would continue with his ascetic struggles. But the Lord Himself put limits to this toil which lasted for many years: Abba Isidore blessed his disciple and told him that the passions had already left him. The Elder commanded him to receive the Holy Mysteries, and to go to his own cell in peace. From that time, Saint Moses received from the Lord power over demons. about his exploits spread among the monks and even beyond the bounds of the wilderness. The governor of the land wanted to see the saint. When he heard of this, Saint Moses decided to hide from any visitors, and he departed his own cell. Along the way he met servants of the governor, who asked him how to get to the cell of the desert-dweller Moses. The monk answered them: “Go no farther to see this false and unworthy monk.” The servants returned to the monastery where the governor was waiting, and they told him the words of the Elder they had chanced to meet. The brethren, hearing a description of the Elder’s appearance, told them that they had encountered Saint Moses himself. many years of monastic exploits, Saint Moses was ordained deacon. The bishop clothed him in white vestments and said, “Now Abba Moses is entirely white!” The saint replied, “Only outwardly, for God knows that I am still dark within.” humility, the saint believed himself unworthy of the office of deacon. Once, the bishop decided to test him and he bade the clergy to drive him out of the altar, reviling him as an unworthy Ethiopian. In all humility, the monk accepted the abuse. Having put him to the test, the bishop then ordained Saint Moses to the priesthood. Saint Moses labored for fifteen years in this rank, and gathered 75 disciples around himself. the saint reached the age of 75, he warned his monks that soon brigands would descend upon the skete and murder all those who remained there. The saint blessed his monks to leave, in order to avoid violent death. His disciples begged the saint to leave with them, but he replied: “For many years now, I have awaited the time when the words spoken by my Master, the Lord Jesus Christ, should be fulfilled: ‘All who take up the sword, shall perish by the sword’” (Matt. 26: 52). After this, seven of the brethren remained with Saint Moses, and one of them hid nearby during the attack of the robbers. The robbers killed Saint Moses and the six monks who remained with him. Their death occurred about the year 400.

Egypt, 350-450, Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, same day 100yrs later, God intervened w fire at top of mt, eyewitness
Egypt, 350-450, Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt, same day, 40 and 39, God intervened w fire at top of mt, 100 yrs later eyewitness, description of ascetics lives; Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; were two occasions when the monks and hermits at Sinai and Raithu were murdered by the barbarians. The first took place in the fourth century when forty Fathers were killed at Mt. Sinai, and thirty-nine were slain at Raithu on the same day. Sinai, where the Ten Commandments had been given to Moses, was also the site of another miracle. Ammonios, an Egyptian monk, witnessed the murder of the forty holy Fathers at Sinai. He tells of how the Saracens attacked the monastery and would have killed them all, if God had not intervened. A fire appeared on the summit of the peak, and the whole mountain smoked. The barbarians were terrified, and fled, while the surviving monks thanked God for sparing them. day, the Blemmyes (an Arab tribe) killed thirty-nine Fathers at Raithu (on the shores of the Red Sea). Igumen Paul of Raithu exhorted his monks to endure their suffering with courage and a pure heart. second massacres occurred nearly a hundred years later, and was also recorded by an eyewitness who miraculously escaped: Saint Nilus the Faster (November 12). Arabs permitted some of the monks to run for their lives. They crossed the valley and climbed up a mountain. From this vantage point, they saw the bedouin kill the monks and ransack their cells. Sinai and Raithu ascetics lived a particularly strict life: they spent the whole week at prayer in their cells. On Saturday they gathered for the all-night Vigil, and on Sunday they received the Holy Mysteries. Their only food was dates and water. Many of the ascetics of the desert were glorified by the gift of wonderworking: the Elders Moses, Joseph and others. Mentioned in the service to these monastic Fathers are: Isaiah, Savva, Moses and his disciple Moses, Jeremiah, Paul, Adam, Sergius, Domnus, Proclus, Hypatius, Isaac, Macarius, Mark, Benjamin, Eusebius and Elias. St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Joseph Analytinus of Raithu was a strict ascetic. attained such a high degree of perfection in the spiritual life that a light shone upon him while he prayed. foretold the time of his death to his disciple Gelasius, and died in peace, before the slaughter of the Sinai Fathers. Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Theodulus was the son of Saint Nilus the Faster (November 12), and he recorded the slaughter of the holy Fathers at Raithu in the fifth century. While still a child, Saint Theodulus left the world and went to Mount Sinai with his father. a barbarian assault on the desert dwellers, the saint fell into the hands of brigands, who decided to offer the youth as a sacrifice to the morning dawn, which they worshipped in place of God. But the Lord saved the boy through the prayers of his father, Saint Nilus. The barbarians slept past sunrise, and giving up on the idea of making him a sacrificial offering, they took the youth with them. by the brigands to the city of Eluza, Saint Theodulus was ransomed by the local bishop, in whose house he was later found by his grateful father. Blessed by the bishop and presbyters, Saints Theodulus and Nilus returned to Mount Sinai, where they served the Lord until the end of their days. Their incorrupt relics were transferred to Constantinople under Emperor Justin the Younger (565-578) and placed in the church of the holy Apostles at Orphanotrophia.

Egypt, 350-450, St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, strict ascetic, light shone on him as he prayed, fortold time of death
Egypt, 350-450, St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, strict ascetic, light shone on him as he prayed, fortold time of death; Raithu; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Joseph Analytinus of Raithu was a strict ascetic. attained such a high degree of perfection in the spiritual life that a light shone upon him while he prayed. foretold the time of his death to his disciple Gelasius, and died in peace, before the slaughter of the Sinai Fathers. Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Theodulus was the son of Saint Nilus the Faster (November 12), and he recorded the slaughter of the holy Fathers at Raithu in the fifth century. While still a child, Saint Theodulus left the world and went to Mount Sinai with his father. a barbarian assault on the desert dwellers, the saint fell into the hands of brigands, who decided to offer the youth as a sacrifice to the morning dawn, which they worshipped in place of God. But the Lord saved the boy through the prayers of his father, Saint Nilus. The barbarians slept past sunrise, and giving up on the idea of making him a sacrificial offering, they took the youth with them. by the brigands to the city of Eluza, Saint Theodulus was ransomed by the local bishop, in whose house he was later found by his grateful father. Blessed by the bishop and presbyters, Saints Theodulus and Nilus returned to Mount Sinai, where they served the Lord until the end of their days. Their incorrupt relics were transferred to Constantinople under Emperor Justin the Younger (565-578) and placed in the church of the holy Apostles at Orphanotrophia.

Egypt, 350-450, Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, they recorded slaughter, Arabs slept past sacrifice
Egypt, 350-450, Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, recorded the slaughter, slept past sunrise so not sacrificed, back to Sinai; Raithu; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Theodulus was the son of Saint Nilus the Faster (November 12), and he recorded the slaughter of the holy Fathers at Raithu in the fifth century. While still a child, Saint Theodulus left the world and went to Mount Sinai with his father. a barbarian assault on the desert dwellers, the saint fell into the hands of brigands, who decided to offer the youth as a sacrifice to the morning dawn, which they worshipped in place of God. But the Lord saved the boy through the prayers of his father, Saint Nilus. The barbarians slept past sunrise, and giving up on the idea of making him a sacrificial offering, they took the youth with them. by the brigands to the city of Eluza, Saint Theodulus was ransomed by the local bishop, in whose house he was later found by his grateful father. Blessed by the bishop and presbyters, Saints Theodulus and Nilus returned to Mount Sinai, where they served the Lord until the end of their days. Their incorrupt relics were transferred to Constantinople under Emperor Justin the Younger (565-578) and placed in the church of the holy Apostles at Orphanotrophia.

Egypt, 359-405, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes, Pimen's monastery, obedience, water on dry stick, author Paisius' life
Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; John the Dwarf (c. 339 - c. 405), also called Saint John Colobus, Saint John Kolobos or Abba John the Dwarf,[2] was a Coptic Desert Father of the early Christian church. Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9; John the Dwarf of Egypt struggled in the Egyptian desert in the fifth century in the monastery of Saint Pimen the Great (August 27). It was to this monastery that the young John came with his brother Daniel. Saint John told his elder brother that he did not want to be concerned about clothing and food, and that he wished to live like the angels in Paradise. Daniel allowed him to go to a deserted place, so that he would be afflicted. John went out from the cell and removed his clothing. It was very cold at night, and after a week John became hungry. night John went back to the monastery and began to knock on the door of the cell. “Who is it?” Daniel asked. “It is I, your brother John.” Daniel replied, “John has become an angel, and is no longer among men.” continued to knock, but Daniel would not let him in until morning. Then he said, “You are a man and must work again if you want to eat.” Saint John wept bitterly, asking for forgiveness. being brought to his senses Saint John went to Saint Pimen, known for his firm and steadfast will, and having asked guidance, he promised to be obedient in all things. Testing the patience of the young monk, Saint Pimen gave him an unusual obedience. For three years Saint John carried water and poured it on a dry stick, until it became covered with leaves and bore abundant fruit. His Elder took the fruit to the brethren saying, “Take and eat the fruit of obedience.” Abba John himself became a guide of many people on the way of salvation, among whom were Saint Arsenius the Great (May 8) and Saint Thais (May 10). John was the author of the Life of Saint Paisius the Great (June 19).

Egypt, 360-450, Pimen the G, Sketes, most quoted, spiritual guide, fire (sin) and water (prayer)
Egyptian Saint, 360-450, Pimen the Great; Poemen The Great (c. 340-450) was a Christian monk and early Desert Father who is the most quoted Abba (Father) in the Apophthegmata Patrum (Sayings of the Desert Fathers). Abba Poemen was quoted most often for his gift as a spiritual guide, reflected in the name "Poemen" ("Shepherd"), rather than for asceticism.[1] He is considered a saint in Eastern Christianity. His feast day is August 27 in Julian calendar (September 9 in Gregorian calendar) Egypt, 359-405, Egyptian Saint, John the Short, or the Dwarf, Sketes; Venerable Pimen the Great, Commemorated on August 27; Pimen the Great was born about the year 340 in Egypt. He went to one of the Egyptian monasteries with his two brothers, Anoub and Paisius, and all three received monastic tonsure. brothers were such strict ascetics that when their mother came to the monastery to see her children, they did not come out to her from their cells. The mother stood there for a long time and wept. Then Saint Pimen said to her through the closed door of the cell, “Do you wish to see us now, or in the future life?” Saint Pimen promised that if she would endure the sorrow of not seeing her children in this life, then surely she would see them in the next. The mother was humbled and returned home. of Saint Pimen’s deeds and virtues spread throughout the land. Once, the governor of the district wanted to see him. Saint Pimen, shunning fame, thought to himself, “If dignitaries start coming to me and show me respect, then many other people will also start coming to me and disturb my quiet, and I shall be deprived of the grace of humility, which I have acquired only with the help of God.” So he refused to see the governor, asking him not to come. many of the monks, Saint Pimen was a spiritual guide and instructor. They wrote down his answers to serve for the edification of others besides themselves. A certain monk asked, “If I see my brother sinning, should I conceal his fault?” The Elder answered, “If we reproach the sins of brothers, then God will reproach our sins. If you see a brother sinning, do not believe your eyes. Know that your own sin is like a beam of wood, but the sin of your brother is like a splinter (Mt. 7:3-5), and then you will not enter into distress or temptation.” monk said to the saint, “I have sinned grievously and I want to spend three years at repentance. Is that enough time?” The Elder replied, “That is a long time.” The monk continued to ask how long the saint wished him to repent. Perhaps only a year? Saint Pimen said, “That is a long time.” The other brethren asked, “Should he repent for forty days?” The Elder answered, “I think that if a man repents from the depths of his heart and has a firm intention not to return to the sin, then God will accept three days of repentance.” asked how to get rid of persistent evil thoughts, the saint replied, “This is like a man who has fire on his left side, and a vessel full of water on his right side. If he starts burning from the fire, he takes water from the vessel and extinguishes the fire. The fire represents the evil thoughts placed in the heart of man by the Enemy of our salvation, which can enkindle sinful desires within man like a spark in a hut. The water is the force of prayer which impels a man toward God.” Pimen was strict in his fasting and sometimes would not partake of food for a week or more. He advised others to eat every day, but without eating their fill. Abba Pimen heard of a certain monk who went for a week without eating, but had lost his temper. The saint lamented that the monk was able to fast for an entire week, but was unable to abstain from anger for even a single day. the question of whether it is better to speak or be silent, the Elder said, “Whoever speaks on account of God, does well, and whoever is silent on account of God, that one also does well.” also said, “If man seems to be silent, but his heart condemns others, then he is always speaking. There may be a man who talks all day long, but he is actually silent, because he says nothing unprofitable.” saint said, “It is useful to observe three things: to fear God, to pray often, and to do good for one’s neighbor.” “Wickedness never eradicates wickedness. If someone does evil to you, do good to them, and your goodness will conquer their wickedness.” after Saint Pimen and his disciples arrived at the monastery of Scetis, he learned that the Elder living there was annoyed at his arrival and was also jealous of him, because monks were leaving the Elder to see Abba Pimen. order to console the hermit, the saint went to him with his brethren, taking food with them as a present. The Elder refused to receive them, however. Then Saint Pimen said, “We shall not depart from here until we are permitted to see the holy Elder.” He remained standing at the door of the cell in the heat. Seeing Saint Pimen’s humility and patience, the Elder received him graciously and said, “Not only is what I have heard about you true, but I see that your works are a hundred times greater.” possessed such great humility that he often sighed and said, “I shall be cast down to that place where Satan was cast down!” a monk from another country came to the saint to receive his guidance. He began to speak about sublime matters difficult to grasp. The saint turned away from him and was silent. They explained to the bewildered monk that the saint did not like to speak of lofty matters. Then the monk began to ask him about the struggle with passions of soul. The saint turned to him with a joyful face, “Now you have spoken well, and I will answer.” For a long while he provided instruction on how one ought to struggle with the passions and conquer them. Pimen died at age 110, about the year 450. Soon after his death, he was acknowledged as a saint pleasing to God. He was called “the Great” as a sign of his great humility, uprightness, ascetic struggles, and self-denying service to God.

Egypt, 374-450, Arsenius the G, Roman Saint, tutor then desert father, asceticism, hide f people and d in silence
Egypt, 370-445, Egyptian, Roman, Byzantine Saint, Arsenius the Great; Arsenius the Deacon, sometimes known as Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, Arsenius the Roman or Arsenius the Great, was a Roman imperial tutor who became an anchorite in Egypt, one of the most highly regarded of the Desert Fathers, whose teachings were greatly influential on the development of asceticism and the contemplative life. contemporaries so admired him as to surname him "the Great". His feast day is celebrated on May 8 in the Roman Catholic Church[1] and in the Eastern Orthodox church,[2] and on 13 Pashons in the Coptic Orthodox Church. Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Arsenius the Great was born in the year 354 at Rome into a pious Christian family, which provided him a fine education and upbringing. studied rhetoric and philosophy, and mastered the Latin and Greek languages. Saint Arsenius gave up philosophy and the vanity of worldly life, seeking instead the true wisdom praised by Saint James “pure, peaceable, gentle, and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits” (Jas. 3:17). He entered the ranks of the clergy as a deacon in one of the Roman churches, dedicating himself to the service of God. emperor Theodosius (379-395), who ruled the eastern half of the Roman Empire, heard about his erudition and piety, and he wished to entrust Arsenius with the education of his sons Arcadius and Honorius. Arsenius, however, protested that he had given up secular studies in order to serve God. Against his will, but in obedience to the will of Pope Damasus (December 11), Saint Arsenius agreed to teach the imperial children, hoping to teach them Christian piety as well. he arrived at Constantinople, Arsenius was received with great honor by the emperor Theodosius, who charged him to educate his sons not only in wisdom, but also in piety, guarding them from the temptations of youth. “Forget that they are the emperor’s sons,” said Theodosius, “for I want them to submit to you in all things, as to their father and teacher.” fervor the saint devoted himself to the education of the youths, but the high esteem in which he was held troubled his spirit, which yearned for the quietude of monastic life. Saint Arsenius entreated the Lord to show him the way to salvation. The Lord heard his prayer and one time he heard a voice telling him, “Arsenius, flee from men, and you shall be saved.” And then, removing his rich clothing and replacing it with old and tattered garments, he secretly left the palace, boarded a ship for Alexandria, and he made his way to Sketis, a monastery in the midst of the desert. at the church, he asked the priests to accept him into the monastic brotherhood, calling himself a wretched wanderer, though his very manner betrayed him as a cultivated man. The brethren led him to Abba John the Dwarf (November 9), famed for his holiness of life. He, wishing to test the newcomer’s humility, did not seat Arsenius with the monks for the trapeza meal. He threw him a piece of dry bread saying, “Eat if you wish.” Saint Arsenius got down on his hands and knees, and picked up the bread with his mouth. Then he crawled off into a corner and ate it. Seeing this, Elder John said, “He will be a great ascetic!” Then accepting Arsenius with love, he tonsured him into monasticism. Arsenius zealously passed through his obediences and soon he surpassed many of the desert Fathers in asceticism. The saint again heard the Voice while he was praying, “Arsenius, hide from people and dwell in silence, this is the root of virtue.” From that moment Saint Arsenius settled in a solitary cell deep in the desert. taken on the struggle of silence he seldom left his seclusion. He came to church only on Sundays and Feast days, observing complete silence and conversing with no one. When Abba Moses asked him why he hid himself from people, Saint Arsenius replied, “God knows that I love you, but I cannot remain with God and with men at the same time. The Heavenly Powers all have one will and praise God together. On earth, however, there are many human wills, and each man has his own thoughts. I cannot leave God in order to live with people.” absorbed in constant prayer, the saint did not refuse visiting monks with his counsel and guidance, giving short, but perceptive answers to their questions. Once, a monk from Sketis saw the great Elder through a window standing at prayer, surrounded by a flame. handicraft of Saint Arsenius was to weave baskets, for which he used the fronds of date palms soaked in water. For a whole year Saint Arsenius did not change the water in the container, but merely added a little water to it from time to time. This caused his cell to be permeated with a foul stench. When asked why he did this, the saint replied that it was fitting for him to humble himself in this way, because in the world he had used incense and fragrant oils. He prayed that after death he would not experience the stench of hell. fame of the great ascetic spread far, and many wanted to see him, and they disturbed his tranquility. As a result, the saint was forced to move around from place to place. But those thirsting to receive his guidance and blessing still found him. Arsenius taught that many take upon themselves great deeds of repentance, fasting, and vigil, but it is rare for someone to guard his soul from pride, greed, jealousy, hatred of one’s brother, remembrance of wrongs, and judgment. In this they resemble graves which are decorated outwardly, but filled with stinking bones. certain monk once asked Saint Arsenius what he should do when he read the Holy Scriptures and did not comprehend their meaning. The Elder answered, “My child, you must study and learn the Holy Scriptures constantly, even if you do not understand their power... For when we have the words of the Holy Scriptures on our lips, the demons hear them and are terrified. Then they flee from us, unable to bear the words of the Holy Spirit Who speaks through His apostles and prophets.” monks heard how the saint often urged himself on in his efforts with the words, “Rouse yourself, Arsenius, work! Do not remain idle! You have not come here to rest, but to labor.” He also said, “I have often regretted the words I have spoken, but I have never regretted my silence.” great ascetic and keeper of silence was given the gift of tears with which his eyes were constantly filled. He spent fifty-five years at monastic labors and struggles. He spent forty years at Sketis, and ten years on the mountain of Troe near Memphis. Then he spent three years at Canopus, and two more years at Troe, where he fell asleep in the Lord. holy, God-bearing Father Arsenius reposed when he was nearly one hundred years old, in the year 449 or 450. only disciples seem to have been Alexander, Zoilos, and Daniel (June 7).

Egypt, 380-457, Apollinaria, rich beauty, virginity, l in marsh yrs, angel, Sketis, bro Dorotheus, sister, deamon
Egypt, 380-457, Saint Apollinaria; Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Saint Apollinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5; renowned Apollinaria lived during the reign of Leo the Great (‎457–474), and was the daughter of Anthemius, a former proconsul of Rome during the minority of Theodosius the Younger (408-450). Apollinaria was renowned for her beauty and wisdom, as well as for her fervent faith and whole-hearted devotion to Christ. From a young age she was inclined to live a life of virginity, and she prayed to God night and day that she might achieve her desire, which was to remain a virgin until death. For this reason she entreated her parents to let her go to Jerusalem. When they granted her permission, the blessed one took some male and female servants with her, as well as gold, silver and expensive clothes, and left for Jerusalem. There she distributed everything to the poor. After she venerated the Holy Places, she freed her servants, keeping just one old servant and a eunuch with her. With them, she went to Alexandria. Arriving there at a level and even place, she decided to rest a little from her weary journey. Slipping away from her servants, she changed into monastic garb and hid in a marsh, where she lived a life of asceticism for several years in strict fasting and prayer. One day, an angel appeared to her in a dream and instructed her to go to the monastery of Sketis, which was under the spiritual direction of Saint Macarius of Egypt (January 19), and to call herself Dorotheus. Saint Macarius accepted her as one of the brethren, and she quickly distinguished herself by her ascetical life. Apollinaria’s parents had another daughter who was possessed by an unclean spirit. They sent her to Saint Macarius at Sketis, who brought the afflicted girl to "Father Dorotheus." Through her prayers, and by divine grace, her sister was healed. Everyone wanted her to remain with them, but she bade all of them farewell and returned to her monastic cell. Soon, her sister was attacked by a violent demon, who made her appear to be pregnant. The demon spoke through the girl’s lips, saying that Dorotheus had forced himself on her. Her outraged parents sent soldiers to the monastery to find the monk who had defiled their daughter. Saint Apollinaria took the blame and accompanied the envoys to the home of her parents in Rome. There she revealed her secret to them, healed her sister, and returned to Sketis. She reposed in the year 470, and was found worthy to dwell in the heavenly abodes (John 14:2). Only after her death, as the monks were preparing her body for burial, was it discovered that “he” was actually a woman. The Saint was buried in a cave in the monastery church of Saint Macarius of Egypt. Apollinaria is commemorated on January 4 in Greek usage, while the Slavic churches honor her on January 5.

Egypt, 384, 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria
Egypt, 384, 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Scetes monasteries, Egyptian Desert, 330, 360 of them, falsely accused of Origenism, for giving Isidore shelter; Scetes monestary; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; holy martyrs of Christ, who lived in the deserts and caves of the Nitrian desert, were delivered up by Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria to face a bitter death. falsely accused them of Origenism, but in fact they incurred the patriarch’s anger by giving shelter to the priest Isidore.

