Romania Folder, its Danube rivers, Southeastern Carpathian Mts, its rivers go south to the Danube.kmz

Romania Folder, its Danube rivers, Southeastern Carpathian Mts, its rivers go south to the Danube

Romania
Romania; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated on September 13; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania; Hieromartyr Gregory (Peradze) of Georgia; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; Icon of the Mother of God "Sokolsky", Commemorated February 1 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœSokolskyÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on February 1; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; Right-believing Tamara, Queen of Georgia, Commemorated on May 1; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Wallachia (Ottoman Romania)
Wallachia; St Constantine Brancoveanu(of Wallachia); St Gabriel I the Patriarch; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22;

Romania, 270-900, Romania in the Early Middle Ages
Romania, 270-900, Romania in the Early Middle Ages; Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania
Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422
Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1330-1859, Wallachia, Ottoman till 1774, then Russian
Romanian Land (Wallachia), 1330-1859 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Wallachia)
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Vlachia (Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Wallachia and Moldovia))
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Vlahia (Tara Romaneasca, Romania, 1330-1859, Vlachia (Ottoman name for Wallachia and Moldovia))
Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859, north of the Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11 ; Greatmartyr Ketevan the Queen of Georgia, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15;

Romania, 1774-1859, Romania (Wallachia) under Russian Control
Russo-Turkish Wars and the Phanariotes ; Russo-Turkish War (1768-“1774) ;

Romania, 1821, Wallacian Revolution
Romania, 1981, Wallacian Revolution; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania
Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky"Â, Commemorated on February 1; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom
Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Wallachian Plain

Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia, Transylvania, Romania, Ukranian Russia)
Carpathian Mountains; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Romanian Lands
Romanian Lands: Danubian Principalities: the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century;

Danube River in Romania

Romania 50-1989. Romania History Folder

Romania, 000-099, Folder, 1st Century, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew

Romania, 50, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna
Mongol, Scythia, 1st Century, Apostle Andrew and Saint Inna; Martyr Inna the Disciple of Apostle Andrew in Scythia, Commemorated on June 20;

Romania, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew
Romania, 50, Martyr Evangelicus, 1st Century Bishop of Tomis, Follower of Andrew Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constan›a in Romania, Commemorated on July 7;

Romania, 270-900, Folder, in the Early Middle Ages, Goths, Huns, and Early Slavs

Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia, Buzau River
Romania, 354-372, Saint, Sava the Goth of Wallacia; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 372, Gothic Saint, Nicetas the Goth, danube region, ven by Rus, soldier, archangel Michael, Cilicia
Byzantine Period, Gothic Saint, 372, Nicetas the Goth; is a Christian martyr of the 4th century, venerated particularly in the Russian Orthodox Church. His feastday is 15 September.[1] a Gothic soldier, lived in the Danube region at the margins of the Byzantine Empire.[2] Presumably, he received his Greek name on the occasion of his baptism by the Gothic bishop Theophilus, a participant in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths began to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in internecine strife. Nicetas fought in the Gothic civil war between the pagan Athanaric and the Christian Fritigern. the defeat of Athanaric and after the invention of Gothic alphabets by Ulfilas, Nicetas worked intensely among the Goths.[2 He was condemned to the stake in 372. According to his Passio, the devil, shaped as an angel, induced Nicetas to sacrifice to the pagan gods for saving his life; Nicetas, however, put him to flight by means of prayer and assisted by archangel Michael. His body was buried it in Cilicia, and later transferred to Constantinople. Greece, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, and Cyprus there are several churches and monasteries named after St Nicetas. See Church of Saint Nicetas. Nicetas is prayed to for the preservation of children from birth defects.[2] Byzantine Period, Gothic Civil War, 376-382, Eastern Roman Empire; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15; Holy Great Martyr Nicetas was a Goth (a Germanic tribe). He was born and lived on the banks of the Danube River, suffering for Christ in the year 372. The Christian Faith was already spreading throughout the territory of the Goths at that time. Saint Nikḗtas believed in Christ and was baptized by the Gothic bishop Theophilos, who participated in the First Ecumenical Council. Pagan Goths started to oppose the spread of Christianity, which resulted in a civil war. Fritigern, at the head of a Christian army, defeated the pagan Athanaric, the Christian Faith continued to spread among the Goths. The Arian bishop Ulfilas, the successor to Bishop Theophilos, created a Gothic alphabet and translated many priestly books into the Gothic language. Saint Nicetas worked tirelessly among his fellow Goths to teach them about Christ. Through his personal example and inspired words, he brought many of them to the Christian Faith. his defeat, however, Athanaric managed to regroup his forces. He returned to his own country and regained his former power. Since he remained a pagan, he continued to hate the Christians and persecuted them, seeking revenge for the humiliation he had endured at their hands. Nikḗtas had to contend against both visible and invisible enemies. In opposing these invisible enemies, he converted many pagans to Christ, and strengthened the faithful for the contest of martyrdom. Filled with zeal for God, the Saint denounced the persecutor Athanaric for his cruelty and impiety, because he subjected the Christians to severe torments. Nicetas prevailed against both of these enemies. He trampled the devil underfoot, and defeated Athanaric in battle. The cruel tormentor was troubled because he was unable to convert Saint Nikḗtas to his own impiety, and so he resolved to capture the Saint and put him to death. Nicetas endured many tortures, and then he was thrown into a fire. Although his body was not burnt by the fire, he surrendered his soul to God, and his relics were illumined by a radiant light. By night, a Christian named Marianus, took the body of Saint Nicetas, and buried it in Cilicia. Afterward, it was transferred to Constantinople. Part of the relics of the Great Martyr Nicetas were later given to the monastery of Vysokie Dechani in Serbia. Thus Saint Nicetas received an unfading crown of glory from Christ on September 15, 372. pray to Saint Nicetas for the preservation of children from birth defects. AMBROSE OF MILAN, BISHOP AND DOCTOR (7 DEC 397);

Romania, 372, Novoniketa Icon, Dacia, appeared on boy' chest in the night, Niketas baptised right away
Temple of St. Nicetas the Martyr on Shvivaya Hill beyond Yauza; Icon of the Mother of God of Novoniketa, Commemorated on September 15; is one of the most ancient icons of the Mother of God. It appeared to the holy martyr Nikḗtas (+ September 15, 372). Saint Nikḗtas, a former soldier, was a disciple of Bishop Theophilos of the Goths. Even before he was baptized, he saw a Child in a dream, holding a Cross in His hand. When he awakened, he thought about this for a long time, but was unable to understand what this vision signified. A Christian girl named Juliana, who had a special revelation from God, told him to look down at his chest. his unspeakable surprise, Nikḗtas found an Icon of the Mother of God on his chest. She held her divine Child on her lap, and He was holding a Cross in His hand. "This is the same Icon I saw in my dream," the startled Nikḗtas cried. The appearance of the Icon made such an impression on him that he was baptized right away. afterward, the persecution of Christians began, and Saint Nikḗtas received the crown of martyrdom along with many other confessors. When he was being led to the place of execution, he had on his chest, under his clothes, the Icon of the Mother of God which had appeared to him. was established that the Novonikḗta Icon of the Mother of God should be commemorated on the day of Saint Nikḗtas's martyrdom. list of miracles from this Icon is in Moscow, in the court cathedral, which is dedicated to the All-Merciful Savior, at the Gate of Saint Nikḗtas.

Romania, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman
Romania, 380-435, Saint John Cassian the Roman; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St. Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Romania, 900-1220, Folder, Part of Cumania

Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania, of the Golden Horde
Romania, 900-1220, Part of Cumania; name Cumania originated as the Latin exonym for the Cuman–Kipchak confederation, which was a Turkic confederation in the western part of the Eurasian Steppe, between the 10th and 13th centuries. The confederation was dominated by two Turkic nomadic tribes: the Cumans (also known as the Polovtsians or Folban) and the Kipchaks. Cumania was known in Islamic sources as Desht-i Qipchaq, which means "Steppe of the Kipchaks"; or "foreign land sheltering the Kipchaks", in the Turkic languages.[1] Russian sources have referred to Cumania as the "Polovtsian Steppe" (Poloveckaja Step), or the "Polovcian Plain" (Pole Poloveckoe).[2] Golden Horde was also referred to as "Comania" by Armenian chronicler Hethum (Hayton) of Korykos.[3]:38 "Cumania" was also the source of names, or alternate names, for several smaller areas – some of them unconnected geographically to the area of the federation – in which Cumans and/or Kipchaks settled, such as the historic region of Kunság in Hungary, and the former Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania (in Romania and Hungary). Hethum of Korykos described Cumania as "wholly flat and with no trees".[3]:38 Ibn Battuta said of Cumania, "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." Battuta's contemporary, Hamdallah Mustawfi, elaborated, "This is of the Sixth Clime, its plains bear excellent pasturage ... but there are here few houses or towns or villages. Most of the inhabitants are nomads of the plain ... Most of the lands here are swamps ... The pasturage, however, being excellent, horses and cattle are numerous, and the population for the most part subsists on the produce thereof. The climate is cold, and their water comes from springs and wells."[3]:40 Tamga of Kypchak tribe the 11th and 12th centuries, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and (Eastern) Kipchaks (who were a distinct tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and eastern Wallachia. Considering the nomadic way of life of these peoples, these frontiers can be regarded only as approximate; hence there were various definitions over what Cumania meant over the course of time. Depending on their region and their time, different sources each used their own vision to denote different sections of the vast Cuman territory: in Byzantine, Russian, Georgian, Armenian, Persian and Muslim sources, Cumania meant the Pontic steppe, that is the steppelands to the north of the Black Sea and on its eastern side as far as the Caspian Sea, where the lowlands between the Dnieper, the Volga, the Ural and the Irtysh rivers were favorable to the nomadic lifestyle of the Cumans. Later, for a short time period, in Western sources Cumania also referred to the area in eastern Wallachia and southern Ukraine (centered on the lowlands of Budjak and the Bărăgan Plain), referring to the area where the first contact between the Cumans and the Western Christians took place, and where, later, the Cumans of the region would accept Roman Catholicism. the traditional Turkic assignment of colours to the cardinal points, White Cumania used to be located to the west and may have denoted eastern Wallachia, while Black Cumania was located to its north and may have denoted Moldavia. in the case of many other large nomadic Eurasian confederacies, the ethnonym "Cuman" (referring to the inhabitants of Cumania) denoted different ethnic realities. While the main component was probably the Turkic-speaking tribes, the confederacy included other ethnic components as well. Cumania was primarily a political name, referring to the leading, integrating tribe or clan of the confederacy or state. The Cumans, when they first appear in written sources, are members of a confederacy irrespective of their tribal origin. Former tribal names disappeared when the tribe in question became part of a political unit. For instance, when we hear of an incursion of Cumans, it means that certain tribes of the Cuman confederacy took part in a military enterprise. In his "History of the Mongols", the Persian historian Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, referred to Cumania around 1236–1237, during the Mongol invasion of Möngke, the future Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. Among others, he mentions the Kipchaks, the Turkophone Asi (probably the same as the later Jassic tribe) and the "Karaulaghi" (Black, i.e. "from the north", Vlachs).[4] statue, 12th century, Luhansk vast territory of this Cuman-Kipchak realm, consisting of loosely connected tribal units who were the military dominating force, was never politically united by a strong central power. Cumania was neither a state nor an empire, but different groups under independent rulers, or khans, who acted on their own initiative, meddling in the political life of the surrounding states: the Russian principalities, Bulgaria, Byzantium and the Wallachian states in the Balkans, Armenia and Georgia (see Kipchaks in Georgia) in the Caucasus, and Khwarezm, having reached as far as to create a powerful caste of warriors, the Mamluks, serving the Muslim Arab and Turkish Caliphs and Sultans. the Balkans, we find the Cumans in contact with all of the statal entities of that time, fighting with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the Bulgarians and Vlachs against the Byzantine Empire For example, Thocomerius, by name apparently a Cuman warlord (also known as Tihomir, he might have been a Bulgarian noble), was possibly the first one to unite the Bulgarian states, north from the Danube, from the west and the east of the Olt River, and his son Basarab I is considered the first ruler of the united and independent Wallachia. This interpretation corresponds with the general view of the situation of the Romanian lands in the 11th century, with the natives living in collections of village communities, united in various small confederacies, with more or less powerful chiefs trying to create little kingdoms, some paying tribute to the various militarily dominant nomadic tribes (see Romania in the Middle Ages). pontic Cumania, (and the rest of the Cumanias to the east), ended its existence in the middle of the 13th century, with the Great Mongol Invasion of Europe. In 1223, Genghis Khan defeated the Cumans and their Rus' allies at the Battle of Kalka (in modern Ukraine), and the final blow came in 1241, when the Cuman confederacy ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects of the Mongol conquerors as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian Empire, and the Kingdom of Hungary. ág and the Catholic Diocese of Cumania[edit] Main articles: Kunság and Diocese of Cumania of Arms of early modern Kunság the Great Hungarian Plain, Cuman settlers gave their name to two regions known as Kunság, the Hungarian word for Cumania: Greater Cumania (Nagykunság) and Little Cumania (Kiskunság), located on the Great Hungarian Plain. Here, the Cumans maintained their language and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. name was also preserved as part of the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical structure with a "Diocese of Cumania" existing until 1523 in what is now Romania, long after the Cumans ceased to be a distinct group in the area. At Milcovul, years earlier, in 1227, the Cuman warlord Bortz accepted Catholic Christianity from missionary Dominican friars. Pope Gregory IX heard about the mass conversion of the Cumans, and on 1 July 1227 empowered Robert, Archbishop of Esztergom, to represent him to Cumania and in neighbouring Land of the Brodnici. Teodoric, the bishop of this new diocese, became the guardian of the Dominican Order in the Kingdom of Hungary.[5] Cumania diocese became part of the superior archbishopric of Esztergom, determining King Béla IV of Hungary to add "Rex Cumaniae" (King of Cumania)[6] to his titles in 1228, and later to grant asylum to the Cumans in face of the Mongol invasion. The Diocese of Cumania, or of Milcovul, had subordinated in Transylvania the abbacy of Sibiu, the dioceses of Burzenland, Brasso and Orbai, and over the Carpathians, in the lands of the "infidel" Orthodox Vlachs (in partibus infidelium), all the Christian Catholics, irrespective of their ethnicity, despite the fact that many believers fell under the influence of the Romanian Orthodox "pseudo" bishops (episcopo Cumanorum, qui loci diocesanus existit, sed a quibusdam pseudoepiscopis Graecorum ritum tenentibus).[7] at that moment, Hungarian and Papal documents use the name Cumania to refer to the land between the eastern border of the lands of Seneslau and the land of the Brodnici (Buzău, southern Vrancea and southern Galați): that is Cumania meant, more or less, Muntenia. At that time, the use of the name Cumania should not to be understood as asserting the existence of a Cuman state, nor even a land inhabited by Cuman tribes (as the bulk of them had either fled, or were destroyed by the Mongols, and the rest had been absorbed) but rather to the Diocese of Cumania. From the military point of view, the land comprising the Diocese of Cumania was held either by the Teutonic Order (as early as 1222), or by the Vlachs (Brodnics or the Vlachs of Seneslau). The term Cumania had come to mean any Catholic subordinated to the Milcovul Diocese, so much so that in some cases, the terms Cuman and Wallach (more precisely, Roman Catholic Wallach, as the Orthodox Christians were considered schismatic, and the Pope did not officially recognise them) were interchangeable,[8] a charter from 1247, parts of this earlier Cumania were granted to the Knights Hospitaller, as were the Banate of Severin and the Romanian cnezats of Ioan and Lupu (a fluvio Olth et Alpibus Ultrasylvanis totam Cumaniam …excepta terra Szeneslai Woiavode Olacorum).[9] These, from a juridical point of view, had an inferior status than the states of Seneslau (east of the Olt River) and Litovoi (west of the Olt River), cnezats which continued to belong to the Romanians (quam Olacis relinquimus prout iidem hactenus tenuerant), "like they held them so far". St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1220-1330, Folder, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire

Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422
Romania, 1220-1330, Part of Second Bulgarian Empire, 1185-1422; 1256, the Second Bulgarian Empire was the dominant power in the Balkans, defeating the Byzantine Empire in several major battles. 1205 Emperor Kaloyan defeated the newly established Latin Empire in the Battle of Adrianople. nephew Ivan Asen II defeated the Despotate of Epiros and made Bulgaria a regional power again. During his reign, Bulgaria spread from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and the economy flourished. Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian[5][6] state that existed between 1185 and 1396.[7] A successor to the First Bulgarian Empire,[8][9][10][11] it reached the peak of its power under Tsars Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II before gradually being conquered by the Ottomans in the late 14th century. 1256, the Second Bulgarian Empire was the dominant power in the Balkans, defeating the Byzantine Empire in several major battles. 1205 Emperor Kaloyan defeated the newly established Latin Empire in the Battle of Adrianople. nephew Ivan Asen II defeated the Despotate of Epiros and made Bulgaria a regional power again. During his reign, Bulgaria spread from the Adriatic to the Black Sea and the economy flourished. the late 13th century, however, the Empire declined under constant invasions by Mongols, Byzantines, Hungarians, and Serbs, as well as internal unrest and revolts. The 14th century saw a temporary recovery and stability, but also the peak of Balkan feudalism as central authorities gradually lost power in many regions. Bulgaria was divided into three parts on the eve of the Ottoman invasion. strong Byzantine influence, Bulgarian artists and architects created their own distinctive style. In the 14th century, during the period known as the Second Golden Age of Bulgarian culture, literature, art and architecture flourished.[12] The capital city Tarnovo, which was considered a "New Constantinople", became the country's main cultural hub and the centre of the Eastern Orthodox world for contemporary Bulgarians.[13] After the Ottoman conquest, many Bulgarian clerics and scholars emigrated to Serbia, Wallachia, Moldavia, and Russian principalities, where they introduced Bulgarian culture, books, and hesychastic ideas.[14] St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated on December 7;

Romania, 1330-1774, Folder, in the Ottoman Empire

Romania, 1330-1859, Wallacia, Ottoman till 1774, then Russian
Romanian Land (Wallachia), 1330-1859 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Wallachia (Romania), 1330-1859
Wallachia (Romania), 1330-1859; St Constantine Brancoveanu(of Wallachia); St Gabriel I the Patriarch; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky; Righteous Michael the soldier of Potouka, Bulgaria, Commemorated on November 22; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated December 2 ; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Demetrius, the New Martyr of Sliven, Commemorated January 30 ; Martyr Sava the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; St Gregory, Metropolitan of Wallachia, Commemorated on June 22;

Vlachia (Wallachia), 1330-1859

Romania, 1386-1418, Mircea I of Wallachia, The Elder, Romanian Vivode (Governor, Commander) controlled largest area
Romania, 1386-1418, Romanian Vivode (Governor, Commander), Mircea I of Wallachia, The Elder, The Great; the Elder (c. 1355 – 31 January 1418) was the Voivode of Wallachia from 1386 until his death in 1418. He was the son of Radu I of Wallachia and brother of Dan I of Wallachia, after whose death he inherited the throne. the reign of Mircea the Elder, Wallachia controlled the largest area in its history, gaining Dobruja in 1388, the Banate of Severin in 1388/9 and Podunavia (which is suspected to be the Timok Valley). In addition, he was also granted the fiefdoms of Amlaș (Omlás) and Făgăraș (Fogaras) in Transylvania. byname "elder" was given to him after his death in order to distinguish him from his grandson Mircea II ("Mircea the Younger"), although some historians believe the epithet was given to him as a sign of respect by later generations.[2] He is considered the most important Wallachian ruler during the Middle Ages and one of the great rulers of his era,[2] and starting in the 19th century Romanian historiography has also referred to him as Mircea the Great (Mircea cel Mare).[3] Venerable Parasceva (Petka) of Serbia. Commemorated on October 14;

Romania, 1394-1397, Wallacian Prince, Vlad I of Wallachia, Vlad the Usurper
Wallacian Prince, 1394-1397, Vlad I of Wallachia, Vlad the Usurper; St Stephen Urosh, King of Serbia, Commemorated on December 2;

Romania, 1436-1447, Wallacian Prince, Vlad II Dracul, impaler or dracula's father
Wallacian Prince, 1436-1447, Vlad II Dracul; Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 -“ November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in the nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II. After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of 1438. John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode. Vlad was released before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the support of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from TÃ¢rgoviÈ™te in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

Romania, 1447-1456,Wallacian Prince, Vladislav II of Wallachia
Wallacian Prince, 1447-1456, Vladislav II of Wallachia; Vlad II (Romanian: Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395“ November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447. He is internationally known as the father of Vlad the Impaler, or Dracula. Born an illegitimate son of Mircea I of Wallachia, he spent his youth at the court of Sigismund of Luxembourg, who made him a member of the Order of the Dragon in 1431 (hence his sobriquet). Sigismund also recognized him as the lawful voivode of Wallachia, allowing him to settle in the nearby Transylvania. Vlad could not assert his claim during the life of his half-brother, Alexander I Aldea, who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad II. After Alexander Aldea died in 1436, Vlad seized Wallachia with Hungarian support. Following the death of Sigismund of Luxembourg in 1437, Hungary's position weakened, causing Vlad to pay homage to Murad II, which included participating in Murad II's invasion of Transylvania in the summer of 1438. John Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, came to Wallachia to convince Vlad to join a crusade against the Ottomans in 1441. After Hunyadi routed an Ottoman army in Transylvania, the sultan ordered Vlad to come to Edirne where he was captured in 1442. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and made Vlad's cousin, Basarab II, voivode. Vlad was released before the end of the year but was forced to leave his two young sons as hostages in the Ottoman court. He was restored in Wallachia with Ottoman support in 1443. He remained neutral during Hunyadi's "Long Campaign" against the Ottoman Empire between October 1443 and January 1444, but he sent 4,000 horsemen to fight against the Ottomans during the Crusade of Varna. With the support of a Burgundian fleet, he captured the important Ottoman fortress at Giurgiu in 1445. He made peace with the Ottoman Empire in 1446 or 1447, which contributed to the deterioration of his relationship with Hunyadi. Hunyadi invaded Wallachia, forcing Vlad to flee from Targovin™te in late November, where he was killed at a nearby village.

Romania, 1456-1477, Wallacian Prince, Vladislav III Dracul, Impaler or Dracula, hero, died fighting Ms, Orthodox
Wallacian Prince, 1456-1477, Vladislav III Dreacul, Vlad the Impaler; Vlad III, most commonly known as Vlad the Impaler (1428/31 -1476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death. He is often considered one of the most important rulers in Wallachian history and a national hero of Romania.[4] was the second son of Vlad Dracul, who became the ruler of Wallachia in 1436. Vlad and his younger brother, Radu, were held as hostages in the Ottoman Empire in 1442 to secure their father's loyalty. Vlad's father and eldest brother, Mircea, were murdered after John Hunyadi, regent-governor of Hungary, invaded Wallachia in 1447. Hunyadi installed Vlad's second cousin, Vladislav II, as the new voivode. Hunyadi launched a military campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1448, and Vladislav accompanied him. Vlad broke into Wallachia with Ottoman support in October, but Vladislav returned and Vlad sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire before the end of the year. Vlad went to Moldavia in 1449 or 1450, and later to Hungary. between Hungary and Vladislav later deteriorated, and in 1456 Vlad invaded Wallachia with Hungarian support. Vladislav died fighting against him. Vlad began a purge among the Wallachian boyars to strengthen his position. He came into conflict with the Transylvanian Saxons, who supported his opponents, Dan and Basarab Laiota (who were Vladislav's brothers), and Vlad's illegitimate half-brother, Vlad the Monk. Vlad plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them impaled (which inspired his cognomen). Peace was restored in 1460. Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, ordered Vlad to pay homage to him personally, but Vlad had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled. In February 1462, he attacked Ottoman territory, massacring tens of thousands of Turks and Mehmed launched a campaign against Wallachia to replace Vlad with Vlad's younger brother, Radu. Vlad attempted to capture the sultan at Targovia™te during the night of 16-“17 June 1462. The sultan and the main Ottoman army left Wallachia, but more and more Wallachians deserted to Radu. Vlad went to Transylvania to seek assistance from Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, in late 1462, but Corvinus had him imprisoned. was held in captivity in Visegra¡d from 1463 to 1475. this period, anecdotes about his cruelty started to spread in Germany and Italy. He was released at the request of Stephen III of Moldavia in the summer of 1475. He fought in Corvinus's army against the Ottomans in Bosnia in early 1476. Hungarian and Moldavian troops helped him to force Basarab Laiota (who had dethroned Vlad's brother, Radu) to flee from Wallachia in November. Basarab returned with Ottoman support before the end of the year. Vlad was killed in battle before 10 January 1477. describing Vlad's cruel acts were among the first bestsellers in the German-speaking territories. Russia, popular stories suggested that Vlad was able to strengthen central government only through applying brutal punishments, and a similar view was adopted by most Romanian historians in the 19th century. reputation for cruelty and his patronymic inspired the name of the vampire Count Dracula. St. Maximus the New, Commemorated on January 18;

Wallacian Prince, 1477-1482, Basarab Tepelus cel Tanar
Wallacian Prince, 1477-1482, Basarab Tepelus cel Tanar;

Wallacian Prince, 1482-1495, Vlad Calugarul
Wallacian Prince, 1482-1495, Vlad Calugarul;

Romania, 1486-1496, Despot, George Brancovich, relinquished, monk, krusedol monastery, Romanian envoy
Serbian Prince, 1486-1496, George Brancovich ; as George; also known as Saint Maksim; b. 1461 “ d. 1516) was the last male member of the Brankovic dynasty, and titular Despot of Serbia from 1486 to 1497. The title was granted to him by Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus. From 1493, he shared the title with his brother Jovan. In 1497, he relinquished all titles and possessions to his brother, and decided to take monastic vows, adopting the name Maksim. built the Kruskedol monastery, and served as diplomatic envoy for prince Radu IV the Great of Wallachia (1507). 1513, he became Metropolitan of Belgrade. After his death (1516), he was venerated as saint, and canonized by the Serbian Orthodox Church.[1][2] Son of Serbian Prince, 1458-1459, Stephen Brancovich; Blessed Stephen the Prince of Serbia, Commemorated on December 10; St Nectarius of Bitel, Commemorated on December 15; Venerable Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 30; St Angelina of Serbia, Commemorated on July 1;

