Arab Lands Folder (Saracens, Hagarenes, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah).kmz

Arab Lands Folder (Saracens, Hagarenes, Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)

Arab History Folder

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, History Folder, East African Egyptian Arabs, Nubian Kingdom

Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, East African Egyptian Arabs, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom
East African Egyptian Arabs, 600 BC - 8th Century, Blemmyes Nubian Kingdom; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated on January 14;

Arabs, 400BC-106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom

Arabs, 400BC - 106AD, Nabataean Kingdom, Edom
Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 9BC - 40AD, Nabataean King, Aretas IV Philopatris, Edom
Arab Nabataean King, 9BC - 40AD, Aretas IV Philopatris; Arab Nabataean Kingdom, 400BC - 106AD; Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; The Beheading of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist John, Commemorated on August 29 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 106, Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, annexed by Trajan in 106
Nabataean kingdom capital of Petra, Edom, annexed by Trajan in 106 ; Hieromartyr Ignatius the God-Bearer the Bishop of Antioch, Commemorated December 20 ;

Arabs, 110 BC - 622 AD, History Folder, Himyarite Kingdom Pre Islam

Arabs,110 BC-520 AD, Arabian Himyarite Kingdom, Historical Dhafar, Yemen, Havila
Himyarite Kingdom; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 000, 1st Century Folder, Apostles Thomas,

Arabs, Arabia, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas
East Africa, 1st Century, Apostle Thomas; Holy, Glorious Apostle Thomas, Commemorated on October 6

Arabs, 300-399, 4th Century Folder, Himyarite King Abu Karab

Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab
Arabs, 390-420, Arabian Jewish Himyarite King, Abu Karab; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12;

Arabs, 500-599, Arabian Jewish Warlord Dunaan

Arabs, 517&525, Ethiopian incursion into Yemen (in support of Arabian Christians)
Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 517-525, Arabian Jewish Warlord, Dunaan
Arabian Jewish Warlord, 517-525, Dunaan; Yemen; Saint Elesbaan, King of Ethiopia; Dunaan, Jewish king in Yemen; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 519, Dunaan, Himyarite King and Jewish Warlord in Yemen
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arabs, 519-525, Arabian Himyarite King, Dunaan, Jewish Warlord
Himyarite king Dunaan ; Himyarite Kingdom (110BC-520AD); Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Arethas, Commemorated on October 24; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ;

Arabs, 622-632, History Folder, Muhammad

Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632
Arabia, Raids on Meccan caravans 622-632;

Arabia, 622-632, Military career of Muhammad
Military career of Muhammad 622-632; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24;

Arabs, 632-661, History Folder, Rashidun Caliphate, Sunni and Shia

Arabs, 632-661, Arab Caliphates, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia
Arab Caliphates, 632-661, Rashidun, based in Medina and Kufa, Messopotamia ; Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 634-644, Rashidun Caliph, Umar I
Arab Caliph, 634-644, Umar I, 2nd caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, 634-644 ; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; St Sophronius the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Commemorated on March 11; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20; St Thomas the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on March 21; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 637, Seige of Jerusalem
Arabia, 637, Seige of Jerusalem; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24; Monkmartyr Menas of Palestine, Commemorated on April 12;

Arabs, 640-641, Arab Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt
Arab Muslim Conqest of Babylon Fortress Egypt 640

Arabs, 642, Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria
Arab Muslim Conquest of Alexandria 642;

Arabs, 644-656, Rashidun Caliph, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 644-656, Uthman, 3rd Rashidun Caliph; Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 656-661, Arab Rashidun Caliph, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph)
Arab Rashidun Caliph, 656-661, Ali (First Shia Iman, fourth and Last Rashidun Caliph); Martyr Neophytus of Urbin, Georgia, Commemorated on October 28;

Arabs, 661-750, History Folder, Umayyad Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 661-750, Umayyad Caliphate based in Damascus, Sunni, after first M Civil War, Large, Spain, Cordoba
Arab Caliphates, 661-750, Umayyad, based in Damascus, Sunni ; The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; UK: /ʊˈmaɪjæd, uːˈ-/,[2] US: /uːˈmaɪ(j)əd, -aɪæd/;[3] Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة‎, romanized: al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah)[4] was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: ٱلْأُمَوِيُّون‎, al-ʾUmawīyūn, or بَنُو أُمَيَّة, Banū ʾUmayyah, "Sons of Umayyah"). The third caliph of Rashidun Caliphate, Uthman ibn Affan (r. 644–656), was also a member of the Umayyad clan. The family established dynastic, hereditary rule with Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, long-time governor of al-Sham (Greater Syria), who became the sixth caliph after the end of the First Muslim Civil War in 661. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflicts over the succession resulted in a Second Civil War[5] and power eventually fell into the hands of Marwan I from another branch of the clan. The region of Syria remained the Umayyads' main power base thereafter, and Damascus was their capital. The Umayyads continued the Muslim conquests, incorporating the Transoxiana, Sindh, the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula (Al-Andalus) into the Muslim world. At its greatest extent, the Umayyad Caliphate covered 11,100,000 km2 (4,300,000 sq mi),[1] making it one of the largest empires in history in terms of area. The dynasty was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. Survivors of the dynasty established themselves in Cordoba which, in the form of an emirate and then a caliphate, became a world centre[6][7] of science, medicine, philosophy and invention, ushering in the period of the Golden Age of Islam. The Umayyad Caliphate ruled over a vast multiethnic and multicultural population. Christians, who still constituted a majority of the caliphate's population, and Jews were allowed to practice their own religion but had to pay a head tax (the jizya) from which Muslims were exempt.[8] There was, however, the Muslim-only zakat tax, which was earmarked explicitly for various welfare programmes.[8][9] Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.[10][11] The Umayyad era is often considered the formative period in Islamic art.[12] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25 ;