Egypt, 384-412, Impious Pope Theophilus of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 384-412, Pope Theophilus of Alexandria; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; holy martyrs of Christ, who lived in the deserts and caves of the Nitrian desert, were delivered up by Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria to face a bitter death. He falsely accused them of Origenism, but in fact they incurred the patriarch’s anger by giving shelter to the priest Isidore. Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Holy Woman Olympias (Olympiada) the Deaconess of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 25; Theophilus of Alexandria (385-412), had repeatedly benefited from the generosity of Saint Olympias, but turned against her for her devotion to Saint John Chrysostom. She had also taken in and fed monks, arriving in Constantinople, whom Patriarch Theophilus had banished from the Egyptian desert. He levelled unrighteous accusations against her and attempted to cast doubt on her holy life. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Egypt, 384-450, Egyptian Saint, Isadore of Pelusium, known for his letters, preacher like John C
Egyptian Saint, d. 450, Isadore of Pelusium; of Pelusium (d. c.450) was born in Egypt to a prominent Alexandrian family. He became an ascetic, and moved to a mountain near the city of Pelusium, in the tradition of the Desert Fathers. is known to us for his letters, written to Cyril of Alexandria, Theodosius II, and a host of others. A collection of 2,000 letters was made in antiquity at the "Sleepless" monastery in Constantinople, and this has come down to us through a number of manuscripts, with each letter numbered and in order. The letters are mostly very short extracts, a sentence or two in length. Further unpublished letters exist in Syriac translation.[1] of the letters are of considerable interest for the exegesis of the Greek bible.[2] He is revered as a saint, whose feast day is February 4. Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4; Isidore of Pelusium lived during the fourth-fifth centuries. He was a native of Alexandria, and was raised among pious Christians. He was a relative of Theophilus, Archbishop of Alexandria, and of his successor, Saint Cyril (January 18). While still a youth he quit the world and withdrew to Egypt to Mount Pelusium, which became the site of his monastic efforts. Isidore’s spiritual wisdom and strict asceticism, combined with his broad learning and innate knowledge of the human soul, enabled him to win the respect and love of his fellow monks in a short time. They chose him as their head and had him ordained a priest (the earliest sources for his life, however, say nothing of him being an igumen). the example of Saint John Chrysostom, whom he had managed to see and hear during a trip to Constantinople, Saint Isidore devoted himself primarily to Christian preaching, that “practical wisdom” which, in his own words, is both “the foundation of the edifice and the edifice itself”, while logic is “its embellishment, and contemplation its crown”. was a teacher and a willingly provided counsel for anyone who turned to him for spiritual encouragement, whether it was a simple man, a dignitary, a bishop, the Patriarch of Alexandria, or even the emperor. He left behind about 10,000 letters, of which 2,090 have survived. A large portion of these letters reveal profound theological thought and contain morally edifying interpretations of Holy Scripture. Saint Photius (February 6) calls Isidore a model of priestly and ascetical life, and also a master of style. Isidore’s love for Saint John Chrysostom resulted in his support of Saint John when he was persecuted by the empress Eudoxia and Archbishop Theophilus. After the death of Saint John, Saint Isidore persuaded Theophilus’ successor Saint Cyril to inscribe the name of Saint John Chrysostom into the Church diptychs as a confessor. Through the initiative of Saint Isidore the Third Ecumenical Council was convened at Ephesus (431), at which the false teaching of Nestorius concerning the person of Jesus Christ was condemned. Isidore lived into old age and died around the year 436. The Church historian Evagrius (sixth century) writes of Saint Isidore, “his life seemed to everyone the life of an angel upon the earth.” Another historian, Nikēphóros Callistus (ninth century), praises Saint Isidore thus: “He was a vital and inspired pillar of monastic rules and divine vision, and as such he presented a very lofty image of most fervent example and spiritual teaching.” Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6;

Egypt, 390-430, Nilus, Ascetic&Faster of Sinai, Chrysostom's disciple, Constantinople perfect, t cave monastic in 390-430
Egypt, 390-430, Venerable Nilus Ascetic & Faster of Sinai, Chrysostom's disciple, perfect of Constantinople, then cave monastic in 390, fasting virgil prayer to spiritual perfection, counciled farmers&emperor, wrote soul-profiting works, saracens captured son, prayer freed him through Emessa bishop's ransom, who ordained them bishops; Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Neilos the Ascetic of Sinai, a native of Constantinople, during the V century was a disciple of Saint John Chrysostom, exerted a tremendous influence upon their lives and their spiritual struggles.1 receiving a fine education, the Saint was appointed to the important post of prefect of the capital while still a young man. this period, Neilos was married and had children, but the couple found courtly life distasteful. the year 390, by mutual consent, they decided to abandon the world and entered monasteries. Neilos's wife and daughter went to one of the women’s monasteries in Egypt, while he and his son Theódoulos went to Mount Sinai, where they settled in a cave, which they dug out with their own hands. forty years this cave served as the abode of Saint Neilos. fasting, vigil, and prayer, he attained a high degree of spiritual perfection. began coming to him from every occupation and social rank, from the Emperor down to the farmer, and all of them received counsel and comfort from the Saint. Sinai, Saint Neilos wrote many soul-profiting works to guide Christians on the path of salvation. In one of his letters there is an angry denunciation of the Emperor Arkadios, who had unjustly exiled Saint John Chrysostom. ascetical writings of Saint Neilos are widely known: they are perfectly executed in form, profoundly Orthodox in content, and are clear and lucid in expression. His Ascetic Discourse is found in Volume I of the English Philokalia. Neilos suffered many misfortunes in the wilderness. Saracens captured his son Theódoulos, whom they intended to offer as a sacrifice to their pagan gods. By the Saint's prayers the Lord rescued Theódoulos, his father found him with the Bishop of Emessa, who had ransomed the young man from the barbarians. bishop ordained both of them as presbyters. ordination they returned to Sinai, where they lived as ascetics together until Saint Neilos reposed. holy relics were transferred to Constantinople in the reign of Justin II (565-578), and were placed in the church of the Holy Apostles. Greek Philokalia has a quote from Saint Neilos beneath his icon: "The state of prayer is a passionless, settled disposition of the soul which, by supreme love, transports the wisdom-loving mind to spiritual heights." (See the English Philokalia, 153 Sections. Concerning Prayer, # 53). In earlier editions of the Synaxaristes and the Menaion, it was erroneously stated that Saint Neilos lived during the reign of Emperor Maurikios (582-602). This was corrected in later editions, since he was a disciple of Saint John Chrysostom, and was esteemed by Emperor Arkadios because of his virtues.

Egypt, 390's, 1st of 2 Origenist Crises, condemnation, incorporeal (no material), non-anthropomorphic (non human) concept of G
Egypt, 390's, First of Two Origenist Crises; Origenist Crises or Origenist Controversies are two major theological controversies in early Christianity involving the teachings of followers of the third-century Alexandrian theologian Origen (c. 184 – c. 253). The First Origenist Crisis began in the late fourth century AD in Palestine and later spread to Egypt. It dealt with ideas discussed in some of Origen's writings that some members of the church hierarchy deemed heretical. Objections against Origen's writings and demands for his condemnation were first raised by Epiphanius of Salamis and later taken up by Jerome and Pope Theophilus of Alexandria, who were both initially supporters of Origen's teachings. Origen's defenders included Tyrannius Rufinus and John II, Bishop of Jerusalem. the crisis, Theophilus issued a condemnation of Origen's incorporeal, non-anthropomorphic conception of God, a view which Theophilus himself had previously vocally supported. The crisis concluded with John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, being removed from his position at the Synod of the Oak in 403 AD for harboring Origenist monks who had been banished from Alexandria. Second Origenist Crisis occurred in the sixth century AD during the reign of Justinian I. It is less well-documented than the first crisis and dealt more with the ideas of groups that had been influenced by Origen rather than with Origen's actual writings. It concluded with the Second Council of Constantinople in 553 AD possibly issuing an anathema against Origen, although scholars dispute whether the anathema condemning Origen was actually issued by the Council or if it was added later. Origenist Crisis[edit] Palestinian phase[edit] Jerome in His Study (1480), by Domenico Ghirlandaio. Although initially a student of Origen's teachings, Jerome turned against him during the First Origenist Crisis.[1][2] He nonetheless remained influenced by Origen's teachings for his entire life.[1][3] first Origenist crisis began in the late fourth century AD, coinciding with the beginning of monasticism in Palestine.[4] The first stirring of the controversy came from the Cyprian bishop Epiphanius of Salamis, who was determined to root out all heresies and refute them.[4] Epiphanius attacked Origen in his anti-heretical treatises Ancoratus (375) and Panarion (376), compiling a list of teachings Origen had espoused that Epiphanius regarded as heretical.[5][6][7][8] Epiphanius's treatises portray Origen as an originally orthodox Christian who had been corrupted and turned into a heretic by the evils of "Greek education".[6] Epiphanius particularly objected to Origen's Subordinationism, his "excessive" use of allegorical hermeneutic, and his habit of proposing ideas about the Bible "speculatively, as exercises" rather than "dogmatically".[5] asked John, the bishop of Jerusalem to condemn Origen as a heretic. John refused on the grounds that a person could not be retroactively condemned as a heretic after the person had already died.[1] In 393, a monk named Atarbius advanced a petition to have Origen and his writings to be censured.[1] Tyrannius Rufinus, a priest at the monastery on the Mount of Olives who had been ordained by John of Jerusalem and was a longtime admirer of Origen, rejected the petition outright.[1][9] Rufinus's close friend and associate Jerome, who had also studied Origen, however, came to agree with the petition.[1][9] Around the same time, John Cassian introduced Origen's teachings to the West.[10][8] 394, Epiphanius wrote to John of Jerusalem, again asking for Origen to be condemned, insisting that Origen's writings denigrated human sexual reproduction and accusing him of having been an Encratite.[1] John once again denied this request.[1] By 395, Jerome had allied himself with the anti-Origenists and begged John of Jerusalem to condemn Origen, a plea which John once again refused.[1] Epiphanius launched a campaign against John, openly preaching that John was an Origenist deviant.[1] He successfully persuaded Jerome to break communion with John and ordained Jerome's brother Paulinianus as a priest in defiance of John's authority.[1] in 397, Rufinus published a Latin translation of Origen's On First Principles.[1][11][2][12] Rufinus was convinced that Origen's original treatise had been interpolated by heretics and that these interpolations were the source of the heterodox teachings found in it.[11] He therefore heavily modified Origen's text, omitting and altering any parts which disagreed with contemporary Christian orthodoxy.[12][11] the introduction to this translation, Rufinus mentioned that Jerome had studied under Origen's disciple Didymus the Blind, implying that Jerome was a follower of Origen.[1][9] Jerome was so incensed by this that he resolved to produce his own Latin translation of On the First Principles, in which he promised to translate every word exactly as it was written and lay bare Origen's heresies to the whole world.[12][1][2] Jerome's translation has been lost in its entirety.[12] phase[edit] 399, the Origenist crisis reached Egypt.[1] Pope Theophilus of Alexandria was sympathetic to the supporters of Origen[1] and the church historian, Sozomen, records that he had openly preached the Origenist teaching that God was incorporeal.[13] In his Festal Letter of 399, he denounced those who believed that God had a literal, human-like body, calling them illiterate "simple ones".[13][14][3] A large mob of Alexandrian monks who regarded God as anthropomorphic rioted in the streets.[15] According to the church historian Socrates Scholasticus, in order to prevent a riot, Theophilus made a sudden about-face and began denouncing Origen.[15][3] In the year 400, Theophilus summoned a council in Alexandria, which condemned Origen and all his followers as heretics for having taught that God was incorporeal, which they decreed contradicted the only true and orthodox position, which was that God had a literal, physical body resembling that of a human.[15][16][17][a] labelled Origen himself as the "hydra of all heresies"[16] and persuaded Pope Anastasius I to sign the letter of the council, which primarily denounced the teachings of the Nitrian monks associated with Evagrius Ponticus.[15] In 402, Theophilus expelled Origenist monks from Egyptian monasteries and banished the four monks known as the "Tall Brothers", who were leaders of the Nitrian community.[15][3] John Chrysostom, the Patriarch of Constantinople, granted the Tall Brothers asylum, a fact which Theophilus used to orchestrate John's condemnation and removal from his position at the Synod of the Oak in July of 403.[15][3] Once John Chrysostom had been deposed, Theophilus restored normal relations with the Origenist monks in Egypt and the first Origenist crisis came to an end.[15] Origenist Crisis[edit] Beginning of the crisis[edit] Emperor Justinian I, shown here in a contemporary mosaic portrait from Ravenna, denounced Origen as a heretic[18][8] and ordered all of his writings to be burned.[18][8] Second Origenist Crisis occurred in the sixth century, during the height of Byzantine monasticism.[15] Although the Second Origenist Crisis is not nearly as well documented as the first,[15] it seems to have primarily concerned the teachings of Origen's later followers, rather than anything Origen himself had actually written.[15] Origen's disciple Evagrius Ponticus had advocated contemplative, noetic prayer,[15] but other monastic communities prioritized asceticism in prayer, emphasizing fasting, labors, and vigils.[15] Some Origenist monks in Palestine, referred to by their enemies as "Isochristoi" (meaning "those who would assume equality with Christ"), emphasized Origen's teaching of the pre-existence of souls and held that all souls were originally equal to Christ's and would become equal again at the end of time.[15] Another faction of Origenists in the same region instead insisted that Christ was the "leader of many brethren", as the first-created being.[19] This faction was more moderate and they were referred to by their opponents as "Protoktistoi" ("First Createds").[19] Both factions accused the other of heresy and other Christians accused both of them of heresy.[20] Protoktistoi appealed to the Emperor Justinian I to condemn the Isochristoi of heresy through Pelagius, the papal apocrisarius.[20] In 543 AD, Pelagius presented Justinian with documents, including a letter denouncing Origen written by Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople,[21][22][23][20] along with excerpts from Origen's On First Principles and several anathemata against Origen.[20] A domestic synod convened to address the issue concluded that the Isochristoi's teachings were heretical and, seeing Origen as the ultimate culprit behind the heresy, denounced Origen himself as a heretic as well.[20][18][8] Emperor Justinian ordered for all of Origen's writings to be burned.[18][8] In the west, the Decretum Gelasianum, which was written sometime between 519 and 553, listed Origen as an author whose writings were to be categorically banned.[24] Council of Constantinople[edit] 553, during the early days of the Second Council of Constantinople (the Fifth Ecumenical Council), when Pope Vigilius was still refusing to take part in it, despite Justinian holding him hostage, the bishops at the council ratified an open letter which condemned Origen as the leader of the Isochristoi.[20] The letter was not part of the official acts of the council and it more or less repeated the edict issued by the Synod of Constantinople in 543.[20] It cites objectionable writings attributed to Origen, but all the writings referred to in it were actually written by Evagrius Ponticus.[20] After the council officially opened, but while Pope Vigillius was still refusing to take part, Justinian presented the bishops with the problem of a text known as The Three Chapters, which attacked the Antiochene Christology.[20] bishops drew up a list of anathemata against the heretical teachings contained within The Three Chapters and those associated with them.[20] In the official text of the eleventh anathema, Origen is condemned as a Christological heretic,[20][24] but Origen's name does not appear at all in the Homonoia, the first draft of the anathemata issued by the imperial chancery,[20] nor does it appear in the version of the conciliar proceedings that was eventually signed by Pope Vigillius, a long time afterwards.[20] These discrepancies may indicate that Origen's name may have been retrospectively inserted into the text after the Council.[20] Some authorities believe these anathemata belong to an earlier local synod.[25] Even if Origen's name did appear in the original text of the anathema, the teachings attributed to Origen that are condemned in the anathema were actually the ideas of later Origenists, which had very little grounding in anything Origen himself had actually written.[20][21][16] In fact, Popes Vigilius (537–555), Pelagius I (556–61), Pelagius II (579–90), and Gregory the Great (590–604) were only aware that the Fifth Council specifically dealt with The Three Chapters and make no mention of Origenism or Universalism, nor spoke as if they knew of its condemnation—even though Gregory the Great was opposed to Universalism.[21] Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 396-444, Cyril of Alexandria, presided in the 3rd E Council 431, winning the day for orthodoxy
Egypt, 396-444, Cyril of Alexandria, presided in the 3rd E Council 431, winning the day for orthodoxy; Alexandria; Saint Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandriam Commemorated on January 18; Athanasius and Cyril were Archbishops of Alexandria. These wise teachers of truth and defenders of Christ’s Church share a joint Feast in recognition of their dogmatic writings which affirm the truth of the Orthodox Faith, correctly interpret the Holy Scripture, and censure the delusions of the heretics. Cyril was the nephew of Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, who educated him from his youth. He succeeded to his uncle’s position in 412, but was deposed through the intrigues of the Nestorian heretics. He later resumed his See, however. Cyril presided at the Third Ecumenical Council in 431, which censured the Nestorian blasphemy against the Most Holy Theotokos. His wise words demonstrated the error of their false doctrine. Cyril departed to the Lord in the year 444, and is also commemorated on June 9 (the day of his repose). Saint Athanasius the Great, Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18; Athanasius and Cyril were Archbishops of Alexandria. These wise teachers of truth and defenders of Christ’s Church share a joint Feast in recognition of their dogmatic writings which affirm the truth of the Orthodox Faith, correctly interpret the Holy Scripture, and censure the delusions of the heretics. Athanasius took part in the First Ecumenical Council when he was still a deacon. He surpassed everyone there in his zeal to uphold the teaching that Christ is consubstantial (homoousios) with the Father, and not merely a creature, as the Arians proclaimed. radiant beacon of Orthodoxy spent most of his life in exile from his See, because of the plotting of his enemies. He returned to his flock as he was approaching the end of his life. Like an evening star, he illumined the Orthodox faithful with his words for a little while, then reposed in 373. He is also commemorated on May 2 (the transfer of his holy relics).

Egypt, 400, 5th Century Folder, Nestorius, Mary of Egypt, Cyril of Alexandria

Egypt, 406-450, Nestorius, Egyptian Heratic
Egypt, 406-450, Egyptian Heratic, Nestorius; Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria, Egyptian Patriarch, C of Ephesus 431, anti Nestor, Novat and Jew
Egyptian Patriarch, 412-444, Cyril of Alexandria; of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444) was the Patriarch of Alexandria from 412 to 444. was enthroned when the city was at the height of its influence and power within the Roman Empire. wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the late-4th and 5th centuries. was a central figure in the Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Patriarch of Constantinople. is counted among the Church Fathers and also as a Doctor of the Church, and his reputation within the Christian world has resulted in his titles Pillar of Faith and Seal of all the Fathers. Roman Emperor Theodosius II, however, condemned him for behaving like a "proud pharaoh", and the Nestorian bishops at their synod at the Council of Ephesus declared him a heretic, labelling him as a "monster, born and educated for the destruction of the church."[1] is well known for his dispute with Nestorius and his supporter Patriarch John of Antioch whom Cyril excluded from the Council of Ephesus for arriving late. is also known for his expulsion of Novatians and Jews from Alexandria and for inflaming tensions that led to the murder of the Hellenistic philosopher Hypatia by a Christian mob. Historians disagree over the extent of his responsibility in this. tried to oblige the pious Christian emperor Theodosius II (AD 408-450) to himself by dedicating his Paschal table to him.[2] It is also important to note that Cyril's Paschal table was provided with a Metonic basic structure in the form of a Metonic 19-year lunar cycle adopted by him around AD 425, which was very different from the first Metonic 19-year lunar cycle invented around AD 260 by Anatolius, but exactly equal to the similar lunar cycle which had been introduced around AD 412 by Annianus; the julian equivalent of this Alexandrian lunar cycle adopted by Cyril and nowadays referred to as the 'classical (Alexandrian) 19-year lunar cycle' would only much later emerge again: a century later in Rome as the basic structure of Dionysius Exiguus’ Paschal table (AD 525) and two more centuries later in England as the one of Beda's Easter table (AD 725).[3] Catholic Church did not commemorate Saint Cyril in the Tridentine Calendar: it added his feast only in 1882, assigning to it the date of 9 February. This date is used by the Western Rite Orthodox Church. Yet the 1969 Catholic Calendar revision moved it to 27 June, considered to be the day of the saint's death, as celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church.[4] The same date has been chosen for the Lutheran calendar. The Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic Churches celebrate his feast day on 9 June and also, together with Pope Athanasius I of Alexandria, on 18 January. St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Cyril, Archbishop of Alexandria, a distinguished champion of Orthodoxy and a great teacher of the Church, came from an illustrious and pious Christian family. He studied the secular sciences, including philosophy, but most of all he strove to acquire knowledge of the Holy Scriptures and the truths of the Christian Faith. In his youth Cyril entered the monastery of Macarius in the Nitreia hills, where he stayed for six years. Theophilus (385-412), the Patriarch of Alexandria, ordained him as a deacon, numbered him among the clergy and entrusted him to preach. the death of Patriarch Theophilus, Cyril was unanimously chosen to the patriarchal throne of the Alexandrian Church. He led the struggle against the spread of the Novatian heresy in Alexandria, which taught that any Christian who had fallen away from the Church during a time of persecution, could not be received back into it. seeing the futility of admonishing the heretics, sought their expulsion from Alexandria. The Jews appeared a greater danger for the Church, repeatedly causing riots, accompanied by the brutal killing of Christians. The saint long contended with them. In order to wipe out the remnants of paganism, the saint cast out devils from an ancient pagan temple and built a church on the spot, and the relics of the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John were transferred into it. A more difficult struggle awaited the saint with the emergence of the Nestorian heresy. a presbyter of the Antiochian Church, was chosen in 428 to the see of Constantinople and there he was able to spread his heretical teaching against the dogma about the uncommingled union of two natures in the Person of the Lord Jesus Christ. Nestorius called the Mother of God not the Theotokos, but rather Christotokos or “Birth-giver of Christ,â€ implying that she gave birth not to God, but only to the man Christ. The holy Patriarch Cyril repeatedly wrote to Nestorius and pointed out his error, but Nestorius continued to persevere in it. Then the saint sent out epistles against Nestorianism to the clergy of Constantinople and to the holy emperor Theodosius the Younger (408-450), denouncing the heresy. Cyril wrote also to other Churches, to Pope Celestine and to the other Patriarchs, and even to monks of several monasteries, warning of the emergence of a dangerous heresy. started an open persecution against the Orthodox. In his presence one of his partisans, Bishop Dorotheus, pronounced an anathema against anyone who would call the Most Holy Virgin Mary the Theotokos. hated Cyril and brought out against him every kind of slander and fabrication, calling him a heretic. The saint continued to defend Orthodoxy with all his powers. The situation became so aggravated, that it became necessary to call an Ecumenical Council, which convened in the city of Ephesus in the year 431. At the Council 200 bishops arrived from all the Christian Churches. Nestorius, awaiting the arrival of Bishop John of Antioch and other Syrian bishops, did not agree to the opening of the Council. But the Fathers of the Council began the sessions with Cyril presiding. Having examined the teaching of Nestorius, the Council condemned him as a heretic. Nestorius did not submit to the Council, and Bishop John opened a “robber councilâ€, which decreed Cyril a heretic. The unrest increased. By order of the emperor, Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria and Archbishop Memnon of Ephesus were locked in prison, and Nestorius was deposed. Saints Cyril and Memnon were freed, and the sessions of the Council continued. Nestorius, not submitting himself to the determinations of the Council, was deprived of priestly rank. By order of the emperor he was sent to the faraway place Sasim in the Libyan wilderness, where he died in grievous torments. His tongue, having blasphemed the Mother of God, was overtaken by punishment -- in it there developed worms. Even Bishop John of Antioch and the remaining Syrian bishops signed the decrees of the Council of Ephesus. guided the Alexandrian Church for 32 years, and towards the end of his life the flock was cleansed of heretics. Gently and cautiously Cyril approached anyone, who by their own simpleness and lack of knowledge, fell into false wisdom. There was a certain Elder, an ascetic of profound life, who incorrectly considered the Old Testament Priest Melchizedek to be the Son of God. Cyril prayed for the Lord to reveal to the Elder the correct way to view the righteous one. After three days the Elder came to Cyril and said that the Lord had revealed to him that Melchizedek was a mere man. learned to overcome his prejudice against the memory of the great John Chrysostom (November 13). Theophilus, the Patriarch of Alexandria, and uncle of Cyril, was an antagonist of John, and presided in a council in judgment of him. Cyril thus found himself in a circle antagonistic to John Chrysostom, and involuntarily acquired a prejudice against him. Isidore of Pelusium (February 4) repeatedly wrote to Cyril and urged him to include the name of the great Father of the Church into the diptychs of the saints, but Cyril would not agree. in a dream he saw a wondrous temple, in which the Mother of God was surrounded by a host of angels and saints, in whose number was John Chrysostom. When Cyril wanted to approach the All-Holy Lady and venerate her, John Chrysostom would not let him. The Theotokos asked John to forgive Cyril for having sinned against him through ignorance. Seeing that John hesitated, the Mother of God said, “Forgive him for my sake, since he has labored much for my honor, and has glorified me among the people calling me Theotokos.â€ John answered, “By your intercession, Lady, I do forgive him,â€ and then he embraced Cyril with love. repented that he had maintained anger against the great saint of God. Having convened all the Egyptian bishops, he celebrated a solemn feast in honor of John Chrysostom. died in the year 444, leaving behind many works. In particular, the following ought to be mentioned: commentaries On the Gospel of Luke, On the Gospel of John, On the Epistles of the Apostle Paul to the Corinthians and to the Hebrews; also an Apologia in Defense of Christianity against the Emperor Julian the Apostate (361-363). Of vast significance are his Five Books against Nestorius; a work on the Most Holy Trinity under the title Thesaurus, written against Arius and Eunomios. Also two dogmatic compositions on the Most Holy Trinity, distinguished by a precise exposition of the Orthodox teaching on the Procession of the Holy Spirit. Cyril wrote Against Anthropomorphism for several Egyptians, who through ignorance depicted God in human form. Among Cyril’s works are also the Discussions, among which is the moving and edifying Discourse on the Exodus of the Soul, inserted in the Slavonic “Following Psalterâ€. we commemorate the repose of this great Father of the Church. He is also remembered on January 18, the date of his flight from Alexandria. 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14;

Egypt, 420-458, Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Egyptian Saint, was eunuch Smaragdos in men's monastery
Egypt, 420-458, Egyptian Saint, Euphrosyne of Alexandria; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 15; Euphrosyne of Alexandria was born at the beginning of the fifth century in the city of Alexandria. She was the only child in her family of illustrious and rich parents. Since her mother died early, she was raised by her father, Paphnutius, a deeply believing and pious Christian. He frequented a monastery, the igumen of which was his spiritual guide. Euphrosynē turned eighteen, her father wanted her to marry. He went to the monastery to his spiritual guide to receive his blessing for the planned wedding of his daughter. The igumen conversed with the daughter and gave her his blessing, but Saint Euphrosyneyearned for the monastic life. secretly accepted tonsure from a wandering monk, left her father’s house and decided to enter a monastery in order to lead her life in solitude and prayer. She feared, however, that in a women’s monastery her father would find her. Calling herself the eunuch Smaragdos, she went to the very same men’s monastery which she had visited with her father since childhood. monks did not recognize Euphrosyne dressed in men’s garb, and so they accepted her into the monastery. Here in a solitary cell, Saint Euphrosynē spent 38 years in works, fasting and prayer, and attained a high level of spiritual accomplishment. father grieved over the loss of his beloved daughter and more than once, on the advice of the igumen, he conversed with the monk Smaragdos, revealing his grief and receiving spiritual comfort. Before her death, the nun Euphrosyne revealed her secret to her grieving father and asked that no one but he should prepare her body for burial. Having buried his daughter, Paphnutius distributed all his wealth to both the poor and to the monastery, and then he accepted monasticism. For ten years right up to his own death, he labored in the cell of his daughter. Saint Euphrosyne is also commemorated on September 25.