Romania, 1495-1508, Wallacian Prince, Radu IV the Great, impaler's brother
Wallacian Prince, 1495-1508, Radu IV the Great; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20;

Romania, 1595, Battle of Cecora, not 1620, Iasi or Jassy Moldovia, Hungarian Transylvania Pol-Lith over Ottoman Crimean Tartars
Poland, 1595, Battle of Cecora (1595); Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) took place on October 19–20, 1595, during an expedition of Jan Zamoyski, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Moldavia, as part of the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Hetman Jan Zamoyski, painting by Jan Styka. Khan Gazi II Girej. early 1595 Sigismund Báthory, Prince of Transylvania, convinced Ștefan Răzvan, a commander of Hungarian mercenaries in the service of the then Hospodar Aaron the Tyrant to rebel. Ștefan captured Aaron and sent him to Transylvania, then proclaimed himself as the new Hospodar and a vassal of Sigismund. response the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed III, who had been Aaron's protector and sovereign, decided to put an end to the ongoing power struggles in Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania between various magnates. Wallachia was to receive a new Turkish sponsored ruler, Moldavia was to be simply incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province. Ottoman intervention aroused alarms in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which sought to reestablish its influence in the region, having lost sovereignty over Moldavia some hundred years earlier after the Battle of the Cosmin Forest. the summer of 1595 the crown army of the Kingdom of Poland, numbering around 5000 cavalry, 2300 infantry, and a few artillery pieces, led by the Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski entered into the territory of the Principality of Moldavia and on the 27th of August took Chocim and shortly after, on September 3, the capital of the principality, Iași. then installed Ieremia Movilă, who was amicably disposed towards the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as Hospodar (Prince) of Moldavia.[1] Zamoyski's intent was to create a buffer zone of friendly states around the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, consisting of Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia, in order to protect it from Ottoman Turkey. Ottomans reacted swiftly, although at the time Sultan Mehmed III was engaged in a war against Michael the Brave, the Prince of Wallachia. The Sultan sent the Crimean Tatars, under Khan Ğazı II Girej, supported by regular Ottoman troops, altogether numbering around 25,000 soldiers, to meet the Polish army. hearing that the Tatars were approaching, Zamoyski crossed the Prut river and on September 6 had his troops erect a fortified camp, which was protected on both flanks by the river. The front of the camp in turn was defended by a rampart studded with thirteen bastions. The rampart also possessed four sally ports which could be used for sorties. Khan's army arrived on the 18th of September. That day minor fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. October 21 a peace treaty was signed, according to which the Tatars recognized Movilă as Hospodar in Moldavia, and assented to Polish troops being permanently stationed in the Principality. Two days later the Tatar army began its withdrawal.

Romania, 1620, Battle of Cecora, not 1595, Iassi or Jiassi, Pol-Lith w Moldov V Ottomans w Nogali Tartars, Moldov switch sides
Moldovia, 1620, Battle of Cecora (1620) not 1595; Battle of Cecora (also known as the Battle of Țuțora) was a battle during the Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (aided by rebel Moldavian troops) and Ottoman forces (backed by Nogais),[3]:344 fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.[5]:568 of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of Busza by both sides (as Cossacks and Tatars continued their raids across the borders), relations between the Ottomans and the Commonwealth rapidly deteriorated in early 1620. Both sides began preparing for war, as neither was quite ready for it at the time. The Ottomans declared war against Poland in 1620 and planned to attack in the spring of 1621.[3]:341 The Commonwealth Sejm denied most funds the hetmans had asked for. The Senate's secret council finally decided, convinced by the Habsburgs' representative, to contribute the Commonwealth forces in 1620—even though many members of the Sejm thought that Polish–Lithuanian forces were neither sufficient nor fully prepared. Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, who was by then over 70 years old (as Commonwealth policy didn't allow for a possibility of forced retirement from government offices such as that of hetman), foresaw the coming confrontation with the Ottoman Empire and decided to meet Ottoman troops on foreign soil, Moldavia being the obvious choice.[6] However, the sultan sent Iskender Pasha to Moldavia to remove Hospodar Gaspar Graziani, who had allied himself with Poland.[3]:341 Zółkiewski and Koniecpolski led the army to Țuțora (Cecora in Polish sources), a commune in Iaşi county, Romania), to fight the Horde of Khan Temir (Kantymir). The army numbered between 5,000[3]:342 to 9,000 (2,000 infantry but only about 1600 Cossack cavalry[3]:344), with many regiments being made up of the private forces of magnates Koreckis, Zasławskis, Kazanowskis, Kalinowskis and Potockis. The army entered Moldavia in September. The Moldavian ruler, hospodar Gaspar Graziani, nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, decided to rebel and support the Commonwealth against the Ottomans. Graziani killed the janissaries in Iaşi, imprisoned envoys of Sultan Osman II (who had ordered his removal from power and his transport to Istanbul) and then prepared to flee, but was forced by Żółkiewski to attach his troops to the Polish–Lithuanian camp.[3]:344 However, many of the Moldavian boyars left the camp in order to defend their own estates against pillaging by undisciplined Commonwealth magnates' troops, others decided to wait and see what the outcome appeared to be so they could join the winning side, and others joined the Turks.[3]:344 Consequently, only about 600–1000 rebel Moldavian troops appeared in the Commonwealth camp. Żółkiewski ordered the army to proceed to the fortified camp (standing from previous wars) at Cecora. warriors of the Crimean Khanate during the Battle of Cecora (1620). 10 September, near Ţuţora (close to Iasi, Romania), the Commonwealth army encountered the Tatar and Ottoman forces, with Wallachian contingents (13,000–22,000) under the command of Iskender Pasha, the beylerbey of Ochakiv (Ozi). The Ottoman Sultan's force included Gabriel Bethlen's army.[3]:342 The Tatar forces surprised the Commonwealth defenders, taking many prisoners. During the first day of fighting (the 18th), most of the rebel Moldavians decided to switch sides and quickly attacked the Polish–Lithuanian flank. Mercenaries, private troops and their magnate leaders were lacking in discipline and morale. Stanisław Koniecpolski commanded the right flank of the Commonwealth forces during the ensuing battle. On 19 September it had become clear that the Polish–Lithuanian forces were defeated, although they still managed to hold their positions; Koniecpolski prevented the army from disintegrating on 20/21 September. On 29 September Commonwealth troops had broken through Ottoman ranks with tabor wagon trains and started their retreat. However, after Graziani bribed some magnates, units of private troops begun to flee and some mercenary cavalry panicked and also ran. This was a prelude of things to come. Consecutive attacks during the retreat (including a particularly violent one on 3 October) were repelled, but troop units started disintegrating as soon as soldiers caught sight of the Dniester and the Polish–Lithuanian border. another heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north,[3]:344 leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish–Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle Żólkiewski died[7] and Koniecpolski[3]:344 and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death he received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October).[8] Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.[citation needed] the face of such an important victory, advised by grand vizier Ali Pasha and Gabriel Bethlen, Osman II decided that he could reinforce his rule or even extend it. Alexandru Iliaş was appointed as the ruler of Moldavia, the rebel Graziani having been killed during his flight on 29 September. between 1,000 and 1,500 of Commonwealth men survived the battles, while the Tatars moved into Podolia, Wołyń and eastern Lesser Poland.[3]:344 1621 an army of 200,000–250,000 Ottoman veterans, led by Osman II, advanced from Edirne towards the Polish frontier. The Ottomans, following their victory in the Battle of Cecora, had high hopes of conquering southern part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish commander Jan Karol Chodkiewicz crossed the Dniester in September with approximately 35,000 Polish troops and Cossack supporters and entrenched himself at the Chocim Fortress, blocking the path of the slow Ottoman march. At Khotyn, for more than a month (2 September – 9 October), the Commonwealth hetman held the sultan at bay until the first autumn snow (Battle of Khotyn). The lateness of the season and the loss of approximately 40,000 men in battle compelled Osman II to initiate negotiations. A few days before the siege was to be lifted, the aged grand hetman died of exhaustion in the fortress (24 September). The battle was a stalemate and the resulting Treaty of Khotyn reflected it, providing some concessions to the Commonwealth but meeting some Ottoman demands. II blamed the stalemate of war on the lack of zeal and the "degeneracy" of the Janissaries. His efforts at modernizing the Ottoman army were not well received by the Janissaries and the conservative "learned" class. A revolt led by Janissaries and the students of the madrases erupted on 18 May 1622 and Osman II was deposed; two days later he was killed by the rebels who deposed him. Battle of Cecora is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "CECORA 18 - 29 IX 1620".