Arabs, 661-680, Caliph Muawiyah I, in Damascus and Egypt, Sunni, Syria's Christian beauracracy
Arab Caliph, 661-680, Muawiyah I ; Muawiyah I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان‎, romanized: Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; c. 597, 603 or 605–April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, serving from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than 30 years following the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and very shortly after the reign of the four "rightly guided" (Rashidun) caliphs. Although considered to be lacking in the justice and piety of the Rashidun, Muawiyah was also the first caliph whose name appeared on coins, inscriptions, or documents of the nascent Islamic empire.[1] Muawiyah and his father Abu Sufyan had opposed Muhammad, their distant Qurayshite kinsman, until the latter captured Mecca in 630, after which Muawiyah became one of Muhammad's scribes. He was appointed by Caliph Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) the commander of the vanguard of his brother Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan's army during the conquest of Syria and he moved up the ranks until becoming governor of Syria during the reign of Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656). He allied with the province's powerful Banu Kalb tribe, developed the defenses of its coastal cities and directed the war efforts against the Byzantine Empire, including the first Muslim naval campaigns. After Uthman's assassination in 656, Muawiyah took up the cause of avenging the caliph and opposed his successor, Ali. During the First Muslim Civil War, the two led their armies to a stalemate at the Battle of Siffin in 657, prompting an abortive series of arbitration talks to settle the war. Afterward, Muawiyah gained recognition as caliph by his Syrian supporters and his ally Amr ibn al-As, who conquered Egypt from Ali's governor in 658. After the assassination of Ali in 661, Muawiyah compelled Ali's son and successor Hasan to abdicate in Kufa and Muawiyah's suzerainty was acknowledged throughout the Caliphate. Domestically, Muawiyah relied on loyalist Syrian tribes and Syria's Christian-dominated bureaucracy. He is credited with establishing government departments responsible for the postal route, correspondences and chancellery. Externally, he engaged his troops in almost yearly land and sea raids against the Byzantines, including a failed siege of Constantinople, though the tide turned against the Arabs toward the end of his reign and he sued for a truce. In the provinces of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate, he delegated authority to the powerful governors al-Mughira and Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan, the latter of whom he controversially adopted as his brother. Ziyad restarted the eastward Arab conquests in Khurasan and Sijistan and reformed Iraq's army and tax administrations. Under Muawiyah's direction, the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (central North Africa) was launched by the commander Uqba ibn Nafi in 670. Although Muawiyah confined the influence of his Umayyad clan to the governorship of Medina, he nominated his own son, Yazid I, as his successor. It was an unprecedented move in Islamic politics and opposition to it by prominent Muslim leaders, including Ali's son Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, persisted after Muawiyah's death, culminating with the outbreak of the Second Muslim Civil War. St Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27; Icon of the Mother of God of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 685-705, Umayyad Caliph, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, born Muslim, centralized r, Dome of Rock, 2nd Civil War
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 685-705, khalif Abdul Malek, Damascus, Greater Syria; Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (Arabic: عبد الملك ابن مروان ابن الحكم‎, romanized: ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death. A member of the first generation of born Muslims, his early life in Medina was occupied with pious pursuits. He held administrative and military posts under Caliph Mu'awiya I (r. 661–680), founder of the Umayyad Caliphate, and his own father, Caliph Marwan I (r. 684–685). By the time of Abd al-Malik's accession, Umayyad authority had collapsed across the Caliphate as a result of the Second Muslim Civil War and had been reconstituted in Syria and Egypt during his father's reign. Following a failed invasion of Iraq in 686, Abd al-Malik focused on securing Syria before making further attempts to conquer the greater part of the Caliphate from his principal rival, the Mecca-based caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. To that end, he concluded an unfavorable truce with the reinvigorated Byzantine Empire in 689, quashed a coup attempt in Damascus by his kinsman, al-Ashdaq, the following year, and reincorporated into the army the rebellious Qaysi tribes of the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) in 691. He then conquered Zubayrid Iraq and dispatched his general, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, to Mecca where he killed Ibn al-Zubayr in late 692, thereby reuniting the Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's rule. The war with Byzantium resumed, resulting in Umayyad advances into Anatolia and Armenia, the destruction of Carthage and the recapture of Kairouan, the launchpad for the later conquests of western North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, in 698. In the east, Abd al-Malik's viceroy, al-Hajjaj, firmly established the caliph's authority in Iraq and Khurasan, stamping out opposition by the Kharijites and the Arab tribal nobility by 702. Abd al-Malik's final years were marked by a domestically peaceful and prosperous consolidation of power. In a significant departure from his predecessors, rule over the Caliphate's provinces was centralized under Abd al-Malik, following the elimination of his rivals. Gradually, loyalist Arab troops from Syria were tasked with maintaining order in the provinces as dependence on less reliable, local Arab garrisons receded. Tax surpluses from the provinces were forwarded to Damascus and the traditional military stipends to veterans of the early Muslim conquests and their descendants were abolished, salaries being restricted to those in active service. The most consequential of Abd al-Malik's reforms were the introduction of a single Islamic currency in place of Byzantine and Sasanian coinage and the establishment of Arabic as the language of the bureaucracy in place of Greek and Persian in Syria and Iraq, respectively. His Muslim upbringing, the conflicts with external and local Christian forces and rival claimants to Islamic leadership all influenced Abd al-Malik's efforts to prescribe a distinctly Islamic character to the Umayyad state. Another manifestation of this initiative was his founding of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the earliest archaeologically attested religious monument built by a Muslim ruler and the possessor of the earliest epigraphic proclamations of Islam and the prophet Muhammad. The foundations established by Abd al-Malik enabled his son and successor, al-Walid I (r. 705–715), who largely maintained his father's policies, to oversee the Umayyad Caliphate's territorial and economic zenith. Abd al-Malik's centralized government became the prototype of later medieval Muslim states. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; JOHN OF DAMASCUS, HYMN-WRITER, DEFENDER OF ICONS (4 DEC 750); Martyr John of Damascus, Commemorated on December 4;