Egypt, 444-451, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Egyptian Patriarch, Coptic, Monophysite, 451 Council Heretic
Egyptian Patriarch, 444-451, Pope Dioscorus I of Alexandria, Monophysite; I was the pope of Alexandria and patriarch of the See of St. Mark who was deposed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451. He was recognized as patriarch by the Coptic Church until his death. He died on the island of Gangra, Paphlagonia, in September 454. He is venerated as a saint by the Coptic and other Oriental Orthodox Churches. life[edit] served as the dean of the Catechetical School of Alexandria, and was the personal secretary of Cyril of Alexandria, whom he accompanied to the Council of Ephesus in 431. He eventually rose to the position of archdeacon.[2] to Nestorius[edit] his struggle against Nestorius, Cyril explained the union between the divine and human natures of Christ as "inward and real without any division, change, or confusion." He rejected the Antiochene theory of "indwelling,", or "conjunction" or "close participation," as insufficient. Thus the Alexandrian formula adopted by Cyril and Dioscorus was "one nature of God the Word Incarnate," which translates into Greek as mia physis tou theou logou sesarkomene, by which Cyril meant "one nature"—that Christ is at once God and man. On the other hand, the Antiochene formula was "two natures after the union," or "in two natures," which translates to dyo physis. This formula explained Christ as existing in two natures, God and man. was condemned and deposed by the First Council of Ephesus, which approved of the Second Epistle of Cyril to Nestorius. of Alexandria[edit] succeeded Cyril as Patriarch of Alexandria in the summer of 444.[3] According to the deacon Ischyrion, Dioscorus had laid waste property, inflicted fines and exile, and bought up and sold at a high price the wheat sent by the government to Libya. According to Cyril's nephew, a priest named Athanasius, from the outset of his episcopate, Dioscorus harassed him and his brother by using influence with the court, so that the brother died of distress, and Athanasius, with his aunts, sister-in-law, and nephews, were bereft of their homes by the patriarch's malignity. Such accusations were readily made, and some allowance made for wrongs done by his agents that may have been in some cases unfairly called his acts. Still, it is but too likely that there was sufficient truth in them to demonstrate the effect on his character of elevation to a post of almost absolute power.[4] of Eutyches[edit] was an archmandrite in Constantinople. in his opposition to Nestorianism, he seemed to take an equally extreme, although opposite view. Eutyches claimed to be a faithful follower of Cyril. In November 448, Flavian, Bishop of Constantinople held a synod regarding a point of discipline connected with the province of Sardis. Eutyches had been accusing various personages of covert Nestorianism, and at the end of the session of this synod one of those inculpated, Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, brought the question forward, and proffered a counter charge of heresy against the archimandrite.[3] Eutyches was summoned to clarify his position regarding the nature of Christ. Finding his response unsatisfactory, the synod condemned and exiled Eutyches. appealed against this decision, labeling Flavian a Nestorian, and received the support of Dioscorus. In his famous Tome, Pope Leo I confirmed Flavian's theological position but as he concluded that Eutyches had erred through ignorance, he also requested that Eutyches should be readmitted if he repented.[5] synod"[edit] the influence of the court official Chrysaphius, the godson of Eutyches, in 449, Emperor Theodosius II convened the Second Council of Ephesus. In remembrance of Cyril's role during the council of 431, the emperor asked Dioscorus to preside over the meetings. The council subsequently decided to reinstate Eutyches and to depose Flavian, as well as Eusebius of Dorylaeum, Theoderet of Cyrrus, Ibas of Edessa, and Domnus II of Antioch. Leo's legates protested but were ignored.[2] Flavian was brutally treated, kicked, beaten, imprisoned, and soon exiled, and died from the effect of his injuries, three days after his deposition. He was regarded as a martyr for the doctrine of "the two natures in the one person" of Christ. Anatolius, who had been the agent (apocrisiarius) of Dioscorus at Constantinople, was appointed his successor.[1] and his council proceeded to depose Theodoret and several other bishops. Pope Leo called the council a "robber synod" and declared its decisions void. In the spring of 450 at Nicaea, Dioscorus, while on his way to the court, he caused ten bishops whom he had brought from Egypt to sign a document excommunicating Pope Leo.[4] supported the council's decisions until he died on 28 July 450. His sister Pulcheria returned to power and made the officer Marcian her consort and emperor. She consulted with Pope Leo on convoking a new council, gathering signatures for his Tome to be introduced as the basic paper for the new council, but also insisted, against Leo's wishes, that the council should be held not in Italy but in the East. Meanwhile, the new imperial couple brought Flavian's remains back to Constantinople and exiled Eutyches to Syria. of Chalcedon[edit] Main article: Council of Chalcedon Council of Chalcedon in October 451 dealt with the Christological views of Eutyches but also with Dioscorus' views and earlier behaviour; specifically, his condemnation of the bishop Flavian in Ephesus II was questioned. When, at the Council of Chalcedon, he was asked why he had deposed Flavian, he, according to the minutes of Chalcedon, responded, "Flavian was deposed for this reason, that he spoke of two natures after the union. But I have quotations from the holy fathers Athanasius, Gregory and Cyril saying in numerous places that one should not speak of two natures after the union".[6] the Council, Dioscorus expressed a willingness to condemn Eutyches. According to the minutes of the council of Chalcedon, Dioscorus stated: "If Eutyches holds opinions contrary to the doctrines of the church, he deserves not only punishment but hell fire. For my concern is for the catholic and apostolic faith and not for any human being."[4] Council deposed Dioscorus and other bishops that had been responsible for the decisions of 449 for violations of canon law rather than of heresy; Dioscorus had not attended the council of Chalcedon from the third session onward despite an imperial call to do so, which was a deposable offence. According to the minutes of the council of Chalcedon, Dioscorus had given the reason of ill health for his nonattendance from the third session. However, Oriental sources indicate otherwise that it was subterfuge. Whatever the real reason, the result of Dioscorus not being there saw him exiled to Gangra Island.[2][5] Dioscorus's deposition and exile, an Alexandrian priest named Proterius was appointed Patriarch in his stead, with the approval of the emperor. There was no public opposition to Proterius. Nonetheless, some Christians continued to support Dioscorus in secret, considering him the legitimate Patriarch. died in exile in 454. When the news reached Egypt, his supporters assembled and elected Timothy, a disciple of his, to be the new Patriarch. Timothy immediately went into hiding, but was recognized among the Coptic inhabitants of the countryside, creating the split between the Coptic and the Melchite (i.e. Imperial) Church. Orthodox Churches remain in disagreement with Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches regarding Dioscorus's character and positions. He is considered a saint by the Coptic, Syriac, and other Oriental Orthodox Churches, while Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches have frequently deemed him a heretic. modern theologians suggest that both Leo and Dioscorus were orthodox in their agreement with Saint Cyril's Twelve Chapters, even though both have been (and still are) considered heretical by some.[7] Some commentators like Anatolius and John S. Romanides argue that Dioscorus was not deposed for heresy but for "grave administrative errors" at Ephesus II, among which they mention his restoration of Eutyches, his attack on Flavian, and afterwards, his excommunication of Pope Leo I. Defenders of Dioscorus argue that Eutyches was orthodox at the time of his restoration and only later lapsed into heresy, that Flavian was a Nestorian, and that Pope Leo had supported Nestorianism.[7][8] controversial aspect of Dioscorus's legacy is the accusation, frequently levelled by Chalcedonian churches, that the Oriental Orthodox Churches accept Eutychianism. They deny this charge, arguing that they reject both the Monophysitism of Eutyches, whom they consider a heretic, as well as Dyophysitism espoused by the Council of Chalcedon, which they equate with Nestorianism, for a doctrine they term miaphysitism, or that in Jesus Christ, divinity and humanity exist as "one incarnate nature" (physis), as opposed to the orthodox Chalcedonian teaching of a divine and a human nature united in the one person (hypostasis) of Jesus Christ, fully God and fully man, a doctrine called the "hypostatic union".[9] recent times, Oriental Orthodox churches have engaged in ecumenical dialogue with Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches on the issues of Dioscorus's day. In May 1973 Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria visited Pope Paul VI in Rome and declared a common faith in the nature of Christ, the issue which caused the schism of the church in the Council of Chalcedon.[10] A similar declaration was reached between the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches in 1990 in Geneva, in which both agreed in condemnation of the Nestorian and Eutychian "heresies" and in rejection of interpretations of ecumenical councils which do not fully agree with the Horos of the Third Ecumenical Council and the letter (433) of Cyril of Alexandria to John of Antioch.[11] They also agreed to lift the anathemas and condemnations of the past.[12] In the summer of 2001, the Coptic Orthodox and Greek Orthodox Patriarchates of Alexandria agreed to mutually recognize baptisms performed in each other's churches.[13] Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28;

Egypt, 450, 5th Century, Achilles, monk of Scetis, Egyptian Desert, wish eat sauce, Go Egypt, Peace Blood
Egypt, 450, 5th Century, Achilles, monk of Scetis, Egyptian Desert, A said: Tell Me What You are Eating, water and salt with Palm Leaves, Later A said: Come Brothers, see Isaiah eating, If you wish to eat sauce in Sketis, go to Egypt!, later Elder seeing A spitting Blood, asked what was wrong, A said: Word of Brother grieved me. I struggled not to tell him, I prayed God would remove rememberance of that Word. Then it became as blood in my mouth, and I spat it out. Now I am at peace, and I have forgotten my sorrow; Scetis ; Venerable Achilles, Commemorated on January 17; Akhillás (or Achilles) was an anchorite of the desert during the V century. Νikόdēmos of the Holy Mountain writes: "It is said of Saint Akhillás in the Evergetinós that he once went to Abba Isaiah, and found him eating something which he had mixed with salt and water on a plate. When the Elder saw that he was hiding it behind some plaited reeds, he said, "Tell me, what are you eating?" Isaiah replied, "Forgive me, Father. I was cutting palm leaves and I went out in the heat. I put some into my mouth, with some salt, but the heat burned my throat and I was unable to swallow. So I had to add some water to the salt in order to swallow. Forgive me, Father." Akhillás called the other monks and said, "Come here, Brothers, and behold Abba Isaiah eating sauce in Skḗtis. If you wish to eat sauce, go to Egypt!" Elder who came to see Abba Akhillás found him spitting out blood from his mouth. He asked him what was wrong, but he did not respond. he said, "The word of a brother grieved me. I struggled not to tell him so, thus I prayed that God would remove from me the remembrance of that word. the word became as blood in my mouth, and I spat it out. Now I am at peace, and I have forgotten my sorrow." Akhillás reposed in peace. the third Troparion of Ode One of the Canon for Saturday of Cheesefare Week, Saint Akhillás Is mentioned along with Saint Ammoun: "Achilles and Ammoun, the flowers of the desert."

Egypt, 451-457, Proterius of Alexandria, Egyptian Patriarch, replaced Monophysite heretic Dioscorus
Egypt, 451-457, Egyptian Patriarch, Proterius of Alexandria; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28; Hieromartyr Proterius, Patriarch of Alexandria, and those with him. The priest Proterius lived in Alexandria during the patriarchal tenure of Dioscorus (444-451), an adherent of the Monophysite heresy of Eutyches. Proterius fearlessly denounced the heretics and confessed the Orthodox Faith. 451 at the Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, the heresy of Eutyches was condemned and the teaching of Christ as Perfect God and Perfect Man, existing in these two natures “unconfusedly” and “indivisibly” [and “immutably” and “inseparably”] was set forth. The heretic Dioscorus was deposed and exiled, and Proterius, distinguished for his strict and virtuous life, was placed upon the patriarchal throne of Alexandria. many supporters of Dioscorus remained in Alexandria. Rebelling against the election of Proterius, they rioted and burned the soldiers who were sent out to pacify them. The pious emperor Marcian (450-457) deprived the Alexandrians of all the privileges they were accustomed to, and sent new and reinforced detachments of soldiers. The inhabitants of the city then quieted down and begged Patriarch Proterius to intercede with the emperor to restore their former privileges to them. The kindly saint consented and readily obtained their request. the death of Marcian the heretics again raised their heads. Presbyter Menignus (“the Cat”), himself striving for the patriarchal dignity, and taking advantage of the absence of the prefect of the city, was at the head of the rioters. Saint Proterius decided to leave Alexandria, but that night he saw in a dream the holy Prophet Isaiah, who said to him, “Return to the city, I am waiting to take you.” The saint realized that this was a prediction of his martyric end. He returned to Alexandria and concealed himself in a baptistry. insolent heretics broke into this refuge and killed the Patriarch and six men who were with him. The fact that it was Holy Saturday and the Canon of Pascha was being sung did not stop them. In their insane hatred they tied a rope to the body of the murdered Patriarch, and dragged it through the streets. They beat and lacerated it, and finally they burned it, scattering the ashes to the wind. Orthodox reported this to the holy Emperor Leo (457-474) and Saint Anatolius, Patriarch of Constantinople (July 3). An army arrived at Alexandria, the rebellion was crushed, and Menignus was brought to trial and exiled. the death of the Hieromartyr Proterius, four Thracian bishops of his time wrote: “We consider His Holiness Proterius to be in the ranks and choir of the saints, and we beseech God to be compassionate and merciful to us through his prayers.”

Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine
Egypt, 480-560, Saint, St Mary of Egypt with St Zosimas of Palestine; Palestine, 480-560, Saint, Zosimas of Palestine, with St Mary of Egypt; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1;

Egypt, 500, 6th Century Folder, Pope Theodosius of Alexandria

Egypt, 536-567, Patriarch, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria
Egyptian Patriarch, 536-567, Pope Theodosius I of Alexandria; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises
Egypt, 550's, Second of Two Origenist Crises; Egypt, 204-254, Church Father Origen, but not saint;

Egypt, 565, Acacius of Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Acacius, are you dead, no f, how possible obedient to die
Egypt, 565, Acacius of Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Acacius, are you dead? No, Father, how is it possible for an obedient man to die?; Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Acacius of Sinai lived during the sixth century and was a novice at a certain monastery in Asia. humble monk distinguished himself by his patient and unquestioning obedience to his Elder, a harsh and dissolute man. He forced his disciple to toil excessively, starved him with hunger, and beat him without mercy. such treatment, Saint Acacius meekly endured the affliction and thanked God for everything. Saint Acacius died after suffering these torments for nine years. days after Acacius was buried, his Elder told another Elder about the death of his disciple. second Elder did not believe that the young monk was dead. They went to the grave of Acacius and the second Elder called out: “Brother Acacius, are you dead?” From the grave a voice replied, “No, Father, how is it possible for an obedient man to die?” The startled Elder of Saint Acacius fell down with tears before the grave, asking forgiveness of his disciple. this he repented, constantly saying to the Fathers, “I have committed murder.” He lived in a cell near the grave of Saint Acacius, and he ended his life in prayer and in meekness. Saint John Climacus (March 30) mentions Saint Acacius in The Ladder (Step 4:110) as an example of endurance and obedience, and of the rewards for these virtues. Saint Acacius is also commemorated on July 7.

Egypt, 565, Zosima Bishop oBabylon Fortress, Egypt, Babylon prophecy, Alexandria errand, Bishop oB into old age, returned tSinai
Egypt, 565, Zosima Bishop oBabylon Fortress, Egypt (Nile River & Pharonic Canal to Red Sea), fCilicia, Lebanon&Sinai Monastery 565, Babylon prophecy, Alexandria errand, Bishop oB into old age, returned tSinai; Babylon Fortress, Egypt; Venerable Father Zosima, Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on June 4; Zosima, Bishop of Babylon, was born in Cilicia (Asia Minor). still a youth he left the world and settled on Mount Sinai, later he withdrew to a more solitary place in Lebanon. time he encountered an elderly ascetic, who foretold that he would be bishop in Babylon. Zosima returned to Sinai, he was sent on an errand to Alexandria. Patriarch of Alexandria made him Bishop of Babylon, and into old age he wisely guided his flock. the approach of death, he returned to Sinai and peacefully fell asleep in the Lord (5th century). St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Zosimus as above

Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician
Egypt, 567, Saint, Anastasia the Patrician; Saint Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10;

Egypt, 567-608, Daniel oScetis, Egypt, killed wEscaping, conscience nResolved bConfession, begged execution, acquitted, Leper c
Egypt, 550 6th Century, Daniel oScetis, Egyptian Desert, monk as young boy, barbarian prisoner, bought by Christian, recapturedd, killed captor wEscaping, rtSketis, conscience burden, confessed to Alexandria Patriarch Roman Pope other patriarchs Constantinople Antioch Jerusalem but all no peace or penance, so he surrendered as murderer begged to be executed, into prison, trial gpvernor said go your way, Daniel resolved care for Lepers, renouned and mentioned in many saints stories, Anastasia, Mark the Fool, despised Ermopoleos Monastery nun, Thomais killed by her father-in-Law, Eulogios the Hospitable, Andronikos, Athanasia, and Douda; Scetis ; Venerable Daniel of Sketis, Commemorated on June 7; Daniel lived in the sixth century, becoming a monk at Sketis when he was a young boy. was taken prisoner when Sketis was attacked by barbarians, who held him captive for two years. Daniel was was bought by a devout Christian, but then he was recaptured. six months, while attempting to escape, he struck one of his captors with a stone and killed him, and then he made his escape and returned to Sketis. sin of murder was a heavy burden on his conscience. about what he ought to do, he went to Patriarch Timothy of Alexandria, and asked for his advice. Patriarch heard his Confession, but did not give him a penance. his conscience continued to trouble him, and he went to Rome to see the Pope. Pope gave him the same reply as the Patriarch had done. Abba Daniel visited the other Patriarchs in turn, going to Constantinople, Antioch and Jerusalem, confessing to each of them and asking for advice. found no peace, however. So he returned home to Alexandria and surrendered himself to the civil authorities as a murderer, was thrown into prison. his trial before the governor, Daniel told him all that had happened, and begged to be executed, so that his soul might be saved from the eternal fire. The governor was astonished by his story, and said to him, "Go your way, Father, and pray to God for me, and I wish you had killed seven more!" dissatisfied with this, Daniel resolved to take a leper into his cell and care for him until he died, and then he would find another. He did as he had resolved, and in this way brought peace to his conscience. as Abba Daniel and Abba Ammon were walking together, Abba Ammon said, "When will we sit in our own cell, Father?" Abba Daniel replied, "Who can separate us from God? God is in the cell, and God is also outside of it." became so renowned for his virtues that he was named Igoumen of Sketis and he was revered throughout Egypt as "a new Abraham, and the host of Christ." visited Saint Anastasia the Patrician (March 10) on the day of her death. She had disguised herself as a eunuch and lived in a men's monastery eighteen miles from Sketis. Daniel discovered that she was a woman when he prepared her body for burial. Daniel encountered saints who wished to remain hidden, such as the Mark the Fool of Alexandria, the nun at the Ermopoleos Monastery of Abba Jeremiah. She feigned drunkenness, earning the contempt of the other nuns. Daniel and his disciple sought shelter in the monastery, at night they saw that nun lifting her arms to Heaven, weeping copiously, and making prostrations. following night they had the Igoumeness watch with them so she could see how that despised nun spent her nights. her holy life became known, she left the monastery so that she would not be praised by the other nuns. Daniel is also mentioned in the Life of Saint Thomais, who was killed by her father-in-law because she wished to preserve her chastity (April 13 in Slavic usage, April 14 in Greek usage), in the Life of Saint Eulogios the Hospitable (April 27), the Life of Saints Andronikos and Athanasia (October 9), well as in the Life of Abba Doula.

Egypt, 579-608, Eulogius, Patriarch of Alexandria and Antioch
Egypt, 580-608, Eulogius of Alexandria and Antioch; Saint Eulogius, Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 13;

Egypt, 579-608, St Eulogius of Alexandria, Egypt, anti - Monophysitism Novatian Nestorian Eutyches, voice of truth
Egypt, 579-608, St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, enlightened, first at Antioch, 579 at A, Orthodox two natures theology, anti Monophysitism, friend of Pope Gregory the Great, anti Novatian, vindicated hypostatic union, anti Nestorian and Eutyches, voice of truth; of Alexandria was Greek Patriarch of that see from about 580 to 608. He is regarded as a saint, with a feast day of September 13. was first igumen of the monastery of the Mother of God in Antioch.[1] He was a successful combatant of various phases of Monophysitism.[2] He was a warm friend of Pope Gregory the Great, who corresponded with him, and received from that pope many flattering expressions of esteem and admiration.[3][4] refuted the Novatians, some communities of which ancient sect still existed in his diocese, and vindicated the hypostatic union of the two natures in Christ, against both Nestorius and Eutyches. Cardinal Baronius says that Gregory wished Eulogius to survive him, recognizing in him the voice of truth.[2] has been said that he restored for a brief period to the Church of Alexandria life and youthful vigour.[3] the above works and a commentary against various sects of Monophysites (Severans, Theodosians, Cainites and Acephali) he left eleven discourses in defence of Pope Leo I and the Council of Chalcedon, also a work against the Agnoetae, submitted by him before publication to Pope Gregory I, who after some observations authorized it unchanged. With exception of one sermon and a few fragments, all the writings of Eulogius have perished.[3] Alexandria; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Eulogius, Patriarch of Alexandria, was one of the enlightened hierarchs of the sixth century. At first he was igumen of the monastery of the Mother of God in Antioch, and then in 579 he was chosen as Patriarch of Alexandria, where he served for twenty-seven years. his life, the saint struggled vigorously against heresies. He was also a friend of Saint Gregory Dialogus (March 12), and some of their correspondence has been preserved. Eulogius died in 607 or 608. Saint Photius quotes from his writings, which reveal an Orthodox theology of the two natures of our Lord Jesus Christ. Only one of his sermons, for Palm Sunday, has survived in complete form.