Romania, 1632-1654, Matei Basarab, Prince, enlightened, Print Press, law code, only a boyer, planned Turk rule end & moldovian d
Romanian Prince, 1632-1654, Matei Basarab; Basarab; 1588, Brancoveni, Olt – 9 April 1654, Bucharest) was a Wallachian Voivode (Prince) between 1632 and 1654. of Matei's reign was spent fighting off incursions from Moldavia, which he successfully accomplished in 1637, 1639, and 1653 – see Battle of Finta. was an enlightened ruler, and is noted for introducing the printing press to Wallachia (1634) and creating the first Wallachian code of laws as well as patronizing art and religion (founder of the first upper school in his Principality). He built more than 45 churches and monasteries, being compared to Stephen the Great, the famous ruler of Moldavia. election in 1632 signified the first official exception to a rule set by custom. Basarab was merely a boyar (of the Craiovesti family) and one not related to previous Princes (although it seems that a simslar point can be made about such rulers as Michael the Brave). The reason for this choice has been explained as a reaction of indigenous boyars against competition from newly infiltrated Greeks and Levantines. It may also be because of these special circumstances that Matei used the surname Basarab – associated as it is with a fabricated legitimate lineage. Matei Basarab with his son (left) and his wife (right) Basarab's rule also coincides with the last stage in the decay of the lesser nobility, the result of political pressure from boyars and drastic economical changes (the revolt of the seimeni military under Constantin Serban probably has this as its main cause). seems that the Prince was planning emancipation from Ottoman rule, as well as domination over Moldavia. He maintained a close relationship with the Transylvanian ruler George II Rakoczi, an ambitious, stronger, and more autonomous subject of the Turks. He was married to Elena Năsturel. and reforms[edit] Basarab and his contemporary, the Moldavian Prince Vasile Lupu are credited with introducing the first written laws of the two Principalities. However, these two virtually identical sets of laws do not go against tradition, being merely the Romanian translation of Byzantine customs (pravile), alluded to in documents of the previous decades. The two collections under Matei Basarab are Pravila de la Govora ("The Govora Code") in 1640 and Pravila lui Matei Basarab ("Matei Basarab's Code"; also known as Îndreptarea Legii – "The Re-shaping of Laws") in 1652. Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1654-1658, Constantin Serban, Romanian Prince, 1655 mercenaries rebellion, a w Rakoczi of Transylvania
Romanian Prince, 1654-1658, Constantin Serban; II Serban (? – 1682) was Prince of Wallachia between 1654 and 1658, illegitimate son to Radu Serban. According to custom, being born out of wedlock did not disqualify Constantin from becoming prince. rule saw the rebellion of the seimeni mercenaries (1655). In order to deal with the issue, Constantin Serban allied himself with the Transylvanian Prince George II Rakoczi, including himself in the latter's plans for emancipation from Ottoman rule. 1657, the Porte deposed him; Constantin Serban went on to fight alongside Rakoczi, managing to upset Ottoman presence in Moldavia and briefly occupying the throne in Iasi, at two different moments (in 1659 and 1661). Paul of Aleppo documents the derelict state of Wallachia during the Ottoman intervention, including an account of the rural population fleeing for the Transylvanian Alps ("where the Wallachians were accustomed to take refuge in time of need"). 1656, the Prince ordered the building of the Bucharest Metropolitan Cathedral, partly modeled on the Curtea de Arges Monastery – but larger and more austere. In his honour, the church was given the patronage of Eastern Orthodox Saints Constantine (his namesake) and Helena. In 1658, he set fire to the city, trying to prevent his adversary Mihnea III from making use of its facilities. St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1688-1714, Constantine Brincoveanu, Prince, inherited L fortune, stolen by Turks, almost w Rus, Martyr
Romanian Prince, 1688-1714, Constantine Brincoveanu; Brâncoveanu (1654 - August 15, 1714) was Prince of Wallachia between 1688 and 1714. descendant of the Craiovești boyar family and heir through his grandfather Preda of a considerable part of Matei Basarab′s fortune, Brâncoveanu was born on the estate of Brâncoveni and raised in the house of his uncle, stolnic Constantin Cantacuzino. rose to the throne after the death of his uncle, prince Şerban Cantacuzino. was initially supported by his maternal uncles Constantin and Mihai Cantacuzino, but grew increasingly independent from them in the course of his reign. Constantin Cantacuzino retreated to one of his estates and began advocating his son Ștefan's candidacy to the throne. prince took steps in negotiating anti-Ottoman alliances first with the Habsburg Monarchy, and then with Peter the Great's Russia (see Russo-Turkish War, 1710-1711): upon the 1710 Russian intervention in Moldavia, the prince contacted Tsar Peter and accepted gifts from the latter, while his rivalry with the Moldavian Prince Dimitrie Cantemir (the main regional ally of the Russians) prevented a more decisive political move. Brâncoveanu gathered Wallachian troops in Urlați, near the Moldavian border, awaiting for Russian troops to storm into his country and offer his services to the tsar, while also readying to join the Ottoman counter-offensive in the event of a change in fortunes. When several of his boyars fled to the Russian camp, the prince saw himself forced to decide in favor of the Ottomans or risk becoming an enemy of his Ottoman suzerain, and swiftly returned the gifts he had received from the Russians. and execution[edit] policies were eventually denounced to the Porte. Brâncoveanu was deposed from his throne by Sultan Ahmed III, and brought under arrest to Istanbul, where he was imprisoned in 1714 at the fortress of Yedikule (the Seven Towers). Brâncoveanu's statue in Bucharest he was tortured by the Ottomans, who hoped to locate the immense fortune he had supposedly amassed. He and his four sons were beheaded on the same day in August, together with Prince Constantin's faithful friend, grand treasurer Enache Văcărescu. to his secretary, Anton Maria Del Chiaro, their heads were then carried on poles through the streets of Istanbul, an episode which caused a great unrest in the city. Fearing a rebellion, including from that of the Muslim population which was outraged by the injustice done to the Prince, his sons and his close friend, he ordered for the bodies to be thrown into the Bosporus. Christian fishermen took the bodies from the water, and buried them at the Halchi Monastery, in the city's vicinity.[2] and sanctification in Eastern Orthodoxy[edit] circumstances and facts of Constantin's death are recorded in history, and his sanctification is recognized by all The Eastern Orthodox Churches. 15 August 1714, the Feast of the Dormition, when Constantin Brâncoveanu was also celebrating his 60th birthday, he and his four sons and boyar Ianache Văcărescu were brought before Sultan Ahmed III of Turkey. representatives of Austria, Russia, France and England were also present. all of his fortune has been seized, in exchange for the life of his family he was asked to renounce the Orthodox Christian faith. He reportedly said: "Behold, all my fortunes and all I had, I have lost! Let us not lose our souls. Be brave and manly, my beloved! Ignore death. Look at how much Christ, our Savior, has endured for us and with what shameful death he died. Firmly believe in this and do not move, nor leave your faith for this life and this world." this, his four sons, Constantin, Ștefan, Radu and Matei and advisor Ianache were beheaded in front of their father.[3] also that the smallest child, Matei (12 years old) was so frightened after seeing the bloodbath and the heads of his three brothers that he started crying and asking his father to let him renounce Christianity and convert to Islam. that moment, Constantin Brâncoveanu said: "Of our kind none have lost their faith. It is better to die a thousand times than to leave your ancient faith just to live few more years on earth." Matei listened and offered his head. After Brâncoveanu himself was decapitated, their heads were impaled on javelins and displayed in a procession. Their bodies were left before the gate and later on thrown into the waters of the Bosphorus.[4] contribution[edit] âncoveanu was a great patron of culture, his achievements being part of the Romanian and world cultural heritage. Under his reign, many Romanian, Greek, Bulgarian, Arabic, Turkish, and Georgian texts were printed after a printing press was established in Bucharest - an institution overseen by Anthim the Iberian. In 1694, he founded the Royal Academy of Bucharest. his religious and laic constructions, Brâncoveanu harmoniously combined in architecture the mural and sculptural painting, the local tradition, the Neo-Byzantine style and the innovative ideas of the Italian Renaissance, giving rise to Brâncovenesc style.[5] most accomplished and the best preserved example of Brâncovenesc style architecture is Hurezi monastery, inscribed by UNESCO on its list of World Heritage Sites, where Brâncoveanu intended to have his tomb. buildings built by him are Mogoşoaia Palace complex, Potlogi Palace, Brâncoveanu monastery. Such cultural ventures relied on increased taxation, which was also determined by the mounting fiscal pressure of the Ottomans (adding in turn to Brâncoveanu's determination to strip Wallachia of Turkish rule). âncoveanu left to the secular Romanian spirituality a few fundamental books, printed for the first time in Wallachia; among them, Aristotle's Ethics, the Flower of the Gifts and the Philosophical Examples, the last two being translated and printed by Antim Ivireanul. neo-Romanian style was born from the style of the monasteries, of the houses and of the palaces of Brâncoveanu and it became, through Ion Mincu and his school, the national style at the time of the affirmation of the cultural identities of the nations of Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. architectural Brâncovenesc style is found in the churches of the Monasteries of Hurezi, Râmnicu Sarat, Doicesti and Saint George's New Church in Bucharest. Among secular buildings, the style can be found in Mogosoaia palace and the reworked Old Court.[6] The Brâncovenesc style was revived in the 20th century in form of the Romanian Revival style, also called "Neo-Brâncovenesc". Constantin Brâncoveanu University is located in Pitești, but it also has subsidiaries in Brăila and Râmnicu Vâlcea. June 1992, the Sinode of the Romanian Orthodox Church decreed the sanctification of Constantin Brâncoveanu, his sons Constantin, Radu, Ștefan and Matei, and vornic Ianache Văcărescu. March 7, 2018, the decision of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church added these saints to the calendar of the Russian Orthodox Church.[1] 16 August 2020, Romania celebrated for the first time the day of remembrance of the persecution of Christians in the world. Although Brâncoveanu died on 15 August, his death was also remembered for having refused to convert to Islam.[7] Mogoșoaia palace Horezu monastery Brâncoveanu's tomb at St. George New Church intrigue marking Constantin's ascension and reign is reflected in chronicles of the time, which are ideologically divided: Letopisețul Cantacuzinesc gives a bleak account of Șerban's rule, as does Cronica Bălenilor; Radu Greceanu's is an official account of Brâncoveanu's rule, and Radu Popescu is adverse to Cantacuzino rulers. âncoveni Monastery Constantin Brâncoveanu - litografie de A. Bielz.jpg Religion Affiliation Eastern Orthodox Ecclesiastical or organizational status Monastery Status active Location Location Brâncoveni, Olt County, Romania Architecture Architect(s) Patroness Celea (1570–83) Matei Basarab and Preda Brâncoveanu (1634–40) Constantin and Ștefan Brâncoveanu (1699–1704) Theodosius of Trebizond (1842) Type Church Style Brâncovenesc Groundbreaking 1570 Completed 1842[8] Direction of façade West Website [2] Cantemir's Historia Hieroglyphica is centered on the clash, and reflects Cantemir's preference for Constantin Cantacuzino, who was also related to Dimitrie through marriage (despite the fact that Cantemir and Brâncoveanu have taken the same side in the conflict with the Porte). Ștefan Cantacuzino's brief rule saw in turn the downfall of the Cantacuzinos; he and his father were executed by the Ottomans, who saw the solution to the risk of Wallacho-Russian alliances in imposing the rigid system of Phanariote rule (inaugurated in Wallachia by Nicholas Mavrocordato, who, through his previous rule in Moldavia, is also considered the first Phanariote in that country). his death, Constantin Brâncoveanu became the hero of a series Romanian folk ballads, as well as being depicted on some of Romania's official coinage. to the Romanian Orthodox Church, the reason for his and his sons' execution was their refusal to give up their Christian faith and convert to Islam. 1992 the Church declared him, his sons, and Enache saints and martyrs (Sfinții Martiri Binecredinciosul Voievod Constantin Brâncoveanu, împreună cu fiii săi Constantin, Ștefan, Radu, Matei și sfetnicul Ianache - "The Martyr Saints the Right-Believing Voivode Constantin Brâncoveanu, together with his sons Constantin, Ștefan, Radu, Matei, and the counselor [Enache]"). Their feast day is August 16. țul Cantacuzinesc on Constantin Brâncoveanu's relations with the Habsburgs and Ottomans early in his reign (1690, during the latter stages of the Great Turkish War): Then Costandin-vodă [old rendition of his name] as well, arriving to his seat in Bucharest, catching news of the Austrians having entered his country and having reached Târgoviște, immediately left his seat [...] went forth towards Pitariului Bridge, setting camp in the river meadow of Plătăreşti, leaving behind the ispravnic [...] with orders that, when the Austrians were to arrive in Bucharest, he was to provide them with all supplies they would need. [the Austrian General], upon understanding this [action], immediately sent a letter to Costandin-vodă, inviting him to return to his seat and join [the Austrians] in harassing the Turk. Costandin-vodă, upon understanding this, called as soon as he could the Metropolitan Theodosie, as well as all his lower and higher boyars, summoning a great council on what was to be done, whereupon some of the boyars vigorously showed themselves to favor Costandin-vodă's rejection of the Turks and his joining the Austrians; while another bunch of boyars, foremost Costandin [Constantin] Cantacuzino, who has been great stolnic, and Mihai Cantacuzino, the great spătar, believed this not to constitute good advice, as, where such a thing to happen, the nearby Tatars [who were Ottoman allies] would immediately arrive with a mighty force in order to enslave and plunder the country, and the Austrians would prove of no help. And immediately they moved spot and went to the village of Ruși, where the princely fish ponds are located. [the Austrian General] came to Drăgănești, inviting Costandin-vodă to leave Ruși and meet him in Drăgănești, showing himself a great friend towards Costandin-vodă, asking him, in all good faith, to teach him what he should do next. And he told all the truth about how his and his troops' arrival had been brought about by the lies of [a high boyar], and how [the boyar] had boasted that, were [they] to enter the country, all boyars and all country would pay allegiance to [them], but that this had not in fact happened. Costandin-vodă told him the whole truth, about how the Tatars wished to enter his country, and [he] threw a major banquet in his honor and then returned to Bucharest in great fear. And the Tatars, aware of the Austrian presence, wasted no time in raising troops for the Sultan and sent forth messengers to Costandin-vodă, telling him that they were to come in the country to fight the Austrians. Costandin-vodă, upon hearing news of this, became very saddened, most of all considering the plight of the poor country, and immediately lifted camp and left for Buzău. And when he arrived there, he sent his Lady and all her ladies-in-waiting to the convent [...], and he rode with a few of his men to meet the Sultan, paying him high allegiance and offering him many gifts. is then that the Sultan saw that Costandin-vodă was not being rebellious, but rather [his] honest servant, and gave him assurance that his country would not be enslaved, and that [the Ottomans] were instead to meet the Austrians, who were their enemies. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constantin Brâncoveanu. âncoveanu and his wife Marica had seven daughters and four sons. Although all of his sons were murdered, many of his daughters had issue. Brâncoveanu's first born, Constantin II, also had a son who survived exile and rose to be a mare ban (foremost state function in Wallachian political hierarchy, except for the ruler). The male line of the Brâncoveanu family became extinguished in 1832, when Grigore Brâncoveanu died without having any children of his own. Yet he adopted a relative (who was also a descendant of Constantin Brâncoveanu) and thus passed the family name on. to a genealogical study, roughly 250 of his bloodline were alive at the middle of the 19th century. Amongst them Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Știrbei (rulers of Wallachia and Moldova), famous revolutionary Alexandru Ipsilanti, Romanian Prime ministers Barbu Catargiu, Nicolae Kretzulescu, George Manu and Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino "Nababul" and historians Dan and Mihnea Berindei. St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1690, Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Orthodox over HRE
Romania, Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Romania, 1714-1716, Stefan Cantacuzino, last prince of Wallacia, exposed CB to the Turks, then Phanorite rule
Romanian Prince, 1714-1716, Stefan Cantacuzino, last prince of Wallacia; Ștefan Cantacuzino, (c. 1675 - 7 June 1716) was a Prince of Wallachia between April 1714 and January 21, 1716, the son of stolnic Constantin Cantacuzino. He was married to Păuna Greceanu-Cantacuzino. Ștefan was involved in his father's intrigue against Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu, denouncing him to the Ottoman Empire (Wallachia's overlord), and surrendering Brâncoveanu's secret correspondence with the Habsburg Monarchy, enemies of the Porte in the Great Turkish War. After obtaining the Prince's deposition, he took the throne in Bucharest as an Ottoman appointee. rule coincided with the Habsburg attack led by Prince Eugene of Savoy, during which the Cantacuzinos shook off Ottoman tutelage, informing Stephan Graf Stainville on the Porte's war preparations. A kapucu was sent to depose Prince Ștefan in January 1716, and arrested him together with his father and uncle (the spătar Mihai Cantacuzino). The three of them were executed in Constantinople. Ștefan Cantacuzino's death, the Phanariote rule in Wallachia was established as a way to ensure a tighter Ottoman control over Wallachia. Romanian Prince, 1688-1714, Constantine Brincoveanu; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, 1715-1730, Phanaroite Rulers, Nicholas and John Mavrocordatos, greeks from Phanar section of Constantinople
Phanariote Rulers; Phanariotes, or Fanariots were members of prominent Greek families in Phanar[1],[2] the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is located, traditionally occupied four important positions in the Ottoman Empire: Voivode of Moldavia, Voivode of Wallachia, Grand Dragoman, and Grand Dragoman of the Fleet. their cosmopolitanism and often-Western education, the Phanariots were aware of their Greek ancestry and culture; according to Nicholas Mavrocordatos' Philotheou Parerga, "We are a race completely Hellenic".[3] emerged as a class of wealthy Greek merchants (of mostly noble Byzantine descent) during the second half of the 16th century, and were influential in the administration of the Ottoman Empire's Balkan domains in the 18th century.[1] Phanariots usually built their houses in the Phanar quarter to be near the court of the Patriarch, who (under the Ottoman millet system) was recognized as the spiritual and secular head (millet-bashi) of the Orthodox subjects—the Rum Millet, or "Roman nation" of the empire, except those under the spiritual care of the Patriarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Ohrid and Peć—often acting as archontes of the Ecumenical See. dominated the administration of the patriarchate, often intervening in the selection of hierarchs (including the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople). Romania, 1715-1730, Phanaroite Rulers, Nicholas and John Mavrocordatos ; Mavrocordatos ( May 3, 1670 - September 3, 1730) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697),[1] and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities, Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two occasions). He was succeeded as Grand Dragoman (1709) by his brother John Mavrocordato (Ioan), who was for a short while hospodar in both Wallachia and Moldavia.[1] Saint Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; the day of his consecration, Metropolitan Anthimus fought tirelessly for the liberation of Wallachia from foreign oppressors. On the day he was ordained he addressed his flock: “You have defended the Christian Faith in purity and without fault. Nevertheless, you are surrounded and tightly bound by the violence of other nations. You endure countless deprivations and tribulations from those who dominate this world.... Though I am unworthy and am indeed younger than many of you—like David, I am the youngest among my brothers— the Lord God has anointed me to be your shepherd. Thus I will share in your future trials and griefs and partake in the lot that God has appointed for you.â€ words were prophetic: In 1714 the Turks executed the Wallachian prince Constantine Brincoveanu, and in 1716 they executed Stefan Cantacuzino (1714-1716), the last prince of Wallachia. his place they appointed the Phanariote (a member of one of the principal Greek families of the Phanar, the Greek quarter of Constantinople, who, as administrators in the civil bureaucracy, exercised great influence in the Ottoman Empire after the Turkish conquest) Nicholas Mavrokordatos, who concerned himself only with the interests of the Ottoman Empire. this difficult time, Anthimus of Iberia gathered around him a group of loyal boyar patriots determined to liberate their country from Turkish and Phanariote domination. But Nicholas Mavrokordatos became suspicious, and he ordered Anthimus to resign as metropolitan. When Anthimus failed to do so, he filed a complaint with Patriarch Jeremiah of Constantinople. a council of bishops, which did not include a single Romanian clergyman, condemned the “conspirator and instigator of revolutionary activityâ€ to anathema and excommunication and declared him unworthy to be called a monk. But Nicholas Mavrokordatos was still unsatisfied and claimed that to deny Anthimus the title of Metropolitan of Hungro-Wallachia was insufficient punishment. He ordered Anthimus to be exiled far from Wallachia, to Saint Catherine’s Monastery on Mt. Sinai. Metropolitan Anthimus, beloved of the Romanian people, was escorted out of the city at night since the conspirators feared the reaction of the people. Metropolitan Anthimus never reached Mt. Sinai. On September 14, 1716, a band of Turkish soldiers stabbed Saint Anthimus to death on the bank of the Tundzha (Tunca) River where it flows through Adrianople, not far from Gallipoli, and cast his butchered remains into the river. ended the earthly life of one more Georgian saint—a man who had dedicated all of his strength, talent, and knowledge to the revival of Christian culture and the strengthening of the Wallachian people in the Orthodox Faith. In 1992 the Romanian Church canonized Anthimus of Iberia and proclaimed his commemoration day to be September 14, the day of his repose. The Georgian Church commemorates him on June 13.

