Hungary Folder, Danube 7-9, Tisza rivers and mountains, Transylvania, Slovakia, Pannonia.kmz

Hungary Folder, Danube 7-9, Tisza rivers and mountains, Transylvania, Slovakia, Pannonia

Hungary (Tisa river drainage and Little Hungarian Plain)
Hungary; Little Hungarian Plain (Pannonia and Sabaria); Great Hungarian Plain; Huns or Hunnic People, Atilla the Hun; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ; Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated October 6 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; St Sava I, First Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated January 12; Venerable Paul of Thebes, Commemorated January 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; Venerable Ephraim, Abbot and Wonderworker of Novy Torg, Commemorated January 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God œElets-ChernigovÂ; Commemorated on February 5; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; EARLY ABBOTS of CLUNY, 30 April 909 ; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania)
Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania) all these transylvanian waters end up in today's Hungary). Transylvania Proper; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Hunnic Empire (Hungary)
Hunnic Empire; Huns;

Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary)
Hungary, Pannonia (modern-day Hungary), Pannonia was located over the territory of the present-day western Hungary, eastern Austria, northern Croatia, north-western Serbia, northern Slovenia, western Slovakia and northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated July 30 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ; Hieromartyr Irenaeus the Bishop of Sirmium in Hungary, Commemorated on March 26; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; Venerable Isaac the Founder of the Dalmatian Monastery at Constantinople, Commemorated on May 30 ; St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Magyars (Hungarians)
Magyars or Hungarians; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27 ; St Clement the Bishop of Ochrid and Enlightener of the Bulgarians, Commemorated November 25 ;

Polovetsia (Cumans in Hungary, Cumania)
Polovetsia; Cumania; Venerable Gregory the Wonderworker of the Kiev Near Caves; Monkmartyr Eustratius of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated on March 28;

Esztergom, Hungary (Danube River 6)
Esztergom (Danube River 6); Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated August 18 ;

Hungary History Folder

Hungary, 000, 1st-7th Century, Land of the Huns

Hungary, 40-60, Adronicus, Paul's kin, Pannonia (Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia)
Serbia, 40-60 approx, Adronicus and Junia, Paul's kin, in Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia); Andronicus Apostle of the Seventy and Saint Junia were relatives of the holy Apostle Paul. They labored much, preaching the Gospel to pagans. Saint Paul mentions them in his Epistle to the Romans: “Salute Andronicus and Junia, my kinsmen and fellow prisoners, who are of note among the Apostles, who also were in Christ, before meâ€ (Romans 16:7). Andronicus was made Bishop of Pannonia, but his preaching also took him and Saint Junia to other lands, far from the boundaries of his diocese. Through the efforts of Saints Andronicus and Junia the Church of Christ was strengthened, pagans were converted to the knowledge of God, many pagan temples closed, and in their place Christian churches were built. The service in honor of these saints states that they suffered martyrdom for Christ. the fifth century, during the reign of the emperors Arcadius and Honorius, their holy relics were uncovered on the outskirts of Constantinople together with the relics of other martyrs at the gate of Eugenius (February 22). was revealed to the pious cleric Nicholas Kalligraphos that among the relics of these seventeen martyrs were the relics of the holy Apostle Andronicus. Afterwards, a magnificent church was built on this spot. Pannonia (parts of: Hungary, Austia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Bosnia, Hezegovinia) ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy and his fellow-laborer, Junia, Commemorated on May 17

Hungary, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Dacia, Follower of Andrew
Romania, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, ConstanÈ›a in Romania, Commemorated on July 7;

Hungary, Land of the Huns, 1st to 7th century AD
Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Hungary, 336-350, Queen Fritigil of the Marcomanni, Huns
Hungary, 336-350, Queen Fritigil of the Marcomanni ; Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Hungary, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil, Huns
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Hungary, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful, Roman from Hungary
France, 336-397, St Martin of Tours, Martin the Merciful; Tours; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on October 12 ; MARTIN OF TOURS, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (11 NOV 397) ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated on November 11 ;

Hungary, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose, Queen Fritigil asked A instrictions in Christian Faith
Rome, 360-397, Roman Saint, Ambrose; Roman Saint, 367-420, Jerome ; AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, BISHOP AND THEOLOGIAN (28 AUGUST 430); JEROME, SCHOLAR, TRANSLATOR, AND THEOLOGIAN (30 SEP 420); St Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridonium, Commemorated on June 15;

Hungary, 372, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth, danube region, ven by Rus, soldier, archangel Michael, Cilicia
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 372, Nicetas the Goth; is a Christian martyr of the 4th century, venerated particularly in the Russian Orthodox Church. His feastday is 15 September.[1] a Gothic soldier, lived in the Danube region at the margins of the Byzantine Empire.[2] Presumably, he received his Greek name on the occasion of his baptism by the Gothic bishop Theophilus, a participant in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths began to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in internecine strife. Nicetas fought in the Gothic civil war between the pagan Athanaric and the Christian Fritigern. the defeat of Athanaric and after the invention of Gothic alphabets by Ulfilas, Nicetas worked intensely among the Goths.[2 He was condemned to the stake in 372. According to his Passio, the devil, shaped as an angel, induced Nicetas to sacrifice to the pagan gods for saving his life; Nicetas, however, put him to flight by means of prayer and assisted by archangel Michael. His body was buried it in Cilicia, and later transferred to Constantinople. Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Cyprus there are several churches and monasteries named after St Nicetas. See Church of Saint Nicetas. Nicetas is prayed to for the preservation of children from birth defects.[2] Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Holy Great Martyr Nicetas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). He was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. The Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Saint Nikḗtas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. The Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Saint Nicetas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. Since he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Nikḗtas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. Filled with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Nicetas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. The cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Nikḗtas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Nicetas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. Although his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. By night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Nicetas, and buried it in Cilicia. Afterward, it was transferred to Constantinople. Part of the relics of the Great Martyr Nicetas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Thus Saint Nicetas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Nicetas for the preservation of children from birth defects. AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Hungary, 372, Novoniketa Icon, Dacia, appeared on boy' chest in the night, Niketas baptised right away
Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza; Icon of the Mother of God of Novoniketa, Commemorated on September 15; is one of the most ancient icons of the Mother of God. It appeared to the holy martyr Nikḗtas (+ September 15, 372). Saint Nikḗtas, a former soldier, was a disciple of Bishop Theophilos of the Goths. Even before he was baptized, he saw a Child in a dream, holding a Cross in His hand. When he awakened, he thought about this for a long time, but was unable to understand what this vision signified. A Christian girl named Juliana, who had a special revelation from God, told him to look down at his chest. his unspeakable surprise, Nikḗtas found an Icon of the Mother of God on his chest. She held her divine Child on her lap, and He was holding a Cross in His hand. "This is the same Icon I saw in my dream," the startled Nikḗtas cried. The appearance of the Icon made such an impression on him that he was baptized right away. afterward, the persecution of Christians began, and Saint Nikḗtas received the crown of martyrdom along with many other confessors. When he was being led to the place of execution, he had on his chest, under his clothes, the Icon of the Mother of God which had appeared to him. was established that the Novonikḗta Icon of the Mother of God should be commemorated on the day of Saint Nikḗtas's martyrdom. list of miracles from this Icon is in Moscow, in the court cathedral, which is dedicated to the All-Merciful Savior, at the Gate of Saint Nikḗtas.

Hungary, 434-453, Atilla the Hun
Hungary, 434-453, Atilla the Hun ; Land of the Huns, Caspian Sea, Cacausus Mts, Scythia, and Hungary ; LEO THE GREAT, BISHOP OF ROME, DOCTOR (10 NOV 461) ; Venerable Genevieve of Paris, Commemorated on January 3 ;

Hungary, 800, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary, HRE

Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary
Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary; Hungary, 895-907, Ruler, Arpad; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27;