Arabs, 705-715, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, continued father's reforms, Byzantine Raids, public works, U peak, Turkistan, Pakistan
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 705-715, Al-Walid I; Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (Arabic: الوليد بن عبد الملك ابن مروان‎, romanized: al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; c. 674 – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (Arabic: الوليد الأول‎), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death. He was the eldest son of his predecessor Caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). As a prince, he led annual raids against the Byzantines from 695 to 698 and built or restored fortifications along the Syrian Desert route to Mecca. He became the heir apparent after the death of Abd al-Malik's brother and designated successor, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, in 704. Al-Walid largely continued his father's policies of centralization and expansion, and heavily depended on al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, his father's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the Caliphate. During his reign, Umayyad armies conquered the Maghreb, Hispania, Sind and Transoxiana, expanding the Caliphate to its greatest territorial extent. War spoils from the conquests allowed al-Walid to finance public works of great magnitude, including the Great Mosque of Damascus, the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem and the Prophet's Mosque in Medina. He was the first caliph to institute programs for social welfare, aiding the poor and handicapped in Syria. Although it is difficult to ascertain al-Walid's direct role in the affairs of his caliphate, his reign was marked by domestic peace and prosperity and likely represented the peak of Umayyad power. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 717-720, Umayyad Caliph Umar II, scholars, Hadiths, education, China and Tibet
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 717-720, Umar II ; Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (Arabic: عمر بن عبد العزيز‎, romanized: ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz; 2 November 682 – c. 5 February 720), commonly known as Umar II (عمر الثاني), was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who possessed the largest empire in Islamic history[1](alongside al-Mutawakkil). He made various significant contributions and reforms to the society, and he has been described as "the most pious and devout" of the Umayyad rulers and was often called the first Mujaddid and the fifth righteous Caliph of Islam.[2] He was also a cousin of the former caliph, being the son of Abd al-Malik's younger brother, Abd al-Aziz. He was also a matrilineal great-grandson of the second caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab. Surrounded with great scholars, he is credited with having ordered the first official collection of Hadiths and encouraged education to everyone. He also sent out emissaries to China and Tibet, inviting their rulers to accept Islam. At the same time, he remained tolerant with non-Muslim citizens. According to Nazeer Ahmed, it was during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz that the Islamic faith took roots and was accepted by huge segments of the population of Persia and Egypt. Militarily, Umar is sometimes deemed a pacifist, since he ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army in places such as Constantinople and Central Asia despite being a good military leader. Under his rule, the Islamic Spain conquered good amount of territories from the Christian Kingdoms, but he removed troops from Septimania, modern France. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 720-724, Umayyad Caliph Yazid II, financial crisis, reversing reforms, raising taxes failed
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 720-724, Yazid II; Yazid bin Abd al-Malik (Arabic: يزيد بن عبد الملك‎, romanized: Yazīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; c. 690/91 — 28 January 724), also referred to as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 9 February 720 until his death in 724. Yazid did not possess military or administrative experience before his reign.[1] Fiscal and military policies[edit] The expenses of enforcing Umayyad rule in Iraq and the expansionist war efforts along multiple fronts, including the enormous cost of the failed sieges of Constantinople in 717–718, had erased much of the monetary gains from the conquests of Transoxiana, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula under al-Walid I and caused a financial crisis in the Caliphate.[33] Among the solutions of Yazid's predecessor to the fiscal burden were the withdrawal of the Syrians from Iraq, a halt on conquests and near elimination of grants to Umayyad princes, as well as an unrealized goal to withdraw Arab troops altogether from Transoxiana, the Iberian Peninsula and Cilicia.[33] The most significant reforms of Umar II granted equality to the mawālī in Khurasan, Sind, Ifriqiya and the Iberian Peninsula by abolishing the jizya, the poll tax traditionally exacted on non-Muslim subjects but in practice extended to non-Arab Muslim converts, and instituting equal pay for mawālī in the ranks of the Caliphate's Arab-dominated armies.[1][34] According to Blankinship, the reforms favoring the mawālī may have been guided by Umar II's piety, but also a fiscal consideration: if equal treatment with the Arabs made the government popular with the mawālī it could translate into delegating an increased security role for the mawālī in their native provinces and their enthusiastic defense of the Caliphate's frontiers, thereby reducing the expense of deploying and garrisoning Arab troops.[33] Yazid attempted to reverse, with limited success, the reforms of Umar II, which were opposed by the Arab militarist camp in the Caliphate and the Umayyad ruling family.[1] During Umar II's rule the militarist camp led by Maslama may have accepted a temporary pause in activity to recover from the Constantinople debacle.[35] Under Yazid, Maslama and his proteges, including Ibn Hubayra, were restored or appointed to senior commands, Syrian garrisons were reintroduced to Iraq, the traditional annual raids against the Byzantines and the war with the Khazars were restarted, and the grants of estates or generous sums to Umayyad princes resumed.[36] Although Yazid's policies were presumably meant to gain the backing of the ruling elite and restore the flow of war spoils, they proved insufficient to finance the Caliphate's troops, particularly as booty had become increasingly difficult to obtain by the Arab expeditionary forces.[36] To fill the depleted coffers of the caliphal treasury Yazid turned to the fifth of provincial tax revenues officially owed to the caliph. Historically, the provinces neglected to forward the revenues if political conditions allowed and governors often pilfered such funds. To ensure the flow of revenues to the treasury, Yazid appointed governors based on the example set by al-Hajjaj, i.e. upright, meticulously loyal and ruthless in the collection of taxes.[36] Unlike the era of al-Hajjaj, however, Yazid applied this principle for the first time to Ifriqiya, Khurasan, Sind and the Iberian Peninsula.[36] A major aspect of his policy was the reinstatement of the jizya on the mawālī,[36] which alienated the mawālī in the aforementioned provinces.[1] In Ifriqiya, the caliph's governor Yazid ibn Abi Muslim, himself a mawlā from Iraq and a protégé of al-Hajjaj, was assassinated by his Berber guard in 720, shortly after his appointment, for attempting to reinstate the jizya.[1] Many, if not most, Berbers had embraced Islam and commanded a strong position in the army unlike mawālī in other parts of the Caliphate.[37] The Berbers reinstalled Ibn Abi Muslim's predecessor Ismail ibn Abd Allah ibn Abi al-Muhajir and notified Yazid, who approved the change.[38] The incident in Ifriqiya was a blow to the Caliphate's prestige in North Africa and served as a harbinger for the Berber Revolt in 740–743.[1] The reinstatement of the jizya in Khurasan in 721/22 by Ibn Hubayra's deputy Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi led to revolts and wars in the province that continued for twenty years and partly contributed to the Abbasid Revolution.[1] In Egypt pay increases to the indigenous mawālī sailors of the Muslim fleet were reversed.[36] Anti-Umayyad groups began to gain power among the disaffected. Al-Tabari records that Abbasids were promoting their cause in A.H. 102 (720-721 CE). They were already building a power base that they would later use to topple the Umayyads in 750 CE. That same year Yazid's governor in Medina, Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak, incurred the caliph's displeasure because the governor was exerting undue pressure trying to force a woman to marry him. She appealed to Yazid who replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah.[39] War against the Khazars[edit] In March 722 the Syrian army of Yazid's governor in Armenia and Adharbayjan, Mi'laq ibn Saffar al-Bahrani, was routed by the Khazars in Armenia, south of the Caucasus. The defeat marked the culmination of the Caliphate's winter campaign against the Khazars and resulted in considerable Syrian losses.[40] To avenge this defeat, Yazid II sent al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah at the head of a 25,000-strong army of Syrians, who pushed into the Caucasus homeland of the Khazars and took their capital of Balanjar on 22 August.[41] The main body of the highly mobile Khazars avoided the Muslims' pursuit and their presence compelled al-Jarrah to withdraw to Warthan south of the Caucasus and request reinforcements of from Yazid.[41] In 723 he led another raid north of Balanjar, but made no remarkable gains.[41] Iconoclastic edict[edit] According to Greek sources, including Patriarch John V of Jerusalem (d. 735), Theophanes the Confessor (d. 818) and Patriarch Nikephoros I of Constantinople (d. 828), Yazid issued an edict ordering the destruction of all icons in Christian churches across the Caliphate under the influence a Jewish magician from Tiberias, variously called Beser or Tessarakontapechys, who promised Yazid a long life of fortune in return.[42] Syriac sources further note that Yazid entrusted Maslama to execute the order and that the edict influenced the Byzantine emperor Leo III (r. 717–741) to enact his own iconoclastic policy in the Byzantine Empire.[43] The Egypt-based Arabic historians al-Kindi (d. 961), Bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (d. 987) and al-Maqrizi (d. 1442) also make note of the edict and describe its execution in Egypt.[44] The medieval historians cite different years for Yazid's edict, but the modern historian Alexander Vasiliev holds that July 721, the date cited by Patriarch John V, is the most reliable.[45] The order was reversed by Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (r. 724–743).[44] Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 724-743, Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, effective rule
Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 724-743, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik; Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (Arabic: هشام بن عبد الملك‎, romanized: Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 691 – 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph who ruled from 724 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his father named him after his mother. Reign[edit] Inheriting the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an empire with many different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz. Like his brother al-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective. According to tradition, Hisham ordered the hadith scholar Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri (d.742) to commit the hadith he had memorized to writing. Military activities[edit] On the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, especially in the Caucasus against the Khazars (the Battle of Marj Ardabil) and in Transoxiana against the Turgesh (the "Day of Thirst" and the Battle of the Pass). Hisham sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sindh, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their provinces in India. Some invasions of Indian kingdoms were led by the Arab governors of Sindh but they were unsuccessful. Under Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantine Empire continued. One regular commander of Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslama, Hisham's half-brother. He fought the Byzantines in 725–726 CE (A.H. 107) and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also fought the Khazars in the Caucasus. In 728, he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him. Hisham's son Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost-annual raids against the Byzantine Empire. In 728, he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiyah thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right, in addition to a sea raid. In 731, Mu'awiyah captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia. Mu'awiyah raided the Byzantine Empire in 731–732 (A.H. 113). The next year he captured Aqrun (Akroinos), while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiyah raided Byzantium from 734–737. In 737, al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman ibn Hisham captured Sindirah (Sideroun). In 738–739, Maslama captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars. Theophanes the Confessor (p. 103) states that while some Arabs raided successfully in 739 and returned home safely, others were soundly defeated at the Battle of Akroinon. He records that internal Byzantine strife (the struggle between Constantine V and the usurper Artabasdos) facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman ibn Hisham in 741–742 (p. 106) that made many Byzantines Arab captives. Al-Tabari refers to the same raid.[2] In North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a significant Berber revolt. In 740, a large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif, where the loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of 27,000 Syrians, which was destroyed in 741. In 742 Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands and re-establishing Umayyad rule. Hisham also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd ibn Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which was put down because of the betrayal of the Kufans. The Kufans encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufah and though he appeared to set out for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufah moving from house to house and receiving the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd. Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried, the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to Medina. An Umayyad coin issued by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who ruled the kingdom of the Franks. Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4;