Romania, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia, laws, taxes, emancipation
Romania, 1731-1769, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Phanaroite, acting prince of Wallacia; Constantine Mavrocordatos (February 27, 1711 -November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals between 1730 and 1769. As a ruler he issued reforms in the laws of each of the two Danubian Principalities, ensuring a more adequate taxation and a series of measures amounting to the emancipation of serfs and a more humane treatment of slaves. St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Romania, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War, Moldovia, Ochakov, Crimea, Black and Azov Seas
Moscow, 1768-1774, Russo-Turkish War (1768-“74) ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15; Repose of the Venerable Seraphim the Wonderworker of Sarov, Commemorated on January 2;

Romania, 1774-1859, Folder, under Russian Control, Callinicus of Cernica

Romania, 1800-1821, Romanian Revolutionary, Tudor Vladimirescu, believed russian support, anti Phanorite
Romanian Revolutionary, 1800-1821, Tudor Vladimirescu; Vladimirescu (c. 1780 - 7 June [O.S. 26 May] 1821) was a Romanian revolutionary hero, the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821 and of the Pandur militia. He is also known as Tudor din Vladimiri (Tudor from Vladimiri) or, occasionally, as Domnul Tudor (Voivode Tudor). 1 Background 2 Uprising 3 Legacy 4 Quotes 5 References 6 External links was born in Vladimiri, Gorj County (in the region of Oltenia) in a family of landed peasants (mazili); his birth year is usually given as 1780, but this is still debated. At the age of 12, he was sent to Craiova, in service to boyar Ioan Glogoveanu, where he would later learn rhetoric, grammar and the Greek language. He became administrator of the boyar's estate and, in 1806, was named vÄƒtaf (leader of the local militias) at CloÈ™ani. Tudor's experience as a servant made him familiar with customs, habits and objectives of landowners; this insight helped him walk the fine line between conflicting interests of boyars and peasants in the first months of the uprising against the Phanariotes. While leader of a mainly peasant movement, Tudor did his best not to antagonize the elite, punishing any destruction of property.[1] enrolled in the Russian army and took part in the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812. Consequently, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree and given Russian protection and immunity from prosecution under both Wallachian and Ottoman legislation (see SudiÈ›i). This contributed to Tudor's decisions throughout the uprising, alongside his belief that Russia was backing his actions. After the war, Tudor returned to Oltenia. He traveled briefly to Vienna, in 1814, in order to attend a lawsuit involving Glogoveanu's wife's patrimony. The trip coincided with the Peace Congress, and it is believed that Vladimirescu followed the treaties' outcome. in the country in 1815, Tudor learned that Ada Kaleh Ottoman garrison, who roamed MehedinÈ›i and Gorj, had also destroyed his household from CerneÈ›i. 1812 to 1821, Vladimirescu slowly built a follower base. The Pandurs respected his military skills, and many sources point out his charisma and outstanding negotiating abilities. He would also have been familiarised with the outcomes of the First and Second Serbian Uprising. Alexandros Soutzos' death in January 1821 led to the forming of a temporary Comitet de Ocârmuire ("Governing Committee"), three regents - all of them members of the most representative indigenous boyar families, of which the most prominent was Caimacam Grigore Brâncoveanu. The Comitet, motivated against competition and denied Phanariote rulers' favours, decided to quickly manoeuver anti-boyar and anti-Phanariote sentiment in Wallachia (and especially in Oltenia), acting before the newly appointed Scarlat Callimachi could claim his throne. Therefore, an agreement between it and the Pandurs was reached on the 15th: Dimitrie Macedonski was awarded the post of lieutenant to Tudor. very same day, Vladimirescu sent a letter to the Ottoman Court of Mahmud II, stating that his objective was not the rejection of Ottoman rule, but that of the Phanariote regime, and showing his willingness for preservation of the traditional institutions. The statements were meant to buy Tudor time against Ottoman response, as he was already in negotiations with the Greek Anti-Ottoman revolutionary society PhilikÃ EtaireÃa (having probably been in contact with it from around 1819). Together, they produced a plan for insurrection, with the two Etairist representatives (Giorgakis Olympios and Iannis Pharmakis) assuring the Wallachians of Russian support for the common cause. It is apparent that Tudor was not himself a member of the EtaireÃa: the rigid command structure of the Brotherhood would have excluded the need for any negotiations. fortifying monasteries in Oltenia (Tismana, Strehaia) that were to serve him in the event of Ottoman intervention, Tudor travelled to PadeÈ™ where he issued his first proclamation (23 January). It included references to Enlightenment principles (notably, the right to resist oppression), but was also an almost millenarianist appeal to peasants, promising a "spring" to follow "winter". February the demands were detailed by more documents. They included: the elimination of purchased offices in the administration, with the introduction of meritocratic promotion, the suppression of certain taxes and taxing criteria, the reduction of the main tax, the founding of a Wallachian Army, and an end to internal custom duties. In line with these, Tudor asked for the banishment of some Phanariote families and forbidding future Princes to hold a retinue that would compete with local boyars for offices. Calls by boyars in the Divan for Tudor to cease such activities (expressed by envoy Nicolae VÄƒcÄƒrescu) were met with a virulent refusal. EtaireÃa and Ottomans fighting in Bucharest (August 1821). army, swelled up in numbers as it advanced, occupied Bucharest on 21 March - here, Tudor issued another important proclamation, one that expressed yet again his commitment to peace with the Ottomans. Previously, the PhilikÃ EtaireÃa under Alexander Ypsilanti had emerged in Moldavia, proclaiming a liberation from Ottoman rule that was backed by the then Moldavian Prince Michael Soutzos (see Greek War of Independence). However, this coincided with Russian reaction against Greek rebellion, with the Russian army entering Moldavia and enforcing Holy Alliance policies. Ypsilanti's army headed south, reaching Pandur-occupied Bucharest. actions in the meanwhile had destroyed his alliance to local boyars. He had started wearing the kalpak (a tall, cylindrical, black leather hat; see Ottoman Clothing) reserved for the Prince, and demanded to be addressed as Domn ("Master", "Prince"; cf. Domnitor) - moving away from subordination to the landowners' cause. meeting between Ypsilanti and Tudor brought a new compromise. Tudor considered himself liberated from the provisions of the January agreement, as Russia was now an enemy of the EtaireÃa; Ypsilanti tried to persuade him that Russian support was still possible. The country was divided into a Greek administration and a Wallachian one, with Tudor's declaring itself neutral in the face of large Ottoman armies preparing to cross the north of the Danube. Ottoman actions had been prompted by Russian threat of intervention in Wallachia. army retreated towards in Oltenia in May, as the Ottomans occupied Bucharest without meeting resistance. Tudor was no longer capable of maintaining the discipline and cohesion of his own troops, some of whom had resorted to robbery. In an attempt to ensure discipline, he imposed hangings of those found guilty. In the meantime, EtaireÃa members, led by Alexander Ypsilantis developed a plot to remove Tudor. Following treason, Tudor was arrested in GoleÈ™ti [ro] on 21 May. On the night of 27 to 28 May, following accusations of collaboration with the Ottomans against EtaireÃa, he was tortured and killed by EtaireÃa in Târgoviște, his mutilated body being thrown into a cesspit. Tudor's collaboration with the Ottomans was never confirmed.[2] The EtaireÃa did not succeed in its goal to assume command of Vladimirescu's army: most of it disbanded on the spot. rebellion ensured that Wallachia would stay under military occupation. Although the situation was stabilized by August, Ottoman troops remained present until 1826. However, as they could no longer trust Phanariote rule in the face of its infiltration by Greek nationalism (Ypsilanti himself came from a Phanariote family - see Alexander Ypsilanti, his grandfather, and Constantine Ypsilanti, his father), the Ottomans returned the two Principalities to rule by and through locals (in 1822): Grigore IV Ghica in Wallachia, Ioan Sturdza (IoniÅ£Äƒ Sandu Sturdza) in Moldavia. The changes in the situation were to be confirmed by the Treaty of Adrianople and Russian occupation (at the end of the Russo-Turkish War). the scope of his movement appealed to generations of Romanian nationalists, Tudor Vladimirescu's most favorable treatment came with the official ideology of the Romanian People's Republic (the first period of Communist Romania, lasting from 1948 to 1965). He was considered progressive, and it also contributed that he viewed himself as an ally to the Russian cause—almost as a precursor of the Soviet alliance. The Romanian film Tudor[3] (1962) narrated his life from the return home in 1812 to his death. Tudor, portrayed by Emanoil PetruÅ£, falls from his horse after being shot in the back, claiming to return "as the grass of spring" - a far easier death than what Vladimirescu had endured in reality. division bearing his name (Divizia Tudor Vladimirescu) was formed by the Red Army with Romanian prisoners of war who had fought on the Eastern Front. They were called on to fight the Ion Antonescu pro-Nazi Germany regime, and were absorbed into the Romanian Army after 1944. The division had its precedent in an artillery battery of the same name, grouping Romanian volunteers in the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War.[4] An Order of Tudor Vladmirescu was also created. There are multiple streets and structures in Romania bearing his name, including a metro station in Bucharest. day Vladimirescu entered Bucharest, 21 March, is now celebrated in Oltenia as the Oltenia Day, which was promulgated on 13 April 2017 by the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis.[5] St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, France w Turks, Moldovia and Wallacia, Russian V.
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12) ; crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia for Orthodoxy Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War, Turks w Frnch, attack, Russia v, Dardnlles, Bucharest, Moldovia
Moscow, 1806-1812, Russo-Turkish War (1806-“12); Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1821, Wallacian Uprising (against Ottomans) Tudor Vladimirescu
Romania, 1981, Wallacian Uprising; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1821, Greek War of Independence
Romania, 1821, Greek War of Independence Romania, 1981, Wallacian Uprising; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1821, Ottoman Phanorites
Romania, 1821, Ottoman Phanorites; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1843-1892, Bishop Melchizedek, Moldovian
Romania, 1843-1892, Bishop Melchizedek; Icon of the Mother of God œSokolsky, Commemorated on February 1;