Hungary, 895-907, Ruling Prince, Arpad, first Magyar or Hungarian prince, could be a Khazar
Hungary, 895-907, Ruling Prince, Arpad; (c. 845 – c. 907) was the head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries. He might have been either the sacred ruler or kende of the Hungarians, or their military leader or gyula, although most details of his life are debated by historians, because different sources contain contradictory information. Despite this, many Hungarians refer to him as the founder of our country, and Arphad's preeminent role in the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin has been emphasized by some later chronicles. The dynasty descending from Arphad ruled the Kingdom of Hungary until 1301. 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Towards the Hungarian Conquest 1.3 Reign 1.4 Death 2 Legacy 3 Family 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 6.1 Primary sources 6.2 Secondary sources 7 External links life[edit] information: Almos Arphad was the son of Almos who is mentioned as the first head of the confederation of the Magyar tribes by all Hungarian chronicles.[1][2] His mother's name and family are unknown.[3] According to historian Gyula Kristo, Arphad was born around 845.[4] His name derived from the Hungarian word for barley, arpa, which is of Turkic origin.[4] Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus (r. 913–959) states that the Hungarians had never at any time had any other prince before Arphad, which is in sharp contrast to the Hungarian chronicles' report of the position of Arphad's father.[5][6] Porphyrogenitus's narration, the Khazar khagan initiated the centralization of the command of the Hungarian tribes in order to strengthen his own suzerainty over them.[6][7] The khagan initially wanted to appoint a chieftain named Levedi to lead the Hungarians.[8] However, Levedi did not accept this offer and suggested that either Almos or Arphad should be promoted instead of him.[7] The khagan approached the Hungarians with this new proposal.[9] They preferred Arphad to his father, because he was greatly admired for wisdom and counsel and valour, and capable of this rule.[5][7] Thereafter, Arphad was made prince according to the custom ... of the Chazars, by lifting him upon a shield."[5][9] Constantine Porphyrogenitus refers to Arphad as the great prince of Tourkia.[10][11][12] reliability of the Byzantine emperor's report of Arphad's election is debated by modern historians: for instance, Victor Spinei states that it is rather vague and scarcely credible, but Andras Rona-Tas writes that its core is reliable.[7][13] latter historian adds that Arphad's election was promoted by Almos, who forced Levedi to renounce his position as kende. Accordingly, in Rona-Tas's view, Arpahd succeeded Levedi as sacred ruler, or kende, which enabled his father to preserve his own position as the actual leader of the Hungarians, or gyula.[13] the Hungarian Conquest[edit] information: Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin, Kurszan, and Liuntika earliest reliable source of Arpahd's life is an early 10th-century document, the Continuation of the Chronicle by George the Monk.[4][14][15] It narrates that the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886-912) sent his envoy Nicetas Sclerus to the Hungarians in 894 or 895 to give presents and incite them against the Bulgarian Empire.[15] Sclerus met with their two leaders, Arphad and Kurszan, at the Lower Danube.[15][16] Sclerus's mission succeeded: a Hungarian army soon crossed the Danube on Byzantine ships against Bulgaria.[16][17] An interpolation in Porphyrogenitus's text suggests that the invading Hungarians were under the command of Arphad's son, Liuntika.[16] positions held by Arphad and Kurszan at the time of their negotiations with Sclerus are debated by historians. Spinei wrote that Arphad was the gyula, and Kurszan was the kende.[16] In contrast, Kristo said that Kurszan was the gyula and Arphad represented his father, Almos kende.[15] [18] statue in Bereni (Szekelybere, Romania) Arpahd's statue in Szekelybere (Bereni, Romania) that time, the Bulgarians had disregarded the peace treaty and were raiding through the Thracian countryside. Justice pursued them for breaking their oath to Christ our God, the emperor of all, and they quickly met up with their punishment. While our forces were engaged against the Saracens, divine Providence led the [Hungarians], in place of the Romans, to campaign against the Bulgarians. Our Majesty's fleet of ships supported them and ferried them across the Danube. [Providence] sent them out against the army of the Bulgarians that had so wickedly taken up arms against Christians and, as though they were public executioners, they decisively defeated them in three engagements, so that the Christian Romans might not willingly stain themselves with the blood of the Christian Bulgarians. — Leo the Wise: Tactics[19] Hungarian army defeated the Bulgarians, but the latter hired the Pechenegs against them.[16][20] The Bulgarians and Pechenegs simultaneously invaded the Hungarians' territories in the western regions of the Pontic steppes in 895 or 896.[21] The destruction of their dwelling places by the Pechenegs forced the Hungarians to leave for a new homeland across the Carpathian Mountains towards the Pannonian Plain.[22] Illuminated Chronicle says that Ãrpád's father Ãlmos "could not enter Pannonia, for he was killed in Erdelw" or Transylvania.[1][23][24] Engel, Kristó and Molnár, who accept the reliability of this report, wrote that Ãlmos's death was a ritual murder, similar to the sacrifice of the Khazar khagans in case of a disaster affecting their people.[1][22][25] In contrast with them, Róna-Tas states that even if the report on Ãlmos's murder "reflects true event, the only possible explanation would be that Ãrpád or someone in his entourage" killed the aged prince.[23] Spinei rejects the Illuminated Chronicle's report on Ãlmos's murder in Transylvania, because the last mention of Ãlmos in the contrasting narration of the Gesta Hungarorum is connected to a siege of Ungvár (Uzhhorod, Ukraine) by the Hungarians.[26] The latter chronicle says that Ãlmos appointed Ãrpád "as leader and master" of the Hungarians on this occasion.[27][28] city of King Attila" (Aquincum, Budapest) of Aquincum – city of King Attila in the Gesta Hungarorum[29] name is completely unknown to all sources written in East Francia, which was one of the main powers of the Carpathian Basin at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[11] These sources, including the Annales Alamannici and the Annales Eisnidlenses, only mention another Hungarian leader, Kurszan.[11] According to Kristo and other historians, these sources suggest that Kurszan must have been the gyula commanding the Hungarian forces, while Arphad succeeded his murdered father as the sacred kende.[11][30] a contrasting theory, the Romanian historian Curta wrote that Kurszan was the kende and Arphad gyula only succeeded him when Kurszan was murdered by Bavarians in 902 or 904.[11][31] contrast to nearly contemporaneous sources, Hungarian chronicles written centuries after the events—for instance, the Gesta Hungarorum and the Illuminated Chronicle—emphasize Arphad's pre-eminent role in the conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[1][32] The Gesta Hungarorum also highlights Arphad's military skills and his generosity.[33] This chronicle also emphasizes that Teteny, one of the heads of the seven Hungarian tribes, acquired the land of Transylvania for himself and his posterity only after Arphad had authorized him to conquer it.[34][35] crossed the Danube, they encamped beside the Danube as far as BudafelhévÃz. Hearing this, all the Romans living throughout the land of Pannonia, saved their lives by flight. Next day, Prince Ãrpád and all his leading men with all the warriors of Hungary entered the city of King Attila and they saw all the royal palaces, some ruined to the foundations, others not, and they admired beyond measure the stone buildings and were happier than can be told that they had deserved to take without fighting the city of King Attila, of whose line Prince Ãrpád descended. They feasted every day with great joy in the palace of King Attila, sitting alongside one another, and all the melodies and sweet sounds of zithers and pipes along with all the songs of minstrels were presented to them ... Prince Ãrpád gave great lands and properties to the guests staying with them, and, when they heard this, many guests thronged to him and gladly stayed with him. — Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[36] Gesta Hungarorum says that Arphad took an oath of the leading men and warriors of Hungary, and had his son, Prince Zoltan elevated to prince in his life.[37][38] the reliability of this report and the list of the grand princes in the Gesta Hungarorum is dubious.[12] For instance, it ignores Fajsz, who ruled when Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus was completing his De Administrando Imperio around 950.[39] statue in Nagymegyer date of Arphad's death is debated.[40] The Gesta Hungarorum states that he died in 907.[1][40] However, Kristo wrote that he actually died in 900 or later because the Gesta says 903 is the starting date of the Hungarian land-taking instead of its actual date around If the Gesta's report on his funeral is reliable, Arphad was buried at the head of a small river that flows through a stone culvert to the city of King Attila where a village, Feheregyhaza, developed near Buda a century later.[37][40] Hungarians arrived in their new homeland within the Carpathians under Ãrpád.[38] Ãrpád is the principal actor in the Gesta Hungarorum, which attributes "almost all memorable events" of the "Hungarian land-taking" to him.[41] Furthermore, until the extinction of the male line of his dynasty in 1301, Hungary was ruled by "a single line of princes", all descending from Ãrpád.[22] Ãrpád is known among Hungarians as honalapÃtó or the "founder of our homeland".[38] Hungary, 895-1000, Principality of Hungary; Equal of the Apostles Clement of Ochrid the Bishop of Greater Macedonia, Commemorated on July 27;