Arabs, 744-750, Umayyad Caliph Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf or Blind) Third M Civil War
Arab general Marwan the Deaf; Syria, Arab Umayyad Caliph, 744-750, Marwan II bin Muhammad (Marwan the Deaf) invasion of Georgia; Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (Arabic: مروان بن محمد بن مروان بن الحكم‎, romanized: Marwān ibn Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; 691 – 6 August 750), also called Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until he was killed in 750. Much of his reign was dominated by the Third Muslim Civil War, and he was the last Umayyad ruler to rule the united Caliphate before the Abbasid Revolution toppled the Umayyad dynasty. Reign[edit] In A.H. 114 (732–733) Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In A.H. 117 (735–736) Marwan invaded Georgia, devastated it and then took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with Tumanshah. In A.H. 121 he launched further raids and obtained tribute. In A.H. 126, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house. When Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death, Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored Yazid's named successor Ibrahim and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah. Marwan named his two sons Ubaydillah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together. Marwan took Emesa (Homs) after a bitter ten-month siege. Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani led a Kharijite rebellion. He defeated the Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's centre and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell in fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul and besieged them there for six months. Then, reinforced, the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India. In Khurasan there was internal discord with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervour and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan 747 (May 16–June 14), they unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back. Fighting continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on November 9, 748 at the age of eighty-five. Marwan campaign in Egypt in 749 to quell the Bashmuric Revolt and secure his rear, but his campaign was a failure.[3] The Abbasids, meanwhile, achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-'Abbas al-Saffah on the banks of the Great Zab called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over 300 members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on August 6, 750. His heirs Ubaydallah and Abdallah escaped to modern Eritrea. Ubaydallah died in fighting there. Marwan's death signalled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East, and was followed by the mass-killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the talented prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad dynasty there. In Egypt, Marian's tongue was fed to a cat.[4] Martyr David the Prince of Georgia, Commemorated on October 2; Martyr Peter of Capetolis, Commemorated on October 4; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated on January 8; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ;

Arabs, 750-1517, History Folder, Abbasid Caliphate, Sunni

Arabs, 750-799, 8th Century History Folder, Abbasids in Baghdad

Arabs, 750-1517, Abbasid Caliphate, first based in Baghdad, Shia, Abbasaid Revolution of 750, Persian bureaucrats
Arab Caliphates, 750-1517, Abbasid, based in Baghdad, Shia ; The Abbasid Caliphate (/əˈbæsɪd/ or /ˈæbəsɪd/ Arabic: اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ‎, al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsīyah) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib (566–653 CE), from whom the dynasty takes its name.[2] They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE (132 AH). The Abbasid Caliphate first centered its government in Kufa, modern-day Iraq, but in 762 the caliph Al-Mansur founded the city of Baghdad, near the ancient Sasanian capital city of Ctesiphon. The Abbasid period was marked by reliance on Persian bureaucrats (notably the Barmakid family) for governing the territories as well as an increasing inclusion of non-Arab Muslims in the ummah (national community). Persian customs were broadly adopted by the ruling elite, and they began patronage of artists and scholars.[3] Baghdad became a center of science, culture, philosophy and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. Despite this initial cooperation, the Abbasids of the late 8th century had alienated both non-Arab mawali (clients)[4] and Iranian bureaucrats.[5] They were forced to cede authority over al-Andalus (Spain) to the Umayyads in 756, Morocco to the Idrisids in 788, Ifriqiya and Southern Italy to the Aghlabids in 800, Khorasan and Transoxiana to the Samanids and Persia to the Saffarids in the 870s, and Egypt to the Isma'ili-Shia caliphate of the Fatimids in 969. The political power of the caliphs was limited with the rise of the Iranian Buyids and the Seljuq Turks, who captured Baghdad in 945 and 1055, respectively. Although Abbasid leadership over the vast Islamic empire was gradually reduced to a ceremonial religious function in much of the Caliphate, the dynasty retained control over its Mesopotamian domain. The Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim. The Abbasid line of rulers, and Muslim culture in general, re-centred themselves in the Mamluk capital of Cairo in 1261. Though lacking in political power (with the brief exception of Caliph Al-Musta'in of Cairo), the dynasty continued to claim religious authority until after the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.[6] Apostle and Evangelist Mark, Commemorated on April 25;