Romania, 1843-1848, Romanian Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu
Romania, 1843-1848, Romanian Prince, Gheorghe Bibescu; Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei
Romania, 1848-1856, Romanian Prince, Barbu Dimitrie Stirbei; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War
Moscow, 1853-1856, Russo-Turkish War of 1853-56, Crimean War; Repose of St Philaret (Drozdov) the Metropolitan of Moscow, Commemorated on November 19;

Romania, 1853-1856, Crimean War, Orthodox East v Ottomans and West, Russia lost
Crimean War (1853-1856); FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, NURSE, RENEWER OF SOCIETY (12 AUGUST 1910); Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky"Â, Commemorated on February 1; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Romania, 1859-1881, Folder, as the United Principalities

Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Walachia and Moldovia
Romania, 1859-1881, United Principalities, Romanian United Principalities, Romania; Icon of the Mother of God œSokolskyÂ, Commemorated on February 1;

Romania, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78) Turks lost
Moscow, 1877-1878, Russo-Turkish War (1877-“78); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, 1881-1947, Folder, as the Romanian Kingdom

Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom
Romania, 1881-1947, Romanian Kingdom;

Romania, 1914-1918, World War I
Romania, 1914-1918, World War I; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romanian President, 1944-1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Romanian President, 1944-1965, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej ; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5;

Romania, 1947-1989, Folder, Socialist Romania, Communist Party Controlled

Romanian President, 1965-1989, Nicolae Ceausescu
Romanian President, 1965-1989, Nicolae Ceausescu; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5;

Romania, Western Moldovia Folder, after 1859, Part of Romania

Romania, Moldovia (Western M, Siret and Prut Rivers) Romania, Russia after 1859, United Principalities
Moldovia, Siret River Valley between Eastern Carpathians and Dniester River; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated August 5 ; St Niphon the Patriarch of Constantinople of Mt Athos, Commemorated on August 11; St Theodosius (Prince Theodore of Ostrog) of the Kiev Caves, Commemorated on August 11; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Macariev, Commemorated on September 17 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Gerbovets, Commemorated on October 1 ; Terebovlya Icon of the Most Holy Mother of God, Commemorated October 1 ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ; Venerable Antipas of Valaam Monastery, Commemorated January 10 ; Icon of the Mother of God "œSokolsky", Commemorated on February 1; Venerable Barsanuphius the Great, Commemorated on February 6 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2; Repose of St Alexis Toth the confessor and defender of Orthodoxy in America, Commemorated on May 7 ; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ; Venerable Barlaam of Khutin, Commemorated on June 24; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1; St Stephen the Great, Commemorated on July 2;

Valachia (Wallachia or Moldovia)
Valachia;

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River Folder (Western Moldovia)

Siret River

Carpatian Mountains - Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains
Outer Eastern Carpatian Mountains;

Siret River Source (Outer Eastern Carpathians)
Outer Eastern Carpathians;

Siret River 1

Siret River 2

Storozhi, Moldovia (Siret River 2)
Storozhi; Venerable Sava the Abbot of Zvenigorod the Disciple of the Venerable Sergius of Radonezh, Commemorated December 3 ;

Siret River 3

Bukovina, Moldovia (Siret River 3)
Bukovina, Bukovina is between Siret and Suceava rivers that come together near Suceava; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 5 (Dragomina Monastery)

Dragomirna Monastery, Moldovia (Siret River 5) 1602
Dragomirna Monastery; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Siret River 6 (Succava River)

Moldovia, Siret River 6, Suceava River Folder

Suceava River

Suceava River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Suceava River 1 (along the border)

Suceava River 3 (Putna Monastery)

Putna Monastery, Moldovia (Suceava River 3) 1466
Putna Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Suceava River 5 (Radauti)

Radauti, Moldovia (Saccava River 5) Bogdana Monastery
Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monastery of St Laurence, Radauti, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) 1359
monastery of St Laurence, Moldovia (Suceava River 5) in the Civoul de Sus district of Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti (Suceava River 5) 1359
monestary of St Nicholas at Radauti; Bogdana Monastery, 1359; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ; St Leontius of Radauti, Commemorated on July 1;

Suceava River 6

Succava River 7 (Bukovina)

Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River 7)
Sochava, Bukovina, Romania (Suceava River7); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ;

Bukovina, Moldovia (Succava River 7)
Bukovina, Moldovia; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated on November 15;

Suceava River 8

Suceava River Mouth (Siret River 6)

Siret River 10 (Moldova River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River Folder

Moldova River

Moldova River Source (along the border, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Moldova, Romania and Transylvania (Moldova River Source)
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Moldova River 1 (Moldovila)

Moldova River 2 (Voronets Monastery)

Voronets Monastery, Moldovia (Moldova River 2) 1488
Voronets Monastery; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Moldova River 3 (Neamt River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 10, Moldova River 3, Neamt River Folder

Neamt River

Neamt River Source (along the border)

Neamt River 1 (Neamts monestary)

Neamts monestary, Romania and Moldovia (Neamts River of Siret River) 1497
Neamts monestary; St John Jacob the Chozebite, Commemorated on August 5; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated on December 18 Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNeamtsÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Neamt River Mouth (Moldova River 3)

Moldova River Mouth (Siret River 10)

Siret River 11 (Bistrita River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 11, Bistrita River Folder

Bistrita River

Bistrita River Source (along the border)

Bistrita River 1 (Tarcau)

Tarcau, Neamnts, Moldovia or Romania (Bistrita River 1)
Tarcau; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Bistrita River 2 (Bistritsa Monastery)

Bistritsa Monastery, Moldovia, 1402
Bistritsa Monastery; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated November 20 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœNeamtsÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on June 26;

Bistrita River Mouth (Siret River 11)

Barlad, Moldovia (on railroad between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12)
Barlad, Moldovia (between Prut River 10 and Siret River 12) Saint Zita was a teacher 10 miles south of Barlad in Tutova

Line Measure 10 miles south of Barlad to Tutova

Siret River 12 (Trotus River)

Romania and Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River Folder

Trotus River

Trotus River Source (along the border)

Trotus River 1 (Comanesti)

Trotus River 2 (Tazlau River)

Moldovia, Siret River 12, Trotus River 2, Tazlau River Folder

Tazlau River

Tazlau Mountain
Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlau, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Tazlau River Source (Tazlau Mare and Tazlau Saret Rivers)

Tazlau River 1

Tazlau River Mouth (Trotus River 2)

Tazlau Saret River

Tazlau Saret River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Saret River;

Tazlau Saret River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Tazlau Mare River

Tazlau Mare River Source (along the border)
Tazlau Mare River;

Tazlau, Moldovia or Romania (Tazlau Mare River 1)
Tazlau (Tazlau Mare River); Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tazlau Mare River 1 (Tazlau)

Tazlau Mare River Mouth (Tazlau River Source)

Trotus River Mouth (Siret River 12)

Siret River 13 (Putna and Milcov Rivers in Romania)

Siret River 14 (Buzau River in Romania)

Siret River Mouth (near Danube River Mouth)

Galats, Moldovia (Siret River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Galats; St Athanasius of Lubensk the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on May 2;

Romania, Transylvania Folder, after WWI and II, Part of Romania

Transylvania (Hungro-Wallacia)
Transylvania; Transylvania Proper; Athanaric's "own country"; Greatmartyr Nicetas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania ; St John of Galesh; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Transylvania (over and between the mountains, Romania after WWI and then again WWII)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13; Martyr Aristocles the Presbyter of Cyprus, Commemorated on June 20; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Ardeal (Transylvania) (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Dacia (Transylvania)
Dacia; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Dacians (non romantic speaking people in Wallacia, Valachs, Hungarians, Transylvania)
Dacia; Dacians; Valachs; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Valachs (non romantic speaking people in Wallacia, Dacians, Hungarians, Transylvania)
Dacia; Dacians; Valachs; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 28; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyrs of Niculitsel, Commemorated on June 4;

Thergundian Goth Athanaric's Homeland, Dacia, Transylvania and Romania
Athanaric's Homeland, Dacia, Transylvania and Romania; Greatmartyr Niketas the Goth, Commemorated on September 15;

Maramures depression 1 (Kurst, Ukraine)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures depression 2 (Prislop Pass, Romania)
Maramures; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania)
Hungro-Wallachia (Transylvania) all these transylvanian waters end up in today's Hungary). Transylvania Proper; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated on September 15; St Maximus the New, Commemorated January 18 ; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13 ;

Carpathians - Southern Carpathians, between Transylvania and Romania
Southern Carpathians;

Hungary, Transylvania History Folder

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1699, Protestant

Hungary, Transylvania, 1500-1546, German Clergyman and Scholar, Martin Luther
German Clergyman and Scholar, 1500-1546, Martin Luther; OLAVUS PETRI, Priest 19 April 1552, Laurentius Petri, Archbishop of Uppsala 1573, Commemorated April 19 ; JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant
Germany, 1517, Ninety Five Theses, Martin Luther, Protestant; Germany, 1503-1546, Martin Luther, Protestant ; Wittenberg, Germany ; Lutherhaus; MARTIN LUTHER, EDUCATOR, TRANSLATOR (18 FEB 1546); JAN HUS, PRIEST and MARTYR, 6 July 1415;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania
Hungary, 1526, Battle of Mohacs, Turks over Hungary, Turks take Transylvania;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1533-1601, Lithuanian and Polish King, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba
Polish King, 1533-1586, Stephen Bathory, Prince of Transylvania, Alba, King of Poland, Grand Duke Lithuania ; Icon of the Mother of God "Virgin of Tenderness" of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated August 26 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Pskov ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚Âœthe ProtectionÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 1; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂ¢Ã‚Â€Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on October 7 ; Blessed Nicholas (Salos) of Pskov the Fool-For-Christ, Commemorated on February 28; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœVirgin of TendernessÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ from the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on May 21; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœTendernessÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ of the Pskov Caves, Commemorated on June 23; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1586-1601, Transylvanian, Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Bathory
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1586-1601, Sigismund Bathory; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on April 5;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1601-1605, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1601-1605, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1605-1606, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1605-1606, Stephen Bocskay, Calvinist; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1607-1608, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1607-1608, Sigismund Rakoczi, Calvinist Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1608-1613, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1608-1613, Gabriel Bathory, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1613-1629, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1613-1629, Gabriel Bethlen, Protestant ; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1629-1648, Wallacian Prince, George I Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1629-1648, George I Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1648-1660, Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, George II Rakoczi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1648-1660, George II Rakoczi, Protestant; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; Venerable Cyriacus of Tazlu, Romania, Commemorated on December 31; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1661-1662,Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, John Kemeny, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1661-1662, John Kemeny ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1662-1690, Wallacian Prince, Michael I Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1662-1690, Michael I Apafi; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1682-1690, Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary)
Imre Thokoly, Prince of Transylvania (upper Hungary), 1682-1690, Anti-Hapsburg; Battle of Zernest, Transylvania, Romania 1690; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1690-1699, Wallacian Prince, Michael II Apafi, Protestant
Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi, Protestant; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, 1700-1867, Catholic Austrian Rule

Hungary, Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule, Catholic
Transylvania, 1699, Austrian Rule; Transylvanian and Wallacian Prince, 1690-1699, Michael II Apafi; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River Folder

Mures River

Partos, Romania, Transylvania
Partos, Transylvania, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ;

Mures River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)

Mures River 1 (Tirgu Mures)

Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1)
Tirgu Mures, Transylvania (Mures River 1);

Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Hungary, now Romania (between Mures River 1 and Tarnava Mica River 1)
Galesh (Galesti), Mures, Transylvania, Romania; is a commune in Mures County, Transylvania, Romania composed of seven villages: Adrianu Mare / Nagyadorján Adrianu Mic / Kisadorján Bedeni / Bede Gălești Maiad / Nyomát Sânvăsii / Nyárádszentlászló (established 2004) Troița / Szentháromság commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2002 Census it has a population of 2,940 of which 93.61% or 2,752 are Hungarian.[citation needed] Saint John of Galesh, Commemorated on October 21; John of Galesh was a priest who was consecrated bishop at Bucharest, since there was no bishop for Transylvania. resisted the plans of the Hapsburg authorities to persuade Orthodox Christians to convert to Catholicism. was arrested and thrown into prison at Sibiu in 1756, then Empress Maria Theresa ordered him confined in the prison of Deva Castle until he died. John was transferred to a prison in Graz, Austria at the end of 1757. Later, he was brought to the notorious Kufstein Prison, where many Orthodox from Transylvania ended their lives. 1780, Gennady Vassie, a Serb who was incarcerated there, was able to send a letter to Empress Catherine II of Russia asking her to intervene on behalf of the Orthodox prisoners. In his letter he mentioned a Romanian priest named John, who had been kept there for twenty-four years because of his Orthodox faith. John of Galesh died in prison, and was glorified as a martyr by the Orthodox Church of Romania in 1992.