Hungary, 907-950, Ruling Prince, Zoltan, second Magyar or Hungarian prince, defeated Great Moravia
Hungary, 907-950, Ruling Prince, Zoltan, second Magyar or Hungarian prince, could be a Khazar; (c. 880 or 903 - c. 950), also Zolta,[1][2] is mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum as the third Grand Prince of the Hungarians who succeeded his father Arphad around 907. Although modern historians tend to deny this report on his reign, because other chronicles do not list him among the Hungarian rulers, there is consensus that even if Zoltan never ascended the throne, all monarchs ruling in Hungary from the House of Arphad after around 955 were descended from him. 1 Life 1.1 Zoltan in the Gesta Hungarorum 1.2 Modern historians' views 2 Family 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 5.1 Primary sources 5.2 Secondary sources in the Gesta Hungarorum[edit] historians' main source of Zoltan's life is the Gesta Hungarorum, a late 12th-century chronicle whose writer is now known as Anonymous.[3] to this source, Zoltan was the only son of Arphad, Grand Prince of the Hungarians.[3] In contrast, the nearly contemporary Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus writes that Zaltas[4] was Ãrpád's fourth son.[3] Zoltan's name seemingly derived from the Arabian sultan title with Turkic mediation, but modern scholars have not unanimously accepted this etymology.[3] to Anonymous, Zoltan was born after 903, during his father's second campaign against Menumorut.[1] The latter was one of the many local rulers who are solely mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum among the opponents of the Hungarians during their conquest of the Carpathian Basin.[5] the Gesta Hungarorum's narration, Menumorut was forced to surrender and to give his daughter in marriage to Zoltan[1][6] in 904 or 905.[2] When Menumorut died, Zoltan inherited his father-in-law's duchy east of the river Tisza, which Anonymous claims was inhabited by the peoples that are called Kozar.[7][8] Anonymous also states that Zoltan, still a minor, succeeded his father who died around 907.[3] Zoltan, in turn, later abdicated in favour of his son Taksony and died in the third year of his son's reign.[9][3] his son Zolta succeeded [Arphad], who was similar to his father in character but dissimilar in appearance. Prince Zolta was a little lisping and pale, with soft, blonde hair, of middling stature; a warlike duke, brave in spirit, merciful to his subjects, sweet of speech, but covetous of power, whom all the leading men and warriors of Hungary loved marvelously. Some time later, when Zolta was thirteen, all the leading men of the realm by their common counsel and of their equal wish appointed rectors of the kingdom beneath the prince to mend through the guidance of customary law the conflicts and lawsuits of litigants. — Anonymous: Gesta Hungarorum[10] historians' views historians reject most details of Zoltán's life presented by Anonymous. For instance, the Hungarian historian Gyula Kristo says that Zoltan was born around 880 instead of around 903.[11] His Romanian colleague Alexandru Madgearu likewise writes that either Zoltan was born many years earlier than 903 or his marriage must have happened years after 904.[1] father-in-law's identity is also debated. Medievalist Pal Engel says that Menumorut is one of the imaginary figures[5] invented by Anonymous in order to describe the conquering Hungarians' heroic wars against them. Historian Charles R. Bowlus writes that he was a Moravian ruler whose daughter's marriage with Zoltan symbolized the end of Great Moravia.[1] Medievalist Tudor Salagean also says that Menumorut was a real person, the ruler of a one-time duchy inhabited by Romanians, Slavs and many other peoples at the turn of the 9th and 10th centuries.[8] statement that Zoltan succeeded his father as grand prince, or even the idea that Zoltan ever ruled the federation of the Hungarian tribes have also been challenged. For instance, historian Sandor L. Toth writes that Zoltan, being the youngest among Arphad's four sons, could hardly precede his elder brothers in the line of succession.[3] Kristo also says that other Hungarian chroniclers do not make mention of Zoltan's rule, implying that Anonymous only inserted Zoltan into the incompletely preserved list of the grand princes because he knew that all Hungarian monarchs from the House of Arphad descended from him.[11] Right-believing Prince Wenceslas of the Czech Lands, Commemorated on March 4;

Hungary, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia
Czech Land, 907, Hungarian invasions of Europe, Defeated Great Moravia;

Hungary, 1000-1538, Kingdom of Hungary, HRE

Hungary, 1000-1538, Kingdom of Hungary, Middle Ages, Orthodox then Roman C.
Kingdom of Hungary (1000-1538, Middle Ages) Venerable Moses the Hungarian of the Kiev Near Caves, Commemorated July 26 ; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30 ; MARGARET, QUEEN OF SCOTLAND (16 NOV 1093) ;

Hungary, 1000-1918, 1920-1946, Kingdom of Hungary
Hungary, 1000-1918, 1920-1946, Kingdom of Hungary ; MARGARET;

Hungary, 1131-1141, Hungarian King, Bela II of Hungary
Hungarian King, 1131-1141, Bela II of Hungary ; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Hungary, 1174-1196, Hungarian King, Bela III of Hungary
Hungarian King, 1174-1196, Bela III of Hungary; Repose of the Venerable John the Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Hungary, 1196-1204, King, Emeric, cooperated with HRE, Republic of Venice, King of Serbia
Hungary, 1196-1204, King, Emeric; also known as Henry or Imre (1174 - 30 November 1204), was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1196 and 1204. 1184, his father, Béla III of Hungary, ordered that he be crowned king, and appointed him as ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia around 1195. Emeric ascended the throne after the death of his father. the first four years of his reign, he fought his rebellious brother, Andrew, who forced Emeric to make him ruler of Croatia and Dalmatia as appanage. cooperated with the Holy See against the Bosnian Patarenes, whom the Catholic Church considered to be heretics. advantage of a civil war, Emeric expanded his suzerainty over Serbia. failed to prevent the Republic of Venice, which was assisted by crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, from seizing Zadar in 1202. also could not impede the rise of Bulgaria along the southern frontiers of his kingdom. was the first Hungarian monarch to use the "Ãrpád stripes" as his personal coat of arms and to adopt the title of King of Serbia. his death, Emeric had his four-year-old son, Ladislaus III, crowned king.

Hungary, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, led to several empires
Constantinople, 1204, Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade Byzantine Emperor, 1205-1215, Michael I Komnenos Doukas; Greatmartyr Marina (Margaret) of Antioch in Pisidia, Commemorated on July 17; Translation of the relics of St Hilarion the Bishop of Meglin in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, 1204-1205, King, Child King Ladislaus III, Andrew ignored the order
Hungary, 1204-1205, King, Child King Ladislaus III; III (c. 1200 - 7 May 1205) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1204 and 1205. He was the only child of King Emeric. Ladislaus was crowned king upon the orders of his ill father, who wanted to secure his infant son's succession. dying king made his brother, Andrew, regent for the period of Ladislaus's minority. Duke Andrew ignored the child's interests. As a result, Ladislaus's mother, Constance of Aragon, fled to Austria, taking Ladislaus with her. Ladislaus died unexpectedly in Vienna.

Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary, Roman Catholic, St. Elizabeth's dad, Halych, 5th Crusade
Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; II (c. 1177 -21 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 1188 until 1189/1190, and again between 1208/1209 and 1210. was the younger son of Béla III of Hungary, who entrusted him with the administration of the newly conquered Principality of Halych (the historic province of Galicia (Halychyna), and the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia) in 1188. rule was unpopular, and the boyars (or noblemen) expelled him. Béla III willed property and money to Andrew, obliging him to lead a crusade to the Holy Land. Instead, Andrew forced his elder brother, King Emeric of Hungary, to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an appanage to him in 1197. The following year, Andrew occupied Hum. the fact that Andrew did not stop conspiring against Emeric, the dying king made Andrew guardian of his son, Ladislaus III, in 1204. the premature death of Ladislaus, Andrew ascended the throne in 1205. to historian Laszlo Kontler, "[i]t was amidst the socio-political turmoil during [Andrew's] reign that the relations, arrangements, institutional framework and social categories that arose under Stephen I, started to disintegrate in the higher echelons of society" in Hungary.[1] introduced a new grants policy, the so-called "new institutions", giving away money and royal estates to his partisans despite the loss of royal revenues. was the first Hungarian monarch to adopt the title of "King of Halych and Lodomeria". He waged at least a dozen wars to seize the two Rus' principalities, but the local boyars and neighboring princes prevented him from conquering the principalities. participated in the Fifth Crusade to the Holy Land in 1217–1218, but the crusade was a failure. the servientes regis, or "royal servants", rose up, Andrew was forced to issue the Golden Bull of 1222, confirming their privileges. led to the rise of the nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary. Diploma Andreanum of 1224 listed the liberties of the Transylvanian Saxon community. employment of Jews and Muslims to administer the royal revenues led him into conflict with the Holy See and the Hungarian prelates. pledged to respect the privileges of the clergymen and to dismiss his non-Christian officials in 1233, but he never fulfilled the latter promise. first wife, Gertrude of Merania, was murdered in 1213 because her blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers stirred up discontent among the native lords. veneration of their daughter, Elizabeth of Hungary, was confirmed by the Holy See during Andrew's lifetime. After Andrew's death, his sons, Béla and Coloman, accused his third wife, Beatrice d'Este, of adultery and never considered her son, Stephen, to be a legitimate son of Andrew. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II, indulgences, a w Seljuk Sunnis, damn flood, failure
Hungary, 1217-1221, Fifth Crusade, led by King Andrew II of Hungary ; Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1221-1231, Queen, Elizabeth of Hungary, Thuringa, Germany, Philanthropist, Hospitals
Hungary, 1221-1231, Queen, Elizabeth of Hungary; Hungary, 1205-1235, King, Andrew II of Hungary ; ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY, PRINCESS AND PHILANTHROPIST (19 NOV 1231) ;

Hungary, 1241-1242, Mongol Invasion by Batu Khan
Hungary, 1241-1242, Golden Horde Mongol Invasion by Batu Khan; Repose of Saint Arsenius, Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on October 28;