Arabs, 750-754, Abbasid Caliph, As-Saffah
Abbasid Caliph, 750-754, As-Saffah; Abu al-‘Abbās ‘Abdu'llāh ibn Muhammad al-Saffāḥ, or Abul ‘Abbas as-Saffaḥ (Arabic: أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح‎‎; 721/722 – 10 June 754) was the first caliph of the Abbasid caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates (Islamic dynasties) in Islamic history. (Due to different methods of romanising Arabic names, the spellings As-Saffah and Al-Saffah may both be found.) Abū'l ‘Abbās' laqab or caliphal title was As-Saffāḥ (السفّاح), meaning "the Blood-Shedder" for his ruthless tactics and perhaps also to instill fear in his enemies. St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 754-775, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mansur
Abbasid Caliph, 754-775, Al-Mansur; St Sarmean, the Catholicos of Kartli, Georgia, Commemorated on August 21;

Arabs, 775-785, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mahdi, by future standards, a model of order and decorum, rightly guided
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 775-785, Al-Mahdi; Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Abdallah al-Mansur (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله المنصور‎; 744 or 745 – 785), better known by his regnal name al-Mahdi (المهدي, "He who is guided by God"), was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 775 to his death in 785. He succeeded his father, al-Mansur. Reign[edit] Al-Mahdi's father, Al-Mansur, died on the hajj to Mecca in 775. The throne then passed to Al-Mansur's chosen successor, his son Al-Mahdi. According to Marozzi, "[it] was, by the standards of the future, blood-soaked successions of the Abbasid caliphate, a model of order and decorum."[5] Al-Mahdi, whose nickname means "Rightly-guided" or "Redeemer", was proclaimed caliph when his father was on his deathbed. His peaceful reign continued the policies of his predecessors. Rapprochement with the Alids in the Caliphate occurred under al-Mahdi's reign. The powerful Barmakid family, which had advised the Caliphs since the days of Abu al-‘Abbās as viziers, gained even greater powers under al-Mahdi's rule, and worked closely with the caliph to ensure the prosperity of the Abbasid state. Dirham of Al-Mahdi, 166 AH, Kirman, silver 2.95 g. Al-Mahdi reigned for ten years. He imprisoned his most trusted vizier Ya'qub ibn Dawud. In the year 167 AH/ 783 AD, al-Mahdi instituted an official inquisition which led to the execution of alleged Zindiq (heretics). He was fond of music and poetry and during his caliphate many musicians and poets received his patronage and he supported musical expression and poetry across his dominion; accordingly, his son Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi (779–839) and his daughter ‘Ulayya bint al-Mahdī (777-825) were both noted poets and musicians.[6] In 775, a Byzantine envoy, Tarath, travelled to Baghdad to convey the congratulations of the Byzantine emperor to Al-Mahdi on his accession to the throne. Tarath was so pleased with the hospitality he received that he offered to put his engineering knowledge to use and build a mill that would generate annual profits, of 500,000 dirhams, equal to the cost of its construction. On completion, the envoy's forecast proved to be correct, and so, delighted, Al-Mahdi ordered that all profits should be given to the envoy, even after he left Baghdad. It is believed this continued to his death, in 780.[7] In 777 AD (160 AH) he put down the insurrection of Yusuf ibn Ibrahim in Khurasan. In the same year al-Mahdi deposed Isa ibn Musa as his successor and appointed his own son Musa al-Hadi in his place and took allegiance (bayah) for him from the nobles. In 778 AD (161 AH), he subdued the rebellion of Abdullah ibn Marwan ibn Muhammad, who was leading the Umayyad remnant in Syria. Al-Mahdi was poisoned by one of his concubines in 785 AD (169 AH). Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30;

Arabs, 786-809, Abbasid Caliph, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia, Bagdad library, knowledge, Golden Age peak
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 786-809, Aaron (Harun) al-Rashid, Shia ; Harun al-Rashid (/hɑːˈruːn ɑːlrɑːˈʃiːd/; Arabic: هَارُون الرَشِيد‎ Hārūn Ar-Rašīd; "Aaron the Orthodox" or "Aaron the Rightly-Guided", 17 March 763 or February 766 – 24 March 809 (148–193 Hijri)[1] was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His birth date is debated, with various sources giving dates from 763 to 766. His epithet "al-Rashid" translates to "the Orthodox", "the Just", "the Upright", or "the Rightly-Guided". Al-Rashid ruled from 786 to 809, during the peak of the Islamic Golden Age. He established the legendary library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom") in Baghdad in present-day Iraq, and during his rule Baghdad began to flourish as a center of knowledge, culture and trade.[2] During his rule, the family of Barmakids, which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate, declined gradually. In 796, he moved his court and government to Raqqa in present-day Syria. A Frankish mission came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Harun sent various presents with the emissaries on their return to Charlemagne's court, including a clock that Charlemagne and his retinue deemed to be a conjuration because of the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked.[3] Portions of the fictional One Thousand and One Nights are set in Harun's court and some of its stories involve Harun himself.[4] Harun's life and court have been the subject of many other tales, both factual and fictitious. Some of the Twelver sect of Shia Muslims blame Harun for his supposed role in the murder of their 7th Imam (Musa ibn Ja'far). New Martyr Isaac of Georgia, Commemorated on September 16; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; Translation of the relics of St Nicholas the Wonderworker from Myra to Bari, Commemorated on May 9;

Arabs, 800-899, 9th Century History Folder, Abbasid Anarchy, Shia Sunni battles

Arabs, 813-833, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Ma'mun
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 813-833, Al-Ma'mun; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Arabs, 819-861, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir
Messopotamia, Abbasid, Arab Military Slave, 819-861, Bugha the Turk, Bugha al-Kabir; Martyr Constantine the King of Georgia, Commemorated on November 10; Martyr John, Abbot of the Zedazeni Monastery, Commemorated on December 12 ; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim, Sunni
Arabs, 833-842, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tasim; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6;

Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Sunni, Probably Christian Caliph Mavi
Arabs, 842-847, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Wathiq, Shia; St. Theodore the Bishop of Edessa, Commemorated on July 9;

Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Sunni, assasinated by his son
Arabs, 847-861, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mutawakkil, Shia; The Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Most Holy Mother of God at Blachernae,Commemorated on July 2;

Arabs, 862-866, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Musta'in, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 862-866, Al-Musta'in, Shia; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12; Martyr Michael “the Black-Robedâ€ÂÂ of St Sava Monastery, Commemorated on May 23;