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 1, Aries River Folder

Aries River

Bihor Mountains, Transylvania
Bihor Mountains, Transylvania ;

Aries River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Aries River 1 (Ariesul Mare River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 1, Ariesul Mare River Folder, Laze and Neagra Rivers, Arad

Ariesul Mare River

Ariesul Mare River Source, Bihor Mountains

Ariesul Mare River 1 (Arieseni)

Areisul Mare River 2 (Albae)

Ariesul Mare River 3 (Lazes and Neagra Rivers)

Neagra River

Neagra River Source (Bihor Mountains

Laze River

Laze River Source (Bihor Mountains)

Laze River Mouth (Neagra River Mouth, Ariesul Mare River 3 )

Lazes, near Arad, Transylvania
Lazes could mean the region of the Lazes River in Romania, but it probably is Laze in Bosnia and Herzegovina, or it could be neither; however, they are both on the way from Armenia to Albania. GREGORY THE ILLUMINATOR, APOSTLE TO ARMENIA (23 March 332);

Ariesul Mare River Mouth (Aries River 1)

Aries River 2 (Salciuade Jos)

Aries River 3 (Rimetea River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures 1, Aries River 3, Rimetea River Folder, Rimet Monastery

Rimetea River

Rimetea River Source

Rimetea,Transylvania (Rimet Monastery, Rimet Creek, Rimetea River Source)
Rimetea; St Gelasius of Rimet, Commemorated on June 30;

Rimetea River Mouth (Buru, Aries River 3)

Aries River 4 (Turda)

Aries River Mouth (Mures River 1)

Hungary, Transylvania, Mures River 2, Tarnava River Folder

Tarnava River

Tarnava River Source (Tarnava Mare and Tarnava Mica)
Tarnava River;

Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania
Blaj Castle prison, Transylvania ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Tarnava River Mouth (Mures River 2)

Tarnava Mica River

Gurghiu Mountains, Transylvania

Tarnava Mica River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mica River

Tarnava Mica River 1 (Sovata)
Sovata

Tarnava Mare River

Tarnava Mare River Source (Gurghiu Mountains)
Tarnava Mare River;

Tarnava Mare River 1 (Bisericani Monestary)

Bisericani Monestary Simon Mountain, Transylvania
This location chosen because: This is the only Bisericani Commune in the mountains. Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated December 31 ;

Tarnava Mare River 2 (Sighisoara)
Sighisoara;

Mures River 2 (Alba, Tarnava River)

Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania, Mures River 2)
Alba Iulia, Romania (capital of Principality of Transylvania) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; Icon of the Mother of God of Lubyatov, Commemorated on March 19 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Alba county, Transylvania (Mures River 2)
Alba county, Transylvania; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Salishtea, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Salishtea of Sibiu; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2)
Orashtie, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 2) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania, Romania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Ciorara, Transylvania, Romania (Salishtea, Mures River 2)
Sofronie of Cioara; Ciorara-Sebesh, Transylvania (Salishtea, near Mures River) ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 3 (Deva)

Prislop Monastery, Transylvania (Western Romania, Mures River 3) 16th Century
Prislop Monastery in Southwest Romania ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Deva, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 3)
Deva, Transylvania (Mures River 3) ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Deva Castle, prison of Deva Castle, Transylvania, after 1242
Fortress of Deva; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ;

Mures River 4 (Arad)

Lipova, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Lipova in Arad County ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Arad, Transylvania, Romania (Mures River 4)
Arad ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Mures River Mouth (Szeged, Hungary, Tisza River 12)

Neagra River Mouth (Ariesul River )

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River Folder

Somes River

Apuseni Mountains, Transylvania
Apuseni Mountains; Western border of Transylvania; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania;

Somes River Source 2 (Apuseni Mountains)

Ardeal (Cluj, aka Transylvania, Somes River Source 2)
Transylvania; Ardeal; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12; Icon of the Mother of God of Kasperov, Commemorated on June 29; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains)
Ardeal, Transylvania (between the mountains); St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Iorest Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Somesul Mic River (Somes River from Cluj to Dej)

Somes River 1 (Dej)

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 1, Somesul Mare River Folder, from Rodna to Dej

Somesul Mare River (Somes River from Rodna to Dej)

Rodna Mountains, Transylvania
Rodna Mountains, Transylvania ;

Somes River Source 1 (Rodna Mountains, Prislop Pass)

Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova, Source of Somes and Viseu Rivers
Prislop Pass, Transylvania, Romania and Moldova; St John of Prislop, Commomorated September 13 ;

Somesul Mare River (Somes Riveer from Rodna to Dej)

Somes River 2

Somes River 3 (Jibou)

Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary
Simleu Silvanici, Transylvania, Eastern Hungary ; Polish King Stephen Bathory 1579 ; Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœElets-ChernigovÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ; Commemorated on February 5;

Somes River 4

Somes River 5

Hungary, Transylvania, Somes River 5, Lapus River Folder

Lapus River

Lapus Mountains, Transylvania
Lapus Mountains, Transylvania;

Maramures County, Transylvania (Lapus River)
Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Maramures Mountains Natural Park
Maramures Mountains Natural Park; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River Source (Lapus Mountains)
Lapus Mountains;

Lapus River 1

Lapus River 2

Lapus River 3 (Lapus)

Lapus River 4 (Inau)

Inau, Transylvania (Lapus River 4)
Inau or Targu Lapus ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â™; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lapus River 5 (Razoare)

Lapus River 6 (Prislop)

Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6)
Prislop, Transylvania (Lapus River 6) ; St John of Prislop, Commemorated September 13 ;

Lapus River 7

Lapus River 8 (Remecioara)

Lapus River 9 (Coruia, Baia Mare)

Lapus River 10 (Lapusel, Baia Mare)

Baia Mare, Transylvania (Lapus River 10)
Baia Mare, Maramures County; St Joseph the Confessor of Maramures, Commemorated on April 24; Venerable Cyriacus of Bisericani, Romania, Commemorated on December 31 ;

Lapus River Mouth (Somes River 5)

Somes River 6 (Satu Mare)

Somes River Mouth (Tisza River 6)

Hungary, Transylvania, Latorica River Folder

Latorica River

Latorica River Source (Ukrainian Carpathians)
Latorica River;

Latorica River 1

Latorica River 2 (Mukachev)

Mukachev Castle, Romania, Transylvania, Hungary (Latorica River 2)
Mukachev Castle; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Mukachev, Hungary (Transylvania, Latorica River 2, or Western Ukraine)
Mukachev; Nikolsk monastery in the city of Mukachev; contains a venerated copy of Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated November 12; Icon of the Mother of God "the Merciful", Commemorated December 27 ;

Saint Nicholas Monastery (Latorica River 2, Hungary) 1090's
Saint Nicholas Monastery (Mukacheve); Icon of the Mother of God ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœAssuage My SorrowsÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ, Commemorated on October 9 ;

Latorica River 3

Latorica River Mouth (Bodrog River)

Hungary, Transylvania, Banat and Bega River Folder, Timisoara

Poiana Rusca Mountains, Source of the Bega River and Canal

Bega River and Canal in the Banat

Bega Poieni River

Caransebes River in the Banat

Caransebes River in the Banat Source

Caransebes River Mouth (Bega Canal 1)

Bega River Mouth (Tisza River Mouth, Danube River 9) from Timisoara

Lazarevo, Banat, Transylvania, or Serbia (Tisza River 14)
Lazarevo, Serbia; Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo, Murom, Commemorated on January 2 ;

Banat region, Romania, Transylvania (Timishoara, Bega River and Canal)
Banat region; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Timishoara, Banat Region, Romania, Transylvania, Art Capital of EU
Timishoara, Romania; St Joseph the New of Partos the Metropolitan of Timishoara (Romania), Commemorated September 15 ; Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Bega Luncanilor

Orsova River in the Banat

Orsovo River Source

Orsovo River Mouth (Danube River 10.7)

Bela Crkva River in the Banat

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Source

Bela Crkva River in the Banat Mouth (Danube River 10)

Pancevo River in the Banat

Pancevo River in the Banat Source

Secul, Transylvania, Romania, (Pancevo River 1)
Secul; Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu (ÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂœBeheadingÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â¢ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚Â€ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂÂÂÂ) Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast;

Pancevo River in the Banat Mouth (Belgrade, Danube River 9, From Timisoara)

Romania, Danube River 12, Jui River Folder

Jui River

Jui River Source (along the border)

Lainici Monastery, Valley of the Jui River (Juii River Source) 1817
Lainici Monastery; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Jui River 1 (Bumbesti Jui)

Jui River 2 (Targu Jui)

Jui River 3 (Rovinari)

Jui River 4 (Filasi, Secu)

Secu, Romania (Jui River 4)
Secu (and Secu Creek?, and Secu "œBeheading" Monastery); Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; Venerable Daniel the Hesychast, Commemorated December 18 ;

Jui River 5 (Ramnicu Valcea)

Ramnicu Valcea, Oltenia, Romania (Craiova, Jui River 5)
Ramnicu Valcea, Oltenia, Romania (Craiova, Jui River 5); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Craiova, Oltenia, Romania (Ramnicu Valcea, Jur River 5, close to Olt River 16)
Craiova, Oltenia, Romania (Ramnicu Valcea, Jur River 5); Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated on January 12; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Bucovat Monastery (Jiu River 5.5, built next to Craiova) 1483
Bucovat Monastery (Jiu River 5.5, built next to Craiova) 1483 ; Martyr Tatiana of Rome, and those who suffered with Her, Commemorated on January 12;

Jui River Mouth (Kozloduy, Bulgaria, Danube River 12)

Romania, Danube River 13, Olt River Folder

Olt River (Olt River 14)

Oltenia, Romania (Land of the Olt River)
Oltenia, Land of the Olt River ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; Martyr John the Wallachian of Romania, Commemorated on May 12;

Oltenia, Romania (Along Olt River below sub-Carpatians)
Oltenia (Along Olt River below sub-Carpatians); Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Olt River Source (Hasmas Mountains, Inner Eastern Carpathians)
Hasmas Mountains, Inner Eastern Carpathians;

Hasmas Mountains
Hasmas Mountains;

Olt River 1

Olt River 2

Olt River 3

Olt River 8 (Poiana Marului)

Poiana Marului, Romania (Olt River 8)
Poiana Marului ; Venerable Paisius Velichkovsky, Commemorated November 15 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Olt River 13 (Sibiu, Cibin River, Canyon through Carpathians)

Romania, Danube River 13, Olt River 13, Cibin River Folder

Cibin River

Cibin River 2nd Source

Salistie, Romania, south Transylvania Plateau (Cibin River Source)
Salistie, The town is situated at the edge of the Cindrel Mountains, on a series of river valleys which flow into the Cibin River in the South part of the Transylvanian Plateau ; Martyr Oprea of Salistie in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ;

Cibin River Source (Cindrel Mountains)
Cindrel Mountains ;

Cibin River 1 (Sibiu)

Sibiu, Romania (Cibin River 1)
Sibiu (Cibin River) Venerable Bessarion Sarai the Confessor in Romania; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ;

Cibin River Mouth (Olt River 13)

Olt River 14 (Rimnicu Vilcea and Muereasca Valcea)

Vilcea county (Olt River 14)
Vilcea county ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23, Saint Anthony the Hesychast was born in the sub-Carpathian Mountains of Vilcea county in Romania;

Cozia Monastery (Olt River 14) 1388
Cozia Monastery;

Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14)
Muereasca-Valcea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Frasinei Skete, Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14)
Frasinei Skete, Muereasca-Valcea (Olt River 14); Muereasca-Valcea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Rimnicu Vilcea, Romania (Olt River 14)
Rimnicu Vilcea; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated September 14 ; Venerable Gregory Decapolite, Commemorated on November 20 ; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated November 23 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Olt River 16 (Oltenia)

Olt River Mouth (Oltenia, Danube River 13)

Romania, Danube River 13.5, Vedea River Folder

Vedea River

Vedea River Source (Cotmeana Plateau)
Vedea River Source (Cotmeana Plateau);

Vedea River 1 (Poiana Lacului)

Vedea River 2 (Rosiori de Vede)

Rosioride de Vede
Rosioride de Vede;

Vedea River 3 (Alexandria, Romania)

Alexandria, Romania (Vedea River 3)

Tiganesti, Teleorman, Romania (Teleorman River Mouth, Vedea River 4)
Teleorman; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Vedea River 4 (Teleorman River Mouth, Tiganesti)

Teleorman River

Vedea (river) Mouth

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River Folder (Bucharest)

Arges River

Arges River Source (Fagaras Mountains)

Moldoveanu Peak, Fagaras Mountains
Moldoveanu Peak; Fagaras Mountains;

Argus River 1

Argesh County, Romania (Arges River 1)
Argesh County; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 ;

Curtea de Argesh Monastery (Arges River 1) 1218, 1340
Monastery of Curtea de Argesh ; St Sophronius the Confessor of Ciorara in Romania, Commemorated October 21 ; St Philothea of Thrace, the Protectress of Romania, Commemorated December 7 , 1218;