Hungary, 1342-1382, King, Louis I the G, Hungary, Croatia and Poland, R Catholic
Hungary, 1342-1382, King, Louis I the Great of Hungary ; I, also Louis the Great (5 March 1326 - 10 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370. He was the first child of Charles I of Hungary and his wife, Elizabeth of Poland, to survive infancy. 1338 treaty between his father and Casimir III of Poland, Louis's maternal uncle, confirmed Louis's right to inherit the Kingdom of Poland if his uncle died without a son. In exchange, Louis was obliged to assist his uncle to reoccupy the lands that Poland had lost in previous decades. bore the title of Duke of Transylvania between 1339 and 1342 but did not administer the province. was of age when he succeeded his father in 1342, but his deeply religious mother exerted a powerful influence on him. inherited a centralized kingdom and a rich treasury from his father. the first years of his reign, Louis launched a crusade against the Lithuanians and restored royal power in Croatia; troops defeated a Tatar army, expanding his authority towards the Black Sea. When his brother, Andrew, Duke of Calabria, husband of Queen Joanna I of Naples, was assassinated in 1345, Louis accused the queen of his murder and punishing her became the principal goal of his foreign policy. launched two campaigns to the Kingdom of Naples between 1347 and 1350. His troops occupied large territories on both occasions, and Louis adopted the styles of Neapolitan sovereigns (including the title of King of Sicily and Jerusalem), but the Holy See never recognized his claim. arbitrary acts and atrocities committed by his mercenaries made his rule unpopular in Southern Italy. He withdrew all his troops from the Kingdom of Naples in 1351. his father, Louis administered Hungary with absolute power and used royal prerogatives to grant privileges to his courtiers. he also confirmed the liberties of the Hungarian nobility at the Diet of 1351, emphasizing the equal status of all noblemen. the same Diet, he introduced an entail system and a uniform rent payable by the peasants to the landowners, and confirmed the right to free movement for all peasants. waged wars against the Lithuanians, Serbia, and the Golden Horde in the 1350s, restoring the authority of Hungarian monarchs over territories along frontiers that had been lost during previous decades. forced the Republic of Venice to renounce the Dalmatian towns in 1358. also made several attempts to expand his suzerainty over the rulers of Bosnia, Moldavia, Wallachia, and parts of Bulgaria and Serbia. These rulers were sometimes willing to yield to him, either under duress or in the hope of support against their internal opponents, but Louis's rule in these regions was only nominal during most of his reign. attempts to convert his pagan or Orthodox subjects to Catholicism made him unpopular in the Balkan states. Louis established a university in Pecs in 1367, but it was closed within two decades because he did not arrange for sufficient revenues to maintain it. Louis inherited Poland after his uncle's death in 1370. Since he had no sons, he wanted his subjects to acknowledge the right of his daughters to succeed him in both Hungary and Poland. For this purpose, he issued the Privilege of Koszyce in 1374 spelling out the liberties of Polish noblemen. However, his rule remained unpopular in Poland. Hungary, he authorized the royal free cities to delegate jurors to the high court hearing their cases and set up a new high court. from a skin disease, Louis became even more religious during the last years of his life. the beginning of the Western Schism, he acknowledged Urban VI as the legitimate pope. After Urban deposed Joanna and put Louis's relative Charles of Durazzo on the throne of Naples, Louis helped Charles occupy the kingdom. Hungarian historiography, Louis was regarded for centuries as the most powerful Hungarian monarch who ruled over an empire "whose shores were washed by three seas". Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Orthodox Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœCzestochowaÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon, R Catholic
Hungary, 1356-1401, Hungarian Duke, Vladislaus II of Opole, Czestochowa Icon; II of Opole (ca. 1332 --“ 18 May 1401) was a Duke of Opole from 1356 (as a Bohemian vassal), Count palatine of Hungary during 1367-“1372, ruler over Lubliniec since 1368, Duke of Wielua during 1370-“1392, ruler over Bolesawiec from 1370 (only for his life), Governor of Galicia-“Volhynia during 1372-“1378, ruler over Pszczyna during 1375-“1396, Count palatine of Poland in 1378, Duke of Dobrzy and Kujawy during 1378-“1392 (as a Polish vassal), ruler over Gaogawek from 1383 and ruler over Krnov during 1385-“1392. was the eldest son of Duke Bolko II of Opole by his wife Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Bernard of Ašwidnica. years[edit] was a descendant of the House of Piast.[1] Little is known about his youth. As a young prince, in order to gain more political experience, he went to Hungary around 1353, where he probably remained until the death of his father (1356). There he also got married. of Opole[edit] Duke Bolko II's death, Vladislaus and his brothers Bolko III and Henry inherited Duchy of Opole (then fiefdom of the Bohemian Crown) as co-rulers; however, the strong personality of Vladislaus soon dominated the whole government and encourage his brothers to accept a modest part of their inheritance. Bolko III and Henry remained as co-Dukes of Opole, but only formally. with King Louis I the Great of Hungary[edit] political career of Vladislaus began in the mid 1360s in the Hungarian court of King Louis I. Already in 1364 he took part in the famous Congress of Cracow as part of the Hungarian suite. However, the most important mission of Vladislaus on behalf of King Louis took place two years later (in 1366), when he negotiated conditions of the planned marriage between a niece of Hungarian ruler and Wenceslaus, son of Emperor Charles IV. faithful service to the Hungarian House of Anjou resulted in the appointment of Vladislaus as Count palatine, which made him most important man after the King in the country. functions of this post were primarily broad judicial powers, who could be had only with the King. In this office, Vladislaus showed great commitment and capability; he created the rule of four Congregatio generalis, which handled court cases. Despite his huge income, his new post in the Hungarian affected Vladislaus' finances. of Casimir III the Great. Homage to the Kingdom of Poland[edit] his time as count palatine, Vladislaus didn't stop to participate in the foreign politics; the example of this was, among other things, his trip to Bulgaria in 1368. In 1370, after the death of Casimir III the Great, the Duke of Opole actively participated in preparing the succession of King Louis I of Hungary in the Polish throne. As a reward, King Louis give him the towns of Wielua and Cze™stochowa. that time, Vladislaus' brother Bolko III inherited Strzelce Opolskie from their uncle Albert and with this, the Duke of Opole could maintain the sole government over his domains (the youngest brother, Henry, died in 1365 without issue). 1371 Vladislaus led an armed expedition against the Crown of Bohemia (this assault caused a terrible devastation of Moravia); however, next year Vladislaus was the head of a mediation mission to resolve dispute between the Emperor (also Bohemian King) Charles IV and King Louis I. Lord and Heir[edit] seal Ladislaus Dei Gracia Dux Opoliensis Wieloniensis et Terre Russie Domin et Heres (ca. 1387) October 1372 Vladislaus was unexpectedly deprived from the office of Count palatine. Although he retained most of his castles and goods in Hungary, his political influence was significantly decreased. As a compensation, was made Governor of Hungarian-ruled part of the Kingdom of Galicia-“Volhynia. In this new position, the Duke of Opole successfully contributing to the economic development of the territories entrusted to him. mainly resided in Lviv, but at the end of his rule he spent more time in Halych. The only serious conflict during his time as Governor was related to his approaching to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which caused the angry of the local boyars, who were strongly Catholics. following Vladislaus's advice, in 1374 King Louis I published a provincial privilege for the Polish nobility (szlachta) in Koe¡ice, which ensured the succession of the King's daughters after his death. palatine of Poland and ruler of Kujawy[edit] 1378 the departure of Queen Elisabeth from Poland to Hungary, forced King Louis to release Vladislaus from his post of Governor and appointed him with the empty position of Polish Count palatine. But almost immediately Vladislaus had to face the strong resistance of the Polish nobility, dissatisfied with the decision of King Louis to named heirs to his daughters, and soon was forced to resign. compensation for his resignation, the Duke of Opole received from the Hungarian ruler the towns of Dobrzy- Land and part of Kujawy (with towns Bydgoszcz, Inowrocaw and Gniewkowo). These territories were on the border of the Teutonic Order lands, which soon shortly Vladislaus established close contacts, who included allowed the prosecution of criminals by Teutonic knights in his domains. Kujawy, Vladislaus entered in a dispute over finances with the Bishop of Paock, Dobiesaw Sawka, resulting in the excommunication of the Duke, who was repealed a year later by the Archbishop of Gniezno. As a gesture of reconciliation with the Church, Vladislaus founded the Pauline monastery of Our Lady at Jasna Ga Cze™stochowa; also, the Duke brought the famous Black Madonna of Cze™stochowa, who according to oldest documents, travelled from Jerusalem, via Constantinople and Beaz, to finally reach Cze™stochowa in August 1382. deaths of his brother Bolko III (21 October 1382), leaving four minor sons, and one month later (14 September) of the Duke Henry of Niemodlin without issue, made it possible to Vladislaus extend his influence on Upper Silesia, as a rule over Strzelce and Niemodlin (although only as a regent of his nephews) and Geogawek (granted to him one year later, in 1383). The Duke of Opole also supported the Church career of the eldest son of Bolko III, Jan Kropideo trying to obtain for him, despite his young age, the dignity of the Bishop of Poznas„. of Louis I and relations with Vladislaus II Jagiego[edit] (Kingdom of Russia) Coins of Opolczy (1389) 10 September 1382 King Louis I of Hungary, Vladislaus' protector, died. Despite the earlier support given to him to late King's daughters, Vladislaus put his own nomination to the royal crown. However, he wasn't popular among the Polish nobility, who decanted (in connection with the broken engagement between Queen Hedwig and William of Habsburg) for Duke Siemowit IV of Paock. to the old historiography, the Duke of Opole supported the new Polish King Wadyslaw II Jagieglo during the first period of his reign. Some historians accept the fact that in 1386 Vladislaus stood as the King's godfather when he converted to the Catholic faith. the cooperation between the Duke of Opole and the King was short-lived: in 1388, after the King dispossessed him from Bydgoszcz, the Duke lead a coup who planned to capture the King and Wawel Castle. Defeated and captured by the Starosta (provincial governor) Sa™dziwa Paluka, Vladislaus was forced to capitulate and resign from any claim to the Polish throne. King Waladyslaw II Jagieglo also blocked the nomination of Jan Kropidlo for the post of Archbishop of Gniezno. with the Teutonic Order. ambitions and war with Poland. Death[edit] frictions with the King of Poland took place in May 1391, when Vladislaus pledged the land of Zal to the Teutonic Order. Aware of the danger that the Teutonic Order too close to his bordes, the King ordained the deprivation of Vladislaus from his fiefs in Polish territory. Against the Royal power, the Duke of Opole capitulated, and in 1392 transferred the disputed territories to Poland (with the exception of Boleslawiec, which, completely loyal to Waladyslaw, only accepted the annexation to the Polish Kingdom after the death of the Duke of Opole). the attitude of Vladislaus was not changed and in 1393 he sold his rights over Dobrzyla to the Teutonic Order. Has also tried to encourage the Great master of the Teutonic Order, Konrad von Wallenrode, to attack the Kingdom with the combination of the troops of Teutonic knights in Poland, Hungary and Bohemia, but the conflict ended unexpectedly. The war, which began successfully (for example, with the siege to Nowy Korczyn on 26 July 1393), finally ended in 1396, when the royal army decided to attack the Silesian lands of Vladislaus. the Polish troops took control over Strzelce, on 6 August of that year, Vladislaus' nephews decided to make peace with the King of Poland. Since then, the government of the Duchy of Opole was virtually taken over by the sons of Bolko III, and Vladislaus was relegated to a second status. because of his ambitions failed disastrously, Vladislaus died on 18 May 1401 in Opole, and was buried in the local Franciscan monastery. and issue[edit] 1355 and during his stay in Hungary, Vladislaus married firstly Elisabeth (b. 1340 - c. 1369), daughter of Nicolae Alexandru Basarab, Voivode of Wallachia.[2][3][4][5] They had three daughters: Kinga (b. 1355/57 -“ d. after 1369), a nun at Alt-Buda. Elisabeth [Agnes] (b. 1360 -“ d. by 9 September 1411), married in 1372 to Margrave Jobst of Moravia, King of the Romans. Katharina (b. c. 26 March 1367 -“ d. 6 June 1420), married in 1382 to Duke Henry VIII of lagašcinawa. By 1369, Vladislaus married secondly Euphemia (b. c. 1352 - d. by 9 December 1424), daughter of Duke Siemowit III of Masovia. They had two daughters: Hedwig (b. 1376/78 -“ d. after 13 May 1390), married before 25 January 1390 to Duke Vygantas-Alexander of Kernava—. Euphemia (d. young, before 30 March 1408). he died without male heirs, Vladislaus' nephews Bolko IV and Bernard inherited the whole Duchy except Gaoglawek, who was given by the Duke to his wife, Euphemia, as her dower. Icon of the Mother of God œCzestochowaÂ, Commemorated on March 6;

Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, 1533-1586, Transylvanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of Tenderness from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, 1538-1700, Ottoman Hungary, Hapsburgs of Austria

Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area
Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area;

Hungary, 1541-1699, Hapsburgs of Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Hungary, 1541-1564, Hapsburgs of Austria, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I; Hungary, 1541-1699, Hapsburgs of Austria; Hungary, 1541-1699, Ottoman Hungary, Hungarian Plain Area;

Hungary, 1541-1699, Protestant Hungary, Transylvania
Hungary, 1541-1699, Protestant Hungary, Transylvania; Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, 1533-1586, Transylvanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory István; Polish: Stefan Batory; Lithuanian: About this soundSteponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski). Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, 1595, Battle of Cecora, not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Transylvania Pol-Lith over Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Hungary, 1700-, Holy League, dethronement of the Habsburgs

Hungary, Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797
Hungary, Holy League, 1717, Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Republic of Venice, 697-1797; Venice, Northern Italy; Saint Sophronius, Confessor of Ciorara, Romania, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa
Hungary, 1740-1780, Emperess Maria Theresa; St John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated on October 21;

Hungary, Danube River 7-9 Folder

Danube Regions
Danube regions; Repose of the New-Hieromartyr Cosmas of Aitolia, Equal of the Apostles, Commemorated on August 24;

Danube River

Danube River Trade Route from Germany's Black Forest to the Black Sea

Black Forest
Black Forest;

Danube Source (Germany's Black Forest)

Danube River 1 (near Lake Constance, and Bingen in Bavaria)

Danube River 2 (Ulm, Germany)

Danube River 3 (Munich (Isar) and Inn Rivers)

Danube River 4 (Linz, Austria)

Danube River 5 (Vienna, Amber Road 5)

Esztergom, Hungary (Danube River 5.5)
Esztergom, Hungary; Repose of Venerable John, Abbot of Rila, Commemorated on August 18;

Danube River 6 (Slovakian Hungarian border)

Budapest, Hungary (Danube River 7)
Budapest; THE RIGHTEOUS GENTILES, Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz, Commemorated July 16 ;

Danube River 7 (Budapest, Hungary)

Danube River 8 (Srem Region)

Danube River 9 (Belgrade, Serbia)

Danube River 10 (Overview 2)

Danube River 11

Danube River 12 (Iskar River)

Danube River 13 (Oltenia)

Danube River 14 (Bucharest)

Danube River 15 (Overview 3)

Danube River 16 (Galats, Siret River Mouth)

Danube River 17

Danube Mouth (North Black Sea)
Danube Mouth (North Black Sea) Apostle Andrew, the Holy and All-Praised First-Called;

Hungary, Slovakia Folder

Slovakia (rivers of the Western Carpathians)
Slovakia ; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Martyr Avakum the Deacon of Serbia, Commemorated December 17 ; St Paisius, Commemorated December 17 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; Apostle Andronicus of the Seventy, Commemorated on May 17 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Slovakia, Land of the Carpatho-Russians (Primarily Slovakia)
Carpatho-Russians or Rusyn or Ruthenians; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; ISABEL FLORENCE HAPGOOD, ECUMENIST and JOURNALIST, 1929, Commemorated June 26;

Carpathians - Western Carpathians - Slovakia
Western Carpathians;

Hungary, Slovakia History

Slovakia, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Slovakia, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Slovakia, Sajo River Folder

Sajo River

Sajo River Source (Low Tatras Mountains)

Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia
Low Tatras Mountains, Slovakia ;

Sajo River Mouth (Tisza River 9)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River Folder

Hornad River

Hornad River 1 (Torysa River)

Hornad River Mouth (Sajo River )

Hornad River Source (King's Bald Mountain)

Hungary, Slovakia, Hornad River 1, Torysa River Folder

Torysa River

Torysa River Soure (Levoca Mountains)

Beskids, Slovakia
Beskids, Slovakia;

Levoca Mountains, Slovakia
Levoca Mountains, Slovakia;

Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia, Hungary)
Lesna (Stara Lesna, Slovakia); Icon of the Mother of God of Lesna, Commemorated on September 14 ;

Torysa River 1 (Lipany)

Torysa River 2 (Sabinov)

Torysa River 3 (Velky Saris)

Torysa River 4 (Presov, Slovakia)

Presov, Slovakia (Torysa River 4)
Presov; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7;

Torysa River Mouth (Hornad River )

Hungary, Slovakia, Ondava River Folder

Ondava River

Ondava River Source (along the border)

Ondava River 1 (Borov, Slovakia)

Borov, Slovakia (Ondava River 1)
Borov; St Leucius of Volokolamsk, Commemorated on August 17 ; Venerable Joseph the Abbot of Volokolamsk, Volotsk, Commemorated on September 9 ; Venerable Joseph the Igumen and Wonderworker of Volokolamsk, Commemorated October 18 ; Venerable Macarius the Abbot and Wonderworker of Kalyazin, Commemorated on March 17 ; Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1; Uncovering of the relics of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated on July 5;

Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov, Ondava River 1)
Kudinovo, Slovakia (Kalinov); Venerable Paphnutius the Abbot of Borov, Commemorated on May 1;