Arabs, 866-86, Abbasid Caliph9, Al-Mu'tazz, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 866-869, Al-Mu'tazz; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 870-892, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 870-892, Al-Mu'tamid ; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 892-902, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Mu'tamid, Sunni
Messopotamia, Abbasid Caliph, 892-902, Al-Mu'tamid; St Anthony the Patriarch of Constantinople, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 900-999, 10th Century History Folder, Sunni Said Georgia Invasion

Arabs, 908-932, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muqtadir, Sunni
Abbasid Caliph, 908-932, Al-Muqtadir ; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated on November 17;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia, and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni
Arabs, 960's, Abbasid Caliph, Al-Muttaqi, Sunni; Venerable Euthymius, founder of Dochiariou Monastery (Mount Athos—10th c.), and Venerable Neophytus, Co-founder of the Monastery, Commemorated on November 9;

Arabs, 1200-1299, 13th Century History Folder, Abbasid Mamluk Sultanate, Cairo Egypt, Crusades

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam
Egypt, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Sunni Islam;

Arabs, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz
Egypt, 1259-1260, Mamluk Sultan, Qutuz, or al-Malik al-Muzaffar Saif ad-Din Qutuz ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni
Egypt, 1260-1277, Abbasid Sultan, Rukn al-Din Baibars, Sunni; Martyr Salome the Georgian, Commemorated on July 20; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8; Holy Queen Tamara, Commemorated on May 8;

Arabs, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt
Egypt, 1261-1517, Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate), Sunni, from Cairo, Egypt ; Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), 1250-1517

Arabs, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni
Egypt, 1277-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Said Barakah, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1279, Abbasid Sultan, Solamish, Sunni;

Arabs, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni
Egypt, 1279-1290, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Qalawun, Sunni; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni
Egypt, 1290-1293, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Khalil, Sunni ; Venerable Gregory of Sinai, Mt. Athos, Commemorated on August 8;

Arabs, 1400-1499. 15th Century History Folder, Abbasid, Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt

Arabs, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni
Egypt, 1497-1508, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mustamsik, Sunni; St. Phanourius, Commemorated on August 27;

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, Persia into Geogria

Arabs, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria
Persia, 889-929, Sajid dynasty, from Persia into Geogria; Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 914, Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia and Kvelistsikhe Fortress
Arab Sajid invasion of Georgia 914 Kvelistsikhe Fortress; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ;

Arabs, 1037-1194, History Folder, Seljuk Empire, Sunni, Battle of Baghdad, 600,000 men to Georgia

Arabs, 1037-1194, Seljuk Empire, Sunni, Turk
Messopotamia, Seljuk Empire, 1037-1194, Sunni, Turk; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1037-1063, Seljuk sultan, Tughril
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1037-1063, Tughril ; Martyr Nicholas Dvali in Jerusalem, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1105-1118, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed I of Baghdad
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1105-1118, Mehmed I of Baghdad ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1118-1152, Seljuk sultan, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1118-1153, Mehmed II, Great Seljuq Persia ; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1152-1153, Seljuk sultan, Malik-Shah III, 600,000 Men to Georgia
Messopotamia, Seljuk sultan, 1152-1153, Malik-Shah III; Blessed David IV the King of Georgia, Commemorated on January 26 ;

Arabs, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate)
Messopotamia, 1258, Battle of Bagdad (Mongols seige Abbasid Caliphate ; Further conquests: 1200–1800 ; Timur or Tamerlan;

Arabs, 1250-1517, Mamluk Sultanate (Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo), Sunni Islam, joined by Crusaders

Arabs, 1200, 13th Century Folder, Crusaders join Mmluk Baibars to Plunder Athoninte Monasteries

Arabs, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; Martyr Nicholas Dvali, Commemorated on October 19; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20; Martyr Luke of Jerusalem, the Georgian, Commemorated on February 12;

Arabs, 1270, Mamluk Sultan Baibars expels Crusaders from Palestine
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arabs, 1270, Crusaders and Mamluk Sultan Baibars join to Loot and Plunder Athonite Monasteries
Egypt, 1260-1277, Mamluk Sultan, Baibars, or Zakhir-Rukedin-Baibars-Bundukdar; St. Daniel II the Archbishop of Serbia, Commemorated on December 20;

Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1300, 14th Century Folder, Slave SoldierMamluks and their RINO's

Arabs, 1304-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni, 3 Reigns
Arabs, 1293-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Nasir Muhammad, Sunni;

Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1341, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Abu Bakr, Sunni, deposed by his father's emir Qawsun;

Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun
Arabs, 1341-1342, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Kujuk, Sunni, controlled by Qawsun ;

Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1342-1345, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Ismail, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Killed brothers, mamluk slave soldiers, sick and died
Arabs, 1342-1342, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Ahmad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, stayed in Karak Transjordan, killed because he did not want to go to Egypt.;

Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt
Arabs, 1345-1346, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Kamil Sha'ban, Sunni, Killed in brother's revolt;

Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, loved sports, killed by his Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1347-1361, Abbasid Sultan, An-Nasir Hasan, Sunni, 2 reigns by Mamluks, Killed and k by Mamluks
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers; Saint Gregory Palamas, Archbishop of Thessalonica, Commemorated on November 14;

Arabs, 1361-1363, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Muhammad, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk ruler in name only, adolescent
Arabs, 1346-1347, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Muzaffar Hajji, Sunni, love of sports, killed by his Mamluk slave soldiers;

Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks
Arabs, 1363-1377, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Ashraf Sha'ban, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, but with partisans and commoners tried to kill Mamluks emirs;

Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent
Arabs, 1377-1381, Abbasid Sultan, Al-Mansur Ali II, Sultan of Egypt, Sunni, Mamluk RINO, died still and adolescent;

Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO
Arabs, 1382,1389, Abbasid Sultan, As-Salih Hajji, Sunni, Mamluk RINO;

Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier
Arabs, 1382-1399, Abbasid Sultan, Barquq, Sunni, a Mamluk Sultan, Slave Soldier, Timur enemy, joined Ottoman Empire in 1393;

Arab Lands, Big Picture Folder, Kings Highway, Havilah Line, Ishmaelites

Arabian Penninsula
Arabian Peninsula; Arabian Plate and Cilicia; Martyr and Unmercenary Cosmas and his brother in Cilicia, Commemorated on October 17 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated October 24 ; Wonderworker and Unmercenary Cosmas of Asia Minor, Commemorated on November 1 ; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Neophytus the Co-Founder of the Dochiariou Monastery of Mt Athos, Commemorated on November 9; Venerable Theoctiste of the Isle of Lesbos, Commemorated on November 9 ; Venerable Nilus the Faster of Sinai, Commemorated on November 12; Martyr Michael (Gobron) of Georgia, Commemorated November 17 ; Righteous Philaret the Merciful of Amnia in Asia Minor, Commemorated on December 1; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Prophet Habakkuk, Commemorated on December 2 ; Martyr Eustratius at Sebaste, Commemorated December 13 ; Apostle Timon the Deacon of the Seventy, Commemorated on January 4; Martyr Theophilus the New in Cyprus, Commemorated on January 30; CYRIL AND METHODIUS, MISSIONARIES TO THE SLAVS (14 FEB 869); Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Venerable Anastasius the Abbot of Sinai, Commemorated on April 20; Righteous Job the Long-Suffering, Commemorated on May 6; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Apostle Jude the Brother of the Lord, Commemorated on June 19;

Zargos Mountains - Around the Fertile Crescent
Zargos Mountains, around the Fertile Crescent;

Havilah or Arabia - Land of the Ishmaelites - Havilah, Shur to Assur
Havilah is both a point (Habala) and this line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes (between the Red Sea and the Jordan Rift) defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 in the Garden of Eden description, two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia.