Romania, Danube River 14, Argus River 1, Raul Doamnei River Folder

Raul Doamnei River

Raul Doamnei River Source

Raul Doamnei River Mouth (Argus River 1)

Raul Targului River

Raul Targului River Source

Raul Targului River Mouth

Izerul River

Izerul River Source

Mt Iezerul Skete of St Anthony
Mt Iezerul and Iezerul River is up from the Headwaters of Raul Targului River; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Mt Iezerul
Mt Iezerul and Iezerul River is up from the Headwaters of Raul Targului River; Venerable Anthony of Iezerul-Vilcea Skete, Commemorated on November 23 ;

Izerul River Mouth (Raul Targului or Batrana River)
Izerul River;

Argus River 2

Giurgiu, Romania
Giurgiu, Romania; St Demetrius of Basarabov, Commemorated on October 27 ;

Argus River 3 (Bucharest)

Comana Monastery, Romania (Arges River 3) 1461
Comana Monastery; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Argus River Mouth (Danube River 14)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Dambovita River Folder

Dambovita River

Dambovita River Source (Fagaras Mountains)

Dambovita River 1

Dambovita River 2

Dambovita River 3

Dambovita River 10 (Bucharest and Pasarea)

Bucharest, Romania (Argus River 3, Dambovita River 10, Sabar River 10)
Bucharest; St Constantine Brancoveanu, Commemorated on August 16 ; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26; New Martyr Ignatius the Monk of Bulgaria, Commemorated October 8 ; St Moses (Macinic), Martyr and Confessor, Commemorated October 21 ; St John of Galesh, Commemorated October 21 ; St Demetrius of Basarbov in Bulgaria, Commemorated on October 26 ; Monkmartyr Euthymius of Prodromou of Mt Athos, Commemorated on March 22; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24; New Martyr Ignatius the Martyr of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1; New Martyr Euthymius of Mt Athos, Commemorated on May 1;

Pasarea, Romania (Dambovita River 10)
Pasarea; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Cernica (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania)
Cernica; St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Saint George's Island (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania)
Saint George's Island (Lake Cernica, Bucharest, Romania); St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

All Saints Monastery, Bucharest, 1705
All Saints Monastery, Bucharest, All Saints Monestary in the center of Bucharest; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14;

Dambovita River Mouth (Arges River 4)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Sabar River Folder

Sabar River

Sabar River Source (Ludesti Village)

Sabar River 1

Saber River 2

Sabar River 3

Sabar River 4

Sabar River 9 (near Ciorogarla)

Romania, Danube River 14, Arges River 4, Sabar River 9, Ciorogarla River Folder

Ciorogarla River

Ciorogarla River 1

Ciorogarla River 2

Ciorogarla River 3 (Ciorogarla)

Ciorogarla, Romania (Sabar River 8, Ciorogarla River 3)
Ciorogarla; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ciorogarla River Mouth (Sabar River 9)

Sabar River 10 (Bucharest)

Sabar River 14 (Overview)

Sabar River Mouth (Arges River 4)

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River Folder

Lalomita River

Lalomita River Source (Bucegi Mountains)

Bucegi Mountains, Romania
Bucegi Mountains; Icon of the Mother of God of St Theodore, Commemorated on March 14;

Lalomita River 1 (Targoviste)

Tirgovishte, Romania (Lalomita River 1)
Tirgovishte, Romania (Lalomita River 1); St. Sava Brancovici the Metropolitan of Ardeal, and the Confessor of Romania, Commemorated on April 24;

Lalomita River 2 (Prahova River)

Ghenoaia, Romania (Lalomita River1.5)
Ghenoaia, Romania (Prahova River2); St. Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River 2, Prahova River Folder

Prahova River

Prahova River Source (Predeal)
Prahova River;

Prahova River 1 (Sita (Azuga) River)

Romania, Danube River 16, Lalomita River 2, Prahova River 1, Sita River Folder

Sita (Azuga) River

Sita (Azuga) River Source (Baiu Mountains)

Sita River 1

Sita River 2

Sita River 3

Sita (Azuga) River Mouth (Prahove River)

Prahova River 2 (Campina)

Campina, Romania (on the main Transylvania - Wallachai road, Prahova River 2)
Campina; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Prahova River Mouth (Lalomita River2)

Snagov Monastery, Romania (Prahova River Mouth, Lalomita River2)
Snagov Monastery; Repose of St. Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on September 14 ; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11 ; St Anthimus, Bishop of Georgia, Commemorated on June 13;

Romania, Danube River 16, Lamolita River 2, Istau Stream Folder

Istau Stream

Istau Stream Source (Tohani Vineyards)

Tohani Buzaului (Vineyards, Istau Stream Source)
Tohani Buzaului (Ciolanu River, Buzau River 10); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Istau Stream 1 (Mizil)

Istau Stream 2 (Caldarushni)

Caldarushani, Romania (Istau Stream 2)
Caldarushani, Romania (Prahova River Mouth, Lalomita River 1); St George of Cernica and Caldarushani, Commemorated December 3 ;

Istau Stream Mouth (Lamolita River 2.5)

Baragan Plain (Eastern Wallacian Plain)
Baragan Plain ;

Lalomita River 3 (Buesti, Baragan Plain)

Buesti, Romania (Baragan Plain, Lalomita River 3)
Baragan Plain; Martyr Emilian of Silistria in Bulgaria, Commemorated on July 18; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Lalomita River Mouth (Danube River 16)

Dobruja, Romania (near Lalomita River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Dobruja, Romania; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29;

Tomis, Romania (Constantsa, near Lalomita River Mouth, Danube River 16)
Tomis (Constantsa); Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated July 7 ; Martyr Macrobius at Tomis in Romania, Commemorated September 13 ; Venerable John Cassian the Roman, Commemorated on February 28; St Germanus of Dacia Pontica (Dobrogea), Commemorated on February 29; St Theotimus the Bishop of Lesser Scythia, Commemorated on April 20; Martyr Evangelicus the Bishop of Tomis, Constanta in Romania, Commemorated on July 7 ;

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River Folder

Buzau River

Buzau River Source (south-eastern Carpathian Mountains)
Its source is in the south-eastern Carpathian Mountains, east of BraÃƒÂƒÃ‚Â…ÃƒÂ‚Ã‚ÂŸov.

Buzau Mountains (Buzau River Area)
Buzau Mountains (Buzau River Area); St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 25;

Buzau River 1

Buzau River 2

Buzau River 3

Buzau River 4 (Casoca)

Basca Rozilier River

Basca Rozilier River Source (Buzeu Mountains)

Buzau River 8 (Balaneasa River)

Buzau River 9 (Ratesti Monastery)

Ratesti Monastery, Romania (Buzau River 9)
Ratesti Monastery; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Buzau River 10 (Slanic and Ciolanu Rivers)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River 10, Ciolanu River Folder

Ciolanu River

Ciolanu River Source

Tohani Buzaului (Vineyards, Ciolanu River Source, Istau Stream Source)
Tohani Buzaului (Ciolanu River, Buzau River 10); St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Ciolanu Monastery, 1570
Ciolanu Monastery;

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 14, Buzau River 10, Slanic River Folder

Slanic River

Slanic River 1

Slanic River 2

Slanic River 3 (Caldarusani)

Caldarusani, Romania (Slanic River 3)
Caldarusani; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Slanic River Mouth (Buzau River 10)

Buzau, Romania (Buzau River 11)
Buzau, Romania; Martyr Sabbas the Goth of Wallachia, Commemorated on April 15;

Buzau River Mouth (Seret River 14)

Buzau Mountains
Buzau Mountains; St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Basca Roziliei River Mouth (Buzau River 4)

Balaneasa River Mouth (Buzau River 8)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 13.5, Rimnicu Sarat River Folder

Rimnicu Sarat River

Rimnicu Sarat River Source (Bazau Mountains)

Rimnicu River 1 (Jitia)

Rimnicu River 2 (Chiojdeni)

Rimnicu Sarat River 3 (Rimnicu Sarat)

Valea Ramnicului (Rimnicu River 3)
Valea Ramnicului; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11;

Rimnicu Sarat, Valea Ramnicului ((Rimnicu River 3)
Valea Ramnicului; Rimnicu Sarat; St Callinicus of Cernica the Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; St. Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Rimnicu Sarat River Mouth (Nanesti)

Romania, Danube River Mouth, Siret River 13, Putna and Milcov Rivers Folder

Putna River

Vrancea Mountains
Vrancea Mountains;

Putna River Source (Vrancea Mountains)

Putna River Mouth (Siret River 13)

Milcov River

Milcov River Source (Vrancea Mountains)

Milcov River 1

Milcov River 2 (Reghiu River)

Reghiu River Mouth (Milcov River 2)

Arva River Mouth (Milcov River 3)

Milcov River 3 (Mera River)

Mera River (Milcov River 3)

Milcov River 4

Milcov River 5 (Focsani)

Dalhautsi-Focshani Skete, Romania (Milcov River 5)
Dalhautsi-Focshani Skete is probably near or in Foscani or along the Milcov River in the Foscani region. St Basil of Poiana Marului, Commemorated on April 15;

Milcov River Mouth (Putna River (Siret River 14))

Danube River Mouth

Saint Georges Island, Danube River Mouth, Romania 45.116667,29.366667
Saint Georges Island, Romania 45.116667,29.366667; Saint Callinicus of Cernica, Bishop of Rimnicului in Romania, Commemorated on April 11; of the Turks and Saint George's Island Another Pasha came to the monastery of Pasarea in the village of Panteleimon, and kidnapped one of the nuns. Saint Callinicus moved the rest of the nuns from Pasarea to the monastery of Snagov for their safety. He then wrote a letter of protest to the governor, who ordered the Pasha to release the nun. The Pasha swore that he would destroy the monastery of Cernica and take revenge upon Saint Callinicus. Once again, the saint learned of the Pasha’s intentions, and he prayed all night long with his clergy for the monastery to be spared. midnight, the Pasha was prepared to attack the monastery, but first he asked for a cup of coffee. A servant handed him the coffee, and as he did so, he shot the Pasha. The bullet struck the bag of gold coins which he wore under his shirt, and so he was not killed. In gratitude for his deliverance, he sent the gold to Saint Callinicus saying that it should be used to build a well for the monastery. some sort of trickery, the saint told the Turks, “If you wish, and if you are telling the truth, then you yourselves should build the well next to the bridge.â€ Workmen built the well on the north shore of Saint George’s Island, and it is known as the Well of the Turk, to this very day. another occasion, the monastery cook told Saint Callinicus that they had no more flour. He replied, “Let us place our hope in the Mother of God and in Saint Nicholas, and we shall want for nothing.â€ The saint went to his cell to pray before the holy icons, asking Saint Nicholas to help them. miracle took place that evening after Vespers. A cart with two drivers came to the monastery with a load of flour. They asked Father Charalampus, the ecclesiarch, where to unload the flour which their master had sent as a gift. When the monk asked for the name of their master, they said that he wished to remain anonymous. Saint Callinicus served a Molieben of Thanksgiving to Saint Nicholas, and then went to bless the flour, which was used to bake bread for the consolation of the brethren. 1827, a certain man came to the monastery when Saint Callinicus was speaking to his Spiritual Father, Pimen. The man asked if he might borrow fifty lei (Romanian currency). An hour after this man had left; a young man came to Saint Callinicus and kissed his hand saying, “Holy Father, my father has died. Before his death he told me to give one thousand lei to the monastery. I do not have the full amount now, but here are five hundred lei, and later on I will bring you another five hundred lei.â€ Callinicus realized that the person who had requested the loan of fifty lei had been sent by God to test his mercy and his love, and so he received ten times that amount in return. Father Pimen asked him, “What were you thinking, Father Callinicus, when you gave alms to that man?â€ saint replied, “I wanted to give one hundred lei, but I did not have that much. I gave him fifty and received five hundred. As the Gospel says, ‘Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy’ (Matt. 5:7).â€ Matins one morning in July of 1829, Saint Callinicus was in his cell reading the Life of Saint Nicholas. When he got to the sixth chapter, he fell asleep from weariness after the all-night Vigil. Suddenly, Saint George appeared in his armor and Saint Nicholas in the vestments of a bishop. Behind them was Father George, the late igumen of Cernica. “Arise,â€ said Saint Nicholas, “and on this island build a church dedicated to the Holy Great Martyr George.â€ Saint George told him, “We will send you everything that you require.â€ Then Igumen George said, “Do not doubt in your heart.â€ They departed after saying these things. he woke up, Father Callinicus continued reading the Life of Saint Nicholas until he reached the end. Then he went out to visit his Spiritual Father Pimen on the small island of Saint George in order to ask him whether this vision might have been some sort of temptation from the Devil. “No, my child,â€ Father Pimen replied, “this is not demonic, but is really something from God. These same three individuals also appeared to me three times tonight, ordering the work to begin at once. I have just finished getting dressed so that I could pass on their instructions to you.â€ that time there were only a few cells on Saint George’s Island, among them was the cell of the late Igumen George, where Father Pimen had now taken up his residence. There was also a small church dedicated to Saint George, a gift from Bratovian. Next to this, Saint Callinicus built a large and beautiful church.