Ondava River 2

Ondava River 3

Ondava River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Slovakia, Western Slovakia Folder, Klinkovo (Danube 5.3)

Klinkovo, Slovakia (Danube River 5.3)
Klinkovo, Slovakia; Venerable Ephraim the Abbot of Perekop the Wonderworker of Novgorod, Commemorated on September 26;

Hungary, Transylvania Folder

Transylvania (Hungro-Wallacia)
Transylvania; Transylvania Proper; Athanaric's "own country"; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania ; St John of Galesh; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Transylvania (over and between the mountains, Tisa River drainage Hungary, now Romania)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Ardeal (Transylvania) (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Hungary (between Mures River 1 and Tarnava Mica River 1)
Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Romania; is a commune in Mures County, Transylvania, Romania composed of seven villages: Adrianu Mare / Nagyadorján Adrianu Mic / Kisadorján Bedeni / Bede Gălești Maiad / Nyomát Sânvăsii / Nyárádszentlászló (established 2004) Troița / Szentháromság commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2002 Census it has a population of 2,940 of which 93.61% or 2,752 are Hungarian.[citation needed] Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; John of Galesh was a priest who was consecrated bishop at Bucharest, since there was no bishop for Transylvania. resisted the plans of the Hapsburg authorities to persuade Orthodox Christians to convert to Catholicism. was arrested and thrown into prison at Sibiu in 1756, then Empress Maria Theresa ordered him confined in the prison of Deva Castle until he died. John was transferred to a prison in Graz, Austria at the end of 1757. Later, he was brought to the notorious Kufstein Prison, where many Orthodox from Transylvania ended their lives. 1780, Gennady Vassie, a Serb who was incarcerated there, was able to send a letter to Empress Catherine II of Russia asking her to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox prisoners. In his letter he mentioned a Romanian priest named John, who had been kept there for twenty-four years because of his Orthodox faith. John of Galesh died in prison, and was glorified as a martyr by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Dacia (Transylvania and Moldovia)
Dacia; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Maramures depression 1 (Kurst, Ukraine)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures depression 2 (Prislop Pass, Romania)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Carpathians - Southern Carpathians, between Transylvania and Romania
Southern Carpathians;