Havilah - Land of the Arab Muslims (Pre-Islamic Arabia, Havilah)
Havilah, Circle from Havilah to Shur to Assur ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Tigris River 5 (Assur, Persia)

Saracen, Roman Province of Arabia
Saracen; Roman Province of Arabia;

Roman Province of Arabia (Capital Petra)
Roman Province of Arabia; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25;

Saracens (Hagarenes), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Hagarenes (Saracens), Arabs, Saracen Land (the original Saracens north of the Euphrates River)
Saracens, Both Hippolytus and Uranius mention three distinct peoples in Arabia during the first half of the third century: the Saraceni, the Taeni and the Arabes.[2] The Taeni, later identified with the Arabic speaking people called Tayy, were located around the Khaybar oasis north of Medina, and also in an area stretching up to the Euphrates river, while the Saraceni were placed north of them.[2] These Saracens located in the northern Hejaz appeared as people with a certain military ability who were opponents of the Roman Empire and who were characterized by the Romans as barbarians.[2]; St John the Silent of St Sabbas Monastery, Commemorated on December 3; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 1 (Kings Highway)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Pre-Islamic Arabia 2 (Havilah)
Pre-Islamic Arabia ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian), Commemorated September 6 ; Martyr Romulus and with him many others, Commemorated on September 6 ; Icon of the Mother of God Arapet (Arabian);;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Havilah)
Havilah, Havila is the curved area around the East side of the Dead Sea from Shur (North Sinai) toward Asshur the first capital of Assyria- the area of Ishmael's Twelve Tribes ; Saracens; St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Martyr Ashot Curapalati, King of of Artanuji, Commemorated on January 29 ; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Syrian Desert, Pre Islamic Arabia)
Saracens; 42 Martyrs of Ammoria in Phrygia, Commemorated on March 6; St Malchus of Chalcis in Syria, Commemorated on March 26 ; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25;

Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra)
Bedouin Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Capital Petra); St. Jerome (Hieronymus) of Stridon, Commemorated on June 15;

Saracens, Arabs, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra)
Saracens, Land of the Saracens (Sarah, Muslims, Capital Petra); St Fantinus of Calabria, Commemorated on August 30; St Antiochus, Commemorated on December 24 ; Martyr Abo the Perfumer, of Tibilisi, Georgia, Commemorated January 8 ; Fathers slain at Sinai and Raithu, Commemorated January 14 ; Venerable Theodulus, son of the Venerable Nilus of Sinai, Commemorated on January 14; St George the Bishop of Amastris on the Black Sea, Commemorated February 21 ; St Leo of Cappadocia, Commemorated on February 28; Venerable Priestmartyrs of St Sava Lavra, Commemorated on May 16; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ; Hieromartyr Therapon the Bishop of Cyprus, Commemorated on May 25; Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Translation of the relics of the Greatmartyr Theodore Stratelates, Commemorated on June 8;

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Kings Highway Folder

Kings Highway 1 (Heliopolis, Egypt)

Kings Highway 2 (Clysma, Egypt)

Kings Highway 3 (Mitla Pass, Egypt)

Kings Highway 4 (Nekhel Fortress, Egypt)

Kings Highway 5 (Eilat and Aquaba, Israel)

Kings Highway 6 (Arabah of the Jordan Rift)

Kings Highway 7 (Petra, Jordan)

Kings Highway 8 (Maan, Jordan)

Kings Highway 9 (Shaubak, Bozrah, Jordan)

Kings Highway 10 (Sela, Edom, Jordan)

Kings Highway 11 (Kerak, Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 12 (Madaba, Jordan)

Kings Highway 13 (Moab, Jordan)

Kings Highway 14 (Rabbah Ammon/Philadelphia, Jordan)

Kings Highway 15 (Gerasa, Jordan)

Kings Highway 16 (Bosra, Syria)

Kings Highway 17 (Damascus, Syria)

Kings Highway 18 (Tadmor, Syria)

Kings Highway 19 (Resafa, Syria, (Euphrates River 5))

Kings Highway (Nile River, Egypt to Euphrates River, Syria)

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Tigris River Folder

Tigris River

Tigris River Route

Tigris River Source (Lake Hazar)

Tigris River 1

Tigris River 2 (Martyropolis, Turkey)

Tigris River 3 (Mosul Dam Lake)

Tigris River 4 (Nineveh, Mosul, Arabela, Persia)

Tigris River 6 (Samarra, Persia)

Tigris River 7 (Bagdad, Babylon, Persia)

Tirgis River 8

Tigris River 9

Tigris River 10 (Elymais, Persia)

Tigris River 11

Tigris River Mouth (Kwait, Euphrates River 13)

Arab Lands, Big Picture, Euphrates River Folder

Euphrates River Route

Euphrates River - Western Euphrates

Euphrates River

Euphrates River Source (Murat River)

Euphrates River Source

Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia)
Aninas Monastery (where the Euphrates separates Syria from Persia) Venerable Aninas of the Euphrates, Commemorated on March 18;

Euphrates River 1

Euphrates River 2 (Melitene)

Euphrates River 3 (Samosata and Edessa)

Euphrates River 4 (Hieropolis, Syria)

Euphrates River 5 (Kings Highway)

Euphrates River 6 (Chebar River Mouth)

Euphrates River 7 (Bagdagi)
Euphrates River;

Euphrates River 8 (Faluja)

Euphrates River 9 (Babylon)

Euphrates River 10

Euphrates River 11 (Samara)

Euphrates River 12

Euphrates River 13 (Tigris River)

Euphrates River Mouth (Persian Gulf)

Arab Lands, Median Folder, Moses, Horeb, Desert of Sin, Mt Sinai, 12 Wells

Midian (Northwest Arabian Penninsula, and Western Havilah)
Midian; Median and Mt Sinai; Holy Prophet and God-seer Moses, Commemorated September 4 ; Righteous Phineas the grandson of Aaron, Commemorated on March 12;