Egypt, 590-620approx, Palladius of Thessalonica&Alexandria, not Palladius oGalatia
Venerable Palladius of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 27; in Thessaloniki, he contended in asceticism in Alexandria at the end of the VI and the beginning of the VII century. His Service is sung at Compline. Saint should not be confused with the fourth century Saint Palladius of Galatia (January 28), the author of the Lausiac History, which contains the Lives of the Egyptian ascetics.

Egypt, 600-640, 7th Century Folder, St John of the Ladder

Egypt, 600-649, John of the Ladder (Climacus) Sinai, great ascetic, solitary, silence 40 yrs, tears, clairvoyant, wonderworker
Egypt, 600-649, Saint John of the Ladder, John Climacus; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of œthe LadderÂ; Commemorated on March 30; John of the Ladder is honored by Holy Church as a great ascetic and author of the renowned spiritual book called THE LADDER, from which he is also called “of the Ladder” (Climacus). is almost no information about Saint John’s origins. One tradition suggests that he was born in Constantinople around the year 570, and was the son of Saints Xenophon and Maria (January 26). went to Sinai when he was sixteen, submitting to Abba Martyrius as his instructor and guide. After four years, Saint John was tonsured as a monk. Abba Strategios, who was present at Saint John’s tonsure, predicted that he would become a great luminary in the Church of Christ. nineteen years Saint John progressed in monasticism in obedience to his spiritual Father. After the death of Abba Martyrius, Saint John embarked on a solitary life, settling in a wild place called Thola, where he spent forty years laboring in silence, fasting, prayer, and tears of penitence. is not by chance that in THE LADDER Saint John speaks about tears of repentance: “Just as fire burns and destroys the wood, so pure tears wash away every impurity, both external and internal.” His holy prayer was strong and efficacious, as may be seen from an example from the life of the God-pleasing saint. John had a disciple named Moses. Once, the saint ordered his disciple to bring dung to fertilize the vegetable garden. When he had fulfilled the obedience, Moses lay down to rest under the shade of a large rock, because of the scorching heat of summer. Saint John was in his cell in a light sleep. Suddenly, a man of remarkable appearance appeared to him and awakened the holy ascetic, reproaching him, “John, why do you sleep so heedlessly, when Moses is in danger?” John immediately woke up and began to pray for his disciple. When Moses returned in the evening, Saint John asked whether any sort of misfortune had befallen him. monk replied, “A large rock would have fallen on me as I slept beneath it at noon, but I left that place because I thought I heard you calling me.” Saint John did not tell his disciple of his vision, but gave thanks to God. John ate the food which is permitted by the monastic rule, but only in moderation. He did not sleep very much, only enough to keep up his strength, so that he would not ruin his mind by unceasing vigil. “I do not fast excessively,” he said of himself, “nor do I give myself over to intense all-night vigil, nor lay upon the ground, but I restrain myself..., and the Lord soon saved me.” following example of Saint John’s humility is noteworthy. Gifted with discernment, and attaining wisdom through spiritual experience, he lovingly received all who came to him and guided them to salvation. day some envious monks reproached him for being too talkative, and so Saint John kept silence for a whole year. The monks realized their error, and they went to the ascetic and begged him not to deprive them of the spiritual profit of his conversation. his ascetic deeds from others, Saint John sometimes withdrew into a cave, but reports of his holiness spread far beyond the vicinity. Visitors from all walks of life came to him, desiring to hear his words of edification and salvation. After forty years of solitary asceticism, he was chosen as igumen of Sinai when he was seventy-five. Saint John governed the holy monastery for four years. Toward the end of his life, the Lord granted him the gifts of clairvoyance and wonderworking. the request of Saint John, igumen of the Raithu monastery (Commemorated on Cheesefare Saturday), he wrote the incomparable LADDER, a book of instruction for monks who wished to attain spiritual perfection. of the wisdom and spiritual gifts of Saint John of Sinai, the igumen of Raithu requested him to write down whatever was necessary for the salvation of those in the monastic life. Such a book would be “a ladder fixed on the earth” (Gen. 28:12), leading people to the gates of Heaven. John felt that such a task was beyond his ability, yet out of obedience he fulfilled the request. The saint called his work THE LADDER, for the book is “a fixed ladder leading from earthly things to the Holy of Holies....” The thirty steps of spiritual perfection correspond to the thirty years of the Lord’s age. When we have completed these thirty steps, we will find ourselves with the righteous and will not stumble. THE LADDER begins with renunciation of the world, and ends with God, Who is love (1 John 4:8). the book was written for monks, any Christian living in the world will find it an unerring guide for ascending to God, and a support in the spiritual life. Saints Theodore the Studite (November 11 and January 26), Sergius of Radonezh (September 25 and July 5), Joseph of Volokolamsk (September 9 and October 18), and others relied on THE LADDER as an important guide to salvation. twenty-second step of THE LADDER deals with various forms of vainglory. Saint John writes: “When I fast, I am vainglorious; and when I permit myself food in order to conceal my fasting from others I am again vainglorious about my prudence. When I dress in fine clothing, I am vanquished by vanity, and if I put on drab clothing, again I am overcome by vanity. If I speak, vainglory defeats me. If I wish to keep silence, I am again given over to it. Wherever this thorn comes up, it stands with its points upright. vain person seems to honor God, but strives to please men rather than God. of lofty spirit bear insult placidly and willingly, but only the holy and righteous may hear praise without harm. you hear that your neighbor or friend has slandered you behind your back, or even to your face, praise and love him. is not the one who reproaches himself who shows humility, for who will not put up with himself? It is the one who is slandered by another, yet continues to show love for him. is proud of his natural gifts, intelligence, learning, skill in reading, clear enunciation, and other similar qualities, which are acquired without much labor, will never obtain supernatural gifts. Whoever is not faithful in small things (Luke 16:10), is also unfaithful in large things, and is vainglorous. often happens that God humbles the vainglorious, sending a sudden misfortune. If prayer does not destroy a proud thought, we bring to mind the departure of the soul from this life. And if this does not help, let us fear the shame which follows dishonor. “For whoever humbles himself shall be exalted, and whoever exalts himself shall be humbled” (Luke 14:11). When those who praise us, or rather seduce us, start to praise us, let us recall our many sins, then we shall find that we are not worthy of what they say or do to honor us.” THE LADDER Saint John describes the ascent toward spiritual perfection, which is essential for anyone who wishes to save his soul. It is a written account of his thoughts, based on the collected wisdom of many wise ascetics, and on his own spiritual experience. The book is a great help on the path to truth and virtue. steps of THE LADDER proceed gradually from strength to strength on the path of perfection. The summit is not reached suddenly, but gradually, as the Savior says: “The Kingdom of Heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by force” (Mt.11:12). John is also commemorated on the fourth Sunday of Great Lent.

Egypt, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria, Patriarch, many examples of mercy, against Monophysite h
Egyptian Patriarch, 606-616, John the Merciful of Alexandria ; Saint John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12; John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, was born on Cyprus in the seventh century into the family of the illustrious dignitary Epiphanius. At the wish of his parents he entered into marriage and had children. When the wife and the children of the saint died, he became a monk. He was zealous in fasting and prayer, and had great love for those around him. spiritual exploits won him honor among men, and even the emperor revered him. When the Patriarchal throne of Alexandria fell vacant, the emperor Heraclius and all the clergy begged Saint John to occupy the Patriarchal throne. saint worthily assumed his archpastoral service, concerning himself with the moral and dogmatic welfare of his flock. As patriarch he denounced every soul-destroying heresy, and drove out from Alexandria the Monophysite Phyllonos of Antioch. considered his chief task to be charitable and to give help all those in need. At the beginning of his patriarchal service he ordered his stewards to compile a list of all the poor and downtrodden in Alexandria, which turned out to be over seven thousand men. The saint ordered that all of these unfortunates be provided for each day out of the church’s treasury. during the week, on Wednesdays and Fridays, he emerged from the doors of the patriarchal cathedral, and sitting on the church portico, he received everyone in need. He settled quarrels, helped the wronged, and distributed alms. Three times a week he visited the sick-houses, and rendered assistance to the suffering. was during this period that the emperor Heraclius led a tremendous army against the Persian emperor Chosroes II. The Persians ravaged and burned Jerusalem, taking a multitude of captives. The holy Patriarch John gave a large portion of the church treasury for their ransom. saint never refused suppliants. One day, when the saint was visiting the sick, he met a beggar and commanded that he be given six silver coins. The beggar changed his clothes, ran on ahead of the Patriarch, and again asked for alms. Saint John gave him six more silver coins. however, the beggar sought charity a third time, and the servants began to chase the fellow away, the Patriarch ordered that he be given twelve pieces of silver, saying, he is Christ putting me to the test. the saint gave money to a merchant that had suffered shipwreck, and a third time gave him a ship belonging to the Patriarchate and filled with grain, with which the merchant had a successful journey and repaid his obligations. John the Merciful was known for his gentle attitude towards people. the saint was compelled to excommunicate two clergymen for a certain time because of some offense. of them repented, but the other fellow became angry with the Patriarch and fell into greater sins. saint wanted to summon him and calm him with kind words, but it slipped his mind. he was celebrating the Divine Liturgy, the saint was suddenly reminded by the words of the Gospel: “If you bring your gift to the altar and remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift before the altar ... first, be reconciled with your brother, and then come and offer your gift” (Mt. 5:23-24). saint came out of the altar, called the offending clergyman to him, and falling down on his knees before him in front of all the people he asked forgiveness. The cleric, filled with remorse, repented of his sin, corrected himself, and afterwards was found worthy to be ordained to the priesthood. was a time when a certain citizen insulted George, the Patriarch’s nephew. George asked the saint to avenge the wrong. The saint promised to deal with the offender so that all of Alexandria would marvel at what he had done. This calmed George, and Saint John began to instruct him, speaking of the necessity for meekness and humility. Then he summoned the man who insulted George. When Saint John learned that the man lived in a house owned by the church, he declared that he would excuse him from paying rent for an entire year. Alexandria indeed was amazed by such a “revenge,” and George learned from his uncle how to forgive offenses and to bear insults for God’s sake. John, a strict ascetic and man of prayer, was always mindful of his soul, and of death. He ordered a coffin for himself, but told the craftsmen not to finish it. Instead, he would have them come each feastday and ask if it was time to finish the work. John was persuaded to accompany the governor Nicetas on a visit to the emperor in Constantinople. While on his way to visit the earthly king, he dreamed of a resplendent man who said to him, “The King of Kings summons you.” He sailed to his native island of Cyprus, and at Amanthos the saint peacefully fell asleep in the Lord (616-620). Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22;

Egypt, 610-685, Anastasius, Sinai, Great ascetic, discernment, guardian angels, d away like smoke
Egyptian Saint, 610-685, Anastasius Sinaita; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Anastasius of Sinai lived in the seventh century, and was one of the great ascetics who flourished on Mt. Sinai. his youth, he was raised in great piety and love for God. When he reached manhood, Saint Anastasius left the world and entered a monastery to take upon himself the yoke of Christ (Mt.11:29). Wishing to perfect himself in virtue, he went to Saint Catherine’s Monastery on Mt. Sinai, where Saint John of the Ladder (March 30) was abbot. There he profited from the example of many holy men who were proficient in monasticism. of his humility, Saint Anastasius received wisdom and spiritual discernment from God. He wrote the Lives of several holy Fathers, as well as other spiritually instructive books. In time, he was found worthy of ordination to the holy priesthood. Saint John and his brother George, Saint Anastasius became abbot of Sinai. He was most zealous in his opposition to heresy, exposing it, refuting it, and covering its adherents with shame. He even traveled to Syria, Egypt, and Arabia to uproot heresy and strengthen the Church of Christ. Anastasius taught that God gives each Christian an angel to care for him throughout his life. However, we can drive our Guardian Angel away by our sins, just as bees are driven away by smoke. While the demons work to deprive us of the heavenly Kingdom, the holy angels guide us to do good. Therefore, only the most foolish individuals would drive away their Guardian Angel from themselves. a long life of faithfully serving God, Saint Anastasius fell asleep in the Lord in the year 685. He and the other ascetics of Mt. Sinai are also commemorated on Bright Wednesday, the Synaxis of the Monastic Fathers of Sinai.

Egypt, 640 - Present, History Folder, Arab and Moslem Period

Egypt, 640-699, 7th Century Folder, Muslim conquest of Alexandria

Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad
Egypt, 640-644, Arab Muslim Commander and Governor, Rashidun and Ummayad; Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Egypt, 641, Mirax, Tanis, Egypt, raised christian, trampled on cross, became moslem, repented, tortured, beheaded
Egypt, 640, Mirax, Tanis, Egypt, raised christian, trampled on cross, became moslem, repented, tortured, beheaded; Tanis or Tathnis; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Holy Martyr Mirax was born into a Christian family living in the city of Tanis (Egypt) during the seventh century. was raised in piety, but yielded to demonic temptation and trampled on a cross. went to the Emir, the ruler of Egypt, and taking his sword in hand, he declared himself a Moslem. parents, grieving over the terrible downfall of their son, incessantly prayed for him. And then the grace of God illumined the heart of the prodigal. deeply repented and returned home. His parents counselled him to acknowledge his fall into darkness and to show his repentance. Mirax obeyed them. He went before the Emir and announced that he had become a Christian once more. ruler condemned him to tortures, after which the saint was beheaded and cast into the sea (this occurred around the year 640). Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Egypt, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Egypt, 800, 9th Century Folder, Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni

Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni
Egypt, 868-905, Sultan Ahmad ibn Tulun, Founder Tulunid Dynasty, Sunni ; Martyr Michael ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Âœthe Black-RobedÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Egypt, 900, 10th Century Folder, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia

Egypt, 909-1171, m's d, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam, all of North Africa, Egypt in 969, Levant, Sicily
Egypt, 909-1171, Fatmid Caliphate, Shia Islam Fatimid Caliphate, an Ismaili Shia caliphate of the 10th to the 12th centuries AD, spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Fatimid dynasty, of Arab origin,[4] ruled territories across the Mediterranean coast of Africa and ultimately made Egypt the center of the caliphate. At its height the caliphate included - in addition to Egypt - varying areas of the Maghreb, Sudan, Sicily, the Levant, and the Hijaz. The Fatimid caliphate represented the peak of Ismaili political success. Ismailis had faithful supporters in the lands governed by the Fatimids' rivals, and areas with a significant Ismaili population and presences were able to set up their own independently-administered polities, which were loyal to the Imam in Egypt.[5] The Fatimids (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ÙÂÂØ§Ø·Ù…ÙŠÙˆÙ†â€Ž, romanized: al-FÄÂÂá¹ÂÂimÄ«yÅ«n) claimed descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the prophet Muhammad. The Fatimid state took shape among the Kutama, Berbers living in the west of the North African littoral (in Kabylie in present-day Algeria). In 909, using the military resources of the Kutama, the Fatimids occupied Raqqada, the Aghlabid capital. In 921 the Fatimids established the Tunisian city of Mahdia as their new capital. In 948 they shifted their capital to al-Mansuriyya, near Kairouan in Tunisia. In 969 they conquered Egypt, and in 973 they established Cairo as the capital of their caliphate. Egypt became the political, cultural, and religious centre of their empire, which developed a new and "indigenous Arabic" culture.[6] The ruling class belonged to the Ismai'li branch of Shi'a Islam, as did the leaders of the dynasty. The existence of the caliphate marked the only time the descendants of Ali and Fatimah were united to any degree (except for the final period of the Rashidun Caliphate under Ali himself from 656 to 661) and the name "Fatimid" refers to Fatimah. Orientalist authors sometimes use the separate term Fatimi (or "Fatimite") to refer to the caliphate's subjects. After its initial conquests, the caliphate often allowed a degree of religious tolerance towards non-Shia sects of Islam, as well as to Jews, Maltese Christians, and Copts.[7] However, its leaders made little headway in persuading the Egyptian population to adopt its religious beliefs.[8][need quotation to verify] During the late eleventh and twelfth centuries the Fatimid caliphate declined rapidly, and in 1171 Saladin invaded its territory. He founded the Ayyubid dynasty and incorporated the Fatimid state into the Abbasid Caliphate.[9]

Egypt, 909-934, F Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah, F&Ali's son, Umayyads r, as usurpers, Abbasids r, not Ali's sons, occultation, millenialist ex
Egypt, 909-934, Fatmid Sultan, Abdallah al-Mahdi Billah; Muhammad Ubayd Allah ibn al-Husayn (873 – 4 March 934), better known by his regnal name Abu Muhammad Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…ØÂÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¹Ø¨ÙŠØ¯ Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ بالله‎), was the founder of the Isma'ili Fatimid Caliphate, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islamic history, and the eleventh imam of the Isma'ili faith. in the late 9th century since the murder of Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, in 661, which led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate, a large part of the Muslim community rejected the Umayyads as usurpers and called for the establishment of a regime led by a member of the Ahl al-Bayt, the Family of Muhammad. The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's paternal uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, profited from this during their rise to power against the Umayyads; but their claim too was rejected by the Shi'a, who insisted on the exclusive right of the descendants of al-Husayn and Hasan, Ali's sons by Muhammad's daughter Fatimah.[1] A line of imams emerged from the offspring of Husayn, who did not openly lay claim to the caliphate, but were considered by their followers as the true representatives of God on earth.[1] The sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, had appointed (naá¹£á¹£) his son Isma'il ibn Ja'far as his successor, but Isma'il died before his father, and when al-Sadiq himself died in 765, the succession was left open. One faction of Shi'a held that al-Sadiq had designated another son, Musa al-Kazim, as his heir. Others followed other sons, Muhammad and Abdallah al-Aftah—shortly after his death, they went over to Musa's camp—or even refused to believe that al-Sadiq had died, and expected his return as a messiah.[2] Musa's adherents, who constituted the majority of al-Sadiq's followers, followed his line down to the twelfth imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, who vanished in 874.[1][3] Another branch believed that Ja'far was followed by a seventh imam, who also had gone into hiding; hence this party is known as the Seveners. The exact identity of that seventh imam was disputed, but by the late 9th century had commonly been identified with Muhammad, son of Isma'il and grandson of al-Sadiq. From Muhammad's father, Isma'il, the sect receives its name of "Isma'ili".[1][4][5] Neither Isma'il's nor Muhammad's lives are well known, and after Muhammad's death during the reign of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809), the history of the early Isma'ili movement becomes obscure.[6] Both the Twelvers and the Seveners held that their final imams were not dead, but had simply gone into hiding ("occultation"), and that they would soon return as a messiah, a mahdÄ« ("the Rightly Guided One") or qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m ("He Who Arises"), to usher in the end times.[1][7] The mahdÄ« would rapidly overthrow the usurping Abbasids and destroy their capital Baghdad, restore the unity of the Muslims, conquer Constantinople, ensure the final triumph of Islam and establish a reign of peace and justice.[8] The Isma'ilis in particular believed that the mahdÄ« would reveal the true, "inner" (bÄÂÂá¹ÂÂin) meaning of religion, which was until then reserved for a few selected initiates. The mahdÄ« would dissolve the outer forms and strictures of Islam, since henceforth the true religion, the religion of Adam, would be manifested without the need for symbols and other mediating devices.[9] Secret leadership of the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa at Salamiya While the mahdÄ« Muhammad ibn Isma'il remained hidden, however, he would need to be represented by agents, who would gather the faithful, spread the word (daÊ¿wa, "invitation, calling"), and prepare his return. The head of this secret network was the living proof of the imam's existence, or "seal" (á¸¥ujja).[10] The first known á¸¥ujja was a certain Abdallah al-Akbar ("Abdallah the Elder"), a wealthy merchant from Askar Mukram, in what is now southwestern Iran. Apart from improbable stories circulated by later anti-Isma'ili polemicists, his exact origin is unknown.[11] His teachings led to his being forced to flee his native city to escape persecution by the Abbasid authorities, and seek refuge in Basra, where he claimed to belong to the Aqil branch of the Banu Hashim, the clan of Muhammad. Once again, his teachings attracted the attention of the authorities and he moved on to the small town of Salamiya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert.[12] There he settled as a merchant from Basra, and had two sons, Ahmad and Ibrahim. When Abdallah died c. 827/8, Ahmad succeeded his father as the head of the Isma'ili movement, and was in turn succeeded by his younger son, Muhammad, known as Abu'l-Shalaghlagh.[13][14] During the late 9th century, millenialist expectations increased in the Muslim world, coinciding with a deep crisis of the Abbasid Caliphate during the decade-long Anarchy at Samarra, the rise of breakaway and autonomous regimes in the provinces, and the large-scale Zanj Rebellion, whose leader claimed Alid descent and proclaimed himself as the mahdÄ«.[15] In this chaotic atmosphere, where the Abbasids were preoccupied with suppressing the uprising, the Isma'ili daÊ¿wa spread rapidly, aided by dissatisfaction among Twelver adherents with the political quietism of their leadership and the recent disappearance of the twelfth imam.[16] Missionaries (dÄÂÂ'Ä«s) like Hamdan Qarmat and his brother-in-law Abu Muhammad Abdan spread the network of agents to the area round Kufa in the late 870s, and from there to Yemen (Ibn Hawshab, 882) and thence India (884), Bahrayn (Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi, 899), Persia, and the Maghreb (Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, 893).[17][18] The real leadership remained hidden at Salamiya, and only the chief dÄÂÂ'Ä«s of each region, such as Hamdan Qarmat, knew and corresponded with it.[19] The true head of the movement remained hidden even from the senior missionaries, however, and a certain Fayruz functioned as chief missionary (dÄÂÂ'Ä« al-duÊ¿ÄÂÂt) and "gateway" (bÄÂÂb) to the hidden leader.[20] Early life The future caliph al-Mahdi Billah was born as Sa'id, the son of Ahmad's elder son, al-Husayn, who died around 880.[21] The official biography gives the date of birth as 31 July 874, although a different tradition gives a date exactly one year earlier.[22] After his father's death, he was fostered by his uncle Abu'l-Shalaghlagh, who was without an heir of his own—his son and grandchild were reportedly captured and imprisoned by the Abbasids. Sa'id was thus designated as his successor, and given his uncle's daughter in marriage.[22] Most of the information about Sa'id's early life comes from the memoirs of the eunuch chamberlain Ja'far, who was a few months older than Sa'id and came with him to the household at Salamiya. The two were reared by the same wet-nurse, and Ja'far became a close confidant of Sa'id until his death.[23] Sa'id's only child, Abd al-Rahman, the future al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, was born in March or April 893.[22] While ostensibly merely the stewards for the absent imam, Ja'far reports that Abu'l-Shalaghlagh—perhaps encouraged by the rapid progress of the daÊ¿wa, now establishing armed strongholds—secretly declared himself to senior members of the daÊ¿wa not as the á¸¥ujja for Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but the actual imam; and that he claimed for his nephew the title of mahdÄ«, and the latter's infant son the title of qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m.[24] Various genealogies were later put forth by the Fatimids to justify this claim (see below). In the most common, Abdallah the Elder was proclaimed to be the son of Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but even in pro-Isma'ili sources, the succession and names of imams who supposedly preceded Ahmad is not the same; for example, Sa'id himself in a letter claimed descent not from Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but from the latter's older brother Abdallah. Anti-Isma'ili Sunni and Twelver sources of course reject any Fatimid descent from the Alids altogether and consider them impostors. The situation is further complicated by the use of the title qÄÂÂÊ¾Ä«m, normally a synonym for the mahdÄ«, for Sa'id's son. This has led to suggestions (first by Bernard Lewis) of two parallel lines of imams, one public (and of non-Alid descent), serving as trustees of the hidden, real one. In this interpretation, Sa'id was the last representative of the former line, and his "son" was the genuine imam.[25][26] Leadership of the daÊ¿wa When Abu'l-Shalaghlagh died around 899, Sa'id became the new head of the movement.[27] Soon after, the letters from Salamiya revealed changes in the official doctrine of the daÊ¿wa. This worried Hamdan Qarmat, who sent his brother-in-law to Salamiya to investigate the matter. It was there that Abdan learned that Sa'id claimed that the imam was not Muhammad ibn Isma'il, but Sa'id's father al-Husayn, and now Sa'id himself. This caused a major rift in the movement: Hamdan denounced the leadership in Salamiya, gathered the Iraqi dÄÂÂ'Ä«s and ordered them to cease the missionary effort. Shortly after he disappeared from his headquarters.[28][29] It was Al-Shi'i's success which was the signal to Al Mahdi to set off from Salamyah disguised as a merchant. In 905 he started proselytising. However, he was captured by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat-Allah due to his Ismaili beliefs and thrown into a dungeon in Sijilmasa. In early 909 Al-Shi'i sent a large expedition force to rescue Al Mahdi, conquering the Khariji state of Tahert on its way there. After gaining his freedom, Al Mahdi became the leader of the growing state and assumed the position of imam and caliph. Al Mahdi then led the Kutama Berbers who captured the cities of Qairawan and Raqqada. By March 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced with the Fatimids. As a result, the last stronghold of Sunni Islam in North Africa was removed from the region. Reign Al-Mahdi established himself at the former Aghlabid residence at Raqqada, Al-Qayrawan (in what is now Tunisia). After that his power grew. At the time of his death he had extended his reign over the Maghreb, but campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. The historian Heinz Halm has described the early Fatimid regime as being little more than a "hegemony of the Kutama".[30] The position of these semi-civilized tribesmen as the chosen warriors of the imam-caliph was greatly resented, not only by the other Berber tribes, but chiefly by the inhabitants of the cities, where the Arabic culture predominated.[31] As Halm writes, the situation was similar to a scenario where, "in the early eighteenth-century North America, the Iroquois, converted to Catholicism by Jesuit missionaries, had overrun the Puritan provinces of New England, installed their chieftains as governors in Boston, Providence and Hartford, and proclaimed a European with dubious credentials as King of England".[31] The first years of Fatimid rule in Ifriqiya, Sicily, and Tripolitania were marked by revolts by the local inhabitants against the arrogance and exactions of the Kutama.[32] Al-Mahdi founded the capital of his empire, al-Mahdiyyah, on the Tunisian coast sixteen miles south-east of Al-Qayrawan, which he named after himself. The city was located on a peninsula on an artificial platform "reclaimed from the sea", as mentioned by the Andalusian geographer Al-Bakri. The Great mosque of Mahdia was built in 916 on the southern side of the peninsula.[33] Al-Mahdi took up residence there in 920. In 922 the Bulgarian emperor Simeon I sent envoys to al-Mahdi to propose a joint attack on the Byzantine capital Constantinople with the Bulgarians providing a large land army, and the Arabs a navy. It was proposed that all spoils would be divided equally, with the Bulgarians keeping Constantinople and the Fatimids gaining the Byzantine territories in Sicily and South Italy.[34] As a result of the Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 913–927, by 922 the Bulgarians controlled almost the whole Balkan peninsula but Simeon I's main objective to capture Constantinople remained out of his reach because he lacked a navy. Although the Byzantines and the Fatimids had concluded a peace treaty in 914, since 918 the Fatimids had renewed their attacks on the Italian coast.[34] Al-Mahdi accepted the proposal and sent back his own emissaries to conclude the agreement.[34] On the way home the ship was captured by the Byzantines near the Calabrian coast and the envoys of both countries were sent to Constantinople.[34] When the Byzantine emperor Romanos I learned about the secret negotiations, the Bulgarians were imprisoned, while the Arab envoys were allowed to return to Al-Mahdiyyah with rich gifts for the caliph. The Byzantines then sent their own embassy to North Africa to outbid Simeon I and eventually the Fatimids agreed not to aid Bulgaria.[35] After his death, Al-Mahdi was succeeded by his son, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad Al-Qaim, who continued his expansionist policy. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im, reconquest of Sicily
Egypt, 934-946, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Qa'im; Muhammad ibn Abdallah (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø³Ù… Ù…ØÂÂÙ…Ø¯ Ø¨Ù† Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù‡Ø¯ÙŠ Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; April 893 – 17 May 946), better known by his regnal name al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah or bi-Amri 'llah (Ø§Ù„Ù‚Ø§Ø¦Ù… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± Ø§Ù„Ù„Ù‡, "He who carries out God's orders"), was the second caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to the Isma'ili faith. History[edit] Al-Qa'im was born in Salamiyah in Syria in 895 with the name Muhammad. After his father Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (910-934) seized power in Ifriqiya he was named heir to the throne in 912, and helped put down several revolts. However, campaigns into Egypt (in 914–915 and 919–921) faltered against the resistance of the Abbasids, with heavy casualties. In 934 Al-Qa'im succeeded his father as Caliph, after which he never again left the royal residence at Mahdia. Nevertheless, the Fatimid realm became an important power in the Mediterranean. After the re-conquest of Sicily the Byzantine province of Calabria and the Ligurian coast was plundered and the city of Genoa sacked. From 944 to 947 the realm was plunged into crisis by the revolt of Abu Yazid, who had united the Kharijite Berber tribes of the Aurès Mountains of eastern Algeria and overrun Ifriqiya. Imam Al-Qa'im was able to hold out in Mahdia with the help of the navy for over a year, but died (13th Shawwal 334 AH (Mahdiyya)/17 May 946) before the revolt could be put down. He was succeeded by his son Ismail al-Mansur (r. 946-953). Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah, supressed the large-scale Kharijite rebellion
Egypt, 946-953, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah; Tahir Isma'il (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ø·Ø§Ù‡Ø± إسماعيل‎, romanized: AbÅ« á¹¬ÄÂÂhir Ê¾IsmÄÂÂÊ¿Ä«l; January 914 – 18 March 953), better known by his regnal name al-Mansur bi-Nasr Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± Ø¨Ù†ØµØ± الله‎, romanized: al-Maná¹£Å«r bi-Naá¹£r AllÄÂÂh, lit. 'The Victor with the Help of God'), was the third caliph of the Fatimid Caliphate in Ifriqiya, ruling from 946 until his death. He presided over a period of crisis, having to confront the large-scale Kharijite rebellion of Abu Yazid. He succeeded in suppressing the revolt and restoring the stability of the Fatimid regime. Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah, Fatmid center moved to Cairo from Tunis in 969
Egypt, 953-975, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah; Tamim Ma'ad al-Muizz li-Din Allah (Arabic: Ø§Ø¨Ùˆ ØªÙ…ÙŠÙ… Ù…Ø¹Ø¯ Ø§Ù„Ù…Ø¹Ø²Ù‘ Ù„Ø¯ÙŠÙ† الله‎, romanized: AbÅ« TamÄ«m MaÊ¿ad al-MuÊ¿izz li-DÄ«n AllÄÂÂh, lit. 'Glorifier of the Religion of God'; 26 September 932 – 19 December 975) was the fourth Fatimid Caliph and 14th Ismaili imam, reigning from 953 to 975. It was during his caliphate that the center of power of the Fatimid dynasty was moved from Ifriqiya (modern Tunisia) to Egypt. The Fatimids founded the city of al-QÄÂÂhirah (Cairo) "the Victorious" in 969 as the new capital of the Fatimid caliphate in Egypt.[1] Venerable Daniel the Confessor (in Schema Stephen) of Spain, and Egypt, Commemorated on December 17

Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah, good admin, econ, but extrav, Katuma Berbers west, Turks east, replacng slaves, into Syria, empl Ch Jews, not sunnis
Egypt, 975-996, Fatmid Sultan, Al-Aziz Billah; Mansur Nizar (Arabic: Ø£Ø¨Ùˆ Ù…Ù†ØµÙˆØ± نزار‎, romanized: AbÅ« Maná¹£Å«r NizÄÂÂr; 10 May 955 – 14 October 996), known by his regnal name as al-Aziz Billah (Arabic: Ø§Ù„Ø¹Ø²ÙŠØ² بالله‎, romanized: al-Ê¿AzÄ«z biÊ¾llÄÂÂh, lit. 'the mighty through God'), was the fifth caliph of the Fatimid dynasty, from 975 to his death in 996. Nizar, the future al-Aziz Billah, was born on 10 May 955, the third son of the fourth Fatimid Caliph, al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah (r. 953–975).[1][2] His mother, Durzan, usually known as al-Sayyida al-MuÊ¿izzÄ«ya ("the Lady of al-Mu'izz") was the chief concubine of al-Mu'izz, and likely of Bedouin origin. She was known for her beautiful singing voice, which earned her the nickname TaghrÄ«d ("Twitter").[3] She died in 995.[4] In 974 his older brother Abdallah ibn al-Mu'izz —who had been the designated heir in preference to the oldest of al-Mu'izz's sons, Tamim—died, and Nizar found himself as his father's designated successor (walÄ« al-Ê¿ahd).[5] The succession was not confirmed in front of the members of the dynasty and court, however, until a day before al-Mu'izz's death on 18 December 975.[1] His official proclamation as caliph was delayed until 9 August 976.[1] Administration and economy[edit] According to the sources, al-Aziz Billah was "tall, with red hair and blue eyes, generous, brave, fond of horses and hunting and very humane and tolerant in disposition".[1] He was marked for his skill as an administrator, reforming the finances of the Fatimid state, standardizing and streamlining the payment of officials, and taking steps to ensure their integrity.[1] At the same time, he was known for his extravagant lifestyle and obsession for precious objects and materials, rare animals and delicacies; it is said that on one occasion, he had carrier pigeons bring him cherries from Ba'albek.[6] The Egyptian economy was also nurtured, and tax revenue thereby increased, through the expansion of streets and canals and the establishment of a stable currency. The general economic well-being was also apparent in an elaborate building programme. The most influential official during most of his reign was Ya'qub ibn Killis, who was the first in Fatimid history to be designated as "vizier", in 979. Apart from two brief periods when Ibn Killis fell into disgrace—in 979 and 984—he remained al-Aziz's chief minister until his death in 991.[1] Just like his master, Ibn Killis lived in great luxury, facilitated by a salary of 100,000 gold dinars.[7] Ibn Killis is credited with the capable administration of the public finances, which ensured a full treasury despite the vast sums expended by the luxury-loving Caliph,[8] but also for his role as a patron of men of letters, and the author of a book that codified Fatimid laws.[1] In contrast, his successors did not long remain in office, and in the short space of five years, the post of vizier was occupied by six men: Ali ibn Umar al-Addas, Abu'l-Fadl Ja'far ibn al-Furat, al-Husayn ibn al-Hasan al-Baziyar, Abu Muhammad ibn Ammar, al-Fadl ibn Salih, and Isa ibn Nasturus ibn Surus.[1] Military reforms[edit] Al-Aziz also undertook major military reforms. Berbers, and especially the Kutama tribe, had traditionally provided the mainstay of the Fatimid armies, and had played the main role in the takeover of Ifriqiya and the conquest of Egypt and the southern Levant under al-Aziz's predecessors.[9] Until the 970s, the Kutama provided the cavalry, with the infantry composed of Slavic (á¹¢aqÄÂÂliba), Greek (RÅ«m) and Black African (SÅ«dÄÂÂn or Ê¿abÄ«d) slaves.[10][11] However, the forays into the Levant revealed the inadequacies of an army based solely on the Kutama, and from 978, al-Aziz, began to introduce mercenaries from the Islamic East, especially Turks and Daylamites. The adoption of the ghilmÄÂÂn system had far-reaching repercussions, as the Turkish ghilmÄÂÂn assumed senior positions in the state and began to rival the Kutama for influence, especially as the flow of new recruits from the Kutama homeland ebbed after c. 987/88.[12][13] Consequently, a fierce antagonism developed between the two groups, termed MaghÄÂÂriba ("Westerners") and MashÄÂÂriqa ("Easterners") respectively, which would erupt in open warfare after al-Aziz's death.[14][15][16] Religious policies[edit] The employment of the Christian Ibn Nesturus, just as that of the Jew Manashsha as Secretary for Syria, was a prominent example of the Fatimids' tolerance in religious matters, further encouraged under al-Aziz by his Melkite Christian wife. Two of her brothers, Orestes and Arsenius, were appointed as Patriarch of Jerusalem and metropolitan bishop of Cairo, respectively.[1] The Coptic Christians also benefited from the Caliph's favour, allowing them to rebuilt the Saint Mercurius Church despite Muslim opposition, or refusing to punish a Muslim man who converted to Christianity.[1] This leniency, crowned by the appointment to high office of Ibn Nesturus and Manashsha, was resented by the Muslim populace, with Muslim opinion incensed by hostile tracts circulating among them. The Caliph was briefly forced to depose his two ministers and imprison them, but soon their undoubted skill ensured their release and reinstatement.[1] Anti-Christian animus was most evident in 996, when merchants from Amalfi were suspected of being responsible for a fire that destroyed the arsenal at Cairo; in a city-wide anti-Christian pogrom, the Amalfitans were murdered and churches were ransacked.[1] This tolerance did not extend towards the Sunni Muslim population, however, as al-Aziz followed a fervently Isma'ili agenda: he erected inscriptions denouncing the Companions of the Prophet, abolished the Tarawih prayers in 982, and initiated the celebration of the Ashura festival in Cairo. In 991, a man found in possession of the Sunni legal treatise Muwatta Imam Malik was executed.[1] The reign of Al-Aziz was also culturally significant. Ibn Killis founded the al-Azhar University in Cairo (988) which went on to become the most important centre of learning in the Islamic world. Likewise a library with 200,000 volumes was built in Cairo. According to Professor Samy S. Swayd Fatimid missionaries made their Dawah in China during the reign of Al-Aziz.[17] Expansion into Syria[edit] Map of Early Islamic Syria and its provinces in the 9th–10th centuries In foreign affairs, al-Aziz concentrated on the extension of Fatimid control over Syria,[7] whose conquest had begun immediately after the Fatimid conquest of Egypt in 969.[18][19] Background[edit] Possession of Syria, and particularly Palestine, was a constant foreign policy objective for many rulers of Egypt both before and after the Fatimids, to foreclose the most likely invasion route into the country by the powers of Western Asia.[20] In the Fatimid case, this drive was given additional impetus by their ambitions to lead the entire Islamic world and unseat the Abbasid Caliphate by conquering Iraq and the eastern Islamic lands, which was possible only via Syria.[7][21] At the same time, the balance of power in the region was altered with the simultaneous expansion of the Byzantine Empire into northern Syria against the Hamdanid Emirate of Aleppo, culminating in the capture of Antioch in 969. The Fatimids used the Byzantine advance as a major item in their propaganda, claiming to be the only power capable of championing the jihad against the "infidel" threat.[22] However, Fatimid policy with regard to Syria during the early part of al-Aziz's reign was dominated by the vizier Ibn Killis, who, according to historian Hugh N. Kennedy, "believed that the Fatimids should concentrate on controlling Palestine and southern Syria, while leaving the north of the Hamdanids and their successors to form a buffer state against the Byzantines, with whom the caliph should try to keep on good terms".[21] Despite initial successes, the initial Fatimid invasion of Syria, under the Kutama general Ja'far ibn Fallah, quickly came to a halt through a combination of rebellions by the citizens of Damascus and the Bedouin tribes of the Syrian Desert.[23][24] In August 971, the Fatimids were defeated in battle against the Bedouin and their Qarmatian allies, leading to the near total collapse of Fatimid control in southern Syria and Palestine, and even a short-lived Qarmatian invasion of Egypt.[18][25][26] When al-Aziz came to power, Damascus was ruled by the Turk Alptakin, who with only 300 of his fellow Turks had taken power by exploiting the unpopularity of the Fatimids' Kutama troops, gained popular support by restoring order in the city, and held it against the Fatimids, recognizing Abbasid suzerainty.[7][21] Further south, Palestine was under Fatimid control, but the powerful Bedouin chieftain of the Banu Tayy tribe, Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn al-Jarrah, was opposed to them and held the provincial capital Ramla.[7] Reconquest of Damascus[edit] "O Commander of the Faithful, maintain peace with the Byzantines as long as they maintain peace with you. Be satisfied if the Hamdanids [of Aleppo] recognize you in the mint and the [Friday] oration. Do not spare Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, [however], if you get hold of him." Advice of Ya'qub ibn Killis to al-Aziz on his deathbed.[27] In 975 al-'Aziz took control of Baniyas in an attempt to subdue the anti-Fatimid agitation of the Sunni Mahammad b. Ahmad al-Nablusi and his followers.[28] In 976, the Fatimid general Jawhar, the conqueror of Egypt, campaigned against Damascus, but after two months of clashes before the city he had to retreat due to the arrival of Alptakin's Qarmatian allies.[7] Followed by Alptakin's forces, Jawhar was pushed back to Tiberias, Ramla and finally Ascalon, where he was besieged.[7] The siege lasted for seventeen months and ended in early 978 with a negotiated agreement, which abandoned the entire territory from Ascalon to Damascus to Alptakin. Only Gaza remained under direct Fatimid control, although Alptakin was prepared to acknowledge the nominal suzerainty of al-Aziz over the territories he ruled. Jawhar and his men had also to undergo the humiliation of passing under a sword and lance in token of their defeat while departing Ascalon for Egypt.[7][29] The Fatimid court could not accept this humiliating agreement, which not only left Egypt vulnerable to attack, but also deprived senior members of the Fatimid elite—including Ibn Killis himself—of important properties around Damascus.[30] As a result, al-Aziz took the field in person and, at the head of an enormous army, defeated and captured Alptakin in August 978.[7][30] The Qarmatians were bribed with promises of an annual payment of tribute to retreat to Bahrayn, thus bringing an end to their incursions into Syria.[7][30] The events of the previous years also demonstrated to Ibn Killis the dangers of continuing to rely on the Kutama. As a result, the Caliph unexpectedly showed clemency to Alptakin, taking him and his Turkish followers into Fatimid service.[7][30] Alptakin himself was taken to Cairo, where he was lavishly honoured by the Caliph, arousing the envy of Ibn Killis, who had Alptakin poisoned.[7] Nevertheless, as noted before, this event was of momentous importance and marked a major departure from previous Fatimid practice; especially in Syria, the Turkish ghilmÄÂÂn remained influential and often occupied the position of governor of Damascus.[13] Damascus itself was taken over by one of Alptakin's lieutenants, Qassam, with the support of the local population and the city militia (aá¸¥dÄÂÂth), who wished to avoid a renewed Berber occupation.[7][30] The Fatimid general al-Fadl ibn Salih, a protégé of Ibn Killis, was sent with a Berber army against Qassam, but other than a show of force against the coastal cities failed to achieve anything and retreated to Palestine.[7][31] Matters became complicated with the arrival of Abu Taghlib, the ousted Hamdanid ruler of Mosul, who contacted al-Aziz with an offer to capture the city if they supported him with troops. This was opposed by Ibn al-Jarrah, who feared lest the Hamdanid and his followers form the Banu Uqayl tribe, rivals to the Tayy, threaten his own position, particularly his possession of Ramla and the pasture lands of his tribe. Al-Fadl apparently played a duplicitous game, encouraging Abu Taghlib in his designs on Ramla in an effort to sow dissension among the Arab tribes and strengthen Fatimid authority; however, in August 979, when Ibn al-Jarrah attacked Abu Taghlib and his men at Ramla, al-Fadl came to his aid with his own troops. Abu Taghlib was taken captive and executed.[7][32][33] This battle established Ibn al-Jarrah and his Tayy as a major player in the region's power politics: despite his recognition of Fatimid suzerainty, the Tayy chieftain was a virtually independent ruler and remained a constant nuisance for the Fatimid government for decades.[31] Bowl fragment with a mounted warrior, 11th century Damascus continued to resist Fatimid attempts to capture it, notably under the Kutama chieftain Sulayman ibn Ja'far ibn Fallah in 979/80,[7][31] while, despite al-Fadl's efforts to use the Uqayl to contain them, the Tayy and their unchecked depredations grew to be a menace to the settled and agrigultural districts of southern Syria: Ramla was "reduced to a ghost town", in the words of Kennedy, and the Ghuta plain around Damascus and the Hawran region were so devastated that Damascus faced famine, alleviated only through supplies sent from Homs, ruled by the Turk Bakjur for the Hamdanids of Aleppo.[31] As a result of the successive failures of Berber commanders to capture Damascus and restore order in the province, the Fatimid court appointed a Turk, Baltakin, a former follower of Alptakin, as commander of the next expedition into Syria. Baltakin defeated Ibn al-Jarrah, who fled north to Antioch and the protection of the Byzantines, while Qassam was finally forced to surrender Damascus in early 983, albeit under generous terms that allowed him to remain in control under a Fatimid-appointed governor.[7][31] Contest for Aleppo[edit] After securing Fatimid rule in central and southern Syria, Caliph al-Aziz aimed to capture Aleppo as well, but was restrained by Ibn Killis while he lived.[7] The question of Aleppo was complicated, as it risked provoking a direct confrontation with Byzantium.[34] Since 969, the Hamdanid emirate had been tributary to the Byzantines. Its ruler, Sa'd al-Dawla (r. 967–991), resented this dependence, but was forced to abide with it in order to prevent an outright Fatimid conquest. As a result, his policy vacillated between the two powers.[35][36] Nevertheless, the Fatimids benefited from the weakness of the Hamdanids, as many Hamdanid supporters began entering Fatimid service. For example, Raja al-Siqlabi defected with 300 of his men, and was appointed governor of Acre and Caesarea.[11] The most important such defection was that of the Hamdanid governor of Homs, Bakjur, in 983. Bakjur contacted al-Aziz directly and offered to enter Fatimid service against Aleppo in exchange for the governorship of Damascus.[7][11] Attracted by the possibility of taking over not only Homs but possibly Aleppo as well, al-Aziz agreed to Bakjur's offer over the vehement opposition of Ibn Killis, who was briefly deposed and imprisoned in conjunction with a harvest failure that led to famine in the capital.[11] The Caliph provided Bakjur with an army, with which he attacked Aleppo in September. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor Basil II (r. 976–1025) for help, who sent his general Bardas Phokas the Younger to assist Aleppo. Forewarned of the Byzantines' approach by the exiled Ibn al-Jarrah, Bakjur raised the siege and fled to Fatimid territory. The Byzantines proceeded to sack Homs in October, and returned the city to Hamdanid control.[7][37] In 987/8, a seven-year truce was concluded with the Byzantines. It stipulated an exchange of prisoners, the recognition of the Byzantine emperor as protector of Christians under Fatimid rule and of the Fatimid Caliph as protector of Muslims under Byzantine control, and the replacement of the name of the Abbasid caliph with that of the Fatimid caliph in the Friday prayer in the mosque at Constantinople.[38] Despite his failure, Bakjur was named governor of Damascus by al-Aziz, and was joined by Ibn al-Jarrah. Ibn Killis, who was released and restored to his office after barely two months, immediately began working against the two. Bakjur gradually made himself unpopular to the Damascenes due to his cruelty, and after several failed efforts, in 989 Ibn Killis finally persuaded al-Aziz to replace Bakjur with one of the vizier's personal ghilmÄÂÂn, Ya'qub al-Siqlabi. Bakjur fled to Raqqa, from where he continued his unsuccessful attacks on Aleppo.[7][11] At the same time, Baltakin was sent to pacify the Bedouin tribes who were raiding the Hajj caravans, leading to the establishment of a Fatimid garrison at Wadi al-Qura, north of Medina.[11] Ibn Killis' death in 991 freed al-Aziz to pursue a more aggressive stance in the Aleppo question. Immediately he dismissed Ibn Killis' protégé and appointed the Turk Manjutakin as governor of Damascus.[7][39] Manjutakin's use of Damascus as his base during the subsequent campaigns shows the consolidation of Fatimid control in the area, but also, as Hugh Kennedy remarks, the changes it brought to the "political and economic geography of Syria": given the continued insecurity of the overland routes due to the depredations of the Bedouin, the Fatimids supplied their forces in Syria by sea—notably via Tripoli—and as a result the chief coastal towns rose in importance, as centres of Fatimid control and administration as well as commerce, experiencing a revival which continued into the 12th century.[40] Manjutakin invaded the Hamdanid emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the doux of Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. However, he failed to pursue the siege with vigour and the city was easily able to resist until, in the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies.[41] In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the Battle of the Orontes in September and again besieged Aleppo. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food, but the city's defenders held out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, in person in April 995.[41] Basil crossed Asia Minor in only sixteen days at the head of an army; his sudden arrival, and the exaggerated numbers circulating for his army, caused panic in the Fatimid army. Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without giving battle.[41] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli but failed to capture it; nevertheless, the Fatimids lost control of the city, which became independent under its qadi.[38] The Byzantine emperor then occupied and fortified Tartus.[38] Al-Aziz himself now prepared to take the field against the Byzantines himself, beginning large-scale preparations at Cairo.[42][43] Byzantine and Hamdanid embassies carrying proposals for a truce were received in September 995, but rejected.[42] Al-Aziz's preparations were set back when the fleet being prepared at Cairo was destroyed by a fire, which set off an anti-Christian pogrom in the city.[44] Manjutakin was ordered to recapture Tartus, but its Armenian garrison was able to fend off his attacks; and a Fatimid fleet sent to assist the siege was lost in a storm off the coast.[38][44] Al-Aziz died on 14 October 996, before setting out on his campaign.[45] The Byzantine–Fatimid conflict continued under his successor until the conclusion of a ten-year truce in 1000.[46] Arabia and North Africa[edit] Along with Syria, al-Aziz presided over an expansion of Fatimid influence in the Arabian peninsula. The Hajj—at least those caravans setting off from Cairo with the pilgrims of the western Islamic world—was placed under Fatimid control and protection, despite the considerable cost.[47] The emirs of Mecca, although de facto autonomous, recognized the Fatimids' suzerainty, in token of which the Fatimids enjoyed the prestigious privilege of furnishing each year the new cover of the Kaaba (the kiswa).[47] Finally, in 992 the Fatimids were acknowledged as caliphs in the Yemen,[47] and even their old enemies, the Qarmatians of Bahrayn, came around to acknowledge their claims.[47] According to Kennedy, these diplomatic victories were the result of the more energetic foreign policy pursued by al-Aziz, particularly after the death of Ibn Killis, which bolstered his credentials by demonstrating "his ability and willingness to undertake the two major public responsibilities of a caliph, to safeguard the Hajj and to lead the Muslims against the infidel Byzantines".[47] On the other hand, North Africa, including the former Fatimid heartland of Ifriqiya, was mostly neglected.[7] Effective power there had passed to the Zirid viceroy of Ifriqiya, Buluggin ibn Ziri (r. 972–984), who was confirmed in office by al-Aziz, as was his son al-Mansur (r. 984–996).[7] In 992, al-Aziz even confirmed al-Mansur's son Badis as heir-apparent, thereby strengthening the Zirids' claim to dynastic succession.[47] Indeed, as Kennedy remarks, "nothing is more striking than the speed with which [the Fatimids] were prepared to allow North Africa to go its own way";[47] apart from diplomatic exchanges of gifts,[47] the Zirids governed their domains increasingly independently from the Fatimid court, even to the point of warring with the Kutama, the erstwhile mainstay of the Fatimid regime.[7] In a similar manner, al-Aziz contended himself with recognizing the succession of the Kalbid emirs of Sicily after the event.[7] Nearer to Egypt, the governor of Barqa (Cyrenaica) is known to have brought presents to the court of Cairo, but otherwise there are no indications of the Fatimids' exercising any control over him.[47] Al-Aziz died on 13 October 996. His son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah (996-1021) succeeded him as Caliph.

Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), important Shia
Egypt, 996-1021, Fatmid Sultan, Hakim (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah), despoiler of the Holy Places ; Å« Ê¿AlÄ« Maná¹£Å«r (13 August 985 – 13 February 1021), better known by his regnal name al-á¸¤ÄÂÂkim bi-Amr AllÄÂÂh (Arabic: Ø§Ù„ØÂÂØ§ÙƒÙ… Ø¨Ø£Ù…Ø± الله‎; literally "The Ruler by the Order of God"[1]), was the sixth Fatimid caliph[2] and 16th Ismaili[3] imam (996–1021). Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions, such as the world's 15 million Nizaris and 1-2 million Musta’lis, in addition to the 2 million Druze of the Levant whose eponymous founder ad-Darazi proclaimed him as the incarnation of God in 1018.[4][5] Histories of al-Hakim can prove controversial, as diverse views of his life and legacy exist.[6][7] Historian Paul Walker writes: "Ultimately, both views of him, the mad and despotic tyrant (like Germanic and Roman despots) irrationally given to killing those around him on a whim, and the ideal supreme ruler, divinely ordained and chosen, whose every action was just and righteous, were to persist, the one among his enemies and those who rebelled against him, and the other in the hearts of true believers, who, while perhaps perplexed by events, nonetheless remained avidly loyal to him to the end."[8] The Dormition of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary, Commemorated on August 15 ;

Egypt, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam, Owned slave, freed a training, but loyal to master
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam; Mamluk Sultanate was a medieval realm spanning Egypt, the Levant and Hejaz that established itself as a caliphate. lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. have traditionally broken the era of Mamluk rule into two periods, one covering 1250–1382 and the other 1382–1517, named after the ruling dynasties of the respective eras. Modern sources also refer to the same divisions as the Turkis and Circassian periods to stress the change in the ethnic origins of most Mamluks.[5][6][7][8][9] term Mamluk Sultanat is a modern historiographical term.[10] The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, soldiers predominantly of Cuman-Kipchaks (from Crimea),[11] Circassian, Abkhazian,[12] Oghuz Turks[13] Albanian, Slavic, Greek, Armenian and Georgian slave origin.[14][15] Mamluks were purchased, their status was above that of ordinary slaves, who were not allowed to carry weapons or perform certain tasks. were considered to be true lords, with social status above citizens of Egypt. it declined towards the end of its existence, at its height the sultanate represented the zenith of medieval Egyptian and Levantine political, economic, and cultural glory in the Islamic Golden Age.[16] See also: Mamluk A Mamluk nobleman from Aleppo mamluk was an owned slave, distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave. After thorough training in various fields such as martial arts, court etiquette and Islamic sciences, these slaves were freed. they were still expected to remain loyal to their master and serve his household.[19] had formed a part of the state or military apparatus in Syria and Egypt since at least the 9th century, rising to become governing dynasties of Egypt and the Levant during the Tulunid and Ikhshidid periods.[20] regiments constituted the backbone of Egypt's military under Ayyubid rule in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, beginning with Sultan Saladin (r. 1174–1193) who replaced the Fatimids' black African infantry with mamluks.[21] Ayyubid sultan and high-ranking emir had a private mamluk corps.[22] of the mamluks in the Ayyubids' service were ethnic Kipchak Turks from Central Asia, who, upon entering service, were converted to Sunni Islam and taught Arabic.[21] mamluk was highly committed to his master, to whom he often referred as "father", and was in turn treated more as a kinsman than as a slave.[21] as-Salih Ayyub (r. 1240–1249), the last of the Ayyubid sultans, had acquired some 1 000 mamluks (some of them free-born) from Syria, Egypt and the Arabian Peninsula by 1229, while serving as na'ib (viceroy) of Egypt during the absence of his father, Sultan al-Kamil (r. 1218–1238). These mamluks were called the "Salihiyyah" (singular "Salihi") after their master.[23] A Mamluk training with a lance, early 16th century became sultan of Egypt in 1240, and, upon his accession to the Ayyubid throne, he manumitted and promoted large numbers of his original and newly recruited Mamluks on the condition that they remain in his service.[23] provision his mamluks, as-Salih forcibly seized the iqtaʿat (fiefs; singular iqtaʿ) of his predecessors' emirs.[23] As-Salih sought to create a paramilitary apparatus in Egypt loyal to himself, and his aggressive recruitment and promotion of mamluks led contemporaries to view Egypt as "Salihi-ridden", according to historian Winslow William Clifford.[24] his close relationship with his mamluks, tensions existed between as-Salih and the Salihiyyah, and a number of Salihi mamluks were imprisoned or exiled throughout as-Salih's reign.[25] historian Stephen Humphreys asserts that the Salihiyyah's increasing dominance of the state did not personally threaten as-Salih due to their fidelity to him, Clifford believes that the Salihiyyah developed an autonomy within the state that fell short of such loyalty.[26] among the Salihiyyah to as-Salih rose when the latter ordered the assassination of his brother Abu Bakr al-Adil in 1249, a task that affronted many of the Salihiyyah and by whom was rejected; four of the Salihiyyah ultimately agreed to execute the controversial operation.[25] to power[edit] with the Ayyubids[edit] between As-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub and his mamluks came to a head later in 1249 when Louis IX of France's forces captured Damietta in their bid to conquer Egypt during the Seventh Crusade.[25] As-Salih believed Damietta should not have been evacuated and was rumored to have threatened punitive action against the Damietta garrison. The rumor, accentuated by the execution of civilian notables who evacuated Damietta, provoked a mutiny by the garrison of his camp in al-Mansurah, which included numerous Salihi mamluks.[25] The situation was calmed after the intervention of the atabeg al-askar (commander of the military), Fakhr ad-Din ibn Shaykh al-Shuyukh.[25] the Crusaders advanced, as-Salih died and was succeeded by his son al-Muazzam Turanshah,[27] who was in al-Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) at the time. Initially, the Salihiyyah welcomed Turanshah's succession, with many greeting him and requesting confirmation of their administrative posts and iqtaʿ assignments at his arrival to the Egyptian frontier.[28] However, Turanshah sought to challenge the dominance of the Salihiyyah in the paramilitary apparatus by promoting his Kurdish retinue from Upper Mesopotamia ("al-Jazira" in Arabic) and the Levant as a counterweight to the predominantly Turkic Salihiyyah.[28] to Turanshah's arrival at the front facing the French, the Bahriyyah, a junior regiment of the Salihiyyah commanded by Baibars al-Buduqdari, defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of al-Mansurah on 11 February 1250. On 27 February, Turanshah, as new sultan, arrived in Egypt from Hasankeyf (Turkish for "rock fortress"), where he had been Emir (Arabic for "Prince") of Hisn Kayfa (Arabic for "rock fortress") since AH 636 (1238/1239 CE), and went straight to al-Mansurah to lead the Egyptian army. On 5 April 1250, covered by the darkness of night, the Crusaders evacuated their camp opposite al-Mansurah and began to flee northward towards Damietta. The Egyptians followed them into the Battle of Fariskur where the Egyptians utterly destroyed the Crusaders on 6 April. King Louis IX and a few of his surviving nobles surrendered and were taken as prisoners, effectively ending the Seventh Crusade.[29] proceeded to place his own entourage and mamluks, known as the "Mu'azzamiyah",[27] in positions of authority to the detriment of Salihi interests. On 2 May 1250,[27] a group of disgruntled Salihi officers had Turanshah assassinated at his camp in Fariskur.[30] to Humphreys, as-Salih's frequent wars against his Ayyubid relatives likely voided the Salihiyyah's loyalty to other members of the Ayyubid dynasty.[31] Nonetheless, the Salihiyyah were careful not to depict the assassination of Turanshah as an assault against Ayyubid legitimacy, but rather an act against a deviant of the Muslim polity.[32] Moreover, an electoral college dominated by the Salihiyyah convened to choose a successor to Turanshah among the Ayyubid emirs, with opinion largely split between an-Nasir Yusuf of Damascus and al-Mughith Umar of al-Karak. Ultimately, however, consensus settled on as-Salih's widow, Shajar ad-Durr.[32] ad-Durr ensured the Salihiyyah's dominance of the paramilitary elite, and ushered in a process of establishing patronage and kinship ties with the Salihiyyah. In particular, she cultivated close ties with the Jamdari (pl. Jamdariyyah) and Bahri (pl. "Bahriyyah") elements of the Salihiyyah, by distributing to them iqtaʿ and other benefits.[33] The Bahriyya were named after the Arabic word bahr, meaning "sea" or "large river", because their barracks was located on the Nile River island of Rawda. They were mostly drawn from among the Cumans-Kipchaks who controlled the steppes north of the Black Sea.[22] Shajar al-Durr's efforts and the lingering desire among the military in Egypt to maintain the Ayyubid state was made evident when the Salihi mamluk and atabeg al-askar, Aybak, attempted to claim the sultanate, but was prevented from monopolizing power by the army and the Bahriyyah and Jamdariyyah, which asserted that only an Ayyubid could exercise sultanic authority.[32][33] The Bahriyyah compelled Aybak to share power with al-Ashraf Musa, a grandson of Sultan al-Kamil.[34] power struggles[edit] was one of the oldest of the Salihi mamluks and a senior member of as-Salih's inner circle, despite only being an emir awsat (middle-ranked emir).[35] He served as the principal bulwark against the more junior Bahri and Jamdari elements of the Salihiyyah, and his promotion to atabeg al-askar was met by Bahri rioting in Cairo, the first of many examples of intra-Salihi tensions surrounding Aybak's ascendancy.[36] The Bahriyyah and Jamdariyyah were represented by their patron, Faris ad-Din Aktay, a principal organizer of Turanshah's assassination and the recipient of Fakhr ad-Din's large estate by Shajar al-Durr; the latter saw Aktay as a counterweight to Aybak.[36] Aybak moved against the Bahriyyah in 1251 by shutting down their Rawda headquarters in a bid to sap Aktay's power base. Aybak was still unable to promote his own mamluks, known as the "Mu'izziyah", to senior posts until 1252. That year, he managed to dispatch Aktay to Upper Egypt to suppress an Arab uprising.[37] Instead of isolating Aktay as was Aybak's intention, the assignment allowed Aktay to impose extortionate taxes in Upper Egypt and provide him the personal funds to finance his patronage of the Bahriyyah. In 1254, Aybak had his Mu'izzi mamluks assassinate Aktay in the Citadel of Cairo.[38] Aybak proceeded to purge those in his retinue and in the Salihiyyah whom he believed were disloyal to him, causing a temporary exodus of Bahri mamluks, most of whom settled in Gaza, but also in Upper Egypt and Syria.[34][39] The purge led to a dearth of military support for Aybak, which in turn led to Aybak's recruitment of new supporters from among the army in Egypt and the Turkic Nasiri and Azizi mamluks from Syria, who had defected from their Ayyubid masters, namely an-Nasir Yusuf, and moved to Egypt in 1250.[39] The Syrian mamluks were led by their patron Jamal ad-Din Aydughdi and were assigned most of the iqtaʿ of Aktay and his allies. However, Aydughdi's growing ambitions made Aybak view him as a threat. After Aybak learned that Aydughdi was plotting to topple him and recognize an-Nasir Yusuf as Ayyubid sultan, which would likely leave Aydughdi in virtual control of Egypt, Aybak had Aydughdi imprisoned in Alexandria in 1254 or 1255.[40] the Bahriyya faction in Gaza commanded by Baybars sought to enlist their services with an-Nasir Yusuf. In an attempt to dislodge Aybak, the Bahriyyah petitioned an-Nasir Yusuf to claim the Ayyubid throne and invade Egypt, but an-Nasir Yusuf initially refused. However, in 1256, he dispatched a Bahri-led expedition to Egypt, but no battle occurred when Aybak met an-Nasir Yusuf's army.[41] Aybak was assassinated on 10 April 1257,[41] possibly on the orders of Shajar al-Durr,[42] who was assassinated a week later.[41] Their deaths left a relative power vacuum in Egypt, with Aybak's teenage son, al-Mansur Ali, as heir to the sultanate.[41] While al-Mansur Ali was sultan, the strongman in Egypt was Aybak's former close aide, Sayf ad-Din Qutuz,[43] who also had hostile relations with the Salihiyyah, including the Bahri mamluks.[44] the time of Aybak's death, the Bahriyyah had entered the service of al-Mughith Umar of al-Karak, who agreed to invade Egypt and claim the Ayyubid sultanate, but al-Mughith's small Bahri-dominated invading force was routed at the frontier with Egypt in November.[41] The Bahriyyah and al-Mughith launched a second expedition in 1258, but were again defeated.[43] The Bahriyyah subsequently raided areas around Syria, threatening an-Nasir Yusuf's power in Damascus. After a first attempt to defeat the Bahriyyah near Gaza failed, an-Nasir Yusuf launched a second expedition against them with al-Mansur Muhammad II of Hama, resulting in a Bahriyyah defeat at Jericho.[43] An-Nasir Yusuf proceeded to besiege al-Mughith and the Bahriyyah at al-Karak, but the growing threat of a Mongol invasion of Syria ultimately led to a reconciliation between an-Nasir Yusuf and al-Mughith, and Baybars's defection to the former.[43] Qutuz deposed al-Mansur Ali in 1259. Afterward, he purged and/or arrested the Mu'izziyah and any Bahri mamluks he could locate in Egypt in a bid to eliminate dissent towards his rule.[44] The surviving Mu'izzi and Bahri mamluks made their way to Gaza, where Baybars had created a virtual shadow state in opposition to Qutuz.[44] lancers, early 16th century (etching by Daniel Hopfer) While various mamluk factions competed for control of Egypt and Syria, the Mongols under the command of Hulagu Khan had sacked Baghdad, the intellectual and spiritual center of the Islamic world, in 1258, and proceeded westward, capturing Aleppo and Damascus.[45] Qutuz sent military reinforcements to his erstwhile enemy an-Nasir Yusuf in Syria, and reconciled with the Bahriyyah, including Baybars, who was allowed to return to Egypt, to face the common Mongol threat.[46] Hulagu sent emissaries to Qutuz in Cairo, demanding submission to Mongol rule. Qutuz had the emissaries killed, an act which historian Joseph Cummins called the "worst possible insult to the Mongol throne".[45] Qutuz then prepared Cairo's defenses to ward off the Mongols' threatened invasion of Egypt, but after hearing news that Hulagu withdrew from Syria to claim the Mongol throne, Qutuz began preparations for the conquest of Syria. He mobilized a force of some 120,000 soldiers and gained the support of his main Mamluk rival, Baybars.[47] Mamluks entered Palestine to confront the Mongol army that Hulagu left behind under the command of Kitbuqa.[47] In September 1260, the two sides met in the plains south of Nazareth in a major confrontation known as the Battle of Ain Jalut.[48] Qutuz had some of his cavalry units hide in the hills around Ain Jalut (Goliath's Spring), while directing Baybars's forces to advance past Ain Jalut against Kitbuqa's Mongols. In the ensuing half-hour clash, Baybars's men feigned a retreat and were pursued by Kitbuqa. The latter's forces fell into a Mamluk trap once they reached the springs of Ain Jalut, with Baybars's men turning around to confront the Mongols and Qutuz's units ambushing the Mongols from the hills.[47] The battle ended in a Mongol rout and Kitbuqa's capture and execution. Afterward, the Mamluks proceeded to recapture Damascus and the other Syrian cities taken by the Mongols.[49] Upon Qutuz's triumphant return to Cairo, he was assassinated in a Bahri plot. Baybars subsequently assumed power in Egypt in late 1260,[46] and established the Bahri Mamluk sultanate.[50]

Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Egypt, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Egypt, 1277, Luke, Holy Cross Georgian Monastery, Jerusalem, L followed mother to Jerusalem, severed head thanked God
Jerusalem, 1277, Luke & Fathers of Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem, 3 trees of the Cross, Luke followed his mother to Jerusalem, became monk there, became abbot, monks ousted, Luke confronted, beheaded, then severed head turned East and thanked God ; Holy Cross Georgian Monastery near Jerusalem; Fathers & Luke Martyrs of the Georgian Monasteries in Jerusalem, Commemorated February 12 ; holy martyr Luka of Jerusalem lived in the 13th century. He was born to an honorable, pious Georgian family by the name of Mukhaisdze. After the repose of Luka’s father, his mother left her children and went to labor at a monastery in Jerusalem. Luka reached the age of twenty, he traveled to Jerusalem to visit his mother and venerate the holy places. After spending some time there he decided to remain and be tonsured a monk. was later ordained a deacon and became fluent in Arabic. Soon the brothers of the monastery recognized his wisdom and asked him to guide them as abbot. For three years Luka directed the monastery in an exemplary manner. the devil was envious of the holy father and provoked a certain Shekh-Khidar, an influential Persian at the court of Sultan Penducht, (Probably Sultan Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar of Egypt (1260-1277)) to take up arms against Saint Luka. Penducht then transferred possession of theHoly CrossMonastery to Shekh-Khidar, who “treated the Georgian monks in a beastly manner and finally ousted them from the monastery altogether.” his God-given duty, the blessed Luka insisted on personally confronting Shekh-Khidar in defense of his brotherhood. ’s Christian brothers and sisters warned him, saying, “Shekh-Khidar is threatening you.... Flee and hide fromhim!” But Luka paid no heed to their admonitions, certain that it was more fitting to die for Christ than to live for the world. As he had insisted, he himself approached and asked for the release of the imprisoned fathers. told him that he was prepared to accept any demands. The wicked Persian leader demanded nothing from Luka except that he convert to Islam, promising to make him emir if he consented. When he refused, the furious Shekh-Khidar ordered Saint Luka’s beheading. the terrible deed had been performed, Saint Luka’s severed head turned toward the east and gave thanks to God with an expression of pure peace. Soon after, his precious body was set on fire at the command of the bewildered Shekh-Khidar. This occurred in 1277. Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12 ; story as above

Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Egypt, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Slave SoldierMamluks and their RINO's

Egypt, 1304-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Egypt, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun;

Egypt, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun ;

Egypt, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Egypt, 1342-1345, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Killed brothers, mamluk slave soldiers, sick and died
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Egypt, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt
Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt;

Egypt, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, loved sports, killed by his Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Egypt, 1347-1361, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Hasan, Sunni, 2 reigns by Mamluks, Killed and k by Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers; Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Egypt, 1361-1363, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk ruler in name only, adolescent
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Egypt, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks
Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks emirs;

Egypt, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent
Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent;

Egypt, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO
Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO;

Egypt, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier
Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier, Timur enemy, joined Ottoman Empire in 1393;

Egypt, 1400, 15th Century History Folder, Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Egypt, 1800, 19th Century Folder, Independent Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt

Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali, modern independent Egypt, Christians protected, dynasty till 52
Egypt, 1805-1848, Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali of Egypt; WILLIAM WILBERFORCE [and ANTHONY ASHLEY-COOPER, 7th EARL OF SHAFTESBURY], PROPHETIC WITNESSES, 1833, 1885, Commemorated July 30 ;

Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria
Egypt, 1847-1858, Patriarch Hierotheus II of Alexandria; II served as Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria between 1847 and 1858. He was born in Sifnos. Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on October 23;

Egypt, 1863-1899, Patriarch, Sophronius III, Constantinople, Alexandria, unfair Nectarios expulsion
Egypt, 1863-1899, Sophronius III of Constantinople, and Alexandria; St. Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9;