Hungary, Transylvania History Folder

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1699, Protestant

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1546, German Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1533-1601, Lithuanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Báthory (Hungarian: Báthory István; Polish: Stefan Batory; Lithuanian: About this soundSteponas Batoras; 27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was Voivode of Transylvania (1571–1576), Prince of Transylvania (1576–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586). son of Stephen VIII Báthory and a member of the Hungarian Báthory noble family, Báthory was a ruler of Transylvania in the 1570s, defeating another challenger for that title, Gáspár Bekes. 1576 Báthory became the husband of Queen Anna Jagiellon and the third elected king of Poland. He worked closely with chancellor Jan Zamoyski. The first years of his reign were focused on establishing power, defeating a fellow claimant to the throne, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, and quelling rebellions, most notably, the Danzig rebellion. reigned only a decade, but is considered one of the most successful kings in Polish history, particularly in the realm of military history. signal achievement was his victorious campaign in Livonia against Russia in the middle part of his reign, in which he repulsed a Russian invasion of Commonwealth borderlands and secured a highly favorable treaty of peace (the Peace of Jam Zapolski). 1 Youth 2 Elected king 3 Establishing power 4 Policies 5 War with Muscovy 6 Final years 7 Remembrance 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Báthory was born on 27 September 1533 in the castle at Somlyó, also known as Szilágysomlyó (today's È˜imleu Silvaniei).[1] He was the son of Stephen VIII Báthory (d. 1534) of the noble Hungarian Báthory family and his wife Catherine Telegdi.[1] He had at least five siblings: two brothers and three sisters.[1] is known about his childhood. Around 1549–1550, he briefly visited Italy and probably spent a few months attending lectures at the Padua University.[1] Upon his return, he joined the army of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, and took part in his military struggle against the Turks. Some time after 1553, Báthory was captured by the Turks, and after Ferdinand I refused to pay his ransom, joined the opposing side, supporting John II Sigismund Zápolya in his struggle for power in the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom.[1] Zápolya's supporter, Báthory acted both as a feudal lord, military commander and a diplomat.[1][2] During one of his trips to Vienna he was put under house arrest for two years.[2] During this time he fell out of favor at Zápolya's court, and his position was largely assumed by another Hungarian noble, Gáspár Bekes.[2] Báthory briefly retired from politics, but he still wielded considerable influence and was seen as a possible successor to Zápolya.[2] Zápolya's death in 1571, the Transylvanian estates elected Báthory Voivode of Transylvania.[2] Bekes, supported by the Habsburgs, disputed his election, but by 1573, Báthory emerged victorious in the resulting civil war and drove Bekes out of Transylvania.[2] He subsequently attempted to play the Ottomans and the Holy Roman Empire against one another in an attempt to strengthen the Transylvania position.[3] king[edit] Mannerist crown from about 1584, most probably created for him in GdaÅ„sk after Willem van den Blocke's design[4] 1572, the throne of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, at the time the largest and one of the most populous states in Europe, was vacated when King Sigismund II Augustus died without heirs.[3] The Sejm was given the power to elect a new king, and in the 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election chose Henry of France; Henry soon ascended the French throne and forfeited the Polish one by returning to France.[3] Báthory decided to enter into the election; in the meantime he had to defeat another attempt by Bekes to challenge his authority in Transylvania, which he did by defeating Bekes at the Battle of Kerelőszentpál.[3] 12 December 1575, after an interregnum of roughly one and a half years, primate of Poland Jakub UchaÅ„ski, representing a pro-Habsburg faction, declared Emperor Maximilian II as the new monarch.[3] However, chancellor Jan Zamoyski and other opponents of Habsburgs persuaded many of the lesser nobility to demand a "Piast king", a Polish king.[3][5][6] After a heated discussion, it was decided that Anna Jagiellon, sister of the former King Sigismund II Augustus, should be elected king and marry Stephen Báthory.[7] In January 1576 Báthory passed the mantle of voivode of Transylvania to his brother Christopher Báthory and departed for Poland.[7] On 1 May 1576 Báthory married Anna and was crowned king of Poland and grand duke of Lithuania.[7] After being chosen as king in the 1576 Polish–Lithuanian royal election, Báthory also began using the title of the prince of Transylvania.[2] Establishing power[edit] of King and Grand Duke Stephen Báthory, circa 1576–1586 áthory's position was at first extremely difficult, as there was still some opposition to his election. Emperor Maximilian, insisting on his earlier election, fostered internal opposition and prepared to enforce his claim by military action.[8] At first the representatives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania refused to recognize Báthory as grand duke, and demanded concessions - that he return the estates of his wife Anne to the Lithuanian treasury, hold Sejm conventions in both Lithuania and Poland, and reserve the highest governmental official offices in Lithuania for Lithuanians. He accepted the conditions.[9] In June Báthory was recognized as Grand Duke of Lithuania.[a][7][8] Lithuania secure, the other major region refusing to recognize his election was Prussia.[8] Maximilian's sudden death improved Báthory's situation, but the city of Danzig (GdaÅ„sk) still refused to recognize his election without significant concessions.[8] The Hanseatic League city, bolstered by its immense wealth, fortifications, and the secret support of Maximilian, had supported the Emperor's election and decided not to recognize Báthory as legitimate ruler. resulting conflict was known as the Danzig rebellion. Most armed opposition collapsed when the prolonged Siege of Danzig by Báthory's forces was lifted as an agreement was reached.[8][10] The Danzig army was utterly defeated in a field battle on 17 April 1577.[11] However, since Báthory's armies were unable to take the city by force, a compromise was reached.[11][12] exchange for some of Danzig's demands being favorably reviewed, the city recognised Báthory as ruler of Poland and paid the sum of 200,000 zlotys in gold as compensation.[10][12] Tying up administration of the Commonwealth's northern provinces, in February 1578 he acknowledged George Frederick as the ruler of Duchy of Prussia, receiving his feudal tribute.[10] Stephen in Ottoman clothes, 1585 securing control over the Commonwealth, Báthory had a chance to devote himself to strengthening his authority, in which he was supported by his chancellor Jan Zamoyski, who would soon become one of the king's most trusted advisers.[6][12] Báthory reorganised the judiciary by formation of legal tribunals (the Crown Tribunal in 1578 and the Lithuanian Tribunal in 1581).[13] While this somewhat weakened the royal position, it was of little concern to Báthory, as the loss of power was not significant in the short term, and he was more concerned with the hereditary Hungarian throne.[10][13] In exchange, the Sejm allowed him to raise taxes and push a number of reforms strengthening the military, including the establishment of the piechota wybraniecka, an infantry formation composed of peasants.[10] Many of his projects aimed to modernize the Commonwealth army, reforming it in a model of Hungarian troops of Transylvania.[14] He also founded the Academy of Vilnius, the third university in the Commonwealth, transforming what had been a Jesuit college into a major university.[15] He founded several other Jesuit colleges, and was active in propagating Catholicism, while at the same time being respectful of the Commonwealth policy of religious tolerance, issuing a number of decrees offering protection to Polish Jews, and denouncing any religious violence.[14] external relations, Báthory sought peace through strong alliances. Though remaining distrustful of the Habsburgs, he maintained the tradition of good relations that the Commonwealth enjoyed with its Western neighbor and confirmed past treaties between the Commonwealth and Holy Roman Empire with diplomatic missions received by Maximilian's successor, Rudolf II.[16] The troublesome south-eastern border with the Ottoman Empire was temporarily quelled by truces signed in July 1577 and April 1579.[16] The Sejm of January 1578 gathered in Warsaw was persuaded to grant Báthory subsidies for the inevitable war against Muscovy.[10] number of his trusted advisers were Hungarian, and he remained interested in Hungarian politics.[14] Báthory wished to recreate his native country into an independent, strong power, but the unfavorable international situation did not allow him significantly to advance any of his plans in that area.[17] In addition to Hungarian, he was well versed in Latin, and spoke Italian and German; he never learned the Polish language.[14] his personal life, he was described as rather frugal in his personal expenditures, with hunting and reading as his favorite pastimes.[14] with Muscovy[edit] coin with likeness of Báthory Báthory's election to the throne of the Commonwealth, Ivan the Terrible of Russia had begun encroaching on its sphere of interest in the northeast, eventually invading the Commonwealth borderlands in Livonia; the conflict would grow to involve a number of nearby powers (outside Russia and Poland-Lithuania, also Sweden, the Kingdom of Livonia and Denmark-Norway). Each of them was vying for control of Livonia, and the resulting conflict, lasting for several years, became known as the Livonian War.[18] By 1577, Ivan was in control of most of the disputed territory, but his conquest was short-lived.[18] In 1578, Commonwealth forces scored a number of victories in Liviona and begun pushing Ivan's forces back; this marked the turning point in the war.[16] Báthory, together with his chancellor Zamoyski, led the army of the Commonwealth in a series of decisive campaigns taking Polotsk in 1579 and Velikiye Luki in 1580.[16] 1581, Stephen penetrated once again into Russia and, on 22 August, laid siege to the city of Pskov. While the city held, on 13 December 1581 Ivan the Terrible began negotiations that concluded with the Truce of Jam Zapolski on 15 January 1582.[19] The treaty was favorable to the Commonwealth, as Ivan ceded Polatsk, Veliz and most of the Duchy of Livonia in exchange for regaining Velikiye Luki and Nevel.[19] years[edit] tomb monument in the Wawel Cathedral 1584, Báthory allowed Zamoyski to execute Samuel Zborowski, whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade.[13][20] This political conflict between Báthory and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years.[13][20] In external politics, Báthory was considering another war with Russia, but his plans were delayed to the lack of support from the Sejm, which refused to pass requested tax raises.[20] áthory's health had been declining for several years.[20] He died on 12 December 1586.[21] He had no legitimate children, though contemporary rumours suggested he might have had several illegitimate children. None of these rumours have been confirmed by modern historians.[21] His death was followed by an interregnum of one year. Maximilian II's son, Archduke Maximilian III, was elected king but was contested by the Swedish Sigismund III Vasa, who defeated Maximilian at the Byczyna and succeeded as ruler of the Commonwealth.[22] áthory actively promoted his own legend, sponsoring a number of works about his life and achievements, from historical treatises to poetry.[14] In his lifetime, he was featured in the works of Jan Kochanowski, MikoÅ‚aj SÄ™p SzarzyÅ„ski and many others.[14] He became a recurring character in Polish poetry and literature and featured as a central figure in poems, novels and drama by Jakub JasiÅ„ski, Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, Henryk Rzewuski and others.[23] He has been a subject of numerous paintings, both during his life and posthumously. Among the painters who took him as a subject were Jan Matejko and StanisÅ‚aw WyspiaÅ„ski.[23][24] statue of Báthory by Giovanni Ferrari was raised in 1789 in Padua, Italy, sponsored by the last king of the Commonwealth, StanisÅ‚aw August Poniatowski.[24] Other monuments to him include one in the Åazienki Palace (1795 by Andrzej Le Brun) and one in Sniatyn (1904, destroyed in 1939).[24] He was a patron of the Vilnius University (then known as the Stefan Batory University) and several units in the Polish Army from 1919 to 1939.[24] His name was borne by two 20th-century passenger ships of the Polish Merchant Navy, the MS Batory and TSS Stefan Batory.[24] In modern Poland, he is the namesake of the Batory Steelmill, a nongovernmental Stefan Batory Foundation, the Polish 9th Armored Cavalry Brigade, and numerous Polish streets and schools.[24] One of the districts of the town of Chorzów is named after him.[24] áthory at Pskov, by Jan Matejko after his death, he was not fondly remembered in the Commonwealth. Many nobles took his behavior in the Zborowski affair and his domestic policies as indicating an interest in curtailing the nobility's Golden Freedoms and establishing an absolute monarchy.[21] His contemporaries were also rankled by his favoritism toward Hungarians over nationals of the Commonwealth.[20] He was also remembered, more trivially, for his Hungarian-style cap and saber (szabla batorówka).[23] later resurgence in Polish memory and historiography can be traced to the 19th-century era of partitions of Poland, when the Polish state lost its independence.[23] He was remembered for his military triumphs and praised as an effective ruler by many, including John Baptist Albertrandi, Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, MichaÅ‚ BobrzyÅ„ski, Józef Szujski and others.[23] Though some historians like Tadeusz Korzon, Joachim Lelewel and JÄ™drzej Moraczewski remained more reserved, in 1887, Wincenty Zakrzewski noted that Báthory is "the darling of both the Polish public opinion and Polish historians".[23] During the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic he was a cult figure, often compared - with the government's approval - to the contemporary dictator of Poland, Józef PiÅ‚sudski.[23] After the Second World War, in the communist People's Republic of Poland, he became more of a controversial figure, with historians more ready to question his internal politics and attachment to Hungary.[23] Nonetheless his good image remained intact, reinforced by the positive views of a popular Polish historian of that period, PaweÅ‚ Jasienica.[23] Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov œthe ProtectionÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God œVirgin of TendernessÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God œTendernessÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1586-1601, Transylvanian, Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Bathory
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1586-1601, Sigismund Bathory; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595), not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Hungarian Transylvania Pol-Lith over Ottoman Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Hungary, Transylvania, 1601-1605, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1601-1605, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1605-1606, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1605-1606, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1607-1608, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1607-1608, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1608-1613, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1608-1613, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1613-1629, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1613-1629, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1620, Battle of Cecora, not 1595, Iassi or Jiassi, Pol-Lith w Moldov V Ottomans w Nogali Tartars, Moldov switch sides
Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora (1620) not 1595; Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) was a battle during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais),[3]:344 fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.[5]:568 of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of 1621.[3]:341 The Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburgs' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice.[6] However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland.[3]:341 Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Țuțora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania), to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000[3]:342 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry[3]:344), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp.[3]:344 However, many of the Moldavian boyars left the camp in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks.[3]:344 Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. warriors of the Crimean Khanate during the Battle of Cecora (1620). 10 September, near Ţuţora (close to Iasi, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces, with Wallachian contingents (13,000–22,000) under the command of Iskender Pasha, the beylerbey of Ochakiv (Ozi). The Ottoman Sultan's force included Gabriel Bethlen's army.[3]:342 The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fighting (the 18th), most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3 October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish–Lithuanian border. another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north,[3]:344 leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle Żólkiewski died[7] and Koniecpolski[3]:344 and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death he received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October).[8] Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.[citation needed] the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it. Alexandru Iliaş was appointed as the ruler of Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. between 1,000 and 1,500 of Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into Podolia, Wołyń and eastern Lesser Poland.[3]:344 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from Edirne towards the Polish frontier. The Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering southern part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and Cossack supporters and entrenched himself at the Chocim Fortress, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. At Khotyn, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow (Battle of Khotyn). The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (24 September). The battle was a stalemate and the resulting Treaty of Khotyn reflected it, providing some concessions to the Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands. II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the Janissaries. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the madrases erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed; two days later he was killed by the rebels who deposed him. Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CECORA 18 - 29 IX 1620".