Land of the Kenites (Midian), Jethro and Heber
Land of the Kenites (Midian) ; Midian, land of Jethro and Heber, Moses' father in law and brother in law.; Judges 4, Deborah and Barak;

Moses' Father In-Law's Home - Jeptha
Median and Mt Sinai;

Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder;

Sinai Desert, Median, Arabia, Desert of Sin
Desert of Sin; Ron Wyatt's work there, Mt Horeb is up from the Desert of Sin, on the backside of the Desert of Sin; Venerable Acacius of Sinai, who is mentioned in the Ladder; Martyr Gordius at Caesarea, in Cappadocia, Commemorated on January 3;

Watercourse route to Mount Horeb, Median (up from the Desert of Sin)
Watercourse Route;

Red Sea Crossing Path (8 mile gulf, 2 mile wide ADA compliant path under the water, 5,000 ft deep on either side)

Goshen to Red Sea Crossing at Nevitot
Distance: 531 km (about 8 hours 16 mins)
Map data ©2011 ORION-ME

Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median
Mara in the Wilderness of Shur, against Egypt in Median;

Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea)
Wilderness of Paran (Hejaz, along the Red Sea); Wilderness of Paran; Hagar and Ishmael in the Wilderness of Paran;

Horeb, Mt Horeb / Sinai in Median, Land of the Arabs, Burning Bush
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon “the Ancientâ€ÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Elijah's Cave, Median, Arabia (Near Mt Horeb)
Elijah's Cave is on Mount Horeb in Median.; Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Venerable Hilarion the Monk and Wonderworker of Thessalonica, Georgian, Commemorated November 19 ;

Mt Sinai, Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon “the Ancientâ€ÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Sinai / Mt Horeb in Median, Land of the Arabs
Mt Sinai / Horeb up from the Desert of Sin and Jethro's home in Midian (not Mt Sinai in Egypt); Mt Sinai diagram not drawn to scale; Ron Wyatt's work there; Icon of the Mother of God "the Unburnt Bush"; St Simeon "the Ancient" of Mt. Sinai; St Simeon “the Ancientâ€ÂÂ of Mt. Sinai, Commemorated on January 26 ; St John the Solitary of Jerusalem, Commemorated on June 19;

Arab Lands, Medina Folder

Medina, Yathrib (City and Land of the Hagarenes)
Medina (City and Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20;

Yathrib Region (Medina, Land of the Hagarenes)
Yathrib Region (Land of the Hagarenes); New Martyr Auxentius of Constantinople, Commemorated January 25 ;

Arab Lands, Mecca Folder

Mecca
Mecca; St John the Russian and Confessor, whose relics are on the island of Euboia, Commemorated on May 27 ;

Wilderness of Paran
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Paran Desert, Wilderness of Paran, Mecca
Wilderness of Paran, Mentioned in Numbers 12 Venerable Macarius the Great of Egypt, Commemorated on January 19 ;

Asir Mountains
Asir Mountains;

Arab Lands, Havilah and Najran River Folder

Habala, Land of the Arabs
Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ;

Havilah (Habala)
Havilah is both this point (Habala) and a line east of the Jordan Rift from Habala to Wilderness of Shur to Assur (Mosel, Ninevah, Assyria, Persia). That line and the area it describes defines the Land of the Ishmaelites.; In addition to the region described in Genesis 2 (the Garden of Eden description), two individuals named Havilah are listed in the Table of Nations which lists the descendants of Noah, who are considered eponymous ancestors of nations. They are mentioned in Genesis 10:7,29, 1 Chronicles 1:9,23. One is the son of Cush, the son of Ham; the other, a son of Joktan and descendant of Shem.[2] The other sons of Cush are associated with eastern Africa, while Joktan's other sons are often associated with the Arabian desert. Such a land in the Arabian desert is mentioned in Genesis 25:18, where it defines the territory inhabited by the Ishmaelites as being "from Havilah to Shur, opposite Egypt in the direction of Assyria"; and in 1 Samuel 15:7, which states that king Saul of Israel attacked the Amalekites who were living there.[3]. The Amalekites also fought Moses et all near Mt Sinai-Horeb in Median of Arabia. Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Commemorated on May 25; Habala; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated on December 19 ; Venerable Thalelaeus the Hermit of Syria, Commemorated on February 27 ; Martyred Holy Fathers who were slain at the Monastery of St Sava, Commemorated on March 20 ;

Najran River Lower

Najran River Upper

Najran River Source (Asir Mountains)

Najran River Sink (Najran Desert)

Wadi Najran (Valley of Najran River)
Wadi Najran;

Omirits (Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Negran (Najran), Arabia
Negran (Najran); Martyr Arethas, Commemorated October 24 ; Martyr Syncletica and her two daughters, Commemorated on October 24 ; Dunaan; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Homer, Land of Homer, Omirits (Najran River, Wadi Nejran)
Nejran or Negran; Wadi Najran; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Arab Lands, Yeman Folder

Southern Arabia
Southern Arabia; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Yemen (Southern Arabia)
Yemen; Dunaan; Blessed Elesbaan the King of Ethiopia, Commemorated on October 24;

British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen, Southern Arabia
British Empire - Aden, port city and capital of Yemen; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea
British Empire - Socotra - Island at the mouth of Gulf of Aden; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Zafar, Yemen
Zafar, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Mocha, Yemen
Mocha, Yemen; St Gregory the Archbishop of Omirits, Commemorated December 19 ;

Land of the Sabeans (Yemen)
Land of the Sabeans (Yemen) ; Job 1:1-22, Job, Job and His Family, Attack on Job’s Character, Job Loses Property and Children;

Arab Lands, Qatar. Bahrain, Al-Hasa Oasis Folder

Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands, Persian Gulf
Bahrain, Island of Arad, Arab Lands ; St Barses the Confessor, Commemorated August 25 ; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Kewait, North end of the Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Qatar, large penninsula in Persian Gulf, Arabia; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Oasim, Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Al-Hasa Oasis, Arabia
Al-Hasa the largest oasis in Arabia ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands
Arad Island, Bahrain, Arab Lands; St. Barses the Confessor, Commemorated on August 25;

Arab Lands, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Abu Dhabi, Liwa Oasis Folder

British Empire - Trucical States, 7, became UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia
British Empire - Trucical States, 6, UAE, Southern Persian Gulf, Arabia; 1 December 1971. The following day six of the sheikhdoms (Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain and Fujairah) formed the United Arab Emirates; the seventh – Ras Al Khaimah – joined the Federation on 10 February 1972. CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);

Western Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

Eastern Liwa Oasis Area, Arabia
Liwa Oasis ; St Eugene the Presbyter and Confessor at Antioch, Commemorated February 19 ;

British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean, Arabia
British Empire - Oman, Gulf of Oman, Indian Ocean; CHARLES SIMEON, TEACHER, PROMOTOR OF MISSIONARY WORK (12 NOV 1836);