Egypt, 1900, 20th Century Folder, Lillian Trasher's Orphanage

Egypt, 1907-1961, LILLIAN TRASHER, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14), missionary, evangelist, established orphanage
Egypt, 1907-1961, LILLIAN TRASHER, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14), missionary, evangelist, established orphanage; Hunt Trasher (27 September 1887 – 17 December 1961) was a Christian missionary to Asyut, Egypt, as well as the founder of the first orphanage in Egypt. She is famed as the "Nile Mother" of Egypt. life was born in Jacksonville, Florida and was raised Roman Catholic in Brunswick, Georgia.[1] According to one account, her Quaker family had moved to the South after the Civil War.[2] still in her late teens, Trasher attended Bible college for one term, and then worked at Faith Orphanage in North Carolina in 1908–1910, after she failed to get a reporting job that she wanted. After becoming engaged to marry minister Tom Jordan, Trasher heard a missionary from India speak. Deciding that her mission lay in Africa, she broke off the engagement ten days before the wedding after her prospective husband failed to share her call. Trasher also taught at a second Bible school in South Carolina, pastored a Pentecostal church, and briefly travelled with an evangelist, but later returned to work again at the orphanage. 1910 after meeting Pastor Brelsford (or Perlsford) of Assiout, Egypt at a missionary conference, Trasher decided to defy her family's wishes and leave for that country.[3] Inspired as well by opening a bible to Acts 7:34, which referred to Egypt, Lilian and her sister Jennie sailed to Africa with less than 100 dollars in their pockets. in Egypt and starting the orphanage in Assiout, (some 230 miles south of Cairo), she soon met a man who came to the mission house seeking someone to attend to a dying woman nearby. Lillian and an older woman named Sela went to see the woman, who died shortly after they arrived, but left them her malnourished baby girl, clinging to life. When they arrived, their Arabic translator told Miss Trasher that the old woman then holding the baby (its grandmother) planned to throw it into the great river Nile. At the thought of this Lillian Trasher could not leave the baby, whom she named Fareida. Thus she defied her then-mission organization and began an orphanage.[4] By the turn of 1918 her orphanage family had grown to fifty children and eight widows. When Trasher returned to the States briefly in 1919 (Britain expelled foreigners during civil unrest) and saw the financial and prayer support to be found in the Assemblies of God, Trasher joined the missions-oriented movement. Upon returning to Egypt, she expanded her mission to include widows and the blind. Trasher worked 50 years among Egypt's orphans and other forgotten people, from 1911 to 1961, without a furlough, including through the Nazi occupation during World War II. and legacy the time she died in 1961, the Lillian Trasher Orphanage had grown to some 1200 children. Today, the institution is entirely the responsibility of the Assemblies of God of Egypt, with 85% of its daily needs being met by donations from the Presbyterian churches of Egypt, the Soul Salvation Society, and other Egyptian church bodies. Lillian lies buried on her orphanage's cemetery. In accordance with Egyptian law she was buried the same day that she died. The orphanage she founded still helps people to this day. is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on December 19. Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ; Hunt Trasher (27 September 1887–17 December 1961) was a Christian missionary to Assiout, Egypt, as well as the founder of the first orphanage in Egypt, famed as the “Nile Mother” of Egypt. was born in Florida, and grew up in Georgia. She followed Roman Catholicism as a young girl. In her teens, through Bible reading and Bible studies at a friend's house, she chose to make a personal commitment of her life to Jesus Christ. still in her late teens, Trasher attended Bible college for one term, and then worked at an orphanage in North Carolina. She received the infilling of the Holy Spirit at a second Bible school in South Carolina, and pastored a Pentecostal church. For a brief period, she traveled with an evangelist, but later returned to work again at the orphanage. was only ten days away from her wedding date when she broke her engagement to Tom Jordan. She felt called to Africa, he didn't, and in that same year of 1910 she defied her family's wishes and sailed to Africa with less than 100 dollars in her pocket. Her sister Jennie accompanied her, and was a valuable companion through decades of work overseas. in Egypt, Trasher had little idea what exactly she should do. That was decided for her when a dying Egyptian mother gave her baby to Trasher to care for. rented a home in the predominantly Christian city of Assiout (some 230 miles south of Cairo), and, after a period of a few months, a man came to her with his infant daughter whose mother was dying. The man asked her to take care of the girl for him, and this was the beginning of the Lillian Trasher Orphanage, accepting that her previous experience in that work was a sign of God's leading. 1912, the Church of God of Cleveland, Tennessee ordained Trasher, and by 1916 her orphanage family had grown to fifty children. When she returned to the States in 1919 and saw the financial and prayer support to be found in the Assemblies of God, Trasher joined the very missions-minded new organization. Trasher worked 25 years--from 1929 to 1954--without a furlough. the time of her death in 1961, the Lillian Trasher Orphanage had grown to some 1200 children. Today, the institution is entirely the responsibility of the Assemblies of God of Egypt, with some 85% of its daily needs being met by donations from the Presbyterian churches of Egypt, the Soul Salvation Society, and other Egyptian church bodies. Lillian lies buried in a simple Egyptian tomb several miles outside the city of Assiout. from Wikipedia

Egypt, 1944-1994, Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, saw tLord a15, special blessing lElisha, visions
Armenia, 1944-1994, Paisios otHoly Mountain, fCappadocia, Armenia (Central Anatolia, Great Road Ephesus to Euphrates, Kizilirmak River), saw the Lord at 15, carpenter at 15, Soldier Greek Civil War 1945-49, to Greece exchange of populations, Kephalonia Is, special blessing bArsenios, monk prophesy, Konitsa in Epeiros, repelled demonic assault wPhilotimo thought, humble t, tἘsphigmenou MAthos, tPhilotheou, idiorhythmic, alone, small schema, professed monastic, tMonastery of the Mother of God of Stomio, tMt Sinai, St Catherins's M, false dLight, beloved bBedouins, cookies fChildren, cross handiwork, more grace, rtMA, Earth sojourner, devine mysteries, conversed wSaints appearing before him, Guardian Angel vision, angelic hymns, shone wHeavenly light, 1966 illness, part lungs r, Convent at Sourote, Thessaloniki, btKatounakia, Lavriote keli oHypatios (Vlachika), uncreated light vision, saints, MOG, &Christ, discussed church matters wEuphemia, illness lMA, returned, Panagouda kelli of Koutloumousίou Monastery, near Karyes, many visitors, 1980s leli aKoutloumousiou, 1993 hemorage, hospitalized, tSourote, tumor large intestine, no medicine painkillers; St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Paisios of the Holy Mountain, Commemorated on July 12; Father Paϊsios of the Holy Mountain was born to devout parents, Pródromos and Eulampίa Enzepίdē, Phárasa in Cappadocia on July 25, 1924. before the family left for Greece because of the exchange of populations,1 he was baptized by Saint Arsenios of Cappadocia (November 10). godfather wanted to name the child Christos, after his grandfather, Archimandrite Arsenios, the parish priest, refused saying, "Not so! He shall be called Arsenios. You shall have many other children, but I am a monk; I will have no children. I want him to be a reminder of me." Arsenios, a man who lived a most holy life, also foretold that he was leaving a monk in his place. gave the child a special blessing, and so, like Elijah and Elisha,2 grace passed from the Spiritual Father to his child. also predicted that he himself would not live more than forty days after he arrived in Greece. Forty days after their arrival in Greece, Saint Arsenios went to the Lord and was buried on the island of Kephaloniá. Greece, the family of little Arsenios settled in Konitsa in Epeiros, he spent his childhood and youth. Nurtured with stories about the wondrous life of Saint Arsenios, the boy, at the age of five, declared that he would become a monk. he learned to read, he was loved by those who had not been taught. went into the forest to study and pray in silence. in the Lives of the Saints, he tried to imitate their ascetical contests with fervent zeal and astonishing exactness. At the same time, he cultivated the virtues of humility and love. completing his studies, Arsenios did not wish to continue with his education, preferring to imitate Christ, and so he learned the trade of a carpenter, which he practiced with diligence and skill. the age of fifteen, he was deemed worthy of seeing the Lord, because of one philotimo3 thought, by which he repelled a demonic assault and a temptation toward impiety. From that time, the fire of God's love increased in him even more, as well as a longing for the monastic life. of turmoil and upheaval followed for Greece, because of foreign occupation and civil war (1945-1949). However, he was both a citizen and a soldier during his service, displaying unparalleled courage and self-sacrifice. Sometimes he volunteered to take the place of married men with families, who were about to be sent to the Front. He was willing to give every moment, and even his life, to save others. In fact, he was often in the line of fire. Not only did he protect many soldiers by his fervent prayers, but he also guarded himself in a miraculous way. most of his military service Arsenios served as a radio operator. He said that they all felt secure only when they communicated with their Division every hour. "When our communication was limited to every two hours," he revealed later, "we felt a bit insecure. Sometimes, when we could be in touch with them just twice a day, we felt uncomfortable, lonely, and lost. The same thing applies to our prayers. The more we pray, the more we feel secure, on a spiritual basis, of course." all these things, he wanted to embrace the angelic life of monasticism, which gives wings of divine love.4 Thus, he went to the Holy Mountain seeking a guide to a life of godly silence. However, he did not manage to fulfill his desire right away. At the same time, people found themselves in great economic difficulty when they called on him for help. Thus, he returned to Konitsa and worked as a carpenter. In 1953, at the age of 29, he forsook the world and went to the Holy Mountain. visiting various Skḗtēs and Kalyves,5 the Saint finally followed the advice of a venerable Elder and joined the brotherhood of the Holy Monastery of Ἐsphigmenou, known at the time for its strictness. There he lived in the midst of everyone and engaged in severe asceticism, surpassing the others in his labors for the grace of Christ and his brethren. Then, on March 27, 1954, he was tonsured and received the name Averkios. But desiring a stricter life of asceticism, he received the Igoumen's blessing and went to live in the Holy Monastery of Philotheou, which was then idiorhythmic. Under the guidance of a hermit, they lived a very strict ascetical life. When his Elder reposed, he left and went to another hermit. This Elder would greet people he had never met by name, and that is what he did with Father Averkios. However, he did not permit Father to live with him. Instead, he told him to take care of another old and sick hermit, and then come back to him for Confession. In this way, Father Averkios prepared himself for the eremitic life, under the guidance of a wise monk, Elder Simeon. March 12, 1956 he was tonsured into the Small Schema and received the name Paϊsios (which means "child"), thanks to Metropolitan Paϊsios II of Caesarea, who was also his compatriot. August 1958, heeding divine counsel, he did not move to the desert, for which he was being prepared, but into the ruined Monastery of the Mother of God of Stomio, which is located near Konitsa. There he lived for four years, living an angelic life, struggling with temptation, working for the people of the region, saving many from the false teachings of Protestant sects who were actiive in their midst, and restored the Monastery with a great deal of labor. 1962, when the work of restoration and the danger from heterodox groups was ended, he left. The Saint pleaded fervently with God to remove the temptations which besieged him every day, and to show him the path he must follow. So, he accepted the invitation of a certain Hierodeacon to accompany him to the God-trodden Mount Sinai. In this waterless place, in the kelli6 of Saints Galaktion and Epistḗmē (November 5) near Saint Katherine's Monastery, living in solitude and in asceticism. One day, as he searched for matches to light his lamp in order to read, a light shone in his cell showing where the matches were. Father Paϊsios did not trust this, so he made the Sign of the Cross, and the light disappeared. At last he lived as he had wanted to live for years, alone and near God. was beloved by the Bedouins, giving them food and money which he earned by selling to the pilgrims wooden crosses that he made himself. The Arab children in the area often visited Father Paϊsios. He wished that he had something to give them, but when he brought his handiwork to the Monastery he asked for some cookies and was told that he had to bring more handiwork to obtain cookies. Father Paϊsios shortened his Prayer Rule and spent more time for his handiwork so that he might have cookies for the children. By this act of love, he discerned that he received even more grace from God. to Mount Athos in 1964, he did not cease his ascetical contests despite his bodily ailments, but maintained his former fervor in his soul. So, living as a stranger and a sojourner on the earth (Genesis 23:4, LXX), he became a citizen of the Heavens. He attained the heights and became a partaker of divine mysteries, with the blessing of the Mother of God. In addition, he conversed with the Saints who appeared before him, and he had a vision of his Guardian Angel. He also heard angelic hymns, and he shone with heavenly light. 1966 he became seriously ill and was admitted to the Center for Thoracic Diseases of Northern Greece (Papanikolaou Hospital). He had a major operation, which resulted in the partial removal of his lungs. Some young women who wished to become nuns donated their blood for his operation. When he recovered he helped them to establish their Convent at Sourotḗ, and was able return to the Holy Mountain. He recuperated at the Holy Monastery of Saint John the Evangelist in Sourotḗ in Thessaloniki, and returned to the Holy Mountain after his recovery. 1967, he moved to Katounákia, specifically to the Lavriote kelli of Hypatios (Vlachika), where he had a vision of the Uncreated Light. He also saw various Saints, the Mother of God, and even Christ Himself. On one occasion, he was visited by Saint Euphēmίa, with whom he discussed certain Church matters. August 12, 1968, Saint Paϊsios came to the Holy Monastery of Stavronikita and lived alone in the kelli of the Holy Cross. There he was tonsured into the Great Schema by the Russian Elder Tikhon, who had the gift of tears. After the latter's repose, Father Paϊsios would visit the Elder's grave to ask him questions, and Father Tikhon would reply from the grave. Paϊsios became ill shortly afterward, and had to leave the Holy Mountain. Then he lived for a time in a monastery in northern Greece. As a consolation, he took with him the relics of Saint Arsenios, who had baptized him. Father Paϊsios did return to Mount Athos and settled in a cell. 1979 he left Holy Cross and, looking for a kelli, went to the Panagouda kelli of Koutloumousίou Monastery, near Karyes. He worked hard to create a kelli with a "Confessor", where he stayed until the end of his life. From the time he settled in Panagouda, a large number of people visited him. In fact, it got so crowded that there were special markers showing the way to his cell, so that the monks would not be disturbed by so many visitors. He also received too many letters. As the Saint said, he became very upset by reading the letters, because he learned only about divorces and mental or physical illnesses. Despite his busy schedule, he continued his intense ascetical life, pausing to rest only two or three hours a day. But he continued to receive and help visitors. He also used to make small printed icons which he gave to them as a blessing. the daily fatigue of Saint Paϊsios, some health problems were added, which tormented him. In the final years of his life, the pains of various diseases such as colitis, which left him permanently dyspeptic, an inguinal hernia, and especially from the cancer with which he had been diagnosed. There was more and more of this, nevertheless, he was calm and did not complain at all. On the contrary, he continued to pray for everyone. the early 1980s he moved near Karyes, to a kelli at Koutloumousίou. 1993 he began to hemorrhage, for which he was hospitalized, saying that "everything will be done, it is convenient for me." In November of the same year, he left the Holy Mountain for the last time, and went to Sourotḗ, to the Monastery of Saint John the Theologian for its Feast Day; and later for the Feast of Saint Arsenios (November 10). He stayed for a few days, but when he was preparing to leave, he fell ill and was taken to Theageneio, where he was diagnosed with a tumor in the large intestine. asked God to grant him bodily and spiritual health. On February 4, 1994, he underwent surgery. The disease was not halted, but it metastasized to the lungs and to the liver. The Saint announced his desire to return to the Holy Mountain on June 13, but a high fever and shortness of breath forced him to remain. At the end of June, his doctors announced that he had only two or three weeks to live at most. On Monday, July 11, 1994 (the Feast of Saint Euphēmίa), Father Paϊsios received Holy Communion for the last time, kneeling by his bed. In the last days of his life he decided not to take medicines or painkillers, despite the horrible pains of his sickness. He reposed on Tuesday, July 12, 1994 at 11:00 and was buried in the Holy Hesychasterion of Saint John the Theologian in Sourotḗ, Thessaloniki, next to Saint Arsenios of Cappadocia, whose Life was written by Saint Paϊsios. January 13, 2015, the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople met and decided to include Saint Paϊsios of the Holy Mountain in the Hagiologion of the Orthodox Church. May his blessing be upon us. 1 Under the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne, Greeks living in Asia Minor were forced to move to Greece, and Turks living in Greece had to return to Turkey. 2 4 Kings 2:15 (Septuagint). 3 According to Saint Paϊsios, philotimo is a reverent distribution of goodness, the love shown by humble persons, from which every trace of self (ego) has been rooted out. Their hearts are filled with gratitude toward God and to their fellow man; and out of spiritual sensitivity, they try to repay the slightest good which others do to them. 4 "Life is blessed for those in the wilderness, as they fly upon the wings of divine love" (Sunday Matins: Hymn of Degrees, Tone 5, First Antiphon). 5 Skḗtē: Typically a settlement of hermits near a common church, known as the kyriakon. Kalyva: cells gathered around a church. 6 A monk's cell, or a monastic establishment consisting of a building with a chapel in it, and some land. Usually, a kelli was inhabited by three monks.

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria Side Folder

Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt
Alexandria; Greatmartyr Euphemia the All-praised, Commemorated on July 11 ; Saint Serapion the New, Commemorated on July 12; Apostle Aquila of the Seventy, Commemorated on July 14 ; Venerable Dius the Abbot of Antioch, Commemorated on July 19; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia ; Martyr Anthony of Alexandria, Commemorated on August 9 ; Translation of the relics of St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated on August 13; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on August 31; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated on September 2; 3,628 Martyrs who suffered at Nicomedia, Commemorated September 2 ; Martyr Cyriacus and 11 others at Alexandria, Commemorated September 6 ; Venerable Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; St Euphrosynus the Cook, of Alexandria, Commemorated September 11 ; Martyr Theodore of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 12 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 13; St Peter the Tax-Collector, Commemorated on September 22 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Martyr Chronides of Alexandria, Commemorated September 13 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 25 ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated October 5 ; Venerable Hilarion the Great, Commemorated on October 21 ; Martyr Eutropia of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 30 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 5 ; St Nectarius Kephalas the Metropolitan of Pentapolis, Commemorated on November 9 ; St John the Merciful, Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 12 ; St John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on November 13 ; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Virginmartyr Mastridia of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24 ; Hieromartyr Clement the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on November 25 ; Hieromartyr Peter the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 25 ; ANDREW THE APOSTLE, (30 NOV NT) ; St Frumentius the Archbishop of Abyssinia, Ethiopia, Commemorated November 30; Hieromartyr Theodore the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 3 ; Martyr Juliana at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated on December 4 ; Greatmartyr Barbara at Heliopolis, in Syria, Commemorated December 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ; Venerable Sava the Sanctified, Commemorated on December 5 ; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on December 8 ; Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated on December 10 ; St Spyridon the Wonderworker and Bishop of Tremithus, Commemorated December 12 ; Hieromartyr Alexander the Bishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated December 12 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; St Niphon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated December 23 ; Nun-Martyr Eugenia of Rome, Commemorated on December 24 ; The Nativity of our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ, Commemorated on December 25 ; Venerable Melania the Younger of Rome, Commemorated on December 31 ; Apostle Mark the Evangelist of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Apostle James, of the Seventy, the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on January 4 ; Apostle Clement of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Venerable Syncletica of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; ANTONY, ABBOT IN EGYPT (17 JAN 356) ; St Athanasius the Great the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Athanasius the Abbot of Syandemsk, Vologda, Commemorated on January 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maximus the Confessor, Commemorated January 21 ; St Gregory the Theologian the Archbishop of Constantinople, Commemorated on January 25 ; Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated on January 31 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Virginmartyr Apollonia, Commemorated February 9 ; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated on February 4 ; Venerable Mary (who was called Marinus), and her father at Alexandria, Commemorated February 12 ; St Eulogius the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated February 13 ; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Venerable Euphrosyne of Alexandria, Commemorated February 15 ; Martyr Pamphilius the Presbyter at Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on February 16; St Auxibius Bishop of Soli, Cyprus, Commemorated on February 17 ; Uncovering of the relics of the Martyr Menas of Alexandria, Commemorated February 17 ; St Flavian the Confessor the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 18 ; Martyr Julian of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Hieromartyr Proterius the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; Virginmartyr Piama, Commemorated on March 3 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11 ; St Alexander the Archbishop of Jerusalem, Commemorated on May 16 ; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18; Apostle Apollos of the Seventy, Commemorated on March 30 ; Venerable Mary of Egypt, Commemorated on April 1; Martyr Polycarp of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 2 ; St Celestine the Pope of Rome, Commemorated on April 8; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Vitalius of Gaza, Commemorated on April 22; MARK THE EVANGELIST, (25 APR NT) ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373); St Athanasius the Great the Patriarch of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 2 ; ATHANASIUS, BISHOP OF ALEXANDRIA, THEOLOGIAN, DOCTOR (2 MAY 373) ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; GREGORY OF NAZIANZUS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (9 MAY 389); Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12; Virginmartyr Theodora of Alexandria, Commemorated on May 27 ; JOAN OF ARC, VISIONARY, 30 May 1431; Martyr Philosophus at Alexandria, Commemorated on May 31 ; St Metrophanes the first Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 4 ; JUSTIN MARTYR, PHILOSOPHER, APOLOGIST, AND MARTYR (1 JUNE 167) ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9 ; Saint Neaniskos the Martyr, Commemorated on June 10; Prophet Elisha, Commemorated on June 14; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ; Martyr Julian of Tarsus, in Cilicia, Commemorated on June 21 ; Translation of the relics of the Holy and Wonderworking Unmercenary John, Commemorated on June 28 ; St Anatolius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on July 3; Martyr Peregrinus of Dyrrachium in Macedonia, Commemorated on July 7; Greatmartyr Procopius of Caesarea, in Palestine, Commemorated on July 8; Venerable Theophilus the Myrrhgusher of Macedonia, Commemorated on July 8;

Goshen Land
Goshen Land; land of Goshen (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן or ארץ גושן‎ Eretz Gošen) is named in the Hebrew Bible as the place in Egypt given to the Hebrews by the pharaoh of Joseph (Book of Genesis, Genesis 45:9–10), and the land from which they later left Egypt at the time of the Exodus. It is believed to have been located in the eastern Nile Delta, lower Egypt; perhaps at or near Avaris, the seat of power of the Hyksos kings. of the name the Septuagint reading "Gesem" is correct, the word, which in its Hebrew form has no known meaning, may mean "cultivated"—comparing the Arabic root j-š-m, "to labor".[citation needed] have suggested a connection with the Egyptian word qis, meaning "inundated land".[citation needed] Because Goshen was apparently the same region, called by the Greeks the "Arabian nome," which had its capital at Phakousa. The name represented the Egyptian Pa-qas (Brugsch, Geog., I, 298), the name of a town, with the determinative for "pouring forth".[1] Donald Redford, while not disputing the location of Goshen, gives a different origin for the name, deriving it from "Gasmu," the rulers of the Bedouin Qedarites who occupied the eastern Delta from the 7th century BCE, but John Van Seters thinks this unlikely.[2] in Egypt of Goshen rouge croix frontier vert green.gif to the Joseph narrative in the Book of Genesis, the sons of Jacob (Israel) who were living in Hebron, experienced a severe famine that lasted for seven years. Word was that Egypt was the only kingdom able to supply food, and thus the sons of Jacob (Israel) journeyed there to buy goods. the second year of famine,[3] the Vizier of Egypt, Joseph,[4][5] invited the sons of Israel to live in Egyptian territory. settled in the country of Goshen.[6] is described as the best land in Egypt, suitable for both crops and livestock. has been suggested that this location may have been somewhat apart from Egypt, because Genesis 46:34 states, "Ye may dwell in the land of Goshen; for every shepherd is an abomination unto the Egyptians." the death of Joseph and those of his generation, the following generations of Israelites had become populous in number. The Egyptians feared potential integration or takeover, so they enslaved the Israelites. hundred thirty years later, to the day,[7] Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, from Goshen (Ramesses) to Succoth,[8] the first waypoint of the Exodus. pitched at 41 locations after initially crossing the Nile Delta to the east, and then also crossing the Red Sea, to the last station being the "plains of Moab".[9] of Goshen is located in Egypt PithomPithomRaamsesRaamsesOnOn Locations of Pithom, Raamses and On (Heliopolis) in northern Egypt 1885, Édouard Naville identified Goshen as the 20th nome of Egypt, located in the eastern Delta, and known as "Gesem" or "Kesem" during the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt (672–525 BCE). It covered the western end of the Wadi Tumilat, the eastern end being the district of Succoth, which had Pithom as its main town, extended north as far as the ruins of Pi-Ramesses (the "land of Rameses"), and included both crop land and grazing land.[10]

Catechetical School of Alexandria, St Mark, 62-400
Egypt, 62-400, Catechetical School of Alexandria; St Gregory the Wonderworker of Neocaesarea, Commemorated on November 17 ; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?) ;

Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt, by P II Philadelphus in 285 BC
Library at Alexandria, Goshen, Egypt; Alexandria; Holy, Righteous Simeon the God-Receiver, Commemorated on February 3 ;

Pharos Island, lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt
Pharos Island, Alexandria, Egypt; Monastic Martyr and Confessor Stephen the New, Commemorated on November 28;

Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark in 62, or Pantaenus in 181
Catechetical School of Alexandria, Founded by Apostle Mark, AD 50 Approx.; The Catechetical School of Alexandria was a school of Christian theologians and priests in Alexandria.[1] The teachers and students of the school (also known as the Didascalium) were influential in many of the early theological controversies of the Christian church. It was one of the two major centers of the study of biblical exegesis and theology during Late Antiquity, the other being the School of Antioch. According to Jerome the Alexandrian school was founded by John Mark the Apostle. The earliest recorded dean was supposedly Athenagoras (176).[citation needed] He was succeeded by Pantaenus 181, who was succeeded as head of the school by his student Clement of Alexandria in 190.[2] Other notable theologians with a connection to the school include Origen, Gregory Thaumaturgus, Heraclas, Dionysius "the Great", and Didymus the Blind. Others, including Jerome and Basil, made trips to the school to interact with the scholars there. Continuity with the ancient school is claimed by the Coptic Theological Seminary, Cairo. Hieromartyr Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 5; CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, TEACHER AND APOLOGIST (5 DEC 213?);

Egypt, Goshen, Alexandria side, Egyptian Desert Locations Folder
There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile.