Hungary, Transylvania, 1629-1648, Wallacian Prince, George I Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1629-1648, George I Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1648-1660, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, George II Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1648-1660, George II Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1661-1662,Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, John Kemeny, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1661-1662, John Kemeny ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1662-1690, Wallacian Prince, Michael I Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1662-1690, Michael I Apafi; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), 1682-1690, Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1690-1699, Wallacian Prince, Michael II Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi, Protestant; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive
Switzerland, 1732-1778, Rousseau, enlightenment, modern political, social thought, Facism, Naziism, Communism, democracy, progressive; Rousseau; 28 June 1712 - 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic and educational thought.[1] Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction.[2][3] His Emile, or On Education (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published Confessions (composed in 1769), which initiated the modern autobiography, and the unfinished Reveries of the Solitary Walker (composed 1776–1778)—exemplified the late-18th-century "Age of Sensibility", and featured an increased focus on subjectivity and introspection that later characterized modern writing. befriended fellow philosopher Denis Diderot in 1742, and would later write about Diderot's romantic troubles in his Confessions. During the period of the French Revolution, Rousseau was the most popular of the philosophers among members of the Jacobin Club. He was interred as a national hero in the Panthéon in Paris, in 1794, 16 years after his death. Absolved From Being Good-Mannered: The Romantic Totalitarianism of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, May 20, 2021 ;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1700-1867, Catholic Austrian Rule

Hungary, Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule, Catholic
Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule; Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River Folder

Mures River

Partos, Transylvania, Romania
Partos, Transylvania, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ;

Mures River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)

Mures River 1 (Tirgu Mures)

Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1)
Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1);

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 1, Aries River Folder

Aries River

Bihor Mountains, Transylvania
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River Source (Bihor Mountains)
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River 1 (Ariesul Mare River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 1, Ariesul Mare River Folder, Laze and Neagra Rivers, Arad

Ariesul Mare River

Ariesul Mare River Source, Bihor Mountains

Ariesul Mare River 1 (Arieseni)

Areisul Mare River 2 (Albae)

Ariesul Mare River 3 (Lazes and Neagra Rivers)

Neagra River

Neagra River Source (Bihor Mountains

Laze River

Laze River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Laze River Mouth (Neagra River Mouth, Ariesul Mare River 3 )

Lazes, near Arad, Transylvania
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Ariesul Mare River Mouth (Aries River 1)

Aries River 2 (Salciuade Jos)

Aries River 3 (Rimetea River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 3, Rimetea River Folder, Rimet Monastery

Rimetea River

Rimetea River Source

Rimetea,Transylvania (Rimet Monastery, Rimet Creek, Rimetea River Source)
Rimetea; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Rimetea River Mouth (Buru, Aries River 3)

Aries River 4 (Turda)

Aries River Mouth (Mures River 1)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 2, Tarnava River Folder

Tarnava River

Tarnava River Source (Tarnava Mare and Tarnava Mica)
Tarnava River;

Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania
Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Tarnava River Mouth (Mures River 2)

Tarnava Mica River

Gurghiu Mountains, Transylvania

Tarnava Mica River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mica River

Tarnava Mica River 1 (Sovata)
Sovata

Tarnava Mare River

Tarnava Mare River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mare River;

Tarnava Mare River 1 (Bisericani Monestary)

Bisericani Monestary Simon Mountain, Transylvania
This location chosen because: This is the only Bisericani Commune in the mountains. Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tarnava Mare River 2 (Sighisoara)
Sighisoara;

Mures River 2 (Alba, Tarnava River)

Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania, Mures River 2)
Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Alba county, Transylvania (Mures River 2)
Alba county, Transylvania; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Salishtea, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Salishtea of Sibiu; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara, Transylvania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Sofronie of Cioara; Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 3 (Deva)

Prislop Monastery, Transylvania (Western Romania, Mures River 3) 16th Century
Prislop Monastery in Southwest Romania ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Deva, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 3)
Deva, Transylvania (Mures River 3) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Deva Castle, prison of Deva Castle, Transylvania, after 1242
Fortress of Deva; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 4 (Arad)

Lipova, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Lipova in Arad County ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Arad, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Arad ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Mures River Mouth (Szeged, Hungary, Tisza River 12)

Neagra River Mouth (Ariesul River )

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River Folder

Somes River

Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania
Apuseni Mountains; Western border of Transylvania; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania;

Somes River Source 2 (Apuseni Mountains)

Ardeal (Cluj, aka Transylvania, Somes River Source 2)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Somesul Mic River (Somes River from Cluj to Dej)

Somes River 1 (Dej)

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 1, Somesul Mare River Folder, from Rodna to Dej

Somesul Mare River (Somes River from Rodna to Dej)

Rodna Mountains, Transylvania
Rodna Mountains, Transylvania ;

Somes River Source 1 (Rodna Mountains, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova, Source of Somes and Viseu Rivers
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Somesul Mare River (Somes Riveer from Rodna to Dej)

Somes River 2

Somes River 3 (Jibou)

Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary
Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Polish King Stephen Bathory 1579 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5;

Somes River 4

Somes River 5

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 5, Lapus River Folder

Lapus River

Lapus Mountains, Transylvania
Lapus Mountains, Transylvania;

Maramures County, Transylvania (Lapus River)
Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures Mountains Natural Park
Maramures Mountains Natural Park; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River Source (Lapus Mountains)
Lapus Mountains;

Lapus River 1

Lapus River 2

Lapus River 3 (Lapus)

Lapus River 4 (Inau)

Inau, Transylvania (Lapus River 4)
Inau or Targu Lapus ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River 5 (Razoare)

Lapus River 6 (Prislop)

Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6)
Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6) ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Lapus River 7

Lapus River 8 (Remecioara)

Lapus River 9 (Coruia, Baia Mare)

Lapus River 10 (Lapusel, Baia Mare)

Baia Mare, Transylvania (Lapus River 10)
Baia Mare, Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31 ;

Lapus River Mouth (Somes River 5)

Somes River 6 (Satu Mare)

Somes River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Hungary, Transylvania, Latorica River Folder

Latorica River

Latorica River Source (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Latorica River;

Latorica River 1

Latorica River 2 (Mukachev)

Mukachev Castle, Transylvania, Hungary (Latorica River 2)
Mukachev Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Mukachev, Hungary (Transylvania, Latorica River 2, or Western Ukraine)
Mukachev; Nikolsk monastery in the city of Mukachev; contains a venerated copy of Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Saint Nicholas Monastery (Latorica River 2, Hungary) 1090's
Saint Nicholas Monastery (Mukacheve); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ;

Latorica River 3

Latorica River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Banat and Bega River Folder, Timisoara

Poiana Rusca Mountains, Source of the Bega River and Canal

Bega River and Canal in the Banat

Bega Poieni River

Caransebes River in the Banat

Caransebes River in the Banat Source

Caransebes River Mouth (Bega Canal 1)

Bega River Mouth (Tisza River Mouth, Danube River 9) from Timisoara

Lazarevo, Banat, Transylvania, or Serbia (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Banat region, Transylvania (Timishoara, Bega River and Canal)
Banat region; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Timishoara, Banat Region, Transylvania, Romania, Art Capital of EU
Timishoara, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Bega Luncanilor

Orsova River in the Banat

Orsovo River Source

Orsovo River Mouth (Danube River 10.7)

Bela Crkva River in the Banat

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Source

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Mouth (Danube River 10)

Pancevo River in the Banat

Pancevo River in the Banat Source

Secul, Transylvania, Romania, (Pancevo River 1)
Secul; Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœBeheadingÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ) Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast;

Pancevo River in the Banat Mouth (Belgrade, Danube River 9, From Timisoara)

Hungary, Transylvania and Slovakia, left side Danube 7-9, Tisa River Folder

Tisza River

Chornohora Mountains
Chornohora Mountains;

Tisza River Source 1 (Chornohora Mountains)

Tisza River 1

Tisza River 2

Tisza River 3

Tisza River 4 (Tiszabecs)

Batar River Mouth (Tisza River 4)

Tur River Mouth (Tisza River 5)

Crasna River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Tisza River 6 (Somes and Crasna Rivers)

Tisza River 8 (Tokaj, Bodrog River)

Zagyva River Mouth (Tisza River 10)

Koros River Mouth (Tisza River 11)

Tisza River 12 (Szeged, Mures River)

Cik River Mouth (Tisza River 13)

Jegricka River Mouth (Tisza River 14)

Tisza River Mouth (Belgrade, Serbia, Danube River 9)

Tisza River Gorgany Tisza

Gorgany Range
Gorgany Range;

Tisza River Source 2 (Gorgany Range)

Bodrog River

Bodrog River Source (Latorica and Ondava River Confluence)

Bodrog River Mouth (Tisza River 8)

Iza River

Iza River Mouth (Tisza River 2)

Viseu River

Viseu River Source (Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Viseu River Mouth (Tisza River 1)

Hungary, Pannonia Folder, right side Danube River 7-9, Little Hungarian Plain

Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain, 476-WWI
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia
Little Hungarian Plain, Pannonia; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7 ;

Sabaria (Pannonia, Little Hungarian Plain)
Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Little Hungarian Plain, 336-350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil
Little Hungarian Plain, 350, Land of the Marcomanni and Queen Fritigil; Sabaria (Little Hungarian Plain), where the Alpokalja (Lower Alps) mountains meet the Little Hungarian Plain; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated October 12 ; St Martin the Merciful the Bishop of Tours, Commemorated November 11 ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869) ;

Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania
Burgenland, Pannonia (Home of Fritgil the Queen of Marcomania ; St. Ambrose the Bishop of Milan, Commemorated on December 7;