Egyptian desert
Egyptian Desert (Nitrian Desert) ; There were three deserts in northern Egypt: the first was the Cells (the inner desert), so designated because of the many cells carved into the rocks. The second was called Skete (utter desert). The third was the Nitrian desert which reached the western bank of the Nile. Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Venerable Hellius of Egypt, Commemorated on July 14; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Hellius of Egypt; gift of clairvoyance and directed animals to his service;; Venerable Sisoes the Great; Venerable Psoi of Egypt, Commemorated August 9 ; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; Venerable Anthusa the Nun, Commemorated August 22 ; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Martyr Paphnutius in Egypt, Commemorated September 25; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; 546 Martyred Companions of Paphnutius in Egypt; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Venerable John the Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on March 29 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr; Venerable Paphnutius of Alexandria; Venerable Publius of Egypt, Commemorated on April 5; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Anubius the Confessor and Anchorite of Egypt, Commemorated on June 5; Venerable Bessarion the New, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Egyptian Desert Fathers (Scetes Desert)
Scetis ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405 ; Venerable Moses the Black of Scete, Commemorated August 28 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

one of the Egyptian monasteries
one of the Egyptian monasteries Venerable Pimen the Great. St. Pimen was Located at one of the Egyptian Monestaries.; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century
Syrian Monastery, Egypt, 6th Century;

Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert, 360
Monastery of Saint Macarius the Great, Sketis Desert; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13;

Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert, 335
Paromeos Monastery, Sketis Desert;

Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century
Monastery of Saint Pishoy, 4th Century;

Egyptian Sand Sea
Egyptian Sand Sea, Egyptian Desert; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29; Repose of St Alexander Nevsky;

Scetes monasteries, Egyptian Desert, 330, 360 of them
Scetes monestary; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Maruthas the Bishop of Martyropolis in Mesopotamia, Commemorated on February 16; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 29; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Daniel of Sketis, Commemorated on June 7;

Scetis, Egyptian Desert
Scetis ; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable Cherimon (Chaeremon) of Egypt, Commemorated on August 16; MOSES THE BLACK, DESERT FATHER & MARTYR, 28 August 405; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9 ; Venerable John the Short, of Egypt, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Virginmartyr Appolinaria of Egypt, Commemorated on January 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Achilles, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Agathon of Egypt, Commemorated on March 2; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Daniel of Sketis, Commemorated on June 7; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Nitrian desert and Caves of Scetis
Nitrian desert; 10,000 Martyred Fathers of the Deserts and Caves of Scete by the Impious Patriarch Theophilus of Alexandria, Commemorated on July 10; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Mark the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on March 5; Blessed Thais of Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9;

Nitrean Desert (Egyptian Hermits)
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Venerable Patermuthius the Ascetic of Egypt, Commemorated on July 9; Venerable Pambo the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on July 18; Venerable Ammon, Commemorated on October 4; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt,Commemorated on October 4; St Gregory the Bishop of Agrigentum, Commemorated November 23 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Pansophius of Alexandria, the Martyr, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; Venerable John-Barsanuphius the Bishop of Damascus, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8 ; St Cyril the Archbishop of Alexandria, Commemorated on June 9; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19 ;

Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338
Monestary of the Cells (Kellia), Egyptian Desert, 338; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; Martyr Anastasia the Patrician of Alexandria, Commemorated on March 10 ; Venerable Memnon the Wonderworker, Commemorated on April 29;

Nitria (first Lavra, Lake Nitria) 330
Nitria; Nitrian Desert ; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated on January 15 ; Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19; Venerable Macarius of Alexandria, Commemorated on January 19 ; St Porphyrius the Bishop of Gaza, Commemorated on February 26; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ; Icon of the Mother of God the œMilk-GiverÂ of the Hilandar Monastery on Mt. Athos, Commemorated on July 3; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Lake Nitria
Lake Nitria, Lake Nitria is one kilometer south of Nitria; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5;

Canopis, Egypt
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Translation of the Relics of the holy and wonderworking Unmercenaries Cyrus and John, Commemorated on June 28; Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Martyrs, Unmercenaries and Wonderworkers, Cyrus and John from the city of Konopa, near Alexandria (where they suffered in the year 311) to the nearby village of Manuphin, took place in the year 412. Egyptian village prompted fear in everyone, since in a former time there was a pagan temple inhabited by evil spirits. Theophilus (385-412) wanted to cleanse this place of demons, but he died. His wish was fulfilled by his successor in the See of Alexandria, the holy Patriarch Cyril (412-444). prayed fervently in carrying out this project. An angel of the Lord appeared in a vision to the hierarch and commanded the venerable relics of Saints Cyrus and John be transferred to Manuphin. His Holiness Patriarch Cyril did the angel’s bidding and built a church at Manuphin in the name of the holy martyrs. that time this place was purified of the Enemy’s influence, and by the prayers of the holy Martyrs Cyrus and John there began to occur many miracles, healings of the sick and infirm. An account Saints Cyrus and John is located under January 31.

Manuphin, Egypt (village nearby Canopis)
Canopis, Egypt ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cyrus, Commemorated on January 31 ; Cyrus was a noted physician in the city of Alexandria, where he had been born and raised. He was a Christian and he treated the sick without charge, not only curing their bodily afflictions, but also healing their spiritual infirmities. He would say, “Whoever wishes to avoid being ill should refrain from sin, for sin is often the cause of bodily illness.â€ Preaching the Gospel, the holy physician converted many pagans to Christ. During the persecution by Diocletian (284-305), Saint Cyrus withdrew into Arabia, where he became a monk. He continued to heal people by his prayer, having received from God the gift to heal every sickness. the city of Edessa at this time lived the soldier John, a pious Christian. When the persecution started, he went to Jerusalem and there he heard about Saint Cyrus. He began to search for him, going first to Alexandria and then to Arabia. When Saint John finally found Saint Cyrus, he remained with him and became his faithful follower. learned of the arrest of the Christian woman Athanasia and her three young daughters. Theoctiste was fifteen; Theodota, was thirteen; and Eudoxia, was eleven. Saints Cyrus and John hastened to the prison to help them. They were concerned that faced with torture, the women might renounce Christ. Cyrus and John gave them courage to endure what lay before them. Learning of this, the ruler of the city arrested Saints Cyrus and John, and seeing their steadfast and fearless confession of faith in Christ, he brought Athanasia and her daughters to witness their torture. The tyrant did not refrain from any form of torture against the holy martyrs. The women were not frightened by the sufferings of Saints Cyrus and John, but courageously continued to confess Christ. They were flogged and then beheaded, receiving their crowns of martyrdom. the same place they executed the Holy Unmercenaries Cyrus and John. Christians buried their bodies in the church of the holy Evangelist Mark. In the fifth century the relics of Saints Cyrus and John were transferred from Canopis to Manuphin. Later on their relics were transferred to Rome, and from there to Munchen (Munich) (another account is located under June 28). Cyrus and John are invoked by those who have difficulty in sleeping. Martyr Athanasia and her daughters at Canopus in Egypt, Commemorated January 31 ; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8; Translation of the Relics of the holy and wonderworking Unmercenaries Cyrus and John, Commemorated on June 28; Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Martyrs, Unmercenaries and Wonderworkers, Cyrus and John from the city of Konopa, near Alexandria (where they suffered in the year 311) to the nearby village of Manuphin, took place in the year 412. Egyptian village prompted fear in everyone, since in a former time there was a pagan temple inhabited by evil spirits. Theophilus (385-412) wanted to cleanse this place of demons, but he died. His wish was fulfilled by his successor in the See of Alexandria, the holy Patriarch Cyril (412-444). prayed fervently in carrying out this project. An angel of the Lord appeared in a vision to the hierarch and commanded the venerable relics of Saints Cyrus and John be transferred to Manuphin. His Holiness Patriarch Cyril did the angel’s bidding and built a church at Manuphin in the name of the holy martyrs. that time this place was purified of the Enemy’s influence, and by the prayers of the holy Martyrs Cyrus and John there began to occur many miracles, healings of the sick and infirm. An account Saints Cyrus and John is located under January 31.

Salamis monastery near Alexandria, Egypt
Salamis monastery, somewhere near Alexandria; St Gennadius the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated August 31 ;

Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria
Antipolis (opposite (other side from)) Alexandria; Virginmartyr Rhais of Alexandria, Commemorated September 5 ; Virginmartyr Irais (Rhais) of Alexandria, Commemorated on September 23 ;

St Menas Monastery southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery, 650
St Menas Church southwest of Alexandria, Oktodekadian monastery ; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated on November 11 ; Womanmartyr Thomais of Alexandria, Commemorated on April 13 ;

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side Folder

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Way of the Sea Folder (Egypt to Syria) Pelusium

Way of the Sea (Egypt to Syria)

Way of the Sea 1 (El-Qantarah)

Way of the Sea 2 (Pelusium)

Pelusium, Egypt (Way of the Sea 2)
Pelusium; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Mt Pelusium, Egypt (Way of the Sea 2)
Pelusium; Virgin Abbess Sarah of Sketis in Libya, Commemorated on July 13; Venerable Isidore of Pelusium, Commemorated February 4 ; Apostle Epimachus of Alexandria, Commemorated on October 31 ; Translation of the relics of the Martyr Epimachus of Pelusium, Commemorated on March 11; Venerable Bessarion the Wonderworker of Egypt, Commemorated on June 6; Venerable Paisius the Great, Commemorated on June 19;

Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt
Ostrachina, Northeast Goshen, Egypt; Apostle James the Son of Alphaeus, Commemorated on October 9;

Way of the Sea 3 (Arish, Egypt)

Way of the Sea 4 (Rafah, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 5 (Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea (Askalon, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 6 (Ashdod, Gaza Strip, Palestine)

Way of the Sea 7 (Joppa, Israel)

Way of the Sea 8 (Caesarea, Dor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 9 (Megiddo, Israel)

Way of the Sea 10 (Jezreel Valley)

Way of the Sea 11 (Tiberias, Israel)

Way of the Sea 12 (Migdal, Israel)

Way of the Sea 13 (Capernaum, Israel)

Way of the Sea 14 (Hazor, Israel)

Way of the Sea 15 (Jacob's Ford, Israel)

Way of the Sea 16 (Golan Heights, Israel)

Way of the Sea 17 (Damascas, Syria)

Egypt, Goshen, Pelusium Side, Kings Highway Folder, Heliopolis

Kings Highway 1 (Heliopolis, Egypt)

Heliopolis, Egypt (intersection Kings HWY and Way to the Sea)
Heliopolis, Egypt ; Hieromartyr Dionysius the Areopagite the Bishop of Athens, Commemorated October 3 ; St Leucius the Bishop of Brindisi, Commemorated on June 20 ;

Damietta, Goshen, Egypt
Damietta, Egypt ; Louis IX, (25 August 1270) ;

Tanis, Egypt
Tanis or Tathnis; Martyr Mirax of Egypt, Commemorated on December 11 ; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1 ;

Zoan (Pi-Ramses), Moses' Miracles before Pharoh
Zoan (Pi-Ramses); Psalm 78: Part II

Avaris Egypt, Home of the Pharoh's
Avaris Egypt, Home of the Pharoh's ; Righteous Joseph the Patriarch, Commemorated on March 31;

Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times, 597 BC
Tathnis aka Tahpanhes, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Thmuis, Egypt (Goshen or Lower Egypt)
Thmuis; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Saint Serapion, Bishop of Thmuis in Lower Egypt, Commemorated on March 21;

Mansurah, Goshen, Egypt
Mansurah, Egypt ; Louis IX (25 August 1270) ;

Cairo, Egypt (Goshen, Pelusium Side)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Kings Highway 3 (Mitla Pass, Egypt)

Kings Highway 4 (Nekhel Fortress, Egypt)

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Jordan)

Kings Highway 10 (Sela, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Jordan)

Kings Highway 16 (Bosra, Syria)

Kings Highway 17 (Damascus, Syria)

Kings Highway 18 (Tadmor, Syria)

Kings Highway 19 (Resafa, Syria, (Euphrates River 5))

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Egypt, Nile River Folder, Thebaid, Tabenna and Cairo

Nile River

White Nile 10 (Sudan-Egypt border)

Blue Nile 19 (Egypt)

Blue Nile 18 (Ethopia)

Nile River Way

Nile River Way (Alexandria)

Nile River Source 1 (Blue Nile Spring Mt Gish, Ethiopia)
Mt Gish Blue Nile Spring (sacred source of the Nile, at 9,000 ft elevation, in Ethiopia); Gish Abay Spring;

Nile River Source 2 (Blue Nile and White Nile confluence, Sudan)

Nile River 1 (Shendi, Sudan)

Nile River 2 (Atbara, Sudan)

Abarta River Mouth (Nile River 2)

Nile River 3

Nile River 4

Nile River 5

Nile River 9 (Sudan)

Nile River 10 (Egypt)

Nile River 11 (Aswan Dam)

Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite
Syene, Aswan, named for Syenite;

Nile River 12 (Tabenna)

Tabenna, Upper Egypt (Nile River 12)
Tabenna, in Upper Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Andronicus of Egypt with his Wife, Commemorated on October 9; Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Maria's monestary, 323
Maria's monestary on the other side of the Nile from Tabenna which is located on an Island in the Nile (this is the largest island?) near Thebes. Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pachomius' Tabennisi monastery (Nile River 12) 323
Tabennisi monastery on Tabenna (probably the largest island in upper Egypt); Venerable Eupraxia of Tabenna, in Egypt, Commemorated January 12 ; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16;

Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt
Pathysian desert could be near Pathris, Egypt, on the Nile ; St Epiphanius the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 12;

Nile River 13 (Thebes, Thebaid)

Thebaid Region (Upper Egypt, Nile River 13)
Thebaid; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; Thebaid Region of Ancient Egypt; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated September 16 ; Venerable Dorotheus the Hermit of Egypt, Commemorated on September 16; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated on December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 3 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable Sisoes the Great, Commemorated on July 6;

Thebes, Egypt (Nile River 13)
Thebes, Egypt; Virginmartyr Eupraxia of Tabenna, Commemorated July 25 ; Venerable Horus of the Thebaid, Egypt, Commemorated on August 7; St Eumenius the Bishop of Gortyna, Commemorated September 18 ; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Greatmartyr Artemius at Antioch, Commemorated on October 20; Venerable John the Chozebite, Commemorated on October 28; St John the Chozebite the Bishop of Caesarea, in Palestine; Apostle and Evangelist Luke, Commemorated October 18 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated on December 2 ; Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son in Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Zachariah of Egypt, Commemorated on December 5 ; Venerable Patapius of Thebes, Commemorated December 8 ; Apostle and Evangelist Luke of the Seventy, Commemorated January 4 ; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15 ; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Venerable Gerasimus of the Jordan, Commemorated on March 4; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Eulogius the Hospitable of Constantinople, Commemorated on April 27 ; Martyr Timothy the Reader and his wife in Egypt, Commemorated on May 3; Blessed Isidora the Fool of Tabenna in Egypt, Commemorated on May 10; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15; Venerable Theodore the Sanctified, Disciple of the Venerable Pachomius the Great, Commemorated on May 16; Martyr Caluf of Egypt, Commemorated on May 19; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12;

Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times
Pathros, aka Thebaid, Jewish Settlement, Later Ancient Times; Prophet Jeremiah, Commemorated on May 1;

Shenesit (Nile River 13), Anthony's Fort
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Anthony's Fort Across the River from Thebaid, Shenesit (Nile River 13)
Shenesit; Venerable and God-bearing Father Anthony the Great, Commemorated on January 17; Venerable Pachomius the Great, Founder of Coenobitic Monasticism, Commemorated on May 15;

Nile River 14 (Assiout)

Lycopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 14)
Lycopolis; Venerable John the Clairvoyant, Anchorite, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 27;

Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14)
Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14) 1912
Lillian Trasher Orphanage, Assiout, Egypt (Nile River 14); Assiout, Egypt; LILLIAN TRASHER, MISSIONARY IN EGYPT, 1961. Commemorated December 19 ;

Nile River 15 (Hermopolis and Antinoe)

Hermopolis, Middle Egypt (Nile River 15)
Hermopolis (Nile River); St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Bishop Dioscorus; Martyr Sabinus of Egypt, Commemorated on March 16; Venerable Apollonius, Ascetic, of Egypt, Commemorated on March 31; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12 ;

desert of Hermopolis
desert of Hermopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ;

Antinoe, Thebaid, Egypt (Nile River 15)
Antinoe or Antinopolis; St David of Hermopolis in Egypt, Commemorated September 6 ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; Martyr Apollonius of Alexandria, Commemorated December 14 ; Martyr Julian at Antinoe in Egypt, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Asclas of Egypt, Commemorated on May 20; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31

Nile River 16 (Oxyrhynchos)

Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid, Nile River 16)
Oxyrhynchos (Upper Thebaid); St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; St John of Egypt, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Onuphrius the Great, Commemorated on June 12; Venerable John, Andrew, Heraclemon, and Theophilus, Hermits, of Egypt, Commemorated on June 12;

Heracleopolis, Egypt

Nile River 17 (Memphis)

Nile River Mouth (Heliopolis, Cairo, Nile Delta, Mediteranean Sea)

Cairo, Egypt (Nile River Mouth)
Cairo, Egypt; Venerable Akepsimas the Hermit of Cyrrhus in Syria, Commemorated November 3 ;

Babylon Fortress, Egypt (Nile River & Pharonic Canal to Red Sea)
Babylon Fortress, Egypt; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31; Venerable Father Zosima, Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on June 4; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4;

Pharonic Canal Folder (Canal of the Pharaohs, Mediteranian Sea, Nile River to Red Sea)

Zagazig (Pharonic Canal 1)

Pharonic Canal (connects Mediteranean Sea, Nile River, Red Sea)
Pharonic Canal; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31;

Pharonic Canal 2 & Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Bable, Egypt (Babylon Fortress)
Babylon Fortress, Egypt; Saint Apollonios (Apollo) of the Egyptian Thebaid, Commemorated on May 31; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4;

Memphis, Egypt
Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Itjtawy, Egyptian Capitol, near Memphis
Itjtawy, Egyptian Capitol; iis the name of the royal city founded as a new capital by Twelfth Dynasty Egyptian King Amenemhat I, who ruled from approximately 1991 BC to 1962 BC, during year 20 of his reign.[1] As yet, the exact location of the royal city remains unidentified. Itjtawy is known to have been located in the Faiyum region and documentation exists that its cemeteries were located at Lisht, el-Lahun, and Dahshur. of the capital may have been a strategic move. The site for Itjtawy may have been chosen for its proximity to the source of Asiatic incursions into Egypt, in order to help prevent further attacks.[2] Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated on September 4 ; Holy Prophet and God-Seer Moses was of the tribe of Levi, the son of Abram and Jochabed (Exodus 6:20). His life is described in the Bible (Exodus 2 through Deuteronomy 34:12). was born in Egypt around 1689 B.C. When Pharaoh ordered all male children of the Hebrew slaves to be killed (Exodus 1:22), Moses’ mother placed him in a basket of papyrus coated with pitch, and set him adrift on the Nile. Pharaoh’s daughter found him and raised him as her own son. the age of eighty, Moses fled to Midian, where he spoke to God in the Burning Bush on Mt. Horeb (Exodus 3:2). God chose Moses to lead His people from the slavery of Egypt. They crossed the Red Sea as if it were dry land, and for forty years they wandered in the desert. in the land of Moab, Moses went to the top of Mt. Nabau, or Nebo (Deuteronomy 32:49), which is called Phasga (Deut. 34:1). There, according to the will of God, he died in 1569 B.C. at the age of 120 without entering the Promised Land. first two Biblical Odes are attributed to Moses: “Let us sing to the Lord...” (Exodus 15:1-9), which was sung on the shores of the Red Sea after the Hebrews had crossed it. “Attend, O heaven...” (Deut. 32:1-43) was sung in the land of Moab, a few days before Moses’ death. He is also regarded as the author of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Old Testament). holy Prophet Moses performed many miracles during his lifetime, and also after his death. He appeared on Tabor with the Prophet Elias at the Transfiguration of the Lord (August 6). the day that Saint John of the Ladder (March 30) was installed as abbot of Mt. Sinai, the Prophet Moses was seen going around and giving orders to the cooks, stewards, and servants. When the guests had gone and the monks were sitting at table, they wondered what had become of the stranger who had been giving orders. Saint John said, “Our Lord Moses does nothing strange by serving in the place which belongs to him.”

Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt
Troe, only mountain near Memphis, Egypt; Hieromartyr Cyprian of Nicomedia, Commemorated on October 2, From age seven until thirty, Cyprian studied at the most outstanding centers of paganism: on Mount Olympus, in the cities of Argos and Tauropolis, in the Egyptian city of Memphis, and at Babylon; Venerable Arsenius the Great, Commemorated on May 8;

Egypt, Sinai Peninsula Folder, Sinai Monastery, an icon of Horeb in Median

Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
Sinai Peninsula; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Martyr Varus, Commemorated October 19 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Menas of Egypt, Commemorated November 11 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Sinai Desert, Egypt
Sinai Desert, Egypt; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Mount Horeb (Sinai) in Egypt
Mount Sinai - Horeb in Egypt, Saint Helena, Constantine's Mother made a mistake as to the location of the Desert of Sin and therefor Sinai and Mount Horeb. She put Horeb in Egypt and not in Midian. Many miracles still happened in this mistaken location; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia, Commemorated on August 16 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12 ; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on November 29 ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos; Venerable Hesychius of Mt. Horeb; Venerable Paul the Simple of Egypt, Commemorated October 4 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt, 565
St. Catherinea's Monastery on Mt. Sinai, Egypt ; St Catherine's Monastery on Mt. Sinai; Venerable Paϊsios of the Holy Mountain, Commemorated on July 12; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated on November 24; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush", Commemorated September 4 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; St Zosimus of Cilicia the Bishop of Babylon in Egypt, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; St Callistus the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on June 20;

Sinai monastery, Egypt, 565
Sinai monastery; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Greatmartyr Catherine of Alexandria, Commemorated November 24 ; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated November 29 ; Venerable Menas of Sinai, Commemorated January 5 ; Venerable Maximus Kavsokalyvites of Mt Athos, Commemorated on January 13 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Romilus of Ravenica, Commemorated on January 16 ; St Theodosius the Bulgarian, with his disciple Romanos, Commemorated February 17 ; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Venerable Father Zosima, Bishop of Babylon, Commemorated on June 4; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder, Commemorated on July 7;

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â‚ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â©2011 ORION-ME

Raithu, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Raithu; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; St Joseph Analytinus of Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; Venerable John Climacus of Sinai, Author of "œthe Ladder"Â, Commemorated on March 30;

Hazeroth, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Hazeroth, in Numbers Chapters 11, 12 and 33

Elim, Sinai Penninsula, Egypt
Elim, The Desert of Sin is between Elim and Mt Horeb (Mt Sinai) in Midian; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14;

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Sinai, Egypt
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, Egypt;

Egypt, Roman Roads Folder

Cataracts of the Nile

Pharonic Canal (connects Mediteranean Sea, Nile River, Red Sea)
Pharonic Canal;